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29989	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarkatun%20dan%27adam	Albarkatun dan'adam	Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam HRM ko HR hanya ce mai mahimmanci don gudanar da ingantaccen aiki da inganci na mutane a cikin kamfani ko ƙungiya wanda zai taimaka wa kasuwancin su kuma samun fa'ida mai fa'ida An ƙera shi don haɓaka aikin ma'aikaci a cikin sabis na dabarun manufofin ma'aikaci. Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam ya fi damuwa da gudanar da mutane a cikin ƙungiyoyi, yana mai da hankali kan manufofi da tsarin Sassan HR suna da alhakin kula da ƙirar fa'idodin ma'aikata, ɗaukar ma'aikata, horarwa da haɓakawa, ƙimar aiki, da gudanar da lada, kamar sarrafa tsarin biyan kuɗi da tsarin fa'idodin ma'aikata. Har ila yau HR ta damu da kanta game da canjin kungiya da dangantakar masana'antu, ko daidaita ayyukan kungiya tare da buƙatun da suka taso daga cinikin gama kai da dokokin gwamnati. Babban manufar albarkatun ɗan adam (HR) ita ce tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyar ta sami nasara ta hanyar mutane. Masu sana'a na HR suna gudanar da babban birnin kungiya kuma suna mai da hankali kan aiwatar da manufofi da matakai. Za su iya ƙware wajen nema, ɗauka, zaɓe, horarwa, da haɓaka ma'aikata, da kuma kiyaye alaƙar ma'aikata ko fa'idodi. ƙwararrun horarwa da haɓakawa suna tabbatar da cewa an horar da ma'aikata kuma suna da ci gaba da ci gaba. Ana yin hakan ta hanyar shirye-shiryen horo, kimanta aiki, da shirye-shiryen lada. Dangantaka tsakanin ma'aikata tana magance damuwar ma'aikata lokacin da aka karya manufofin, kamar al'amuran da suka shafi tsangwama ko wariya. Gudanar da fa'idodin ma'aikata ya haɗa da haɓaka tsarin diyya, shirye-shiryen izinin iyaye, rangwame, da sauran fa'idodi ga ma'aikata. Sannan A gefe guda na filin akwai HR generalists ko abokan kasuwanci Waɗannan ƙwararrun HR za su iya yin aiki a kowane yanki ko zama wakilan hulɗar aiki da ke aiki tare da ma'aikatan ƙungiyar HR samfuri ne na motsin dangantakar ɗan adam na farkon ƙarni na 20, lokacin da masu bincike suka fara rubuta hanyoyin ƙirƙirar ƙimar kasuwanci ta hanyar dabarun sarrafa ma'aikata. An fara mamaye shi ta hanyar aikin ma'amala, kamar biyan biyan kuɗi da gudanar da fa'idodi, amma saboda haɓakar duniya, haɓaka kamfani, ci gaban fasaha, da ƙarin bincike, HR Yana mai da hankali kan dabarun dabarun kamar haɗe-haɗe da saye, sarrafa hazaka, tsare-tsare na gado, dangantakar a tsakanin masana'antu da ƙwadago, da bambance-bambance da haɗawa A yanayin aiki na duniya, yawancin kamfanoni suna mayar da hankali kan rage yawan kuɗin ma'aikata da kuma riƙe basira da ilimin da ma'aikatan su ke da shi. ba kawai yana haifar da tsada mai yawa ba amma har ma yana ƙara haɗarin sabon ma'aikaci ba zai iya maye gurbin da ya dace na matsayin ma'aikaci na baya ba. Sassan HR suna ƙoƙari su ba da fa'idodin da za su jawo hankalin ma'aikata, don haka rage haɗarin rasa sadaukarwar ma'aikaci da ikon mallakar tunani. Tarihi Abubuwan ci gaba na ka'idar da suka gabata Filin albarkatun ɗan adam ya fara ɗauka a cikin ƙarni na 19 na Turai. An gina shi akan ra'ayi mai sauƙi ta Robert Owen shekarun (1771-1858) da Charles Babbage (1791-1871) a lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Waɗannan mutanen sun kammala cewa mutane suna da mahimmanci don nasarar ƙungiya. Sun bayyana tunanin cewa jin dadin ma'aikata ya haifar da kyakkyawan aiki; idan ba tare da ma'aikata masu lafiya ba, kungiyar ba za ta tsira ba. HR ya fito a matsayin takamaiman filin a farkon karni na 20, wanda kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor ya rinjayi shekarun (1856-1915). Taylor ya binciko abin da ya kira gudanar da kimiyya (wani lokaci ana kiranta "Taylorism"), yana ƙoƙarin inganta ingantaccen tattalin arziki a ayyukan masana'antu. Sannan A ƙarshe ya mai da hankali kan ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da aka shigar a cikin tsarin masana'antu bincike mai ban sha'awa a cikin samar da ma'aikata. A halin yanzu, a Ingila, CS Myers, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga matsalolin da ba zato ba tsammani a tsakanin sojoji wanda ya firgita janar da 'yan siyasa a yakin duniya na farko na shekarun 1914-1918, ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Masana'antu ta Kasa (NIIP) a shekarata 1921. A yin haka, ya kafa iri don motsin dangantakar ɗan adam Wannan motsi, a bangarorin biyu na Tekun Atlantika, wanda aka gina akan binciken Elton Mayo shekarar (1880-1949) da sauransu don yin rubuce-rubuce ta hanyar nazarin Hawthorne shekarar (1924-1932) da sauran nazarin yadda abubuwan motsa jiki, waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da ramuwa na kuɗi da yanayin aiki, na iya. samar da karin ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Aiki ta Abraham Maslow shekarata (1908-1970), Kurt Lewin (1890-1947), Max Weber (1864-1920), Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000), da David McClelland (1917-1998), kafa tushen karatu a masana'antu da kuma ilimin halayyar kungiya, halayyar kungiya da ka'idar kungiya, an fassara shi ta yadda za a kara da'awa na halalta ga wani aiki horo. Haihuwa da haɓaka tarbiyya A lokacin da isasshen shaidar ka'idar ta wanzu don yin shari'ar kasuwanci don sarrafa ma'aikata dabarun, canje-canje a cikin yanayin kasuwanci à la Andrew Carnegie shekarata (1835-1919), John Rockefeller (1839-1937) kuma a cikin manufofin jama'a à la Sidney 1859-1947) da Beatrice Webb (1858-1943), Franklin D. Roosevelt da New Deal na shekarar 1933 zuwa 1939 sun canza dangantakar abokan aiki da ma'aikata, kuma horo na HRM ya zama tsari a matsayin "hulɗar masana'antu da aiki A cikin shekarata 1913 ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun HR Cibiyar Ma'aikata da Ci Gaba (CIPD) ta fara a Ingila a matsayin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jin Daɗi; ya canza sunansa shekaru goma bayan haka zuwa Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Jin Dadin Masana'antu, sannan kuma shekaru goma masu zuwa zuwa Cibiyar Gudanar da Ma'aikata kafin ta daidaita kan sunanta na yanzu a shekarata 2000. Daga shekarar 1918 farkon Soviet cibiyoyin sun fara aiwatar da wani takamaiman akida HRM mayar da hankali tare da fasaha management na farko a cikin Red Army (ta hanyar siyasa commissars tare da jami'an soja), daga baya (daga 1933) a cikin wuraren aiki gabaɗaya (ta hanyar partorg posts). tare da manajoji na al'ada). A cikin 1920, James R. Angell ya ba da jawabi ga wani taro kan bincike na ma'aikata a Washington yana ba da cikakken bayani game da buƙatar binciken ma'aikata. Wannan ya riga ya kai ga kafa Ƙungiyar Binciken Ma'aikata. A cikin shekarata 1922 an buga ƙaran farko na The Journal of Personnel Research, yunƙurin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa da Gidauniyar Injiniya. Hakanan a cikin Amurka, cibiyar farko ta ilimi mai zurfi wacce aka keɓe don karatun wurin aiki- Makarantar Masana'antu da Ma'aikata wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell a shekarata 1945. A cikin shekarar 1948 abin da zai zama mafi girma ƙwararrun ƙungiyar HR Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) wanda aka kafa a matsayin American Society for Personnel Administration (ASPA). A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, a halin yanzu, amfani da Stalin na ba da izini ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar "Sashen HR" daidai a cikin Jam'iyyar Bolshevik, Orgburo, ya nuna tasiri da tasiri na manufofi da ayyuka na albarkatun ɗan adam, da Stalin. da kansa ya yarda da mahimmancin albarkatun ɗan adam, an misalta shi a cikin yawan tura shi, kamar yadda yake a cikin tsare-tsaren shekaru biyar da kuma tsarin Gulag A cikin rabin karshen karni na 20, ƙungiyar sun ƙi sosai, yayin da ƙwararrun kula da ma'aikata suka ci gaba da faɗaɗa tasirin su a cikin ƙungiyoyi.A {asar Amirka, kalmar ar masana'antu da ma'aikata" ta zo amfani da ita don yin nuni musamman ga batutuwan da suka shafi wakilcin gama kai, da yawa. yin la'akari da sana'ar proto-HR a matsayin "gwamnatin ma'aikata". ayyukan HR na yanzu sun samo asali ne da bukatun kamfanoni a cikin shekarata 1950s don haɓakawa da riƙe basira. A ƙarshen karni na 20, ci gaban sufuri da sadarwa ya sauƙaƙe motsin ma'aikata da haɗin gwiwa Kamfanoni sun fara kallon ma'aikata a matsayin kadara. "Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam" saboda haka. ya zama babban lokaci don aikin-ASPA har ma da canza suna zuwa Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) a shekarata 1998. "Gudanar da babban jarin mutum (HCM wani lokaci ana amfani da shi daidai da "HR", ko da yake "jallar ɗan adam" yawanci tana nufin raƙuman ra'ayi na albarkatun ɗan adam; watau ilimin da mutane ke kunshe da kuma iya ba da gudummawa ga kungiya. Sauran sharuɗɗan wani lokaci da ake amfani da su don bayyana filin HRM sun haɗa da "Gudanar da Ƙungiya", "Gudanar da Ma'aikata", "Gudanar da basira", Gudanar da Ma'aikata "Gudanar da Ma'aikata", da kuma "Gudanar da Jama'a". A cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai Shahararrun ayyukan watsa labarai da yawa sun nuna yadda ake gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam a cikin aiki. A cikin jerin talabijin na Amurka na Ofishin, wakilin HR Toby Flenderson wani lokaci ana nuna shi a matsayin abin ƙyama saboda yana tunatar da abokan aiki akai-akai game da manufofin kamfani da dokokin gwamnati. Dogon wasan barkwanci na Amurka Dilbert akai-akai yana kwatanta manufofin HR na bakin ciki ta hanyar hali Catbert, "mugun daraktan albarkatun ɗan adam". Manajan HR shine taken taken a cikin fim ɗin Isra'ila na shekarar 2010 Manajan Albarkatun Jama'a, yayin da HR ɗin HR shine babban jarumi a cikin shekarata 1999 fim ɗin Faransanci Ressources humaines Babban jigo a cikin matan cin abinci na BBC sitcom, Philippa, manajan HR ne. Jarumi na telenovela na Mexico Mañana Es Para Siempre darektan albarkatun ɗan adam ne. Up In the Air ya ta'allaka ne akan "downsizer" na kamfani Ryan Bingham (George Clooney) da tafiye-tafiyensa. Yayin da fim ɗin ke ci gaba, ana nuna HR a matsayin aikin sarrafa bayanai wanda ke hulɗa da mutane a matsayin ma'auni, wanda zai iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau ga mutane na gaske. Yi aiki Ayyukan kasuwanci Dave Ulrich ya lissafa aikin HR kamar haka: daidaita dabarun HR tare da dabarun kasuwanci sake fasalin ayyukan ƙungiyar saurare da amsawa ga ma'aikata gudanar da canji da canji. A matakin macro, HR ita ce ke kula da jagorancin ƙungiyoyi da al'adu HR kuma yana tabbatar da bin ka'idodin aiki da aiki, waɗanda suka bambanta ta yanayin ƙasa, kuma galibi suna kula da lafiya, aminci, da tsaro. Dangane da wurin yanki, ana iya aiwatar da dokoki daban-daban. A cikin hukunce-hukuncen tarayya, ana iya samun dokokin tarayya da yawa waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga manajojin HR su saba da su don kare kamfaninsu da ma'aikatansa. A cikin {asar Amirka, muhimman dokoki da ka'idoji na tarayya sun haɗa da Dokar Ka'idodin Ma'aikata na 1938, wanda ya haɗa da kafa mafi ƙarancin albashi da kuma kare haƙƙin wasu ma'aikata don samun karin lokaci. Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta Tarayya ta shekarar 1964 ta kare kariya daga nuna bambanci kuma ta hana yin kowane yanke shawara na haya ko kora dangane da launin fata, shekaru, jima'i, da jinsi. Dokar izinin Iyali da Lafiya ta ba ma'aikatan da suka cancanta har zuwa makonni goma sha biyu na hutun da ba a biya ba saboda dalilai na iyali da na likita. Tabbatar da kamfanin ya bi duk dokoki da ka'idoji muhimmin al'amari ne na HR kuma zai kare kamfanin daga kowane irin 'alhakin doka'. A cikin yanayi inda ma'aikata ke sha'awar kuma an ba su izini bisa doka don gudanar da yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa, HR za ta zama babban haɗin gwiwa na farko tare da wakilan ma'aikaci (yawanci ƙungiyar ma'aikata Sakamakon haka, HR, yawanci ta hanyar wakilai, yana shiga cikin ƙoƙarin shiga tsakani tare da hukumomin gwamnati (misali, a Amurka, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa don ci gaba da abubuwan da ta sa gaba. Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam yana da ayyuka na asali guda huɗu: ma'aikata, horarwa da haɓakawa, ƙarfafawa, da kiyayewa. Ma'aikata shi ne ɗaukar aiki da zaɓin yuwuwar ma'aikata da aka yi ta hanyar yin tambayoyi, aikace-aikace, hanyar sadarwa, da sauransu. Akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyu don ɗaukar ma'aikata: jawo ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata waɗanda suka cika buƙatun ƙungiyar da ɗaukar kayan aiki. Dole ne Ma'aikatan HR su ƙirƙiri dalla-dalla a dabarun daukar ma'aikata kuma su sami tsarin aikin da za a gabatar yayin daukar ma'aikata. Na gaba, manajoji na iya sanya dabaru a cikin wurin ta hanyar ɗaukar albarkatun, ta hanyar faɗaɗa don nemo mafi kyawun ma'aikata da za a iya ɗauka ga ƙungiyar. Daukar ma'aikata yana da matukar fa'ida tunda kowane kamfani yana son ƴan takara mafi kyau. Yin amfani da dabaru irin su kafofin watsa labarai na iya ɗaukar hankalin masu neman aiki. Horowa da haɓaka shine mataki na gaba kuma ya ƙunshi ci gaba da aiwatar da horo da haɓaka ƙwararrun ma'aikata masu dacewa. Anan, ana ganin ƙarfafawa azaman maɓalli don kiyaye ma'aikata ƙwararru sosai. Wannan ya haɗa da fa'idodin ma'aikata, ƙimar aiki, da lada. Fa'idodin ma'aikata, kimantawa, da lada duk ƙarfafawa ne don kawo mafi kyawun ma'aikata. Aiki na ƙarshe, kiyayewa, ya haɗa da kiyaye sadaukarwar ma'aikata da aminci ga ƙungiyar. Sannan Kuma Sarrafa don riƙe ma'aikata ya haɗa da ayyuka masu mahimmanci don ci gaba da ƙarfafa ma'aikata da mayar da hankali don haka za su zaɓa su ci gaba da aiki kuma su kasance cikakke don amfanin kungiyar. Wasu kasuwancin suna yin duniya kuma suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Sassan HR suna da aikin tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin za su iya aiki kuma mutane za su iya sadarwa a cikin al'adu da kan iyakoki. Har ila yau, horo na iya shiga cikin kula da motsi, musamman ga 'yan kasashen waje kuma akai-akai yana shiga cikin tsarin haɗaka da saye HR ana kallon gabaɗaya azaman aikin tallafi ga kasuwancin, yana taimakawa rage farashi da rage haɗari. A cikin kamfanoni masu farawa, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun na iya yin ayyukan HR. A cikin manyan kamfanoni, ƙungiyar aiki gabaɗaya ana sadaukar da ita ga horo, tare da ma'aikatan ƙware a ayyukan HR daban-daban da jagoranci na aiki waɗanda ke yin dabarun yanke shawara a cikin kasuwancin Don haka horar da masu sana'a don sana'a, cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma, ƙungiyoyi masu sana'a, da kamfanoni sun kafa shirye-shiryen nazarin da aka keɓe a bayyane ga ayyukan aikin. Ƙungiyoyin ilimi da masu aiki na iya samar da takamaiman wallafe-wallafe. Har ila yau HR wani yanki ne na binciken bincike wanda ya shahara a cikin sassan gudanarwa da masana'antu masana'antu, tare da labaran bincike da ke fitowa a cikin mujallu na ilimi, ciki har da waɗanda aka ambata a baya a cikin wannan labarin. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubale na HRM akai-akai shine magance ra'ayi na haɗin kai (ganin kamfani a matsayin haɗin kai, wanda ya kamata ace ma'aikata da ma'aikata su yi aiki tare don kyakkyawar manufa) da kuma tabbatar da haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci na ma'aikata da masu daukan ma'aikata tare da kowa. sha'awa. Sana'o'i There are half a million HR practitioners in the United States and millions more worldwide. The Chief HR Officer or HR Director is the highest ranking HR executive in most companies. He or she typically reports directly to the chief executive officer and works with the Board of Directors on CEO succession. A cikin kamfanoni, matsayi na HR gabaɗaya ya faɗi cikin ɗayan nau'ikan biyu: janar da ƙwararru. Gabaɗaya suna goyan bayan ma'aikata kai tsaye tare da tambayoyinsu, korafe-korafensu, da yin aiki akan ayyuka da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar. Suna iya "ma'amala da dukkan bangarorin aikin albarkatun ɗan adam, don haka suna buƙatar ɗimbin ilimi. Sanna Kuma Ayyukan ƙwararrun ma'aikatan albarkatun ɗan adam na iya bambanta sosai, ya danganta da bukatun ma'aikatansu." Kwararru, akasin haka, suna aiki a cikin takamaiman aikin HR. Wasu masu aikin za su yi aiki gaba ɗaya a matsayin ko dai na gama-gari ko ƙwararre yayin da wasu za su sami gogewa daga kowane kuma su zaɓi hanya daga baya. An zaɓi matsayin manajan HR a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka a Amurka, tare da matsayi na #4 ta CNN Money a shekarata 2006 da matsayi na #20 ta wannan ƙungiya a cikin shekarar 2009, saboda biyan kuɗi, gamsuwar mutum, tsaro na aiki., ci gaban gaba, da fa'ida ga al'umma. Tuntuɓar albarkatun ɗan adam hanya ce ta aiki mai alaƙa inda mutane za su iya aiki a matsayin masu ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da kammala ayyukan da aka fitar daga kamfanoni. A cikin shekarata 2007, akwai shawarwarin HR 950 a duk duniya, wanda ya zama kasuwar dalar Amurka biliyan 18.4. Manyan kamfanonin samar da kudaden shiga guda biyar sune Mercer, Ernst & Young, Deloitte, Watson Wyatt (yanzu wani yanki na Towers Watson Aon (yanzu ya hade da Hewitt da kuma PwC consulting </ref> Domin a shekarata 2010, HR consulting ya kasance matsayi na #43 mafi kyawun aiki a Amurka ta CNN Money Wasu mutane da ke da PhDs a cikin HR da filayen da suka danganci, kamar masana'antu da ilimin halin jama'a da gudanarwa, farfesoshi ne waɗanda ke koyar da ka'idodin HR a kwalejoji da jami'o'i. Ana samun su galibi a Kwalejoji na Kasuwanci a cikin sassan HR ko Gudanarwa. Yawancin furofesoshi suna gudanar da bincike kan batutuwan da suka faɗo a cikin yankin HR, kamar biyan kuɗi, ɗaukar ma'aikata, da horo Albarkatun ɗan adam na zahiri Fasaha tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ayyukan HR Yin amfani da fasaha yana ba da damar samun damar bayanai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, yana kawar da lokacin yin ayyukan gudanarwa, ba da damar kasuwanci don aiki a duniya, da kuma rage farashi. Fasahar watsa labarai ta inganta ayyukan HR a fagage masu zuwa: E- daukar ma'aikata Fasahar bayanai ta rinjayi daukar ma'aikata galibi. A da, masu daukar ma'aikata sun dogara da bugawa a cikin wallafe-wallafe da kuma kalmomin baki don cike gurbi. Kwararrun HR ba su iya aika aiki a wuri fiye da ɗaya ba kuma ba su da damar yin amfani da miliyoyin mutane, wanda ya sa lokacin jagorancin sababbin ma'aikata ya kasance da wahala. Kuma Tare da amfani da kayan aikin daukar ma'aikata na e-mail, ƙwararrun HR za su iya aika ayyukan yi da bin diddigin masu neman dubunnan ayyuka a wurare daban-daban duk a wuri ɗaya. Tambayoyi na tambayoyi, binciken bayanan baya da gwaje-gwajen magunguna, da shiga jirgi duk ana iya duba su akan layi. Wannan yana taimaka wa ƙwararrun HR su ci gaba da lura da duk buɗaɗɗen ayyukansu da masu nema ta hanyar da ta fi sauri da sauƙi fiye da da. Har ila yau daukar ma'aikata na e-mail yana taimakawa kawar da iyakoki na wurin yanki. Tsarin bayanan albarkatun ɗan adam ƙwararrun HR gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar takardu masu yawa a kullun, kama daga buƙatun canja wuri na sashe zuwa takaddun harajin ma'aikaci na sirri. Dole ne fom su kasance cikin fayil na dogon lokaci. Yin amfani da tsarin bayanan albarkatun ɗan adam (HRIS) ya ba da damar kamfanoni su adana da kuma dawo da fayiloli a cikin tsarin lantarki don mutane a cikin ƙungiyar don samun dama ga lokacin da ake bukata, ta haka ne ya kawar da buƙatar fayilolin jiki da kuma yantar da sarari a cikin ofishin. Har ila yau, HRIS yana ba da damar samun damar bayanai a cikin lokaci; Ana iya samun damar fayiloli a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Samun duk bayanan a wuri ɗaya kuma yana ba wa ƙwararru damar yin nazarin bayanai da sauri kuma a cikin wurare da yawa saboda bayanin yana cikin wuri mai mahimmancin sosai. Horowa Fasaha tana ba ƙwararrun HR damar horar da sabbin membobin ma'aikata a cikin ingantacciyar hanya. Wannan yana ba ma'aikata damar samun damar shiga jirgi da shirye-shiryen horo daga kusan ko'ina. Wannan yana kawar da buƙatar masu horarwa don saduwa da sababbin hayar fuska da fuska lokacin kammala takaddun da suka dace don sababbin ma'aikata. Horarwa a cikin azuzuwan kama-da-wane yana ba ƙwararrun HR damar horar da ɗimbin ma'aikata cikin sauri da kuma tantance ci gabansu ta hanyar shirye-shiryen gwaji na kwamfuta. Wasu masu ɗaukan ma'aikata suna zaɓar haɗa malami tare da horo na kama-da-wane ta yadda sabbin ma'aikata ke karɓar horon da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga rawar. Ma'aikata suna da iko mafi girma akan koyo da ci gaban su; za su iya shiga cikin horo a lokaci da wurin da suka zaɓa, wanda zai iya taimaka musu wajen gudanar da daidaitattun ayyukansu da rayuwa Manajoji suna iya bin diddigin horon ta hanyar intanet, wanda Kuma zai iya taimakawa wajen rage raguwar tsadar horo da horo. Ilimi Wasu jami'o'i suna ba da shirye-shiryen karatu don albarkatun ɗan adam da fannoni masu alaƙa. Makarantar Masana'antu da Harkokin Kwadago a Jami'ar Cornell ita ce makaranta ta farko a duniya don nazarin matakin koleji a cikin HR. A halin yanzu tana ba da ilimi a matakin digiri na farko, na digiri, da matakan ƙwararru, kuma tana gudanar da shirin digiri na haɗin gwiwa tare da kuma Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management Yawancin kwalejoji da jami'o'i suna gidaje sassa da cibiyoyi masu alaƙa da filin, ko dai a cikin makarantar kasuwanci ko a wata kwaleji. Yawancin makarantun kasuwanci suna ba da darussa a cikin HR, galibi a cikin sassan gudanarwarsu. Gabaɗaya, makarantun sarrafa albarkatun ɗan adam suna ba da ilimi da bincike a fagen HRM daga difloma zuwa damar matakin digiri. Kwasa-kwasan matakin masters sun haɗa da MBA (HR), MM (HR), MHRM, MIR, da sauransu. (Duba Jagoran Kimiyya a Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam don manhaja. Jami'o'i daban-daban na duniya sun dauki nauyin horar da masu kula da ma'aikata tare da samar musu da dabarun mu'amala da juna ta yadda za su kyautata alaka a wuraren aikinsu. Kamar yadda fannin sarrafa albarkatun ɗan adam ke ci gaba da haɓakawa saboda ci gaban fasaha na juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu, yana da mahimmanci sosai ga jami'o'i da kwalejoji su ba da kwasa-kwasan da suka dace da gaba. A cikin Ƙasar Amurka, Jami'ar Albarkatun Jama'a tana horar da ma'aikatan tarayya. Ƙungiyoyin sana'a Akwai ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa, waɗanda wasu ke ba da horo da takaddun shaida. The Society for Human Resource Management, wanda ke tushen a Amurka, ita ce babbar ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun HR, tare da mambobi sama da kimanin 285,000 a cikin ƙasashe 165. Yana ba da rukunin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Ma'aikata (PHR) takaddun shaida ta Cibiyar Takaddun Shaida ta HR. Cibiyar ma'aikata da Ci gaba, ta hanyar Ingila, ita ce mafi kyawun ƙwararru HR. Ƙungiyoyi da yawa kuma suna yin hidima a cikin HR. Cibiyar Masu Ma'aikata (IOR) ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun daukar ma'aikata, tana ba wa membobin ilimi, tallafi da horo. WorldatWork yana mai da hankali kan "jimlar lada" (watau diyya, fa'idodi, rayuwar aiki, aiki, ƙwarewa, da haɓaka aiki), yana ba da takaddun shaida da shirye-shiryen horarwa da yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da biyan kuɗi da daidaiton aiki-rayuwa. Sannan kuma Sauran ƙungiyoyin niche sun haɗa da {ungiyar {asashen Amirka don Koyarwa & Ci gaba da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasashen Duniya Babban ƙungiyar ilimi wacce ta dace da HR ita ce Cibiyar Gudanarwa wacce ke da sashin HR. Wannan rarrabuwa ta shafi nemo hanyoyin inganta tasirin HR. Cibiyar ta buga mujallu da yawa da aka keɓe a wani ɓangare don bincike akan HR, ciki har da Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa da Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa, kuma tana gudanar da taro a shekara-shekara. Labarai Littattafan ilimi da masu aiki waɗanda ke hulɗa da HR na musamman: Binciken Cornell HR Mujallar HR SHRM Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam Binciken Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam Jaridar Duniya ta Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam Halayen Aiki LERA Labarai masu alaƙa: Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa Kimiyyar Gudanarwa na Kwata-kwata Jarida ta Duniya na Zaɓi da Ƙimar Jaridar Applied Psychology Jaridar Gudanarwa Jaridar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru da Ƙungiya Jaridar Psychology na Ma'aikata Kimiyyar Ƙungiya Ilimin halin dan Adam Duba wasu abubuwan Gudanar da Buri Tambayar cikin gida Hukumar daukar ma'aikata Tsarin sarrafa albarkatun ɗan adam Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata Ci gaban kungiya Ka'idar kungiya Samfotin aiki na gaske daukar ma'aikata Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Johnason, P. (2009). HRM a cikin canza yanayin ƙungiyoyi. A cikin DG Collings G. Wood (Eds. Gudanar da albarkatun ɗan adam: Hanya mai mahimmanci (shafi. 19-37). London: Rutledge. E McGaughey, 'Dan Adam Ba Mai Albarka bane' (2018) Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Cambridge Takarda Aiki 497 Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
58449	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Mata	Yakin Mata	Kwamitin bincike na farko ya faru ne a farkon watan Janairun 1930, amma bai samu nasara ba. Binciken na biyu, wanda ake kira hukumar Aba, ya hadu a watan Maris 1930. Hukumar ta gudanar da tarukan jama’a na tsawon kwanaki talatin da takwas a wurare daban-daban na lardunan Owerri da Calabar tare da tattaunawa da shaidu 485. Daga cikin adadin shedu, kusan 103 mata ne. Sauran sun hada da mazan yankin da jami’an gudanarwa na Biritaniya wadanda ko dai aka kira su don bayyana rawar da suka taka a tawayen ko kuma dalilin da ya sa suka kasa hana matan. Sakamako Matan sun sami damar canza"hanyoyin al'ada don haɗin gwiwa da nuna rashin amincewa" zuwa matakai masu karfi waɗanda suka yi nasarar kalubalanci da kawo cikas ga mulkin mallaka na gida. An gudanar da zanga-zangar matan a wani mataki da hukumomin mulkin mallaka ba su taba gani ba a wani yanki na Afirka.Tawayen ya kai sama da murabba'in mil dubu shida da ke dauke da dukkanin lardunan Owerri da Calabar, wadanda ke da kusan mutane miliyan biyu. Har zuwa ƙarshen Disamba na 1929,lokacin da sojojin mulkin mallaka suka mai da hankali,an lalata kotunan ƙasar guda goma,an lalata wasu da dama,an kai hari kan gidajen ma'aikatan kotunan ƙasar,an wawashe ma'aikatun Turai a Kogin Imo, Aba,Mbawsi,da Amata.Mata sun kai hari a gidajen yari tare da sakin fursunoni.Amma kuma martanin da hukumar mulkin mallaka ta bayar ya kasance mai azama.A lokacin da aka dawo da odar,sojojin mulkin mallaka sun kashe mata kusan hamsin da biyar.Sojoji na karshe sun bar Owerri ne a ranar 27 ga Disamba 1929,kuma ‘yan sintiri na karshe a Abak Division sun janye ranar 9 ga Janairu 1930.A ranar 10 ga Janairun 1930,an dauki tawayen a matsayin nasarar dakushe ta.A cikin ƙarshen Disamba na 1929 da farkon Janairu 1930,an gudanar da binciken hukuncin gamayya sama da talatin. An yi imani da cewa, a cewar Nina Mba,wannan taron ya kawo karshen ayyukan matan ne saboda sabuwar gwamnati a karkashin Gwamna Donald Cameron ta yi la'akari da wasu shawarwarin da matan suka bayar wajen yin kwaskwarima ga tsarin mulkin kasar.Don haka,ana kallon Yaƙin Mata a matsayin tarihin rarrabuwar kawuna a mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Nijeriya wanda ke da tasiri mai yawa. Yakin mata ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen nuna karuwar akidar jinsi,inda ya baiwa matan da ba su da aure da manyan mutane damar shiga ayyukan zamantakewa. Sakamakon zanga-zangar,an inganta matsayin mata a cikin al'umma.A wasu yankuna,mata sun sami damar maye gurbin shugabannin Warrant. An kuma nada mata su yi aiki a kotunan kasar. Bayan yakin mata,ƙungiyoyin mata sun yi ƙarfi sosai a Ngwaland, yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin 1930s,40s da 50s sun sami wahayi daga Yaƙin Mata,gami da Zanga-zangar Haraji na 1938,Zanga-zangar Ma'aikatar Mai na 1940s a Lardunan Owerri da Calabar da Tawayen Haraji a Aba da Onitsha a 1956.Sau biyu ana kiran jami’an gundumomi tare da umurtar sojoji da dakarun sa-kai na yankin da su wargaza zanga-zangar.A cikin wadannan lokuttan,an harbe mata a kalla 50 aka kashe tare da jikkata wasu 50.Matan da kansu ba su taɓa raunata kowa da kowa da suke zanga-zangar ba,ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin sojojin da suka wargaza waɗannan zanga-zangar. Sabanin suna Taron yana da sunaye daban-daban, ciki har da (amma ba'a iyakance ga)Rikicin Mata na Aba na 1929,Yaƙin Mata na Aba,da Tawayen Kasuwar Mata na 1929 ba.Yawancin lokaci ana kiranta da "Rikicin Mata na Aba na 1929" saboda haka ake kiranta a cikin bayanan Burtaniya. Matan sun yi amfani da dabarun zanga-zangar da suka kasance na al'ada kuma na musamman ga al'ummominsu, kamar su zama kan namiji da sanya tufafin gargajiya. ayin da mazan da ke cikin al'umma suka fahimci abin da waɗannan dabaru da dabaru suke nufi, Birtaniya ba su yi ba don sun kasance daga waje.Don haka, taron ya bayyana a matsayin "ayyukan hauka na mata masu tsauri,"don haka ya kira abubuwan da suka faru a tarzoma. Malamai sun yi nuni da cewa kiran taron "Aba Riots" yana kawar da siyasa "yunwar mata" tare da tsara abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar tabarau na mulkin mallaka. Tun lokacin da ake kiran taron da sunan “Ogu Umunwanyi”a harshen Igbo da kuma “Ekong Iban” a Ibibio da matan yankin suka yi wa lakabi da “yakin mata”—wasu masana tarihi sun yi yunƙurin kiransa da “Yaƙin mata” domin a yi hakan. fitar da taron daga ruwan tabarau na mulkin mallaka da kuma sanya shi a kan matan da abin ya shafa. Duba kuma Tawayen Bussa Nassoshi Aba Commission of Inquiry. Notes of Evidence Taken by the Commission of Inquiry Appointed to Inquire into the Disturbances in the Calabar and Owerri Provinces, December, 1929] (Lagos, 1929), 24-30. 4th Witness, Nwanyeruwa (F.A.). Aborisade, Oladimeji, Mundt, Robert J. Politics in Nigeria. Longhorn (2002) New York, United States Oriji, John N. (2000). Igbo Women From 1929-1960. West Africa Review: 2, 1. Kara karantawa Reprint, New York: Praeger, 1965. ASIN B000JECCCQ. Onwuteka, V. C. "The Aba Riot of 1929 and its relation to the system of'indirect rule'." Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies 7.3 (1965): 273-282. Ukeje, Charles. "From Aba to Ugborodo: gender identity and alternative discourse of social protest among women in the oil delta of Nigeria." Oxford Development Studies 32.4 (2004): 605-617. Online Van Allen, Judith. "Aba Riots or the Igbo Women's War?-Ideology, Stratification and the Invisibility of Women." Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies 6.1 (1975).</ref> Van Allen, Judith. "“Sitting on a man”: colonialism and the lost political institutions of Igbo women." Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines 6.2 (1972): 165-181. Online Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Marissa K. Evans, Rigimar Mata ta Aba (Nuwamba-Disamba 1929) a
28375	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg	Bamberg	Bamberg rɡ/, Amurka mbɛərk/, Jamusanci: bambɛʁk] (saurara)) birni ne, da ke cikin Upper Franconia, Jamus, akan kogin Regnitz kusa da haɗuwarsa da kogin Main. Garin ya samo asali ne tun karni na 9, lokacin da aka samo sunansa daga gidan Babenberch na kusa. Da aka ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun garuruwan Jamus, tsohon garinsa ya kasance wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO tun 1993, tare da Bamberg gida ne ga katangar tsohon birni mafi girma a Turai. Daga karni na 10 zuwa gaba, Bamberg ya zama babbar hanyar haɗi tare da al'ummomin Slav, musamman na Poland da Pomerania. Ta samu babban ci gaba tun daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, wanda a lokacin ya kasance tsakiyar Daular Rum a takaice. An kuma binne sarki Henry II a tsohon garin, tare da matarsa Kunigunde. Gine-ginen garin daga wannan lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai a Arewacin Jamus da Hungary. Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. An haɓaka wannan haɓakar ta hanyar samun babban yanki na ƙididdigar Meran a cikin 1248 da 1260 ta wurin gani, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar rabon fifs ɗin da aka kashe. Bamberg ya rasa ƴancin kai a cikin 1802, bayan da aka mayar da ƙasar coci, ya zama wani yanki na Bavaria a 1803. An fara haɗa garin da tsarin layin dogo na Jamus a 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg). Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Bamberg ya kasance muhimmin tushe ga Bavaria, Jamusanci, sannan sojojin Amurka da aka jibge a Barrack Warner, wanda kawai ya rufe a cikin 2014. Tarihi A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan Roman na ƙaura da zama na Jamus, yankin daga baya ya haɗa da Diocese na Bamberg galibi Slavs ne suka zauna. Garin, wanda aka fara ambata a cikin 902, ya girma ta gidan sarauta Babenberch wanda ya ba da suna ga dangin Babenberg. A kan bacewar su, ya wuce gidan Saxon. Sufaye na Benedictine Fulda Abbey ya zama Kirista musamman yankin, kuma ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ikon ruhaniya na Diocese na Würzburg. A cikin 1007, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Henry II ya mai da Bamberg gadon iyali, wurin zama na diocese daban. Manufar Sarkin a cikin wannan shi ne don mayar da Diocese na Würzburg rashin ƙarfi a girman da kuma ba da Kiristanci mai karfi a gundumomin Franconia, gabashin Bamberg. A shekara ta 1008, bayan doguwar tattaunawa da limaman cocin Würzburg da Eichstätt, wadanda za su raba wasu sassan majami'unsu, an bayyana iyakokin sabuwar diocese, kuma Paparoma John XVIII ya ba da tabbacin Paparoma a cikin wannan shekarar. Henry II ya ba da umarnin gina sabon babban coci, wanda aka keɓe ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1012. Cocin ya wadata da kyaututtuka daga Paparoma, kuma Henry ya keɓe shi don girmama shi. A cikin 1017 Henry kuma ya kafa Michaelsberg Abbey a kan Michaelsberg ("Mount St. Michael"), kusa da Bamberg, gidan gidan Benedictine don horar da malamai. Sarkin da matarsa Kunigunde sun ba wa sabuwar diocese manyan abubuwa na wucin gadi, kuma ta sami gata da yawa waɗanda daga cikinsu suka haɓaka ikon bishop na duniya. Paparoma Benedict na VIII ya ziyarci Bamberg a cikin 1020 don ganawa da Henry II don tattaunawa game da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki. Yayin da yake nan ya sanya diocese bisa dogaro kai tsaye ga Mai Tsarki. Shi ma da kansa ya tsarkake wasu majami'un Bamberg. Na ɗan lokaci Bamberg ya kasance cibiyar daular Roma mai tsarki. An binne Henry da Kunigunde a babban cocin. Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. A cikin 1248 da 1260 gani ɗin ya sami babban yanki na kadarorin Counts na Meran, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar keɓancewar fif ɗin da aka kashe. Tsohon Bishopric na Bamberg ya ƙunshi wani yanki mara karye daga Schlüsselfeld a arewa maso gabas zuwa dajin Franconian, kuma yana da ƙarin kadarori a Duchies na Carinthia da Salzburg, a cikin Nordgau (Upper Palatinate na yanzu), a Thuringia, da kuma na Danube. Ta wurin sauye-sauyen da aka samu daga gyare-gyaren, yankin wannan gani an rage kusan rabin gwargwado. Tun 1279 an san rigar makamai na birnin Bamberg a cikin hanyar hatimi. Gwajin mayu na ƙarni na 17 ya yi da’awar kimanin mutane dubu ɗaya da aka kashe a Bamberg, wanda ya kai kololuwa tsakanin 1626 da 1631, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Yarima-Bishop Johann Georg II Fuchs von Dornheim. Shahararren Drudenhaus kurkukun mayya), wanda aka gina a 1627, ba ya nan a yau; duk da haka, cikakkun bayanai na wasu lokuta, kamar na Johannes Junius, sun kasance. A cikin 1647, an kafa Jami'ar Bamberg azaman Academia Bambergensis. Bambrzy (Posen Bambergers) 'yan sandan Jamus ne waɗanda suka fito daga mazauna yankin Bamberg waɗanda suka zauna a ƙauyuka da ke kusa da Poznań a cikin shekaru 1719-1753. A cikin 1759, an sayar da dukiyoyi da hukunce-hukuncen diocese a Ostiriya zuwa waccan jihar. Lokacin da aka wayi gari da masu zaman kansu na coci (1802) diocese ta rufe 3,305 km2 (1,276 sq mi) kuma tana da yawan jama'a 207,000. Don haka Bamberg ya rasa 'yancin kai a 1802, ya zama wani ɓangare na Bavaria a 1803. An fara haɗa Bamberg zuwa tsarin jirgin ƙasa na Jamus a cikin 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg). A watan Fabrairun 1926 Bamberg ya zama wurin taron Bamberg, wanda Adolf Hitler ya kira a yunƙurinsa na haɓaka haɗin kai da kuma murkushe adawa a cikin jam'iyyar Nazi ta matasa a lokacin. An zaɓi Bamberg don wurin da yake a Upper Franconia, kusa da gidajen membobin ƙungiyar Nazi ta arewa masu adawa amma har yanzu a cikin Bavaria. A cikin 1973, garin ya yi bikin cika shekaru 1,000 da kafuwar sa. Yawan jama'a na tarihi Labarin ƙasa Bamberg yana cikin Franconia, mai tazarar kilomita 63 (39 mi) arewa da Nuremberg ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa da 101 km (63 mi) gabashin Würzburg, kuma ta jirgin ƙasa. Yana kan kogin Regnitz, kilomita 3 (1.9 mi) kafin ya kwarara cikin Babban kogin. Yanayin yanayinsa yana da siffa ta hanyar Regnitz da kuma tsaunin Steigerwald, wani yanki na tsaunukan Jamus. Daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma, an raba garin zuwa farkon filin Regnitz, sannan ɗayan manyan tsibirai da yawa da yawa waɗanda makamai biyu na Regnitz (Inselstadt) suka kirkira, kuma a ƙarshe ɓangaren garin kan tsaunuka, “Tudun Gari” (Bergstadt). Duwatsu bakwai na Bamberg Bamberg ya shimfida sama da tsaunuka bakwai, kowanne coci ya yi rawani. Wannan ya haifar da Bamberg ana kiransa "Romawa Franconiya" ko da yake wasan barkwanci tsakanin jagororin yawon shakatawa na Bamberg shine a koma Rome a maimakon "Bamberg Italiyanci". Tuddan sune Cathedral Hill, Michaelsberg, Kaulberg/Obere Pfarre, Stefansberg, Jakobsberg, Altenburger Hill da Abtsberg. Yanayin Yanayi a wannan yanki yana da ɗan bambanci tsakanin sama da ƙasa, kuma ana samun isasshen ruwan sama duk shekara. Tsarin yanayin Köppen na wannan yanayin shine "Cfb" (Yanayin Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic weather), tare da wani tasiri na nahiyar kamar yadda aka nuna ta matsakaicin yanayin sanyi na dare da ke ƙasa da sifili. Tattalin Arziki A cikin 2013 (bayanan da aka samu) GDP na kowane mazaunin ya kasance €56,723. Wannan ya sanya gunduma ta 10 daga cikin gundumomi 96 (na karkara da birane) a cikin Bavaria (matsakaicin gabaɗaya: €39,691). Abubuwan jan hankali Garin Bamberg an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 1993 saboda tsarinsa na da da kuma kyawawan gine-ginensa na tarihi. Tun tsakiyar zamanai, ana yin aikin lambu a birane a Bamberg. Gundumar Masu Lambun Kasuwa tare da Birni a kan tuddai da Gundumar Tsibiri wani muhimmin yanki ne na Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. A cikin 2005, Municipality ya kafa naúrar don daidaita aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya a Bamberg. A cikin 2019, an buɗe baƙo da cibiyar fassara don Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan gani sune: Cathedral na Bamberg (1237), tare da kaburburan Emperor Henry II da Paparoma Clement II. Alte Hofhaltung, wurin zama na bishops a ƙarni na 16 da 17 Neue Residenz, mazaunin bishop bayan karni na 17 Laburare na Jihar Bamberg a cikin Sabon Gidan zama Tsohon zauren gari (1386), wanda aka gina a tsakiyar kogin Regnitz, gada biyu ke samun damar shiga Klein-Venedig ("Little Venice"), wani yanki ne na gidajen masunta daga karni na 19 tare da wani bankin kogin Regnitz. Michaelsberg Abbey, wanda aka gina a karni na 12 akan ɗayan Bamberg's "Bakwai Hills" Altenburg, castle, tsohon wurin zama na bishops Cathedral Bamberg Cathedral marigayi ginin Romanesque ne mai hasumiya hudu. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1004 da Sarkin sarakuna Henry II, ya ƙare a 1012 kuma ya tsarkake shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1012. Daga baya an lalata shi da wuta a cikin 1081. Sabon Cathedral, wanda Saint Otto na Bamberg ya gina, an keɓe shi a cikin 1111 kuma a cikin karni na 13. ya karɓi sigar ta na ƙarshen-Romanesque na yanzu. Ilimi Jami'ar Bamberg, mai suna Otto-Friedrich University, tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin kimiyyar zamantakewa, nazarin kasuwanci da zamantakewa, kuma dalibai fiye da 13,000 ke halarta. Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatar da Bamberg tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin lafiyar jama'a. Bamberg kuma gida ne ga makarantun sakandare guda takwas (dakunan motsa jiki): Clavius-Gymnasium Dientzenhofer-Gymnasium Eichendorff-Gymnasium E.T.A. Hoffmann-Gymnasium Franz-Ludwig-Gymnasium Kaiser-Heinrich-Gymnasium Maria-Ward-Gymnasium Theresianum Haka kuma akwai sauran cibiyoyi masu yawa na firamare, sakandare, fasaha, sana'a da manyan makarantu. Fitattun mutane A-K Annette von Aretin (1920 2006), mai shelar talabijin ta farko na Bayerischer Rundfunk. Carl Adam Bader, (1789 a Bamberg; 1870 a Berlin), tenor Lisa Badum Dorothee Bär (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), Memba na Majalisar (CSU), Sakataren Jiha na Ministan Sufuri da Kayayyakin Dijital na Tarayya. Wilhelm Batz, (1916-1988), Luftwaffe, ace Louis-Alexandre Berthier, (1753-1815), Shugaban Ma'aikatan Napoleon Bonaparte Joachim Camerarius (1500-1574), ɗan adam, polymath da mawaƙi Claudia Ciesla, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987), 'yar wasan Poland-Jamus Paparoma Clement II, (ya mutu 1047), bishop na Bamberg daga 1040 zuwa 1046 Christopher Clavius, (1538-1612), masanin lissafi, astronomer da Jesuit. Conrad III na Jamus, (1093-1152), Sarkin Jamus Cunigunde na Luxembourg, (c. 975–1040), uwargidan sarki, mai mulkin Daular Roman Mai Tsarki kuma matar Henry II. Stefan Dassler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), marubucin da ba na almara ba Günther Denzler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), tsohon shugaban gundumar Bamberg (CSU) Karlheinz Deschner (1924-2014), marubuci kuma mai sukar addini da coci Gottfried Diener (1907-1987), masanin ilimin kimiyya da bincike na Goethe Ignaz Dollinger (1770-1841), likita Ignaz von Dollinger (1799-1890), muhimmin masanin tauhidin Katolika da tarihin coci Curt Echtermeyer, wanda kuma aka sani da Curt Bruckner (1896-1971), mai zane. Erich Ebermayer (1900-1970), marubuci Hans Ehard (1887-1980), lauya kuma ɗan siyasa Günter Faltin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), malamin jami'a Heinrich Finck (1444-1527), madugu kuma mawaki Klaus-Dieter Fritsche (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), masanin shari'a kuma ɗan siyasa (CSU), Karl von Gareis (1844-1923), lauya kuma marubuci, memba na Reichstag Nora-Eugenie Gomringer, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980), mawaki kuma marubuci Thomas Gottschalk (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), mai gudanarwa, mai gabatar da talabijin, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Lukas Görtler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Hans Grassmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma marubuci Joseph Heller (1798-1849), mai tarawa, a yau Helleriana a cikin Laburaren Jihar Bamberg Karl Höller (1907-1987), mawaki Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, (1770-1831), masanin falsafar Jamus. Henry II, (973-1024), Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki E.T.A. Hoffmann, (1776-1822), marubucin Jamusanci kuma marubuci Joachim Jung (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), mai fasaha Harry Koch (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Lorenz Krapp (1882-1947), lauya, mawaƙi kuma ɗan siyasa (BVP, CSU) Dieter Kunzelmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan majalisa kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar hagu Paul Lautensack (1478-1558), mai zane kuma organist L-Z Paul Maar, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), marubucin Jamus kuma marubuci Emil Marschalk von Ostheim (1841-1903), masanin tarihi kuma mai tarawa. Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria, a zahiri Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria (1808-1888), mai tallata kiɗan jama'ar Bavaria a ƙarni na 19. Willy Messerschmitt (1898-1978), mai zanen jirgin sama na Jamus, Flugzeugbau Messerschmitt GmbH Wolf-Dieter Montag (1924-2018), likitan Jamus, ƙwararren likitancin wasanni, likitan ceton dutse, da mai kula da wasanni na duniya. Christina Morhaubt, wanda aka samu da laifin maita kuma an yanke mata hukumcin kisa ta hanyar ƙonewa a 1627 a lokacin gwajin mayya na Bamberg. Martin Münz (1785-1848), masanin ilimin halitta kuma farfesa Ida Noddack-Tacke, (1896-1978), masanin ilmin sunadarai da physicist; ta gano kashi 75, rhenium Christopher Park (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan pian Fiona Parker (1991), wacce ta samu lambar azurfa ta Olympic Bernd Redmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), mawaki kuma masanin kiɗa Mike Rose, (1932-2006), mai zane, saiti kuma marubuci Gerd Schaller (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), shugaba Rainer Schaller (an haife shi 1969), ɗan kasuwa kuma wanda ya kafa McFit Fitness GmbH. Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (1907-1944), wani jami'in Jamus wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe mai mulkin Jamus Adolf Hitler a cikin makirci na Yuli 20. Berthold Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1934), tsohon Janar na Bundeswehr. Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), tsohon ɗan majalisar Bavaria na Turai. Ritter Josef von Schmitt (1838-1907), Bajamushe mai martaba, Shugaban Kotu na Masarautar Bavaria, mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Luitpold na Bavaria, dan majalisa mai zaman kansa kuma ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na birnin Bamberg. Gottfried von Schmitt (1827-1908), ɗan Jamus mai daraja, memba na Kotun Koli kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Bavaria. Josef Schmitt (1875-1944), ɗan Jamus mai daraja kuma ɗan majalisa mai zaman kansa. Gottfried Schmitt (1865-1919), ɗan siyasan Jamus Josh Shipp, (1986-yanzu), ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwando na Brose Baskets Bamberg Tom Schütz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Sven Schultze (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando Karsten Tadda (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando Karl Borromäus Thumann (1820-1874), masanin tauhidin Jamus Oscar Wassermann (1869-1934), ma'aikacin banki na Jamus Andrew Wooten (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Karl Friedrich Gottlob Wetzel, (1779-1819), marubuci kuma mai zane Fränkischer Merku. Hotuna
30387	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubuwan%20dake%20cikin%20ha%C9%93aka%20muhalli	Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli	Abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da haɓaka tsarin muhalli shi ne tasirin abubuwa masu guba daban-daban daga muhalli akan haɓaka tayin. Kuma Wannan labarin yana magana ne game da yiwuwar illar abubuwan maye na muhalli akan haɓakar mahaifa ko tayin, da kuma matsalolin ciki Muhallin. Dan Adam yana da ɗan saukin kamuwa da tasiri daga mummunan yanayi a cikin muhallin. Marasa ingantattun yanayin tayi yakan haifar da jinkiri iri-iri na cigaba, na zahiri da na badini, ga jariri mai girma. Ko da yake wasu sauye-sauye na faruwa ne a sakamakon yanayin kwayoyin halittar da suka shafi uba, da yawa ana kawo su kai tsaye daga gubar muhalli da uwa ke kamuwa da su. Dabbobi daban-daban suna haifar da babban haɗari ga tayin yayin haɓakawa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya nuna cewa kusan dukkan mata masu juna biyu a ƙasar Amurka suna dauke da sinadarai masu yawa, ciki har da wasu da aka haramta tun shekarun 1970, a jikinsu. Masu bincike sun gano biphenyls polychlorinated, magungunan kashe qwari na organochlorine, mahaɗan perfluorinated, phenols, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perchlorate PBDEs, mahadi amfani da matsayin harshen retardants, da kuma dichlorochlorine intriphen. jikin kashi 99 zuwa 100 na mata masu juna biyu da suka gwada. Daga cikin sauran estrogens muhalli, an gano Bisphenol A (BPA) a cikin kashi 96 na matan da aka bincika. Yawancin sinadarai sun kasance a cikin ƙididdiga guda ɗaya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri a cikin yara daga wasu nazarin kuma ana tunanin cewa bayyanar da sinadarai masu yawa na iya yin tasiri fiye da bayyanar da abu ɗaya kawai. Tasiri Ana iya siffanta abubuwan da ke damun muhalli daban-daban ta irin tasirin da Kuma suke da shi, kamar rashin daidaituwa na tsari, canjin girma, gazawar aiki, neoplasia na haihuwa, ko ma mutuwa ga tayin. Haihuwa kafin haihuwa Ɗaya cikin goma na jarirai na Amurka ana haifan su kafin haihuwa kuma kusan kashi 5 cikin ɗari suna da ƙananan nauyin haihuwa. Haihuwa kafin haihuwa, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin haihuwa a ƙasa da makonni 37 na ciki, shi ne babban tushen mace-macen jarirai a duk lokacin ƙuruciya. Abubuwan da ke haifar da gubar muhalli kamar gubar, hayakin taba, da DDT an danganta su tare da ƙarin haɗari ga zubar da ciki nan da nan, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, ko haihuwa kafin haihuwa. Halin yanayin haihuwa na tsarin Abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke da ikon haifar da rashin daidaituwa na tsarin haihuwa ana iya kiran su da teratogen s. Su ne wakilai na waje zuwa amfrayo ko tayin da ke haifar da mummunan sakamako wanda zai haifar da haɗarin rashin lafiya, carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, canza aiki, ƙarancin girma ko zubar ciki An rarraba Teratogens zuwa manyan rukunai hudu: Magunguna da sunadarai. Baya ga sinadarai na muhalli, wannan rukunin kuma ya haɗa da na nishaɗi da magunguna a cikin ciki Cututtukan da ake ɗauka a tsaye Radiation, kamar X-ray Sojojin injina, irin su oligohydramnios Teratogens suna shafar tayin ta hanyoyi daban-daban ciki har da: Tsangwama tare da haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel, irin su kamuwa da cutar hoto da ionization Canza hanyoyin biosynthetic, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin lahani na chromosomal Haɓakar hulɗar salon salula ko nama, kamar yadda ake gani a cikin ciwon sukari Abubuwan da ke waje Matsakaicin hulɗar kwayoyin halitta tare da teratogens muhalli Ciwon ci gaban Neuro Sakamakon Neuroplastic na gurɓatawa na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar neurodevelopment Yawancin lokuta na Autism suna da alaƙa da takamaiman wurare na yanki, yana nuna cewa wani abu a cikin mahallin yana haɓaka nau'in genotype mai haɗari don haifar da Autism a cikin mutane masu rauni. Sannan kuma Wadannan binciken game da autism suna da rigima, duk da haka, tare da masu bincike da yawa sun gaskanta cewa karuwar ƙididdiga a wasu yankuna shine sakamakon ƙarin ingantaccen bincike da hanyoyin bincike, kuma ba saboda kowane nau'i na muhalli ba Magunguna masu guba da tasirin su Abubuwan da aka gano suna da cutarwa musamman sun haɗa da gubar (wanda ake ajiyewa a cikin ƙasusuwan uwa), hayakin sigari, barasa, mercury (mai guba na ƙwayoyin cuta da ake cinyewa ta hanyar kifi), carbon dioxide, da ionizing radiation. Barasa Shan barasa a cikin ciki na iya haifar da rikice-rikice daban-daban da aka sani da rikice-rikicen barasa na tayin Mafi tsanani daga cikinsu shine ciwon barasa na tayin Shan taba Bayyanar tayin ga hayaƙin taba mai ciki na iya fuskantar ɗimbin wasu matsalolin ɗabi'a, jijiya, da ta jiki. Mummunan illolin sun haɗa da haihuwa, rushewar wuri, rashin haihuwa, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, lahani na jiki (lalacewa da dai sauransu), raguwar aikin huhu, ƙara haɗarin mutuwar jarirai. Mercury Elemental Mercury da methylmercury nau'i ne na mercury guda biyu waɗanda zasu iya haifar da haɗarin guba na mercury a cikin ciki. Methylmercury, gurɓataccen abincin teku a duniya da kifin ruwa mai daɗi, Kuma an san shi yana haifar da mummunan tasirin tsarin juyayi, musamman yayin haɓakar ƙwaƙwalwa. Cin kifi shine babban tushen bayyanar mercury a cikin mutane kuma wasu kifaye na iya ƙunsar isassun mercury don cutar da haɓakar tsarin juyayi na tayi ko tayi, wani lokaci yana haifar da nakasar ilmantarwa. Mercury yana cikin nau'ikan kifi da yawa, amma galibi ana samunsa a cikin wasu manyan kifin. Ɗayan da aka rubuta da kyau game da shigar da sinadarin mercury mai yaɗuwa da rikice-rikicen ci gaban tayin ya faru a cikin shekarata 1950s a Minamata Bay, Japan. Wani kamfanin masana'antu da ke kusa da shi ke amfani da shi wajen kera robobi, an fitar da methyl mercury a cikin ruwan Minamata Bay, inda jama'ar kauyen suka ci gaba da sha a kai a kai da suka yi amfani da kifin da ke zaune a bakin tekun a matsayin abincin abinci. Sannan Ba da daɗewa ba, yawancin mazaunan da ke cin naman da ke ɗauke da mercury sun fara fuskantar mummunan sakamako daga shan guba; duk da haka, mercury ya shafi mata masu juna biyu da 'yan tayin, wanda ya haifar da yawan zubar da ciki. Jarirai da suka tsira da suka kamu da cutar mercury a cikin utero suna da matsanancin nakasu na jiki da na hankali, da kuma rashin lafiyar jiki daga fallasa cikin mahaifa a lokacin mahimman matakai na ci gaban jiki na tayi. Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka da Hukumar Kare Muhalli sun shawarci mata masu juna biyu kada su ci takobi, shark, mackerel da tilefish da iyakance cin tuna tuna zuwa oza 6 ko ƙasa da mako guda. Matsakaicin matakin mercury a jarirai a Gaza ana hasashen cewa ya samo asali ne daga makamin yaki. Bayyanar Mercury a cikin ciki na iya haifar da lahani ga gaɓoɓi. Jagoranci Adverse effects of lead exposure in pregnancy include miscarriage, low birth weight, neurological delays, anemia, encephalopathy, paralysis, blindness, Tsarin jijiyoyi masu tasowa na tayin yana da haɗari musamman ga gubar gubar. Kuma Ana lura da cutar cututtukan jijiyoyi a cikin yara na mata da aka fallasa sakamakon ikon gubar don ketare shingen mahaifa. Wani abin damuwa na musamman ga mata masu juna biyu shi ne yadda wasu daga cikin tarin dalmar kasusuwa ke fitowa a cikin jini yayin da suke da juna biyu. Yawancin karatu sun ba da shaida cewa ko da ƙarancin bayyanar da uwaye don jagoranci yana haifar da gazawar hankali da halayya a cikin yara. Dioxin Dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi suna dawwama a cikin muhalli na dogon lokaci kuma suna da yawa, don haka duk mutane suna da adadin dioxins a cikin jiki. An danganta bayyanar da intrauterine zuwa dioxins da dioxin-kamar mahadi tare da sauye-sauye na ci gaba da dabara akan tayin. Sannan kuma Abubuwan da ke haifar da yaro daga baya a rayuwa sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin aikin hanta, matakan hormone thyroid, matakan farin jini, da rage yawan aiki a cikin gwaje-gwajen koyo da hankali. Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga ciki wanda ke haifar da ɗimbin ƙima na haifuwa da wuri, ƙuntatawa girma, da matsalolin zuciya da huhu a cikin jariri. Haɗaɗɗen abubuwa kamar carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide da nitrogen dioxide duk suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar lalacewa lokacin da uwa mai jiran gado ta shaka. Ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, haihuwa kafin haihuwa, rashin girma a cikin mahaifa, da rashin haihuwa duk an gano suna da alaƙa da kamuwa da tayin ga gurɓataccen iska. Ko da yake ana iya samun gurɓatacciyar ƙasa a ko'ina, akwai takamaiman hanyoyin da aka san su don sakin abubuwa masu guba kuma waɗanda ke son su kasance marasa guba idan ya yiwu su guje su. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: kuma masana'antar ƙarfe, masana'antar sarrafa sharar ruwa, injina na gurɓata ruwa, masana'antar kera motoci, matatun mai, da masana'antar sarrafa sinadarai. Sarrafa gurbatar iska na iya zama da wahala. Alal misali, a Los Angeles, an kafa dokoki don sarrafa ƙazanta ta hanyar sanya ƙa'idodi game da hayaƙin masana'antu da abubuwan hawa. Kuma An yi gyare-gyare don biyan waɗannan ka'idoji. Duk da wannan cigaba, har yanzu yankin bai cika ka'idojin tarayya na ozone da particulate kwayoyin halitta ba. Kimanin haihuwa 150,000 na faruwa kowace shekara a Los Angeles. Don haka, duk wani tasiri da gurbatacciyar iska ke haifarwa ga ci gaban ɗan adam a cikin mahaifa yana da matukar damuwa ga waɗanda ke zaune a wannan yanki. Batsa (PM) ya ƙunshi cakuda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu wanda ya rage a cikin iska, kuma ya bambanta zama yanki. Waɗannan barbashi ƙanana ne, daga PM10 zuwa PM 2.5, waɗanda ke iya shiga cikin huhu cikin sauƙi. An nuna ɓangarorin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da m cututtukan zuciya-numfashi da mace-mace. Kuma An nuna haɓakar ci gaban cikin mahaifa yana shafar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haifar da sakamako mara kyau don haɓaka tayi kamar rashin ƙarfi ko jinkirin girma tayin, da haɓaka cututtukan tayin da mace-mace. Wani bincike daga 2012 ya gano cewa bayyanar da PM 2.5 ya bambanta da kabilanci kabilanci, shekaru, da Kuma matsayi na zamantakewa, wanda ke haifar da wasu al'ummomi suna fuskantar sakamakon rashin lafiya mafi girma saboda gurbatar muhalli, musamman ma game da kwayoyin halitta Maganin kashe qwari An ƙirƙiri magungunan kashe qwari don takamaiman dalilin haifar da lahani (ga kwari, rodents, da sauran kwari), magungunan kashe qwari suna da yuwuwar yin mummunar illa ga ɗan tayi mai tasowa, idan an shigar da su cikin yanayin tayin. Kuma Nazarin ya nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari, musamman magungunan kashe qwari, sun nuna a cikin nazarin jinin igiyar jarirai, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa da gaske ana shigar da irin wannan guba a cikin jikin jariri. Gabaɗaya, magungunan kashe qwari guda biyu da aka fi sani da su a cikin jinin igiya sune diethyltoluamide (DEET) da vinclozolin (maganin fungicides). Ko da yake ba a yawan ambaton gubar magungunan kashe qwari kamar yadda wasu hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na gurɓataccen muhalli, kamar gurɓatacciyar iska, ƙazanta na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci daga shiga ayyukan yau da kullun kamar tafiya a kan hanya kusa da gurɓataccen yanki, ko cin abinci wanda zai iya faruwa a kowane lokaci. ba a yi wanka da kyau ba. A cikin shekarata 2007 kadai, an sami fam biliyan 1.1 na magungunan kashe qwari a cikin muhalli, wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari don samun sananne a matsayin sabon dalilin taka tsantsan ga masu son kiyaye lafiyarsu. Wani bita na shekarata 2013 na nazarin 27 akan abubuwan haihuwa da farkon yara zuwa ga magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphate ya sami duka amma ɗayan ya nuna sakamako mara kyau na neurodevelopmental. Kuma A cikin binciken guda goma da aka tantance bayyanar da haihuwa, "an sami raunin fahimi (wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki) a cikin yara a cikin shekaru 7, ƙarancin hali (wanda ke da alaƙa da hankali) ana gani galibi a cikin yara, da ƙarancin motsi (masu haɓakawa), wanda aka gani galibi a cikin neonates." An yi bita na yau da kullun game da tasirin ci gaban neurodevelopment na prenatal da postnatal organophosphate fallasa magungunan kashe qwari a cikin shekarata 2014. Binciken ya gano cewa "Yawancin binciken da ke kimanta bayyanar da haihuwa ya lura da mummunar tasiri a kan ci gaban tunani da kuma karuwar matsalolin kulawa a makarantun gaba da sakandare da yara." A cikin shakarar 2017, wani bincike ya duba yiwuwar illar magungunan kashe qwari na noma a cikin haifuwa sama da 500,000 a yankin noma na California kuma ya kwatanta bincikensu da sakamakon haihuwa a wasu yankunan California da ba su da ƙarancin noma. Gabaɗaya, sun gano cewa fallasa magungunan kashe qwari ya karu da sakamakon haihuwa da kashi 5-9%, amma a cikin waɗancan iyaye mata ne kawai aka fallasa ga mafi yawan magungunan kashe qwari. Benzenes An danganta bayyanar da benzene a cikin iyaye mata da lahani na kwakwalwar tayin musamman nakasar bututun jijiya. A cikin binciken daya, bayyanar BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) a lokacin farkon watanni uku na ciki yana nuna karara mara kyau tare da diamita na kwakwalwar biparietal tsakanin makonni 20 zuwa 32 na ciki. Sannan kumaMata masu yawan kamuwa da toluene sun ninka sau uku zuwa biyar na yawan zubar da ciki na wadanda ba su da yawa, kuma matan da ke fama da cutar benzene na sana'a an nuna suna da karuwar zubar da ciki. An danganta bayyanar da sana'ar uba ga toluene da formaldehyde da zubar da ciki a cikin abokan aikinsu. Ci gaban al'ada yana da iko sosai ta hanyar hormones, kuma rushewar sinadarai na mutum zai iya canza yanayin ci gaba na dindindin. Ambient ozone yana da alaƙa da mummunan haɗuwa da ƙwayar maniyyi a cikin maza, sinadarai masu alaƙa da ayyukan UOG (misali, benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, ethylene glycol da ozone) suna da alaƙa da mummunan tasiri akan ingancin maniyyi, musamman rage yawan adadin maniyyi. Wani bincike na shekarata 2011 ya sami dangantaka tsakanin Neural Tube Defects da kuma bayyanar mahaifiyar mahaifiyar benzene, wani fili da ke hade da hakar iskar gas. Kuma Binciken ya gano cewa iyaye mata da ke zaune a wuraren kidayar jama'a na Texas tare da matakan benzene mafi girma sun fi samun 'ya'ya masu lahani na jijiyoyi, irin su spina bifida, fiye da iyaye mata da ke zaune a yankunan da ƙananan matakan benzene Sauran Hakanan an gano zafi da hayaniya suna da tasirin gaske akan ci gaba. Carbon dioxide Rage isar da iskar oxygen zuwa kwakwalwa, raunin hankali Ionizing radiation zubar da ciki, ƙananan nauyin haihuwa, lahani na haihuwa na jiki, ciwon daji na yara Bayyanar muhalli ga perchlorate a cikin matan da ke da hypothyroidism yana haifar da babban haɗari na ƙananan IQ a cikin yaro. Gujewa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki Kwalejin Nurse-Ungozoma ta Amurka tana ba da shawarar matakan kiyayewa masu zuwa don rage girman kamuwa da gubar muhalli masu dacewa a cikin ciki: Nisantar kayan fenti kamar kayan gilashi mai tabo, fenti mai da yumbu, a maimakon haka ta amfani da launi na ruwa ko acrylic paints da glazes. Duba ingancin ruwan famfo ko ruwan kwalba da canza yanayin shan ruwa idan ya cancanta. Idan zaune a gidan da aka gina kafin shekarar 1978, duba ko an yi amfani da fentin gubar. Idan kuwa haka ne, ba za a taba fentin da ke rugujewa ko bawon ba, sai kwararre ya cire fentin sannan a nisantar wurin yayin da ake cire fentin ko yashi. Don rage kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari wanke duk abin da ake nomawa sosai, bare fata daga 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari ko siyan kayan lambu idan zai yiwu. Guje wa duk wani kayan tsaftacewa mai lakabin "mai guba" ko kowane samfur tare da gargadi akan lakabin, kuma a maimakon haka gwada samfuran halitta, soda burodi, vinegar da/ko ruwa don tsaftacewa. Haɓaka iskar gas A cikin nazarin yankunan karkara na Colorado na ci gaban iskar gas, wurin zama na uwa a cikin radius mai nisan mil 10 na rijiyoyin iskar gas an gano yana da alaƙa mai kyau ga yaduwar cututtukan zuciya (CHDs) da lahani na jijiyoyi (NTDs). Tare da wannan binciken, an sami ƙaramin ƙungiya tsakanin matsakaicin nauyin haihuwa da yawa da kusanci ga rijiyoyin iskar gas. Kuma Fitar da mahaifa ta hanyar rijiyoyin iskar gas na iya zuwa ta hanyar benzene, kaushi, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), da sauran gurɓataccen iska kamar toluene, nitrogen dioxide, da sulfur dioxide. A Pennsylvania, rijiyoyin da ke samar da iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba sun ƙaru daga sifili a shekarata 2005 zuwa 3689 a 2013. Wani bincike na shekarar 2016 na iyaye mata 9384 da 10946 neonates a cikin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Geisinger a Pennsylvania ya gano bayyanar da yanayin zama na haihuwa zuwa ayyukan haɓakar iskar gas wanda ba a saba da shi ba yana da alaƙa da haihuwa da haihuwa da likita mai rikodin ciki mai haɗari. A kudu maso yammacin Pennsylvania, an gano kusancin uwaye da hako iskar gas da ba na al'ada ba yana da alaƙa da rage nauyin haihuwa. Kuma Ba a san ko wace hanya za a bi ta ba: iska, ƙasa ko ruwa za a iya danganta ga ƙungiyar. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike da manyan karatu akan wannan batu. Endocrine disruptors sune mahadi waɗanda zasu iya rushe ci gaban al'ada da matakan hormone na al'ada a cikin mutane. Magungunan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan mahaifa (EDCs) na iya yin hulɗa tare da masu karɓar hormone, da kuma canza yawan adadin hormone a cikin jiki, wanda ke haifar da amsawar hormone ba daidai ba a cikin jiki da kuma rushe aikin enzyme na yau da kullun. An san hakar mai da iskar gas don ba da gudummawa ga EDCs a cikin mahalli, galibi saboda yawan haɗarin ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa da ke zuwa tare da waɗannan hakar. Kuma Baya ga gurɓataccen ruwa, hakar mai da iskar gas kuma yana haifar da mafi girman matakan gurɓataccen iska, ƙirƙirar wata hanyar fallasa ga waɗannan masu rushewar endocrine. Wannan matsala sau da yawa ba a ba da rahoto ba, sabili da haka, ana la'akari da girman tasirin gaske. A cikin 2016, an gudanar da bincike don tantance buƙatar sashin endocrin zuwa kimantawar kiwon lafiya don hakowa da hako mai da iskar gas a wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a. Tare da babban yuwuwar sakin sinadarai na mai da iskar gas tare da hakar, musamman sinadarai waɗanda aka nuna don tarwatsa samar da hormone na al'ada da aiki, marubutan sun jaddada buƙatar wani ɓangaren da ke tattare da aikin endocrin da lafiya gabaɗaya tare da kima na kiwon lafiya, da kuma yadda wannan kuma yana tasiri ga muhalli. Matsayin mahaifa Matsayin lafiyayyen mahaifa wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta ne wanda ke haifar da shinge ga yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta da wasu abubuwan xenobiotic Koyaya, ta hanyar ƙira shamaki mara kyau tunda dole ne ya jigilar abubuwan da ake buƙata don haɓakawa da haɓakawa. Jirgin wuri na iya zama ta hanyar rarrabawa ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da narkewar lipid ko ta jigilar abubuwa waɗanda suka fi girma da/ko cajin lantarki. Ana iya jigilar wasu sinadarai masu guba da gaske. Matsakaicin adadin abin da tayin ya karɓa yana ƙayyade yawan adadin abin da aka ɗauka a cikin mahaifa da kuma yawan adadin kuzari da kuma kawar da abu. Kamar yadda tayin yana da rashin girma metabolism, ba zai iya lalata abubuwa da kyau sosai; kuma yayin da mahaifar mahaifa ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen musayar abubuwa tsakanin uwa da tayin, ba tare da an ce duk wani abu mai guba da mahaifiyar ta kamu da shi ba ana kai wa tayin, inda za su iya shafar ci gaba. Carbon-dioxide, gubar, ethanol (giya), da hayakin sigari musamman duk abubuwa ne da ke da yuwuwar canja wurin wuri. Gano yuwuwar haɗari don haɓaka tayi yana buƙatar tushen bayanan kimiyya. A cikin 2004, Brent ya ba da shawarar saitin ma'auni don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa wanda kuma ya shafi gubar haɓakawa gabaɗaya Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune: Nazarin cututtukan cututtukan da aka gudanar da su akai-akai suna nuna alaƙa tsakanin tasirin musamman da fallasa abubuwan. Hanyoyin bayanai suna goyan bayan dangantaka tsakanin canza matakan fallasa da takamaiman tasiri. Nazarin dabba yana ba da shaida na alaƙa tsakanin bayyanar abubuwa da tasiri na musamman. Duba kuma Magunguna a cikin ciki Magana Ci gaba da karatu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22376	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masana%20A%20Hadarin%20%28SAR%29	Masana A Hadarin (SAR)	Masana a Hadarin (SAR) ne a Amurka na tushen kasa da kasa na cibiyar sadarwa na ilimi cibiyoyin shirya ga goyon baya da kuma kare ka'idojin 'yancin samun ilmi kuma don kare hakkin dan Adam na malamai a duniya. Membobin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da cibiyoyin ilimi sama da 530 a cikin ƙasashe 42. Tarihi An kafa Malamai masu Hadari a lokacin shirin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam a Jami'ar Chicago a shekarata 1999 inda aka fara tare da babban taro a watan Yunin 2000. Yana da hedkwatarsa a cikin harabar Greenwich Village na Jami'ar New York Rob Quinn shine darektan Masana a Hadarin. In 2001, Scholars at Risk joined with other international education and human rights organizations to launch the Network for Education and Academic Rights (NEAR). When NEAR disbanded SAR continued this work through its Academic Freedom Media Review, Scholars-in-Prison Project and Academic Freedom Monitoring Project. A cikin shekarata 2002, SAR tayi aiki tare da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya wacce aka kafa Asusun Ceto Masanin Ilimi na IIE. Asusun na bayar da tallafin kudi ga malaman da ke fuskantar mummunar barazana ta yadda za su iya tserewa daga mummunan yanayi kuma su ci gaba da aikin karatunsu cikin aminci. A cikin shekarata 2003, hedokwatar cibiyar sadarwar ta ƙaura daga Jami'ar Chicago zuwa harabar Birnin New York na Jami'ar New York. A cikin 2005, SAR da abokan haɗin gwiwa sun fara shirya 'sassan' SAR da 'cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan hulɗa' a duk duniya, gina al'umma a duniya sun yi alƙawarin taimakawa masana da haɓaka freedomancin ilimi a ko'ina. Daga shekarata 2007 zuwa shekarar 2010, SAR ta jagoranci jerin bitoci don samar da aminci, buɗaɗɗen taro don masana da masu ba da shawara daga ko'ina cikin duniya don tattaunawa kan girman yanki na 'yanci na ilimi da ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta, da haɓaka haɓaka martani. Waɗannan sun haifar da ci gaban tsarin karatun 'yanci na ilimi kuma a cikin 2011 zuwa kungiyoyin wucin gadin yancin Ilimi, waɗanda suka yi bincike game da kariya ga freedomancin ilimi a ƙarƙashin dokar' yancin ɗan adam ta duniya A shekarata 2012, SAR launched the Academic Freedom Monitoring Project, through which volunteer researchers document attacks on higher education in specific countries or regions which are then published in a report. The first Free to Think report was published in 2015 and since then it has been published annually. A cikin shekarata 2014, SAR ta sake ƙaddamar da Seminar Ba da Shawarar Studentalibai, wani yunƙuri wanda ta hanyar masu binciken malamai ke taimaka wa ɗalibai haɓaka ci gaba da dabarun bayar da shawarwari yayin binciken hare-hare kan al'ummomin ilimi. Ayyuka An shirya ayyukan SAR a ƙarƙashin manyan ginshiƙai guda uku: Kariya, Ba da Shawara da Ilmantarwa. Kariya SAR ta shirya wuraren zama na mafaka a jami'o'i da kwalejoji a cikin hanyar sadarwa don masu hankali waɗanda ke guje wa zalunci da tashin hankali. Ana tura malamai zuwa cibiyar sadarwar don kimantawa, din taimakon juna. Shawara Masu ilmi a Hadarin suna ba da shawara a madadin masana ilimi, marubuta, masu zane-zane, da sauran masu hankali waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar a cikin ƙasashensu. SAR ta shirya kamfen na duniya don tallafawa malamai da ɗaliban da ke kurkuku. Yana shigar da ɗalibai a cikin Seminar Ba da Shawarar Studentalibai da kuma Cibiyoyin Shari'a don koyon ainihin binciken duniya da ƙwarewar ba da shawara. Adam Braver a Jami'ar Roger Williams shine Mai Gudanar da Seminar da'awar. A cikin ranakun Bayar da Shawarar Studentalibai na Amurka suma an shirya su. SAR kuma tana gudanar da bincike tare da cibiyar yanar gizo na masu bincike na sa kai don Tsarin Kula da 'Yanci na Ilimi. Tsarin Kula da 'Yanci na Ilimi Aikin sa ido ya tattara da bayanai game da ayyana hare-hare kan ilimi mafi girma. Waɗannan an tattara su ta hanyar masu bayar da gudummawa waɗanda ke ba da rahoto da nazarin abubuwan da suka faru, bin diddigin tushe da shaidu da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da martanin bayar da shawarwari. Kowace shekara ana buga rahoton 'Yanci don tunani da ke nuna waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru. Koyo SAR tana shirya abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke tallafawa koyo game da yancin ilimi, kamar taron shekara-shekara na Duniya, taron karawa juna ilimi masu bincike, jerin masu magana da kakakin SAR, ƙungiyoyin bincike, bita kan inganta ƙimar ilimi mai girma. SAR kwanan nan ta kirkiro MOOC mai suna Tambayoyi masu Hadari tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Oslo Wasu malamai waɗanda SAR suka bayar da shawarwari ko suke bayarwa Abdulqadir Jalaleddin, China Ahmadreza Djalali, Iran Gokarakonda Naga Saibaba, India Hatoon Al-Fassi, Saudi Arabia Ilham Tohti, Iran Khalil Al-Halwachi, Bahrain Sivasubramaniam Raveendranath, Sri Lanka Niloufar Bayani, Iran Nasser bin Ghaith, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Omid Kokabee, Iran Patrick George Zaki, Misira Rahile Dawut, China Tashpolat Tiyip, China Xiyue Wang, Iran Tsarin In 2003, the network headquarters relocated from the University of Chicago to the New York City campus of New York University. In 2018 a European office was opened in Ireland at Maynooth University. SAR has sections in different countries which coordinate activities of SAR members in that country. SAR Sashe A cikin shekarata 2005, SAR da abokan haɗin gwiwa sun fara shirya 'sassan' SAR da 'cibiyoyin sadarwar abokan hulɗa' a duk duniya, gina al'umma a duniya sun yi alƙawarin taimakawa masana da haɓaka yancin ilimi a ko'ina. An kafa sassan SAR a cikin Isra'ila (2005, yanzu yana barci), United Kingdom (2006, tare da CARA), Netherlands (2009, tare da UAF), Ireland (2009, tare da Jami'o'in Ireland), Norway (2011), Kanada (2012), Switzerland (2015), Sweden (2016), Jamus (2016), Finland (2017), Amurka (2018), Denmark (2019), Italia (2019), da Slovakia (2019), yayin da aka kafa cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa tare da pre -wadatar cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Haɗin kai da haɗin gwiwa Masana cikin Hadari suna kula da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi tare da manufofi masu alaƙa. Zuwa yau, SAR ta ƙirƙiri Hanyoyin Sadarwar Abokin Hulɗa masu zuwa: Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta EUA-SAR: Tare da mambobi 850 a duk faɗin ƙasashe 47, Universityungiyar Jami’ar Turai ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi girman ƙungiyar wakiltar jami’o’i a Turai. Millionalibai miliyan 17 sun shiga cikin jami'o'in membobin EUA. A matsayin muryar jami'o'in Turai, EUA tana tallafawa da ciyar da muradin ɗaiɗaikun makarantu da kuma fannin ilimi gabaɗaya. Magna Charta Observatory: A watan Satumbar ma shekarata 2015, Masana a Risk da Magna Charta sun yarda da ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'o'in 802 a cikin ƙasashe 85. Kamfanin Sadarwar Abokin Hulɗa na UNICA-SAR: UNICA cibiyar sadarwa ce ta jami’o’i 46 daga manyan biranen 35 na Turai. Matsayinta shine haɓaka ingantaccen ilimi, haɗakawa da haɗin kai tsakanin jami'o'in membobi a ko'ina cikin Turai. Hakanan yana neman kasancewa jagora mai haɓaka ci gaban aikin Bologna da kuma sauƙaƙe haɗakar jami'o'i daga Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai zuwa Yankin Ilimi mafi girma na Turai. Poungiyar Compostela ta Jami'o'in An kafa ta a cikin 1993, poungiyar Jami'o'in Compostela ƙungiya ce ta ba da agaji ta duniya wacce yanzu ta ƙunshi fiye da jami'o'i 60 a cikin ƙasashe 27. CGU na neman ƙarfafa hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin membobin jami'o'inta; tsara abubuwan da za a yi nazari da tattaunawa kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi ilimi mafi girma na duniya; da inganta motsi da haɗin kai tsakanin membobi a matsayin tushen inganta ilimin al'adu da yare. Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes: Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes (COMUE) ya haɗu da SAR a matsayin hanyar haɗin gwiwa a cikin Janairu 2017. An kafa COMUE a Faransa a watan Disamba na 2014 kuma ya ƙunshi mambobi shida da haɗin gwiwar manyan makarantu huɗu. Manufarsa ita ce ƙirƙirar jami'ar bincike ta fannoni daban-daban tare da babban martabar ƙasashen duniya da haɗin gida mai ƙarfi wanda ke kirkirar jama'a. swissuniversities: A cikin 2012, jami'o'i, jami'o'in ilimin kimiyya da jami'o'in ilimin malanta a duk faɗin Switzerland sun kafa swissuniversities, ƙungiyar da aka keɓe don ƙarfafawa da haɓaka haɗin kai tsakanin cibiyoyin ilimi na Switzerland da haɓaka murya ɗaya a kan al'amuran ilimi. swissuniversities kuma suna daidaita ayyuka da aiki a matakin ƙasa kamar yadda taron ƙasashen Switzerland na rectors na membobinsa 30 da ƙari Makarantun Koyon Ilimin Fasaha da Kimiyya na Switzerland Makarantun koyon aikin sun hada kansu musamman don daidaita tattaunawa tsakanin kimiyya da al'umma, kuma suna ba da shawara ga siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma dangane da al'amuran da suka shafi kimiyya wadanda suka dace da al'umma. Suna wakiltar ilimin kimiyya a duk faɗin cibiyoyi da horo. An kafa shi a cikin ƙungiyar masana kimiyya, suna da damar samun ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa don haka suna iya ba da takamaiman ilimi ga mahimman tambayoyin siyasa Orungiyar Hadin gwiwar Ilimi ta Arewacin Amurka Consungiyar Hadin gwiwar Ilimin Arewacin Amurka (CONAHEC) tana haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyi, ƙungiyoyi da hukumomin manyan makarantu a Kanada, Mexico, Amurka, da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. CONAHEC na haɓaka shirye-shirye da damar ilimi don shirya ƙwararrun masanan duniya waɗanda ke iya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban yankin da ingantacciyar duniya. Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Ilimi Mai Kyau (ARES): Kamar yadda tarayyar jami’o’in Faransanci a yankin Wallonie da ke kudancin Belgium, ARES ke tsara ayyukan manyan cibiyoyin ilimi 127. ARES tana tallafawa sa hannu da haɓaka ci gaban cibiyoyin membobinta a cikin haɗin gwiwa na cikin gida da na duniya ta hanyar inganta hangen nesa na duniya game da ilimin firamare. Hijira ta Duniya, Haɗuwa da Hadin Kan Jama'a (IMISCOE): IMISCOE cibiyar sadarwa ce ta Turai ta masana a fannin ƙaura da haɗin kai kuma tana aiki da bincike da bugawa na kwatancen waɗanda aka buga a cikin jerin littattafan IMISCOE da mujallar CMS. IMISCOE yana da asusun haɗin kai kuma yana amfani da shi don tallafawa cibiyoyin membobinsu don karɓar bakuncin masu bincike a ƙarƙashin barazanar. Don wannan ya zama memba na SAR. IMISCOE na ba da gudummawa ga horar da matasa masu bincike da musayar su a duk Turai. Hakanan, IMISCOE yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar tsakanin masu bincike da al'umma (siyasa, siyasa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a). Studentsungiyar Studentsasashen Turai (ESU): Studentsungiyar Studentsalibai ta Turai (ESU) ita ce ƙawancen ƙungiyar 46 Unungiyoyin Studentsungiyoyin Studentsalibai (NUS) 46 daga ƙasashe 39. Manufar ESU ita ce wakilta da haɓaka bukatun ilimi, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da al'adu na ɗalibai a matakin Turai zuwa ga dukkanin ƙungiyoyin da suka dace kuma musamman Unionungiyar Tarayyar Turai, Bologna Follow Up Group, Majalisar Turai da UNESCO. Ta hanyar membobinta, ESU tana wakiltar kusan ɗalibai miliyan 15 a Turai. Mexungiyar Meziko ta Ilimi ta Duniya (AMPEI): Mexungiyar Mexico ta Ilimi ta Duniya (Asociación Mexicana para la Educación Internacional) ƙungiya ce mai ba da riba wacce ke da niyyar ƙarfafa ƙimar ilimin ilimi na manyan makarantun Mexico na manyan makarantu ta hanyar ƙasashen duniya da haɗin gwiwar duniya. Associationungiyar ofasa ta Duniya ta Jami'o'in La Salle (IALU): IALU ingantaccen kayan aiki ne don ƙarfafa Ilimi mafi girma na Lasallian, haɓaka ci gaban jami'o'in a cikin hanyar sadarwar sa da ƙarfafa mutum da haɗin kai game da tsammanin da buƙatun da aka gabatar wa jami'o'i. Duba kuma 'Yancin Ilimi Majalisar don Nazarin Ilimin Haɗari Asusun Ceto Masanin Kwamitin Masana Masana kimiyya Bayani Hanyoyin haɗin waje Scholars at Risk Network schedules conference, visit by Egyptian scholar Pages with unreviewed
29818	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidauniyar%20Adalci%20ta%20Muhalli	Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli	Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli (EJF), ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) wacce Steve Trent da Juliette Williams suka kafa a cikin shekara ta 2000 wadda ke aiki dan tabbatar da duniya inda wuraren zama da mahalli na iya dorewa, kuma al'ummomin da suka dogara da su don bukatunsu na yau da kullun da kuma rayuwarsu. Yana haɓaka adalcin muhalli na duniya, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "daidaitaccen damar samun ingantaccen yanayi mai lafiya ga kowa, a cikin duniyar da namun daji za su iya bunƙasa tare da ɗan adam." EJF tana fallasa laifukan muhalli da lalata da kuma barazanar da ke da alaƙa ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, tana ba da labarun waɗanda ke kan gaba, kuma tana ɗaukar faɗan cikin gida zuwa zuciyar gwamnatoci da kasuwanci a duk faɗin duniya don tabbatar da ɗorewar canji na duniya. Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da bincike mai tsanani wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da kuma a cikin teku yana kuma ba da shaida mara tabbas, cikakkun bayanai, da kuma shaidar shaidar farko waɗannan an haɗa su da dabarun dabarun da suka kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin gwamnati don tabbatar da dorewa, canji na tsari. Yawancin ayyukan EJF sun haɗa da horarwa da ba da kayan aiki ga al'ummomin da rashin adalcin muhalli ya shafa don yin bincike, yin rikodin da fallasa cin zarafi sannan kamfen yadda ya kamata don daidaito kan batutuwan. An ba da mahimmanci ga ikon fim, duka don rikodin shaidar da ba za a iya warwarewa ba na rashin adalci na muhalli da kuma haifar da saƙon yaƙin neman zaɓe mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya canza duniya. Ayyukan EJF sun shafi manyan wuraren yaƙin neman zaɓe guda biyar: teku, yanayi, gandun daji, namun daji da nau'in halittu, da auduga. Tarihi An kafa Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli a London, UK a cikin shekara ta 2000 kuma ta zama Sadaka mai rijista a cikin Agustan shekara ta 2001 ta Steve Trent da Juliette Williams. Ƙirƙirar EJF martani ne ga wahalar ɗan adam da lalata muhalli waɗanda suka kafa ta suka shaida a cikin aikinsu na masu fafutukar kare muhalli. Wannan gogewa ta sa duka waɗanda suka kafa biyu suka yanke shawarar cewa ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutane a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci a duniya galibi ya dogara ne akan samun mutanen da suke samun ingantaccen muhalli don abinci, matsuguni da hanyar rayuwa. EJF ta fara kamfen ɗinta na farko a cikin 2001: kare haƙƙin kamun kifi na al'umma a Cambodia. Sakamakon shirye-shiryen horarwa da rubuce-rubuce, an kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙasa Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Kamun Kifi Tawagar Haɗin gwiwar Ayyukan Kifi, haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ne da suka ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 12, na gida da na waje, wanda aka samo asali daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin. An gabatar da wani rahoton yakin neman zabe mai suna Idi ko Yunwa kuma aka gabatar da shi ga masu tsara manufofi a wani taro da jakadan Birtaniya a Cambodia ya shirya, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne ya kawo wannan batu a ƙasar tare da samun goyon bayan ƙasa da ƙasa. EJF ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa aikinsa don haɗa magungunan kashe qwari, namun daji da nau'ikan halittu, fatalwar shrimp da noman shrimp, kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba a ba da rahoto ba kuma ba a daidaita shi ba, samar da auduga, sauyin yanayi (tare da mai da hankali kan 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi) da dazuzzuka. Yankunan aiki da tsarin EJF Gidauniyar Adalci ta Muhalli tana bin manufofinta ta hanyar bincike da kamfen don kare mutane, namun daji, da wuraren daji a fadin duniya, suna kawo fasahohi da sabbin abubuwa don kiyaye tekun duniya, dazuzzuka da yanayi. Yana haɗa yunƙurin tushen tushe, yin fim, da bayar da shawarwari mai inganci don samun canji. Tana aika da nata ƴan jaridu domin su bincika, rubutawa da kuma tattara rahotanni na take hakkin muhalli da na ɗan adam. Har ila yau, yana aiki a ƙasa don taimakawa wajen horar da ƙungiyoyin gida a cikin ingantattun dabarun bincike don tallata cin zarafi a yankinsu, tare da ba da gudummawar babban matakin siyasa kan waɗannan batutuwa na ƙasa da na duniya. EJF sau da yawa yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi na duniya, kasuwanci da kamfanoni. Har ila yau, yana aiki tare da jakadun mashahuran don tallata kamfen ɗinsa, ciki har da majiɓintansa muhalli da mai fafutuka Tony Juniper, mai zane-zane Rachel Whiteread CBE, actress Emilia Fox, mai bincike Benedict Allen, mai yin fim din namun daji Gordon Buchanan, artist Antony Gormley, OBE, fashion designer Katherine Hamnett CBE, da kuma samfurin, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai fafutuka Lily Cole Wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Harold Pinter, CH, CBE ya kasance Mataimaki na EJF daga 2003 zuwa 2008. Yakin teku Fiye da kifaye da kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba na barin tekun mu a kan ƙarshen rugujewar gaba ɗaya, kuma yayin da masu aiki ke neman ƙara wawure tekun da suka gajiyar da mu, da yawa suna yin aikin bayi wanda tashin hankali ya tilastawa don rage tsada. EJF tana aiki don kare teku, kawo karshen kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma kawar da take hakkin bil'adama da wannan haramtaccen aiki ke haddasawa. Ta yin haka EJF na nufin kare miliyoyin mutanen da suka dogara da teku da kyawawan namun daji iri-iri da ke kiranta gida. An fara da manyan bincike kan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Afirka ta Yamma, tare da rahoton da 'yan fashin teku da masu cin riba suka kaddamar a shekara ta 2005, aikin EJF a cikin teku a yanzu yana mai da hankali kan muhimman wurare bakwai. Kawo ƙarshen annobar kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a duniya Binciken EJF ya haifar da matakin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba don magance kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Binciken da suka yi kan jiragen ruwa daga Panama, Thailand, Ghana da Koriya ta Kudu, da sauransu, sun shiga cikin tsarin 'carding' na EU don yin aiki tare da gwamnatoci don kawar da kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin jiragen ruwa sanya musu takunkumi idan ba a dauki mataki ba. Rahotanni da bincike na EJF na baya-bayan nan sun ba da haske kan kashe-kashen dolphin a cikin jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Taiwan, cin zarafin dan Adam a kan jiragen ruwa mallakar kasar Sin a Ghana, alakar kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a yammacin Afirka da cin abincin teku a Turai, kuma ya haifar da sanya baki a jerin jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba a duniya. Yayin da kifayen ke dab da karyewa da kuma buƙatun duniya a kowane lokaci, yanzu jiragen ruwa suna ci gaba da tafiya nesa ba kusa ba galibi suna kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a wasu yankuna na sauran ƙasashe da kuma tsayawa tsayin daka a cikin teku, don dawo da kama masu raguwa. Wannan ya haifar da ɗumbin ma’aikatan da ake fataucinsu da aka tilastawa yin aikin bauta zuwa ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa, rage farashin kamfanoni, da wadata kasuwar abincin teku a duniya da kayayyaki masu arha. Rahoton EJF, fina-finai da bincike sun kori gwamnatoci don yin aiki da gabatar da dokoki na gaske don magance bautar zamani a teku. Kare bambancin halittun ruwa Yawancin halittun ruwa da na bakin teku suna gab da rugujewa: 90% na manyan kifin teku na duniya sun yi hasarar tun a shekarun 1950. EJF tana aiki don rubutawa da fallasa dabarun kamun kifin da ke lalata muhalli waɗanda ke jefa lafiyar tekunmu cikin haɗari da haramtacciyar fatauci da farautar nau'in ruwa da suka haɗa da sharks, haskoki da kunkuru waɗanda ke yin barazana ga makomar waɗannan halittu. A Yammacin Afirka, masu sintiri na kunkuru na EJF suna tafiya a bakin rairayin bakin teku don tabbatar da cewa kunkuru na iya dawowa cikin teku lafiya. A Laberiya, EJF ta gina wata al'umma ta masu kare namun daji, kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Tsarin Ayyukan Ƙasa na Laberiya don kare sharks da haskoki. A Tailandia, EJF's Net Free Seas aikin yana ɗaukar ragamar kamun kifi da aka watsar, masu halakar da namun daji, daga cikin teku da cikin tattalin arzikin madauwari, yana samar da sabbin samfura masu ɗorewa gami da kayan kariya don yaƙi da COVID-19. Tabbatar da kamun kifi mai dorewa Tun daga shekara ta 2017, EJF ta yi aiki tare da abokin tarayya na gida Hen Mpoano don inganta rayuwar masunta da inganta wadatar abinci a fadin Ghana. Ta yi aiki tare da kusan al'ummomi 60 a fadin gundumomi 10 na Ghana ta Tsakiya da kuma a cikin Volta Estuary a wani yunƙuri na kiyaye albarkatun ruwa don na yanzu da na gaba na masunta na gida. A Yammacin Afirka, EJF yana ba wa al'ummomin gida damar su tashi tsaye kan ayyukan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, yana ba da shaidar da ake buƙata don gwamnati ta ɗauki mataki kan waɗannan haramtattun ayyuka. Yana tallafawa masunta na gida don fahimta da kare haƙƙinsu a cikin sarrafa kamun kifi. Yana inganta yadda ake rarraba haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka don kare wuraren saukar masunta daga cin zarafi na yawon buɗe ido da sauran ayyukan masana'antu. Tana gudanar da bincike da shawarwarin siyasa wanda ke nuna tasirin kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba da wuce gona da iri kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali. A ƙarshe, tana ganowa da haɓaka wasu hanyoyin rayuwa don taimakawa faɗaɗa tushen tattalin arzikin al'ummomin masunta da tallafawa dorewar kifin na Ghana na dogon lokaci. Inganta gaskiya a cikin kamun kifi na duniya Kamun kifi ba bisa ka’ida ba da bautar zamani suna bunƙasa a cikin inuwa, tare da guje wa binciken gwamnati, masana’antu da masu amfani da su. Don dakatar da shi, dole ne kamun kifin duniya ya zama mai haske sosai. Ka'idoji Goma na EJF don Faɗin Duniya dalla-dalla kai tsaye, matakai masu amfani waɗanda jihohi za su iya ɗauka don kawo kamun kifi cikin haske. EJF ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin tare da gwamnatoci ɗaya da kuma cibiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Turai. EJF's Charter for Transparency yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a ya sami goyon bayan manyan dillalai a Burtaniya, waɗanda suka himmatu wajen samar da abinci mai ɗorewa, na gaskiya, da rahotannin sa sun wayar da kan dabarun da ma'aikatan da ba su da hankali ke amfani da su don guje wa takunkumi. don kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yakin yanayi EJF na kallon sauyin yanayi a matsayin barazana mai wanzuwa ga bil'adama. Kamar yadda yanayin zafi a duniya ya kai matakin da ba a gani ba tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin, matsanancin yanayi na ci gaba da haifar da babbar matsala kuma hauhawar farashin aiki yana barin mafi talauci da mafi rauni a duniyarmu ta fi shafa. EJF ta yi imanin cewa matsalar sauyin yanayi lamari ne da ya shafi muhalli da kuma kare hakkin dan Adam, kuma wadanda suka fara fuskantar matsalar rugujewar yanayi ya kamata a ji muryoyinsu. A cikin shekara ta 2021's COP26 a Glasgow, sun shirya abubuwan da suka faru, nune-nunen zane-zane kuma sun sadu da shugabannin siyasa don matsawa daukar matakin yanke hukunci kan rikicin yanayi. Sun goyi bayan matasa shida masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi tare da bursaries don halartar COP, suna ba su damar raba saƙonsu, kuma sun yi hira da ƙarin masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi a duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin "Muryoyin da suka ɓace daga COP". Kamfen nasu na yanayi na nufin tabbatar da kariya ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga karuwar yawan 'yan gudun hijirar yanayi a duniya, da kawo ƙarshen rikice-rikicen da ke da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi, da haɓaka tattalin arziƙin duniya da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba. "Manifesto na yanayi" a cikin 2021 ya bayyana matakan da shugabannin duniya dole ne su ɗauka a yanzu don kyakkyawar makoma mai kyau, lafiya. Gangamin gandun daji Dazuzzuka su ne mafi bambance-bambancen halittu a cikin ƙasa, gida mai kusan kashi 80% na namun daji na duniya. Kusan mutane biliyan 1.6 sun dogara kai tsaye kan dazuzzuka don rayuwarsu, abinci, matsuguni, da mai. EJF na yin kamfen don dakatar da lalatar da waɗannan mahimman wuraren zama. Mangroves suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wuraren zama a duniyarmu amma ana saurin shafe su. EJF ya dade yana aiki don kare mangroves. Haɗa ƙwararrun abincin teku da na gandun daji a cikin bincike mai tsanani game da barnar mangroves don noman shrimp, EJF ta kasance muryar canji tun shekara ta 2003. Da yake tattara bayanan mutanen da sare dazuzzuka ya shafa kai tsaye a Bangladesh, EJF ta gina duka shari'ar muhalli game da noman shrimp da na 'yancin ɗan adam wanda wannan masana'antar ta sanar. A cikin shekara ta 2007, EJF ya yi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Brazil SOS Abrolhos don samun nasarar kare yankunan bakin teku daga tsare-tsaren gonar shrimp mai girman Heathrow. A baya can, horon da suka yi don Dandalin Tsaro na Ceara Coast ya haifar da nuna fim a gidan talabijin na Brazil da kuma a taron jama'a game da bunkasa gonar shrimp. Har ila yau, yana aiki don kare dazuzzuka na ƙasa, EJF wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu masu neman sauyi da kuma sa ido kan manufofi a Turai, kamar yadda 'yan majalisa suka fahimci cewa babu wani abu 'kore' game da dabino na dabino. Manufar EU na biofuels ta fara yin la'akari da hayaki da ke haifarwa sakamakon sare dazuzzuka da magudanar ruwa na halittu masu arzikin carbon. Umarnin sabunta makamashin da aka sabunta wanda Hukumar ta gabatar wa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a cikin Maris na shekara ta 2019 ta kori dabino daga maƙasudin makamashi na EU, tare da raguwa daga shekara ta 2023 da ƙarewar ƙarshe ta 2030. Gangamin namun daji da halittu EJF ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da NGO Education for Nature Vietnam (ENV) a cikin shekara ta 2003 wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 2000 a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Vietnam ta farko da ta mai da hankali kan kiyaye yanayi da namun daji, don yaƙar noma ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. EJF ya ba da rahoton cewa an yi kiyasin 4000 baƙar fata na Asiya da beyar rana ana ajiye su ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin gonakin bear na Vietnam. An fitar da berayen manya masu damfara akai-akai don amfani da su a magungunan gargajiya da tonics. Tsakanin shekara ta 2003 da shekara ta2009, EJF ya ba ENV tare da bidiyo, kafofin watsa labaru, sadarwa da horar da shawarwari da kayan aiki. Ya taimaka wajen gudanar da bincike a asirce da jagorantar kamfen na jama'a a gidan talabijin na Vietnam, kuma ya ba da masu sarrafa kyamara da masu gyara da ƙarin horo. A cikin shekara ta 2003, EJF ta buga rahoton Cututtuka masu saurin kamuwa da cuta daga namun daji a China: Shin SARS za ta iya sake faruwa?, wanda ya gano kasuwannin namun daji na China a matsayin tushen yuwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan fata a nan gaba. Lokacin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta tabbatar da hakan a cikin shekara ta 2020, EJF ta ƙaddamar da kamfen don hana kasuwannin namun daji na kasuwanci a duk duniya, tare da sanya hannu kan takardar koke a nahiyoyi shida da sabon rahoto, Me yasa Ban Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Namun daji? Ƙuntatawa kan kasuwannin namun daji na kasuwanci yana ƙara tsananta a faɗin duniya, kuma ra'ayin jama'a ya fara juya musu baya, hatta a ƙasashen da ke da manyan kasuwannin namun daji na kasuwanci. EJF kuma yana aiki tare da masanan halittu na gida da ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin yankin Pantanal na Brazil, gida mai mahimmanci na duniya ga manyan mayaƙa, jaguars da ƙari, suna buga rahoton Paradise Lost? dalla-dalla yadda ake kare wannan yanayin a cikin 2020. yakin auduga EJF ya yi kamfen don rage tsadar ɗan adam da muhalli na samar da auduga, fallasa cin zarafin ɗan adam, rashin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, karancin ruwa da yin kira ga nuna gaskiya ga sarkar. Ya yi bincike tare da fallasa ayyukan tilasta wa yara aiki da gwamnati ke yi a Uzbekistan wanda ya haifar da ci gaba nan take ga sarƙoƙin samar da kayayyaki na ƙasa da ƙasa da manufofin dillalai. Fim ɗin lambar yabo ta EJF da rahoton White Gold, wanda ke rufe haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin masana'antar auduga ta Uzbek, an sake shi a cikin shekara ta 2005, tare da yaƙin neman zaɓe na duniya kan "Gaskiya Kudin Cotton" a cikin haka shekara. An rufe wannan a BBC Newsnight, kuma manyan dillalai Marks da Spencer da Tesco nan da nan suka jefar da audugar Uzbek sakamakon haka. Hakanan a cikin shekara ta 2006, EJF ya ƙaddamar da Just For, yana siyar da kayan auduga da aka ƙera cikin ɗabi'a tare da haɗin gwiwar manyan masu zanen kaya. Gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin aiki da yara a cikin shekara ta 2008 sakamakon kai tsaye sakamakon matsin lamba na EJF, da EJF na yaƙin auduga na duniya ya ci gaba da yin rahotanni kan rawar da masana'antar sutura ke takawa wajen haifar da canjin yanayi, kamar 2020's Moral Fibre. Kamfen na maganin kashe kwari Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen farko na EJF shine yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa kuma a ƙarshe hana duniya akan ƙira da amfani da endosulfan maganin kashe qwari. Wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta keɓe a matsayin abu mai 'matuƙar haɗari', endosulfan an kwatanta shi da DDT a cikin yuwuwar cutar da muhalli, kuma yana da haɗari sosai ga ɗan adam. EJF ta fara tattara bayanan amfani da endosulfan a cikin Cambodia a cikin shekara ta 2002 kuma ta buga rahoton da ake kira Mutuwa a cikin ƙananan allurai a wannan shekarar. Yin aiki tare da CEDAC (Centre d'Etude et de Développement Agricole Cambodgien), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Cambodia, EJF ta rubuta yawan amfani da endosulfan ta manoman Cambodia kuma an rubuta matsalolin tsaro da yawa, gami da rashin kayan kariya da fallasa yara, gidaje, dabbobi da dangi. amfanin gona na abinci. An yi amfani da ɗan taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani mai taken Ƙarshen Hanya don Endosulfan don shawo kan Ministan Muhalli na Kambodiya don hana endosulfan a cikin ƙasar. Daga baya an kawo wannan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin shawarar Tarayyar Turai ta 2008 don haɗa endosulfan a cikin Maƙallan Yarjejeniyar Stockholm. A cikin shekara ta 2011, EJF ya sanar a kan shafin yanar gizon su cewa yana "muna farin cikin sanar da cewa, bayan nazari da muhawara mai zurfi, mun kai ƙarshen hanya don maganin ƙwayoyin cuta na endosulfan" biyo bayan labarai cewa ranar Juma'a 29 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2011, Wakilan kasa a taron jam'iyyu karo na biyar (COP5) sun amince da a jera endosulfan karkashin Annex A na yarjejeniyar Stockholm kan gurbatar gurbatar yanayi (POPs). Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Muhalli Gine-gine Daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
57384	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Stinger	Kia Stinger	Kia Stinger Korean wani matsakaicin girman liftback mai sauri ne wanda Kia ya kera tsakanin 2017 da 2023. Dubawa Stinger ya bibiyi tushen sa zuwa GT Concept daga Nunin Mota na Frankfurt na 2011 da Kia GT4 Stinger daga Nunin Mota na Ƙasashen Duniya na Arewacin Amurka na 2014 Peter Schreyer da Gregory Guillaume (Babban Designer na Kia ne suka jagoranci aikin ƙira a ɗakin studio na Turai na Kia da ke Frankfurt kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Injiniya na BMW M Albert Biermann ya tsara shi, an buɗe motar a 2017 North American International Nunawa ta atomatik Biermann yanzu shine mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na haɓaka ayyukan haɓakawa da manyan abubuwan hawa na ƙungiyar motocin Hyundai Gwajin motar ta shafi fiye da a Koriya ta Duniya da kuma nisan a Nürburgring Nordschleife. Ayyukan aiki Stinger yana amfani da gajeriyar sigar Hyundai Genesis injin gaba-gaba, dandali mai motsi na baya tare da ƙarin ƙarfafa ƙarfe kuma ana ba da shi tare da zaɓi na injuna biyu: 2.0-lita turbocharged huɗu-Silinda wanda ke samar da 188 kW (255 PS; 252 hp) da da injin twin-turbo V6 wanda ke samar da 272 kW (370 PS; 365 hp) a 6,000 rpm da na juzu'i daga 1,300-4,500 rpm don bambance-bambancen AWD Ga kasuwannin Turai da Koriya, ana ba da Stinger tare da tushen dizal 2.2-lita CRDis I4 wanda ke samar da 149 kW (202 PS; 199 hp) da Bambance-bambancen GT suna sanye da birki na Brembo da tayoyin Michelin Watsa tafin kafa shine atomatik mai sauri 8 tare da yanayin tuƙi guda biyar tare da madaidaicin magudanar ruwa. Kia yayi iƙirarin cewa Stinger yana haɓaka daga sifili zuwa 100 km/h (62 mph) a cikin 7.7, 6 da 4.9 na dizal mai lita 2.2, man fetur 2.0 da man fetur 3.3-lita bi da bi. An ba da rahoton cewa Schreyer ya tuka wani samfurin Stinger GT da aka riga aka yi a cikin babban gudun 269 km/h (167 mph) a kan Autobahn A yayin gwajin Mota da Direba, GT 3.3T na Amurka mai tuƙi tare da tayoyin Michelin Pilot Sport 4 sun sami a cikin dakika 4.6 akan waƙar, ya kai 0.91 g akan faifan skid kuma ya sami damar tsayawa daga a cikin Bisa ga wannan ɗaba'ar, ana sarrafa mafi girman saurin samfurin Amurka a a kowace Kia. A cikin gwaje-gwajen da Motoci suka yi, ƙayyadaddun silinda huɗu na Amurka Stinger 2.0 RWD akan tayoyin Bridgestone Potenza sun kai a cikin dakika 6.6, ya kammala<span typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"1/4"},"2":{"wt":"mi"},"3":{"wt":"1"}},"i":0}}]}" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" id="mweA"></span> gudu a cikin dakika 15 kuma ya tsaya daga a cikin Matsakaicin hanzari na gefe da aka rubuta a gwajin waƙa shine 0.85 g. Sabon Samfari A watan Agusta 2020, Kia ya buɗe wani sabon salo na Stinger wanda aka ci gaba da siyarwa a Koriya ta Kudu a kashi na uku na 2020 kuma a duniya a ƙarshen shekara. Sabunta salo sun haɗa da fitilun mota da aka gyara da fitilun wutsiya, sabon allon infotainment inch 10.25 da ƙarin ƙirar dabaran. Kia kuma ya kara da wani zaɓi na 2.5-lita Smartstream FR G2.5 T-GDi injin samar da 304 PS (224 kW; 300 hp) da kuma mai canzawa zuwa Lambda II RS T-GDi mai 3.3-lita wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin da 3 PS (2.2 kW; 3.0 hp) da An sabunta Kia Stinger don kasuwar Biritaniya a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2021, yayin da aka sabunta ƙirar Arewacin Amurka a ranar 16 ga Maris 2021, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin motocin farko da ke ɗauke da sabon tambarin Kia a wannan yankin, tare da Carnival Samfurin Mexican daga baya ya zo a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2021, kuma yana wasa da sabon tambarin Kia. A cikin Disamba 2022, Kia ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a daina Stinger a cikin 2023. Tare da sanarwar sun fitar da Stinger Tribute Edition. Dangane da Stinger 3.3 petrol turbo GT trim, yana da keɓaɓɓen launuka na ciki da na waje da ƙayyadaddun ƙira, kuma yana iyakance ga raka'a 200 a Koriya ta Kudu da raka'a 800 a ketare. Ƙafafun 19-inch, madubai na waje, da calipers baƙar fata ne, kuma cikin ciki yana da terracotta launin ruwan kasa mai keɓanta ga Ɗabi'ar Tribute. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da kayan ƙirar carbon a saman na'urar wasan bidiyo da kayan ado na kofa. Jirgin wutar lantarki Tallatawa An nuna Stinger GT a cikin jerin 2 kashi na 3 na Babban Yawon shakatawa, inda mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen James May ya yi tsere da mahaya biyu masu tsayi a kan titin dutse a Majorca, tare da motar da ke hawan tudu da skateboarders zuwa ƙasa. A kan 4 Fabrairu 2018, Kia ya saki tallace-tallace biyu na Stinger yayin Super Bowl LII Na farko kasuwanci fasali direban tsere Emerson Fittipaldi Na biyu ya ƙunshi mawaƙin jagoran Aerosmith Steven Tyler yana tuka motar a kan wata hanya mai ban sha'awa a baya har ya zama ƙarami shekaru 40. A cikin Janairu 2019, Kia ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar 'yan matan K-pop Blackpink don haɓaka Stinger. A cikin Yuni 2021, alƙalan Amurka sun isa wurin nunin a cikin biyu Kia Stinger GT2 2022. Tsaro Sakamakon gwajin NCAP na Yuro na LHD, 2.2-lita CRDi GT-Line 5-kofa mai sauri a kan rijistar 2017: Amfani da 'yan sanda A cikin 2018, Sabis na 'yan sanda na Queensland da 'yan sanda Tasmania a Ostiraliya sun zaɓi Stinger 330SI a matsayin sabuwar motar 'yan sanda ta hanya, tare da maye gurbin motocin 'yan sanda Ford Falcon da Holden Commodore da aka dakatar. Tun daga 2019, sassan 'yan sanda na SPEED suna amfani da bambance-bambancen V6 na Stinger a Poland Ana amfani da motocin da ba a lakafta su ba don sanya ido kan tsaro a kan hanyoyin; ana kuma amfani da su azaman ababen hawa. A cikin 2021, 'yan sandan Merseyside sun fara amfani da Stinger. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
51146	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesfin%20Woldemariam	Mesfin Woldemariam	Mesfin Woldemariam (Ge'ez: Mesfin Woldemariam; 23 Afrilu 1930 29 Satumba 2020) wani malami ne na Habasha kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Mesfin Woldermariam a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu 1930 a Addis Ababa, daular Habasha. Mesfin ya yi karatunsa na farko a makarantar Teferi Mekonnen, kuma dalibi ne na Cocin Orthodox na Habasha, inda ya sami nadi a matsayin deacon a shekarar 1946. Ya kammala karatunsa na gaba a Landan a shekarar 1951, kuma ya samu gurbin karatu a kasashen waje. Ya sami BA a Jami'ar Punjab, Chandigarh a shekarar 1955 da MA da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Clark a shekarar 1977 ta hanyar dissertation rashin lahani ga yunwa a Habasha. Mesfin ya kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin kasa a Jami'ar Haile Selassie (yanzu Jami'ar Addis Ababa), kuma na wani lokaci ya kasance shugaban sashen nazarin kasa. Ya kuma kasance babban malamin Fulbright a shekarun 1971, 1986 da 1987. Ya yi ritaya a shekarar 1991. Harkar siyasa Da yake amsa koken dalibai, a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, 2001 Mesfin da Berhanu Nega sun gudanar da taron tattaunawa na yini a dakin taro na National Lottery kan 'yancin karatu. An kama su ne a kan zargin cewa wannan kwamitin ya tunzura daliban da suka yi zanga-zanga a AAU washegari, amma an bayar da belinsu a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni kuma ba a taba yi wa kowani shari’a ba. A watan Nuwamba 2005, gwamnatin Habasha ta tsare Mesfin bisa zargin cin amanar kasa, kisan kiyashi da kuma nuna fushi ga kundin tsarin mulki, tare da wasu jiga-jigan jam'iyyar Coalition for Unity and Democracy. An yi la'akari da wannan laifin da laifin aikata ayyukan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin tarayya da kuma 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa suka tabbatar, kuma yawancin masu sa ido na kasa da kasa ciki har da Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch da Tarayyar Turai sun yi Allah wadai da shi. An tsare shi a kurkukun Kaliti. A lokacin da yake tsare, Mesfin ya shiga yajin cin abinci sau biyu a watan Disamba 2005 da watan Janairu 2006, yana nuna rashin amincewa da tsare shi da kuma shari'a. Daga baya ya kamu da ciwon huhu, inda ya fado a dakinsa na kurkuku a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, kuma an kai shi asibiti. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun 2007 ne ya kamata kotun ta yanke hukuncin. Duk da haka, Mesfin, da wasu 37 an same su da laifi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni 2007. Wannan hukunci dai ya biyo bayan da Mesfin ya ki kare kansa, inda ya dage cewa kamawa, tuhuma, tsarewa da kuma shari’a na da alaka da siyasa kuma ba za a yi adalci a shari’ar ba. Tare da wasu mutane 37, an yanke masa hukunci ne bisa ga hujjojin da aka gabatar da su, tare da hana shi yin bayani a gaban kotu bayan kammala shari’ar da ake tuhumar. An ce mai gabatar da kara ya gabatar da shaidun bidiyo da na sauti. Alkalin ya yanke hukuncin cewa saboda ba su gabatar da wata kariya ba kuma suna da laifi kamar yadda ake tuhumar su. Mesfin, tare da wasu jami'an jam'iyyar adawa na Habasha 37, da fitattun masu kare hakkin bil'adama da kuma 'yan jarida da ake tuhuma tare da shi, an sake su a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 2007. An yi musu afuwa tare da maido musu hakkinsu na siyasa kwanaki hudu bayan da aka yankewa akasarinsu hukuncin daurin rai da rai, wasu kuma daurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari. Mutuwa da jana'iza Mesfin ya mutu a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, 2020 daga matsalolin da COVID-19 ya kawo, yana da shekaru 90. An yi jana'izar Mesfin ne a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, 2020, tare da halartar jami'an gwamnati da dama da mashahurai da 'yan uwa. Farfesa Berhanu Nega, kakakin majalisar tarayya Tagesse Chaffo, magajin garin Addis Ababa Adanech Abebe, da shugaban yankin Oromia Shimeles Abdisa suma sun gabatar. A cikin bayanan hidimar jana'izar da ya yi, an yaba masa a matsayin wanda ya kafa kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Habasha (EHRCO) sannan kuma ya gudanar da bincike daban-daban kan batutuwan da suka shafi yunwa da fari, fannoni daban-daban na tattalin arziki na zamantakewa. Manazarta External Links Official website dedicated to Mesfin Wolde Mariam by his children call for immediate release of Prof. Mesfin W/ Mariam by Amnesty International Prof. Mutuwan
29640	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Kimiyyar%20Fim%20na%20Ukrainian	Makarantar Kimiyyar Fim na Ukrainian	Makarantar Kimiyyar Fim na Ukrainian wato "Ukrainian Film Academy Ukrainian" Babban ƙungiyar kwararru ne da farfesosshi a fagen silima da kuma samar da fina-finai. An kafa shi a shekara ta 2017 don tallafawa da haɓaka sinimar Ukrain na zamani. Tun 2017, Ukrainian Film Academy yana gudanar da babban taron shekara-shekara na Golden Dzyga Film Awards". Wadanda suka kafa Wanda ya fara, ya ƙirƙiro, kuma manajan makarantar da lambobin yabonta su ne Odesa International Film Festival. A cikin 2017, yayin ƙirƙirar Kwalejin Fim, duk manyan mukamai na Kwalejin Fina-Finan sun karɓi ta manajojin OIFF: Anna Machukh, Daraktan Kasuwar Fina-Finai ta OIFF, ta zama Babban Darakta na Kwalejin Fina-Finai ta Ukraine, Daraktan PR na OIFF Kateryna Zvezdina ya zama babban darektan OIFF. Daraktan PR, OIFF Viktoriya Tigipko Shugaban babban kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Nazarin Fim kwamitin kulawa. Tun 2018, PR darektan na fim Academy ne PR darektan OIFF Tetyana Vlasova, da kuma tun 2019 mai gudanarwa na fim Academy Yaroslava Kiyashko. Tarihi "Lokaci ya yi da kasarmu za ta sami nata Oscar. Masana'antar tana farfaɗowa, muna so mu haɓaka 'yan wasanmu, daraktoci, furodusa duk wanda ke aiki a cikin wannan fage mai rikitarwa. Yana da kyau a ja hankalin jama'a kan wannan taron." Viktoriya Tigipko, Shugabar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Ukrainian da Odesa International Film Festival An kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finan na Ukrainian a matsayin ƙungiyar jama'a mai zaman kanta a ranar Fabrairu 8, 2017, wanda aka sanar a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu na wannan shekarar a taron manema labarai da masu kafa, masu tallafawa, da abokan haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Fim suka gudanar. bikin Karramawar Fina-Finan Kasa ta Farko. Kafuwar Cibiyar Fim ta Odesa International Film Festival ne ta fara tare da goyon bayan Hukumar Jihar Ukraine don Cinematography da Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwa "TASKOMBANK." An nada Anna Machukh Babban Darakta na Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Yukren da lambar yabo ta fina-finai ta kasa. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, an gudanar da bikin bayar da lambobin yabo na lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan Farko ta kasa Golden Dzyga Manufa da ayyuka An kirkiri makarantar koyar da fina-finai ta Ukrainian da nufin tallata fina-finan Ukrainian a cikin Ukraine da kasashen waje, da kuma ba da cikakken goyon baya ga ci gaban cinema na kasa ta: Tsarawa da gudanar da al'amuran a lokacin da masana masana'antar fina-finai za su tantance mafi kyawun nasarori da mutuntaka a silima ta ƙasa Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan shine bikin shekara-shekara na ba da lambar yabo ta National Film Award Golden Dzyga don manyan nasarori a cikin fina-finan Ukrainian. Ƙungiya na abubuwan da suka faru don fahimtar da masu kallon fina-finai dangane da sabon fim ɗin Ukrainian. Tallafin kuɗi don shirye-shiryen fim na ilimi. Kasancewa cikin makarantar na fim Kasancewa cikin makarantar koyar da fina-finai, bisa ga tsarinta, ya dogara ne akan ka'idar gudummuwa da kuma shi mutum. Makarantar na iya haɗawa da duk wanda ya cika buƙatun ɗayan nau'ikan uku: Wakilan masana'antar fim waɗanda, tun 1991, suka shiga a matsayin marubuta 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu rubutun allo, daraktoci, masu daukar hoto, masu zanen kaya, ko mawaƙa ko furodusoshi a cikin ƙirƙirar fim ɗaya ko fiye mai cikakken tsayi ko uku ko fiye gajerun shirye-shiryen bidiyo da ko fina-finai masu rai. Hotunan al'adu, fasaha, da masana'antar fina-finai waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga haɓakawa da haɓaka fina-finai na Ukrainian (daga cikinsu masu rarrabawa, masu sukar fina-finai, da shugabannin bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya). Majiɓinta da masu ɗaukar nauyin fina-finan cikin gida. An karɓi izinin zama memba a makarantar fim daga 20 ga Fabrairu zuwa 19 ga Maris, 2017. Bisa ga sakamakon, daga cikin 343 aikace-aikace, 242 Ukrainian masu shirya fina-finai sun sami matsayi na memba na Ukrain film Academy. Karɓa na biyu na neman zama memba a makarantar fim ɗin ya kasance daga Afrilu 27, 2017, zuwa 15 ga Janairu, 2018. Kamar na 2019, Kwalejin ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun fina-finai na Ukrainian guda 355. Kungiyoyin gudanarwa na Kwalejin Fim Babban taron mambobi (General assembly of members) shine mafi girman hukumar gudanarwa na makarantar ta fina-finai, wanda duk membobi a makarantar fim na yanzu suna da damar shiga. Babban darektan (Executive director)yana kula da ayyukan yau da kullun na kungiyar. Hukumar kula da harkar fim ce ta zabe shi na tsawon shekaru uku. Hukumar Kula (Supervisory Board) da Fina-Finai ita ce hukumar da ke kula da makarantar ta fina-finai, wacce ke kula da ayyukan babban daraktan kamfanin gudanarwa. Ta ƙunshi mutane biyar da ba za su iya zama membobin wannan makarantar ta fina-finai ba, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu sun zama dindindin kuma an zabe su na tsawon shekaru 20. Shugaban hukumar ne ke jagorantar ta, wanda aka zaba daga cikin mambobin hukumar na tsawon shekaru 20. An zabi Viktoriya Tigipko a matsayin shugaban farko na hukumar kula da harkar fina-finai ta Ukrainian a farkon Afrilu 2017. Hukumar ba da shawarwari ta makarantar koyar da fina-finai ita ce hukumar gudanarwa, wacce ta ƙunshi mambobi 15, 12 daga cikinsu an zaɓe su ta babban taron makarantar koyar da fina-finai, uku kuma ana nada su daga hukumar kula da makarantar. Kwamitin Cibiyar Nazarin Fina-Finai ta kasar Ukraine yana karkashin jagorancin shugaban hukumar gudanarwa, wanda aka zaba ta hanyar yanke shawara na hukumar gudanarwa daga cikin mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa. Shugaban farko na Hukumar Kwalejin fina-finai ta Ukrainian a farkon Afrilu 2017 shine shahararren darektan fina-finai na Ukrainian kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo Mikhailo Illienko, wanda ya rike wannan matsayi har zuwa Nuwamba 2018. A halin yanzu, shugaban hukumar kula da fina-finai ta Ukraine shine mai sukar fim na Ukrainian Volodymyr Voitenko. Hukumar Jami'ar fim na Ukraine Haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Kwalejin fina-finai ta Ukrainian (daga Oktoba 2018): Volodymyr Voitenko, film critic Ciyaman na Kungiyar Sergey Bordenyuk, cinematographer Lyudmila Gordeladze, Jaruma Ivanna Dyadyura, Furodusa Denis Ivanov, Furodusa, mai nuni ga tsarin kwaikwayo Mikhailo Illienko, Darektan fim Sergey Lavrenyuk, Furodusa Yuri Minzyanov, Furodusa Yegor Olesov, Furodusa Andriy Rizol, Furodusa Vlad Ryashin, Furodusa Igor Savichenko, Furodusa Akhtem Seitablayev, film director, jarumi Valeria Sochivets, Furodusa Marina Stepanska, darektan fim Tamabarin Makarantar Ma'anar alamar tambarin makarantar Ukrainian Film Academy an haɓaka ta ƙungiyar tallan "Quadrate 28." Lokacin tasowa tambarin, ya dogara ne akan hoton alamar fim din Golden Dzyga wanda sanannen dan wasan Ukrainian Nazar Bilyk ya ƙunsa. Duba kuma Cinema na Ukraine Golden Dzyga Manazarta Tushen Labari 14 2018. 14.11.2018. Kayayyaki 25 ga Disamba 2018. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ukrainian Film Academy on Facebook Kungiyoyin fina-finai na Ukraine Al'adun Ukraine Sinimar kasar Ukrain Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
24266	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paa%20Grant	Paa Grant	George Alfred Grant, wanda aka fi sani da Paa Grant (15 ga Agusta 1878 30 ga Oktoba 1956), ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa a cikin Gold Coast wanda ake kira "mahaifin siyasar Gold Coast". A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar siyasa, shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a watan Agustan 1947. Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin Mahaifan da suka kafa kasar Ghana. Ya biya Kwame Nkrumah ya dawo Ghana daga Amurka. Tarihin Rayuwa Ilimi da fara aiki An haifi Grant a 1878 a Beyin, Western Nzema, cikin dan kasuwa mai tasiri. Ya kasance ɗan William Minneaux Grant da Madam Adjua (Dwowa) Biatwi na dangin Aboradze, kuma jikan Francis Chapman Grant, mai mallakar Gold Coast Times kuma ma’aji na Ƙungiyar Fante. Grant ya yi karatu a Makarantar Wesleyan da ke Cape Coast yanzu Makarantar Mfantsipim kuma ta hanyar koyarwa mai zaman kansa da Joseph D. Abraham ya bayar, wani attajiri abokin abokin mahaifinsa. Daga baya Grant ya sami aiki a kasuwancin katako, na farko a Axim sannan na tsawon shekaru biyar a Ivory Coast. A cikin 1896, ya kafa kamfani nasa, George Grant da Kamfanin. Ya bunƙasa a matsayin ɗan kasuwar katako, tare da bunƙasa kasuwancin fitar da kaya, a lokacin da kamfanonin Turai suka mamaye kasuwancin. Ya ziyarci Biritaniya a 1905 kuma lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a 1914, ya kulla alaƙar kasuwanci tare da manyan kamfanonin katako a Turai da Amurka. Tsakanin 1914 zuwa 1919 ya yi hayar jiragen ruwa don jigilar katako zuwa Burtaniya da Amurka. Ya buɗe ofisoshinsa a London, Liverpool da Hamburg tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1922, kuma a cikin Gold Coast ya faɗaɗa ayyukan zuwa Dunkwa, Sekondi da Akim Abuakwa. A 1926 an nada shi a Majalisar Dokoki, mai wakiltar Sekondi. Grant ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkokin Aborigines kuma ya kasance mai taimakawa a cikin ayyukan ci gaba da yawa, gami da gabatar da hasken titi da ruwan da ke ɗauke da bututu zuwa Sekondi da Axim. Harkokin siyasa da rayuwa ta gaba A lokacin da bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Grant ya fahimci cewa 'yan Afirka a yankin Gold Coast suna fama da al'adun mulkin mallaka da yawa waɗanda ke nuna wariya da rashin jin daɗi, don haka ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar matakai don magance ƙarancin wakilcin bukatun Afirka. Ya gayyaci J.B. Danquah da sauran su zuwa wani taro don kaddamar da jam'iyyar masu kishin kasa. Kimanin mutane 40, ciki har da lauyoyi R. A. Awoonor-Williams, Edward Akufo-Addo, da Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, sun hadu a Saltpond kuma an kafa United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a ranar 4 ga Agustan 1947, tare da burin cimma mulkin kai. An zabi Kwame Nkrumah babban sakataren UGCC, bayan da Ebenezer Ako-Adjei ya bashi shawara, kuma Grant ya biya kudin jirgi na Nkrumah na fam 100 don komawa Ghana daga Liverpool a waccan shekarar. Daga baya Nkrumah ya rabu da UGCC don kafa Jam'iyyar Jama'a (CPP), kuma a ƙarshe Grant ya fi mai da hankali kan kasuwancinsa fiye da siyasa. Koyaya, sun ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna, kuma Nkrumah ya ziyarce shi kwanaki biyu kafin mutuwar Grant a Axim a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1956, yana ɗan shekara 78. A cikin 1955 ya sha fama da harin apoplexy wanda daga baya bai warke gaba daya ba. Iyali da rayuwar mutum Yaran da ke rayuwa a halin yanzu sune Sarah Esi Grant, Mrs Rosamond Hammond-Grant, William Minneaux Grant, da jikoki da jikoki da yawa a fadin duniya. Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, itace mahaifiyar lauya Phyllis Christian. Sauran jikokin da aka sani sune: Georgina Grant, Margaret Grant, Stella Blay-Kwofie, Christine Blay-Kwofie, Dorothy Blay-Kwofie, Joyce Christian, Letitia Hammond, Rosamond Hammond, James Hemans Hammond, Matilda Hammond, Georgina Hammond, Emmanuel Hammond, George Hammond Alberta Hammond, Lawrence Hammond, Yvonne Hammond, Samuel Duker-Ako, George Grant, Felix Grant, Sabina Grant, Kweku Robert Grant, Kwesi Brown Grant, Frances Grant, Maame Efua Lartey-Grant, Sefa Gohoho na Songhai Africa, Panafrican Luxury Kamfanin Kayayyakin Kaya. Wani dangi shine David Prah-Annan, Accra, Ghana. Paa Grant shima yana da alaƙa da marigayi Dr Mary Grant. Tunawa da gado Domin girmama rawar da Grant ya taka a fafutukar neman 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Ghana ta sanya sabon gadar sama a bayan sa a Caprice, a Accra. Paa Grant Soccer Academy Kim Tyrone Grant, tsohon dan wasan kasa na Ghana Black Stars, ya kafa Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Paa Grant a shekarar 2009, don girmama “sadaukarwa da da'a na kakansa da ke taimakawa kawo 'yanci da' yancin kai ga dukkan 'yan Ghana daga mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1957". Jami'ar George Grant ta Ma'adinai da Fasaha A ranar 12 ga Janairun 2018, Shugaba Akufo-Addo ya ba da sanarwar yayin wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a jami'ar, da sauya sunan Jami'ar Ma'adinai da Fasaha (UMaT) wacce ke yankin Yammacin Gana, zuwa Jami'ar Ma'adinai da Fasaha ta George Grant. don girmama shi kasancewa uban kafa ga gwagwarmayar Ghana don samun 'yancin kai da kuma kasancewarsa ɗan aKara karantawa Ako Adjei, The Life and Work of George Alfred Grant (Paa Grant), Accra: Waterville Pub. House, 1992, 31 pp. Hanyoyin waje Mrs. Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, "In the beginning was…PAA GRANT And the UGCC". Excerpts from Recollections. Source: Daily Graphic, Wednesday, 14 February 2007. National Commission on Culture. The author is the daughter of Paa Grant.Bernard Ralph Adams, "Paa Grant The Unsung Hero!", 31 December 2014.salin yankin yamma. Manazarta Kara karantawa Ako Adjei, The Life and Work of George Alfred Grant (Paa Grant), Accra: Waterville Pub. House, 1992, 31 pp. Hanyoyin waje Mrs. Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, "In the beginning was…PAA GRANT And the UGCC". Excerpts from Recollections. Source: Daily Graphic, Wednesday, 14 February 2007. National Commission on Culture. The author is the daughter of Paa Grant. Bernard Ralph Adams, "Paa Grant The Unsung Hero!", 31 December
22406	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laifin%20Ya%C6%99i	Laifin Yaƙi	Laifin yaki wani aiki ne wanda ke haifar da mummunan keta dokokin yaki wanda ke haifar da dawainiyar aikata laifi. Misalai da laifukan sun hada da gangan ya kashe fararen hula ko fursunonin, da azabtarwa, da hallaka farar hula dukiyõyin su, da aka yi garkuwa, yin wani perfidy, raping, yin amfani da yara, pillaging, yana nuna cewa babu kwata za a ba, da kuma tsanani keta ka'idojin bambanci, proportionality, da kuma wajibcin soja Batun aikata laifukan yaki ya samo asali ne a karshen karni na ashirin lokacin da aka tsara kundin dokokin kasa da kasa da suka shafi yaki tsakanin kasashe masu mulkin kansu Irin wannan bayanin ya faru ne a matakin ƙasa, kamar buga littafin Lieber Code a ƙasar Amurka, da kuma a matakin kasa da ƙasa tare da amincewa da yarjejeniyoyi a lokacin yayin taron Hague na shekarun 1899 da 1907. Bugu da dari, shari'o'in da aka yi a kotunan kasa a wannan lokacin sun kara bayyana doka. Bayan karshen Yakin Duniya na II, manyan cigaba a cikin dokar sun faru. Yawancin gwaji da akayi na masu aikata laifukan yaki na Axis sun kafa ka'idodin Nuremberg, kamar ra'ayin cewa laifukan yaki sun zama laifuka wadanda dokar kasa ta bayyana Bugu da kari, Yarjejeniyar Geneva a cikin shekara ta1949 ta bayyana sabbin laifukan yaki kuma sun kafa cewa jihohi na iya yin ikon duniya game da wadannan laifukan. A karshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, bayan kirkirar kotunan kasa da kasa da yawa, an bayyana karin nau'ikan laifukan yaki da suka shafi rikice-rikicen makamai banda wadanda ke tsakanin jihohi, kamar yake-yake na cikin gida Tarihi Misalan farko Shari'ar Peter von Hagenbach da wata kotun wucin gadi ta Masarautar Roman ta Kudus ta yi a shekarar 1474 ita ce ta farko ta "laifukan yaki" ta duniya, kuma har ila yau ta alhakin daukar nauyi An kuma yanke masa hukunci kuma an fille kansa saboda aikata laifuka da cewa "shi a matsayinsa na jarumi an dauke shi yana da hakkin hanawa", duk da cewa ya dade yanayin jayayya cewa "yana bin umarnin ne kawai". A shekarata 1865, Henry Wirz, wani hafsan Sojan Amurka, kotun soji ta tuhume shi kuma ta rataye shi saboda mummunan yanayi a Kurkukun Andersonville, inda fursunonin Yammacin tarayyar da yawa suka mutu a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka Yarjejeniyar Hague Yarjejeniyar Hague ta kasance yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka tattauna a taro na Zaman Lafiya na Farko da na biyu a Hague, Netherlands a shekara ta 1899 da 1907, kuma sun kasance, tare da Yarjejeniyar Geneva, daga cikin bayanan farko na dokokin yaki da laifukan yaki a kungiyar internationalasa ta duniya wacce ba ta addini ba. Yarjejeniyar Geneva Yarjejeniyar Geneva yarjejeniyoyi ne masu alaqa guda hudu wadanda aka amince da su kuma aka cigaba da hadaka ta daga shekarata 1864 zuwa 1949 wadanda ke wakiltar tushen doka da tsarin gudanar da yaki karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. Kowane dayan memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a halin yanzu ya amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda aka yarda da su a matsayin ka'idodin dokar kasa da kasa, wadanda ke suka dace da kowane yanayin rikici a duniya. Koyayar da ladabi ga Yarjejeniyar Geneva da aka zartar a cikin shekarar 1977 wanda ke dauke da mafi mahimmancin, cikakke kuma cikakkiyar kariya ta dokar agaji ta kasa da kasa ga mutane da abubuwa a cikin yakin zamani har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ta hanyar Jihohi da yawa da ke ci gaba da fadawa cikin rikice-rikicen yaƙi, wato Amurka, Isra’ila, Indiya, Pakistan, Iraki, Iran, da sauransu. Dangane da haka, jihohi suna rike lambobi daban-daban da dabi'u game da halayen lokacin yaƙi. Wasu masu sanya hannu sun saba ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta yadda ko dai ta amfani da sahihan doka ko kuma jan ra'ayin siyasa don kaucewa ka'idoji da dokokin. An sake inganta manyan taruka uku tare da faɗaɗa na hudu wanda aka ƙara a shekarar 1949: Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Farko don Inganta Yanayin Wadanda Sukaji rauni da Marasa Lafiya a Sojojin Kasa (Taro na Amelioration na Yanayin Raunuka da Marasa Lafiya a Sojojin a Field an karbe shi a 1864, an yi kwaskwarima sosai kuma an maye gurbinsa da Tsarin 1906, sigar 1929, daga baya kuma yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Farko a 1949 Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Biyu don Inganta Yanayin raunuka, Marasa lafiya da Jirgin Ruwa a Tekun (Taro na Amelioration na Yanayin raunuka, Marasa lafiya da Jirgin Ruwa da Ruwa a cikin Tekun an karɓi a shekarar 1906, muhimmanci bita da maye gurbinsu da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Biyu ta 1949). Taron Geneva na Uku dangane da Kula da Fursunonin Yaki Yarjejeniyar <i id="mwdA">dangane da Kula da Fursunonin Yaki</i> an zartar da ita a shekarar 1929, an yi kwaskwarima sosai tare da maye gurbin ta Taron Geneva na Uku na 1949). Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Hudu dangane da Kariyar Jama'a a Lokacin Yaƙin (wanda aka fara amfani da shi a shekara ta 1949, ya dogara da bangarorin Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1907). An karbi karin ladabi biyu a cikin 1977 tare da na uku wanda aka ƙara a shekarar 2005, kammalawa da sabunta Yarjejeniyar Geneva: Yarjejeniyar I (1977) dangane da Kariyar Waɗanda Rikicin Makamai na Internationalasashe ya shafa. Yarjejeniyar II (1977) dangane da Kariyar waɗanda ke fama da Rikicin Nonasashen Duniya ba. Yarjejeniyar III (2005) dangane da Tallafin Distarin Alamar Musamman. Leipzig Gwajin Laifin Yaki An yi wa wasu tsirarun ma'aikatan sojan Jamusawa na Yaƙin Duniya na daya hukunci a cikin 1921 da Kotun Germanoli ta Jamhuriyar ta tuhumar su da aikata laifukan yaƙi. Yarjejeniyar London Gwaji Nuremberg 1945 An inganta tunanin zamani game da aikata laifukan yaƙi a ƙarƙashin ƙararrakin Nuremberg bisa ma'anar cikin Yarjejeniyar London da aka buga a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1945. (Hakanan duba ka'idodin Nuremberg). Tare da laifukan yaki, kundin tsarin mulkin ya kuma bayyana laifuffukan da suka shafi zaman lafiya da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, wadanda galibi ake aikata su yayin yake-yake kuma a hada kai da laifukan yaki. Kotun Soja ta Duniya don Gabas ta Gabas 1946 Har ila yau, ana kiranta da Titin Tokyo, Kotun Laifin Laifukan Yakin Tokyo ko kuma kawai a matsayin Kotu, an yi taronta a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1946, don gwada shugabannin Daular Japan game da laifuka iri uku: "Ajin A" (laifuka kan zaman lafiya "Ajin B" (laifukan yaki), da "Ajin C" (laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama), da aka aikata a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya 2002 A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2002, Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya, wata kotun da ke da hedikwata a Hague, ta kasance don gabatar da hukunce-hukuncen laifukan yaƙi da aka aikata a ko bayan wannan ranar. Kasashe da dama, musamman Amurka, China, Rasha, da Isra’ila, sun soki kotun. Har yanzu Amurka na cikin masu kallo. Mataki na goma sha biyu 12 na Dokar Roma ya ba da iko kan 'yan ƙasa da jihohin da ba sa kwangila idan an zarge su da aikata laifi a yankin ɗayan ɓangarorin jihar. An bayyana laifuffukan yaƙi a cikin ƙa'idar da ta kafa Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, wanda ya haɗa da: Kashe kaburbura na Yarjejeniyar Geneva, kamar su: Kisan ganganci, ko haddasa babbar wahala ko rauni mai tsanani ga jiki ko lafiya Azabtarwa ko cutar da mutum Rushewar doka ba bisa doka ba ko satar dukiya Tilasta fursunan yaƙi ya yi aiki a cikin rundunar maƙiya Haramta fursunonin yaƙi na hukuncin adalci Korar jama'a ba bisa doka ba, tsarewa ko canja wuri Yin garkuwa da mutane Daidaita kai hare-hare kan fararen hula Daidaita kai hare-hare kan ma'aikatan jin kai ko kuma sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kashe mayaƙan da aka sallama Amfani da tutar sulhu Yankin yankin da aka mamaye Korar mazaunan yankin da suka mamaye Yin amfani da makamai masu guba Amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwa Yin amfani da yara sojoji Yin harbi a kan Magungunan Yaki tare da bayyananniyar alama. Abubuwan da ke gudana a matsayin ɓangare na rikice-rikice ba na duniya ba: Kisan kai, zalunci ko wulakanta mutane da azabtarwa Daidaita kai hare-hare kan fararen hula, ma'aikatan jin kai ko kuma sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Abubuwan da ke faruwa a matsayin ɓangare na rikicin duniya: Yin garkuwa da mutane Takaitawar aiwatarwa Ganima Fyade, bautar jima'i, tilasta karuwanci ko tilasta ciki Koyaya kotu tana da iko ne kawai akan wadannan laifuka inda suke "bangare ne na wani tsari ko manufa ko kuma wani bangare na babban kwamiti na irin wadannan laifuka". Manyan fitattu Shugabannin jihohi da na gwamnati Zuwa yau, na yanzu da tsoffin shugabannin kasa da shugabannin gwamnatocin da ake tuhuma da aikata laifukan yaki sun hada da: Großadmiral na Jamus da Shugaba Karl Dönitz da Firayim Ministocin Japan da Janar-Janar Hideki Tōjō da Kuniaki Koiso a bayan yakin duniya na II. An gabatar da tsohon shugaban kasar Serbia Slobodan Miloševi to a gaban kotu, inda ake tuhumarsa da, kisan kare dangi, cin zarafin bil adama, da laifukan yaki a jamhuriyoyi uku. The tribunal found the prosecution had according to its rules and procedures; enough evidence was tailored, before the defense presentation, that, "a reasonable trier of fact, could conclude, the accused was responsible for the crimes charged." Wannan ya shafi babban nauyi na tuhumar Bosnia da Croatia, da kuma alhakin kowane mutum na tuhumar Kosovo. Babu wani hukunci da aka yanke, duk da haka, tunda ya mutu a tsare a cikin 2006, kafin a kammala shari'ar. Shi ma tsohon shugaban Laberiya Charles G. Taylor an kawo shi a Hague ana tuhumarsa da laifukan yaki; shari'arsa ta faro ne daga 2007 zuwa Maris 2011. An yanke masa hukunci a cikin Afrilu na 2012 na taimakawa da tallafawa laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. An kama tsohon Shugaban Sabiyawan Bosniya Radovan Karadžić a Belgrade a ranar 18 ga Yulin 2008 kuma aka gabatar da shi a gaban Kotun Laifukan Yakin Yakin na Belgrade kwanaki kadan bayan haka. An mika shi zuwa Netherlands, kuma a yanzu haka yana Hague, a hannun kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia An fara shari'ar a cikin 2010. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2016, an same shi da laifin kisan kare dangi a Srebrenica, laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil adama, 10 cikin tuhume-tuhume 11 gaba daya, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 40. An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a kan roko. Omar al-Bashir, tsohon shugaban kasar Sudan, ana tuhumarsa da aikata laifuka uku na kisan kare dangi, cin zarafin bil adama da sauran laifukan yaki dangane da yakin 2003– a yankin Darfur na Sudan. Shugaban kasa na farko da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ke tuhuma da kisan kare dangi tare da samin sammacin kama mutane a Darfur An gurfanar da tsohon shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi bisa zargin bada umarnin kisan masu zanga-zanga da fararen hula da Laifukan cin zarafin bil adama, a lokacin yakin basasar Libya na 2011, amma, an kashe shi kafin ya iya fuskantar shari'a a watan Oktoban 2011. Sauran fitattun masu gabatar da kara Yoshijirō Umezu, janar a cikin Sojojin Japan na Sarki Seishirō Itagaki, Ministan Yaki na Daular Japan Hermann Göring, Kwamandan Babban Luftwaffe Ernst Kaltenbrunner da Adolf Eichmann, manyan membobin SS Wilhelm Keitel, Janarfeldmarschall, shugaban kungiyar Oberkommando der Wehrmacht Erich Raeder, Großadmiral, Babban Kwamandan Babban Kriegsmarine Albert Speer, Ministan Makamai da Samar da Yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin Nazi Jamus 1942–45. William Calley, tsohon hafsan sojan Amurka an same shi da laifin kisan kai saboda rawar da ya taka a kisan kiyashin My Lai Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti, wanda aka fi sani da laƙabi da "Chemical Ali", wanda bayan Ba'athist Iraq ya zartar da hukuncin kisan gilla a ƙauyukan Kurdawa a lokacin yakin Iran da Iraki; sannan kuma gwamnan Kuwait da ya mamaye ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a lokacin Yaƙin Fasha na Farko Ratko Mladić, wanda aka gurfanar da kisan kare dangi a tsakanin sauran take hakkin bil'adama a lokacin yakin Bosnia an kama shi a Serbia a watan Mayu na 2011 kuma an mika shi don fuskantar shari'a a Hague, inda aka same shi da laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. Joseph Kony, shugaban kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Lord Resistance Army, kungiyar' yan daba da ke aiki a Uganda. Ma'ana Laifukan yaƙi babban keta ƙa'idoji ne na dokokin al'adu da yarjejeniya game da dokar ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da ita a matsayin laifukan aikata laifi wanda akwai alhakin mutum ɗaya. Ma'anar hada-hada ta aikata laifukan yaki sun hada da keta ka'idojin kariya na dokokin yaki, amma kuma ya hada da gazawa wajen bin ka'idojin aiki da ka'idojin yaki, kamar kai hari ga wadanda ke nuna tutar lumana ta sulhu, ko amfani da waccan tutar a matsayin dabara don hawa hari kan sojojin abokan gaba. A amfani da sinadaran da nazarin halittu makamai a yaƙi suna kuma haramta ta da yawa sinadaran makamai iko da yarjejeniyar da kuma Halittu Makamai Yarjejeniyar Sanye da makiya kayan ko fararen kaya zuwa infiltrate maƙiyi Lines ga leken asirin ko ɓarna da gangan manufa ne istinbadi magajinsa na yaki, ko yãƙi a fama ko kisan gilla mutane bayan maƙiyi Lines yayin da haka ya ɓadda ba, kamar yadda ya ƙunshi m perfidy. Kai wa sojojin abokan gaba hari yayin da ake tura su ta hanyar hanyar leken asiri ba laifin yaki ba ne. Koyaya, Protocol I, Mataki na 42 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva a bayyane ya hana kai hari ga masu lalatattun fastocin da suke fatarar jirgin nakasassu da masu ba da izinin sauƙaƙe da zarar sun sauka. Mataki na 30 na Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1907 ta IV Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi a expasa a bayyane ya hana mayaƙan horo don azabtar da iesan leƙen asirin ba tare da shari'ar da ta gabata ba. Dokar yaƙi, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Rikicin Makamai, yana ba da izinin mahauta su shiga faɗa. Laifin yaƙi yana faruwa yayin da aka yi wa maƙiyi rauni ko azabar da ba dole ba. Laifukan yaƙi sun haɗa da irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar cutar da fursunonin yaƙi ko fararen hula Laifukan yaki wani lokacin wani bangare ne na lokuta na kisan gilla da kisan kare dangi duk da cewa wadannan laifuffuka an fi rufe su sosai a karkashin dokar agaji ta duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama A shekara ta 2008, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da kuduri mai lamba 1820, wanda ya nuna cewa "fyade da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafin mata na iya zama laifukan yaki, laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama ko kuma aiwatar da wani babban aiki dangane da kisan kare dangi"; ga kuma yakin fyade A shekarar 2016, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta yanke wa wani hukuncin cin zarafin mata a karon farko; musamman, sun kara fyade ga hukuncin laifukan yaki na Mataimakin Shugaban Kwango Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo Laifukan yaƙi kuma sun haɗa da kai hare-hare da gangan kan 'yan ƙasa da dukiyar ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki, kamar harin Jafananci akan Pearl Harbor Yayinda harin da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor ya faru yayin da Amurka da Japan suke cikin lumana kuma ba tare da wani dalili na kare kai ba, Kotun Tokyo ta ayyana harin don wucewa ta hanyar tabbatar da wajibcin soja don haka ya zama laifin yaki. Laifukan yaƙi suna da mahimmanci a dokar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa saboda yanki ne da aka haɗu da kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa kamar na Nuremberg da Tokyo Misalai na baya-bayan nan sune Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Yugoslavia da kuma Kotun hukunta masu manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda, wadanda Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke aiki karkashin Kashi na VIII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka kafa A karkashin Ka'idojin Nuremberg, laifukan yaki sun banbanta da na cin zarafin zaman lafiya Laifukan yaki da zaman lafiya sun hada da shiryawa, shiryawa, farawa, ko yin yakin wuce gona da iri, ko yakin keta yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, yarjejeniyoyi, ko kuma tabbaci. Saboda za a iya muhawara kan ma'anar yanayin "yaki", kalmar "laifukan yaki" kanta ta ga amfani daban-daban a karkashin tsarin daban-daban na dokar kasa da kasa da ta soja. Yana da ɗan mataki na aikace-aikace a waje da abin da wasu za su iya ɗauka a matsayin yanayin "yaƙi", amma a cikin yankunan da rikice-rikice suka ci gaba har suka haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar jama'a. A wasu lokuta ana zargin shari'o'in yaƙi da ƙunshe da fifiko ga waɗanda suka yi nasara Adalcin Victor kamar yadda ba a zartar da wasu rikice-rikice a matsayin laifukan yaƙi ba. Wasu misalai sun hada da halakar Allies na biranen Axis a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, kamar fashewar wuta na Dresden, harin <i id="mwAbw">Ofishin Taro</i> a Tokyo (mummunan harin bam guda ɗaya a tarihi), da fashewar atom na Hiroshima da Nagasaki Dangane da harin bama-bamai lokacin yakin duniya na II, babu wata yarjejeniya ko kayan aiki na duniya da ke kare fararen hula musamman daga harin jirgin sama, saboda haka hare-hare ta sama kan fararen hula ba laifukan yaƙi a hukumance bane. Allies a shari’ar a Nuremberg da Tokyo ba su taɓa gurfanar da Jamusawa ba, gami da babban kwamandan Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, don kai harin bam a Warsaw, Rotterdam, da biranen Biritaniya a lokacin Blitz da kuma hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan biranen kawancen tare da V -1 bama-bamai masu tashi sama da roket V-2, ko Jafananci don kai hare-hare ta sama kan biranen China cike da mutane. Kodayake babu wasu yarjejeniyoyi musamman game da yakin jirgi, Yarjejeniya ta 1, Mataki na 51 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva a bayyane ya hana yin ruwan bama-bamai a biranen da fararen hula za su iya zama ba tare da la'akari da kowace hanya ba. (duba bama-bamai na sama da dokar ƙasa Rikici ya faru ne lokacin da Allies suka sake sanya POWs na Jamusanci (a ƙarƙashin kariya ta Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1929 akan fursunonin yaƙi a matsayin Enungiyar Maƙiya ta ararya (ana zargin ba a kiyaye ta 1929 Geneva Yarjejeniyar kan Fursunonin Yaƙi ba), da yawa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tilasta aiki kamar share filayen ma'adinai Zuwa Disamba 1945, watanni shida bayan yakin ya ƙare, hukumomin Faransa sun kiyasta cewa har yanzu ana kashe ko raunata fursunonin Jamusawa dubu biyu kowane wata a cikin haɗarin kwance ma'adinai. An canza kalmomin Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 1949 na 1949 da gangan daga na 1929 don Sojojin da suka "fada cikin iko" biyo bayan mika wuya ko yawan garkuwar makiyi yanzu an ba su kariya da kuma wadanda aka kama fursuna yayin yakin. A karkashin dokar rikici (LOAC), mutuwar waɗanda ba sa yaƙin ba dole ba ne cin zarafi; akwai abubuwa da yawa don la'akari. Ba za a iya sanya fararen hula abin abin kai hari ba, amma mutuwa rauni ga fararen hula yayin gudanar da hari kan manufar soja ana mulkinta ne a karkashin ka'idoji kamar na daidaito da bukatar sojoji kuma ana iya halatta. Wajabcin soja "yana ba da izinin halakar rayuwar mutanen da rikice-rikicen yaƙe-yaƙe ba za su iya kiyaye halakar su ba; baya ba da izinin kashe bayin Allah marasa laifi don ramuwar gayya ko gamsar da sha'awar kashewa. Lalata dukiya don halal ya zama tilas dole ne a buƙaci buƙatun yaƙi. Misali, gudanar da aiki a rumbun ajiye makamai ko sansanin horar da 'yan ta'adda ba za a hana shi ba saboda wani manomi yana nome gona a yankin; manomi ba shine abin kawo hari ba kuma ayyukan zasuyi daidai da karfin soja. A gefe guda, fa'idodin soja na ban mamaki zai zama dole don tabbatar da aikin da ke haifar da haɗarin mutuwa ko rauni ga dubban fararen hula. A cikin "grayer" shari'ar tambaya game da ko cutarwa da ake tsammani ta wuce gona da iri na iya zama mai ma'ana sosai. A saboda wannan dalili, Jihohi suka zaɓi amfani da mizanin "a sarari" don ƙayyade ko keta haddin laifi ya faru. Lokacin da babu wata hujja don aikin soja, kamar farar hula da aka sanya su abin kai hari, binciken kwatankwacin ba shi da muhimmanci don yanke hukuncin cewa harin ba shi da doka. Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia Don bugun iska, matukan jirgi gaba ɗaya sun dogara da bayanan da ke fitowa daga kafofin waje (hedkwatar, sojojin ƙasa) cewa takamaiman matsayi shine ainihin abin sojan soja. Game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia, matukan jirgin NATO sun buge wani abu na farar hula ofishin jakadancin China a Belgrade wanda ba shi da muhimmancin soja, amma matukan jirgin ba su da ra'ayin yanke shi baya ga umarninsu. Kwamitin ya yanke hukuncin cewa "ba za a sanya wa jirgin saman da ke da hannu cikin harin ba saboda an ba su mummunar manufa kuma bai dace ba a yi kokarin sanya alhakin aikata laifi ga abin da ya faru ga manyan shugabanni saboda an ba su bayanai marasa kyau. ta jami'an wata hukumar Rahoton ya kuma lura da cewa "Mafi yawan kayan da aka gabatar wa OTP sun kunshi rahotanni ne cewa an kashe fararen hula, galibi ana kiran a kammala da cewa an aikata laifuka. Raunin jingina ga fararen hula da lalata kayayyakin farar hula na iya faruwa saboda wasu dalilai. Dokar Rendulic An tuhumi Janar Lothar Rendulic na Jamusawa da bayar da umarnin rusa gine-gine da filayen fararen hula yayin da yake ja da baya daga wani harin da ake zargin abokan gaba da shi a cikin abin da ake kira siyasar duniya da aka kona saboda manufar soja ta hana amfani da fili ga makiya. Ya wuce gona da iri da aka hango amma yana jayayya cewa Hague IV ya ba da izinin halakar saboda ya zama wajibi a yi yaƙi. An wanke shi daga wannan tuhumar. Underarkashin "Dokar Rendulic" dole ne mutane su tantance wajibcin aikin soja bisa la’akari da bayanan da suke da su a wancan lokacin; ba za a iya yanke musu hukunci ba dangane da bayanan da suka zo a bayyane. Duba wasu abubuwan Jerin ƙasar Jerin laifukan yaki Zaluncin Bangladesh 1971 Laifukan yaƙi na ƙawance yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II Laifukan yaki na Burtaniya Laifukan yakin na Jamus Sakamakon Naziyanci na Jamusawa Holocaust Laifukan yaƙi na Wehrmacht Kotun Soja ta Duniya don Gabas ta Gabas Kungiyar Daular Islama ta Iraki da binciken laifukan yaki na Levant Laifin yakin Italiya Laifukan yakin Japan Tsoma bakin da Saudiyya ta jagoranta a Yemen Laifukan Yaƙin Koriya Laifukan yakin Soviet Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka kan Philippines Amurka laifukan yaki Matsalolin doka Dokar Kariyar Ba-Amurke Umurnin umarni Dokar yaƙi Dokar Doka a Tsarin Rikici na Rikici (RULAC) Russell Tribunal Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya da mamaye Iraki a 2003 Dokar Laifin Laifin Yaki (Belgium) Dokar Laifin Laifin Yaki na 1996 shigar da Laifukan Yaki a cikin dokar Amurka Ikon duniya Dabam-dabam Tarihin Ta'addanci Mai shiga tsakani na farar hula Umurnin Commando Commissar oda Laifuka akan bil'adama Laifi akan zaman lafiya Laifin zalunci Gwajin likitoci Masana kimiyya Garkuwar ɗan adam Binciken Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya Katyn kisan gilla Jerin sunayen tsoffin citizensan asalin ƙasar Amurka waɗanda ba a ba su izini ba, gami da waɗanda aka ba su labarin don ɓoye hannu a cikin laifukan yaƙi don samun citizenshipan ƙasar Kwashewa Laifin Mass Laifi Kashe mutane Soja amfani da yara Nazarin ɗan adam na Nazi Kisan fursinonin NKVD Babu kwata Ka'idojin Nuremberg Farancin Razakars (Pakistan) Aikin Sentinel na Tauraron Dan Adam Kashe-kashen Srebrenica Ta'addancin Jiha Tashin bom Adalcin wucin gadi Mayaki mara doka Tashin hankali lokacin tashin hankali Binciken Sojoji na Hunturu Manazarta Kara karantawa 978-0-521-87609-4 978-0-521-54227-2 Hagopian, Patrick (2013). 'Yancin Amurka: Laifukan Yaki da Iyakokin Dokokin Duniya. Amherst, MA: Jami'ar Massachusetts Latsa. 978-0-8160-8083-0 978-0-521-72814-0 978-0-521-87088-7 Duba wasu abubuwan Laifuka akan Bil'adama Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya Dokar Rome ta Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya Dokar Doka Sauran manazarta Bunker na Australiya da Gidan Tarihi na Soja abmm.org Laifin Yaƙi: Yaƙi da Ilimin Hauka na Zalunci Farkon 'Yancin Dan Adam; Nauyin Umurni: Mutuwar da Aka Saka a Tsaron Amurka a Iraki da Afghanistan Dokar Doka a Tsarin Rikice-rikice na Makamai Kotun Musamman ta Iraki Laifukan Yakin Yaki Yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Rwanda Kotun Ad-Hoc don Gabashin Timor CBC Digital Archives -Yancin Adalci: Masu Laifin Laifi a Kanada Binciken Laifin Laifin mamaye Iraki da Mamayar Iraki Daga Ronald C. Kramer da Raymond J. Michalowski Binciken 'Yancin Dan-Adam Neman isa ga Diasporaungiyoyin Diasporaasashen Waje a Amurka don Shawarwarin Laifin Laifin Yaƙi FBI Dokokin Yarjejeniyar Geneva na Burtaniya (Kwaskwarimar) Dokar 1995 wacce ta haramta Laifukan
38814	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys%20Asmah	Gladys Asmah	Gladys Asmah (an haife ta 16 Oktoban shekarar 1939 ya mutu 24 Yuni 2014) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Ghana kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ta kasance tsohuwar ministar kamun kifi sannan kuma ta kasance ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Takoradi. Ta kasance tsohuwar ministar harkokin mata a zamanin tsohuwar gwamnatin Kufuor. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Mrs. Gladys Asmah (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1939), a Cape Coast, a yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Wesley don karatun firamare kuma ta ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana, duka a Cape Coast. Ta yi aiki tare da Kamfanin Railway Corporation na Ghana kuma daga baya ta zama mai kulawa a Sashen Kula da Lafiya na Kamfanin Taba Sigari (PTC), na tsawon shekaru shida. Misis Asmah ta bar Ghana a watan Yuni 1963 don ci gaba da karatu a kasar Ingila. Ta halarci Jami'ar Middlesex, wacce aka fi sani da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hendon, da Kwalejin Ilimi da Tattalin Arzikin Gida ta Leeds kuma ta cancanci zama Memba na Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cibiyoyin Ƙasa ta London. Sana'ar kasuwanci Bayan horar da ita, ta yi aiki tare da British Council a matsayin mataimakiyar manaja a Cibiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasashen waje, Portland Palace, London, Yayin da take dalibi a London, ta yanke shawarar ƙware a fannin yin sutura don haka ta san kanta da ƙungiyoyin kayan ado. Malama Asmah ta tattara wasu injina ta fara yin rigar bacci da rigar bacci a Birmingham. A karshe ta zo ta zauna a Ghana, kuma ta yi rijistar wata masana'anta a matsayin haɗin gwiwa kuma daga baya a cikin 1975 ta haɗa shi a matsayin kamfani mai iyakancewa A matsayin mai ba da shawara kan 'yantar da mata, Misis Asmah ta tallafa wa ƙungiyar Matan Tarkwa (TWIGA) don samun tallafin kuɗi. yin dabino. Lokacin da Sashen Jin Dadin Jama’a ya kafa Cibiyar Horar da Mata a Cibiyar Takoradi domin horar da ‘ya’ya mata sana’o’in hannu, ta amince kuma ta ba da wani taron bitar don horar da mata a yankin. Misis Asmah tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da na jama'a da dama; ita ce shugabar hukumar gudanarwa ta Cibiyar horar da mata ta Takoradi; mamban kwamitin, Ahantaman Rural Bank-, mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu, kungiyar masana'antun Ghana; da shugaban kwamitin aiwatarwa na yanki, mata masu ci gaba. Sauran membobin hukumar ne, Makarantar Sakandare ta Fijai; memban hukumar, Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana; Memba, Majalisar Tuntuba ta Yanki ta Yamma kuma shugaban kwamitin sassan, kwamitin harkokin mata, Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic (NPP). Dan Majalisar Takoradi ya halarci taruka da dama a kasashen ketare. Waɗannan sun haɗa da taron karawa juna sani kan Sabbin Trends a Masana'antar Yada da Tufafi, Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a 1994; taron karawa juna sani kan Taimako ga Masu Sana'o'i, Hartford, Connecticut, Amurka da Taro kan Fitar da Kudaden Fitarwa, Babban taron 'yan kasuwa na USAID na 'yan kasuwa mata, New Delhi, Indiya a 1981. Siyasa Ta kasance mamba a sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Ta zama 'yar majalisa Takoradi daga 7 ga Janairu 1997 zuwa 6 ga Janairu 2009, ministar harkokin mata da yara tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2005 kuma ministar kamun kifi daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Asmah ta kasance mamba a majalisar dokoki ta 2, 3, 4th da 5th a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu. A lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 1996, ta samu kuri'u 25,579 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 38,036 da aka kada wanda ya nuna kashi 56.80 cikin 100 na abokin hamayyarsa Esther Nkansah 'yar jam'iyyar NDC wacce ta samu kuri'u 10,342, Alex Fosu Blankson wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,323 da Timothy Nor kuma ya samu kuri'u 7. Ta samu kuri'u 26,431 daga cikin 35,949 masu inganci da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 73.50% akan abokin hamayyarsa Crosby Mochia dan jam'iyyar NDC wanda ya samu kuri'u 6,853 wanda ke wakiltar 19.10%, Eustace Haizel dan jam'iyyar CPP wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,510 mai wakiltar 4.20% na Comfort 7, da Comfort 8. kuri'u mai wakiltar 2.40% da Samuel Ekow Renner dan jam'iyyar PNC wanda ya samu kuri'u 277 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.80%. A lokacin Zaben 2004, ta samu kuri'u 25,714 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 36,392 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar 66.80% akan abokin hamayyarta Esthher Lily Nkansah 'yar jam'iyyar NDC wacce ta samu kuri'u 7,894 da ke wakiltar 20.50%, Francis Kobina Eghanst memba 1, Eghan dan jam'iyyar CPP ya samu kuri'u 1,004. Ya samu kuri’u 1,296 mai wakiltar kashi 3.40%, Godwill Abakah dan IND wanda ya samu kuri’u 220 mai wakiltar 0.60%, Ivor Tackie Adams dan jam’iyyar PNC ya samu kuri’u 191 mai wakiltar 0.50% da Johannes Kojo Scheck dan IND wanda ya samu kuri’u 62 mai wakiltar 0.20%. Mutuwa Gladys Asmah ta rasu ne a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2014, a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu da ke birnin Accra inda ta shafe makonni biyu tana jinya. An binne ta a Takoradi bayan jana'izar ta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2014. Manazarta
42523	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azedine%20Lagab	Azedine Lagab	Azzedine Lagab (an haife shi 18 ga Satumbar shekarar 1986), ɗan tseren keken hanya ne na ƙasar Aljeriya, wanda a halin yanzu yake hawa don ƙungiyar UCI Continental Groupement Sportif des Pétroliers A lokacin aikinsa ya lashe lambobin yabo a gasar zakarun kasar Aljeriya, a gasar tseren keke na Afirka da na Larabawa da kuma a duk wasannin Afirka da na Pan-Arab Aiki 2006-2009 Tun yana matashi, Lagab ya halarci gasar Tour de l'Espoir, gasar dandali a kasarsa don matasa da masu hazaka. Ya gama a matsayi na biyu a matakin farko na wannan tseren tare da layin gamawa a Bordj Bou Arreridj A farkon sana'ar mai tuka keke ne wanda zai zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu tuka keke a kasarsa. Tabbacin hakan ya riga ya zo a cikin shekara ta gaba lokacin da ya zama na biyu a gwaji na kowane lokaci na gasar tseren keke ta kasar Aljeriya. Sannan a shekara ta 2008 ya ci gaba da lashe gasar tsere biyu a Tunisia, Grand Prix de la ville de Tunis da Grand Prix de la Banque de l'Habitat. Daga baya ya inganta gwajin lokaci na ƙasa a matsayi na biyu ta hanyar lashe gasar a shekarar 2008. Bugu da ƙari ya kuma zama na biyu a tseren hanya a gasar zakarun Turai guda. Wannan duk ya haifar da kwantiraginsa na farko da ƙungiyar UCI Continental wato Doha Team na kakar tseren keke na shekarar 2009. Tare da wannan tawagar, ya shiga cikin Tour d'Alger inda ya ci nasara a mataki na uku, tare da farawa da tashi a Alger da kuma rarrabuwa gabaɗaya a ƙarshe. A wani tseren matakin Algeriya, Tour de Wilaya de Tipaza ya kare a matsayi na uku gaba ɗaya. Sa'an nan a Jelajah Malaysia ya hau zuwa matsayi na biyar a mataki na shida, yayin da ya kare a matsayi na takwas gaba ɗaya a cikin yawon shakatawa na Singkarak Daga nan sai tawagar Doha ta ba shi damar tafiya yawon shakatawa na shugaban kasar Iran inda ya dauki matsayi na bakwai gaba daya. A bana a gasar tseren keken motoci ta kasar Aljeriya ya dauki matsayi na biyu a gwaji na lokaci guda. Daga nan ya lashe gasar Grandglise a Belgium kafin ya halarci gasar Bahar Rum ta shekarar 2009 a Pescara inda ya sanya na 17 a cikin gwajin lokaci na mutum da na 19 a tseren hanya. A gasar Tour des Aéroports da ke kasar Tunisiya ya zo na biyu a mataki na farko, kafin ya samu lambar azurfa a gwajin lokaci daya na gasar tseren keke na kasashen Larabawa a shekarar 2009. Ya gama a shekarar 2009 tare da matsayi na uku a cikin Ouverture Saison de l'Algérie a ƙarshen Oktoba. 2010 Don lokacin tseren keke na shekarar 2010, ƙungiyar Doha ba ta dawo cikin da'irar Nahiyar ba. Da yake Lagab bai samu sabon kwantiragi da wata kungiya ba sai da ya sake daukar wani mataki. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2010 ya zama shekara mai kyau a gare shi inda ya sami nasarori masu yawa. Tuni a watan Janairu, ya lashe tseren gida na Aljeriya mai suna Oued Al Alleug. A Grand Prix International d'Alger ya gama na uku a mataki na farko da na uku sannan kuma ya kai matsayi na uku a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna. Sai kuma a gasar Tour de Wilaya de Tipaza ta bana ya lashe mataki na farko kuma ya zo na uku a mataki na uku. Daga nan kuma Lagab ya zarce zuwa Maroko domin halartar gasar kalubalen du Prince. Ya gama na uku a cikin Trophée Princier, na biyu a Trophée de l'Anniversaire, kuma na huɗu a cikin Trophée de la Maison Royale. Komawa Aljeriya lokaci yayi da za a sake buga gasar tseren keke ta kasa. A wannan karon Lagab ta lashe kambun kasa a kan tseren hanya da ya fara zuwa a karshen a Chlef Ya ci gaba da taka leda a gasar tseren keke na Larabawa a shekarar 2010 a Tunis inda ya dauki lambar azurfa a gasar gwaji na lokaci guda. An kara samun lambar tagulla a irin wannan horo a gasar tseren keke na Afirka da aka gudanar a Kigali A can kuma ya kare na hudu a gwajin lokaci na tawagar (tare da Abdelmalek Madani da Hichem Chabane kuma na shida a tseren hanya. 2011 Sabuwar kungiyar UCI Continental Team a Algeria mai suna Groupement Sportif Pétrolier Algérie ya kulla yarjejeniya da Lagab a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2011, wanda ya ba shi sabon matsayi. Ya zama shekara mafi kyau a rayuwarsa har zuwa lokacin kuma ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallo a kungiyar. Sai da ya ɗauki har zuwa Afrilu don yin littafin sanannen sakamakonsa na farko tare da matsayi na biyu a cikin Kalubalen Phosphatiers I (wanda kuma ake kira Challenge Khoribga). Kusan wata guda bayan nasararsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta samu nasara yayin da ya zama na farko a gasar Trophée Princier of the Challenges du Prince. A cikin Trophée Fédéral ya ci matakin farko a Tiaret kuma ya zama na biyu a mataki na biyu. Wannan a hade tare da sakamakon a cikin sauran matakan ya ba shi nasara a cikin rarrabuwa gabaɗaya kuma. A Birtouta Lagab ya lashe kambun kasa a gasar zakarun gwaji na lokaci guda, yayin da ya zama na biyu a gasar tseren hanya da aka gudanar a Ouled Fayet An samu gagarumar nasara a gasar Tour d'Algerie inda ya lashe mataki na biyu bayan ya zo na uku a matakin farko. Daga nan sai ya karbi rigar jagora bayan wannan mataki kuma ya sanya ta sauran matakan da suka rage har sai da ya ketare layin karshe na mataki na biyar a Chrea don kara samun nasara a cikin tafkunansa. Wannan nasara ta biyo bayan wata nasara a Circuit d'Alger. A shekarar 2011 ya ci gaba da matsayi na 16 a yawon shakatawa na Eritrea a shirye-shiryen 2011 All-Africa Games da aka gudanar a Maputo A babban birnin Mozambik ya kammala a matsayi na biyar a gasar tseren hanya, kuma ya lashe lambar tagulla a gwaji na lokaci guda. Adadin sakamakonsa na shekarar har zuwa lokacin ya ba shi matsayi na uku a matsayi na uku a cikin jerin shekarar 2011 na UCI Africa Tour Lagab da kansa bai shirya don kammala a shekarar 2011 ba tukuna kuma ya ci gaba da lashe mataki na biyu da mataki na 5 na Tour du Faso Daga nan kuma a kasar Eritrea ya zo na 4 a gasar tseren keken keke na Afirka ta shekarar 2011 tare da Abdelbasset Hannachi, Abderrahman Bourezza da Abdelmalek Madani Ya kuma zo na hudu a gwajin lokaci na mutum daya da kuma na 14 a gasar tseren hanya guda daya da aka gudanar a Asmara Bayan gasar ya lashe Ouverture Saison de l'Algérie kafin ya je gasarsa ta gaba, gasar Pan Arab Games na shekarar 2011 a Doha A babban birnin Qatar ya ci wa Aljeriya lambobin yabo uku. Medal tagulla a cikin gwajin lokaci na mutum ɗaya da gwajin ƙungiyar (tare da Abdalla Ben Youcef, Abdelmalek Madani da Abderrahman Bourezza da kuma lambar azurfa a tseren hanya. Aljeriya ta kasance kasa ta farko da ta zo karshe da mahayi uku (sauran Abdelmalek Madani da Youcef Reguigui wanda ya ba Lagab da takwarorinsa lambar zinare a gasar tseren hanya ta tawagar. 2012 A cikin shekarar 2012 har yanzu Lagab an ba da kwangila ga ƙungiyar Groupement Sportif Pétrolier Algérie Ya lashe mataki na biyar na Tour d'Algerie kuma ya kai matsayi na bakwai a cikin rarrabuwar kawuna. A gasar Tour du Maroc ya kare a matsayi na 14 gaba daya, yayin da a lokacin La Tropicale Amissa Bongo ya hau zuwa matsayi na tara a matakin gaba daya. A mataki na biyu na yawon shakatawa na Eritrea ya kare a matsayi na uku. A watan Yuni, ya sake lashe lambar zinare a gasar tseren keke ta kasa, inda ya lashe gwajin lokaci na mutum a Souk Ahras Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
36759	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Gregory%27s%20College%2C%20Lagos	St Gregory's College, Lagos	St. Gregory's College, Legas, makarantar mishan Katolika ce ga yara maza, tare da wuraren kwana, mai lamba 1.0. km daga Tafawa Balewa Square a Unguwar Ikoyi Obalende, Jihar Legas, Najeriya. Tarihi Kwalejin, asalin makarantar coed kafin ƙirƙirar makarantar 'yar uwarta Holy Child College Obalende, tana cikin Kudu maso Yamma a Ikoyi. An kafa ta ta hanyar aikin Katolika a cikin shekarar 1928 kuma an sanya wa suna bayan Paparoma St. Gregory mai girma (540-604). Wani ɗan kasuwa Michael Ibru da kayan aikin sa Ace Jomona ne suka halarci ginin makarantar. A cikin ƙarshen shekarar 1990s, yayin ƙarfafa yin amfani da intanet ta hanyar masu ƙirƙira da ƙungiyoyi masu mulki, wani aji na 1997 tsofaffin ɗalibai da kuma masanin fasaha na farko A. Olufeko, ya gina kwalejin ta farko kuma mafi ganewa a kan layi ta amfani da shirye-shiryen HTML da CGI a cikin shekara ta 1998, tushen. a kan bukatar taimaka wa tsofaffin ɗaliban da ke hulɗa da juna a duniya. Bayan haka, yayin da birnin Legas ya rungumi tsarin tattalin arziki na zamani, tsofaffin daliban da suka kammala digiri daban-daban, kuma daga karshe gwamnatin makarantar ta kafa gidan yanar gizon hukuma a cikin shekarar 2018. Wasan motsa jiki Manyan kungiyoyin wasanni na Saint Gregory sun kasance wasan kurket da kungiyoyin kwallon kafa. Shugabanni da masu gudanarwa Sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai Adetokunbo Ademola Shugaban Kotun Koli ta Najeriya. Jab Adu, actor and director Jimi Agbaje, Nigerian Pharmacist, Dan siyasa, kuma dan takarar gwamna a Legas. Ben Murray Bruce, hamshakin dan kasuwan Najeriya kuma dan siyasa. Sir Adeyemo Alakija KBE lauyan Najeriya, ɗan siyasa kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ade Abayomi Olufeko, Masanin fasaha, mai tsarawa kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ganiyu Dawodu dan siyasan Najeriya kuma mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya. Oba CD Akran mai sarautar gargajiya na Badagry kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya Antonio Deinde Fernandez Babban Jami'in Harkokin Kasuwancin Najeriya kuma jami'in diflomasiyya. Adewale Maja-Pearce, Marubuci, dan jarida kuma mai suka. JM Johnson Dan Siyasar Najeriya. Jibril Martin lauyan Najeriya. Olufemi Majekodunmi, Bature-Nigerian Architecture. Raymond Njoku ɗan siyasan Najeriya kuma tsohon ministan sufuri. Mike Omoighe, Mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mai suka. Segun Agbaje, Bank Executive of GTBank. Cardinal Anthony Olubunmi Okogie, Archbishop na Legas. Victor Uwaifo, mawakin Najeriya. Funsho Williams, Dan siyasa. Lamidi Adeyemi III, Alaafin of Oyo Cif Ayo Gabriel Irikefe tsohon Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya. Denrele Edun, mai gabatar da gidan talabijin na Najeriya. Patrick Ekeji, mai kula da wasanni na Najeriya. Tunji Disu, Shugaban Tawagar Taimakon Taimako na 'Yan Sanda, IRT Tayo Aderinokun, dan kasuwa kuma tsohon shugaban bankin Guaranty Trust. Obafemi Lasode, jarumin fina-finan Najeriya. Nonso Amadi, Mashahurin Mawaƙin Afro-Fusion/Mawallafin Mawaƙa na Duniya Vector Olanrewaju Ogunmefun, Nigerian Hip hop artist. Moses Majekodunmi Nigerian Senator. Tomi Davies, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai ba da agaji. Gbenga Shobo, Financial institution executive Rafiu Oluwa, dan tseren Najeriya. David Dale, Shahararren mai fasaha Segun Gele, Mai tsara kayan kwalliya, mai salo na kai Bode Rhodes-Vivour, Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Najeriya. Shola Akinlade, Injiniya Software kuma Shugaba na Paystack Duba kuma Ilimi a Najeriya Jerin makarantu a Legas Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje the school's official website school's oldest running unofficial website since 1997
20620	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Modibbo%20Adama%20ta%20Fasaha%20ta%20Tarayya%2C%20Yola.	Jami'ar Modibbo Adama ta Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yola.	Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola wacce a yanzu ake kira da Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, babbar jami'a ce mai zurfin bincike da ke Girei wani gari a jihar Adamawa dake Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Tana ɗaya daga tsarin jami'o'in gwamnatin tarayya guda 27 kuma ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'in 4 na fasaha na tarayya da aka kafa tare da manufar kawai don haɓaka tushen ilimin kimiyya. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola ta sami amincewar Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'in Kasa Jami'ar na ba da aboki, digiri, na biyu, da kuma digiri na PhD Bayan Fage A 1980, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya dangane da bukatar da ake da ita a kasar nan na samun kwararrun ma'aikata, ta kafa wasu Jami'oi bakwai wadanda za su kasance a Abeokuta, Akure, Bauchi, Makurdi, Minna, Owerri da Yola Farfesa Ethelbert N. Chukwu, masanin lissafi kuma ma’aikacin Jami’ar Jos an nada shi Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Yola na farko a 1981. Mai martaba, Alhaji Kabir Usman, Sarkin Katsina, ya zama Kansila na farko yayin da mai martaba, Alhaji Kabir Umar, Sarkin Katagum, aka nada Pro-Kansila da Shugaban Karamar Hukumar. A shekarar 1983, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) ta karɓi rukunin farko na ɗalibai 214 a yayin zaman karatun 1982/83 zuwa Makarantar Kimiyyar Gudanarwa da Tsarin Kimiyyar Remedial. A watan Yunin 1984, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Gwamnatin Tarayya karkashin Janar Buhari ta hade da Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) da Jami’ar Maiduguri, kuma har yanzu ana kiranta da suna Modibbo Adama College, Jami’ar Maiduguri. An tura mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar daga Jami'ar Maiduguri don ya jagoranci kwalejin. A cikin 1986, Gwamnatin Soja ta Tarayya a karkashin Janar Ibrahim Babangida saboda bukatar da ake da ita na samar da karfi na mutane da ke da alaka da kere-kere, ta fitar da doka mai lamba No.13 1986 inda aka lalata Jami'oi biyar kuma aka kafa su Jami'o'in Fasaha na Tarayya. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yola (FUTY) an cire ta daga Jami'ar Maiduguri, kuma an nada Dokta Tijani Suleiman (daga baya Farfesa) Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar kuma ya fara aiki a watan Afrilu 1988. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) ta fara cikakken aiki a matsayin Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya kuma ta yaye dalibanta na farko da suka kai 108 a zama na 1988/89. Jami'ar ta fara shirye-shiryen karatun digiri a karkashin makarantu hudu wadanda suka hada da: Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha (SSTE), Makarantar Injiniya da Fasahar Injiniya (SEET), Makarantar Kimiyyar Muhalli (SES) da Makarantar Noma da Fasahar Noma (SAAT). A cikin burinta na bin babban burinta na farko (fasaha don ci gaba) ta fara ba da kyautar shirye-shiryen Postgraduate ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Makarantar Karatun Digiri na biyu (SPGS) da kuma faɗaɗa tsofaffin makarantu da kafa sababbi. Wadannan sun hada da: Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ilimi (SSTE) an fadada ta zuwa Makarantar Tsabta da Kimiyyar Aiyuka (SPAS) da Makarantar Fasaha da Ilimin Kimiyya (STSE) yayin da Makarantar Gudanarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa (SMIT) ta kasance sabuwar kafa. A halin yanzu, Jami'ar tana ba da izinin shiga cikin karatun digiri, digiri na biyu da shirye-shiryen tuntuba ciki har da difloma da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida, ilimin nesa da shirye-shiryen gurasar. Jami'ar na tallata dukkan shirye-shiryenta wanda za'a iya shigar da dalibai a cikin takardun UME DE JAMB da kuma a kan manyan labarai na kasa, Talabijan da tashoshin Rediyo, Kwamitocin Sanarwarta kuma ba shakka, a shafin yanar gizon ta. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) tana da matukar daraja ga rikodin rikodin ta a yankuna daban-daban tsakanin sauran cibiyoyin manyan makarantu musamman a Nijeriya da Afirka gaba ɗaya. Misali, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) ita ce ta farko kuma ita ce kadai jami'a a Najeriya da ke ba da Aikin Bincike a matakin Digiri na farko (kuma tana gudanar da shirin a cikin kwas din har zuwa matakin digirgir). Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) ita ce kuma jami'a ta farko a Nijeriya da ta fara ba da lambar yabo ta digiri na farko a Fasahar Sadarwa da Sadarwa. Duk waɗannan sun jawo hankalin sanannun saka hannun jari daga kamfanoni na gida da na duniya da ƙungiya a cikin tallafin bincike da sauran kayan ilimi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da cibiyar fasahar kere-kere ta CHEVRON, ita kaɗai ce irinta a duk yankin yankin Saharar Afirka, wanda CHEVRON NIG ya gina kuma ya ba da kuɗi. LTD., Ericsson Cibiyar Horarwa da Bincike ta GSM, wacce kamfanin Ericsson, PROF ya gina kuma ya tallafawa. Cibiyar ICT ta JIBRIN AMINU, wacce Ministan Ilimi na lokaci daya, Ministan Man Fetur, Ambasadan Nijeriya a Amurka ya gina kuma ta wadata shi kuma a yanzu haka Sanata ne mai wakiltar gundumar Yola, Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya (NCC) Cybercafé, ayyukan Gidauniyar Amintaccen Ilimi. ambaci amma kaɗan. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola tana alfahari da wurare da yawa waɗanda ke matsayin bincike, jindadin ɗalibai, da hutu da kuma dalilai na ilimi da horo. wadannan sun hada da: Lodges na Jami'a, Makarantun Firamare da Sakandare, Gidan Baƙin Kasuwanci, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) Teburin Ruwa, Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fasaha ta Yola (FUTY) Farm, cibiyar bincike ta Ericsson, CHEVRON Biotech Center, Veterinary Clinic and Research Center, Cibiyar Computer, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Cibiyar Koyon Nisa, Cibiyar Kula da Kayan aiki da Horar da Masana'antu, Cibiyar Dalibai, Cibiyar Fastocin Jami'a da dama, Cibiyar Wasannin Jami'a, Cibiyar ICT, da sauransu. Daliban da suka kammala karatu a jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) sun kasance a kan gaba a bangaren halaye da ilmantarwa a bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arzikin Najeriya da ma bayan yankunan Najeriya. Sanannen mutum daga cikinsu shi ne Mista Frank Nweke Jnr., Tsohon Ministan Labarai, tsohon Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida kuma mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya kan Jam’iyyun Siyasar Tsakanin. Jami'ar tana da Ofishin Dangantaka na Tsoffin tsofaffi, a ƙarƙashin Ofishin Mataimakin Shugaban, wanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ag. Mai gudanarwa. Ofishin tsoffin daliban yana da alaƙa ne da ƙungiyoyin tsoffin ɗalibai a duk faɗin duniya don sha'awar Jami'ar ta ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin Tsoffin Jami'o'in Fasaha ta Yola (FUTY) waɗanda ke nan kuma suna tallafawa kafa ƙungiyoyin tsofaffin ɗalibai inda ba sa nan. Alungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) suna da hedkwatar duniya a Yola, Nijeriya da ƙungiyoyin tsofaffin ɗalibai a jihohi da yawa a Nijeriya, Ingila, Amurka da sauran sassan duniya. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) tun kafuwarta a 1983 ta yaye saiti 15 a bukukuwan taro 15 kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kwaleji biyar ne suka gudanar da ita. Manyan jami'anta sun hada da Mataimakin Shugaban Kwalejin (Kwalejin Ilimi), Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban (Gudanarwa), Magatakarda, Bursar, Daraktan Sashin Tsara Ilimin Ilimi, Daraktan Sashin Shirya Jiki, Daraktan Ayyuka, Daraktan Kafa, Daraktan Rijistar Ilimi, da na Hakika Jami'ar Laburaren. Jami'ar a yanzu haka tana da Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a a cikin mutumin Prof. BH Usman, Farfesa ne a fannin samar da taki da sarrafa taki, wanda kuma ya taba zama Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a (Gudanarwa) a gwamnatin da ta gabata. Tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar ya ƙunshi Majalisar da Majalisar Dattawa. Majalisar Gudanarwa ita ce babbar hukuma da ke tsara manufofi a Jami'ar. Yana da ikon yin dokoki don babban tsarin gudanarwa na Jami'ar da kuɗaɗen ta. Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar a madadin Ambasada Bukar Mele, kuma wasu membobin Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ke nada su, bisa la’akari da cancantar da suke da ita na sanin kwarewar su a bangarorin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu, yayin da wasu kuma aka zaba daga cikin Jami’ar. watau daga majalisar dattijai, tsofaffin ɗalibai, Taro da Taro. Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a wanda shine Babban Shugabancin Gwamnatin Tarayya ce ke nada shi. Majalisar dattijai tana da babban iko akan duk al'amuran ilimi na Jami'ar. Ya ƙunshi Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a, a matsayin Shugaba, Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwaleji, Shugabannin Makarantu, dukkan furofesoshi, Jami'in Laburaren Jami'a, Wakilan Kwamitin Makaranta da waɗanda Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar ya nada bisa ga dokar Jami'ar. Jami'ar tana da yanayi mai kyau mai kyau da kwanciyar hankali, mai sada zumunci da karɓar baƙi da kuma wuraren shakatawa da ayyuka da yawa (wasanni, kulake, ƙungiyoyi, al'ummomi, da dai sauransu. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar na yanzu Farfesa Abdullahi Liman Tukur. Ya gaji daga karshe Mataimakin shugaban gwamnati wanda ya kare a watan Yunin 2019. Bayani 1.Jonathan renames Federal varsity, Yola". Vanguard News. 2011-08-05. Retrieved 2020-03-09. 2. Wakili, Abednego (2019-10-23). "Nigerian govt plans to convert MAUTECH to conventional university". EduCeleb. Retrieved 2021-05-25. 3. "10 universities of technology in Nigeria and their rankings". Pulse Nigeria. 2018-04-19. Retrieved 2020-03-09. 4. "About MAUTECH". mautech.edu.ng. Retrieved 2021-05-25. 5. "7-Business: Chevron build biotech centre in Nigeria". www.gene.ch. Retrieved 2020-03-09. 7. "VC's Profile". mautech.edu.ng. Retrieved 2021-05-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20150426070234/http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp https://web.archive.org/web/20100211204755/http://www. Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) .edu.ng index.html Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya Yola (FUTY) .edu.ng Jami'o'i a Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed translations jami'o'in Fasaha a Najeriya kwalejin Fasaha a
22140	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Denslow	Julie Denslow	Julie Sloan Denslow (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban, shekara ta 1942, Coral Gables, Florida) Ba'amurkiya ce mai ilimin tsirrai, masanin kimiyyar halittu da nazarin halittu. Ta girma a Kudancin Florida, kuma koyaushe tana son yanayi. Ta kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Coral Gables a shekara ta 1960. Ta ba da gudummawa ga fannin ilimin halittu ta hanyar ayyukanta tare da bincike kan yanayin halittu masu zafi. Tun da farko a cikin aikin ta, ta yi mahimmin lokaci a fagen a wurare masu zafi kamar Costa Rica da Panama, da kuma wurare masu yanayi a Louisiana. Sannan kuma daga baya a cikin aikinta ta fi aiki a ofis da aji, amma har ila yau ta cigaba da yini-lokaci a fagen. Ta mai da hankali kan binciken da ya shafi ilmin halittu na nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu lalacewa, da kuma tasirin halayen halittu da kuma murmurewa bayan rikice-rikice. Denslow kuma babban mai goyon bayan daidaiton jinsi ne a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta, yana turawa don samun wakilcin mata daidai a cikin bincike na wurare masu zafi da jagoranci yayin taron Kwamitin Jinsi na shekara ta 2007 tsakanin theungiyar ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Tropical and Conservation (ATBC). Babbar gudummawar da ta bayar ga binciken wurare masu zafi ita ce takardar ta "Raba Raba a tsakanin Bishiyoyi Masu Dazuzzuka na Tropical", wanda aka buga a 1980. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Tasiri a rayuwar farko Denslow ya sami tasirin duniyar ɗan adam tun yana ƙarami. Girma a Kudancin Florida, dangin ta sun ba da cikakken lokaci a waje. Ta girma kamun kifi da yin iyo tare da iyayenta da kuma usan uwanta a cikin Everglades da kuma Florida Keys A duk lokacin da take makarantar sakandare da kwaleji, ta taimaka wa ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri a Laboratory na UM Marine. Yayin da Denslow ke karatu a Kwalejin Oberlin, Rachel Carson ta buga Silent Spring, wanda ya ba da hasken illolin da mutane za su iya shafar yanayin. Ta girma da sanin cewa tana son samun aikin da zai mai da hankali kan yanayi da kiyayewa, amma ya kasance muhimmin abu ne yayin karatun kwatankwacin watanni 2 kan abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin halittun yankuna masu zafi a Costa Rica tare da forungiyar Nazarin Yankin Tropical cewa ta sami sha'awarta. don yanayin halittu na wurare masu zafi, kuma tana jin zata iya yin tasiri ga wannan fannin. 1964 AB Zoology, Kwalejin Oberlin, Oberlin, Ohio 1969 MS Biology, Jami'ar Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. 1978 Ph.D. Botany, Jami'ar Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Ayyuka Aikin gona a Unungiyar Rayayyun Halitta Denslow ya yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka a Cibiyar Tsibirin Tsibirin Fasifik a matsayin masanin ilmin binciken muhalli da kuma shugaban kungiyar Sashin Rayayyun Jari daga 1999-2007. Yayin da take aiki a wurin, ita da wasu gwanayen masana kimiyya sunyi nazari kan tasirin dazuzzuka na asali na Hawaii da sauran tsibirai na Pacific lokacin da aka gabatar da shuke-shuke masu banƙyama, kuma suka yi amfani da binciken su don taimakawa masu ba da shawara ga filaye da jama'a game da tasirin da ba ɗan asalin ƙasar ba. tsire-tsire na iya samun tsarin halittu na asali. Littattafai Raba Raba tsakanin Itatuwan dazuzzuka na Yankuna Na Yanayi Dogon aikin da ta yi a matsayinta na masaniyar kimiyya da karantarwa ya ba ta damar wallafa takardu da yawa, tare da mujallar Biotropica mai dauke da ayyukanta 11. Wadannan takaddun 11 kadai wasu masu bincike sun ambace su sosai, tare da ambato sama da 700 a cikin wasu takardu. Takardar ta "Raba Gap a tsakanin Bishiyoyin Tropical Rainforest Tree" shi kaɗai ke da kaso mai yawa na waɗannan, kuma an ambace su sama da sau 450 har zuwa na shekara ta 2016-wanda ya sa ta zama mafi takarda da aka ambata a tarihin Biotropica. Koyaya, takaddar ta game da rata tsakanin bishiyoyin dazuzzuka ita ce babbar sananniyar gudummawar ta a fagen ilimin yanayin yankuna masu zafi. An buga shi a cikin 1980 a cikin mujallar Biotropica. Wannan binciken ya maida hankali ne akan gibin da aka samu a dazuzzuka na wurare masu zafi lokacin da bishiyoyi suka faɗi, kuma aka nemi amsa yadda yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi zasu iya samun nasarar haihuwa a cikin waɗannan ratayoyin. Denslow yayi la’akari da cewa ya danganta da tsananin faɗuwar bishiyar, za a sanya rata ya fi girma ko ƙarami. Ta ba da shawarar cewa bishiyoyin dazuzzuka sun tsara dabaru don inganta nasarar haihuwa ta hanyar kirkirar wasu halaye na musamman wadanda ke kara saurin samun nasarar shuka da daukar mutane a cikin gibin faduwar bishiyoyi na wasu jeri-janare-wasu nau'ikan na iya amfani da kananan rata, yayin da wasu na iya amfani da manyan rata. Girman gibin yana shafar wasu dalilai da yawa a cikin nasarar shuka, kamar adadin haske, zafi, da yanayin zafi. Wannan 'raba' bishiyar furewar itace na karfafa banbanci da kuma zama tare da jinsunan bishiyar dazuzzuka, saboda kowane jinsi ya fi dacewa da takamaiman microclimate. Sauran Muhimman Bincike 1985 Denslow, JS Rarraba-matsakaiciyar zaman rayuwar jinsuna. shafi. 307-323 A cikin: STA Pickett da PS White (eds. Ilimin Halitta na Rashin Tsarin Halitta da Dwarewar atchira. Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi, Orlando, Florida. 1987 Denslow, JS Tropical Treefall Gaps da Bambance-bambancen Bishiyoyi. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 18: 431-451. 1990 Denslow, JS, J. Schultz, PM Vitousek, B. rainarfafawa. Amsoshin girma na shrubs na wurare masu zafi zuwa yanayin rarar bishiyar. Lafiyar Qasa 71: 165-179. 1990 JS Denslow da AE Gomez D. Ruwan sama na iri zuwa gibin bishiyoyi a cikin gandun dajin neotropical. Iya. J. Bincike na Gandun daji 20: 642-648. 1996 Chazdon, RL, RK Colwell, JS Denslow, da M. Guariguata. Hanyoyin ilimin kididdiga don kimanta wadatar halittu a cikin gandun daji na farko dana sakandare na NE Costa Rica. A cikin: Aunawa da Kula da Bambancin Ilimin Halitta: Cibiyar Sadarwar Kasa da Kasa ta Makircin Dabino, Smithsonian Institution Press, A latsa. Takardar rubutu 1978 JS Denslow. Matsayi na biyu a cikin gandun dajin Colombian: Dabarun mayar da martani ga nau'ikan halittu a cikin wani tudu. Ph. D. Takardun, Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison Àaa1988 JS Denslow da C. Padoch (eds. Mutanen Dajin Yankin Damina. U. na California Press, Berkeley da Los Angeles, 225 pp. Ganewa Julie S. Denslow Kyauta Mujallar ilimin halittu na wurare masu zafi Biotropica ta amince da gudummawar binciken Denslow a fagen ta hanyar sanya kyautan Julie S. Denslow a shekara ta 2015. A baya ana kiranta Award for Excellence in Tropical Biology and Conservation, tun shekara ta 2000 ana ba ta kowace shekara ga mai binciken wanda ya buga fitacciyar takarda a cikin mujallar a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Ana ƙaddara masu karɓa bisa ga takaddun da aka gabatar a bayyane, tare da kyakkyawan ƙirar ƙira, wanda ke ba da damar sababbin masarufi game da abubuwan da ke tasiri cikin matakai daban-daban a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai zafi. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
28216	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia%20E.%20Rosenzweig	Cynthia E. Rosenzweig	Cynthia E. Rosenzweig (née Ropes) (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) ƙwararriyar agronomist ce kuma masanin yanayi a NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, dake Jami'ar Columbia, "wanda kuma ya taimaka majagaba wajen nazarin canjin yanayi da aikin gona." Tana da wallafe-wallafe sama da 300, sama da labaran 80 da aka bita na tsara, ta rubuta ko ta gyara littattafai takwas. Ta kuma yi aiki a kungiyoyi daban-daban da ke aiki don samar da tsare-tsare don gudanar da sauyin yanayi, a matakin duniya tare da IPCC da kuma a birnin New York bayan guguwar Sandy. Ilimi da aikin ilimi Rosenzweig ta halarci Kwalejin Cook (a Jami'ar Rutgers) tana samun digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar aikin gona a shekarar 1980. Rosenzweig ta mai da hankali kan aikin noma ya fara ne a 1969, lokacin da ita da mijinta na gaba suka yi hayar da aikin gona a Tuscany, Italiya, suna ɗaukar inabi da zaitun da kiwon dabbobi kamar awaki, alade, agwagi, da geese. Ta yanke shawarar komawa jami'a don karatun aikin gona, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa da amfanin gona daga Jami'ar Rutgers a shekarar 1983. A lokacin karatunta na Masters, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ta ɗauke ta aiki don karantar amfanin gona ta hanyar amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam. Sannan ta samu Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Massachusetts Amherst a cikin Shuka, Ƙasa da Kimiyyar Muhalli a 1991. Ta ci gaba da aiki da NASA, inda ta kasance shugabar Ƙungiyar Tasirin Yanayi tun 1993. Aikinta tare da IPCC Task Force on Data An gane lokacin da aka ba da kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2007 tare da Al Gore da IPCC. Har ila yau, a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin babban farfesa a Kwalejin Barnard kuma ita ce Babban Masanin Kimiyyar Bincike a Cibiyar Duniya a Jami'ar Columbia. Haɗin Kan Al'umma da Shawarwari Yayin da yake a Cibiyar Nazarin Sararin Samaniya ta NASA da Columbia ta Goddard, Rosenzweig ta fara nazarin tasirin sauyin yanayi kan aikin gona da biranen ɗan adam. Ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin aiki da yawa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tantancewa da kafa tsare-tsare don gudanar da canjin yanayi, gami da: Co-Chair, New York City Panel on Climate Change Jagoran Co-Shugaba, Ƙimar Yankin Gabas ta Gabas na Ƙimar Ƙimar Ƙasa ta Amurka game da Mahimman Sakamakon Saɓani da Sauyi, wanda Shirin Bincike na Canjin Duniya na Amurka ya dauki nauyin. Marubucin Jagorar Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Aiki ta IPCC II Rahoton Ƙiyya ta Hudu ("Babin Canje-canje" da aka lura) Marubucin Jagorar Gudanarwa na Rahoton Musamman na IPCC akan Canjin Yanayi da Ƙasa Memba, Rukunin Aiki na IPCC akan Bayanai da Halittu don Tasiri da Ƙimar Yanayi Editan Co-Edita, Rahoton Farko na UCCRN akan Canjin Yanayi da Garuruwa (ARC3). Memba na Kwamitin Birnin New York akan Canjin Yanayi. Co-kafa kuma memba na Kwamitin Zartaswa na Aikin Noma Model Intercomparison and Inprovement Project (AgMIP) Labarai Ana iya samun bayyani na binciken Rosenzweig a bayanan Google Scholar dinta. Ana iya samun cikakken jerin wallafe-wallafenta daga littafin tarihinta a gidan yanar gizon NASA Goodard Institute for Space Studies. Rosenzweig, C.; Parry, M. L. (1994). "Irin tasirin sauyin yanayi kan samar da abinci a duniya". Yanayi. 367 (6459): 133. Bibcode:1994Natur.367..133R. doi:10.1038/367133a0. S2CID 4320662. C.L. Rosenzweig M.L. Parry, "Cujin Yanayi da Noma", 1990 Rosenzweig, C.; Karoli, D.; Vicarelli, M.; Neofotis, P.; Wu, Q.; Kasa, G.; Menzel, A.; Tushen, T. L.; Estrella, N.; Seguin, B.; Tryjanowski, P.; Liu, C.; Rawlin, S.; Imeson, A. (2008). "Bayyana tasirin jiki da na halitta ga canjin yanayi na ɗan adam". Yanayi. 453 (7193): 353-357. Littafi Mai Tsarki:2008Natur.453..353R. doi:10.1038/nature06937. PMID 18480817. S2CID 2774470. Testimony before Congress, Afrilu 17, 2007. Kyauta Fellow na Guggenheim Kyautar Daraja ta GSFC Kimiyya (2011) GISS Mafi Kyautar Bugawa (2009) Kyautar Daraja ta GSFC Nasarar Kimiyyar Duniya (2007) Fellow, Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya (2006) Sunanta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 10 na Nature: Mutane Goma waɗanda suka Mahimmanci a cikin 2012" ta mujallar Nature
13333	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Maher	Katherine Maher	Katherine Roberts Maher /m r an haife ta a Afrilu 18, 1983) ita ce shugabar zartarwa da kuma mai-gudanarwar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, ta rike matsayin tun Yuni 2016. A baya ta kasance babban jami’ar sadarwa. Tana da asali a fagen ilimantarwa da fasahar sadarwa kuma ta yi aiki a bangarorin da ba na riba ba, da na kasa da kasa, tana mai maida hankali kan amfani da fasaha don karfafa hakkin dan adam da ci gaban kasa da kasa. Farkon rayuwa da karatu Maher ta girma ne a Wilton, Connecticut kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Wilton. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, Maher ta kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Koyon Harshen Larabci na Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira a shekarar 2003, wanda ta ce kwarewa ce mai zurfi da ta sanya soyayya mai zurfin gaske a zuciyarta ga Gabas ta Tsakiya Maher daga bayan nan tayi karatu a Institut français d’études arabes de Damas a Siriya kuma ta kwashe lokaci a Lebanon da Tunisiya A 2005, Maher ta sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar New York akan Gabas ta Tsakiya da Nazarin Addinin Islama. Aiki Bayan horarwa a Ma'aikatan Harkokin Waje da Eurasia Group, a 2005 Maher ta fara aiki a HSBC a London, Jamus, da Kanada a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen ci gaban manaja su na duniya. A 2007, Maher ta koma New York City inda daga 2007 zuwa 2010 ta yi aiki a UNICEF a matsayin jami'ar ƙirkira da sadarwa. Ta yi aiki don inganta amfani da fasaha don inganta rayuwar mutane da tafiya mai yawa don yin aiki kan batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiyar mahaifiyar, rigakafin cutar kanjamau, da sa hannun matasa a cikin fasahar. Ofaya daga cikin ayyukan ta na farko a UNICEF ya haɗa da gwada fa'idodin MediaWiki da suka danganci isa a Habasha Wani aikin ya sami USAid Development 2.0 Challenge yana ba da kuɗi don yin aiki a kan amfani da wayoyin hannu don saka idanu akan abinci mai gina jiki a cikin yara a Malawi Daga 2010 zuwa 2011, Maher ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Koyar da Siyasa ta Kasa a matsayin Jami'in Shirin ICT, tana aiki a fagen bayanai da fasahar sadarwa (ICT). Daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2013, Maher ta yi aiki a Bankin Duniya a matsayin kwararre kan ilimin kere-kere na ICT da kuma yin shawarwari kan fasaha don ci gaban kasa da dimokiradiyya, tare da yin aiki da ICT don daukar nauyi da gudanar da mulki tare da mai da hankali kan rawar da wayoyin hannu da sauran fasahohi wajen sauƙaƙa ƙungiyoyin jama'a da sake fasalin cibiyoyi, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Ta rubuta wani babi a kan "Yin Hanyar Hannun Gwamnati" na wani littafin bankin duniya wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Bayanai da Sadarwa don Ci gaban 2012: Rage Waya. A shekara ta 2012 an lura da shafin Twitter na Maher game da batutuwan da suka shafi Gabas ta Tsakiya saboda yaduwar Yankin Arabiya Daga 2013 zuwa 2014, Maher itace darektan bayar da shawarwari a Washington, DC a Access Now A wani bangare na wannan aikin, ta mayar da hankali ne kan tasirin mutane game da tsaro ta yanar gizo, halin kirki, da kuma bata sunan jihar da ke kara yin katsalandan tare da rage rashin yarda. Samun dama alama ce ta sanarwa ta 'Yancin Yanar Gizo Gidauniyar Wikimedia Maher ta kasance babbar jami'ar sadarwa na Wikimedia Foundation tun daga April 2014 har zuwa March 2016. The Washington Post sun zanta da ita akan United States copyright law. Maher ta zama executive director na Wikimedia Foundation a Maris 2016 bayan barin aikin tsohuwar executive director Lila Tretikov Kuma an zabe ta executive director a yuni 2016. Jimm wales ya sanar da zaben ta, a 24 Yuni 2016 a Wikimania 2016 a Esino Lario, Italy, ta fara aiki tun a 23, 2016. Maher ta bayyana cewa tana mai da hankali kan hada hadar dijital ta duniya a zaman wata hanyar inganta da kare hakkokin mutane game da bayanai ta hanyar fasaha. Girmamawa A 2013, The Diplomatic Courier sun sanya sunan Maher a cikin 99 na mutane manyan masu jagoranci ƙwararru na manufofin ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 33. Jagoranci 2011: Matasa don Fasaha Fasaha, Memba na kwamitin Shekarar 2013: Truman na Tsaron Kasa, ,an Siyasa, Securityungiyar Tsaro na ƙasa, da ellowan Researchungiyar Bincike, Democraungiyoyin Dimokuradiyya Rightsancin Dan Adam 2013: Asusun Kasuwancin Fasaha, Memba Kwamitin Ba da Shawara Shekarar 2016: Taron tattalin arzikin duniya, Memba, Majalisar Duniyar Duniya kan makomar 'yancin dan adam 2018: Wikidata UK Hackathon, magana a gidan Newspeak 2018: Kungiyar Oxford, akan Fasaha da Masarauta 2019: Taron Duniya na Matasan Duniya Matasa Jagoran Duniya Rayuwar ta Maher tushenta a San Francisco, California. Tana jin Turanci, Larabci, Faransanci, da Jamusanci. Duba kuma Jerin mutanen Wikipedia Manazarta Ayyuka da wallafe-wallafe Maher, Katherine (December 2010). Yaƙe-yaƙe na Abinci Nick Cullather's Duniyar yunwar: Yakin Amurka na Cold War da ke fama da talauci a Asiya Littattafai Maher, Katherine (March 21, 2011). "SXSW Festival yana ɗaukar amfani da fasaha don amfani da fasaha don tasirin zamantakewa" The Guardian Maher, Katherine (August 17, 2012). "Shin theididdigar Yankin Yakin Cyber ya Exparu zuwa Bankuna da Kasashe Masu Yankin Ne?" Tekun Atlantika Raja, Siddhartha; Melhem, Samia; Cruse, Matthew; Goldstein, Joshua; Maher, Katherine; Minges, Michael; Surya, Priya (August 2012). "Babi na 6: Yin Motar Gwamnati" (PDF) Bayanai da Sadarwa don Ci gaban 2012: Rarraba Wayar hannu Washington, DC: Bankin Duniya. pp. 87-101. doi 10.1596 9780821389911_ch06 ISBN Raja, Siddhartha; Melhem, Samia; Cruse, Matthew; Goldstein, Joshua; Maher, Katherine; Minges, Michael; Surya, Priya (August 2012). Raja, Siddhartha; Melhem, Samia; Cruse, Matthew; Goldstein, Joshua; Maher, Katherine; Minges, Michael; Surya, Priya (August 2012). OCLC 895048866 Maher, Katherine; York, Jillian C. (2013). "Asalin Yanar gizo na Tunisiya" A cikin Hussain, Muzammil M Howard, Philip N. (eds.). Powerarfin renchasa 2.0: ritarfin ritarfin andancin andasa da agearfafa Siyasa a Duniya Burlington, VT: Kungiyar wallafa Ashgate. ISBN Maher, Katherine; York, Jillian C. (2013). Maher, Katherine; York, Jillian C. (2013). OCLC 940726016 Maher, Katherine (February 25, 2013). "Sabon gidan yanar gizon New Westphalian: makomar Intanet na iya zama a da. Kuma wannan ba abu bane mai kyau" Harkokin waje An makale daga asalin a ranar Maris 5, 2015. Maher, Katherine (March 19, 2014). "A'a, Amurka ba 'Ba da Gudanar da Kula da Intanet' ba Siyasa Maher, Katherine (December 5, 2016). "Taron Dukkan Ilmi" (Bidiyo) Tattaunawar Google Maher, Katherine (October 4, 2017). "Yadda Wikipedia ta canza Canjin Ilimi (Kuma Inda Zai Ci gaba)" Forbes Maher, Katherine (October 17, 2017). "Shin Wikipedia zata wanzu ne a Shekaru 20?" (Bidiyo) Berkman Klein Cibiyar Intanet da Society a Jami'ar Harvard Haɗin waje Katherine Maher na Wikipedia Katherine (WMF) a Meta Katherine Maher a Twitter Bayyanuwa a C-SPAN Ma'aikatan
29840	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datti%20da%20sharar%20gida	Datti da sharar gida	[[File:Mixed_municipal_waste.JPG\|right\|thumb\| Mixed sharar gida, Hiriya, Sharar gida (MSW), wanda aka fi sani da sharar gida ko datti a Amurka da kuma shara a Biritaniya, nau'in sharar gida ne da ke kunshe da abubuwan yau da kullun da jama'a ke zubarwa. "Sharar" kuma na iya nufin musamman ga sharar abinci, kamar yadda a cikin zubar da datti su biyun wani lokaci ana tattara su daban. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, ma'anar ita ce 'haɗe-haɗe da sharar gari,' da aka ba da lambar sharar gida mai lamba 20 03 01 a cikin ƙasidar shara ta Turai. Ko da yake sharar na iya samo asali ne daga wurare da yawa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da gundumomi, rawar da ƙananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen tattarawa da sarrafa irin waɗannan sharar sun haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idoji na birni. Abun ciki Abubuwan da ke tattare da sharar gida sun bambanta sosai daga gundumomi zuwa gundumomi, kuma yana canzawa sosai da lokaci. A cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda ke da ingantaccen tsarin sake amfani da sharar, ruwan sharar ya ƙunshi sharar da ba za a iya jurewa ba kamar fim ɗin filastik da kayan marufi da ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba. A farkon karni na 20, yawancin sharar gida (53%) a cikin Burtaniya sun ƙunshi tokar kwal daga bude wuta. A cikin yankunan da suka ci gaba ba tare da gagarumin aikin sake yin amfani da su ba, galibi sun haɗa da sharar abinci, sharar kasuwa, sharar gida, kwantena na filastik da kayan marufi, da sauran tarkace daban-daban daga wuraren zama, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi, da masana'antu. Yawancin ma'anar ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari ba su haɗa da sharar masana'antu, sharar aikin gona, sharar aikin gona, sharar rediyo, sharar rediyo ko sludge na najasa. Gundumar tana gudanar da tattara shara a cikin wani yanki da aka bayar. Kalmar sharar gida tana da alaƙa da sharar da aka bari daga tushen gida mai ɗauke da kayan da ba a raba ko aika don sarrafa su ba. Ana iya rarraba sharar gida ta hanyoyi da yawa, amma jeri mai zuwa yana wakiltar rarrabuwa na yau da kullun: Kamar haka Sharar da za a iya lalacewa abinci da sharar kicin, sharar kore, takarda (mafi yawan za a iya sake yin fa'ida, kodayake ana iya cire wasu abubuwan da ke da wuyar takin shuka Recyclable kayan: takarda, kwali, gilashin, kwalabe, kwalba, gwangwani gwangwani, aluminum gwangwani, aluminum tsare, karafa, wasu robobi, textiles, tufafi, taya, batura, da dai sauransu. Sharar gida mara aiki: sharar gini da rushewa, datti, duwatsu, tarkace Sharar gida da lantarki WEEE kayayyaki, fitilu, injin wanki, TV, kwamfuta, fuska, wayar hannu, agogon ƙararrawa, agogo da dai sauransu. Sharar gida: kayan sharar gida, Tetra Kunshin abinci da kwandunan sha, robobin sharar gida kamar kayan wasan yara da kayan lambu na filastik Sharar gida mai haɗari ciki har da mafi yawan fenti, sinadarai, taya, batura, kwararan fitila, na'urorin lantarki, fitilu masu kyalli, gwangwani aerosol, da taki Sharar gida mai guba ciki har da magungunan kashe qwari, herbicides, da fungicides Sharar lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, magungunan magunguna da suka ƙare, da sauransu. Misali, sharar gida na yau da kullun a cikin kasar Sin yana kunshe da ragowar abinci kimanin 55.9%, takarda 8.5%, robobi 11.2%, yadi 3.2%, sharar itace 2.9%, roba 0.8%, da 18.4% wadanda ba sa konewa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na sarrafa shara Masana'antar datti na birni tana da abubuwa huɗu: sake yin amfani da su, takin gargajiya, zubarwa, da sharar-zuwa makamashi ta hanyar ƙonewa. Babu wata hanya ɗaya da za a iya amfani da ita wajen sarrafa duk magudanan sharar gida, don haka Hukumar Kare Muhalli, wata hukumar gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka, ta ƙirƙiro dabarun matsayi na manyan sharar gida. Matsayin kula da sharar ya ƙunshi matakai huɗu da aka ba da umarnin daga mafi fifiko zuwa mafi ƙarancin hanyoyin da aka fi so dangane da ingancin muhallinsu: Rage tushe da sake amfanida su, ko sauya su; sannan subsake yin amfani da su ko takin gargajiya; dawo da makamashi magani da zubarwa. Tarin Abubuwan da ke aiki na tarin sun haɗa da ba wai kawai tattara datti da kayan da za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba, har ma da jigilar waɗannan kayan, bayan tattarawa, zuwa wurin da aka kwashe abin hawa. Wannan wurin yana iya zama wurin sarrafa kayan, tashar canja wuri ko wurin zubar da shara ko tarkace. Gudanar da sharar gida da rabuwa, ajiya da sarrafawa a tushen Gudanar da sharar gida da rabuwa sun haɗa da ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da sarrafa sharar har sai an sanya sharar a cikin kwantena don tarawa. Har ila yau, kulawa ya ƙunshi motsin kwantena masu lodi zuwa wurin tattarawa. Rarraba nau'ikan abubuwan sharar gida daban-daban wani muhimmin mataki ne a cikin kulawa da adana datti a tushen tarin. Rarrabewa da sarrafawa da kuma canza shekar datti Nau'o'in hanyoyi da wuraren da ake amfani da su a yanzu don dawo da kayan sharar da aka raba a tushen sun haɗa da wuraren tattarawa ('kerbyside' a cikin Burtaniya), wuraren ajiyewa da kuma sayayya. Rabewa da sarrafa sharar da aka raba a madogararsa da kuma raba dazuzzuka yakan faru ne a wurin dawo da kayan aiki, tashoshin canja wuri, wuraren kone-kone da kuma cibiyoyin magani. Canja wuri da sufuri Wannan kashi ya ƙunshi manyan matakai guda biyu (2). Na farko, ana canja wurin sharar daga ƙaramin abin hawa zuwa manyan kayan sufuri. Daga nan ana jigilar sharar, yawanci ta nisa mai nisa, zuwa wurin sarrafawa ko zubarwa. zubarwa A yau, zubar da sharar gida ta hanyar cika ƙasa ko shimfida ƙasa shine ƙarshen ƙarshen duk ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, ko sharar gida ne da aka tattara kuma ana kai su kai tsaye zuwa wurin sharar gida, ragowar kayan daga wuraren dawo da kayan (MRFs), ragowar daga konewar datti, takin, ko wasu abubuwa daga wurare daban-daban na sarrafa shara. Wurin tsafta na zamani ba juji ba ne; wani injin injiniya ne da ake amfani da shi don zubar da datti a cikin ƙasa ba tare da haifar da lahani ko haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ko aminci ba, kamar matsalolin kwari da gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa Sake amfani da shi A cikin 'yan shekarun nan ƙungiyoyi masu fafutukar muhalli, irin su Freegle ko Freecycle Network, suna samun karɓuwa don sake amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar su na kan layi. Waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa suna ba da rajistar kan layi na abubuwan da ba a so waɗanda ba za a jefar da su ba, don daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai don sake amfani da su ko sake yin fa'ida. Don haka, wannan sabis na tushen Intanet kyauta yana rage gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma yana haɓaka tattalin arzikin kyauta Wuraren shara Ana yin zubar da ƙasa ta hanyar zubar da ƙasa. Hanyoyin zubar da ƙasa sun bambanta, galibi ya haɗa da zubar da shara da yawa zuwa wani wuri da aka keɓe, yawanci rami ko tudu. Bayan an zubar da sharar, sai a hada shi da manyan injuna. Lokacin da tantanin da ake zubarwa ya cika, sai a “rufe shi” da takardar filastik kuma a rufe shi da datti da yawa. Wannan ita ce hanyar farko ta jibgewa a cikin Amurka saboda ƙarancin farashi da yalwar ƙasar da ba a yi amfani da ita a Arewacin ƙasar Amurka. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta ke tsara wuraren kissar ƙasa a cikin Amurka, wanda ke aiwatar da ƙa'idodin da aka bayar a cikin Dokar Kula da Albarkatun Albarkatun ƙasa, kamar buƙatun layin da ruwa na ƙasa. Wannan shi ne saboda zubar da ƙasa yana haifar da barazanar ƙazanta kuma yana iya gurɓata ruwan ƙasa. Kamfanoni masu zubar da ruwa suna rufe alamun gurɓatawa yadda ya kamata kuma galibi yana da wuya a ga wata shaida. Galibi wuraren zubar da ƙasa suna kewaye da manyan bango ko shingen da ke ɓoye tudun tarkace. Ana fesa adadin warin sinadari mai yawa a cikin iskar da ke kewaye da wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don ɓoye shaidar ruɓewar da ke cikin shukar. Ƙarfafa makamashi Za a iya amfani da dattin na birni don samar da makamashi saboda abun ciki na lipid da ke cikinsa. Yawancin samfuran MSW za a iya canza su zuwa makamashi mai tsabta idan ana iya isa ga abun ciki na lipid da amfani. An haɓaka fasahohi da yawa waɗanda ke sa aikin MSW don samar da makamashi ya zama mafi tsabta kuma mafi tattalin arziƙi fiye da kowane lokaci, gami da kama iskar gas, konewa, pyrolysis, gasification, da iskar gas <i id="mwsw">na</i> plasma Yayin da tsofaffin tsare-tsare masu ƙona sharar suka fitar da gurɓataccen abu, sauye-sauyen tsari na kwanan nan da sabbin fasahohi sun rage wannan damuwa sosai. Dokokin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) a cikin shekarun 1995 da 2000 karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace sun yi nasarar rage fitar da dioxins daga wuraren sharar gida zuwa makamashi da fiye da kashi 99 cikin 100 a kasa da matakan a shekarata 1990, yayin da hayakin mercury ya ragu da sama da 90. kashi dari. web\|url=http://www.eesi.org/files/eesi_msw_issuebrief_072109.pdf\|title=Environmental and Energy Study Institute Issue Brief}}</ref> EPA ta lura da waɗannan haɓakawa a cikin shekarar 2003, suna ambaton sharar gida-zuwa makamashi a matsayin tushen wutar lantarki "tare da ƙarancin tasirin muhalli fiye da kowane tushen wutar lantarki The EPA noted these improvements in 2003, citing waste-to-energy as a power source "with less environmental impact than almost any other source of electricity". Duba sauran abubuwa Category: Sharar gida Garbology (nazarin sharar zamani da shara) Jerin gajerun sarrafa shara MSW/LFG (sharar gida da iskar gas Methanol man #Tarihi da samarwa Najasa Gudanar da sharar gida Rage sharar gida Kasuwancin sharar duniya Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Shara Muhalli Datti America Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
34321	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Kasar%20Djibouti	Hakkin Dan Adam a Kasar Djibouti	Batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Djibouti, ƙaramar ƙasa da ke cikin yankin kahon Afirka, wani lamari ne da ke damun ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama. Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2019 ya nuna cewa muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi 'yancin ɗan adam na Djibouti sun haɗa da: kisan gilla da jami'an gwamnati suka yi ba bisa ka'ida ba; tsarewar jami'an gwamnati ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanayin gidan yari mai tsanani da barazanar rai; tsangwama na sabani ko ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da keɓantawa; kame ko gurfanar da 'yan jarida ba tare da hakki ba; Laifin laifi; babban tsangwama ga haƙƙin taron lumana da ƴancin ƙungiyoyi; manyan ayyuka na cin hanci da rashawa; da cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata tare da rashin isassun matakan gwamnati don gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya da hukunta su, gami da yi wa mata kaciya. Ta kuma bayyana cewa rashin hukunta shi matsala ce, inda ba kasafai gwamnati ke daukar matakan ganowa tare da hukunta jami’an da suka aikata munanan laifuka, walau a jami’an tsaro ko kuma a wasu wurare a cikin gwamnati. Tarihi (1977-2006) da yanayin siyasa A shekarar 1977 ne Djibouti ta samu 'yancin kai daga Faransa, bayan da kashi 98.8% na al'ummar kasar suka kada kuri'ar raba gardama a zaben raba gardama Hassan Gouled Aptidon ya zama shugaban kasa kuma an ayyana jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa, the People's Rally for Progress, a matsayin jam'iyyar doka tilo a shekarar 1981. Ta kasance tana da iko tun daga lokacin, karkashin Aptidon har zuwa shekarar 1999, da Isma'il Omar Guelleh daga baya. Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Djibouti tun shekarar 1977 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1 Gwamnatin Aptidon (1977-1999) Da'awar tsare siyasa da azabtarwa sun fara kusan nan da nan bayan 'yancin kai. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1977, an kama wasu magoya bayan jam'iyyar adawa Mouvement populaire de liberation goma sha bakwai tare da azabtar da su. A cikin 1978, ɗalibai goma sha biyar, waɗanda suka ziyarci karatunsu a ƙasashen waje a Paris, an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin watanni a kurkuku kuma an ba da rahoton azabtarwa saboda labaran da ƙungiyar ɗalibansu ta rubuta a Faransa. Bayan wani hari da makami a shekarar 1979 a Randa, an tsare 'yan Afara sittin kuma akalla daya ya mutu sakamakon azabtarwa. An yi iƙirarin cewa an kama da yawa saboda kasancewarsu na ƙungiyar Mouvement populaire de liberation. Bayan wani yunkurin kisan gilla da aka yi wa Daraktan Tsaro a watan Yunin 1979 (wanda Amnesty International ta ce ana shakkar gaskiyarsa), an tsare da azabtar da masu adawa da siyasa tara, ciki har da mataimakan majalisa biyu. Daya daga cikin wadannan Mohamed Houmed Mohamed ya taba gabatar da jawabin majalisar dokokin kasar inda ya yi tir da yadda gwamnati ke azabtar da mutane. A cikin watan Agustan shekarar 1981 jam'iyyar Parti populair Djiboutien ta nemi amincewa da doka a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa. A farkon watan Satumba sun fitar da sanarwarsu ta farko, kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba an kama dukkan mambobin kwamitin zartarwa goma sha uku, ciki har da 'yan majalisa shida. Cikin wadanda ake tsare da su akwai Mohamed Houmed Mohamed. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mambobin sun tsere daga kasar bayan an sako su, amma an sake tsare su da azabtar da su bayan sun dawo daga gudun hijira. Hanyoyin azabtarwa da aka ruwaito a karkashin Aptidon sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga): duka mai tsanani; hawan ruwa konewa; yage daga farce; wutar lantarki; tsayin daka ga hayaki wanda ke haifar da kusan asphyxiation; "The Swing", wanda aka dakatar da wanda aka azabtar da shi daga mashaya ta idon sawunsa; da sanya kwalabe a cikin dubura. Gwamnatin Guellah (1999-) Aptidon ya sanar da yin murabus a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1999 kuma jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta zabi Ismaïl Omar Guelleh a matsayin dan takararsu na shugaban kasa. Ya lashe zaben da aka yi a watan Afrilu da hannu, da kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na shugaban kasa, Moussa Ahmed Idriss mai zaman kansa. An kama Idriss ne a watan Satumba mai zuwa saboda "barazana da kwarin gwiwar sojojin kasar" kuma an tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a bayyana ba. Jam'iyyar People's Rally for Progress ta ci gaba da mamaye harkokin siyasa a karkashin gwamnatin Guellah, inda ta yi amfani da wani tsari na musamman na farko-farko, wanda mafi rinjaye a kowane gundumomi biyar na zaben kasar ke rike da dukkan kujeru. Don haka, a zaben Majalisar Dokokin kasar na 2003, kawancen ya karbi dukkan kujeru 65 da kashi 62% na kuri'un da aka kada. Jam’iyyun adawa sun kaurace wa zaben na 2005 da shekarar 2008. A shekara ta 2008, shugaba Guellah ya ba da sanarwar rusa jam'iyyar adawa ta Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development jam'iyyar. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2010, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kwaskwarima, inda aka cire wa'adin wa'adi biyu, tare da baiwa Guelleh damar ci gaba da wa'adinsa na shugaban kasa. A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2010, an yanke wa babban attajirin nan na Djibouti, kuma tsohon abokin shugaban kasar, Abdourahman Boreh, hukuncin <i id="mwAWE">daurin</i> rai-da-rai saboda ta'addanci. Ba shi da lauya mai kare shi kuma ya kasance yana niyyar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2007-) 'Yancin magana Duka manyan jaridun La Nation de Djibouti da mai watsa shirye-shirye Radiodiffusion Télévision de Djibouti gwamnati ce ke sarrafa su. Jaridar 'yan adawa ta Le Renouveau ta daina aiki a shekara ta 2007 bayan buga labarin da ke cewa wani dan kasuwa ya ba wa surukin Ismail Omar Guelleh cin hanci, gwamnan babban bankin Djibouti. A ranar 2 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2009, an kama Ahmed Darar Robleh, kuma daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni shida a gidan yari saboda rubuta wakokin sukar shugaban kasa. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 gwamnati ta kame da yawa daga cikin 'yan adawar siyasa, ciki har da mutane shida da ke ba da rahoto ga gidan rediyon Turai, La Voix de Djibouti. Wadannan sun hada da Farah Abadid Heldid da Houssein Robleh Dabar, wadanda aka sake su bayan watanni hudu amma aka sake kama su a watan Nuwamba. 'Yancin addini Freedom House ta yi ikirarin cewa ana mutunta 'yancin yin ibada a kassar. Tsarin doka Djibouti ta soke hukuncin kisa a watan Afrilun shekarar 2010. Tsarin shari'a na ƙasar ya dogara ne akan tsarin farar hula na Faransa, tare da shari'ar Shari'a da ke tafiyar da al'amuran iyali. Kame ba bisa ka'ida ba Ko da yake doka ta haramta kama kama, ƙungiyoyi na uku suna da'awar cewa ba a mutunta wannan haƙƙin ba. Jami’an tsaro na yawan kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba. Jean-Paul Noel Abdi, shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Djibouti, an kama shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011 bayan ya ba da rahoto kan zanga-zangar 'yan adawa dangane da rikicin Larabawa a farkon wannan watan. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, bai goyi bayan zanga-zangar da kansu ba amma ya nuna adawa da abin da ya bayyana a matsayin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga baya an sake shi bisa dalilan lafiya amma har yanzu ana tuhumar sa. Azaba Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta azabtarwa. Sai dai rahotannin amfani da shi na ci gaba da kwarara zuwa kasashen waje. An kama karuwai ta hanyar mataimakan squads, kuma fyade ya kasance wani sharadi na sakewa. Ana samun rahotannin ‘yan sanda suna dukan fursunonin lokaci-lokaci. Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta yi ikirarin cewa Dirir Ibrahim Bouraleh ya mutu ne sakamakon raunukan da Sajan Manjo Abdourahman Omar Said ya yi masa daga ranar 23 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2011. Yanayin gidan yari Djibouti na da gidan yari guda daya Gabode a birnin Djibouti da kuma wasu kananan gidajen yari. An ba da rahoton cewa yanayi a cikin tsarin ya kasance "mai tsanani". Duk da yawan cunkoso, fursunonin na Gabode suna ciyar da abinci sau uku a rana kuma suna samun kulawar lafiya. An yi la'akari da yanayi a cikin gidajen yari mafi muni, ba tare da tsarin kulawa ba. Gwamnati ce ke ba masu gadi horo game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. 'Yan tsiraru da 'yancin mata A cewar Freedom House, tsirarun kungiyoyin kamar Yemeniyawa da Afarwa na fuskantar wariya. Kaciyar mata ya zama ruwan dare. Daidaito, duk da haka, yana samun ci gaba; sama da kashi 50% na alkalai yanzu mata ne. Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Djibouti game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka. Duba kuma Fataucin mutane a Djibouti Bayanan kula 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a shekarar 2009, da sauransu. 2. Tun daga ranar 27 ga watan Yuni (Ranar 'Yancin Kai) a 1977; 1 Janairu bayan haka. 3. Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 na gaba ya shafi rabin na biyu na shekarar 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahotanni Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2011 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Rahoton Haƙƙin ɗan Adam na 2010 na Amnesty International (kuma ana samunsa cikin Larabci Faransanci, da Sipaniya 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2011 ta Freedom House Ƙungiyoyin duniya Djibouti a Amnesty International (kuma ana samun su a cikin Larabci Faransanci da Sipaniya Djibouti a Human Rights Watch Djibouti a FIDH (Ƙarin bayani akan rukunin Faransa Djibouti a ofishin hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR) Djibouti a UNICEF Djibouti a International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) (kuma ana samunsa cikin Faransanci Kungiyoyin kasa Ligue Djiboutienne des Droits Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
41832	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Daura	Tarihin Daura	Tarihin Daura Gabatarwa A sanin kowa ne cewar, kowace al'umma da kuma kowace kasa a duniya nan tamu, tana da tarihin asalin kafuwarta, al'adunta da kuma dabi'unta wadanda take alfahari da su. Su ne kuma suke bambanta kasa ko al'umma da waninta. Ta hanyar ilmin tarihi da al'adu da dabi'un kasa ne ake sanin mashahuran mutanen kowace kasa, da kuma irin gudunmuwar da suka bayar wajen daukaka martabar kasarsu ko al'ummarsu, har sun kai fagen zama ababen koyi ga na bayansu. Har ma ta kai ana yin misali da halayen da dabi'un da suka bari don amfanin ya'yannsu da jikokinsu. Masana tarihivbda al'adu da kuma dabi'u na kowacce kasa ko al'umma, yawanci sukan yi amfani ne da kuma tabbatar da sahihancin abin da za su bayyana dangane da tarihin ko al'adun al'umma ko kuma dabi'unta. Yawancin hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su sune: Na daya, hanyar "Kunne ya gimi-kaka". Wato tarihin baka, irin na wane yaji ga wane, shi kuma ya fada wa wane. Hanya ta biyu, ita ce alamu na zahiri' da za a iya dogara dasu wajen tabbatar da kumakasancewar kasar ko dabi'unta ko kuma al'adunta. Wadanda sun hada da abubuwa kamar su gine-ginen mutanen kasar, tanadaddun kayan tarihi da kuma abubuwan tarihi da aka hako na mutanen da, wadanda suka yi zama a wurin, shekara da shekaru da suka wuce. Hanya ta uku, ita ce ta rubutattun tarihi, ko dai wadanda mutanen da suka rubuta da kansu ko kuma wadanda na bayan su suka rubuta, suka bari ta yin amfani da hanya ta daya da ta biyu. Tarihin kafuwar daular Daura da asalin sarautarta da kuma kafuwar kasashen Hausa, an same shi ne ta wadannan hanyoyi da aka bayyana a sama. Kasar Daura na da matsayi na musamman a tarihin kasar Hausa. Labarin da ake da shi game da asalin Hausa Bakwai, ya nuna mana cewa daga Daura ne aka fara juyin nan da ya kawo canje-canje a sarautun kasashen Hausa. Tarihin ya nuna mana cewa, mata ne suka fara yin sarautar Daura. Ana kiran wadannan sarauniyoyi Magajiya. A zamanin Magajiya Shwata ne wani bako sa aka fi sani da suna Bayajida ya zo Daura. Labarin zuwan Bayajida, ya ce shi mutumi nkasar Bagadaza ne a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Daura ne ya kashe Macijiya da ta addabi mutanen gari. Wannan bajinta da kuma ya yi, ta zama sanadin da ya auri Magajiya. Bayan mutuwar Bayajida da Magajiya, sai sarautar Daura ta koma ga dansu Bawo. Daga nan ne kuma sarautar ta koma hannun maza. Labari ya nuna mana cewa, 'ya'yan Bawo ne suka yi sarautar kasashen Hausa shida. Wadannan kasashe su ne Daura,Kano,Katsina,Zazzau,Gobir da Rano. Wadanda da Bayajida ya haifa kafin ya iso Birnin Daura a garin gabas, mai suna Biram, ya yi sarauta a gabas ta Biram, (Garun Gabas) wadda ita ce cikon Hausa Bakwai. Ba mu da cikakken tarihin Daura daga labarin kafuwar mulki, sai bayan jihadin Usman Dan Fodyo da ya auku a farkon karni na goma sha tara. Shi Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo, malami ne da ake zaune a kasar Gobir. Shi kuma Bafilatani ne. Yana da almajirai a ko'ina cikin kasar Hausa. Jihadin da ya hubanta domin gyaran addini, an fara shi a kasar Gobir. Bayan an cinye Gobir, sai Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kafa sabuwar daula ta Musulunci. Haka kuma almajiransa suka gabatar da jihadi a sauran kasashen Hausa, suka tumbuke mulkin Sarakunan Hausa, suka kafa nasu a kasashen mulkin Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo. Mallam Isyaku ne almajirin Shehu USman Dan Fodiyo da ya shugabanci jihadi a kasar Daura. Mallam Isyaku ya mamaye garin Daura bayan Sarkin Daura Abdullahi, wanda aka fi sani da Sarki Gwari Abdu, ya fice daga garin tare da jama'arsa. Mallam Isyaku ne Sarki Fulani na Farko a Daura. Zuri'arsa ta ci gaba da mulkin Daura har 1906 lokacin da aka mayar da sarakunan Daura na asali. Sarakunan Daura sun yi gudun Hijira na shekara dari daga lokacin da sarkin Gwari Abdu ya fita har zuwa lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka mayar da su a kan gadon sarautarsu na Daura a cikin 1906. Sarakunan Daura sun kafa mulkinsu a wurare da dama, a lokacin da suke gudun hijira. Sun zauna a Murya da Yekuwa garuruwan da yanzu ke cikin Jamhuriyyar Nijar. Sun kuma zauna a Yardaje, Toka da Acilafiya kafin su kafa mulkinsu a Zangon Daura wurin da ska fi dadewa. Daga nan ne kuma Turawan mulkin mallaka suka mayar da su a kan sarautar Daura, wato aka mayar da su gidansu na iyaye da kakanni. Kasar Daurata samu ci gaba a lokacin Sarkin Abdurrahman wanda ya yi shekara 55 a kn gadon Sarautar Daura (daga 1911-1966) Allah ya jikansa, ya rahamce shi,amin. Da kuma zamanin Sarki Bashar, wanda ya gaji Sarki Abdurrahman a cikin 1966 kuma yake sarautar Daura har zuwa lokacin da Allah ya dauki ransa a ranar Asabar 24 ga Fabarairu 2007. A ranar Alhamis 1 ga watan Maris 2007 aka dorawa Alhaji Umar Faruk Umar wanda kane ne ga Marigayi Sarkin Daura Muhammadu Bsshar nauyin rikon wannan kasa a matsayinsa na Sarkin Daura na sittin (60). Allah bashi ikon daukar wannan nauyin ya kuma kare shi daga mahassada amin. Asalin Mutanen Daura da Kafuwar Masarautar Daura Abu ne mawuyaci kwaraia ce an tabbatar da ainaihin asalin kafuwar kowace irin al'umma ko kasa ba tare da an tabo matsugunnin farko na dan Adam ba. Har yanzu dai babu wani bigire (wuri) takamaimai inda marubuta tarihi suka hadu a kan cewa shi ne inda dan Adam ya fara zama; wasu su ce a nahiyar Afrika ne; wasu su ce a kasashen nahiyar Sin ne; wasu su ce a kasashen Hindu ne; wasu ma sun ce a kasashen Turai ne da dai sauran sassa na kasashen duniyarnan tamu. Duk da haka, masan tarihi da masana dabi'u da al'adun dan Adam da na kasashe da dauloli, sun hadu a kan cewar bigire (wuri) na farkon da dan Adam ya fara wayewa da kuma nuna basira da hikima da zaman duniya mahaliccinsa ya yi masa baiwa da su, shi ne wurin da yanzu aka fi sani da kasashen Gabas ta tsakiya. Daga wannan yanki na duniyanan ne za mu gutsuri tarihin kafuwar masarautar Daura da mutanen Daura. Kusan dukkan litattafan tarihin da suka yi bayanin kafuwar Daular Daura, sun tsamo tarihinne daga cikin mashahurin kundin tarihin nan da aka fi sani da suna "GIRGAM" wanda aka ce a halin yanzu akwai wani sashe na kundin yana can Damagaram. Shi kuma ya karbe shi ne daga wurin Sarki NUu a yayin da yake zaune a Zango sanadiyyar aukuwar mulkin Fulani a Daular Daura. Wani sashe na wannan kundi kuma an ce yana wata cibiyar ajiyar kayan tarihi a Ingila. Shi kuma Turawa ne suka yi dabarar dauke shi daga fadar Daura, a yayin da suke mulkin kasar nan. Har yau kuma ba su dawo da shi ba. Abubuwan da shi wannan littafi Girgam ya nuna shi ne cewar tun zamanin Kana'ana dan Sayyadina Nuhu. mutane ke zaune a wurin da ake kira Falasdinu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane na Kan'ana ne suka yi hijira daga inda suke zaune wato Falasdinu a karkashin jagorancin wani da ake kira Najibu, suka yiwo kudu maso yamma har sai da suka iso wurin da a yanzu ake kira (Lubayya) Libya. A da can kuma duk wannan sashe yana karkashin kasashen Misra ne. A wannan wuri ne su mutanen Najibu suka zauna shekaru masu yawan gaske, har ma suka yi auratayya tsakaninsu da mutanen da suka tarar a wurin, wato kabilar Kibdawa (Coptics) wadanda suka kasance masu bakar fata ne. Sun hayayyafa da wawadannan mutane, ta yadda bayan shekaru masu yawa, sai ya kasance launin jikin jikokin mutanen Najib mutanen Kan'an ya jirkice daga launi irin na Larabawa ya komo na bakaken mutane. A dai dai lokacin da Najib yayi zango a kasashen Masar sai dan sa Abdukl-Dar ya wuto zuwa kasashen Tura bulus inda ya zauna na wani dan lokaci har ma ya nemi sarauta a daya daga cikin biranen amma mutanen suka ki yarda da su ba bashi. Ganin haka, sai Abdul dar ya taso daga kasashen Turabulus, shi da mutanen sa wadanda suka biyoshi daga inda suka rabu da mahaifinsa wato Masar, suka fuskanci Kudu. Suna tafiya suka ratsa hamadar rairayin nan ta sahara har suka iso wani dausayi mai ni'ima da koramuda ake kira "Gigido". Wurin da aka fi sani da tsohion birni. A wannan wuri mai ni'ima ne suka tsaida shawarsu su zauna. Zaman Abdul dar da mutanensa a wannan wuri "Dausayi" shi ya haifar da kafuwar da garin da yanzu aka sani da sunan 'Daura'. Domin kuwa sanadiyar zamansu a wannan wuri m ai dausayi da koramu, ya sa suka saki jiki har suka kafa gari wanda ya kasaita hae ya zama Daula mai fadi wanda ta mamaye 'yan karkaru dakwe kusa da ita har ma da masu nisa da ita. Bayan mutuwar Abdul dar 'ya'yansa da jikokinsa mata ne suka ringa yin Sarautar wannan daular da ake kira Daura. Ana kiransu da sarautar MAgajiya. Ga sunayensu: Kufuru, Gini, Yakumo, Yakunya, Walzamu, Yanbamu, Gizir-gizir, Innagari, da Daurama itace ta karshe da tayi sarauta a tsohon birni. Itace ta matsa kudu ta kafa garin Daura na yanzu. Daga sunanta ne aka sam i sunan wannan gari Daura, kuma sarautar Daura ta tashi daga MAgajiya ta koma Daurama. Bayan mutuwarta a Daura ga sauran matan da sukayi sarauta: Gamata, Shata, Batatuma, Sandamata, Jamata, Hamata, Zama da Shawata. Masana Tarihi su suna cewa a zamanin Daurama Shawata ne Bayajidda yazo Daura. Domin itace magajiya ta goma-sha bakwai kuma ta karshe a jerin sarautar mata. ko da yake anyi bayani cewa, Abduldar da mutanensa sun zauna a Dausayin Gigidohar suka kafa Daula, da kuma bayanin kaurar Sarauniya Daurama zuwa inda garin Daura yake a yanzu, ba wai ana nifin babu wasu mutane da ke zaune a wanna nwuri bane sam sam. A'a, akwai mutane wadanda ke zaune a karkara mai dausayi, tun kafin zuwan su Abduldar da mtanensa. sai dai su wadannan mutane ba wai suna zaune ne a tattare ba, kowa yana zaune ne da iyalinsa da danginsa. Galibinsu mafarauta ne da asu hakar tam. Kuma suna yawo daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan. Basu da wani tsari na Shugabanci ko Addini, balle wani hali na ci gaba ko zamantakewa da dabi'u irin na al'ummar da kanta ya waye ko ya fara wyewa. misali, akwai irin wannan mutane a kewaye da Gigido har ma yawansu na farauta da hakar tama da kuma hanyoyin neman Abinci kan dauke su zuwa wurare masu nisa. Kamar yanda aka same su a wurare kamar Gindin dutsen Dala a kano, kasashen da yanzu aka sani da sunayen Katsina, Rano, Gobir, Zazzau, Gaya, Garun gabas da sauran wuraren da suka zamo kasashe HAusa a yau. Tun da yake irin wadannan mutane ba'a zaune suke wuri gida ba, kuma basu da tsari na shuganci sai ya kasance suna zaune ne cikin tsoro da rashin aminci. Zuwan Abduldar dausayin Gigido shi ya haifar da kafuwar daular Daura. Bayan mutuwarsa mata suka ringa yin sarautar kasar Daura. Tarihin da aka Samo daga Girgam ya nuna mana cewa mata goma sha bakwai sukayi sarautar Daura kafin sarauta ta koma hannun maza. Zuwan Bayajida
34382	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilga	Chilga	Chilga Amharic lga ilgā kuma Chelga, Ch'ilga ɗaya ce daga cikin gundumomi a yankin Amhara na Habasha Ana kiranta ne bayan babban garin Chilga (wanda kuma aka sani da Ayikel muhimmin wurin tsayawa kan hanyar cinikin Gonder- Sudan mai tarihi. Wani bangare na shiyyar Gonder ta maekelawi, Chilga tana iyaka da kudu da Takusa, daga yamma kuma ta yi iyaka da Metemma, daga arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da Tach Armachiho, daga arewa maso gabas kuma ta yi iyaka da Lay Armachiho, daga gabas kuma ta yi iyaka da Dembiya Sauran garuruwan Chilga sun hada da Seraba da Wohni Dubawa Tsakanin wannan yanki yana tsakanin mita 1000 zuwa 1500 sama da matakin teku. Koguna sun hada da Atbarah Binciken da aka yi a wannan yanki ya nuna cewa kashi 21.7% na noma ne ko kuma ana nomawa, kashi 1.9% na kiwo ne, kashi 22.3% na gandun daji ko na shrub, sauran kashi 54.1% kuma ana la’akari da su a matsayin gurbace ko wani abu. Wannan binciken ya ƙunshi ƙarin yanki fiye da samfurin ƙididdiga da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya (CSA) ta yi a 2001. Wani sanannen alamar ƙasa a wannan yanki shine wurin binciken kayan tarihi a Chilga Kernet, wanda aka bincika a cikin 2002 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Aikin Binciken Basin Blue Nile. An ba da rahoton cewa saman wurin ya cika da gatari dubu da dama da sauran na'urorin basalt masu tsananin zafi. Wani bincike na farko ya sa masu binciken suka yi hasashen cewa yawancin tsaunin yana ƙarƙashin wani yanki na kayan tarihi na Acheulean mai girman hekta 2. An bayyana shirin a shekarar 2008, wanda zai kashe Naira miliyan uku wajen gina sabbin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, inda a lokacin akwai wuraren kiwon lafiya 45 da kuma cibiyoyin lafiya biyu a Chilga, wanda ya samar da kiwon lafiya kashi 88% na gundumar. UAlkaluma Bisa kidayar jama'a a shekarar 2007 da hukumar kididdiga ta kasar Habasha (CSA) ta gudanar, wannan gundumar tana da jimillar jama'a 221,462, wanda ya karu da kashi 33.34 bisa dari bisa kidayar shekarar 1994, wadanda 112,054 maza ne, mata 109,408; 20,745 ko 9.37% mazauna birni ne. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 3,071.65, Chilga tana da yawan jama'a 72.10, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin yankin na mutane 63.76 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. An ƙidaya gidaje 47,336 a wannan gundumar, wanda ya haifar da matsakaicin mutum 4.68 ga gida ɗaya, da gidaje 45,352. Yawancin mazaunan sun yi addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha, tare da 96.7% sun ba da rahoton cewa a matsayin addininsu, yayin da 3.1% na yawan jama'a suka ce su musulmi ne Ko da yake al'ummar Amhara su ne suka fi rinjaye a wannan gundumar, Qemant, daya daga cikin kabilar Agaw, wasu tsiraru ne masu muhimmanci da ke kewaye da garin Aykel. Ko da yake shugaban firist na Chilga Qement shi ne shugaban ruhaniya na Qement a kudu da Kogin Gwang, babban limamin cocin, wanda ke zaune a Tekle Dingay, ya fi girma. Saboda haka, babban limamin Chilga a wasu lokatai yana tafiya Tekle Dingay don halartar bukukuwan biki, yayin da babban limamin garin ba ya dawo da ziyarar. Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 1994 ta ba da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 166,086 a cikin gidaje 29,955, waɗanda 84,798 maza ne da mata 81,288; 9,618 ko kuma 5.79% na mutanenta mazauna birni ne a lokacin. Manyan kabilu biyu da aka ruwaito a Chilga sune Amhara (68.65%), da Qemant (30.77%); duk sauran kabilun sun kasance kashi 0.51% na yawan jama'a. An yi amfani da Amharic a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 99%, kuma Qemant da kashi 0.83%; sauran kashi 0.17% sun yi magana duk sauran yarukan farko da aka ruwaito. Yawancin mazaunan sun yi addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha, tare da 96.21% sun rungumi wannan bangaskiya, yayin da 3.7% na yawan jama'a suka ce su musulmi ne Tattalin Arziki Tattalin arzikin Chilga yafi noma ne. A cewar Atlas of the Ethiopian Rural Economy da CSA ta buga, babu kungiyoyin aikin gona a wannan gundumar. An ba da rahoton kiyasin yawan titin duk yanayin yanayi tsakanin kilomita 10.1 zuwa 20 a cikin murabba'in kilomita 1000. Laka mai ɗauke da kwal a kusa da Chilga, arewa maso yammacin tafkin Tana da 35 km daga Gondar, an bincika a 1937, 1952, da 1960. Misalin kididdigar da CSA ta yi a shekarar 2001 ta yi hira da manoma 33,624 a wannan gundumar, wadanda ke rike da matsakaicin kadada 0.61 na fili. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya gano cewa a cikin kasar da ake nomawa a Chilga, kashi 64.53% ana shuka su ne a cikin hatsi irin su tef, masara da gero yatsa, kashi 2.81 cikin 100 na hatsi kamar waken doki, 8.3% a cikin mai kamar a cikin amfanin gona na shekara-shekara kamar kofi 0.62% a cikin amfanin gona na tushen, 0.45% a cikin kayan lambu, da 12.57% duk sauran amfanin gona. Kayan amfanin gona na dindindin sun haɗa da hekta 47.13 da aka shuka a cikin kofi, 337.01 a cikin gesho ko hops, da 8.02 a cikin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace. Kashi 88.76% na manoma suna kiwon amfanin gona da kiwo, yayin da kashi 8.57% kawai suke noma, kashi 2.68% na kiwo ne kawai. Bayanan
18370	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usani%20Uguru%20Usani	Usani Uguru Usani	Usani Uguru Usani (an haife shine a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta.alif 1961) fasto ne, malami ne, kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Niger Delta a cikin gwamnatin Najeriya Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Usani ne a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1961 a Nko, karamar hukumar Yakurr ta Jihar Kuros Riba Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Gwamnati, Nko, St. Brendan's Secondary School, Iyamoyong, karamar hukumar Obubra Jami'ar Jos, Jihar Filato Jami'ar Calabar, Jihar Kuros Riba; Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Ribas, Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas da Sarauniya Mary da Kwalejin Westfield, Jami'ar Landan Usani yana da Digiri Kimiyya a fannin ilimin kasa, ya yi Babar difloma a fannin Gudanarwa, sannan kuma ya yi Digiri na biyu a kan Harkokin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwanci, sannan kuma ya karanci ilimin Falsafa a fannin kula da muhalli, sannan kuma ya yi karatun Digiri na biyu a Dunkulewar Duniya da Ci gaba kuma a yanzu haka dalibin Digiri ne a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya, Jihar Kaduna Ayyuka Usani fasto ne. Usani ya yi aikin bautar kasa (NYSC) a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati, Kagara, karamar hukumar Rafi ta Jihar Neja Bayan hidimarsa ta NYSC, ya kasance malami daga watan Agusta a shekarar (1988) zuwa watan Janairu shekara ta (1992) a Community Secondary School, Iko-Esai da makarantar sakandare ta, Adim, duk na Jihar Kuros Riba Daga watan Fabrairu a shekarar (1992) zuwa watan Nuwamba shekara ta (1993) Usani ya yi aiki a Ofishin Gwamnan Jihar Kuros Riba a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga Gwamna Clement Ebri kan Rubuta Jawabi da Nazarin Manufofi, a lokaci guda a matsayin Sakatare, Tsarin Gyara Tsarin (SAP) Kwamiti (shirin ajanda na gwamnati don sauƙaƙe sakamakon Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Tsarin Mulki tare da ƙarin haƙƙin lamuran Hulɗa da Majalisa. A tsakanin wannan lokacin, an nada shi a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Sojojin Najeriya, Kwamitin Jihar Kuros Riba. Tsakanin shekara ta (1994 zuwa 1995) an nada shi a matsayin Darakta Oban (Nijeriya) Rubber da Palm Estates Limited. A watan Yulin shekara ta (1995) an nada Usani Kwamishina a Ma’aikatar Matasa, Wasanni da Ci Gaban Jama’a, Jihar Kuros Riba a karkashin Shugaban Gudanarwar Sojoji Gregory Agboneni a watan Nuwamba A shekara ta (1995) aka fadada jakar don hada ayyukan Fasaha. A watan Fabrairu a shekarar (1997) a wani hukuma rushe kuma reconstitution, an sabunta aikin sa a Ma'aikatar Gona Albarkatun Ruwa da kuma bunkasa karkara, a karkashin mulkin Soja Umar Farouk Ahmed inda ya yi aiki har sai da ya kai shekara ta( 1999) bayan hidima tare da Christopher Osondu, har karshen mulkin Soja a garin Cross River Jiha Daga watan Janairun shekarar (2001) zuwa Janairun shekara ta( 2004) an nada shi a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Hukumar Kare Hakkokin mallaka na Najeriya Usani ya tsaya takarar kujerar Gwamnan Jihar Kuros Riba sau uku. A zaben shekarar (2003) karkashin jam'iyyar Democrats Donald Duke ne ya kayar da shi, a shekara ta (2012) karkashin jam'iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) Liyel Imoke ya kayar da shi kuma a shekara ta (2015) a karkashin jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Daga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2004) zuwa (2006) Usani ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Koyon Ilimin Gudanarwa ta London, Ilford, Essex, yayi kwasa-kwasai da dama ga masu karatun kasuwanci, ɗaliban MBA da ƙwararrun candidatesan takarar ABE da ACCA. Ya kuma koyar a Kwalejin Ilimi ta London, Stratford, London. Tsakanin watan Yulin shekarar (2014) zuwa Nuwamba a shekara ta (2015) an zabe shi Shugaban Jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) na Jihar Kuros Riba. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar (2015) Shugaba Mohammadu Buhari ya nada Usani a Majalisar zartarwar Tarayyar Najeriya a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Neja Delta Ya hango Rahoton Bincike na Fasaha na ayyukan daga farkon Ma’aikatar kuma an gudanar da bincike na asali game da tushen zamantakewar al’umma da kayayyakin more rayuwa na yankin (wanda UNDP ta taimaka). An sake duba shirin Tsara Neja Delta. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar (2015) Fadar Shugaban Najeriya ta umarci Usani ya kaddamar da kwamitin, sannan daga baya ya sanya ido kan ayyukan Hukumar Raya Yankin Neja Delta (NDDC), a zaman wani bangare na ayyukan da Ma’aikatar Neja Delta ke bin doka. A ranar 15 ga watan Maris na shekarar (2017) Usani ya sami lambar girmamawa ta ci gaban kasa daga kungiyar Masana binciken kasa tare da nada Adjunct Malami a sashen nazarin kasa a jami'ar jihar Nasarawa, Keffi, jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Manazarta Gwamnonin
39894	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiliu%20Obanikoro	Musiliu Obanikoro	Musiliu Babatunde Obanikoro Listen (wanda aka fi sani da Koro ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi Sanata a Jihar Legas daga 2003-2007, sannan aka nada shi Babban Kwamishina a Ghana Ya taba zama karamin ministan tsaro a shekarar 2014. Fage An haifi Musiliu Olatunde Obanikoro a Legas Ya fito daga gidan Bakare na Ita-Ado a Isale Eko, Ikare da Ilashe a karamar hukumar Amuwo Odofin ta jihar Legas, dangin Obanikoro (Ajayi-Bembe) na Legas da Idoluwole karamar hukumar Ojo ta Legas), da Eletu-Odibo. (Oshobile) dangin Isale-Eko, Legas. Ya halarci makarantar Saint Patrick Catholic School, Idumagbo, Lagos da Ahmadiyya College (Anwar-ul/Islam College) Agege Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Jami’in Malamai a LSHMBS, da kuma bankin Union a matsayin magatakarda kafin ya tafi kasar waje don ci gaba da karatu. Yayin da yake Amurka, ya halarci Jami'ar Kudancin Texas inda ya sami digirinsa na B.Sc a Harkokin Jama'a da Digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama'a (MP A). Ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗalibin ɗalibi tare da Sashen gwaji na manya na Houston, Houston, Texas Ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin jin dadin jama'a kuma daga baya a matsayin Shugaban sashen samari tare da Ƙananan Ƙwararrun Yara (wani hukumar da ke da alaƙa da Sashen Sabis na Jama'a na Birnin New York). Shi ɗan ƙasa ne mai daraja na Glenarden, Maryland da Little Rock, Arkansas Farkon sana'ar siyasa Ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1989 kuma ya fara harkar siyasa nan take. An nada shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin riko na karamar hukumar Surulere Convention na Republican an zabe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Jiha (NRC); wanda gwamnatin Gwamna Otedola ta nada a matsayin Darakta, LASBULK (Kamfanin Sayen Jaridu na Jihar Legas); kuma memba, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta jihar Legas. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin kananan hukumomi, majalisar jiha, da taron kasa. Ya kuma taba zama zababben Sakataren Jiha, Dandalin Adalci. Ya kuma kasance shugaban karamar hukumar Legas Island. Ya kasance mamban zartarwa na kasa, Grassroots Democratic Movement (GDM) a karkashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha An nada shi kwamishinan al’amuran cikin gida da al’adu na jiha a shekarar 1999 kuma ya yi shekaru hudu kafin a zabe shi Sanatan tarayyar Najeriya. Aikin majalisar dattawa An zaɓi Musiliu Obanikoro dan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Legas ta tsakiya a watan Afrilun 2003, inda ya tsaya takarar jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD). A lokacin zaɓen dai kowanne bangare ya zargi daya bangaren da yin awon gaba da akwatunan zaɓe. Daga baya ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP). Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ne ya nada shi mamba a kwamitin Amirul-Hajji na 2004. A watan Fabrairun 2005, Obanikoro na cikin Sanatoci da suka bukaci shugaban kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka, Olusegun Obasanjo, da ya yi amfani da karfin soji idan har ya zama dole domin maido da dimokuradiyya a Togo A yayin da Sanata Musiliu Obanikoro ya gabatar da kuduri kan yawaitar kwararar tekun Atlantika tare da kwararar bakin tekun Bar, domin a dakatar da karin farashin man fetur da ake yi ba kakkautawa, don kare jihar Legas daga bala’in ambaliya, domin binciki halin da ake ciki. na velodrome a babban filin wasa na ƙasa, Abuja da kuma warware rikicin da ya barke tsakanin jami’an ‘yan sandan Najeriya da sojojin Najeriya a jihar Legas Ya kuma dauki nauyin kudirori da dama, inda ya yi kira da a dauki matakin daidaitawa da sarrafa gine-ginen jama’a., don tsarawa da sarrafa Dreded da tono filaye, don ba da izinin sake tabbatar da famfunan man fetur, don hana lalata a cikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu da kuma gyara dokar babban birnin tarayya A lokacin kaddamar da OPP (Obanikoro Priority Projects) an rabawa jama’ar mazabarsa daruruwan kayayyaki da suka hada da babura, injinan nika, injunan popcorn, injunan dinki, kayan aikin noma iri-iri, layukan waya da wayoyi da sauransu A wajen baiwa ilimi fifiko, Sanatan ya kafa sanata Obanikoro Leadership and Education Project (SOLEP). A karkashin wannan shirin ya ba da littattafan karatu, litattafan rubutu, fom da kuma tallafin karatu. Ya kaddamar da dokar sabunta birane da aka tsara don ba da fuska ga zababbun garuruwa a Legas. Ya ware kudade don taimakawa yara da mata masu bukatar taimakon kudi a lokacin tiyata. ‘Yan Legas da dama ne suka amfana da wannan asusun. A yanzu haka yana hadin gwiwa da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta (AWHPI) da ke kasar Amurka, domin kafa cibiyar tantance mamogram da za ta baiwa mata damar yin gwajin cutar kansar nono kyauta a Legas. A watan Yulin 2006, an kashe Injiniya Funsho Williams, wanda ke neman zama ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar Legas a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. Jami’an ƴan sandan da ke binciken lamarin sun damke duk wasu masu neman kujerar gwamna a jam’iyyar ciki har da Musiliu Obanikoro, amma daga baya aka sake su duk da cewa ba su da hannu a ciki. Daga baya aiki A watan Afrilun 2007 Musiliu Obanikoro ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Legas a kan tikitin PDP, amma ya sha kaye a hannun Babatunde Fashola na jam’iyyar Action Congress Zaɓen dai ya fuskanci tashin hankali. A wani lamari da ya faru, Musiliu Obanikoro an ce da kyar ya tsallake rijiya da baya a wani hari da makami suka kai wa motar sa a Ikeja. Zaɓen da ya yi a matsayin ɗan takarar PDP ya janyo cece-kuce. An bayyana Hilda Williams, matar marigayi Injiniya Funsho Williams da aka kashe a matsayin wadda ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar PDP a Legas, amma kwamitin gudanarwa na jam’iyyar PDP na ƙasa karkashin jagorancin Ahmadu Ali ya ba Obanikoro tikitin takarar. Jam’iyyar PDP da ta rabu a karkashin Bode George ta kuma rasa ƴan majalisar dattawan jihar Legas da jam’iyyar AC sai kujeru 37 in ban da majalisar wakilai daya da majalisar jiha guda 37. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a jarida a watan Yulin 2007, Obanikoro ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta kafa dokar ta-baci a jihar Legas, yana mai cewa ababen more rayuwa da dabi’u sun durkushe gaba daya. Shugaba Umaru 'Yar'adua ya naɗa Musiliu Obanikoro a matsayin babban kwamishinan Najeriya a Ghana a watan Mayun 2008. An ci gaba da samun rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin bangarorin jam’iyyar PDP na jihar Legas kafin zaben 2007 har zuwa wani taro da aka yi a watan Oktoban 2009, inda aka warware sabanin da ke tsakaninsu. Ana rade-radin cewa yana sha'awar tsayawa takarar gwamnan jihar Legas a zaɓen 2015 kuma zai fafata da irin su Jimi Agbaje, Adebayo Doherty da Kitoye Branco-Rhodes a tikitin PDP. Daga baya ya nuna sha’awarsa kan tikitin takarar gwamna na jam’iyyarsa da jama’a da jami’ai amma daga baya ya janye burinsa na marawa Jimi Agbaje baya. Biyo bayan badakalar labaran 2015 da ta haɗa da karkatar da dala biliyan 2 na kudade da nufin yaki da kungiyar Boko Haram ba bisa ka'ida ba, hukumomin hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa EFCC sun cafke Obanikoro tare da zarge shi da laifin karkatar da kudade. Daga karshe ya bayyana wa hukumomi yadda ya yi amfani da ofishinsa wajen karkatar da dala miliyan biyar (kimanin Naira biliyan 1.8) daga kudaden jama’a da aka ware domin sayen makamai zuwa manyan mutane da jiga-jigan mutane irin su tsohon gwamnan jihar Ekiti a Najeriya, Ayodele Fayose. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1957 Articles with hAudio microformats Ƴan siyasan Najeriya na Karni na 21 Sanatocin Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
28784	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankaran%20Nono	Sankaran Nono	Ciwon kansa na nono sankarane ko ciwon daji da ke fitowa akan fatan nonon mata. Alamomin ciwon daji na nono na iya haɗawa da dunƙulewar cikin ƙirji, canjin siffar nono,lotsewa ko rami a fatan. ruwan da kuma ke fitowa daga kan nono, sabon jujjuyawar nono, ko facin fata ko ja. A cikin masu yaɗuwar cutar mai nisa, ana iya samun ciwon ƙashi, kumburin ƙwayoyin lymph, ƙarancin numfashi, ko sauyawan launin fata zuwa rawaya. Abubuwan haɗari da ke janyo ciwon nono sun haɗa da kiba, rashin motsa jiki, shan barasa, sauyin sassan jiki a yayin da aka dena ala,ada,radiation tarihin ciwon daji na nono, da kuma tarihin iyali na ciwon nono. Kimanin kashi 5-10% na lokuta sun samo asali ne daga yanayin halittar da aka gada daga iyaye, gami da BRCA1 da BRCA2 da sauransu. Ciwon daji na nono ya fi tasowa a cikin sel daga rufin bututun nono da lobules waɗanda ke ba wa waɗannan bututun madara. Ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga bututu ana kiran su da turanci ductal carcinomas, yayin da waɗanda ke tasowa daga lobules an san su da lobular carcinomas. Akwai ire-iren ciwon daji na nono fiye da 18. Wasu, irin su ductal carcinoma in situ, suna tasowa daga raunukan da suka rigaya. Ana tabbatar da cutar kansar nono ta hanyar yin biopsy na abin da ya shafi nama (na nono). Da zarar an gano cutar, ana ƙara yin wasu gwaje-gwaje don sanin ko ciwon ya yadu fiye da nono da kuma hanyoyin za'a bi don magance su. Akwai rudani sosai dangane da ma'auni na fa'ida da kuma lahani na gwajin cutar kansar nono. Wani bita da Cochrane ta gudanar a shekara ta 2013 ta gano cewa ba a sani ba idan gwajin mammographic ya fi cutarwa fiye da amfaninshi, a cewa yawancin matan da aka nuna suna da cutar ta hanyar gwajin daga bisani kuma ba su kamu ba. Acikin wani bincike da kungyar United States Preventive Services Task Force ta gudanae a shekara ta 2009 ta tabbatar da fa'idar gwajin ga 'yan shekaru 40 zuwa 70, sannan kuma kungiyar ta ba da shawarar gwaji duk bayan shekaru biyu ga mata 'yan shakera 50 zuwa 74. Ana iya amfani da magungunan Tamoxifen ko raloxifene a ƙoƙarin kariya daga ciwon sankarar nono ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. Aikin asibiti na cire nonon wani ma'aunin kariya ne ga mata masu cuta wadanda ke cikin hadarin gaske. Ga waɗanda aka gano cutar, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama, ciki har da tiyata, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, da kuma targeted therapy. Nau'o'in tiyata sun bambanta daga tiyata don kiyaye nono zuwa Yanke nono mastectomy. Aikin gyaran nono na iya faruwa a lokacin tiyata ko kuma a wani lokaci na daban. Ga wadanda cutar sankara ta yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki, ana yin yawancin magungunansu ne don inganta rayuwa da karin natsuwa. Sakamakon ciwon nono sun bambanta dangane da nau'in ciwon dajin, girman cutar, da shekarun mutum. Gwajin sauran rayuwa na shekaru biyar a Ingila da Amurka yana tsakanin 80 zuwa 90%. A ƙasashe masu tasowa, basu kai shekaru biyar sosai. A duniya baki daya, ciwon nono shine kan gaba acikin nau'in sankara da ke addabar mata, wanda ke da kashi 25% na daukakin cutar. A cikin shekara ta 2018, an amu sabbin ciwukan kusan miliyan 2 da sanadiyyar mutuwar mata 627,000. Ya fi yawa a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma ya ninka sau 100 a cikin mata fiye da maza. Alamomi Ciwon daji na nono yawanci yana farawa ne a zaman wani dan kullutu wanda ya bambanta da sauran naman nono. Ana gano fiye da kashi 80% na ciwon ne a lokacinda akai la'akari da wannan kullutu da yatsa. Farkon ciwon nono, duk da haka, ana ganosu ne ta gwaji na mammogram. Kullutun da ake samu a hammata ma na iya zama alamun kansar nono. Alamun cutar sankarar nono banda kullutu na iya haɗawa da kauri daban da sauran naman nono, nono ɗaya yafi daya girma ko kuma daya ya kankance, dan kan-nono na iya canza wuri, ko siffarsa ko juyawa, tsagewar fata ko rami, ko kuma kuraje a zagaye da kan-nono, fitar da ruwa daga nono, ciwo a wani sashe na nono ko hammata da kumburi a karkashin hammata ko kewayen kashin wuya. Ciwo ("mastodynia") muhimmin alama ne na gano kasancewar sankarar nono, amma yana iya zama alamar wasu cututtukan nono na daban. Wani alamar cutar sankarar nono mai wuyar tantancewa shine cutar Paget na nono. Alamun cutan yana farawa ne ta hanyar sauyawan kalan fata kamar cutar eczema; kamar yin ja, canza launi ko laushin fata na nono. Yayin da cutar Paget na nono ke ci gaba, alamun cututtuka na iya haɗawa da tsikari, kaikayi, ƙara yawan ciwo, zafi, da ciwo. Hakanan ana iya samun fitar ruwa daga kan nono. Kimanin rabin matan da aka gano suna da cutar Paget na nono suma suna da kumburi a cikin nono. Sankaran nono mai kumburi ciwo ne da ba kasafai ake samun shi ba (a cikin kasa da kashi 5 cikin 100 na cutar sankarar nono), duk da haka nau'in cutar kansar nono mai tsananin gaske wanda ke kumburi, sauyawa saman nono zuwa ja. Muhimmin sakamakon ciwon daji na nono mai kumburi na faruwa ne sakamakon toshewar tasoshin bututun nono lymph daga kwayoyin cutar kansa. Anfi samun irin wannan nau'in ciwon daji na nono a cikin waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar gwaji ga mata masu ƙananan shekaru, mata masu kiba da kuma matan Amurkawa 'yan asalin Afirka. Kamar yadda ciwon nono mai kumburi ba ya kasancewa da dunƙule wani lokaci ana iya samun jinkiri wajen gano shi. A lokuta da ba kasafai ba, abin da ya fara bayyana a matsayin fibroadenoma (mai karfi, dunƙule wanda ba-ciwon daji) na iya zama ƙwayar cutar phyllodes. Ciwon phyllodes na wanzuwa ne a cikin stroma (connective tissue) na ƙirjin kuma ya ƙunshi glandular da kuma nama na stromal. Ciwon daji na Phyllodes ba a aiwatar da su a cikin ma'anar da aka saba; An rarraba su bisa ga bayyanarsu a ƙarƙashin na'urar microscope a matsayin benign, borderline ko kuma malignant. Cutar malignant na iya haifar da ciwace-ciwacen metastatic tumours secondary tumours (wanda ya samo asali daga primary tumour) wanda ke yaduwa fiye da wurin da ya fara. Alamomin da cutar sankarar nonona metastasis ke haifarwa ya dogara ne akan wurin metastasis yake. Wuraren da ake samun metastasis sun haɗa da kashi, hanta, huhu, da ƙwaƙwalwa. Lokacin da ciwon daji ya kai irin wannan mawuyacib hali, ana kasafta shi a matsayin mataki na 4 na ciwon daji, ciwon daji a wannan mataki sau da yawa yana janyo mutuwa. Alamomi na yau da kullun na ciwon daji na mataki na 4 sun haɗa da asarar nauyi wato kiba dna rashin dalili, ciwon kashi da gabobin jiki, sauyawar launin idanu ko fata da dai sauransu. Ana kiran waɗannan alamomin a matsayin alamomin da basu tabbaa saboda suna iya zama alamu na cututtuka da daban daban. Ciwon daji na nono ba safai yake yaduwa zuwa wuraren da ba a saba gani ba kamar ƙwayoyin lymph nodes waɗanda ke haifar da toshewar biliary wanda ke zama wahala kafin a gano shi. Yawancin almun ciwon nono, dangane da mafi yawan kullutu, ba sazama ciwon daji na nono. Alal misali, kasa da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kullutu a nono, ke zama ciwon daji na nono, sannan kuma cututtukan nono na benign kamar mastitis da fibroadenoma na nono sune abubuwan da ke haifar da mafi yawancin alamomi na rashin lafiyar nono. Abubuwan haɗari Abubuwan haɗari na iya kasuwa zuwa kashi biyu: abubuwan haɗari da za'a iya canzawa (abubuwan da mutane za su iya canza kansu, kamar shan barasa), da ƙayyadaddun abubuwan haɗari (abubuwan da ba za a iya canza su ba, kamar shekaru da jinsi). Muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar sankarar nono shine kasancewa mace da kuma tsufa. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da kwayoyin halitta na gado, rashin haihuwa ko rashin shayarwa, mafi girman matakan wasu kwayoyin halitta,wasu tsarin abinci, da kiba. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen haske abu ne mai haɗari ga haifuwar ciwon nono. Idan duka manya (mutane) zasu kiyaye mafi kyawun salon rayuwa, ciki har da rashin shan barasa ba, kiyaye tsarin jiki mai lafiya, rashin shan taba, cin abinci mai kyau, da sauran ayyuka, to kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ciwukan dajii na nono a duniya zasu ragu. Ba za a iya hana sauran kashi uku cikin huɗu na cutar kansar nono ta hanyar sauya salon rayuwa ba. salon rayuwa Shan barasa yana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar nono, har ma da wanda basu sha sosai (mata suna shan ƙasa da rabin kwalban giya a rana). Hadarin yafi yawa a tsakanin masu shan giya sosai. A duniya baki daya, kusan kashi daya cikin 10 na masu fama da cutar kansar nono na faruwa ne sakamakon shan barasa a mata. Shan barasa yana daga cikin abubuwan haɗari na yau da kullun da za a iya canza su. Akwai alaka sosai a dangantakar da ke tsakanin kiba da sankarar nono. Bincike ya nuna cewa wadanda ke saurin kiba bayan sun girma, suna cikin hatsari fiye da wadanda suke da kiba tun suna yara. Hakazalika, kiba mai yawa a sashin tsakiyar jiki yana yana haifar da haɗari mafi girma fiye da kiba sashin kasan jiki. Wannan yana nuna cewa abincin da mutum ke ci yana da mahimmanci fiye da BMI na mutum Abubuwan da za su iya ƙara haɗari sun haɗa da cin abinci mai yawan maiko da matakan cholesterol masu alaƙa da kiba. Yawan cin abinci da ke da karancin iodine na iya taka muhimmin rawa. Shaidar fiber a wajen janyo cutar kansar nono ba shi da tabbas. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2015 ya gano cewa binciken da ke ƙoƙarin danganta cin fiber da ciwon nono ya haifar da sakamako daban daban. A cikin 2016, an gano alaka mara tabbas a tsakanin ƙarancin cin fiber yayin samartaka da ciwon nono. Shan taba yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, tare da yawan adadin da ake sha, da kuma farkon fara shan taba a rayuwa na haifar da haɗarin mafi girma. A cikin wadanda ke shan taba na tsawon lokaci, haɗarin na karuwa daga kaso 35% zuwa 50%. An danganta rashin motsa jiki da kusan kashi 10% na cutar kansar nono. Zama a wuri daya na tsawon lokaci yana da alaƙa da yawan mace-mace daga ciwon nono. Ba a kawar da haɗarin ta hanyar motsa jiki na yau da kullum, ko da yake ana rage shi sosai. Maganin Hormone don magance menopause shima yana da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal baya haifar da ciwon nono ga yawancin mata; idan yana da tasiri, yana da ƙananan (a kan tsari na 0.01% a kowace shekara-shekara; kwatankwacin adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a Amurka na wucin gadi, da raguwa ta masu amfani' sun ragu sosai. hadarin ciwon daji na ovarian da endometrial. Daga cikin wadanda ke da tarihin iyali na ciwon daji na nono, yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na zamani ba zai iya yin tasiri ga hadarin ciwon nono ba. Ba shi da tabbas ko maganin hana haihuwa na hormonal zai iya ƙara yawan adadin ciwon nono a cikin mata tare da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cutar ciwon nono Shayarwa na rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono sosai, gami da kansar nono. A cikin 1980s, hasashen zubar da ciki ciwon nono da aka yi nuni da cewa haifar da zubar da ciki ya kara haɗarin kamuwa da kansar nono. Wannan hasashe ya kasance batun binciken kimiyya mai zurfi, wanda ya kammala da cewa ba zubar da ciki ko zubar da ciki ba yana da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da radiation da rushewar circadian da ke da alaƙa da aikin motsa jiki da cin abinci na yau da kullun. An kuma danganta adadin sinadarai, ciki har da polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, da sauran kaushi na halitta Ko da yake radiation daga mammography yana da ƙananan kashi, an kiyasta cewa binciken shekara daga 40 zuwa 80 shekaru zai haifar da kimanin 225 kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ga mata miliyan daya da aka duba. Kwayoyin haihuwa An yi imanin cuwa gado na kwayoyin haihuwa ne muhimmin abun da ke janyo ciwon nono a kashi 5–10% na daukakin cutar. Matan da aka gano cutar a jikin mahaifiyarsu bayan shekaru 50 suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar na 1.7 sannan waɗanda aka gano cutan a iyayensu mata kafin shekaru 50 ko bayan sun sami ƙarin haɗarin 1.4. A cikin wadanda ba su da sifili, dangi ɗaya ko biyu ya shafa, haɗarin ciwon nono kafin shekaru 80 shine 7.8%, 13.3%, da 21.1% tare da mace-mace mai zuwa daga cutar 2.3%, 4.2%, da 7.6% bi da bi. A cikin waɗanda ke da dangi na farko tare da cutar haɗarin kansar nono tsakanin shekaru 40 zuwa 50 ya ninka na yawan jama'a. A cikin ƙasa da kashi 5% na lokuta, kwayoyin halitta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ta haifar da ciwon daji na nono-ovarian na gado Wannan ya haɗa da waɗanda ke ɗauke da maye gurbi na BRCA1 da BRCA2 Wadannan maye gurbi sun kai kashi 90% na jimillar tasirin kwayoyin halitta tare da hadarin kansar nono na 60-80% a cikin wadanda abin ya shafa. Sauran mahimman maye gurbi sun haɗa da p53 ciwoyin Li-Fraumeni PTEN ciwoyin Cowden da STK11 Peutz-Jeghers ciwo CHEK2, ATM, BRIP1, da PALB2 A shekara ta 2012, masu bincike sun ce akwai nau'ikan ciwon daji na nono guda hudu daban-daban kuma a kowane nau'i, canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta suna haifar da ciwon daji da yawa. Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yawan ƙwayar nono da matakan hormonal. Mata masu yawan nono suna iya kamuwa da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace kuma ba za a iya gano su da cutar kansar nono ba saboda yawan nama yana sa ciwace-ciwace ba a iya gani a mammograms. Bugu da ƙari kuma, matan da ke da yawan isrogen da matakan progesterone suma suna cikin haɗari mafi girma don ci gaban ƙwayar cuta. Yanayin lafiya Canje-canjen nono kamar hyperplasia atypical ductal hyperplasia da carcinoma lobular aka samu a cikin yanayin nono mara kyau kamar canjin nono fibrocystic, suna da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon nono. Ciwon sukari mellitus kuma na iya ƙara haɗarin kansar nono. Cututtukan autoimmune irin su lupus erythematosus da alama suna ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon nono na lokaci-lokaci suna da alaƙa da matakan hormone. Ciwon daji na nono yana inganta ta hanyar estrogen. Wannan hormone yana kunna ci gaban nono a duk lokacin balaga, hawan haila da ciki. Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin estrogen da progesterone a lokacin haila yana haifar da yaduwar kwayar halitta. Haka kuma, oxidative metabolites na estrogen na iya ƙara lalacewar DNA da maye gurbi. Maimaita hawan keke da nakasa tsarin gyara na iya canza tantanin halitta ta al'ada zuwa pre-malignant kuma daga ƙarshe m tantanin halitta ta maye gurbi. A lokacin mataki na gaba, za a iya kunna haɓakar ƙwayoyin stromal ta hanyar estrogen don tallafawa ci gaban ciwon nono. A lokacin kunnawa mai ɗaure ligand, ER na iya daidaita maganganun kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar yin hulɗa tare da abubuwan amsawar isrogen a cikin masu haɓaka takamaiman kwayoyin halitta. Magana da kunnawa na ER saboda rashin isrogen za a iya motsa shi ta hanyar siginar salula. Abin sha'awa, ER yana ɗaure kai tsaye tare da sunadaran sunadaran, gami da masu karɓar abubuwan haɓaka, na iya haɓaka maganganun ƙwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar tantanin halitta da rayuwa. Haɓaka matakan prolactin a cikin jini yana da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Pathophysiology Ciwon daji na nono, kamar sauran cututtuka, yana faruwa ne saboda hulɗar da ke tsakanin yanayin muhalli (na waje) da kuma mai saurin kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta. Kwayoyin al'ada suna rarraba sau da yawa gwargwadon buƙata kuma suna tsayawa. Suna haɗawa da wasu sel kuma suna zama a cikin kyallen takarda. Kwayoyin suna zama masu cutar kansa lokacin da suka rasa ikon daina rarrabawa, mannewa ga wasu kwayoyin halitta, su zauna a inda suke, kuma su mutu a lokacin da ya dace. Kwayoyin al'ada za su lalace da kansu shirin mutuwa cell lokacin da ba a buƙatar su. Har sai lokacin, sel suna samun kariya daga shirin mutuwa ta gungu na furotin da hanyoyi da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kariya shine hanyar PI3K AKT wata ita ce hanyar RAS MEK ERK Wani lokaci kwayoyin halittar da ke kan wadannan hanyoyin kariya suna canzawa ta hanyar da za su juya su har abada "a kunne", yana mai da tantanin halitta ba zai iya lalata kansa ba lokacin da ba a buƙata. Wannan yana daya daga cikin matakan da ke haifar da ciwon daji a hade tare da sauran maye gurbi. A al'ada, furotin PTEN yana kashe hanyar PI3K/AKT lokacin da tantanin halitta ya shirya don shirin mutuwar tantanin halitta. A wasu cututtukan nono, kwayar halittar furotin na PTEN ta canza, don haka hanyar PI3K/AKT ta makale a matsayin "kan", kuma kwayar cutar kansa ba ta lalata kanta. Maye gurbi da zai iya haifar da ciwon nono an gwada gwadawa da bayyanar isrogen. Bugu da ƙari, G-protein haɗe-haɗe da masu karɓar isrogen an haɗa su da cututtuka daban-daban na tsarin haihuwa na mata ciki har da ciwon nono. Alamar haɓakar haɓaka mara kyau a cikin hulɗar tsakanin ƙwayoyin stromal da ƙwayoyin epithelial na iya sauƙaƙe haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. A cikin ƙwayar adipose na nono, yawan wuce gona da iri na leptin yana haifar da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta da ciwon daji. A cikin Amurka, kashi 10 zuwa 20 na matan da ke fama da ciwon nono ko ciwon daji na ovarian suna da dangi na farko ko na biyu tare da ɗayan waɗannan cututtuka. Maza masu ciwon nono suna da yuwuwar hakan. Halin iyali na haɓaka waɗannan ciwon daji ana kiransa ciwon nono-ovarian cancer syndrome Mafi sanannun waɗannan, maye gurbi na <i id="mwAdQ">BRCA</i>, suna ba da haɗarin rayuwa na ciwon nono tsakanin 60 da 85 bisa dari da kuma haɗarin ciwon daji na ovarian tsakanin 15 da 40 bisa dari. Wasu maye gurbi da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji, kamar p53, BRCA1 da BRCA2, suna faruwa a cikin hanyoyin gyara kurakurai a cikin DNA Wadannan maye gurbi ana gadonsu ko kuma ana samun su bayan haihuwa. Mai yiwuwa, suna ƙyale ƙarin maye gurbi, wanda ke ba da damar rarrabuwar kawuna, rashin haɗin kai, da metastasis ga gabobin nesa. Koyaya, akwai ƙaƙƙarfan shaida na saura haɗarin haɗarin da ke wuce gona da iri na BRCA na gado tsakanin iyalai masu ɗaukar kaya. Wannan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan haɗari da ba a lura da su ba. Wannan yana haifar da muhalli da sauran dalilai a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansar nono. Maye gurbin da aka gada a cikin BRCA1 ko BRCA2 na iya tsoma baki tare da gyara hanyoyin haɗin giciye na DNA da raguwar igiyoyi biyu na DNA (sananan ayyukan furotin da aka ɓoye). Wadannan carcinogens suna haifar da lalacewar DNA kamar mahaɗan giciye na DNA da kuma raguwar igiyoyi biyu waɗanda galibi suna buƙatar gyara ta hanyoyi masu ɗauke da BRCA1 da BRCA2. Duk da haka, maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA yana lissafin kashi 2 zuwa 3 ne kawai na duk cutar kansar nono. Levin et al. ka ce ciwon daji na iya zama ba makawa ga duk masu ɗauke da maye gurbi na BRCA1 da BRCA2. Kimanin rabin cututtukan daji na nono-ovarian na gado sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halittar da ba a san su ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɓoye, na iya rage bayyanar kwayar cutar ta BRCA1 kuma suna ƙara haɗarin ciwace-ciwacen nono. GATA-3 kai tsaye yana sarrafa maganganun mai karɓar isrogen (ER) da sauran kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da bambancin epithelial, kuma asarar GATA-3 yana haifar da asarar bambance-bambance da rashin hasashe mara kyau saboda cutar ciwon daji da kuma metastasis. Bincike Yawancin nau'in ciwon daji na nono suna da sauƙin ganewa ta hanyar nazarin microscopic na samfurin ko biopsy na yankin da abin ya shafa na nono. Hakanan, akwai nau'ikan cutar kansar nono waɗanda ke buƙatar gwajin gwaji na musamman. Hanyoyi guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su na nunawa, gwajin jiki na ƙirjin da ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya da mammography, na iya ba da kusan yiwuwar cewa kullu ya zama ciwon daji, kuma yana iya gano wasu raunuka, irin su cysts mai sauƙi. Lokacin da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ba su da ma'ana, ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya zai iya cire samfurin ruwan da ke cikin dunƙule don nazarin microscopic (wani hanya da aka sani da kyakkyawan buri, ko kyakkyawan buri da cytology, FNAC) don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da ganewar asali. Ana iya yin buri na allura a ofishin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ko asibitin. Ana iya amfani da maganin sa barci na gida don murƙushe ƙwayar nono don hana zafi yayin aikin, amma maiyuwa bazai zama dole ba idan kullin baya ƙarƙashin fata. Gano ruwa mai tsafta yana sa kullun ba zai zama mai cutar kansa ba, amma ana iya aika ruwan jini don dubawa a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa don sel masu ciwon daji. Tare, ana iya amfani da gwajin jiki na ƙirjin, mammography, da FNAC don tantance cutar kansar nono tare da ingantaccen matakin daidaito. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan don biopsy sun haɗa da core biopsy ko vacuum-assisted nono biopsy, waxannan hanyoyin da ake cire wani sashe na kutun nono; ko biopsy excisional, wanda a cikinsa aka cire gaba ɗaya dunƙule. Sau da yawa sakamakon gwajin jiki ta ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya, mammography, da ƙarin gwaje-gwajen da za'a iya yi a cikin yanayi na musamman (kamar hoto ta duban dan tayi ko MRI sun isa don ba da garantin biopsy na cirewa azaman madaidaicin ganewar asali da hanyar magani na farko. Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata Rabewa An rarraba kansar nono ta tsarin ƙima da yawa. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana rinjayar hasashen kuma zai iya rinjayar amsawar jiyya. Bayanin ciwon nono yana da kyau ya haɗa da waɗannan abubuwan. Histopathology to Nono ne yawanci classified farko da ta histological bayyanar. Yawancin ciwon daji na nono an samo su ne daga epithelium wanda ke rufe ducts ko lobules, kuma waɗannan ciwon daji an rarraba su azaman carcinoma ductal ko lobular. Carcinoma a wurin shine haɓakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ciwon daji ko ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin wani yanki na musamman kamar tashar mammary ba tare da mamaye nama da ke kewaye ba. Sabanin haka, carcinoma mai ɓarna ba ya keɓe kansa zuwa sashin nama na farko. Daraja Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tana kwatanta bayyanar ƙwayoyin kansar nono da bayyanar nama na nono na yau da kullun. Kwayoyin al'ada a cikin gaba kamar nono suna bambanta, ma'ana suna ɗaukar takamaiman siffofi da siffofi waɗanda ke nuna aikinsu a matsayin ɓangaren wannan sashin. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sun rasa wannan bambancin. A cikin ciwon daji, ƙwayoyin da za su yi layi a cikin tsari don samar da hanyoyin madara sun zama marasa tsari. Rarrabuwar salula ya zama mara sarrafawa. Kwayoyin tsakiya sun zama ƙasa da uniform. Masana ilimin cututtuka sun bayyana sel suma sun bambanta (ƙananan daraja), matsakaicin bambance-bambance (matsakaici), da rashin bambance-bambance (matsayi mai girma) yayin da ƙwayoyin ke ci gaba da rasa sifofin da ake gani a cikin ƙwayoyin nono na yau da kullun. Rashin bambance-bambancen daji mara kyau (waɗanda naman jikinsu ya fi ƙanƙanta kamar naman nono na yau da kullun) suna da mummunan hasashen. Mataki Ciwon daji na nono ta amfani da tsarin TNM yana dogara ne akan girman t umor T ko ciwon daji ya yadu zuwa lymph n odes N a cikin ƙwanƙwasa, da kuma ko ciwon daji yana da m etastasized M watau yaduwa zuwa wani yanki mai nisa na jiki). Girman girma, yaduwar nodal, da metastasis suna da lambar mataki mafi girma da mafi muni. Manyan matakai sune: Mataki na 0 shine pre-cancer ko alama yanayin, ko dai ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) ko lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Matakai na 1-3 suna cikin nono ko yanki na lymph nodes. Mataki na 4 shine ciwon daji na 'metastatic' wanda ke da ƙarancin tsinkaya tun lokacin da ya yadu fiye da nono da ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki. Inda akwai, ana iya amfani da nazarin hoto azaman ɓangare na tsarin tsarawa a cikin zaɓin lokuta don neman alamun ciwon daji na ƙazanta. Duk da haka, a cikin lokuta na ciwon nono tare da ƙananan haɗari don metastasis, haɗarin da ke hade da PET scans, CT scans, ko duban kashi fiye da amfanin da za a iya samu, kamar yadda waɗannan hanyoyin suna fallasa mutum zuwa adadi mai mahimmanci na radiation ionizing mai haɗari. Matsayin mai karɓa Kwayoyin cutar kansar nono suna da masu karɓa a saman su kuma a cikin cytoplasm da tsakiya Manzannin sinadarai irin su hormones suna ɗaure ga masu karɓa, kuma wannan yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin tantanin halitta. Kwayoyin ciwon nono na iya ko ba su da masu karɓa guda uku masu mahimmanci: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), da HER2 Kwayoyin ciwon daji na ER+ (wato, ƙwayoyin ciwon daji waɗanda ke da masu karɓar isrogen) suna dogara ne akan estrogen don girma, don haka za'a iya magance su da kwayoyi don toshe tasirin estrogen (misali tamoxifen kuma gabaɗaya suna da kyakkyawan hangen nesa. Ba a yi magani ba, HER2+ ciwon nono gabaɗaya sun fi HER2- ciwon nono, amma HER2+ ƙwayoyin kansa suna amsa magunguna irin su monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (a hade tare da chemotherapy na al'ada), kuma wannan ya inganta hasashen sosai. Kwayoyin da ba su da kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan masu karɓa guda uku (masu karɓar isrogen, masu karɓar progesterone, ko HER2) ana kiran su sau uku-negative, ko da yake suna yawan bayyana masu karɓa ga sauran kwayoyin halitta, irin su mai karɓar androgen da prolactin receptor Binciken DNA Gwajin DNA na nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban ciki har da microarrays na DNA sun kwatanta sel na yau da kullun zuwa ƙwayoyin kansar nono. Za a iya amfani da takamaiman canje-canje a cikin wani ciwon daji na nono don rarraba kansa ta hanyoyi da yawa, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen zaɓar magani mafi inganci don irin wannan nau'in DNA. Gwaji Yin gwajin cutar kansar nono yana nufin gwada wasu mata masu lafiya game da cutar kansar nono a yunƙurin cimma wani bincike da aka yi a baya a ƙarƙashin zaton cewa ganowa da wuri zai inganta sakamako. An yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da na asibiti da gwajin nono, mammography, gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta, duban dan tayi, da hoton maganadisu. Gwajin nono na asibiti ko na kai ya ƙunshi jin ƙirjin don kulluwa ko wasu rashin daidaituwa. Ma’aikatan lafiya ne ke yin gwajin nono na asibiti, yayin da mutum da kansa ke yin gwajin nono. Shaidu ba su goyi bayan ingancin kowane nau'in jarrabawar nono ba, domin a lokacin da kullu ya yi girma da za a iya gano shi yana iya yin girma shekaru da yawa don haka nan da nan ya isa a same shi ba tare da jarrabawa ba. Binciken mammography don ciwon nono yana amfani da hasken X-ray don bincika nono ga kowane taro ko kullun da bai dace ba. Yayin nunawa, ƙirjin yana matsawa kuma mai fasaha yana ɗaukar hotuna daga kusurwoyi da yawa. Mammogram na gaba ɗaya yana ɗaukar hotuna na gabaɗayan nono, yayin da mammogram na bincike ya mai da hankali kan takamaiman dunƙule ko yanki na damuwa. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa sun ba da shawarar auna cutar kansar nono. Ga talakawan mace, da Amurka M Services Task Force da American College of Physicians bada shawarar mammography kowace shekara biyu a mata dake da shekaru 50 da 74, da majalisar Turai ya bada shawarar mammography tsakanin 50 da 69 tare da mafi shirye-shirye ta amfani da mitar shekaru 2, yayin da Hukumar Turai ta ba da shawarar mammography daga 45 zuwa 75 kowane 2 zuwa 3 shekaru, kuma a Kanada ana ba da shawarar yin gwajin tsakanin shekarun 50 da 74 a mitar 2 zuwa 3 shekaru. Waɗannan rahotannin runduna sun yi nuni da cewa baya ga tiyatar da ba dole ba da damuwa, haɗarin da ke tattare da mammogram akai-akai sun haɗa da ƙaramin ƙanƙara amma ƙaƙƙarfan haɓakar kansar nono da radiation ta haifar. Haɗin gwiwar Cochrane (2013) ya bayyana cewa mafi kyawun shaida mai inganci baya nuna raguwar takamaiman cutar kansa, ko raguwa a cikin duk abubuwan da ke haifar da mace-mace daga gwajin mammography. Lokacin da aka ƙara ƙananan gwaji a cikin bincike ana samun raguwar mace-mace saboda ciwon nono na 0.05% (raguwar 1 a cikin 2000 mutuwar daga ciwon nono sama da shekaru 10 ko kuma raguwar dangi na 15% daga ciwon nono). Nunawa sama da shekaru 10 yana haifar da haɓakar 30% a cikin ƙimar fiye da kima da yawan jiyya (3 zuwa 14 a cikin 1000) kuma fiye da rabin za su sami aƙalla gwajin inganci na ƙarya. Wannan ya haifar da ra'ayin cewa ba a bayyana ko duban mammography ya fi kyau ko cutarwa ba. Cochrane ya bayyana cewa, saboda sauye-sauye na baya-bayan nan game da maganin cutar kansar nono, da kuma kasadar abubuwan da ke tattare da karya daga binciken cutar kansar nono da ke haifar da jiyya maras amfani, "don haka ba ya da amfani a halarci gwajin cutar kansar nono" a kowane zamani. Ko MRI a matsayin hanyar nunawa yana da lahani mafi girma ko amfani idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun mammography ba a sani ba. duk abunda and cikr lailai kareria nada matuqar mahimmanci saboda tearing lafia da Maria dangane da Priyasamundomin samun lfy nada matuqar mahimmanci saboda tafiya da Kuma babu watadama face a bude him rigakafi abun godia saboda tsarin lafia da Kuma samun sauqi wajen Nemo dalilin yin rigakafi da Kuma Neman maganin ciwon nonan kansan mata. Rigakafi Salon Rayuwa Mata za su iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ta hanyar kiyaye nauyi mai kyau, rage shan barasa, ƙara motsa jiki, da shayarwa. Wadannan gyare-gyaren na iya hana kashi 38% na cutar kansar nono a Amurka, 42% a Burtaniya, 28% a Brazil, da 20% a China. Ana ganin fa'idodin tare da matsakaicin motsa jiki kamar tafiya mai gaugawa a kowane rukunin shekaru ciki har da matan da suka shude. Yawan aikin motsa jiki yana rage haɗarin cutar kansar nono da kusan kashi 14%. Dabarun da ke ƙarfafa motsa jiki na yau da kullun da rage kiba kuma na iya samun wasu fa'idodi, kamar rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da ciwon sukari. Al'ummar cutar kanzzon kai na Amurka da kuma al'ummar {asirci na Amurka da aka shawarci kasar a shekarar 2016 da ya kamata mutane su ci abinci a cikin kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, hatsi guda, da kuma kafafun kafirai. Yawan cin 'ya'yan itacen citrus yana da alaƙa da raguwa 10% cikin haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ya bayyana yana rage haɗarin. Yawan cin abinci na tushen soya na iya rage haɗari. Tiyatar Riga-kafi Cire ƙirjin biyu kafin a gano ciwon daji ko duk wani kullutu mai zato ko wani rauni ya bayyana (wani hanya da aka sani da "mastectomy prophylactic bilateral mastectomy" ko "haɗarin rage mastectomy") ana iya la'akari da mata masu BRCA1 da BRCA2 maye gurbi, waɗanda ke da alaƙa. tare da babban haɗari don gano cutar kansar nono. Shaida ba ta da ƙarfi don tallafawa wannan hanya a cikin kowa sai mata a cikin haɗari mafi girma. Ana ba da shawarar gwajin BRCA a cikin waɗanda ke da babban haɗarin iyali bayan shawarwarin kwayoyin halitta. Ba a ba da shawarar akai-akai ba. Wannan saboda akwai nau'ikan canje-canje da yawa a cikin kwayoyin halittar BRCA, kama daga nau'ikan polymorphisms marasa lahani zuwa ga maye gurbi mai haɗari. Tasirin yawancin sauye-sauyen da ake iya ganewa a cikin kwayoyin halitta ba shi da tabbas. Gwaji a cikin matsakaita mai haɗari yana da yuwuwar dawo da ɗayan waɗannan sakamako marasa fa'ida, marasa amfani. Cire nono na biyu a cikin mutumin da ke da ciwon nono (wanda ke rage haɗarin mastectomy ko CRRM) na iya rage haɗarin ciwon daji a cikin nono na biyu, duk da haka, ba a sani ba idan cire nono na biyu a cikin waɗanda ke da ciwon nono yana inganta rayuwa. Magunguna Zaɓuɓɓukan masu karɓar mai karɓar isrogen suna rage haɗarin ciwon nono amma suna ƙara haɗarin thromboembolism da ciwon daji na endometrial. Babu wani sauyi gaba ɗaya a cikin haɗarin mutuwa. Don haka ba a ba da shawarar su don rigakafin cutar kansar nono a cikin mata a matsakaicin haɗari amma ana ba da shawarar a ba da su ga waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin haɗari kuma sama da shekaru 35. Amfanin rage ciwon nono yana ci gaba da aƙalla shekaru biyar bayan dakatar da wani. hanyar jiyya tare da waɗannan magunguna. Masu hana Aromatase (irin su exemestane da anasatrozole) na iya zama mafi tasiri fiye da masu amfani da masu karɓar isrogen receptor (irin su tamoxifen) don rage haɗarin ciwon nono kuma ba su da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon daji na endometrial da thromboembolism. Gudanarwa Gudanar da ciwon nono ya dogara da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da matakin ciwon daji da kuma shekarun mutum. Jiyya sun fi zafi lokacin da ciwon daji ya fi girma ko kuma akwai haɗarin sake dawowa daga ciwon daji bayan magani. Yawanci ana yin maganin kansar nono da tiyata, wanda ƙila a biyo shi ta hanyar chemotherapy ko radiation far, ko duka biyun. Hanyar da'a iri-iri ya fi dacewa. Hormone receptor-positive cancers yawanci ana bi da su tare da maganin toshewar hormone a cikin darussan shekaru da yawa. Monoclonal antibodies, ko wasu jiyya-modulating rigakafi, za a iya gudanar a wasu lokuta na metastatic da sauran ci gaban matakai na ciwon nono. Ko da yake ana ci gaba da nazarin wannan nau'in magani. Tiyata Tiyata ta ƙunshi cire ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta jiki, yawanci tare da wasu nama da ke kewaye. Za a iya cire nodes ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwayoyin lymph yayin aikin tiyata; Ana ƙara yin samfurin ƙwayar lymph ta hanyar biopsy na node na lymph. Daidaitaccen aikin tiyata ya haɗa da: Mastectomy: Cire dukkan nono. Quadrantectomy: Cire kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙirjin. Lumpectomy: Cire wani karamin sashi na nono. Da zarar an cire ƙwayar cutar, idan mutum yana so, ana iya yin tiyatar gyaran nono, nau'in tiyata na filastik, don inganta kyawun wurin da aka yi masa magani. A madadin, mata suna amfani da kayan aikin nono don kwaikwayi nono a ƙarƙashin tufafi, ko zabar ƙirji mai lebur. Ana iya amfani da prosthesis na nono a kowane lokaci bayan mastectomy. Magani Magungunan da aka yi amfani da su bayan da ban da tiyata ana kiran su maganin motsa jiki. Chemotherapy ko wasu nau'ikan jiyya kafin a yi tiyata ana kiran su neoadjuvant therapy. Aspirin na iya rage mace-mace daga kansar nono lokacin amfani da wasu jiyya. A halin yanzu akwai manyan ƙungiyoyin magunguna guda uku da ake amfani da su don maganin ciwon nono na adjuvant: masu hana hormone, chemotherapy, da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na monoclonal. Hormonal therapy Wasu ciwon daji na nono suna buƙatar estrogen don ci gaba da girma. Ana iya gano su ta hanyar kasancewar masu karɓar isrogen (ER da masu karɓa na progesterone (PR a saman su (wani lokaci ana kiran su tare a matsayin masu karɓa na hormone). Ana iya magance waɗannan cututtukan daji na ER+ da magunguna waɗanda ko dai suna toshe masu karɓa, misali. tamoxifen, ko kuma a madadin toshe samar da estrogen tare da mai hana aromatase, misali. Anastrozole ko letrozole. Ana bada shawarar yin amfani da tamoxifen na tsawon shekaru 10. Tamoxifen yana ƙara haɗarin zubar jini na postmenopausal, polyps na endometrial, hyperplasia, da ciwon daji na endometrial; Yin amfani da tamoxifen tare da Tsarin IntraUterine wanda ke sakin levonorgestrel na iya ƙara zubar jini a cikin farji bayan shekaru 1 zuwa 2, amma yana rage ɗan ƙaramin polyps na endometrial da hyperplasia, amma ba dole ba ne ciwon daji na endometrial. Letrozole yana bada shawarar tsawon shekaru biyar. Masu hana Aromatase sun dace da mata kawai bayan menopause; duk da haka, a cikin wannan rukuni, sun fi kyau fiye da tamoxifen. Wannan shi ne saboda aromatase mai aiki a cikin matan da suka shude ya bambanta da nau'i mai yawa a cikin mata masu tasowa, sabili da haka waɗannan wakilai ba su da tasiri wajen hana babban aromatase na mata masu tasowa. Kada a ba masu hanawar Aromatase ga matan da suka riga sun haihu tare da ingantaccen aikin ovarian (sai dai idan suna kan magani don dakatar da ovaries daga aiki). Ana iya amfani da masu hana CDK a hade tare da endocrin ko maganin aromatase. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy ana amfani dashi galibi don lokuta na ciwon nono a matakai na 2-4, kuma yana da fa'ida musamman a cikin cutar mai karɓar isrogen-negative (ER-). Ana gudanar da magungunan chemotherapy a cikin haɗuwa, yawanci na tsawon watanni 3-6. Ɗaya daga cikin tsarin da aka fi sani da "AC", ya haɗa cyclophosphamide tare da doxorubicin. Wani lokaci ana ƙara magungunan haraji, irin su docetaxel, kuma ana kiran tsarin mulkin da "CAT". Wani magani na yau da kullun shine cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, da fluorouracil (ko "CMF"). Yawancin magungunan chemotherapy suna aiki ta hanyar lalata ƙwayoyin cutar daji masu saurin girma da/ko masu saurin kwafi, ko dai ta haifar da lalacewar DNA akan kwafi ko ta wasu hanyoyin. Koyaya, magungunan kuma suna lalata ƙwayoyin al'ada masu girma cikin sauri, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Lalacewa ga tsokar zuciya shine mafi hatsarin rikitarwa na doxorubicin, alal misali. Monoclonal antibodies Trastuzumab, maganin rigakafi na monoclonal zuwa HER2, ya inganta rayuwar shekaru biyar marasa lafiya na mataki na 1-3 HER2 mai cutar kansa zuwa kusan 87% (ci gaba da rayuwa 95%). Tsakanin kashi 25 zuwa kashi 30 cikin 100 na cutar kansar nono suna wuce gona da iri kan HER2 gene ko furotin da ake samarwa, da kuma wuce gona da iri na HER2 a cikin ciwon nono yana da alaƙa da sake dawowar cututtuka da kuma mafi muni. Trastuzumab, duk da haka, yana da tsada sosai, kuma amfani da shi na iya haifar da munanan illolin (kimanin 2% na mutanen da suka karɓa suna haifar da mummunar lalacewar zuciya). Wani antibody pertuzumab yana hana HER2 dimerization kuma ana bada shawarar tare da trastuzumab da chemotherapy a cikin cututtuka mai tsanani. Radiation Ana ba da maganin rediyo bayan tiyata zuwa yankin gadon ciwon daji da kuma nodes na lymph nodes, don lalata ƙwayoyin tumor ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda wataƙila sun tsere daga tiyata. Lokacin da aka ba da shi ta hanyar tiyata kamar yadda aka yi niyya na intraoperative radiotherapy, yana iya yin tasiri mai fa'ida akan microenvironment na ƙari. Za'a iya isar da maganin radiation azaman maganin rediyo na katako na waje ko azaman brachytherapy (radiation na ciki). Ana ba da magungunan rediyo na al'ada bayan tiyata don ciwon nono. Hakanan za'a iya ba da radiation a lokacin aiki akan kansar nono. Radiation na iya rage haɗarin sake dawowa da kashi 50-66% (1/2 2/3 raguwa na haɗari) lokacin da aka kawo shi a cikin daidaitaccen kashi kuma ana la'akari da mahimmanci lokacin da ciwon nono ya yi amfani da shi ta hanyar cire kawai dunƙule (Lumpectomy ko Wide local excision). A farkon cutar sankarar nono, wani ɓangare na iska mai iska ba ya ba da ikon sarrafa kansa iri ɗaya a cikin nono kamar yadda ake kula da nono gabaɗaya kuma yana iya haifar da mummunan sakamako. Kulawa mai biyo baya Kulawa bayan jiyya na ciwon nono na farko, in ba haka ba ana kiransa 'kula da bin diddigi', na iya zama mai ƙarfi wanda ya haɗa da gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun a cikin mutanen da ba su da asymptomatic don ƙoƙarin cimma farkon gano yiwuwar metastases. Wani bita ya gano cewa shirye-shiryen biyo baya da suka haɗa da gwaje-gwaje na jiki na yau da kullun da mammography na shekara kawai suna da tasiri kamar ƙarin shirye-shirye masu ƙarfi da suka ƙunshi gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje dangane da gano sake dawowa da wuri, rayuwa gabaɗaya da ingancin rayuwa. Shirye-shiryen gyaran gyare-gyare na multidisciplinary, sau da yawa ciki har da motsa jiki, ilimi da taimako na tunani, na iya samar da gyare-gyare na gajeren lokaci a cikin ikon aiki, daidaitawar zamantakewa da zamantakewar zamantakewa a cikin mutane masu ciwon nono. Hasashen Abubuwan haɓakawa Matsayin ciwon nono shine mafi mahimmancin bangaren hanyoyin rarrabuwa na al'ada na ciwon nono, saboda yana da tasiri mai yawa akan tsinkaye fiye da sauran la'akari. Tsari yana la'akari da girman, sa hannun gida, matsayin kumburin lymph da ko cutar metastatic tana nan. Mafi girma mataki a ganewar asali, mafi talauci da tsinkaya. Matakin yana tasowa ta hanyar cin zarafi na cututtuka zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph, bangon kirji, fata ko bayan, da kuma tashin hankali na kwayoyin cutar kansa. An saukar da matakin ta kasancewar yankunan da ba su da ciwon daji da kuma dabi'ar tantanin halitta na yau da kullun (masu daraja). Girman ba abu bane a cikin tsari sai dai idan ciwon daji ya mamaye. Misali, Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) wanda ya shafi nono gabaɗaya zai kasance matakin sifili kuma saboda haka kyakkyawan tsinkaye tare da rayuwa mara lafiya na shekaru 10 kusan 98%. Stage 1 cancers (da DCIS, LCIS) suna da kyakkyawar ganewa kuma ana bi da su tare da lumpectomy da wani lokacin radiation. Sashe na 2 da 3 masu ciwon daji tare da ci gaba da rashin talauci da kuma haɗarin sake dawowa gabaɗaya ana bi da su tare da tiyata (lumpectomy ko mastectomy tare da ko ba tare da cire kumburin lymph ba), chemotherapy (da trastuzumab don ciwon daji na HER2+) da kuma wani lokacin radiation (musamman bin manyan cututtuka, da yawa). tabbatacce nodes ko lumpectomy). [akan buƙatun likita] Mataki na 4, ciwon daji na metastatic, (watau yaduwa zuwa wurare masu nisa) yana da mummunan hangen nesa kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na duk jiyya daga tiyata, radiation, chemotherapy da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. Yawan tsira na shekaru goma shine 5% ba tare da magani ba kuma 10% tare da ingantaccen magani. Ana tantance darajar ciwon nono ta hanyar kwatanta ƙwayoyin kansar nono zuwa ƙwayoyin nono na yau da kullun. Mafi kusa da al'ada kwayoyin cutar kansa, da sannu a hankali girma da kuma mafi kyawun tsinkaya. Idan sel ba su bambanta da kyau ba, za su bayyana ba su da girma, za su rarraba cikin sauri, kuma za su yi yaduwa. Wanda aka bambanta da kyau ana ba da maki na 1, matsakaici shine aji 2, yayin da matalauta ko marasa bambanci ana ba su mafi girma na 3 ko 4 (ya danganta da sikelin da aka yi amfani da su). Mafi yawan tsarin ƙima da ake amfani da shi shine tsarin Nottingham. Matan da ba su wuce shekaru 40 ba ko kuma matan da suka haura shekaru 80 suna fuskantar rashin fahimta fiye da matan da suka biyo bayan menopausal saboda dalilai da yawa. Nononsu na iya canzawa da al'adarsu, suna shayar da jarirai, kuma ba za su san canje-canje a nononsu ba. Don haka, ƙananan mata yawanci suna kan matakin ci gaba idan an gano cutar. Hakanan ana iya samun abubuwan ilimin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da babban haɗarin sake bullar cuta ga ƙananan mata masu ciwon nono. Abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum Ba duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansar nono ke fuskantar cutarsu ta hanya ɗaya ba. Abubuwa irin su shekaru na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hanyar da mutum yake jurewa da gano cutar kansar nono. Matan da suka riga sun kamu da cutar kansar nono mai isrogen-receptor tabbatacce dole ne su fuskanci al'amurran da suka shafi farkon menopause da yawancin tsarin ilimin chemotherapy da ake amfani da su don magance ciwon nono, musamman waɗanda ke amfani da hormones don magance aikin ovarian. A cikin mata masu ciwon nono ba na metastatic ba, abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum irin su farfagandar halayya na iya samun tasiri mai kyau akan sakamako kamar damuwa, damuwa da damuwa yanayi. Ayyukan motsa jiki na iya samun tasiri masu fa'ida akan ingancin rayuwa mai alaƙa da lafiya, damuwa, dacewa da kuma motsa jiki a cikin mata masu fama da ciwon nono biyo bayan maganin adjuvant. Epidemiology A duk duniya, cutar kansar nono ita ce cutar kansa mafi yawan kamuwa da ita a cikin mata. Tare da kansar huhu, kansar nono ita ce cutar kansa da aka fi sani da ita, tare da mutane miliyan 2.09 kowanne a cikin 2018. Ciwon daji yana shafar 1 cikin 7 (14%) na mata a duniya. (Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji shine ciwon fata wanda ba melanoma ba; ciwon daji marasa cutarwa gaba ɗaya ana warkewa cikin sauƙi, yana haifar da mutuwar mutane kaɗan, kuma ana cire su akai-akai daga kididdigar ciwon daji.) Ciwon daji na nono ya ƙunshi kashi 22.9% na ciwon daji na mata. da kuma kashi 16% na dukkan ciwon daji na mata. A cikin 2012, ya ƙunshi kashi 25.2% na cututtukan daji da aka gano a cikin mata, wanda ya sa ya zama cutar kansa mafi yawan mata. A cikin 2008, ciwon nono ya haifar da mutuwar 458,503 a duk duniya (13.7% na mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin mata da kashi 6.0% na duk mutuwar ciwon daji ga maza da mata tare). Ciwon daji na huhu, na biyu mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin mata, ya haifar da 12.8% na mutuwar ciwon daji a cikin mata (kashi 18.2% na duk mutuwar ciwon daji ga maza da mata tare). Yawan cutar kansar nono ya bambanta sosai a duniya: ya fi ƙanƙanta a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba kuma mafi girma a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. A cikin yankuna goma sha biyu na duniya, adadin shekarun da suka dace na shekara-shekara a cikin mata 100,000 sune kamar haka: 18 a Gabashin Asiya, 22 a Kudancin Tsakiyar Asiya da Afirka kudu da Sahara, 26 a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, 26, 28 a Arewacin Afirka da Yammacin Asiya, 42 a Kudancin Amurka, 42, 49 a Gabashin Turai, 56 a Kudancin Turai, 73 a Arewacin Turai, 74 a Oceania, 78 a Yammacin Turai, 90 a Arewacin Amurka. Metastatic ciwon daji na nono yana shafar tsakanin kashi 19% (Amurka) da 50% (sassan Afirka) na mata masu ciwon nono. Adadin shari'o'in a duk duniya ya karu sosai tun daga shekarun 1970, al'amarin da aka danganta shi da salon rayuwa na zamani. Ciwon daji na nono yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da shekaru tare da kawai kashi 5% na duk cutar kansar nono da ke faruwa a cikin mata masu ƙasa da shekaru 40. Akwai fiye da 41,000 sabbin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono da aka yiwa rajista a Ingila a cikin 2011, kusan kashi 80% na waɗannan cututtukan suna cikin mata masu shekaru 50 ko sama da haka. Dangane da kididdigar Amurka a cikin 2015 akwai mata miliyan 2.8 da suka kamu da cutar kansar nono. A {asar Amirka, shekarun da suka dace da cutar sankarar nono a cikin mata 100,000 sun tashi daga kusan lokuta 102 a kowace shekara a cikin 1970s zuwa kusa da 141 a ƙarshen 1990s, kuma tun daga lokacin ya fadi, yana da tsayi a kusa da 125 tun 2003. Duk da haka, shekaru Adadin mace-mace daga cutar kansar nono a cikin mata 100,000 kawai ya karu daga 31.4 a 1975 zuwa 33.2 a 1989 kuma tun daga nan ya ragu a hankali zuwa 20.5 a 2014. Tarihi Saboda ganinsa, ciwon nono shine nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi kwatanta shi a cikin tsoffin takardu. Domin yin gwajin gawarwaki ba kasafai ba ne, ciwon daji na gabobin ciki ba sa iya ganin likita na da. Ciwon daji na nono, duk da haka, ana iya jin shi ta fata, kuma a cikin yanayin da ya ci gaba sau da yawa yakan zama cututtukan fungating: ciwon daji zai zama necrotic (ya mutu daga ciki, yana haifar da ciwon daji ya bayyana ya rabu) kuma ya shiga cikin fata, yana kuka. fetid, ruwa mai duhu. Tsohuwar shaidar da aka gano na cutar kansar nono ta fito ne daga Masar kuma ta samo asali ne tun shekaru 4200, zuwa daular shida. Binciken da aka yi na gawar mace daga necropolis na Qubbet el-Hawa ya nuna irin lalacewar da aka saba yi saboda yaduwar ƙwayar cuta. Littafin Edwin Smith Papyrus ya bayyana lokuta takwas na ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace ko gyambon nono da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar cauterization. Rubutun ya ce game da cutar, "Babu magani." Shekaru aru-aru, likitoci sun bayyana irin wannan lamari a cikin ayyukansu, tare da wannan ƙarshe. Magani na da, tun daga zamanin Helenawa har zuwa karni na 17, ya dogara ne akan sha'awar jima'i, don haka sunyi imani cewa ciwon nono yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin ainihin ruwan da ke sarrafa jiki, musamman ma wuce haddi na bile. A madadin haka ana ganinsa a matsayin azaba. An yi Mastectomy don ciwon nono aƙalla a farkon AD 548, lokacin da likitan kotu Aetios na Amida ya ba da shawara ga Theodora. Sai da likitoci suka sami ƙarin fahimtar tsarin jini a cikin ƙarni na 17 da za su iya danganta yaduwar cutar kansar nono zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph a cikin hammata. A farkon karni na 18, Likitan Faransa Jean Louis Petit ya yi jimlar mastectomies waɗanda suka haɗa da cire ƙwayoyin lymph na axillary, yayin da ya gane cewa wannan ya rage sake dawowa. Aikin Petit da aka gina akan hanyoyin likitan fiɗa Bernard Peyrilhe, wanda a cikin karni na 17 ya kuma cire tsokar pectoral da ke ƙarƙashin ƙirjin, yayin da ya yanke hukuncin cewa hakan ya inganta hasashen sosai. Amma rashin sakamako mai kyau da kuma babban haɗari ga majiyyaci yana nufin cewa likitoci ba su raba ra'ayin likitocin tiyata irin su Nicolaes Tulp, wanda a cikin karni na 17 ya yi shelar "maganin kawai shine aikin da ya dace". Fitaccen likitan fida Richard Wiseman ya rubuta a tsakiyar karni na 17 cewa bayan mastectomies 12, marasa lafiya biyu sun mutu a yayin aikin, marasa lafiya takwas sun mutu jim kadan bayan tiyata daga ciwon daji na ci gaba kuma biyu kawai daga cikin 12 marasa lafiya sun warke. Likitoci sun kasance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin maganin da suka rubuta a farkon matakan ciwon nono. An yi wa marasa lafiya magani tare da cakuda kayan wankewa, barin jini da magungunan gargajiya waɗanda ya kamata su rage yawan acidity, irin su alkaline arsenic. Lokacin a cikin 1664 An gano Anne ta Ostiriya tana da ciwon nono, jiyya ta farko ta haɗa da matsewa cike da ruwan 'ya'yan itacen hemlock. Lokacin da kullu ya karu sai likitan sarki ya fara magani da man shafawa na arsenic. Mai haƙuri na sarauta ya mutu 1666 a cikin mummunan zafi. Kowace kasawar maganin cutar sankarar nono ya haifar da neman sababbin magunguna, ta haifar da kasuwa a cikin magungunan da aka yi tallar da su ta hanyar quacks, herbalists, chemists da apothecaries. Rashin maganin sa barci da maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta sun sa mastectomy ya zama jaraba mai raɗaɗi da haɗari. A cikin karni na 18, nau'ikan bincike-bincike iri-iri sun kasance tare da sabbin ka'idoji game da sanadi da haɓakar cutar sankarar nono. Likitan binciken John Hunter ya yi iƙirarin cewa ruwan jijiya ya haifar da kansar nono. Sauran likitocin tiyata sun ba da shawarar cewa madara a cikin mammary ducts ya haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji. An ci gaba da ra'ayoyin game da rauni ga ƙirjin a matsayin sanadin muggan canje-canje a cikin ƙwayar nono. Gano kutun nono da kumbura ya haifar da cece-kuce game da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji da kuma ko kullun matakan ciwon daji ne. Ra'ayin likita game da magani na gaggawa da ake bukata ya bambanta. Likitan fiɗa Benjamin Bell ya ba da shawarar cire nono gabaɗaya, koda kuwa wani yanki ne kawai ya shafa. Ciwon daji na nono ya kasance ba a saba gani ba har zuwa karni na 19, lokacin da ingantuwar tsafta da kula da cututtuka masu saurin kisa ya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a tsawon rayuwa. A baya, yawancin mata sun mutu suna ƙanana don kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. A cikin 1878, wata kasida a cikin Scientific American ta bayyana maganin tarihi ta hanyar matsin lamba da aka yi niyya don haifar da ischemia na gida a lokuta lokacin da cirewar tiyata ba zai yiwu ba. William Stewart Halsted ya fara aiwatar da mastectomies masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin 1882, ya taimaka sosai ta hanyar ci gaban fasahar fiɗa ta gabaɗaya, kamar fasahar aseptic da maganin sa barci. Mastectomy mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Halsted sau da yawa ya ƙunshi cire ƙirjin biyu, ƙwayoyin lymph masu alaƙa, da kuma tsokoki na ƙirji. Wannan yakan haifar da jin zafi da nakasa na dogon lokaci, amma ana ganin ya zama dole don hana ciwon daji sake dawowa. Kafin zuwan mastectomy mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Halsted, adadin tsira na shekaru 20 ya kasance 10% kawai; Tiyatar Halsted ta haɓaka adadin zuwa kashi 50%. An haɓaka tsarin sarrafa kansar nono a cikin 1920s da 1930s don tantance gwargwadon yadda ciwon daji ya haɓaka ta girma da yaduwa. Binciken farko da aka sarrafa akan cutar sankarar nono Janet Lane-Claypon ya yi, wacce ta buga wani binciken kwatankwacin a 1926 na cututtukan nono 500 da kuma sarrafa 500 na asali iri ɗaya da salon rayuwa ga Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Burtaniya. Mastectomies masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kasance daidaitattun kulawa a cikin Amurka har zuwa shekarun 1970, amma a cikin Turai, hanyoyin hana nono, galibi ana bi da su ta hanyar radiation far, gabaɗaya a cikin 1950s. A cikin 1955 George Crile Jr. ya buga Cancer and Common Sense yana jayayya cewa masu ciwon daji suna buƙatar fahimtar zaɓuɓɓukan magani. Crile ta zama abokiyar abokiyar muhalli Rachel Carson, wacce ta yi mastectomy na Halsted a 1960 don magance cutar kansar nono. Masanin ilimin cututtukan daji na Amurka Jerome Urban ya haɓaka mastectomy na sama, yana ɗaukar ƙarin nama, har zuwa 1963, lokacin da adadin tsira na shekaru goma ya yi daidai da ƙarancin mastectomy na raɗaɗi. Carson ya mutu a shekara ta 1964 kuma Crile ya ci gaba da buga labarai iri-iri, duka a cikin shahararrun jaridu da kuma a cikin mujallolin likita, yana ƙalubalantar yadda ake amfani da shi na mastectomy na Halsted. A cikin 1973 Crile ya buga Abin da Mata Ya Kamata Su Sani Game da Rigimar Ciwon Kan Nono. Lokacin da a cikin 1974 Betty Ford aka gano da ciwon nono, zažužžukan don magance ciwon nono an tattauna a fili a cikin manema labarai. A cikin shekarun 1970s, sabon fahimtar metastasis ya haifar da fahimtar ciwon daji a matsayin rashin lafiya na tsari da kuma wanda aka keɓe, kuma an ɓullo da ƙarin hanyoyin kiyayewa waɗanda suka tabbatar da tasiri daidai. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, dubunnan matan da suka yi nasarar kammala jiyya na yau da kullun, sannan suka nemi da dashen kasusuwa masu yawa, suna tunanin hakan zai haifar da mafi kyawun rayuwa na dogon lokaci. Duk da haka, ya tabbatar da rashin tasiri, kuma 15-20% na mata sun mutu saboda rashin tausayi. Rahotonni na 1995 daga Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikatan Jiyya da kuma ƙarshen 2002 na gwajin Ƙaddamarwar Lafiyar Mata ya tabbatar da cewa maganin maye gurbin hormone yana ƙaruwa da kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. Al'umma da al'adu Kafin karni na 20, ana jin tsoron cutar kansar nono kuma ana tattaunawa da su cikin sautin murya, kamar abin kunya ne. Kamar yadda za a iya yin kadan cikin aminci tare da dabarun tiyata na farko, mata sun kasance suna shan wahala a shiru maimakon neman kulawa. Lokacin da aikin tiyata ya ci gaba, kuma adadin rayuwa na dogon lokaci ya inganta, mata sun fara wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar da yiwuwar samun nasarar maganin. Jam'iyyar Fisher na al'ummar Amurka suna shirin karfin cutar kansa (daga baya Amurkawa na kasar Sin) a cikin 1930s da 1940s ya kasance daya daga cikin kamfen da aka shirya na farko. A shekara ta 1952, ƙungiyar tallafi ta farko-da-tsara, mai suna "Isa zuwa farfadowa", ta fara ba da bayan-mastectomy, ziyara a asibiti daga matan da suka tsira daga cutar kansar nono. Motsin kansar nono na shekarun 1980 da 1990 ya samo asali ne daga manyan ƙungiyoyin mata da harkar lafiyar mata na ƙarni na 20. Wannan jerin yaƙin neman zaɓe na siyasa da na ilimi, wani ɓangare na yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar AIDS na siyasa da zamantakewa, ya haifar da karɓuwar ra'ayi na biyu kafin tiyata, ƙarancin hanyoyin tiyata, ƙungiyoyin tallafi, da sauran ci gaban kulawa. Pink ribbon Rubutun ruwan hoda shine fitacciyar alamar wayar da kan cutar sankarar nono. Ribbons masu ruwan hoda, waɗanda za a iya yin su da tsada, wasu lokuta ana siyar da su azaman masu tara kuɗi, kamar poppies a Ranar Tunawa. Ana iya sanya su don girmama waɗanda aka gano suna da cutar kansar nono, ko don gano samfuran da masana'anta ke son sayar wa masu amfani da ke sha'awar ciwon nono. A cikin 1990s kamfanoni na Amurka sun ƙaddamar da yaƙin wayar da kan cutar kansar nono. A matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan kamfen ɗin tallace-tallace masu alaƙa da kamfanoni sun ba da gudummawa ga nau'ikan ayyukan kansar nono don kowane samfurin ribbon ruwan hoda da aka siya. Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta lura cewa "ƙarfin motsin zuciyar da ciwon nono ke haifarwa yana fassara zuwa layin kamfani". Yayin da yawancin kamfanoni na Amurka suka ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban cutar kansar nono wasu kamar su Avon sun kafa nasu tushen kansar nono a bayan samfuran ribbon ruwan hoda. Masu adawa da wannan al'ada sun soki sawa ko nuna kintinkiri mai ruwan hoda a matsayin wani nau'i na slacktivism, saboda ba shi da wani tasiri mai kyau a aikace. An kuma yi suka da cewa munafunci ne, domin wasu suna sanya ratsin ruwan hoda don nuna kyakkyawar niyya ga mata masu fama da cutar kansar nono, amma sai suka yi adawa da wadannan manufofin mata na aiki, kamar hakkin marasa lafiya da kuma dokar hana gurbata muhalli. Masu suka dai sun ce yanayin jin dadin ribbon ruwan hoda da shan ruwan hoda yana dauke hankalin al’umma daga rashin samun ci gaba wajen yin rigakafi da magance cutar sankarar mama. Ana kuma soki lamirin karfafa ra'ayin jinsi da kuma bata mata da nononsu. A cikin 2002 Action Cancer Action ƙaddamar da "Think Kafin Ka Pink" yaƙin neman zaɓe ga harkokin kasuwanci da suka haɗa kai da ruwan hoda kamfen don inganta kayayyakin da ke haifar da ciwon nono, kamar giya. Al'adar ciwon nono A cikin littafinta na 2006 Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of Philanthropy Samantha King ta yi iƙirarin cewa an canza kansar nono daga mummunar cuta da bala'i na mutum zuwa masana'antar tsira da kasuwancin kasuwanci. A cikin 2010 Gayle Sulik ya bayar da hujjar cewa dalilai na farko ko manufofin al'adar cutar kansar nono su ne don kula da kansar nono a matsayin babban abin da ya shafi lafiyar mata, don haɓaka kamannin cewa al'umma na yin wani abu mai tasiri game da cutar kansar nono, da ci gaba da faɗaɗa. ikon zamantakewa, siyasa, da kuɗi na masu fafutukar cutar kansar nono A cikin wannan shekarar Barbara Ehrenreich ta buga wani ra'ayi a cikin Mujallar Harper, tana kuka cewa a al'adar cutar kansar nono, ana kallon maganin kansar nono a matsayin al'ada maimakon cuta. Don dacewa da wannan nau'in, macen da ke fama da ciwon nono na buƙatar daidaitawa da kuma daidaita kamanninta, da kuma rage rushewar da al'amuran lafiyarta ke haifar da wani. Dole ne a rufe fushi, bakin ciki, da rashin fahimta. Kamar yadda yawancin nau'ikan al'adu, mutanen da suka dace da samfurin suna ba da matsayi na zamantakewa, a cikin wannan yanayin a matsayin masu tsira da ciwon daji. Matan da suka ƙi samfurin an guje su, azabtarwa da kunya. An soki al'adar game da daukar mata manya kamar kananan 'yan mata, kamar yadda abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na "jarirai" suka nuna irin su ruwan hoda na teddy bears da aka ba wa mata masu girma. Jaddawa A shekara ta 2009 wata 'yar jarida a kimiyyar Amurka Christie Aschwanden ta soki cewa fifikon da aka fi mayar da hankali kan tantance cutar sankarar nono na iya cutar da mata ta hanyar sanya su radiation, biopsies, da tiyata marasa amfani. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na cutar kansar nono da aka gano na iya komawa da kansu. Duban mammography da kyau yana gano marasa lafiya da rai, cututtukan daji na nono da asymptomatic, ko da yake ana yin watsi da manyan cututtukan daji. A cewar mai binciken cutar kansa, H. Gilbert Welch, mai binciken mammography ya ɗauki “hanyar mutuwa ta ƙwaƙwalwa wacce ta ce mafi kyawun gwajin ita ce wanda ke gano mafi yawan cutar kansa” maimakon wanda ke gano kansar masu haɗari. A shekara ta 2002 an lura da cewa, sakamakon bayyanar cutar kansar nono, ana iya yin kuskuren fassara sakamakon ƙididdiga, kamar iƙirarin cewa mace ɗaya cikin takwas za ta kamu da cutar kansar nono a lokacin rayuwarsu iƙirarin da ya dogara da zato maras tabbas cewa. babu wata mace da za ta mutu da kowace irin cuta kafin ta kai shekara 95. A shekarar 2010 yawan cutar kansar nono a Turai ya kai kashi 91% a shekara daya da kashi 65% a shekaru biyar. A cikin Amurka, adadin shekarun rayuwa na shekaru biyar don cutar kansar nono ya kasance 96.8%, yayin da a lokuta na metastases ya kasance kawai 20.6%. Domin hasashen cutar kansar nono a wannan mataki yana da kyau sosai, idan aka kwatanta da hasashen sauran cututtukan, cutar sankarar nono a matsayin sanadin mutuwar mata shine kashi 13.9% na yawan mace-macen cutar kansa. Abu na biyu da ya fi zama sanadin mutuwar mata daga cutar kansa shi ne kansar huhu, cutar daji da ta fi kamari a duniya ga maza da mata. Ingantacciyar adadin tsira ya sa kansar nono ya zama cutar kansa mafi yaɗuwa a duniya. A cikin 2010 kimanin mata miliyan 3.6 a duk duniya sun kamu da cutar kansar nono a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, yayin da maza ko mata miliyan 1.4 kawai suka tsira daga cutar kansar huhu suna raye. Bambance-bambancen kabilanci Akwai bambance-bambancen kabilanci a cikin adadin mace-macen cutar kansar nono da kuma na maganin cutar kansar nono. Kansar nono ita ce cutar sankara mafi yaduwa da ke shafar mata na kowace kabila a Amurka. Yawan cutar kansar nono a tsakanin mata bakar fata masu shekaru 45 zuwa sama ya zarce na farare mata masu shekaru daya. Fararen mata masu shekaru 60-84 suna da yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar nono fiye da matan Baƙar fata. Duk da haka, mata baƙar fata a kowane zamani sun fi kamuwa da cutar kansar nono. Maganin ciwon daji na nono ya samu ci gaba sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma har yanzu baƙar fata ba sa samun magani idan aka kwatanta da farar fata. Abubuwan haɗari kamar yanayin zamantakewa, ƙarshen zamani, ko ciwon nono a ganewar asali, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in ciwon daji, bambance-bambancen samun damar kula da lafiya duk suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan bambance-bambance. Abubuwan da ke tabbatar da tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa da ke shafar rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin cutar kansar nono sun haɗa da talauci, al'adu, da kuma rashin adalci na zamantakewa. A cikin matan Hispanic, kamuwa da cutar kansar nono ya yi ƙasa da na matan da ba na Hispanic ba amma galibi ana bincikar su a wani mataki na gaba fiye da farar fata masu ciwon sukari. Mata bakar fata yawanci ana samun cutar kansar nono tun suna kanana fiye da farare. Tsakanin shekarun ganewar asali ga mata baƙar fata shine 59, idan aka kwatanta da 62 a cikin fararen mata. Yawan cutar kansar nono a cikin mata baƙar fata ya karu da 0.4% a kowace shekara tun daga 1975 da 1.5% a kowace shekara a tsakanin matan Asiya/Pacific na Asiya tun daga 1992. Yawan abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance masu karko ga waɗanda ba na Hispanic White, Hispanics, da mata na asali ba. Adadin tsira na shekaru biyar an lura ya zama 81% a cikin mata baƙar fata da 92% a cikin mata farare. Matan Sinawa da Jafanawa ne ke da mafi girman adadin rayuwa. Talauci shine babban abin da ke haifar da bambance-bambancen da ke da alaka da ciwon nono. Mata masu karamin karfi ba su da yuwuwar a yi gwajin cutar kansar nono don haka ana iya samun cutar da wuri. Tabbatar da cewa mata na kowane kabila sun sami daidaiton kulawar lafiya [bayani da ake buƙata] na iya shafar waɗannan bambance-bambance. Ciki Ciki tun yana ƙarami yana rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono daga baya a rayuwa. Haɗarin cutar kansar nono kuma yana raguwa tare da adadin yaran da mace ke da su. Ciwon daji na nono ya zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru 5 ko 10 bayan daukar ciki amma sai ya zama kasa gama gari fiye da yawan jama'a. An san waɗannan cututtukan daji da kansar nono bayan haihuwa kuma suna da sakamako mafi muni gami da ƙara haɗarin yaduwar cututtuka da mace-mace. Sauran ciwon daji da ake samu a lokacin ko kuma jim kadan bayan daukar ciki suna bayyana a kusan daidai da sauran cututtukan daji na mata masu shekaru makamancin haka. Gano sabon ciwon daji a cikin mace mai ciki yana da wahala, a wani ɓangare saboda duk wani alamun da aka saba ɗauka a matsayin rashin jin daɗi na yau da kullun da ke hade da ciki. A sakamakon haka, ciwon daji yawanci ana gano shi a wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan fiye da matsakaici a yawancin mata masu juna biyu ko kwanan nan. Wasu hanyoyin hoto, irin su MRIs (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu), CT scans, ultrasounds, da mammograms tare da garkuwar tayin ana ɗaukar lafiya yayin daukar ciki; wasu, kamar PET scans ba su. Magani gabaɗaya iri ɗaya ne da na mata marasa ciki. Duk da haka, ana guje wa radiation yawanci lokacin daukar ciki, musamman idan adadin tayin zai iya wuce 100 cGy. A wasu lokuta, ana jinkirta wasu ko duka jiyya har sai bayan haihuwa idan an gano ciwon daji a ƙarshen ciki. Bayarwa da wuri don saurin fara jiyya ba sabon abu bane. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar tiyatar lafiya yayin da take ɗauke da juna biyu, amma wasu magunguna, musamman wasu magungunan chemotherapy da ake ba su a farkon watanni uku na farko, suna ƙara haɗarin lahani na haihuwa da asarar ciki (zubar da ciki da haihuwa da haihuwa). Ba a buƙatar zubar da ciki da aka zaɓa kuma baya inganta yuwuwar mahaifiyar ta tsira ko kuma ta warke. Maganin radiyo na iya kawo cikas ga iyawar uwa wajen shayar da jaririnta saboda yana rage karfin nonon don samar da madara kuma yana kara haɗarin mastitis. Har ila yau, lokacin da ake ba da maganin chemotherapy bayan haihuwa, yawancin magungunan suna wucewa ta cikin nono zuwa jariri, wanda zai iya cutar da jariri. Game da ciki nan gaba tsakanin masu tsira da ciwon nono, galibi ana jin tsoron sake bullowar cutar kansa. A gefe guda, mutane da yawa har yanzu suna la'akari da ciki da haihuwa don wakiltar al'ada, farin ciki da cikar rayuwa. Hormones Kulawar haihuwa A cikin waɗanda suka tsira daga cutar kansar nono, hanyoyin hana haihuwa waɗanda ba na hormonal ba kamar na'urar intrauterine ta jan ƙarfe (IUD) yakamata a yi amfani da su azaman zaɓin layin farko. Hanyoyin tushen progestogen irin su depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, IUD tare da progestogen ko progestogen kawai kwayoyin suna da mummunan bincike amma yiwuwar karuwar cutar ciwon daji, amma ana iya amfani da su idan tasiri mai kyau ya fi wannan haɗari mai yiwuwa. Menopause hormone maye gurbin A cikin wadanda suka tsira daga ciwon nono, ana bada shawara don fara la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukan da ba na hormonal ba don tasirin menopause, irin su bisphosphonates ko masu zaɓin masu karɓar isrogen receptor (SERMs) don osteoporosis, da estrogen na farji don alamun gida. Nazarin lura na tsarin maye gurbin hormone bayan ciwon nono yana ƙarfafawa gabaɗaya. Idan maye gurbin hormone ya zama dole bayan ciwon nono, maganin estrogen-kawai ko maganin estrogen tare da na'urar intrauterine tare da progestogen na iya zama mafi aminci zaɓuɓɓuka fiye da haɗin tsarin tsarin. Bincike Ana kimanta jiyya a gwaji na asibiti. Wannan ya haɗa da magungunan mutum ɗaya, haɗaɗɗun magunguna, da hanyoyin tiyata da fasahar radiation Bincike ya haɗa da sabbin nau'ikan jiyya da aka yi niyya, rigakafin cutar kansa, oncolytic virotherapy, jiyya na ƙwayoyin cuta da rigakafi. Ana ba da rahoton sabon bincike a kowace shekara a tarurrukan kimiyya kamar na American Society of Clinical Oncology, San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, da St. Gallen Oncology Conference a St. Gallen, Switzerland. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da wasu ƙungiyoyi ne suke nazarin waɗannan karatun, kuma an tsara su cikin ƙa'idodi don takamaiman ƙungiyoyin jiyya da nau'in haɗari. Fenretinide, wani retinoid, kuma ana nazarinsa a matsayin hanyar rage haɗarin cutar kansar nono. Musamman, haɗuwa da ribociclib tare da maganin endocrin sun kasance batun gwaji na asibiti. Wani bita na 2019 ya sami tabbataccen tabbaci na matsakaici cewa bai wa mutane maganin rigakafi kafin tiyatar kansar nono ya taimaka wajen hana kamuwa da cutar ta wurin tiyata (SSI). Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don ƙayyade ƙa'idar maganin rigakafi mafi inganci da amfani ga matan da ke fuskantar gyaran nono nan take. Cryoablation Kamar yadda na 2014 cryoablation ana nazarin don ganin ko zai iya zama madadin lumpectomy a cikin ƙananan cututtuka. Akwai shaida ta ƙarshe a cikin waɗanda ke da ciwace-ciwacen da bai wuce santimita 2 ba. Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi a cikin waɗanda tiyata ba zai yiwu ba. Wani bita ya nuna cewa cryoablation ya dubi alamar alamar ciwon nono na farko na ƙananan ƙananan. Layukan kwayar cutar kansar nono Wani ɓangare na ilimin halin yanzu game da ciwon daji na nono ya dogara ne akan in vivo da in vitro binciken da aka yi tare da layin salula da aka samo daga ciwon nono. Waɗannan suna ba da tushe marar iyaka na kayan kwafin kai mai kama da juna, ba tare da gurɓata ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi ba, kuma sau da yawa ana al'adarsu cikin sauƙi daidaitaccen kafofin watsa labarai. Layin kwayar cutar kansar nono na farko da aka kwatanta, BT-20, an kafa shi a cikin 1958. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kuma duk da ci gaba da aiki a wannan yanki, adadin layin dindindin da aka samu ya kasance mai ban mamaki (kimanin 100). Lallai, yunƙurin al'adar layukan ƙwayoyin cutar kansar nono daga ciwace-ciwacen farko bai yi nasara ba. Wannan rashin inganci sau da yawa yakan faru ne saboda matsalolin fasaha da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta mai ƙarfi daga maƙarƙashiya da ke kewaye da su. Yawancin layukan sel kansar nono da ake samu daga ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta, galibi daga zubar da jini. Zubar da ciki yana ba da lambobi masu yawa na rarrabuwar kawuna, ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta masu yuwuwa waɗanda ke da ɗan ko babu gurɓata ta fibroblasts da sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta. Yawancin layukan BCC da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu an kafa su a ƙarshen 1970s. Kadan daga cikinsu, wato MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-231 da SK-BR-3, sun kai sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na duk binciken da aka yi a kan layukan ciwon nono, kamar yadda aka kammala daga Binciken tushen layi. Alamar kwayoyin halitta Metabolic markers A asibiti, mafi amfani alamomi na rayuwa a cikin ciwon nono shine estrogen da progesterone masu karɓa waɗanda ake amfani da su don tsinkayar amsa ga maganin hormone. Sabbin alamomi ko yuwuwar sabbin alamun cutar kansar nono sun haɗa da BRCA1 da BRCA2 don gano mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, HER-2, [abubuwan da ake buƙata na likita] da SCD1, don tsinkayar martani ga tsarin warkewa, da urokinase plasminogen activator, PA1-1 da SCD1 don tantance hasashen. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Cutar
24124	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi%20Nakamoto	Satoshi Nakamoto	Satoshi Nakamoto suna ne da presumed pseudonymous suke amfani dashi wanda ya kirkiri bitcoin, sannan ya samar da ita bitcoin din white paper, reference implementation. A matsayin sashen kirkira, sanna shina wanda ya fara kirkiran blockchain database. A wannan mataki, shine wanda ya fara bada shawara akan kawar da matsalolin double-spending a digital currency tare da amfani da peer-to-peer network. ya tsaya tsayin daka domin samar da bitcoin har ya zuwa watan Disemba 2010. Dayawan mutane sun yi ikirari akan cewa sune Ci gaban bitcoin ya baiyana code na bitcoin wanda ya fara a 2007. zuwa 18 August 2008, shi ko abokin aikin sa yayi mata rigiista da domain mai suna bitcoin.org, sannan ya kirkiri shafin yanar gizo da sunan wato bitcoin. On 31 October, ya gaba white paper a cryptography mailing list a metzdowd.com domin faiyace digital cryptocurrency, mai suna "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". A ranar 9 ga Janairun 2009, ya saki sigar 0.1 na software na bitcoin akan SourceForge, kuma ya ƙaddamar da hanyar sadarwar ne ta hanyar ayyana asalin toshewar bitcoin (lambar toshe 0), wanda ke da lada na bitcoins 50. An saka shi a cikin ma'amala ta musayar wannan shinge shine rubutun: "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor a gab da bayar da belin yana ambaton kanun labarai a jaridar The Times ta Burtaniya da aka buga a wannan ranar. An kuma fassara wannan bayanin a matsayin duka timestamp da tsokaci mai tsoka game da rashin kwanciyar hankali da bankin keɓaɓɓe ya haifar. ya ci gaba da kulla alaka da hadaka akan bitcoin har zuwa tsakiyar 2010, yana gudanar da dukkan tsare-tsare na source code da kansa. sannan ya tsarin source code repository da mabudin sanarwa na yana gizo ga Gavin Andresen, sannan ya raba domain ma bambamta ga mukarraban bitcoin. Halaye da ainihi Wasu sun ɗauki na iya zama ƙungiyar mutane: Dan Kaminsky, mai binciken tsaro wanda ya karanta lambar bitcoin, ce yana iya zama “ƙungiyar mutane” ko kuma “haziƙi”; Laszlo Hanyecz, mai haɓakawa wanda ya aika wa yana da jin lambar an tsara ta sosai don mutum ɗaya; John McAfee ya yi da'awar ya kasance "ƙungiyar mutane goma sha ɗaya". Gavin Andresen ya ce game da Lambar code: "Ya kasance ƙwararre mai kodin, amma yana da ban tsoro." Amfani da Ingilishi na Ingilishi a cikin tsokaci na lambar tushe da rubuce rubuce na dandalin tattaunawa kamar furucin mai tsananin jini sharuddan kamar lebur da lissafi da kuma rubutun "launin toka" da "launi" ya haifar da hasashe cewa ko aƙalla mutum ɗaya a cikin ƙungiyar da ke da'awar cewa shi ne, ya kasance asalin Commonwealth. Maganar jaridar Times ta London a farkon toshe bitcoin na ya ba da shawara ga wasu sha'awa ta musamman ga gwamnatin Burtaniya. Stefan Thomas, injiniyan software na Switzerland kuma memba na al'umma mai aiki, ya zayyana timetamps na kowane sakonnin dandalin bitcoin (sama da 500); ginshiƙi ya nuna raguwar kusan zuwa kusan babu rubutu tsakanin awanni 5 na safe zuwa 11 na safe Lokaci Ma'anar Greenwich Wannan ya kasance tsakanin 2 na yamma zuwa 8 na yamma Lokaci na Japan, yana ba da shawarar yanayin bacci mai ban mamaki ga wanda ake tsammanin yana zaune a Japan. Kamar yadda wannan tsarin ya kasance gaskiya koda a ranakun Asabar da Lahadi, ya ba da shawarar cewa akai -akai yana bacci a wannan lokacin. Asalin ne ba a sani ba, amma baki sun focussed a kan daban-daban cryptography da kwamfuta kimiyya masana, mafi yawa na wadanda ba Japanese lõkacin saukarsa. Hal Finney Hal Finney (4 ga Mayu 1956-28 ga Agusta 2014) ya kasance majagaba na crypto kafin bitcoin kuma mutum na farko (ban da da kansa) don amfani da software, rahotannin bug na fayil, da ingantawa. Ya kuma rayu 'yan tubalan daga wani mutum mai suna' Dorian Satoshi a cewar ɗan jaridar Forbes Andy Greenberg. Greenberg ya tambayi mai ba da shawara kan nazarin rubutu Juola & Associates don kwatanta samfurin rubutun Finney da kuma sun same shi kamannin mafi kusanci wanda har yanzu suka gamu da su, gami da idan aka kwatanta da 'yan takarar da Newsweek, Fast Company, The New Yorker, Ted Nelson da Skye Gray suka ba da shawara. Greenberg ya yi hasashen cewa wataƙila Finney ya kasance mawallafi ne a madadin ko kuma kawai ya yi amfani da maƙwabcinsa Dorian a matsayin "digo" ko "patsy wanda ake amfani da bayanansa na sirri don ɓoye ayyukan kan layi". Koyaya, bayan haduwa da Finney, ganin imel tsakanin sa da da tarihin walat ɗin bitcoin (gami da farkon ma'amalar bitcoin daga zuwa gare shi, wanda ya manta ya biya) kuma da jin musun sa, Greenberg ya kammala da cewa Finney yana faɗin gaskiya. Juola Associates sun kuma gano cewa Imel ɗin Finney ya yi kama da sauran rubuce -rubuce fiye da na Finney. Finney ta 'yan'uwanmu extropian da kuma wani lokacin co-blogger Robin Hanson sanya wani kayadadden Yiwuwar "a kalla" 15% cewa "Hal aka fi hannu fiye da ya ta ce", kafin ƙarin shaidun da shawarar cewa ba haka al'amarin. Dorian A cikin babban labarin 6 Maris 2014 a cikin mujallar Newsweek, 'yar jarida Leah McGrath Goodman ta gano Dorian Prentice wani Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ne da ke zaune a California, wanda sunan haihuwarsa a matsayin cikin tambaya. Bayan sunansa, Goodman ya yi nuni da wasu hujjoji da dama da ke nuna cewa shi mai ƙirƙira bitcoin ne. An koyar da shi azaman masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Cal Poly a Pomona, yayi aiki a matsayin injiniyan injiniya akan ayyukan tsaro na musamman da injiniyan kwamfuta don fasaha da kamfanonin sabis na bayanan kuɗi. an sallame shi sau biyu a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma ya zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi, a cewar 'yarsa, kuma ya karfafa mata gwiwar fara kasuwancin nata "ba a karkashin babban yatsa na gwamnati ba." A cikin labarin mafi girman shaidar, Goodman ya rubuta cewa lokacin da ta tambaye shi game da bitcoin yayin ɗan gajeren hirar mutum, Da alama ya tabbatar da asalinsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa bitcoin ta hanyar furta: “Ban shiga cikin hakan ba kuma ba zan iya tattauna shi ba. An ba da shi ga wasu mutane. Su ke kula da shi yanzu. Ba ni da wata alaƙa. Buga labarin ya haifar da sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai, gami da manema labarai da ke sansani kusa da Dorian gidansu da dabara suna binsa da mota lokacin da yayi tuƙi don yin hira. Koyaya, yayin hirar mai cikakken tsawon lokaci, Dorian ya musanta duk wata alaƙa da bitcoin, yana mai cewa bai taɓa jin labarin kuɗin ba a da, kuma ya yi kuskuren fassara tambayar Goodman da cewa game da aikin da ya gabata ne na 'yan kwangila na soja, yawancinsu an rarrabasu. A cikin hirar Reddit "tambaya-ni-komai", ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi kuskuren fassara tambayar Goodman da cewa yana da alaƙa da aikinsa na Citibank Daga baya a wannan rana, da pseudonymous Asusun P2P Foundation ya buga saƙo na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, yana mai cewa: "Ni ba Dorian A watan Satumba, asusun ya sake buga wani sako yana cewa an yi masa kutse, inda ya haifar da tambayoyi kan sahihancin sakon da ya gabata. A watan Disamba na 2013, blogger Skye Gray ya haɗa Nick Szabo da farar takarda ta bitcoin ta amfani da hanyar da ya bayyana a matsayin bincike na salo Szabo mai son kuɗi ne mai rarrabawa, kuma ya buga takarda akan "bit zinariya", ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fara bitcoin. An san cewa yana da sha'awar yin amfani da sunaye a cikin shekarun 1990. A cikin labarin Mayu 2011, Szabo ya faɗi game da mahaliccin bitcoin: "Ni kaina, da Hal Finney sune kawai mutanen da na sani waɗanda ke son ra'ayin (ko a cikin idan har ra'ayinsa mai alaƙa) ya isa ya bi shi har zuwa (dauka ba Finney bane ko Marubucin kuɗi Dominic Frisby yana ba da shaidu da yawa amma, kamar yadda ya yarda, babu wata hujja cewa shine Sabo. Koyaya, Szabo ya musanta kasancewa A cikin imel na Yuli 2014 zuwa Frisby, ya ce: “Na gode don sanar da ni. Ina tsoron kada ku yi kuskure doxing ni a matsayin amma na saba da shi. Nathaniel Popper ya rubuta a cikin New York Times cewa "hujja mafi gamsarwa ta nuna wani ba'amurke ɗan asalin ƙasar Hungary mai suna Nick Szabo." Craig Wright A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2015, Wired ya rubuta cewa Craig Steven Wright, masanin ilimin Australiya, "ko dai ya ƙirƙira bitcoin ko kuma ƙwararren mahaukaci ne wanda ke matukar son mu yarda cewa ya yi". Craig Wright ya saukar da asusun sa na Twitter kuma shi ko tsohuwar matar sa ba ta amsa tambayoyin manema labarai ba. A wannan ranar, Gizmodo ya buga labari tare da shaidar da ake zargin wani dan gwanin kwamfuta ya shiga cikin asusun imel na Wright, yana mai cewa sunaye ne na haɗin gwiwa na Craig Steven Wright da kuma masanin binciken kwakwaf na kwamfuta David Kleiman, wanda ya mutu a 2013. Jon Matonis (tsohon darektan Gidauniyar Bitcoin da mai haɓaka bitcoin Gavin Andresen da kuma masanin kimiyyar Ian Grigg sun goyi bayan da'awar Wright. Yawancin shahararrun masu tallata bitcoin sun kasance ba su gamsu da rahotannin ba. Rahotannin da suka biyo baya kuma sun tayar da yuwuwar shaidar da aka bayar ta zama ƙarara, wanda Wired ya yarda da "jefa shakku" akan shawarar su cewa Wright shine Mai haɓaka Bitcoin Bitrus Todd ya ce post ɗin blog ɗin Wright, wanda ya bayyana yana ƙunshe da hujjojin ɓoye, a zahiri bai ƙunshi komai ba. Mai haɓaka Bitcoin Jeff Garzik ya yarda cewa shaidar da Wright ya bayar a bainar jama'a ba ta tabbatar da komai ba, kuma mai binciken tsaro Dan Kaminsky ya kammala da'awar Wright da cewa "zamba ce da gangan". A cikin 2019 Wright yayi rijistar haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka don fararen takarda bitcoin da lambar don Bitcoin 0.1. Teamungiyar Wright sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan "amincewar hukumar gwamnati ce ta Craig Wright a matsayin Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka ya ba da sanarwar manema labarai da ke fayyace cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba. Sauran 'yan takara A cikin labarin 2011 a cikin New Yorker, Joshua Davis ya yi iƙirarin taƙaita asalin ga mutane da dama da za su yiwu, ciki har da masanin tattalin arziƙin Finnish Dokta Vili Lehdonvirta da ɗalibin Irish Michael Clear, wanda a cikin 2008 dalibi ne mai karatun digiri na farko a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin Clear ya musanta cewa shi kamar yadda Lehdonvirta yayi. A cikin Oktoba 2011, rubutawa ga Fast Company, ɗan jarida mai bincike Adam Penenberg ya kawo shaidu da ke nuna cewa Neal King, Vladimir Oksman da Charles Bry na iya zama Sun haɗu tare da aikace -aikacen patent wanda ya ƙunshi kalmar "ƙididdigar da ba ta dace ba don juyawa" a cikin 2008, wanda kuma An yi rijistar sunan yankin bitcoin.org kwanaki uku bayan an shigar da patent. Duk mutanen uku sun musanta kasancewa lokacin da Penenberg ta tuntube shi. A watan Mayu 2013, Ted Nelson yayi hasashen cewa dan kasar Japan ne Daga baya, an buga wata kasida a jaridar The Age da ta yi ikirarin cewa ya musanta wadannan hasashe, amma ba tare da danganta tushen musun ba. Labarin 2013 a cikin Mataimakin ya lissafa Gavin Andresen, Jed McCaleb, ko wata hukumar gwamnati a matsayin 'yan takarar zama A cikin 2013, masanan ilmin lissafi na Isra’ila biyu, Dorit Ron da Adi Shamir, sun buga wata takarda da ke ikirarin haɗi tsakanin da Ross Ulbricht Su biyun sun dogara da tuhumarsu akan nazarin cibiyar sadarwar ma'amaloli na bitcoin, amma daga baya sun janye da'awarsu. A cikin 2016, Financial Times ta ce wataƙila ƙungiyar mutane ce da ke ambaton Hal Finney, Nick Szabo, Cyrano Jones da Adam Back a matsayin membobi masu yuwuwa. A cikin 2020, tashar YouTube Barely Sociable ta yi iƙirarin cewa Adam Back, wanda ya ƙirƙira magabacin bitcoin Hashcash, shine Baya baya musanta wannan. Elon Musk musanta cewa shi Nakamoto a tweet a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2017, amsa hasashe baya mako a wani medium.com post da wani tsohon SpaceX ɗalibin kwalejin likita. A cikin jaridar 2019 Evan Ratliff ya yi iƙirarin dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi Paul Le Roux na iya zama Manazarta [./Satoshi_Nakamoto#cite_ref-79 Ƙari] "Shin wannan mai siyar da magunguna na duniya ne ya ƙirƙira Bitcoin? Baka! AUREN Hanyoyin waje Alamar Satoshi Andrew O'Hagan akan rayuwar Satoshi Nakamoto da yawa Pages with unreviewed
21513	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno%20Assis	Nuno Assis	Nuno Assis Lopes de Almeida (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1977) shi ne ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa na Fotigal da ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari. Ya buga Primeira Liga jimillar wasanni 282 da kwallaye 33 sama da shekaru 12, yana wakiltar gasar Alverca, Gil Vicente, Vitória de Guimarães (zinare uku) da Benfica. Ya kuma yi shekaru huɗu a Rukunin Farko na Cypriot, tare da Omonia. Klub din An haife shi a Lousã, Gundumar Coimbra, Assis ya fara wasan ƙwallo a garinsu, kafin Sporting CP ya hango shi. Daga nan ya koma tsarin matasa na kungiyar ta Lisbon, daga baya kuma aka ba da rancen ga kungiyar gonar ta ta Sporting Clube Lourinhanense Ya fara zama na farko a Primeira Liga a shekarar 1999 zuwa shekarar 2000, inda ya buga wasanni 19 a kungiyar FC Alverca yayin da yake a matsayin aro daga Sporting, daga baya kuma aka bashi a karo na karshe a kakar wasa mai zuwa zuwa Gil Vicente FC, wanda ya ci kwallayen sa na farko. burin jirgin. A lokacin rani na shekarar 2001, Assis aka sake ta Lions, shiga tare da Vitória de Guimarães A shekararsa ta biyu ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 33, inda yaci kwallaye hudu cikin 31 a kakar wasa mai zuwa Ya kuma fara daga shekarar 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2005 tare da gefen Minho, amma ya koma SL Benfica a cikin taga mai canja wurin hunturu mai zuwa don maye gurbin faduwa Zlatko Zahovič ya zira kwallaye a wasansa na farko, a nasarar 1-2 waje da Moreirense FC Kafin farawar shekarar 2008 da 2009, bayan an yi amfani da shi kusan a cikin yanayi uku da rabi, Benfica ya saki Assis tare da Luís Filipe, ya sake shiga Vitória Guimarães. A ranar 30 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2009 ya zira kwallaye uku a wasansa, a wasan da suka doke 4-2 a Vitória de Setúbal A cikin kakar shekarar 2009 zuwa shekarar 2010 Assis ya ci gaba da taka rawar gani ga Vitória, inda ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasanni 26 yayin da kungiyar ta kare ta shida. A tsakiyar watan Yunin shekarar 2010, dan wasan mai shekaru 32 ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Ittihad FC ta Saudi Arabiya, don kwarewarsa ta farko a kasashen waje; a wasansa na farko, a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, ya taimaka wajan doke Al-Ettifaq da ci 2-1. A ƙarshen Agustan shekarar 2011, Assis ya sake shiga Vitória Guimarães. A lokacin bazara mai zuwa ya sake komawa ƙungiyoyi da ƙasashe, bayan ya amince da yarjejeniya tare da Omonia Nicosia Ya zira kwallaye biyu daga wasanni 28 da ya buga a Cyprus a karon farko, amma yana da niyyar barin kungiyar bayan kwantiraginsa ta kare saboda bambancin kudi, inda daga baya ya sauya shawara ya kuma zama kyaftin Doping harka Bayan wasan wasan cikin gida tsakanin Benfica da CS Marítimo a ranar 3 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2005, Assis ana zargin an gwada shi da tabbataccen abu. A watan Fabrairun shekara mai zuwa, Hukumar Kula da da'a ta UEFA ta dakatar da dan wasan daga dukkan wasannin UEFA na hukuma, bayan da aka bayyana sakamakon gwajin [1] Benfica ce ta yi nasara a kan A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, shugaban Benfica, Luís Filipe Vieira, ya fito yana adawa da sakamakon da aka ce an samu, saboda ba a bi hanyar da ta dace ba don gwaje-gwajen ba (jinkirin sa'a 72 tsakanin tarin samfurin da gwajin yawan kwayoyi na abubuwa daban-daban na iya haifar don samfurin lalacewa da kyawawan maganganu). A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2006, Majalisar Adalci ta Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Fotigal ta fitar da hukuncin a kan fasaha, musamman rashin kula da tsaron Assis, kuma sun cire dakatarwar watanni shida ga dan wasan bayan an fara dakatar da shi na tsawon watanni biyar. Benfica ya yi barazanar danna caji don gwadawa da gano wanda ke da alhakin tuhumar karya da kuma duk hanyar, kuma ya nemi a fatattaki daraktan dakin gwaje-gwaje da masu fasahar da ke cikin wannan lamarin; a ranar 19, jaridun wasanni na Fotigal O Jogo da A Bola sun nakalto shugaban dakin gwaje-gwajen da ke kula da samfurin kuma suka yi binciken (LAD, Anti-Doping Lab) suna da'awar cewa an gwada dan wasan da tabbataccen 19-norandrosterona, wani steroid bisa ga bayanin shugaban, samfurin A ya ƙunshi nanogram 4.5 a kowace milliliter (ng ml) da kuma samfurin samfurin samfurin 4,2 ng ml. Iyakokin doka na irin wannan abu shine 2.0 ng ml kuma mutum na al'ada yawanci yana da tsakanin 0.1 da 0.2 tare da matsakaicin 0.6 ng ml. Washegari Vieira ya amsa, yana zargin Luís Horta (shugaban LAD) da Luís Sardinha (shugaban Majalisar Anti-Doping Council, CNAD) na kirkirar bayanai da kuma karyar kare kansu ya bayyana cewa taron CNAD da ya yanke shawarar gurfanar da dan wasan don haka yin watsi da binciken fasaha da aka gabatar wanda ya gabatar da cewa ya kamata a daina tuhuma, bisa ga ajandar taron. Daya daga cikin tuhume-tuhumen nasa ya bayyana cewa CNAD ya hukunta dan wasan da sanin cewa bashi da laifi kawai don boye ɓarnar da LAD yayi da tattara samfurin. Asalin Majalisar Adalci ta Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Fotigal da aka yanke wa hukuncin ya hada da nuni da cewa, don da'awar shan kwaya, dole ne a tabbatar da cewa wani dan wasa yana da kayan haram a jikinsa kuma da gangan ya aikata hakan; a wannan lokacin hukumar yaki da shan kwayoyi masu kara kuzari ta shiga saboda nauyin tabbatar da amfani da nufin amfani da kwayoyi zai lalata duk wani yanayi na shan kwayoyi. Wannan roko ga Kotun sasantawa don Adana Archived ya amince da hukumar kuma ya gano cewa wasa mara kyau yana tare da dan wasan kuma an kara asalin hukuncin daurin watanni shida zuwa shekara guda. Babu wani matsayi yayin daukaka kara da aka yi gwagwarmayar LAD ko CNAD. Ayyukan duniya Assis ya fara bugawa Portugal kwallo a karkashin kociya Agostinho Oliveira a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2002, a wasan sada zumunci Ya shigo ne a matsayin maye gurbin wasan da suka doke Scotland da ci 2-0. Assis ya dawo cikin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar bayan shafe sama da shekaru shida ba tare da shi ba, dauki filin a lokacin da aka yi rabin rabin karshe na yanke hukunci game da cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 da Malta (4-0, a Guimarães Ba a zaɓe shi ba, duk da haka, don matakan ƙarshe a Afirka ta Kudu. Kididdigar kulob Daraja Benfica Firayim Minista La Liga 2004-05 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira 2005 Taça de Portugal wacce ta zo ta biyu: 2004-05 Omoniya Super Cup na Cypriot 2012 Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin Cypriot 2015-16 Kowane mutum Divisionungiyar Farko ta rioasar Cypriot na kakar: 2015-16 Duba kuma Jerin shari'oin doping a wasanni Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Nuno Assis Bayanai na ƙungiyar ƙasa Haifaffun 1977 Rayayyun mutane Yan wasan kwallon kafa Mazan karni na 21st Pages with unreviewed
50938	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah%20Amoo%20Addo	Elijah Amoo Addo	Elijah Amoo Addo (an haife shi 1 ga watan Agusta 1990) ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne mai dafa abinci kuma mai salo na abinci wanda ya zama ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Food for all Africa. An kafa Food for all Africa a cikin 2014, kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ke gudanar da cibiyar tallafin abinci ta farko ta yammacin Afirka. Bisa ga babban birnin Ghana, Accra, ƙungiyar tana amfani da shawarwari da aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na raba abinci don ciyar da dubban yara masu rauni ta hanyar farfadowa da rarraba abinci. Aiki tare da gidajen cin abinci, manyan kantuna, kamfanoni masu rarraba abinci, da ƙananan manoma na karkara, ƙungiyar Addo tana tattara ragowar abinci ko abincin da ba a so wanda ya aka kusa dai naamfani da shi a sake rarraba shi ga yara marasa galihu a gidajen marayu, asibitoci da ƙananan makarantu. Har ila yau, kungiyar tana aiki kan matakin manufofin kasa don saukakawa masu samar da kayayyaki don ba da gudummawar abinci da neman haraji. Bugu da kari, bayan gano cewa kusan kashi 46% na abincin da ake nomawa a gonaki a Ghana yakan tafi a asara saboda rashin kyawun hanyoyi, manyan motocin dakon kaya da rashin ingantaccen kasuwanci, Food for All Africa na hada kai da masu ruwa da tsaki a harkar abinci ta Ghana da nemo hanyoyin da za a rage barnar abinci. A shekarar 2017, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta ba Addo lambar yabo ta shugabannin matasa a fadar Buckingham, saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen sake fasalin tsarin rabon abinci a Ghana, domin rage almubazzaranci, da kawar da yunwa, da kawar da fatara da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Ya kuma sami lambar yabo ta Takeda Young Entrepreneurship Award daga Takeda Foundation a shekarar 2018. Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Addo a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1990 a Accra, Ghana amma ya fito daga Akuapem-Mampong. Yaro daya tilo a cikin ‘ya’yansa hudu, ya rasa iyayensa yana da shekara 12, ya tafi wurin innarsa a Legas, inda ya yi makaranta. Ya ci gaba da tafiyarsa karatu a makarantar sakandare ta St. Thomas Aquinas da ke Accra, Ghana sannan ya kammala kwas a fannin ilimin abinci a makarantar Sphinx Hospitality da hidimar abinci a Legas, Najeriya. Yana da takardar shedar kasuwanci da gudanarwa daga YALI West Africa RLC-GIMPA kuma ya sami takardar shaidar Canjin Jagora a Jami'ar Cambridge a 2017. Sana'ar dafa abinci da ƙwazo Tafiyar Addo a matsayin mai dafa abinci ta faro ne a birnin Lagos na Najeriya lokacin da ya fara aiki a gidan abinci a matsayin dan dako don tallafawa karatunsa. Watarana yana gaggawar komawa gida sai ya jefar da wani miya na zaitun da shugaban masu dafa abinci ya shirya, yana tunanin asara ce. Hakan ya sa mai dafa abinci ya fusata har ya zage shi. Kuka ya fara yi yana fadin "kana tunanin idan iyayena suna raye zan kasance a nan a matsayin mai tsaftacewa yayin da abokan aikina ke makaranta?" Wannan ya taba shugaban Chef wanda ya yanke shawarar ba shi shawara kuma ya tallafa masa ta hanyar karatun dafa abinci a makarantar koyon sana'a ta Sphinx da ke Legas. Bayan samun horo, ya samu aiki a gidan cin abinci na Marios, sannan daya daga cikin gidajen cin abinci mafi yawan jama'a a Legas, kuma a shekarar 2010 ya koma Ghana don taimakawa wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Lebanon wanda ya ga aikinsa a Legas don bude gidan cin abinci na Chase. Bayan shekara daya ya dawo Legas bisa gayyatar mai ba shi shawara ya yi aiki a otal din nasu har na tsawon wata shida, ya kuma tashi ya zama Sous Chef. Addo ya dawo Ghana kuma a shekarar 2011, ya hadu da wani mutum mai tabin hankali wanda ke kwato ragowar abinci daga masu sayar da kayayyaki a tituna domin ciyar da abokan aikinsa masu tabin hankali a kan tituna. Wannan ne ya ba shi kwarin gwiwar kafa gidauniyar Chefs for Change Ghana, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta kwato wuce gona da iri daga kamfanonin karbar baki don ciyar da marasa galihu da bayar da shawarwari kan almubazzaranci da yunwa. A shekarar 2015, Chefs for Change ya zama shirin Food for all Africa, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke gudanar da bankin abinci na farko a Yammacin Afirka ta hanyar samar da hanyoyin abinci mai ɗorewa ga yara masu rauni, tsofaffi da masu tabin hankali ta hanyar banki abinci, noma da taron masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin samar da abinci na Ghana. A shekarar 2012, an zabe shi don jagorantar dafa abinci a +233 Jazz Bar a Accra kuma ya zama Sakataren kungiyar masu dafa abinci na Greater Accra, inda ya yi aiki tare da shugabannin kungiyar don sake fasalin tare da mai da hankali kan horar da masu dafa abinci na dalibai don inganta matakan bayarwa a cikin kasuwar aiki. Ya kuma yi aiki a Burger da Relish amma a shekarar 2015 ya yi murabus don mai da hankali kan jagorancin shirin Abinci ga Food for all Africa. A shekarar 2017, ya fara aikace-aikacen wayar hannu ta Okumkom ("It Ends Hunger") a matsayin dandamali don kawo kayan abinci na gida masu araha ga al'ummomin, tare da kantin sayar da al'umma na farko da ke Teshie, Accra. Kungiyarsa ta Food for All Africa ta dawo da abinci tsakanin dala 8,000 zuwa dala 10,000 duk shekara don tallafawa sama da masu cin gajiyar 5485 a fadin kasar Ghana kuma a shekarar 2014 an zabi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka na duniya 100 don kawo karshen yunwa da fatara a Ghana ta Dubai International Awards for Best practices. Tana fatan kaiwa da tasiri ga mutane masu karamin karfi miliyan 1 nan da shekarar 2020. A cikin 2017, an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin masu kawo sauyi daga Afirka a cikin Commonwealth da lambar yabo ta ta Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta Burtaniya a Fadar Buckingham don karrama ayyukansa na ci gaban zamantakewa a fadin Commonwealth, ciyar da marasa galihu da kuma gyara tsarin rarraba abinci na Ghana don shawo kan sharar abinci, yunwa, talauci da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. A shekarar 2018, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Takeda Young Entrepreneurship Award a taron Takeda na shekara-shekara a Tokyo, Japan don aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na Okumkom da shagunan abinci na al'umma, wanda ke kawo samfuran abinci masu araha da dacewa ga al'ummomin ta hanyar wayar hannu, gidan yanar gizo da al'umma shagunan manufa. Kyaututtuka da karramawa 2015, Wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Kyauta ta Afirka a Ayyukan Al'umma 2017, Kyautar Shugabannin Matasan Sarauniya 2017 100 Mafi Tasirin Matasan Afirka 2018, Takeda Foundation Young Entrepreneurship Award Delivered a pitch at the EuroAfrican Forum. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Elijah Amoo, Chef dan Ghana, mai shekaru 26, Mai gudanar da Bankin Abinci ga marasa galihu Sarauniyar ta karrama mai dafa abinci haifaffen Ghana ne saboda sha'awar dafa abinci Haihuwan 1990 Rayayyun
23761	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademola%20Okulaja	Ademola Okulaja	Ademola Okulaja (An haife shi ne a ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, 1975), ya kuma kasan ce tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Najeriya. Ƙungiya ta ƙarshe da ya buga wa ƙwallon kwando ta Brose daga Jamus. Bayan aikinsa na wasa, ya zama wakili ga dan wasan NBA Dennis Schröder. 6'9 235 lb (2.06 m, 107 kg) a gaba ya karɓi wasanni 172 ga ƙungiyar maza ta Jamus, yana aiki a matsayin kaftin na ƙungiyar shekaru da yawa kuma ya lashe tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2002. Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji a Amurka a Arewacin Carolina kuma ya yi kwarkwasa da NBA kafin ya ci gaba da samun nasarar ƙwararren ƙwallon kwando na duniya a Turai. Rayuwar farko Ofan mahaifiyar Jamus kuma mahaifin Najeriya, Okulaja an haife shi a Najeriya, amma ya koma Berlin tare da danginsa yana da shekaru 3. A cikin 1995, ya sauke karatu daga Makarantar John F. Kennedy a Berlin, kafin yin rajista a Jami'ar North Carolina. Aikin kwaleji Okulaja ya buga wasan kwando a kwaleji a North Carolina daga 1995 zuwa 1999. A lokacin kakar NCAA na 1997-1998, ya kasance memba na sabon kocin Bill Guthridge ya yi nasara "juyi shida" tare da Antawn Jamison, Vince Carter, Ed Cota, Shammond Williams da Makhtar N'Diaye A cikin babban lokacin sa, an ba shi suna MVP na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Tar Heels, kuma ya sami matsayi a kan Taron Farko na Taron All-Atlantic Coast na 1998-99. Okulaja shi ne dan wasa na farko a tarihin kwallon kwando na UNC wanda ya jagoranci tawagar wajen zira kwallaye, sake zura kwallo, maki uku da yin sata. Sana'ar sana'a Okulaja ya yi wasa da ƙwararru don ƙungiyoyin Euroleague iri -iri, gami da ALBA Berlin a kakar 1994 1995 ta lashe FIBA Korać Cup kuma kuma a 1999 2000 kuma daga baya RheinEnergie Köln (2006 2007) a Jamus CB Girona (2000–2001 da 2003–04), Barcelona (2001–2002), Unicaja Malaga (2002–2003) da Pamesa Valencia (2004–2005) a Spain da Benetton Treviso a Italiya (2004). Ƙungiyarsa ta ALBA Berlin ta lashe gasar zakarun Jamus ta Bundesliga ta 1999-2000. Ya ci lambar yabo ta "Rookie of the Year" tare da Girona, kuma ya kasance zaɓaɓɓen ƙungiyar farko ta All-League a waccan shekarar. A cikin 2002, ya ci lambar yabo ta "Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa" a Wasan Wasan Wasannin Mutanen Espanya. Okulaja ya yi ƙoƙari daban -daban sau uku don shiga NBA kwarewar sansanin horo na farko ya kasance tare da Philadelphia 76ers, sannan tare da San Antonio Spurs, kuma a ƙarshe Utah Jazz, amma ya kasa yin jerin gwanon NBA. A shekara ta 2008, an gano cewa yana da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta kashin baya kuma dole ne ya shiga aikin jinya na tsawon shekara guda. Bayan ya tabbatar ya yi nasara, Okulaja ya sake buga wa kakar wasa ta Brose Baskets A ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, 2010, ya ba da sanarwar yin ritaya daga ƙwallon kwando. Ƙasar Jamus Okulaja ya kasance gogaggen memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar Jamus kuma ɗayan manyan jiga -jigan ƙungiyar, tare da Dirk Nowitzki ko Patrick Femerling Ya yi wasa tare da ƙungiyar a Gasar Turai a 1995, 1997, 1999 da 2001. Ya yi gasa tare da ƙungiyar Jamusawa a Gasar FIBA ta Duniya ta 2002 a Amurka, lashe tagulla, kuma a Japan a Gasar Wasan Kwando ta Duniya FIBA na 2006 Aiki bayan wasa Ya yi aiki a matsayin manazarci da mai sharhi kan launi a Sport1, tashar wasannin Jamus. Okulaja ya kafa pro4pros, kamfanin tuntuba na wasanni, sannan ya zama darektan ofishin Jamus na Octagon, kamfanin wasanni da nishaɗi. Hanyoyin Hadin waje Yanar Gizo Bayanin Euroleague.net Bayanan martaba na Fibaeurope.com Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1975 Yarbawa Pages with unreviewed
51657	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amira%20Yahyaoui	Amira Yahyaoui	Amira Yahyaoui (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarata alif 1984),'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Tunisiya, marubuciya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ta kasance a baya wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Al Bawsala, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka ba da gaskiya da rikon amana. Yahyaoui ita ce Jagorar Matasa na Duniya na shekarar 2016 a Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, mai ba da shawara ga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ga Amnesty International da kuma mamba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta UNHCR game da Jinsi, Ƙaurawar Tilasta, da Kariya. Ta samu lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa da yawa saboda gwagwarmayar ta, gami da lambar yabo ta Vital Voices Trailblazer Female Leadership, Kyautar Gidauniyar Chirac don Rigakafin Rikici, kuma an zaɓe ta sau da yawa a matsayin mace ɗaya mafi ƙarfi da tasiri a duniya Larabawa da matan Afirka. Rayuwar farko An haifi Amira Yahyaoui a Tunis, daga dangin Ksar Hadada. Ita ce 'yar alkali dan kasar Tunisiya Mokhtar Yahyaoui. Yahyaoui ta fito ne daga dangin masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Mahaifinta Mokhtar Yahyaoui ya kasance mai adawa da gwamnatin tsohon shugaban Tunisiya Ben Ali. An kore shi ne bayan ya rubuta game da rashin adalci a Tunisia, kuma an sanya shi cikin sa ido akai-akai na tsawon shekaru. Dan uwanta Zouhair Yahyaoui masanin tattalin arziki ne wanda ya kafa gidan yanar gizon satirical TUNeZINE. Ya rasu ne a shekara ta 2005 bayan da gwamnati ta tsananta masa tare da azabtar da shi saboda rashin amincewarsa na yin katsalandan a Tunisiya. Aikin fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam Masu adawa da gwamnatin Ben Ali Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, Yahyaoui ta fara wani shafin yanar gizo tana sukar gwamnatin Ben Ali tare da bayyana yadda take hakkin dan Adam. Ta yi suna a Tunisiya a matsayin mai adawa da cece-kuce kuma mai fafutukar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Sakamakon hare-haren da take kaiwa gwamnati, hukumomin gwamnati sun sha kai mata hari. Yayin da take matashiya, jami’an ‘yan sandan sirri na jihar sun ka mata tare da lakada mata duka saboda fafutukar kare hakkin bil Adama. Bayan da aka yi gudun hijira daga Tunisiya, tana da shekaru 18, Amira Yahyaoui ta gudu zuwa Faransa kuma ta yi karatu a can yayin da yake ci gaba da zanga-zangar adawa da shugabancin Ben Ali da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da wuce gona da iri. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta kasance ba ta da ƙasa kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan gudun hijirar 'yancin ɗan adam' na Tunisiya. juyin juya halin Tunisiya Yayin da take gudun hijira, Amira Yahyaoui ta kafa Nhar 3la 3mmar, zanga-zangar adawa da cece-kucen da aka yi a birane da dama na duniya a watan Mayun 2010. An dai shirya taron ne da nufin inganta hangen nesa kan batun ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kuma duk da cewa ba a fara gabatar da shi a matsayin wata zanga-zangar nuna adawa da gwamnati ba, ya zama wata kungiya mai fafutuka ta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Tunisia. 'Yan sandan Tunisiya sun bi shi sosai, kuma an kama wasu masu fafutuka. A lokacin juyin juya halin Tunusiya da ya fara a ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2010, Amira Yahyaoui ta yi amfani da dandalinta ta yanar gizo wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da take hakkin bil'adama da kisa a kasarta, inda ta yi mahawara a kan wakilan Ben Ali a gidan Talabijin, tare da yin kira ga kasashen duniya su goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar Tunisiya. Yayin da Ben Ali ta tsere daga ƙasar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, 2011, Amira ta dawo da fasfonta daidai wannan rana kuma ta koma Tunisiya nan take. An kira sabon zabe don kafa sabuwar majalisar dokokin Tunisiya da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin sabon tsarin dimokuradiyya. Watanni da dama bayan dawowarsa Tunisia, Yahyaoui ta tsaya takara a zaben majalisar dokokin kasar a shekara ta 2011 a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta domin wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin muhawarar kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Jerin yakin neman zabenta ya yi amfani da kafafen yada labarai da dama wajen yin kira ga rashin kulawar da jam'iyyun siyasa ke yi wajen rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tunisiya. Al Bawsala Yahyaoui ta kafa kungiya mai zaman kanta Al Bawsala (wanda aka fassara zuwa "Compass" a cikin Larabci) a shekarar 2012., don sa ido kan ayyukan Majalisar Zartarwa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Al Bawsala ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Al Bawsala na amfani da fasaha don ci gaban zamantakewa ta sami karbuwa da yawa daga lambobin yabo daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar lambar yabo ta Duniya. Al Bawsala na inganta gaskiya da rikon amana na gwamnati, tana sa ido kan tsarin majalisar dokokin Tunusiya da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga 'yancin kai. A yayin gudanar da taron majalisar, Al Bawsala ta yi amfani da fasaha don ba da muhawara game da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin Tunisiya ga kowane ɗan ƙasa a Tunisiya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun kasance a tsakiyar muhawara game da samun bayanai, daidaiton jinsi, da sauran muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi dimokuradiyyar Tunisiya. Shugaban taron Davos na 2016 Amira Yahyaoui an nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar taron shekara-shekara na dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya na shekarar 2016, a karkashin taken juyin juya halin masana'antu na hudu. Ta jagoranci taron tare da shugabannin kasuwanci ciki har da Mary Barra (Shugaba, General Motors), Satya Nadella (Shugaba, Microsoft), Hiroaki Nakanishi (shugaban da Shugaba, Hitachi), da Tidjane Thiam (Shugaba, Credit Suisse). Juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu ya zama jigon muhawara a cikin da'irar kasuwanci da manufofin bayan taron. An buga littattafai da yawa a kan batun, kuma a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2016, Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya ta sanar da buɗe sabuwar Cibiyar juyin juya halin masana'antu ta huɗu a San Francisco. Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Amira Yahyaoui ta samu lambobin yabo da dama da kasashen duniya suka karrama ta dasu saboda ayyukanta na inganta hakkin dan Adam da dimokuradiyya a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. A shekara ta 2012, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Global Trailblazers Award a 2012 Vital Voices Global Leadership Awards (an sake zaɓen ta a cikin 2015 don Kyautar Jagorancin Duniya). A shekara ta 2013 da 2014, an Zabe ta a cikin jerin Kasuwancin Larabawa na Manyan Matan Larabawa masu ƙarfi a Duniya. A shekara ta 2014, ya zama Meredith Greenberg Yale World Fellow. A shekara ta 2014, an ba da lambar yabo ta Conflict prevention Fondation Chirac. A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Duniya a 2015 Vital Voices Global Leadership Awards. A shekara ta 2016, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya ta nada shi a matsayin matashin Jagoran Duniya tare da dan majalisar dokokin Tunisiya Wafa Makhlouf. A shekara ta 2016, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya ta nada ta a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwar taron Davos na shekarar 2016, jigo kan juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1984 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
21126	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Idoma	Mutanen Idoma	Idoma mutane ne da suka fi zama a yankunan yamma na Jihar Benuwai, Nijeriya, kuma ana iya samun ƙungiyoyin dangi a cikin Jihar Cross Ribas, ta Enugu, ta Kogi da ta Nasarawa a Nijeriya. Yaren Idoma an kasafta shi a ƙaramin rukuni na Akweya na yarukan Idomoid na dangin Volta–Niger, waɗanda suka haɗa da Igede, Alago, Agatu, Etulo, Ete da Yala na jihohin Benue, da Nasarawa, da Kogi da kuma Arewacin Kuros Riba. Rukunin rukuni na Akweya yana da alaƙa ta kut da kut da ƙungiyar Yatye-Akpa. Mafi yawan yankin yana cikin kudu, kudu da kogin Benuwai, kimanin kilomita sabain da biyu gabas da haduwarsa da kogin Neja. Idomas an san su 'mayaƙa' da 'mafarauta' na aji, amma masu karɓan baƙi da son zaman lafiya. Mafi yawan ɓangarorin ƙasar Idoma sun kasance ba su san Yammacin Turai ba har zuwa shekarun 1920, suna barin yawancin al'adun gargajiyar na Idoma ba cikakke. Yawan mutanen Idoma an ƙiyasta su kusan miliyan 3.5. Mutanen Idoma suna da wani basaraken gargajiya da ake kira Och'Idoma wanda shine shugaban majalisar masarautar gargajiya ta yankin Idoma. Ingilishi ne ya gabatar da wannan. Kowace al'umma tana da nata sarki na gargajiya kamar Ad'Ogbadibo na Orokam, Cif DE Enenche. Fadar Och'Idoma tana Otukpo, jihar Benuwai. Och'Idoma na yanzu, Elias Ikoyi Obekpa an saka shi a ofis a shekarar 1997 kuma muƙamin na rayuwa ne. Asali Tarihin gargajiya Tarihin mutanen Idoma ya sha gaban tarihin Jihar Benuwai (wanda aka kirkira 1976) da tarihin Jamhuriyar Nijeriya (wanda aka kirkira 1960). Al'adar baka da rawa ita ce hanyar farko wacce ta wuce tarihi a ƙasar Idoma kuma ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin cibiyar al'adu ta tsakiya. Tun daga ƙuruciya omaan ƙabilar Idoma galibi suna koyo daga tsofaffin labaransu na tsohuwar kuma ana goya su kusa da dangi, wanda ke samar da albarkatun tarihi da yawa. Lokacin da aka sa Idomas gaba ɗaya za su yi alfaharin gaya muku daga ina suke, kuma ba abin mamaki ba ne Idoma ya iya karanta aƙalla ƙarni huɗu na zuriyarsu. A tarihi, rashin amsa tambayar alamar "Wanene mahaifinka?" cire cancanta daga mahimman matsayi da taken a Idomaland. A dabi'ance, kauyuka da dama sun samo asalinsu ne daga magabata dayawa kuma gaba daya, kungiyoyin Idoma da yawa sun samo asalinsu ga magabata daya, wanda aka dauki “uba” na ƙungiyoyin daban-daban. Dangane da tarihin gargajiya, Iduh, mahaifin Idoma yana da yara da yawa waɗanda kowannensu ya kafa yankuna daban-daban. Saboda haka furcin: "Iduh mahaifin Idoma." “Iduh mahaifin Idoma Iduh wanda ya haifi duka Idoma Ya kuma haifi waɗannan yara: Ananawoogeno wanda ya haifi 'ya'yan Igwumale; Olinaogwu wanda ya haifi mutanen Ugboju; Idum wanda ya haifi mutanen Adoka; Agabi wanda ya haifi mutanen Otukpo; Eje wanda ya haifi mutanen Oglewu; Ebeibi wanda ya haifi mutanen Umogidi a Adoka, Edeh wanda ya haifi mutanen Edumoga da Ode waɗanda suka haifi mutanen Yala ”Duk da cewa za a iya samun wasu gaskiya ga abin da ke sama, ba za a iya cewa Idoma tana da asali guda ɗaya ba. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin Idoma da ƙananan ƙauyuka suna da tarihin kansu cikakke tare da labaru game da yadda mutanensu suka isa inda suke. Mutanen Otukpa sun fito ne daga kakanni uku: Owuno, Ameh-Ochagbaha da Oodo. Na farko ‘yan uwan juna ne da suka yi kaura daga Idah a Igalala yayin da Oodo ya yi kaura daga kasar Igbo. Kamar yadda mutum zai iya tunanin, canjin yanayin mutane a cikin lokaci yana sanya wahalar nazarin tarihin Idoma. Akwai wasu Idomas wadanda asalinsu 'yan ƙabilar Ibo ne kuma sun auri juna tare da yankin Arewacin ƙasar Igbo. Tarihin ilimi Masana sun haɗu da tarihin baka tare da bayanan asalinsu da nazarin alaƙar dangi don gano asalin mutanen Idoma baki ɗaya. Wani mashahurin masanin Idoma EO Erim ya kawo bayanan asalinsu, wanda aka tattara daga yawancin kungiyoyin zamani a Idoma yana ba da shawarar cewa sun samo asali ne daga ƙabilu da yawa, kowannensu yana da asalin tarihin daban. Bugu da ƙari, wadatar zuriyar da ke akwai yana nuna kasancewar kabilu daban-daban waɗanda suka fito daga kakanninsu ban da Idu. A da yawa daga cikin waɗannan lamuran, da'awar asalin zuriya tana da goyon baya ta hanyar haɗin nasaba mai yawa da mallakan ɗumbin nasaba ɗaya. Erim yayi jayayya cewa yayin da Idu ya kasance jagorar ƙaura-amma ba shine "uba" na Idoma ba ta hanyar da aka ambata a cikin al'adun da ke sama. Waɗannan abubuwan biyun suna da wuya a yarda da ra'ayin kawai cewa kowane rukuni a ƙasar Idoma ya fito ne daga Idu. Yawancin dangin Idoma suna da'awar asalin garin kakanninsu da ake kira Apa, arewa maso gabashin gabashin Idoma a yanzu saboda matsin lambar da maharan Arewa suka yi kamar 'yan shekaru 300 da suka gabata. Tarihin Apa yana daga cikin tsohuwar Daular Kwararafa (Masarautar Okolofa), hadaddiyar ƙungiyar mutane da yawa. Masu ba da labaru a wasu kabilun sun tabbatar da wanzuwar wannan masarauta, musamman Jukun wadanda suma suka yi amannar cewa sun taba yin wata kungiyar hadin gwiwa da ake kira Kwararafa. A cikin littafin tarihin Hausa na Kano Chronicle an ambaci cewa Zariya, karkashin Sarauniya Amina ta ci dukkan garuruwa har zuwa Kwarafara a karni na 15. A yanzu haka, akwai wata Karamar Hukuma a Jihar Benuwai da ake kira Apa kuma an ce nan ne gidan waɗanda suka yi ƙaura ta farko daga masarautar tarihi. Ga yawancin istsan kishin ƙasa na Idoma a yau, sunan Apa yana nuna alamun daɗaɗaɗɗen ɗaukaka, kuma wasu a fagen siyasa sun tafi har zuwa ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata ya zama sunan sabuwar jihar Idoma. Sauran masanan suna nuni da shaidar tarihi da harshe da ke nuni da cewa Idoma tana da alaƙa da mutanen Igala zuwa yamma, suna mai cewa cewa al'ummomin biyu sun fito ne daga magabata daya. Angulu (1981) ya lura cewa Igala da Igbo suna da mahimmancin alaƙar tarihi, ta kakanni da kuma ta al'ada. Eri ance shine asalin asalin al'adun gargajiya na Umu-eri, ƙaramin rukuni na mutanen Ibo. Eri ya yi ƙaura daga yankin Igala kuma ya kafa alƙarya a tsakiyar kwarin kogin Anambara (a Eri-aka) a Aguleri inda ya auri mata biyu. Matar farko, Nneamakụ, ta haifa masa yara biyar. Na farko shi ne Agulu, wanda ya kafa Aguleri (Shugaban kakannin gidan masarautar Eri) (masarautar Ezeora da ta samar da sarakuna 34 har zuwa yau a Enugwu Aguleri), na biyu shi ne Menri, wanda ya kafa Umunri Masarautar Nri, sannan ya biyo baya Onugu, wanda ya kafa Igbariam da Ogbodulu, wanda ya kafa Amanuke. Ta biyar ita ce 'ya mace mai suna Iguedo, wacce aka ce ita ce ta haifi wadanda suka assasa garin Nteje, da Awkuzu, Ogbunike, Umuleri, Nando da Ogboli a Onitsha. A matsayin ɗayan 'ya'yan Eri, Menri yayi ƙaura daga Aguleri, wanda yake har yanzu yake, haikalin kakannin duka Umu-Eri (Umu-Eri da Umu-Nri). Matarsa ta biyu Oboli ta haifi ọanòja, ɗa tilo wanda ya kafa Masarautar Igala a cikin jihar Kogi. Daga cikin wannan rukunin, akwai wadanda suka yi amannar cewa kabilun biyu sun gudu daga masarauta daya a wani lokaci a tarihi. Yawancin waƙoƙin gargajiyar Idoma da harsunan "sirri" da ake magana yayin bikin al'adu na asali yaruka ne na Igala kuma akwai wasu Idoma da kansu waɗanda ke tabbatar da asalin Igala. Har yanzu akwai sauran ƙungiyoyin Idoma musamman a yankunan kudanci, wadanda ke ikirarin cewa kakanninsu sun isa wurin da suke yanzu daga yankin Arewa na yankin Igboland sakamakon rikicin filaye. Masana sunyi imanin cewa waɗannan mutane tabbas sun gudu daga Apa suma, sun daidaita kuma sun sake zama. Kamar yadda aka ba da shawara, dalilai da yawa suna da wahalar nazarin asalin tarihin Idoma na mutanen Idoma baki ɗaya. A kowane hali, ana iya cewa duk da asalinsu, fatauci, aure, yare da sauran hulɗa tsakanin Idoma sun haɓaka al'adu kuma sun tsara asalin al'adunsu daban daban. Wajen Binuwai Shahararren ra'ayin shine Idoma ƙungiya ce ta yare-ƙabilanci da aka samo asali a yankunan yamma na jihar Benuwe, Najeriya. Wannan saboda suna rukuni na biyu mafi girma a jihar kuma sun mamaye ƙananan hukumomi 9 (LGA's) waɗanda suka haɗa da: Ado, Agatu, Apa, Obi, Ohimini, Ogbadibo, Oju, Okpokwu da Otukpo Baya ga yammacin yankin Benuwe, wannan ƙabilar tana da matsuguni a wasu sassan ƙasar, ciki har da Nassarawa, Kogi, Enugu da Kuros Riba. Al'adar ta tilasta wa maza yin doya ga matansu, Ba kamar sauran al'adun da ake sa ran mace ta yi duk ayyukan da suka shafi abinci ba, ba a barin mazajen Idoma koyaushe. Launukan Gargajiya na Idoma Launin gargajiya na mutanen Idoma launuka ne masu launin ja da baƙar fata. Wannan ya kasance ne kawai tun daga 1980s don haɓaka ainihin asalin Idoma. Rawar gargajiya ta Idoma An fi shahara da rawar gargajiya ta mutanen Idoma da Ogirinya rawa. Rawa ce mai kuzari da ke buƙatar tsalle (a tsaka-tsaka lokaci) a yatsun ƙafa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Za'a iya kallon bidiyon rawar Ogirinya akan YouTube. Masu rawa suna saka tufafin Idoma (launuka na gargajiya) ana iya ganin su a duk hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon. Abincin Gargajiya (Miyan Okoho) An san mutanen Idoma da son abinci, kasancewar ana gudanar da bikin abinci na shekara-shekara a jihar Benuwe don bikin mata da nau'ikan abinci iri-iri na gargajiya. Mafi shahara a cikin abincin su shine miyan Okoho wanda aka yi shi da keɓaɓɓiyar shukar Okoho, naman daji da sauran kayan haɗi da yawa. Addinin Gargajiya na Idoma Da zuwan Kiristanci, Islama, da sauran addinai na baƙi, tsarin imani na gargajiya na mafi yawan ƙabilun ƙasar ya rinjayi al'adun yamma. Koyaya, mafi yawan mutanen Idoma har yanzu suna da imani sosai a cikin Alekwu, wanda ake gani a matsayin ruhohin kakanni- mahada ce tsakanin masu rai da matattu. Suna gudanar da bikin 'Aje Alekwu' na shekara-shekara inda masu koyar da al'adun gargaji ke taruwa tare da yin sadaukarwa wajen bautar kakanninsu a duk fadin kasar. Idomas suna da ƙawancen haɗuwa da ruhun Alekwu-kakannin kakanni wanda aka yi imanin cewa ya kasance a matsayin mai sa ido na iyalai da al'ummomi yayin da suke bincika munanan abubuwa kamar zina, sata da kisan kai. Aure Duk da cewa al'adar aure da al'adun mutanen Idoma ba ta bambanta da ta Ibo da sauran al'adun kudu maso gabas, akwai wasu fannoni na musamman da suka banbanta al'adunsu. A wasu yankuna na Idoma dole ango da danginsa su gabatarwa da amarya zakara da wasu kuɗi a ranar aure bayan an riga an biya kudin amarya. Idan ta karba, alama ce ta yarda da rashin jin dadi idan ta ki kyautar. Duk da cewa babu wasu tabbatattun dalilai na tabbatar da bukatar zakara, ya kasance wani ɓangare ne mai ban sha'awa na bikin. Sanannun mutanen Idoma 2baba Innocent Idibia, mawaƙi Lawrence Onoja, tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Filato da jihar Katsina, Najeriya kuma Babban Jami’in Ma’aikata Jerry Agada, tsohon Ministan Ilimi na Jiha, marubuci kuma marubuci David Mark, tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya Litinin Riku Morgan, Air Vice Marshal, tsohon shugaban hukumar leƙen asiri ta Najeriya Abba Moro, tsohon Shugaban kungiyar Algon na jihar Benuwai, tsohon Ministan Cikin Gida, Sanata, masanin ilmi Musa Ochonu, marubuci, masanin tarihi Audu Ogbeh, tsohon Ministan Sadarwa, tsohon Shugaban PDP na kasa, tsohon Ministan Noma Raya Karkara Terry G Oche Amanyi, Mawaƙin Najeriya Ahmedu 'Blackface Naija' Augustine Obiabo, mawaƙi Ada Ameh, shahararriyar ‘yar fim din Nollywood Susan Peters, Jarumar Nollywood Chris Morgan, mawaƙan Bishara a Najeriya Daniel Amokachi, Tsohon ɗan wasan ƙungiyar super eagle Fasto Paul Enenche, Babban Fasto na Dunamis International Gospel Center John Enenche, janar din sojan Najeriya Ruth Ene Audu 'Néiza'; Youtuber da Shugaba, zafabrics Tina Abah: mashahurinHollywood Akbishop (Amb) Samson Mustapha Benjamin. Babban mai kula da tashin matattu ya Ministocin Ƙasa da Ƙasa Hon. Sunday Ojo, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jihar Benuwai, Marubucin, masanin ilmi Manazarta Mutanen Najeriya Mutanen Afirka Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'ummomi Al'umma Al'ada Al'adun Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
30730	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafin%20haya%C6%99i	Zafin hayaƙi	Zafin datti shi ne zafi da injin ke samarwa, ko kuma wani tsari da ke amfani da makamashi, a matsayin sakamakon yin aiki Duk irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna ba da wasu zafi mai ɓatawa a matsayin sakamako na asali na dokokin thermodynamics Zafin sharar gida yana da ƙarancin amfani (ko a cikin ƙamus na thermodynamics ƙaramin ƙarfin aiki ko mafi girma entropy fiye da tushen makamashi na asali. Kuka Abubuwan da ke haifar da zafi sun haɗa da kowane nau'i na ayyukan ɗan adam, tsarin halitta, da dukkan halittu, alal misali, fitilu masu haske suna yin zafi, firji yana dumama ɗakin ɗakin, ginin yana zafi a cikin sa'o'i mafi girma, kuma injin konewa na ciki yana haifar da zafi mai zafi. iskar gas, da kayan lantarki suna samun dumi lokacin da suke aiki. Maimakon a "ɓata" ta hanyar saki cikin yanayi na yanayi, wani lokacin zazzage zafi (ko sanyi) na iya amfani da wani tsari (kamar yin amfani da injin sanyaya zafi don dumama abin hawa), ko wani yanki na zafi wanda in ba haka ba za a iya yin amfani da shi. Sannan kuma za a sake yin amfani da su a cikin tsari guda idan an ƙara zafi mai zafi a cikin tsarin (kamar yadda yake da iskar dawo da zafi a cikin ginin). Ajiye makamashi na thermal, wanda ya haɗa da fasaha duka biyu don ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma dogon lokaci na zafi ko sanyi, na iya haifar da ko inganta amfanin sharar gida (ko sanyi). Misali ɗaya shine ɓata zafi daga injin kwandishan da aka adana a cikin tanki mai ɗaukar nauyi don taimakawa cikin dumama lokacin dare. Wani kuma shine tanadin makamashi na yanayi na yanayi (STES) a wani katafaren gida a Sweden. Ana adana zafin a cikin gadon da ke kewaye da gungun masu musayar zafi sanye da rijiyoyin burtsatse, sannan kuma ana amfani da shi don dumama sararin samaniya a wata masana'anta da ke kusa da ita kamar yadda ake bukata, ko da bayan watanni. Misali na yin amfani da STES don amfani da zafin sharar yanayi shine Drake Landing Solar Community a Alberta, Kanada, wanda, ta hanyar amfani da gungu na rijiyoyin burtsatse a cikin gado don ajiyar zafi na tsaka-tsakin yanayi, yana samun kashi 97 na zafi na tsawon shekara daga masu tara zafin rana a kan. rufin gareji. Wani aikace-aikacen STES yana adana sanyi na hunturu a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, don kwantar da iska na bazara. A kan sikelin nazarin halittu, duk kwayoyin halitta sun ƙi zafin sharar gida a matsayin wani ɓangare na tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, kuma za su mutu idan yanayin yanayi ya yi yawa don ba da damar wannan. Wasu suna tunanin zafi da sharar ɗan adam zai ba da gudummawa ga tasirin tsibiri na zafi na birane Kuma Babban madogaran zafin sharar gida yana samo asali ne daga injina (kamar injinan lantarki ko tsarin masana'antu, kamar samar da ƙarfe ko gilashi) da asarar zafi ta hanyar ambulan gini. Konewar iskar gas na da matukar taimakawa wajen zubar da zafi. Canza makamashi Injin da ke juyar da makamashin da ke cikin mai zuwa aikin injina ko makamashin lantarki suna samar da zafi azaman samfuri. Majiyoyi A yawancin aikace-aikacen makamashi, ana buƙatar makamashi a cikin nau'i mai yawa. Waɗannan nau'ikan makamashi yawanci sun haɗa da wasu haɗe-haɗe na: dumama, samun iska, da kwandishan, makamashin inji da wutar lantarki Sau da yawa, Kuma waɗannan ƙarin nau'ikan makamashi suna samar da injin zafi, yana gudana akan tushen zafi mai zafi. Injin zafi ba zai taɓa samun cikakkiyar inganci ba, bisa ga ka'ida ta biyu ta thermodynamics, don haka injin zafi koyaushe zai samar da rarar ƙarancin zafi. Ana kiran wannan daɗaɗɗen zafi ko "zafi na biyu", ko "ƙananan zafi". Wannan zafi yana da amfani ga yawancin aikace-aikacen dumama, duk da haka, wani lokacin ba shi da amfani don jigilar makamashin zafi a kan dogon nesa, sabanin wutar lantarki ko makamashin man fetur. Kuma Mafi girman kaso na jimlar zafin sharar daga tashoshin wuta da injunan abin hawa.Mafi girma tushe guda ɗaya lantarki da masana'antu irin su matatun mai da masana'antar sarrafa karafa Ƙarfin wutar lantarki An ayyana ingancin wutar lantarki na tashoshin wutar lantarki a matsayin rabo tsakanin shigarwa da makamashin fitarwa. Yawanci kashi 33% ne kawai lokacin yin watsi da fa'idar fitowar zafi don gina zafi. Hotunan suna nuna hasumiya mai sanyaya waɗanda ke ba da damar tashoshin wutar lantarki don kula da ƙananan gefen bambancin zafin jiki mai mahimmanci don sauya bambance-bambancen zafi zuwa wasu nau'ikan makamashi. Sannan Kuma Zafin da aka zubar ko "Sharar gida" wanda aka rasa ga muhalli ana iya amfani da shi don cin gajiyar. Hanyoyin masana'antu Hanyoyin masana'antu, irin su tace mai, yin ƙarfe ko yin gilashi sune manyan tushen zafi na sharar gida. Kayan lantarki Ko da yake ƙanƙanta ne ta fuskar wutar lantarki, zubar da zafin sharar gida daga microchips da sauran kayan lantarki, na wakiltar ƙalubalen injiniya. Kuma Wannan yana buƙatar amfani da magoya baya, heatsinks, da sauransu don zubar da zafi. Misali, cibiyoyin bayanai suna amfani da kayan lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki don sarrafa kwamfuta, ajiya da kuma hanyar sadarwa. Faransanci CNRS yayi bayanin cibiyar data kasance kamar resistor kuma yawancin makamashin da yake cinyewa yana canzawa zuwa zafi kuma yana buƙatar tsarin sanyaya. Halittu Dabbobi, ciki har da mutane, suna haifar da zafi a sakamakon metabolism Kuma A cikin yanayi mai dumi, wannan zafi ya wuce matakin da ake buƙata don homeostasis a cikin dabbobi masu jinni, kuma ana zubar da shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na thermoregulation kamar gumi da haƙori Fiala et al. samfurin mutum thermoregulation. zubarwa Ƙananan zafin jiki yana ƙunshe da ƙananan ƙarfin yin aiki Exergy don haka zafi ya cancanta a matsayin sharar gida kuma an ƙi shi ga muhalli. Ta fuskar tattalin arziki mafi dacewa shine ƙin irin wannan zafi zuwa ruwa daga teku, tafkin ko kogi Kuma Idan babu isasshen ruwa mai sanyaya, shuka za a iya sanye shi da hasumiya mai sanyaya ko na'urar sanyaya iska don ƙin sharar da zafi a cikin yanayi. A wasu lokuta yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da zafin sharar gida, misali a tsarin dumama gundumomi Amfani Juyawa zuwa wutar lantarki </br>Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don canja wurin makamashin zafi zuwa wutar lantarki, kuma fasahar yin hakan ta wanzu shekaru da yawa. Hanyar da aka kafa ita ce ta hanyar amfani da na'urar thermoelectric, inda canjin zafin jiki a kan kayan aikin semiconductor ya haifar da ƙarfin lantarki ta hanyar abin da aka sani da tasirin Seebeck Hanyar da ke da alaƙa ita ce amfani da ƙwayoyin thermogalvanic, inda bambancin zafin jiki ya haifar da wutar lantarki a cikin kwayar halitta ta lantarki. Halin yanayin Rankine na kwayoyin halitta, wanda kamfanoni irin su Ormat ke bayarwa, wata hanya ce da aka sani sosai, inda ake amfani da kwayoyin halitta a matsayin matsakaicin aiki maimakon ruwa. Sannna Kuma Amfanin shine cewa wannan tsari zai iya ƙin zafi a ƙananan zafin jiki don samar da wutar lantarki fiye da yanayin tururi na ruwa na yau da kullum. Misali na amfani da zagayowar Rankine na tururi shine Injin Watsa Labarai na Cyclone Haɗuwa da haɗin kai Sharar da zafin samfurin yana raguwa idan an yi amfani da tsarin haɗin gwiwa, wanda kuma aka sani da tsarin Haɗaɗɗen Heat da Wuta (CHP). Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun amfani da zafi na samfur ya taso da farko daga ƙalubalen tsadar injiniya ƙalubalen dacewa wajen yin amfani da ƙananan bambance-bambancen zafin jiki yadda ya kamata don samar da wasu nau'ikan makamashi. Kuma Aikace-aikacen da ke amfani da zafin sharar gida sun haɗa da dumama wurin wanka da injina na takarda A wasu lokuta, ana iya samar da sanyaya ta hanyar amfani da firji masu sha, misali, a wannan yanayin ana kiransa trigeneration ko CCHP (haɗin sanyaya, zafi da ƙarfi). dumama gunduma Za a iya amfani da zafi mai sharar gida a dumama gundumomi Dangane da yanayin zafi na sharar gida da tsarin dumama gundumomi, Kuma dole ne a yi amfani da famfo mai zafi, don isa ga isasshen yanayin zafi. Hanya mai sauƙi da arha don amfani da sharar gida mai zafi a cikin tsarin dumama yankin sanyi, saboda ana sarrafa waɗannan a yanayin yanayin yanayi don haka ko da ƙananan ƙarancin sharar gida za a iya amfani da su ba tare da buƙatar famfo mai zafi ba a gefen mai samarwa. Pre-dumama Za a iya tilasta wa sharar zafi zafi don dumama ruwa mai shigowa da abubuwa kafin a yi zafi sosai. Kuma Misali ruwa mai fita zai iya ba da zafin sharar sa ga ruwan da ke shigowa a cikin na'urar musayar zafi kafin dumama a gidaje ko masana'antar wutar lantarki Zafin Anthropogenic Zafin Anthropogenic zafi ne da mutane da ayyukan ɗan adam ke samarwa. Kungiyar nazarin yanayi ta Amurka ta bayyana shi a matsayin “Zafin da ke fitowa a sararin samaniya sakamakon ayyukan dan Adam, wanda galibi ya shafi konewar mai. Tushen sun haɗa da tsire-tsire na masana'antu, dumama sararin samaniya da sanyaya, metabolism na ɗan adam, da sharar abin hawa. A cikin birane wannan tushen yawanci yana ba da gudummawar 15-50 W m 2 zuwa ma'aunin zafi na gida, da ɗaruruwan W m 2 a tsakiyar manyan biranen cikin yanayin sanyi da wuraren masana'antu." Tasirin muhalli Zafin ɗan adam ƙaramin tasiri ne akan yanayin ƙauye, kuma ya zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin manyan birane Yana daya mai ba da gudummawa ga tsibiran zafi na birni Sannan Sauran illolin da ɗan adam ke haifarwa (kamar canje-canje ga albedo, ko hasarar sanyaya mai ƙafewa) waɗanda za su iya ba da gudummawa ga tsibiran zafi na birni ba a ɗauke su a matsayin zafi na ɗan adam ta wannan ma'anar. Zafin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙarami mai ba da gudummawa ga ɗumamar duniya fiye da iskar gas A cikin shekarata 2005, yawan zafin daɗaɗɗen sharar ɗabi'a a duniya ya ɗauki kashi 1 cikin ɗari ne kawai na yawan kuzarin da iskar gas ɗin ɗan adam ke haifarwa. Ba a rarraba yanayin zafi daidai gwargwado, tare da wasu yankuna sama da wasu, kuma yana da girma sosai a wasu yankunan birane. Misali, tilastawa duniya daga zafin sharar gida a shekarar 2005 ya kasance 0.028 W/m 2, amma ya kasance +0.39 da +0.68 W/m 2 ga nahiyar Amurka da yammacin Turai, bi da bi. Ko da yake an nuna zafin sharar gida yana da tasiri a yanayin yanki, ba a ƙididdige yawan tilastawa yanayi daga zafin sharar gida ba a cikin na'urori na zamani na yanayi na duniya. Kuma Gwajin yanayin ma'auni na ma'auni yana nuna ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙididdiga dumamar yanayi (0.4-0.9) °C) wanda aka samar ta hanyar yanayin AHF 2100, amma ba ta halin yanzu ko 2040 kimantawa ba. Ƙididdiga masu sauƙi na duniya tare da nau'o'in girma daban-daban na zafi na ɗan adam waɗanda aka aiwatar kwanan nan suna nuna gudummawar da aka sani ga ɗumamar duniya, a cikin ƙarni masu zuwa. Misali, ƙimar girma na 2% pa na zafin sharar gida ya haifar da haɓaka digiri 3 a matsayin ƙaramin iyaka na shekara ta 2300. A halin yanzu, an tabbatar da wannan ta ƙarin ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu ladabi. Ɗaya daga cikin bincike ya nuna cewa idan hayaƙi mai zafi na ɗan adam ya ci gaba da karuwa a halin yanzu, za su zama tushen dumamar yanayi kamar yadda GHG ke fitarwa a karni na 21st. Duba wasu abubuwan Naúrar dawo da zafi mai sharar gida Heat dawo da tururi janareta Tsuntsaye bincike Dangantakar farashin wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyoyi daban-daban Urban metabolism Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22346	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Adalci	Kungiyar Adalci	KUNGIYAR ADALCI ƙungiya ce ta kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da gyara dokokin da ke zaune a Kingdomasar Ingila Sashin Birtaniyya ne na Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Masu Shari'a, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ta lauyoyi masu kishin kare hakkin dan'adam a duk duniya. Saboda haka, 'yan JUSTICE ne yawanci barristers da Lauyan, da alƙalai, da shari'a da malaman jami'a, da kuma dokar dalibai. ADALCI yana zaman kansa ne kuma yana da dukkan jam'iyya, yana da wakilai na manyan jam'iyyun siyasa uku a Majalisar da ke mulki. Sadaka ce mai rijista a ƙarƙashin dokar Ingilishi. Daraktan JUSTICE Andrea Coomber ne, kuma shugaban Majalisar JUSTICE ita ce Baroness Kennedy na Shaws QC Tarihi An kafa KUNGIYAR ADALCI a shekarata 1957, bayan ziyarar da kungiyar lauyoyi ta Burtaniya suka kai don lura da shari’ar cin amanar da mambobin Jam’iyyar African National Congress (ANC) suka yi a Afirka ta Kudu da nuna wariyar launin fata a Hungary. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Hartley Shawcross, babban mai shigar da kara na Burtaniya a Nuremberg, sannan wani mai kafa Peter Benenson wanda daga baya zai kafa kungiyar Amnesty International Tabbas, lokacin da AI ta fara farawa a cikin shekarata 1961, ta raba ofisoshinta tare da ADALCI. A cikin shekarata 1958, ya zama sashen Birtaniyya na Hukumar Kula da Shari'a ta Duniya ('ICJ'). Sharuɗɗan asali na tsarin mulki na ADALCI sun yi alƙawarin don ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa ƙa'idodin Dokar a cikin yankuna waɗanda Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ke da alhakin kai tsaye ko a ƙarshe suke da alhakinsu: musamman, don taimakawa wajen gudanar da shari'a da kuma kiyaye abubuwan 'yanci na mutum'. Tabbas, ADALCI da kansa ya haifar da wasu rassa masu yawa a ƙasashen da har yanzu Turawan mulkin mallaka da yankuna masu dogaro. Kamar yadda kowane ɗayan waɗannan ƙasashe ya yunƙura zuwa samun 'yanci a cikin shekarata 1960s, rassan sun sake dawo da kansu a matsayin ɓangarorin ƙasa na ICJ. Wannan, bi da bi, ya canza girmamawar aikin ADALCI ga Burtaniya kanta. Don haka, kodayake kuma an kafa shi ne dan ƙiran ƙasa da ƙasa, ADALCI da sauri ya kafa takamaiman mai da hankali kan bin doka da kiyaye haƙƙoƙin asali a Burtaniya. Ta hanyar aikin sakatarenta na farko, Tom Sargant OBE, ADALCI cikin hanzari ya bunkasa kwarewa a shari'o'in da suka shafi rashin adalci, kuma ya tabbatar da sakin fursunoni da dama wadanda aka tsare bisa kuskure. Sargant ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen kafa jerin shirye-shiryen BBC <i id="mwJw">Rough Justice</i>, wanda ya kai ga sako daga gidan yari na mutum goma sha takwas da aka yiwa rashin adalci. A daidai wannan lokacin JUSTICE ta ci gaba a matsayin kungiyar siyasa, ta samar da rahotanni wadanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin Ombudsman na Burtaniya, da Hukumar Kula da Raunin Laifuka, da Dokar Bayar da Dokar Masu Laifi a shekarar 1974, da Dokar Kare Bayanai na 1998, da Hukumar Binciken Laifukan Laifuka Hakazalika, yawancin matakan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Dokar sake fasalin Tsarin Mulki ta shekarar 2005 ADALCI ya gabatar da su a baya. Ta hanyar 1990s ta kafa da kuma inganta shirye-shirye kan dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam, shari'ar masu laifi, mafaka da shige da fice, nuna wariya da sirrin mutane. Tana yin gwagwarmayar shigar da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin dokar Burtaniya ta hanyar Dokar Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998 Dame Anne Owers CBE, Babban Sifeta mai kula da gidajen yari, a baya ita ce Daraktar JUSTICE har zuwa shekarata 2001. Kujerun JUSTICE da suka gabata sun hada da Lord Alexander na Weedon QC, Lord Goodhart QC, da kuma tsohon Doka Lord, Lord Steyn Aikin yanzu Babban fannonin aikin ADALCI sune: 'Yancin ɗan'adam Adalci na laifi Dokar EU Tsarin doka Hankalin JUSTICE yana kan dokar Burtaniya amma aikinta ya haɗa da bayyana mahimmancin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kawo fahimtar nazarin kwatankwacin sauran ikon. Dokar Turai tana ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin wannan aikin. Yana aiki ne da farko ta hanyar yiwa 'yan majalissar da masu tsara manufofi bayani game da tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam na doka. A matsayinta na kungiyar siyasa ba ta da hannu cikin yakin neman zabe da kararrakin kowane mutum da kuma samar da zaman kanta, kwararren masanin shari'a kan al'amuran da suka shafi 'yanci. Hakanan yana aiki a matakan Turai da na duniya, yana neman cibiyoyin Tarayyar Turai Majalisar Turai da ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban. Kowane yanki na ADALCI a wuraren aiki bi da bi yana ɗaukar batutuwa da yawa, ciki har da mafaka da shige da fice, yaƙi da ta'addanci, daidaito da wariya, tsare sirri, yanci EU da Tsaro, taimakon shari'a da samun adalci, da kuma batutuwan tsarin mulki zuwa ga matsayin bangaren shari'a da bin diddigin dokoki. ADALCI shima yana da dadadden tarihi na tsoma baki cikin lamuran da suka shafi jama'a da suka shafi kare hakkoki na yau da kullun. Don wannan, ta shiga tsakani a cikin shari'o'in da ke gaban Kotun ofaukaka andara da Gidan Iyayengiji, Majalisar Tarayya, Kotun Turai na 'Yancin' Yan Adam, da Kotun Tarayyar Turai A watan Oktoba na shekarata 2009, ta zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta farko da ta sa baki a cikin shari'ar da ke gaban Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya Duba kuma Dokar doka Mulki Dangane da Doka Mai Girma Manazarta Tarihi Aikin yanzun Hanyoyin haɗin waje ADALCI Hukumar Shari'a ta Kasa da
5649	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azare	Azare	Azare birni ne, dake a \|jihar Bauchi]], a ƙasar Nijeriya. Katagum ce a jihar Bauchi, garin Azare yana da iyaka daga Gabas da Karamar Hukumar Damban da Potiskum jihar Yobe, daga Kudu kuma Karamar Hukumar Misau ce da Giade, daga Yamma kuma Karamar Hukumar Jama’are, daga Arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da Karamar Hukumar Itas Gadau da Gamawa a Jihar Bauchi. Tarihin halittar Azare UAn kafa Azare ne a shekara ta 1803 a cewar iyalan Malam Lawan, mahaifin sarakunan farko da na biyu na Azare. Malam Bonni ya kasance kanin Malam Zaki. Malam Ibrahim Zaki shi ne mazaunin garin Azare na farko, Dan Malam Lawan ne wanda ya rasu a kauyen Yaya da ke kusa da Chinade. Malam Lawan ya fara zama a garin Nafada dake cikin masarautar Gombe daga baya kuma ya koma garin Yaya inda ya haifi dansa Zaki Bayan rasuwar Malam Lawan, Malam Zaki ya je wurin Sheikh Usman Danfodio da ke Sakkwato domin ya karbi ragamar mulki a madadin Malam Lawan. A shekarar 1814, Malam Zaki ya kammala makarantar Islamiyya ta SheiUsman kh Dan Fodio da ke Sakkwato,jen shekara ta 1809, ya fara zama a kauyen Tashena mai tazarar kilomita 9 da Azare na yanzu, Malam Zaki ya fara mulki daga 1807 zuwa 1914, sai dan'uwansa ya gaje shi. wanda aka fi sani da Sulaiman Adandaya daga 1814 zuwa 1816. Sarkin Azare na uku Malam Dankauwa ya yi murabus daga shekarar 1816 zuwa 1846, a karamar hukumar Azare Katagum daga Sarakunan da bai wuce takwas suka mulki wannan yanki ba. Dangane da haka, lokacin noman rani a Karamar Hukumar Azare Katagum yana gudana daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu kuma lokacin damina yana faruwa ne kawai tsakanin watan Mayu zuwa Satumba yana kaiwa ga kololuwar watan Agusta tsakanin 1300mm a kowace shekara. A daya bangaren kuma kasa, kasa ta gefe tana nuna mafi girman wuraren fili na Azare Katagum Yayinda a ƙasa mai albarka ta dogara ga filayen ambaliya suna samar da albarkatu daga ƙasa. Ƙasar tana da kyaun noma da noman auduga musamman a wasu sassa na Arewacin Azare, wanda ya dace da noman auduga. Duk da haka, Azare ta kasance al'ummar manoma tare da yawancin jama'a dangane da noma da kiwo kamar yadda yanayin ƙasa wanda ya fi dacewa da noman hatsi, noma yana da babban nasara a tarihi a Azare. Fadama mai arzikin da yake zagaye da shi yana samar da filayen noma mai albarka na hatsi, kayan amfanin gona na tushe, amfanin gonan bishiyu irin su ciyayi da kayan lambu iri-iri, gero (Gero), gero (Maiwa), dawa (Dawa), gyada da auduga. su ne manyan amfanin gonakin da ake fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje kuma hukumar tallace-tallace ta rubuta tan 22,271 na gyada, yanayi da yanayin kasa kuma suna tallafawa samar da wake (farkawa) da rogo (Rogo). Noma shi ne babban tattalin arzikin Azare. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa mafi girman ƙasar haɗe tare da ingancin ƙasa yana ba da damar kusan kashi 80-90% na mazaunanta su shiga harkar noman abinci da noman kayan kuɗi. Manyan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a yankin sun hada da auduga, gero, gero daga baya, gyada da rogo da kuma masara ta Guinea. Haka kuma, Azare yanki ne mai yawan jama'a wanda ya ƙunshi kabilu da addinai daban-daban waɗanda suka yi zaman tare a cikin shekaru tare da auratayya a cikin haɓakar al'adu da yawa a can fiye da ƙabilan da ba su wuce fiye da haka a Azare ba. ƙabilar Hausa itace Mafi akasarin al'ummar yankin, kabilun masu da’a ne Masarautar duk da haka sun hade cikin harshen Hausa da al’adun Hausawa suna yin cudanya da juna kan tattalin arziki da siyasa da yanayin kasa ya jawo hankalin jama’a zuwa yankin tun daga farkon karni na 19, da sauran bakin haure daban-daban wadanda suke da nau’ukan daban-daban. na mamaya sun kutsa cikin masarautu a Najeriya domin yin sana’o’i daban-daban da kasuwanci a masarautar Katagum baki sun samu karbuwa sosai kuma an ba su kulawar da ta dace tun karni na 19 masarautar Katagum galibi musulmi ce, don haka babu musulmin da suka lura da wasu al’adun gargajiya kamar bautar gumaka. bishiyoyi da sauran halittu da kuma shiga cikin sadaukarwar ɗan adam. Tsawon shekaru, tun ƙarni na 19 an kawar da irin waɗannan ayyuka gaba ɗaya. Musulunci ya ci gaba da kasancewa addini mafi rinjaye duk da cewa, kwararar bakin haure ya haifar da bullo da yada addinin kiristanci wanda hakan ya haifar da turawan mishan na turawan ingila, sakamakon haka ne majami'u suka taso a galibin sassan kasar. gundumomin masarautar. Amma, kamar yadda aka ce, rinjayen mutane musulmi ne. Lallai akwai masallatai da makarantun larabci (Makarantun Allo). Akwai kungiyoyin Musulunci daban-daban kamar Tijjaniyyah, Qadiriyyah, Shi'a da Jama'atul Izalatul Bida wa iqamatus sunnah wadanda aka bullo da su tun karni na 19. Mutanen Azare Addini Manyan addinai guda biyu a Azare su ne Musulunci (kimanin 90%) da Kiristanci (kimanin kashi 10%). Al'adu Al'adun mutane ya fi tasiri ne da mutunta Musulunci, al'adun aure na mutane yana bisa tsarin Musulunci. Misali, Samun aure da yanayin sutura. Kodayake akwai wasu al'adu da Musulunci ya haramta, kamar tashe wanda akasari yara kanana ke yi. Noma Wuri ne da ke da kasa mai albarka domin ayyukan noma masu kyau da ake samu a yankin sun hada da gero, gyada, masara, wake, Albasa, alkama, auduga, kayan lambu, Dogon yaro (Bishiyar Maina) da kiwo. Geography Azare tana nan a, a tsayin mita 436. Ita ce mafi girma a cikin garuruwan da ke kusa da yankin da suka hada da Jama'are, Misau, Bulkachuwa, Disina, Faggo, Zadawa Madachi, da Madara. Azare mazauni ne ga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Azare, Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Azare, da Kwalejin Ilimi ta Azare. Jirgin saman Azare yana kusa da 10 km kudu maso gabashin garin. Yanayi Yankin Azare yana fuskantar damina da lokacin rani don samar da inganci tsakanin Mayu da Yuni kuma ya ƙare a watan Satumba zuwa Oktoba, akwai zafi a duk masarautar wanda a mafi yawanci lokaci awo na kaiwa 220c daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu (1991). Addini: Akwai manyan addinai guda biyu kuma su ne Musulunci da Kiristanci kuma yakamata a lura cewa Azare Musulmi ne. Tsire-tsire Tsarin ciyayi na Masarautar ana iya rarraba su zuwa Sudan da Sahel savannah, fitattun nau'ikan da aka fi samu su ne ciyawa shrub na Sabara da bagaruwa da kargo (1991). Alkaluma Yawan jama'a ya karu daga 69,035 a kidayar 1991 zuwa 2007 da aka kiyasta kimarta na 110,452. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, yawan jama'a ya karu da fiye da kashi 20%. Har ila yau, shi ne birni mafi girma a cikin jihar da yanki. Cigaban ya yi fice ta kowane bangare inda aka samar da Bamako zuwa Kudu maso Gabas, Unguwar Dankawu da Titin Makara-huta Inuwa Dahiru zuwa Arewa, Federal Lowcost-GRA zuwa Arewa maso Yamma da kuma ci gaban da aka samu a kudu wanda ya ga gari ya mamaye wurare. kamar Chilankori da Chara-Chara Yelwa. Mutanen Azare galibinsu Musulmai ne, kuma asalinsu hausawa ne, kuma zuriyar kabilar hausa ne. Babban aikin tattalin arzikin garin shine noma Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
55449	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail	Lusail	Lusail (Larabci: ALA-LC Lūsayl Lardin Larabci: sajl]) birni ne na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar Qatar, wanda ke bakin teku, a yankin kudancin gundumar Al Daayen. Lusail yana da nisan kilomita 23 (mil mil 14) arewa da tsakiyar birnin Doha, arewa da Kogin Yammacin Kogin Yamma, akan sama da murabba'in kilomita 38 (15 sq mi) kuma a ƙarshe zai sami abubuwan more rayuwa don ɗaukar mutane 450,000. [2] Daga cikin waɗannan mutane 450,000, an kiyasta cewa 250,000 ko ƙasa da haka za su zama mazauna, 190,000 za su zama ma'aikatan ofis kuma 60,000 za su zama ma'aikatan dillalai. An tsara shi don samun marinas, wuraren zama, wuraren shakatawa na tsibiri, gundumomin kasuwanci, siyayyar alatu da wuraren shakatawa, da wurin wasan golf, tsibiran mutum da gundumomin nishaɗi da yawa. Har yanzu ana ci gaba da gine-gine. Kamfanin Qatari Diar na jihar ne ke aiwatar da ci gaba tare da Parsons Corporation da Dorsch-Grupp Samun Asali Sunan Lusail ya samo asali ne daga "al wassail", kalmar gida don shuka da ke tsiro da yawa a yankin. Tarihi A cikin 1908, JG Lorimer ya rubuta Lusail a cikin Gazetteer na Gulf Persian Ya rubuta: A cikin rubutun farko na 1904 na Lorimer's Gazeetteer, ya bayyana cewa Sheikh Jassim ya fara zama a Lusail a cikin 1903 tare da ƴan ƙabilun ƙawance. Sheikh Jassim ya rasu kuma aka binne shi a Lusail a watan Yuli 1913. Kagaransa, wanda aka fi sani da "Forunder's Fort", shi ne tushen aikinsa kuma an san shi a matsayin muhimmin alamar al'adu na Qatar. An fara sanar da tsare-tsaren ci gaban birnin Lusail a cikin 2005. Bayan da aka zartar da wani kuduri na majalisar ministocin a shekara ta 2002, Lusail tare da yankunanta na Al Kharayej da Jabal Thuaileb sun zama yankunan farko na Qatar inda 'yan kasashen waje za su iya mallakar gidaje. A cikin Disamba 2013, Qatari Diar ya sanar da cewa an sayi fiye da 80% na filaye a Lusail. An bayyana a cikin Afrilu 2018 cewa sama da kashi 80% na ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa na birnin an kammala su. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2022, yayin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022, wata babbar gobara ta tashi a wani ginin da ake ginawa kusa da tsibirin Qetaifan ta Arewa kimanin 3.5 kilomita daga filin wasa na Lusail inda aka shirya gudanar da wasannin gasar cin kofin duniya da dama. Hukumar tsaron farin kaya ta Civil Defence ce ta kula da gobarar a wasu rumbunan ajiya guda uku kuma ba a samu jikkata ko jikkata ba. Yanayin tsari An fahimci iyakokin birnin suna gudana daga Tekun Fasha a gabas, zuwa hanyar Al Khor Coastal Road a yamma, kuma kusan 7 km (4.3 mi) arewa da Ritz Carlton Hotel a Doha. Ba a haɗa shi cikin iyakokin birni ba shine gundumar Al Egla wacce ke karbar bakuncin Doha Golf Club Matsuguni guda biyu na kusa da kudancin asalin garin Lusail, Al Kharayej da Jabal Thuaileb (Fox Hills), an shigar da su cikin Lusail a matsayin gundumomi. A lokacin da aka kaddamar da aikin, wadannan wuraren ba su da zama. Wuraren da ke tsaye a yankin kafin haɓakawa shine tashar Ooredoo, masana'antar siminti da gonaki uku, ɗaya daga cikinsu har yanzu ana amfani da su. Matasa na yawan amfani da wurin don yin nishaɗi a kan hanya kuma a wasu lokuta ana zubar da sharar gida a cikin sabkhas ɗinta (gidajen gishiri). A arewacin birnin akwai ƙauyuka masu kamun kifi da aka yi watsi da su. Ingancin ruwan karkashin kasa a yankin ba shi da kyau. A kan iyakar birnin da Tekun Farisa, ruwan ƙasa ya kai mita 1 sama da matakin teku kuma yana gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma. Matakan salinity sun fi girma a gefen gabas, a 40 ppt, idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan 18 ppt a cikin sashin yamma; waɗannan matakan sun yi yawa don amfani ko amfani da su a aikin gona. Saboda yawan gishirin da ruwan cikin ƙasa ke da shi, gishiri- da tsire-tsire masu jure fari kawai ke tsiro a wannan yanki. Wani binciken yanki ya gano nau'ikan tsire-tsire 25 a cikin iyakokin birni; dukkansu ana samun su da yawa a wasu wurare a yankin. Ban da karnuka da raƙuma da aka ajiye a gonakin gida, babu dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka rubuta a yankin yayin tantancewar tasirin muhalli na farko. Duk da haka, an samu nau'ikan macizai da kadangaru da dama, ciki har da kadangare mai kama da wutsiya wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga Qatar. An gano nau'in tsuntsaye guda tara da ke faruwa a yankin, musamman a cikin laka Ciyawa a cikin yankin laka bai kai kashi 30% ba, yawancin ciyawa ana samun su a cikin ƙasa mai yawan yashi. Gundumomi Hotuna
34170	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy%20Black%20Channel	Fantasy Black Channel	Fantasy Black Channel shine kundin studio na halarta na farko ta ƙungiyar rawa-punk ta Burtaniya Late of the Pier A sake shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli, shekarara ta 2008 a Japan ta hanyar Toshiba EMI kuma a ran 4ga watan Agusta shekarara ta 2008 a cikin Tsibirin Biritaniya akan Parlophone, alamar farko ta ƙungiyar. An riga an fitar da waƙoƙi biyar a matsayin marasa aure a Ƙasar Ingila: "Bathroom Gurgle", "The Bears Are Coming", Space and the Woods da Focker a matsayin biyu A-gefe, da kuma Zuciyar zuciya Rikodin ya kai kololuwa a lamba 28 akan Chart Albums na Burtaniya, amma ya kasa yin zane a Amurka. An yi rikodin kundi ɗin a cikin ɗakin kwana mai suna Sam Eastgate a Castle Donington, Ingila, da kuma a wurare da yawa a London. Ya tafi ta hanyar ƙerarriyar tsari wanda ya wuce fiye da shekaru biyu. Eastgate da DJ Erol Alkan ne suka samar da shi tsakanin shekarar 2007 da shekarara ta 2008. Fantasy Black Channel ba ya ƙunshe da jigon kiɗa ko kaɗe-kaɗe; a maimakon haka, haɗin gwiwa ne na duk ra'ayoyi, nau'ikan, da tasirin studio wanda ya burge membobin ƙungiyar da Alkan, musamman yayin zaman rikodi kai tsaye. An karɓo rikodin sosai daga masu suka. Yawancin lokaci ana bi da shi azaman ɗayan mafi kyawun kundi na Biritaniya na shekarar 2008 saboda haɓakarsa da ruhin ƙirƙira. Late of the Pier bai yi rikodin wani ƙarin kundi ba biyo bayan mutuwar ɗan wasan bugu Ross Dawson a shekarar 2015. Asalin da rikodi Bayan kafa ƙungiya a hukumance a ƙarƙashin sunan Late of the Pier a cikin shekarar 2004, abokai na yara Sam Eastgate, Andrew Faley, Sam Potter, da marigayi Ross Dawson sun fara haɓaka sautin kundi na farko ta hanyar sauraron madadin kiɗan rawa na. Ƙungiyar Burtaniya The Prodigy da kiɗan grunge na ƙungiyar Amurka Nirvana Ba da daɗewa ba suka shiga cikin sauraron nau'o'i daban-daban daga shekaru 40 na ƙarshe na kiɗa, ciki har da Motown da rai Potter ya yi la'akari da tunaninsu na Fantasy Black Channel a matsayin martani ga "matsakaicin maƙasudin indie -schmindie waɗanda suka sami sauti kuma suka manne da shi; waɗanda waƙoƙin su suna sauti iri ɗaya", yayin da marubucin marubuci kuma marubuci Eastgate ya nuna. cewa suna so su "daukar da mutane wuce iyakokinsu". Matakan naɗaɗɗen rikodi sun faru ne a ɗakin kwana na Eastgate, inda aka yi sa hannun sa hannu na lokacin da ba na al'ada ba da kuma waƙoƙin gwaji saboda, a lokacin, babu wani ɗan ƙungiyar da zai iya kunna kayan aiki yadda ya kamata. Late of the Pier ya fara amfani da lakabin aikin album mai ban sha'awa Adventure a cikin shekarar 2006 bayan sun yi aiki a ɗakin kwana na Eastgate na kusan shekara guda kuma sun samfoti sabon kayansu a Club Liars a Nottingham. Bayan kuma karɓar tayin kwangila daga Parlophone da Atlantic Records, 'yan ƙungiyar sun sanya hannu zuwa Parlophone saboda lakabin ya ba su cikakken ikon cin gashin kai a kan tsarin rikodi ba tare da matsawa su zama nasara a kasuwanci nan da nan ba. Yarjejeniyar rikodin ta biyo bayan rikodin wani EP mai suna Zarcorp Demo, daga wanda aka saki demo guda, "Space and the Woods", a cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2007. Eastgate ya yi iƙirarin cewa kiɗan na shekarun 1980 ya rinjayi membobin ƙungiyar a lokacin waɗannan matakan haɓaka na Fantasy Black Channel duk da cewa babu ɗayansu da aka haifa kafin shekarar 1986. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, Late of the Pier a hukumance ya sadu da sanannen DJ Erol Alkan bayan ya gan shi yana buga saiti a Club Liars. Alkan ya kira su "Mafi kyawun kiɗa a kusa" kuma ya ba wa membobin ƙungiyar taimako a cikin tsarin rikodin Fantasy Black Channel Sun karbe shi kuma suka sanya shi furodusa na albam din saboda yadda aka samu daidaito a tsakanin bangarorin biyu. Dawson ya bayyana zabin furodusa ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa Alkan ya shahara wajen buga nau'ikan kiɗan kiɗa da yawa kuma yana fahimtar kaddarorin da ketare raye-raye da kiɗa guitar. Alkan ya rungumi ra'ayoyin membobin kungiyar kuma nan da nan ya fahimci abin da suke ƙoƙarin cimma. "Bathroom Gurgle" an rubuta ta sabon haɗin gwiwar kuma a sake shi azaman ƙayyadadden bugu ɗaya a cikinatan wSatumbshekarar a 2007. Tsarin samarwa don Fantasy Black Channel ya taru a kusa da watan Disamba shekarar 2007. Later of the Pier yawanci yakan ci gaba ta hanyar ɗaukar rikodin ɗakin kwana a cikin ɗakin studio, inda Alkan ya tace su cikin "kunshin da ya fi dacewa". Sun gwada dabarun da ba na al'ada ba a cikin salon furodusan avant-garde Joe Meek a yayin da ake yin rikodi na studio kai tsaye, gami da yin tambari a cikin wanka da sake kunna gita ta hanyar iska. Lokacin da aka haɗu da waƙoƙi bayan an yi rikodin, membobin ƙungiyar, Alkan, da injiniya Jimmy Robertson sun yi aiki tare kuma suka yanke shawara gaba ɗaya lokacin da waƙa ta gama aiwatar da aikin tasirin studio. Babu waƙoƙin da suka canza bayan wannan batu, ko da lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun ya sami ƙarin ra'ayi. A lokacin, a cikin wata hira da kungiyar, Stuart Turnbull na BBC Collective ya nuna cewa Alkan ya gudanar da "tashar Late of the Pier's sonic attack a cikin wani abu da ya fi mayar da hankali duk da haka har yanzu babu shakka daban-daban". Ci gaba da fitarwa An kusa kammala rikodin a ƙarshen watan Janairu shekarar 2008. Marigayi Pier ya dakatar da yin rikodi don fara balaguron balaguro na Burtaniya a cikin watan Fabrairu, wanda a cikinsa suka duba sabbin abubuwa. "The Bears Are Coming" an sake shi azaman vinyl guda a cikin Maris 2008. Ƙungiyar ta zagaya har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu 2008 don haɓaka wani guda-gefen A-biyu wanda ke ɗauke da "Space and the Woods" da aka sake yin aiki da "Focker" daga Fantasy Black Channel wanda ba a sake shi ba tukuna. Aikin Studio tare da Alkan ya sake farawa a watan Mayu 2008 don sanya abubuwan ƙarewa akan kundin; sigar karshe an yi baftisma a matsayin "harbin hits" da "anti-pop pop An yi rikodin kundi na tsawon watanni shida a cikin ɗakunan karatu daban-daban kuma membobin ƙungiyar sun yarda cewa nau'ikan wuraren da ke cikin wani yanki na bayyana dalilin da yasa yake sautin rarrabuwa. Tunanin samun waƙa guda ɗaya na minti 45 maimakon jerin waƙoƙin an yi ta ne a ƙarshen Mayu 2008, amma ba a bi ta ba. Jerin waƙoƙin Fantasy Black Channel da kwanan watan fitar CD na UK na 11 ga Agusta 2008 an tabbatar da su akan 11 ga Yuni. Faley ya yi iƙirarin cewa "albam ɗin ya faɗo a wurin da kansa, kamar yadda waƙoƙin suka faɗa mana inda suke son shiga cikin kundin". Late of the Pier ya ɗauki sunan rikodin a bazuwar bayan fara tunanin yin amfani da Peggy Patch da Tufafin Sa. Abokin ƙungiyar daga Brighton, Jon Bergman ne ya tsara zanen murfin EP na ƙarshe wanda ya ƙunshi kayan da aka riga aka saki a cikin 2007 da 2008, Echoclistel Lambietroy, an sake shi a cikin Yuli 2008 a matsayin wani ɓangare na tallan tallace-tallace don kundi mai zuwa. Potter ya taƙaita ra'ayin rikodin ta hanyar kammalawa, "Ina tsammanin a cikin shekaru uku don gina kundin, ba mu taɓa tunanin jerin waƙoƙi ba, kuma ba mu taɓa yin la'akari da gaskiyar cewa ya kamata ya yi kama da kundin ba. Ina tsammanin mun nadi duk waƙoƙin sannan kuma suna can kuma ya kasance kamar, 'Oh, dole ne mu sanya wannan tare kuma mu sanya shi kamar guda ɗaya'" Abun ciki Waƙoƙi Tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Fantasy Black Channel ba shi da shiri sosai. Ayoyin "Broken" an haife su a cikin dare da dare kuma suna yin wahayi zuwa ga rashin barci Ya ɗauki Eastgate dogon lokaci don kwatanta yadda yake ji "ta hanyar da ta dace" don irin wannan jigon gama gari a cikin kiɗan pop. Waƙoƙin da ke cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa kusan lokaci ne na farko da Late of the Pier ya tafi Landan kuma ya ɓace. "Space and the Woods" yayi ƙoƙarin auna abin da ya fi mahimmanci: mutum ko abu marar rai, ko rashin wani abu, yayin da "The Bears Are Coming" ya shafi "barazanar shiru". Tunanin waƙar "Ƙaƙwalwar zuciya, flicker, layi" a cikin "Heartbeat" ya zo Eastgate yayin da ake rikodin waƙar da jin sa hannun sa a koyaushe yana canzawa. Mawaƙin ba zai iya tuna rubuta "Farin Maciji" ba kuma bai san akwai ƙungiyar suna iri ɗaya ba. "Focker" ya samo asali ne daga demo, wanda ake kira "6/8 Focker", Eastgate ya rera ta cikin na'urar gita tare da waƙoƙin da ba za a iya fahimtar su da farko ba. "Maƙiyi Ne Gaba" ya samo sunansa daga jumla a cikin takardar talla don ƙungiyar indie rock band The Enemy. Eastgate ya bayyana cewa ga "Mad Dogs da Ingilishi" ba da gangan "ya yi kururuwa da gajerun jimloli" sannan ya yi ƙoƙarin fahimtar abin da ya faɗa. Tsarin ya haifar da ingantattun layukan kamar "Faɗuwar jiragen sama da son zama maras kyau". Abun ciki Fantasy Black Channel an gina shi ne akan gwaje-gwajen sonic da kuma amfani da fasahar studio da na kwamfuta. Waƙar buɗewa, "Hot Tent Blues", gajeriyar kayan aiki ce wacce ke ƙunshe da yadudduka na guitar lantarki guda bakwai waɗanda ke gudana ta hanyar bugun gitar bass na Zoom 506. An yi tunanin "Broken" a yayin taron jam'i tsakanin gitar Eastgate da na Dawson, yayin da aka sake yin aikin demo na "Space and the Woods" mai kama da waƙar Nirvana All Apologies kuma an sake yin shi a cikin ɗakin studio. Eastgate ya yaba da Storm Mortimer, wanda ya saba tuƙi Late of the Pier a kusa da London, a matsayin gidan kayan tarihi na "The Bears Are Coming". Sau da yawa tana rera waƙa ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba kuma ɗan wasan gaba a ƙarshe ya ari shafi na waƙoƙin ta kuma ya ƙara waƙar afrobeat a ciki. Eastgate da Dawson suna so su ƙirƙiri waƙa da ta haifar da ra'ayin "fitowa daga cikin daji" da kuma kida iri-iri na kida kamar Slagsmålsklubben, Prince, The Beatles, Mr Flash, FrYars, da Lutricia McNeal a matsayin wahayi. Articles with hAudio microformats "Random Firl" yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Alkan ya fi so kuma ya lallashe Late of the Pier don sake yin rikodin ta kamar yanki na kiɗa na gargajiya maimakon hanyar da ta dace da dutse. An ƙara jituwar murya a ƙarshen waƙar a lokacin ɗaya daga cikin kwanakin ƙarshe na rikodin lokacin da matsi don kammala kundin ya yi yawa. "Heartbeat" ya dogara ne akan tsohuwar waƙar demo na gidan acid wanda Eastgate ya ƙirƙira a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ta amfani da na'urar lantarki ta Roland TB-303 sequencer Waƙar tana da haɗaɗɗun ci gaban sa hannu na lokaci da solo na guitar da Potter ya buga akan samfurin a ƙarshen. "Whitesnake" an yi wahayi zuwa ga kiɗa na Devo, Roxy Music, da Dandi Wind, yayin da "VW" ya dogara ne akan demo na 2001 da aka yi rikodin a ɗakin ɗakin Eastgate. A cikin ɗakin studio, Late of the Pier ya ɗauki 'yan wasan tagulla don yin sassan ƙaho da ƙirƙirar sabbin ma'auni Da zarar an yi rikodin kayan aikin, membobin ƙungiyar da gangan sun yanke shawarar haɗa nasu wasan ƙasa a wasu sassan waƙar don masu sauraro su ji ƙaho a sarari. An halicci "Focker" ta amfani da madauki daga "6/8 Focker". Daga nan Eastgate ya dauki cikin solo na ganga kuma ya sake hade tare da sake tsarawa dakika ashirin na karshe na wakar. "Maƙiyi Ne Gaba" an ƙirƙira shi ne a yayin taron jam'iyyar hungover, inda duk membobin ƙungiyar suka yi wasa daban-daban ba tare da tandem ba. Dawson ya yi kusan bugu 40 daban-daban daya bayan daya duk a lokuta daban-daban. An yi rikodin zaman ta amfani da na'urar kaset kuma an ƙera waƙa a cikin ɗakin studio. An rubuta ƙare daban-daban guda huɗu kuma an raba uku tare a ƙarshen. "Mad Dogs and Englishmen", wanda riff ɗinsu ya dogara ne akan tsohuwar waƙar samba ta Faransa, an samo asali ne daga wasan kwaikwayo tsakanin Eastgate akan guitar da Faley a kan bass. Waƙa ta ƙarshe akan kundi mai suna "Bathroom Gurgle", ta haɗa da "ƙaƙƙarfan niƙa na riff" wanda aka gina don masu sauraron ƙungiyar maƙaryata a lokacin wasan farko na ƙungiyar. Eastgate ya yi bayani, "Ina da waɗannan jigogi guda biyu, waɗanda suka zagaye juna waɗanda na raira waƙa a cikin salon salon salon Annie Lennox Saurin lokacin rabin farkon waƙar an haɗa shi da wani sashe na "sannun wasan kwaikwayo". Mahimman lit afternoon Martan watsa labarai ga Fantasy Black Channel ya kasance mai fa'ida sosai; Haɗin gidan yanar gizon Metacritic yana ba da rahoton daidaitaccen ƙima na 81% dangane da bita mai mahimmanci 18. AllMusic 's K. Ross Hoffman ya bayyana kundin a matsayin "mai ɗaukaka kuma mai ban sha'awa" kuma ya lakafta shi "wani ƙaƙƙarfan gine-gine da ke cike da daɗaɗɗen lokuta masu gamsarwa nan da nan wanda yana ɗaukar saurare da yawa don fitar da su duka". John Burgess na The Guardian ya bayyana cewa za a iya samun sabuwar waƙar da aka fi so, riff, ko lokacin rashin hankali a duk lokacin da aka saurari kundin. Tim Chester na NME ya kammala, "Yana da wani nau'i na tunani don yin wannan. Yayin da wasu ke kokawa game da rayuwa da mutuwa a cikin garuruwan cul-de-sac da ke daure da tunanin cul-de-sac, hangen nesa na LOTP yana kan aikin samar da tsibiri na Dubai Wasu masu bita sun rarraba Fantasy Black Channel cikin sabon nau'in rave na Biritaniya da yanayin kida. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa za su iya jin ra'ayoyin ɗan wasan gaba na Roxy Music Bryan Ferry da mawaƙa Gary Numan a cikin faifan. Pitchfork 's Adam Moerder yayi sharhi cewa yana ƙunshe da sabbin abubuwan ƙirƙira da yawa waɗanda ke da kyan gani. Chris Baynes na PopMatters ya yi iƙirarin cewa membobin ƙungiyar "suna sanya tasirin su sosai a hannun hannayensu", amma sun kammala cewa kundin yana da ban sha'awa kuma yana da daɗi daidai gwargwado. A cewar Late of the Pier, kwatancen Klaxons da sabon rave sakamakon aikin jarida ne na kasala, musamman ga wurin da ƙungiyar ba ta taɓa shiga ba. Eastgate ya yi bayanin cewa tasirin kiɗan sau da yawa ba su da hankali, kodayake membobin ƙungiyar sun yi ƙoƙarin kada su saurari komai sai nasu aikin yayin yin rikodin kundin. Nick Mitchell na The Skinny ya yi nuni da cewa rikodin "wani tsari ne wanda ba a iyakance shi ba, wanda ba za a iya rarraba shi ba, ba zato ba tsammani ya sami nasara ta hanyar tasiri da nau'ikan nau'ikan, daga dutsen 70s na Sarauniya da Bowie zuwa na'urorin lantarki na farko na Gary Numan, tare da amsawar wasannin kwamfuta na 90s da kuma kwace gidan zamani". Fantasy Black Channel an ƙididdige shi a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa 'karshen shekara mafi kyawun jerin kundi na 2008, musamman, a lamba uku ta Clash, a lamba biyar ta <i id="mwAS0">GASKIYA</i>, kuma a lamba 18 ta NME An jera shi a lamba 16 a cikin Zaɓen Zaɓe na HMV na 2008, wanda ya tattara ƙuri'un fitattun masu sukar Birtaniyya don yanke shawarar Kundin Na Shekarar ƙungiyar kasuwanci. Tun da farko a cikin 2008, Rory Carroll na Artrocker ya yi iƙirarin cewa rikodin zai kasance marigayi mai shiga don Kyautar Kiɗa na Mercury, kuma tabbas zai sami lambar yabo, idan an gabatar da zaɓe a watan Agusta maimakon Yuli 2008. Saboda aikin da suka yi a kan kundin, Late of the Pier ya sami lambar yabo don Best New Band a 2009 <i id="mwAT0">NME</i> Awards An kuma zaɓi waƙoƙi biyu: "Bathroom Gurgle" da "Heartbeat", a cikin Mafi kyawun Filler na Dancefloor da Mafi kyawun nau'ikan Bidiyo bi da bi. A cikin 2009, Clash ya sanya Fantasy Black Channel a lamba 40 a cikin jerin 50 Mafi Girma Albums, 2004–2009, yayin da GASKIYA ta haɗa shi a lamba 99 a cikin jerin ma'aikatan edita na 100 Mafi kyawun: Albums na Decade. Waƙa da jeri Duk waƙoƙin da Sam Eastgate ya rubuta kuma suka shirya, sai dai in an faɗi. Waƙar ɓoye, "Babu Lokaci", yana farawa a 4:50 na "Gurgle Bathroom". Waƙoƙin Bonus "Kashi A" 1:47 waƙa 13 akan sigar iTunes "Very Wav" 4:44 waƙa ta 13 akan bugu na Jafananci da na Amurka "Focker (Rolmops Remix 3:15 waƙa ta 14 akan bugun Jafananci "The Bears Are Coming (Emperor Machine Remix)" 9:22 waƙa ta 14 akan bugu na Amurka da waƙa ta 15 akan bugu na Japan Vinyl Sigar LP ta Burtaniya ta 2008 ta Fantasy Black Channel ta ƙunshi daidaitaccen kwafin vinyl baƙar fata a cikin hannun rigar hoto. An sake shi mako guda kafin sigar CD ɗin kuma yana da canje-canjen waƙa masu zuwa: "Space da Woods Cenzo Townshend Mix)" maimakon "Space da Woods" "The Bears Suna Zuwa (Original Version)" maimakon "Bears Suna Zuwa" "Heartbeat (Sigar Cenzo Townsend)" maimakon "Heartbeat" An fitar da sigar LP ta US ta 2009 a lokaci guda tare da sigar CD. Ma'aikata Band Sam Eastgate lead vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, drum sequencing, synthesiser Andrew Faley bass guitar, backing vocals, bass synthesiser Sam Potter sampler, synthesiser, backing vocals Ross Dawson drums Additional musicians Giselle Kennedy backing vocals (track 2) Erol Alkan backing vocals (track 5) Nik Carter tenor vocals, baritone vocals (track 8) Jack Birchwood trumpet, flugelhorn (track 8) Production Erol Alkan producer; mixing (except tracks 1, 2, 3) Sam Eastgate producer (tracks 1, 2, 4, 9, 12); arrangements Jimmy Robertson engineering; mixing (except tracks 1, 2, 3) Mark Alloway assistant engineer (tracks 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11) Al Lawson assistant engineer (track 1) Ben Jackson assistant engineer (track 7) Oli Wright assistant engineer (track 12) Cenzo Townshend mixing (tracks 1, 2, 3) Neil Comber assistant mixer (track 1, 2, 3) Darren Simpson assistant mixer (track 4) Daniel Rejmer assistant mixer (tracks 5, 11) Lee Slaney assistant mixer (tracks 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12) Mike Marsh mastering (except track 4) Nilesh Patel mastering (track 4) Artwork Jon Bergman cover art Late of the Pier design Traffic design Rikodi da bayanan saki An yi rikodin Fantasy Black Channel tsakanin 2006 zuwa 2008 a cikin ɗakin kwana na Sam Eastgate a cikin Castle Donington da kuma a cikin ɗakunan studio masu zuwa a London. Tarihin sakin albam din shine kamar haka: Matsayin jadawalin Album Singles denotes releases that did not chart. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Fantasy Black Channel music player a Late of the Pier official site Fantasy Black Channel lyrics a Late of the Pier official site Fantasy Black Channel nazari mai mahimmanci a Metacritic Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30167	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwace%20Ciwacen%20daji%20Surface%20epithelial-stromal	Ciwace Ciwacen daji Surface epithelial-stromal	Surface epithelial-stromal ciwace-ciwacen daji rukuni ne na neoplasms na ovarian wanda zai iya zama mara kyau ko m Neoplasms a cikin wannan rukuni ana tsammanin an samo su ne daga epithelium na ovarian (gyaran peritoneum ko daga ectopic endometrial ko tube na fallopian (tubal). Ciwon daji na irin wannan kuma ana kiransa ovarian adenocarcinoma Wannan rukuni na ciwace-ciwacen daji yana da kashi 90% zuwa 95% na duk lokuta na ciwon daji na ovarian duk da haka ana samun su ne kawai a cikin matan da suka shude amma ban da Amurka inda kashi 7% na al'amuran ke faruwa a mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 40.Serum CA-125 sau da yawa yana haɓaka amma yana da daidai 50% kawai don haka ba alamar ƙwayar cuta ba ce mai amfani don tantance ci gaban jiyya. 75% na mata masu ciwon daji na ovarian suna samuwa a cikin matakan ci gaba; duk da haka ƙananan marasa lafiya suna iya samun kyakkyawan tsinkaye fiye da tsofaffi marasa lafiya. Rabewa Epithelial stromal ciwace -ciwacen daji an rarraba su akan nau'in Siffofin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙayyade ko ƙwayar cuta ta epithelial-stromal ba ta da kyau, ƙwayar iyaka, ko m (shaida ta malignancy da stromal mamayewa). Ciwon daji na kan iyaka yana da yuwuwar rashin tabbas. Wannan rukuni ya ƙunshi serous, mucinous, endometrioid, fili cell, da kuma brenner (transitional cell) ciwace-ciwacen daji, ko da yake akwai 'yan gauraye, undifferentiated da unclassified iri. Ciwon daji mai tsanani Wadannan ciwace-ciwacen sun bambanta da girma daga ƙanana kuma kusan ba a iya gane su zuwa babba, suna cika rami na ciki. iyaka, da kuma nau'in ciwon daji na ciwon daji suna da kimanin kashi 30% na dukan ciwace-ciwacen daji na ovarian. Kashi 75% na marasa lafiya ne ko kuma na iyakoki, kuma kashi 25% na mugunya ne Mummunan nau'i na wannan ƙwayar cuta, serous cystadenocarcinoma, yana da kimanin kashi 40 cikin dari na dukkanin carcinomas na ovary kuma sune mafi yawan ciwon daji na ovarian. Ciwon daji mara kyau da kan iyakoki sun fi yawa a tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 50. M serous ciwace-ciwacen daji faruwa daga baya a rayuwa a kan matsakaita, ko da yake da ɗan a baya a cikin iyali lokuta. 20% na benign, 30% na kan iyaka, da 66% na m ciwace-ciwacen daji ne na biyu (shafi duka ovaries). Abubuwan da zasu iya haɗawa da: wuraren cystic wuraren cystic da fibrous galibin wuraren fibrous Damar mummunan ciwon ƙwayar cuta yana ƙaruwa tare da adadin wurare masu ƙarfi da ke samuwa, ciki har da tsarin papillary da duk wani nau'i na necrotic. Pathology an yi layi da tsayi, columnar, sel epithelial ciliated cike da ruwa mai tsabta Kalmar serous wadda ta samo asali a matsayin bayanin ruwan cyst ya zo da bayanin irin nau'in kwayar halitta na epithelial da aka gani a cikin wadannan ciwace-ciwace. na iya haɗawa da saman ovary Ana tabbatar da rarrabuwa tsakanin benign, iyaka, da m ta hanyar tantancewa: cellular atypia (ko sel guda ɗaya ba su da kyau) mamayewa na kewayen stroma na ovarian (ko sel suna kutsawa kewayen nama) Ciwon daji na iyaka yana iya samun atypia ta salula amma ba su da shaidar mamayewa kasancewar jikin psammoma wani yanayi ne na ganowar cystadenocarcinomas Hasashen Hasashen ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, kamar yawancin neoplasms, ya dogara da mataki na bambanci wannan shine yadda ƙwayoyin tumor suka yi kama da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kumburin da ya bambanta da kyau yayi kama da ciwace-ciwacen daji ƙwayar cuta mara kyau ba zata iya kama da nau'in tantanin halitta kwata-kwata ba Ciwon daji mai matsakaicin matsakaici yakan yi kama da nau'in tantanin halitta, amma ya bayyana a fili. tsawo na ƙari zuwa wasu sifofi musamman tare da m malignancies, kasancewar m yada zuwa ga peritoneum yana da muhimmanci game da tsinkaya. Adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar na ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka da muggan ciwace- ciwacen da ke tsare a cikin ovaries sune 100% da 70% bi da bi. Idan peritoneum yana da hannu, waɗannan ƙimar sun zama 90% da 25%. Yayin da shekarun rayuwa na shekaru 5 na ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka suna da kyau, bai kamata a ga wannan a matsayin shaida na magani ba, saboda sake dawowa zai iya faruwa shekaru da yawa bayan haka. Mucinous ciwace-ciwacen daji Ciwon daji na mucinous Yi kama da takwarorinsu masu kama da juna amma da wuya su kasance na bangarorin biyu Da ɗan ƙasa na kowa, yana lissafin kusan kashi 25% na duk neoplasms na ovarian A wasu lokuta, ciwace-ciwacen daji na mucinous suna da alaƙa da ƙarin cysts masu girma dabam da ƙarancin sa hannu idan aka kwatanta da ciwace-ciwacen daji. Hakanan idan aka kwatanta da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, ciwace-ciwacen mucinous ba su da yawa akai-akai, kusan kashi 5% na ciwace-ciwacen mucinous na farko na biyu ne. Zai iya haifar da manyan ƙwayoyin cystic, tare da rikodin nauyi sama da 25 kg Pathology Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji suna da alaƙa da rufin sel masu tsayi na columnar tare da apical mucin da rashin cilia, kama da bayyanarsa tare da ƙananan mahaifa ko epithelia na hanji. Siffar na iya kama da ciwon daji ko ciwon daji na ovarian, amma yawanci ya samo asali ne daga appendix (duba mucinous adenocarcinoma tare da yanayin asibiti Pseudomyxoma peritonei Ana amfani da mamayewar stromal bayyananne don bambance ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka da ciwace-ciwacen daji. Hasashen Yawan rayuwa na shekaru 10 don ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka da ke ƙunshe a cikin ovary, ƙwayar cuta mara kyau ba tare da mamayewa ba, da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta masu haɗari sun fi 95%, 90%, da 66% bi da bi. Wani yanayin da ba kasafai ba amma abin lura da ke da alaƙa da mucinous ovarian neoplasms shine pseudomyxoma peritonei Kamar yadda ciwace-ciwacen mucinous na ovarian na farko yawanci ba su da alaƙa (a cikin kwai ɗaya), gabatar da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu yana buƙatar keɓance asalin wanda ba na ovarian ba, yawanci ƙari. Ciwon daji na endometrioid Ciwon daji na endometrioid yana da kusan kashi 20% na duk cututtukan daji na ovarian kuma galibi suna da muni (carcinomas endometrioid). An yi su da glandan tubular masu kama da kamanni ko m endometrium. 15-30% na ciwon daji na endometrioid yana faruwa a cikin mutane masu ciwon daji na endometrium, kuma waɗannan marasa lafiya suna da kyakkyawan ganewa. Suna bayyana kama da sauran ciwace-ciwacen daji na epithelial-stromal, tare da wurare masu ƙarfi da cystic. Kashi 40% na waɗannan ciwace-ciwace suna da alaƙa da juna, lokacin da bangarorin biyu, metastases galibi suna nan. Pathology Glandan da ke da kamanceceniya da nau'in glandon endometrial Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace suna da glandan da suka balaga da suka bayyana a cikin stroma fibrous Ciwon daji na kan iyaka yana da hadaddun tsarin reshe ba tare da mamayewar stromal ba Carcinomas (mummunan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji) suna da glandon da ke mamayewa tare da cunkoson sel, ƙwayoyin cuta, mitoses akai-akai. Tare da mafi ƙarancin bambance-bambance, ƙari ya zama mai ƙarfi. Hasashen Hasashen sake yana dogara ne akan yaduwar ƙwayar cuta, da kuma yadda bambance-bambancen ciwon ya bayyana. Hasashen gabaɗaya ya ɗan fi muni fiye da ciwace-ciwacen daji ko mucinous, kuma adadin rayuwa na shekaru 5 ga marasa lafiya da ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin ovary kusan 75%. Share ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta Bayyanannun ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta suna da manyan sel epithelial tare da ɗimbin fayyace cytoplasm kuma ana iya gani tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da endometriosis ko ciwon daji na endometrioid na ovary, yana da kama da share carcinoma cell na endometrium. Suna iya zama mai ƙarfi ko cystic. Idan daskararru, sel bayyanannun sun kasance ana shirya su cikin zanen gado ko tubules. A cikin nau'in cystic, ƙwayoyin neoplastic suna yin rufin cyst. Hasashen Wadannan ciwace-ciwacen daji sun kasance masu tayar da hankali, tsawon shekaru biyar na rayuwa don ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin ovaries kusan 65%. Idan ciwace-ciwacen ya yadu fiye da ovary a ganewar asali, tsinkayen ba shi da kyau Brenner ciwon daji Ciwon daji na Brenner su ne ciwace-ciwacen kwayoyin halitta-epithelial stromal cell ciwace-ciwacen daji wanda kwayar epithelial (wanda ke bayyana wadannan ciwace-ciwacen daji) wani tantanin halitta ne na wucin gadi. Waɗannan suna kama da kamannin epithelia na mafitsara. Ciwon daji na iya zama ƙanana zuwa manya sosai, kuma yana iya zama da ƙarfi ko cystic. A ilimin tarihi, kumburin ya ƙunshi ƙuƙuka na sel na tsaka-tsakin da aka ambata a baya a cikin nama da ke kewaye da su wanda yayi kama da kwai na yau da kullun. Ciwon daji na Brenner na iya zama mara kyau ko mara kyau, dangane da ko ƙwayoyin tumor sun mamaye nama da ke kewaye. Ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta Kananan ciwon daji na kwai (SCCO) gabaɗaya ana rarraba su cikin ciwace-ciwacen epithelial masu alaƙa da keɓantattun siffofi na endocrin. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da SCCO a matsayin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in huhu guda biyu: Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Hypercalcemic Type (SCCOHT) da Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Pulmonary Type (SCCOPT). Ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta ba safai ba ne kuma masu tayar da hankali, suna ba da gudummawa ga kasa da 2% na duk cututtukan gynecologic. Matsakaicin shekarun ganewar asali shine shekaru 24, kuma yawancin marasa lafiya kuma suna da hypercalcemia (62%). Yawanci yana kasancewa tare da babban ƙari ɗaya ɗaya. Yawancin mata suna mutuwa a cikin shekara guda da ganewar asali. Magani Don ƙarin bayani na gaba ɗaya, duba ciwon daji na ovarian Bincike ya nuna cewa a layin farko na maganin Ciwon daji na Ovarian Ovarian (EOC), Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin tare da Carboplatin wani zaɓi mai gamsarwa ga Paclitaxel tare da Carboplatin. A cikin mutanen da ke da EOC mai saurin dawowa, bincike ya gano cewa Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin tare da Carboplatin shine mafi kyawun magani fiye da Paclitaxel tare da Carboplatin. Don ci-gaban ciwon daji na wannan tarihin tarihi, Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar hanyar chemotherapy wanda ya haɗu da intravenous gudanarwa (IV) da intraperitoneal (IP). Abubuwan da aka fi so na chemotherapeutic sun haɗa da maganin platinum tare da haraji Metastases Don ciwace-ciwacen daji na epithelial-stromal, wuraren da aka fi sani da metastasis sune kogon pleural (33%), hanta (26%), da huhu (3%). Tasiri akan haihuwa Haihuwa bayan jiyya na ciwace-ciwacen daji na epithelial-stromal ya dogara ne akan ilimin tarihi da matakin farko don raba shi zuwa farkon kan iyaka (ko fiye da mara kyau) tare da matakan ci gaba na kan iyaka (ko mafi muni). Gudanar da ra'ayin mazan jiya (ba tare da oophorectomy na biyu ba) na farkon matakan ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka an kiyasta cewa zai haifar da damar sama da 50% na ciki na kwatsam tare da ƙarancin haɗarin sake dawowar ƙwayar cuta (0.5%). A gefe guda kuma, a lokuta masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, an kiyasta yawan masu juna biyu da aka yi ba zato ba tsammani ya kai kashi 35 cikin ɗari kuma haɗarin sake dawowa mai mutuwa 2%. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Cutar
50465	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanarwar%20Alkahira%20Kan%20Hakkokin%20Dan%20Adam%20A%20Musulunci	Sanarwar Alkahira Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam A Musulunci	Sanarwar da Alkahira ta fitar kan hakkin dan Adam a Musulunci CDHRI sanarwa ce ta kasashe mambobin kungiyar hadin kan kasashen musulmi (OIC) da aka fara amincewa da ita a birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1990, (Taron ministocin harkokin waje, 9- 14 Muharram 1411H a cikin kalandar Musulunci daga baya kuma aka sake duba shi a cikin 2020 kuma aka amince da shi a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba 2020 (Majalisar ministocin harkokin waje a zamanta na 47 a Yamai, Jamhuriyar Nijar). Yana bayar da bayani kan mahangar Musulunci game da hakkin dan Adam. Sigar 1990 ta tabbatar da shari'ar Musulunci a matsayin tushenta, yayin da sigar 2020 ba ta yin kira na musamman na shari'a ba. Manufar wannan labarin shine sigar 1990 na CDHRI. CDHRI ta bayyana manufarta ta zama "babban jagora ga Membobin kungiyar OIC a fagen haƙƙin ɗan Adam". An yarda da wannan sanarwar a matsayin martanin Musulunci ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (UDHR), wacce aka amince da ita a shekarar 1948. Yana ba da tabbacin wasu, amma ba duka ba, na UDHR kuma yana aiki a matsayin takarda mai rai na ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka tsara don duk membobin OIC su bi, amma ta taƙaita su a sarari ga iyakokin da shari'ar ta gindaya. Saboda wannan iyaka, an soki CDHRI a matsayin wani yunƙuri na kare ƙasashe membobin OIC daga sukar ƙasa da ƙasa kan take haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma gazawa wajen ba da yancin yin addini, tabbatar da hukuncin jiki da kuma barin wariya ga waɗanda ba musulmi ba da kuma mata. Tarihi Kasashen musulmi daban-daban sun soki sanarwar kare hakkin bil'adama ta duniya ta shekara ta 1948 saboda rashin yin la'akari da yanayin al'adu da addini na kasashen da ba na yammacin Turai ba. A cikin 1981, Said Rajaie-Khorassani wakilin Iran bayan juyin juya hali a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana matsayin kasarsa game da UDHR, yana mai cewa "fahimtar duniya ce ta al'adar Yahudu da Kirista", wanda ba zai iya kasancewa ba. wanda musulmi suka aiwatar ba tare da keta dokar Musulunci ba. A cikin 1990 mambobi ne na kungiyar kasashen musulmi suka amince da CDHRI. Tun daga 2012, jihohi 45 ne suka sanya hannu. A cikin 1992, an gabatar da CDHRI ga Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, inda Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da ita. Abubuwan da ke ciki Bayanin ya fara ne da cewa “Dukkan ‘yan Adam suna kafa iyali guda ne wadanda ma’abotansu suka hade ta hanyar bin Allah da zuriyarsu daga Adamu. kuma ya hana wariya a kan kabilanci, launi, harshe, imani, jima'i, addini, alaƙar siyasa, matsayin zamantakewa ko wasu la'akari". Ta ci gaba da shelanta tsarkin rayuwa, kuma ta ayyana "kiyayyar rayuwar dan Adam" a matsayin "aiki ne da Shari'a ta tanada". Har ila yau, CDHRI ta ba wa waɗanda ba yaƙi ba—kamar tsofaffi maza, mata da yara, waɗanda suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya, da fursunonin yaƙi yancin samun abinci, matsuguni, da samun lafiya da magani a lokacin yaƙi. CDHRI tana ba wa mata ''daidaicin darajar ɗan adam''' 'yancin cin moriyarta'' 'ayyukan da za su yi'' ƙungiyoyin jama'a 'yancin kai na kuɗi'' da 'yancin riƙe sunanta da zuriyarta. Dukansu maza da mata an ba su “haƙƙin yin aure” ba tare da la’akari da ƙabila, launi, ko ƙasarsu ba. Sanarwar ta ce ya wajaba a kan iyaye biyu su kiyaye yaron kafin haihuwa da bayan haihuwa, yayin da ya jaddada cewa maigida ne ke da alhakin kare zamantakewa da kuma kula da iyalansa, ciki har da kowane yara da mata. Sanarwar ta amince da haƙƙin mallaka da keɓantawa ga daidaikun mutane. Mataki na 18 (b) ya ce “Kowa yana da hakkin ya keɓe kansa wajen tafiyar da al’amuransa na sirri, a cikin gidansa, da iyalinsa, dangane da dukiyarsa da dangantakarsa. Ba ya halatta a yi masa leken asiri, a sanya shi a cikin sa ido, ko kuma a bata sunansa mai kyau. Gwamnati za ta kare shi daga tsoma baki ba bisa ka’ida ba.” Ya haramta rugujewa da kwace gidan kowane iyali da korar iyali. Bugu da ƙari, idan an raba iyali a lokacin yaƙi, alhakin gwamnati ne ta "shirya ziyara ko haduwar iyalai". Mataki na 10 na sanarwar yana cewa: “Musulunci addini ne na dabi’ar da ba ta lalacewa. An haramta yin duk wani nau'i na tilasci ga mutum ko a yi amfani da talaucinsa ko jahilcinsa don a mayar da shi wani addini ko kuma zuwa ga zindikanci." Tunda a cikin al'ummar musulmi duk dalilan da suka sa aka musulunta ana daukarsu a matsayin tilas ne ko kuma jahilci, wannan ya hana muslunci nesa da Musulunci. Sanarwar tana kare kowane mutum daga kamawa, azabtarwa, zalunci, ko rashin mutunci. Bugu da ƙari, babu wani mutum da za a yi amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen likita ko na kimiyya ba tare da izininsa ba ko kuma cikin haɗarin lafiyarsa ko na rayuwarsa. Har ila yau, ya haramta yin garkuwa da kowane mutum "don kowace manufa ko ta yaya". Bugu da ƙari, CDHRI yana ba da tabbacin zato na rashin laifi Za a tabbatar da laifin ne kawai ta hanyar gwaji a cikin "wanda [wanda ake tuhuma] za a ba shi duk tabbacin tsaro". Sanarwar ta kuma hana fitar da "dokokin gaggawa wadanda za su ba da ikon zartarwa kan irin wadannan ayyuka". Mataki na 19 ya nuna cewa babu wani laifi ko hukunci da ya wuce wadanda aka ambata a cikin sharia. Sharia ta yarda da hukuncin jiki bulala, yankewa) da kuma hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko yanke gashin kai. ‘Yancin rike mukaman gwamnati ba za a iya amfani da su ba ne kawai kamar yadda shari’a ta tanada. Sanarwar ta kuma jaddada "cikakkiyar 'yancin 'yanci da cin gashin kai", da adawa da bautar da zalunci da cin zarafi da mulkin mallaka. CDHRI tana shelanta bin doka da oda, tana tabbatar da "daidaici da adalci ga kowa", tare da iyakoki da aka tanada a karkashin shari'ar Musulunci Har ila yau, CDHRI ta bai wa kowane mutum “yancin shiga, kai tsaye ko a kaikaice a harkokin tafiyar da al’amuran kasarsa”. CDHRI ta kuma haramta duk wani cin zarafi na hukuma "wanda ya shafi Shari'ar Musulunci." Mataki na 22 (a) na sanarwar ya ce "Kowa yana da 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa ta hanyar da ba za ta saba wa ka'idojin Shari'a ba." Mataki na ashirin da biyu (b) ya ce "Kowane mutum yana da hakkin ya yi umurni da abin da yake daidai, da yada abin da yake mai kyau, da kuma gargadi game da mummuna da mummuna kamar yadda shari'ar Musulunci ta tanada." Mataki na ashirin da biyu (c) ya ce: “Bayanai abu ne mai muhimmanci ga al’umma. Maiyuwa ba za a yi amfani da shi ba ko kuma a yi amfani da shi ta hanyar da za ta keta alfarmar Annabawa, tauye kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u ko wargajewa, lalata ko cutar da al'umma, ko raunana imaninta." Wannan taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen taƙaitawa ne akan 'yancin yin duk wata magana da za a iya ɗaukar saɓo, hukuncin yin wanda zai iya zama kisa kuma don haka kalmar wannan sashe ta ba da damar hukuncin kisa don sabo a cikin bayyanannen saba wa UDHR. Mataki na ashirin da biyu (d) ya ce "Ba a halatta a tayar da kiyayyar kasa ko akida ko kuma yin wani abu da zai iya zama tsokana ga kowane nau'i na wariyar launin fata." Siffofin addini Ko da yake CDHRI tana amfani da yare na duniya baki ɗaya daidai da shelar 'yancin ɗan adam ta duniya, "yawancin fasalulluka [ta] suna bayyana ƙayyadaddun Musulunci." Gabatarwa galibi maganganun addini ne, kuma bayanan CDHRI sun ƙunshi nassoshi masu yawa ga Alƙur'ani, shari'a, da fagagen bangaskiyar Musulunci waɗanda ba su cikin jerin sunayen ƙasashen duniya makamancin haka. CDHRI ta kammala a shafi na 24 da 25 cewa duk hakkoki da 'yancin da aka ambata suna karkashin shari'ar Musulunci ne, wanda ita ce tushen ayyana. CDHRI ta ayyana addini na gaskiya a matsayin "tabbacin haɓaka irin wannan mutuncin a kan hanyar tabbatar da mutuncin ɗan adam". Haka nan kuma ta dora alhakin kare wadannan hakkokin a kan dukkanin al'ummah. Suka An soki CDHRI saboda aiwatar da wasu jahohin da ke da mabambantan manufofi da ayyuka na addini wadanda ke da "masu sha'awar kwance damara da sukar kasa da kasa kan hakkin dan Adam na cikin gida." Mataki na 24 na sanarwar yana cewa: "Dukkan hakkoki da 'yancin da aka tanadar a cikin wannan shela suna karkashin Shari'ar Musulunci." Mataki na 19 kuma yana cewa: "Babu laifi ko hukunci sai abin da Shari'a ta tanada." An soki CDHRI saboda gazawa wajen tabbatar da 'yancin yin addini, musamman 'yancin kowane mutum na canza addininsa, a matsayin "haki mai tushe kuma wanda ba shi da tushe". A cikin wata rubutacciyar sanarwa ta haɗin gwiwa ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (AWC) ta kara da cewa CDHRI ta iyakance 'yancin ɗan adam, 'yancin addini, da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Sanarwar ta karkare da cewa, "Bayanin Alkahira na 'yancin ɗan adam a Musulunci, a fili, ƙoƙari ne na iyakance haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin UDHR da kuma yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. Ba za a iya ganin shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da sanarwar Duniya ba." A cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2008, a cikin wata makala ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Cibiyar Bincike ta rubuta cewa, CDHRI "tana lalata daidaiton mutane da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da addini ta hanyar sanya takunkumi kan kusan kowane 'yancin dan Adam bisa tsarin shari'ar Musulunci." Rhona Smith ta rubuta cewa, saboda maganar da CDHRI ta yi game da Shariah, tana nuna wani matsayi na fifiko na maza. Adama Dieng mamba na Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya ya kuma soki CDHRI. Ya kara da cewa sanarwar tana matukar yin barazana ga ra'ayin al'adu tsakanin al'ummomin da aka kafa ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa; cewa yana gabatar da nuna bambanci ga wadanda ba musulmi ba da kuma mata. Ya ci gaba da cewa, hukumar ta CDHRI ta bayyana wani hali na takurawa da gangan dangane da wasu muhimman hakki da yanci, ta yadda wasu muhimman tanade-tanade ba su kai matsayin doka ba a kasashen musulmi da dama; tana amfani da murfin “Shari’ar Musulunci” don tabbatar da halaccin ayyuka, kamar hukumci na jiki, wanda ke kawo hari ga mutunci da mutuncin dan Adam. Duba kuma Yarjejeniya Ta Larabawa Kan Hakkokin Dan Adam Hakkin Dan Adam A Musulunci Hakkin dan Adam a Afirka Hakkin Dan Adam a Asiya Musulunci da dimokradiyya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rubutun sanarwa a Jami'ar Minnesota Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
20363	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Aziz	Aliyu Aziz	Aliyu Aziz Abubakar, kwararren Injiniya ne mai Kwarewa a fannoni daban-daban tare da sama da shekaru 30 bayan samun cancantar- cancanta, mutum ne mai kwazo tare da dabaru iri-iri da suka hada da Fasahar Bayanai, Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa. Shi ne Darakta Janar na yanzu kuma Babban Jami'in Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa (NIMC). Ya kuma taba yin aiki tare da wasu Cibiyoyin Gwamnati masu cigaba a Najeriya a lokacin da suke canjin canji. Aziz ya kammala karatun sa ne a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya inda ya samu digiri na biyu na B.Eng a bangaren Injiniyanci da kuma M.Sc a bangaren Injiniyan Gini tare da kwararru a fannin Kayan Na’ura mai kwakwalwa. Ya fara aiki a matsayin Mataikin Digiri na biyu a Sashen Injin Injiniya na Jami'ar. Ya ci gaba da zama Babban Abokin Hulda da Hadakar Injiniya Associates (IEA), inda ya tsara tare da lura da wasu manyan gine-gine da gadoji a yankin Kaduna da Abuja, ciki har da Sakatariyar NUC, Hedikwatar PHCN, AP Plaza, ofishin NACB, da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya. Hedikwata. da sauransu da yawa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga kungiyoyi da dama na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kan harkokin Injiniya da Fasahar Sadarwa da suka hada da Afri Projects Consortium, NAPEP da kuma ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya. Ya haɓaka aikace-aikacen software da yawa n Tsarin Gida da Tsarin zane-zane na kwalliyar kwalliyar kwalliya. Ya ƙware sosai a cikin harsunan shirye-shirye masu ɗimbin yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da BASIC, FORTRAN, APL, C LISP, TCL TK, PYTHON, kuma a halin yanzu yana hulɗa da JAVA a ɓangaren abokin ciniki da kuma PHP a gefen uwar garke. Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Darakta mai kula da Fasahar Sadarwa da Bayanan Bayani a Hukumar Gudanar da Shaida ta Kasa kafin nada shi a matsayin DG Shugaba. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Fasahar Sadarwa na Ministan, Babban Birnin Tarayya, inda ya fara ai watar da mafita ta farko ta hanyar e-government wanda ya ci lambar Microsoft a 2006. Ya kuma kasance Shugaban Fasaha kan Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa kan daidaita ICT wanda ya haifar da samuwar Galaxy Backbone. Ya kasance Mataimakin Darakta, Fasahar Watsa Labarai tare da Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a (BPE) wanda ya yi nasarar sake fasalin da aiwatar da manufar Gwamnatin Nijeriya ta cinikin kamfanoni. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Darakta a Sakatariyar Kwamitin Aiwatar da Shugaban Kasa kan Aiwatar da Hukunce-hukuncen Gwamnati kan Tsarin Karbar Masarufi, Tsarin Ba da Gudanar da Ba da Lamuni na Kasa da kuma Daidaita Manufofin Shaida a Najeriya. Kafin ya shiga Gwamnati, ya kasance Babban Mashawarci, Sashin Bada Bayani na Bayanin Gudanarwa (MIS), Afri-Projects Consortium (APC), wani kamfani mai bada shawara na gudanarwa na 'yan asalin ƙasa wanda ya ci ɗayan manyan ayyukan tuntuba a Nijeriya. Mai koyarwa kuma kwararre a fannin injiniya, yana koyar da daliban injiniya ta yanar gizo ta hanyar www.aliyuaziz.com a cikin Injiniyan Injiniya na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya da Makarantar Horar da ACEN, Abuja. Aziz ya kasance dan takarar kungiyar Injiniyan gine-gine ta Najeriya (NIStructE) inda mataimakin shugaban kasa na yanzu yake ya kuma kasance memba a kungiyoyin kwararru da dama da suka hada da kungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya (NSE), Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Amurka (ASME), kungiyar Kwamfuta ta Nijeriya (CAON) da Kamfanin Intanet (ISOC). Yayi balaguro sosai kuma ɗalibin sanannen Harvard, Stanford, IMD da Makarantun Kasuwanci na Legas. Aliyu Abubakar Aziz injiniya ne wanda ya hayar da fiye da shekaru 30 bayan kammala karatunsa a fannin fasahar sadarwa, gudanarwa, da gudanarwa. Shi ne Darakta Janar na yanzu kuma babban jami’in gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa (NIMC).[1][2][3][4] A baya ya yi aiki da wasu ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin Cibiyoyin Gwamnati a Najeriya a tsawon shekarun da suka samu. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Aziz a Gembu, yankin Mambilla Plateau na jihar Taraba, Najeriya. Yayi karatun sa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Ganye 1 da kuma makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Ganye, jihar Adamawa Ya shiga Makarantar Koyon Karatun Fasaha ta Zariya inda ya samu cancantar 'A' kafin ya koma Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, jihar Kaduna don yin karatun Injiniya. Ya kammala karatu tare da B.Eng. a cikin Injiniyan Injiniyoyi tare da Babban aji na biyu a 1983. A cikin 1985 ya sami NCC Certificate of System Analysis da Design sannan daga baya ya nemi M.Sc a cikin Tsarin Injiniya, a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya inda ya kammala a 1987. Aziz yanzu haka yana karatun digirin digirgir a cikin Dogara da Tsarin Gine-gine a Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Akure, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya. Aziz tsohon dalibi ne na jami'o'in Harvard da Stanford, IMD, da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas, inda ya sami horo na musamman da takardun shaida a fannoni da yawa, a Makarantun Kasuwanci na Duniya da Injiniyan Injiniyoyi a Sweden, Switzerland, Afirka ta Kudu, Birtaniya, Amurka, Australia, Nijeriya, da dai sauransu kuma a halin yanzu yana akan layi. Wasu daga cikin horarwarsa ta ƙwarewa sun haɗa da: Tattalin Arziki da Takaddun Zane (1985), Zaria Gudanar da aikin Kwamfuta (1996), Lagos Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka, Jadawalin Aiwatarwa da Aiwatarwa (1998), Abuja Tsarin Intanet da Ci Gaban ISOC'1998, Geneva Cryptography da Tsaro na hanyar sadarwa ISOC'1999, San Jose Accounting na wadanda ba Accountant ba, LBS'2000, Lagos Kasuwanci, LBS'2001, Lagos eBusiness Planning da Ci gaban ISOC'2001, Stockholm Java da XML, ISOC'2001, Stockholm Lotus eGovernment Global Forum (2002), London Tushen zane na zane na Domino (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Kula da Masu Amfani da Kamfanin Domino (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Kula da kayan aikin Domino Server (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Gabatarwa zuwa Domino. Doc 3.0, (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Domino. Gudanar da Tsarin Doc 3.0 (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Ci gaban Aikace-aikace ta amfani da Lotus Workflow 3.0, (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Taimakawa Taimakon Shafuka (2002), Afirka ta Kudu Tsaro na Yanar Gizon I: Manufa, Gudanarwa da Firewalls (2002), New York Tsaro na Yanar Gizo II: Haɗuwa da Aiwatarwa (2002), New York Gudanar da Cisco Network Security MCNS, (2002), Boston Isar da Ayyukan Bayanai, Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard, (2003), Boston VSAT Gyarawa, Ayyuka, Fasaha da Taron Maimaitawa (2003), Ibadan IBM eServer, pSeries, GRID Linux Jami'ar Kimiyya, (2003), Sydney Autodesk Revit 7 Abubuwa masu mahimmanci, (2005), Abuja LS-DYNA, Cigaban Tasirin Tasiri, Kan Arup Abokan Hulɗa, Solihull, UK (2006) LS-DYNA, Binciken Farko na Finarshe (FE), Binciken Arup Abokan Hulɗa, Solihull, Burtaniya (2006) LS-OPT, Ingantawa da Amintaccen Tattaunawa a cikin itearancin mentaƙƙarfan Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Layi, Livermore, CA, Amurka (2007) Dabarar Amfani da Fasahar Sadarwa, Jami'ar Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, Amurka (2007) Babbar Jagora, Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas, Lagos, Nijeriya (2007) Canza Dabara zuwa Ayyuka, Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas, Lagos, Najeriya (2007) Kankare Tsarin Zamani tare da LS-DYNA, Alyotech, Velizy, Paris (2008) LS-DYNA Model and Simulation of Blast Penetration, Alyotech, Velizy, Paris (2008) Ingantawa tare da LS-OPT, Over Arup Partners, Solihull, UK (2008) Nazarin Tsaro tare da LS-OPT, Arup Partners, Solihull, UK (2008) Lineididdigar Finarshen linearshe mara Layi, Cibiyar Injin Injin Kwakwalwa, Austin, Texas, Amurka (2009) ANSYS AQWA Hydrodynamic Analysis don bambancin raƙuman ruwa da radiation, ANSYS Horsham, UK (2009) ANSYS ASAS-OFFSHORE Babban ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun abubuwan bincike tare da ƙarni mai sarrafa kansa na lodi; hulɗar tsarin ƙasa; haɗe tare da ƙarewa da ƙwarewar ƙayyadaddun ƙirar ƙira da gajiyar jiki, ANSYS Horsham, UK (2009) Shirye-shiryen Gudanarwa a cikin Dabara da Tsarin Mulki, Jami'ar Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, Amurka (2010) Ingantaccen Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin FE el013, Agencyungiyar Nationalasa ta forarshe ta Hanyoyi da Ka'idoji (NAFEMS) e-Learning, Oktoba 2010 Dynamic FE Analysis el015, NAFEMS e-Learning, Disamba 2010 -Ididdigar FE marar layi el014, NAFEMS e-Learning, Fabrairu 2011 Hadadden FE Analysis el016, NAFEMS e-Learning, Afrilu 2011 Mahimmin Bayanan FE el020, NAFEMS e-Learning, Mayu 2011 Gabatarwa Mai Amfani da Farfin putididdiga (CFD) el027, NAFEMS e-Learning, Oktoba 2011 Mahimmancin Kayan Gudun Ruwa el033, NAFEMS e-Learning, Disamba 2011 NVH Nazarin Yankin Yanayi a cikin LS-DYNA, Over Arup Partners, Solihull, UK 2013 Professionalwararren Manajan Cibiyar Gudanar da Bayanan Bayanai (CDCMP®), C-Net, London, UK 2013 Gabatarwa ga Babban Darakta, IMD Lausanne, Switzerland, 2014 da ƙari. <ref>https://punchng.com/buhari-approves-reappointment-of-nimc-boss/</ref> Injiniya da fasahar fasahar kere-kere Aziz ya fara aikin injiniyan ne a cikin Ma’aikatar Jama’a a matsayin mataimakin mai kammala karatun digiri a bangaren Injiniya na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya. A shekarar 1987, Aziz ya bar ABU Zariya ya koma wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, Mai da Associates a matsayin Injiniyan Dalibi kuma ya kai matsayin Injiniyan Injiniya. Bayan barin Mai da Associates, Aziz ya haɗu da ƙungiyar abokai a 1992 don kafa Kamfanin Injiniya, Hadakar Injiniyan Injiniya kuma ya zama Babban Abokin Abokin Hulɗa ke da alhakin Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta don Tsarin Injiniyan Gini da Zane. An yaba wa Aziz don tsara shirye-shiryen kwamfuta na musamman kamar ɗakunan rubutu, bayanai, AutoCAD, AutoLISP da Tsarin Bayanai na Gudanarwa don amfanin kamfanin kawai. Aziz mai tsara shirye-shiryen komputa ne kuma yana yin rubutu a cikin yarukan shirye-shirye da dama da suka hada da BASIC, FORTRAN, APL, C LISP, JAVA, PYTHON da R. Daga nan Aziz ya zama Babban Mashawarci kan Hadin gwiwar Hadin gwiwa tare da Afri-Projects Consortium, yana mai tuntuɓar Asusun Man Fetur (Musamman) na Asusun (PTF) na Gwamnatin Nijeriya kuma ya kasance Shugaban Sashin Ba da Bayanan Bayanai na Tsarin Mulki. A can, ya kula da duk ayyukan Komputa da Bayanan da ke cikin ƙungiyar. A shekarar 2000, an soke Asusun Amintaccen Man Fetur kuma an dakatar da kwantiragin shawarwarin Afri-Projects Consortium. Aziz ya bar kamfanin kuma ya kafa Hadadden Tsarin Magani mai Iyakantacce wanda ya mai da hankali kan bayar da mafita ga Fasahar Sadarwa (IT). Ya kasance Injiniyan Tattaunawa kan manyan ayyuka da suka hada da: A cikin 2002, Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a, BPE Aziz ya shiga Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwancin Jama'a BPE a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta (Shugaban sashin IT) mai kula da Fasahar Sadarwa kuma an yi masa aiki tare da tsara tsarin dabarun Fasahar Bayanai na Hukumar. sake fasalin manufofin gwamnati mai zaman kansa. Aziz ya ba da hangen nesa da jagoranci don haɓakawa da aiwatar da ƙirar fasahar sadarwa. Ya haɗu da jagorancin IT tare da kulawa akan gudanar da duk tsarin IT da aiwatarwa ta hanyar tabbatar da shirye-shiryen aiki da manufofi da kasafin kuɗi. Ya kuma tsara, ya ba da umarni da haɓaka tsarin IT, manufofi da hanyoyin BPE kuma ya taimaka a cikin ayyukan sake fasalin ƙungiyoyi na manyan sassa sassan Gwamnatin. A shekarar 2006, an nada Aziz a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya, (FCT) Nasir Elrufai An amince da Aziz a matsayin wanda ya fara aiwatar da tsarin e-government a cikin FCT minister wanda ya lashe kyautar Microsoft a 2006. Aziz ya kuma kasance Darakta a ofishin Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya (SGF) inda ya yi aiki a Kwamitin Aiwatar da Shugaban kasa, wanda aka dora wa alhakin aiwatar da hukuncin da Gwamnati ta yanke a kan Tsarin Karbar Abokan Cinikayya, Tsarin Ba da Gudanar da Ba da Lamuni na Kasa da kuma Daidaita Tsarin Shaida a Nijeriya. Kwamitin ya lura da kafa Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa NIMC a 2007. Daga baya Aziz ya zama ma'aikacin farko na NIMC kuma ya kai matsayin Darakta, Fasahar Sadarwa Bayanan Bayani (IT IDD); mukamin da ya rike har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2014. DG Hukumar Kula da Shaida ta Kasa A watan Nuwamba 2015, Aziz ya nada Darakta Janar Babban Jami'in Hukumar Kula da Shaidun Kasa ta Kasa (NIMC) da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi na tsawon shekaru hudu. A shekarar 2019, an sake nada Aziz a karo na biyu. A watan Afrilun 2019, Aziz ya samu, mafi girman matsayin duniya na Tsarin Tsaro na Tsaron Bayanai (ISMS) na NIMC, a cikin kudurin ta na tabbatar da tsaron bayanan 'yan kasa. A watan Maris na shekarar 2019 Aziz ya bayyana cewa hukumar na bude cibiyoyin yin rajista a kasashen waje don shigar da ‘yan Najeriya mazauna kasashen waje cikin Tashar Asusun Kasa (NIDB). Aziz yana kan aiki don tabbatar da cewa an ba dukkan Nigeriansan Najeriya da Mazaunan Shari'a takamammen takaddun dijital. A lokacin aikinsa na farko, NIMC ta sami ci gaba mai yawa duk da cewa ta fuskanta kuma har yanzu tana fuskantar ƙalubalen kuɗi. Wasu daga cikin nasarorin ana iya ganin su a yankuna masu zuwa: Shiga ciki Inara bayanan rajista daga miliyan 7 a 2015 zuwa miliyan 41.6 a cikin Q1 2020. Daidaita rikodin BVN miliyan 11. An fara yin rajista a jihohin Borno Yobe. Fara rajista na kananan yara (yara ƙasa da shekaru 16). Rajistar Diasporaasashe a cikin ƙasashe 22 a duk nahiyoyi 5 (UAE, UK, USA, India da Afirka ta Kudu, Austria, China, Saudi Arabia, Benin Republic, da sauransu. Ara Cibiyoyin Rajista daga 431 a 2015 zuwa kusan 1100 a cikin 2020. Haɓaka kayan haɓakawa na ƙarshe Haɓaka Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Hanya (ABIS) zuwa sabuwar fasaha (MORPHO BSS) Sake-takardar shaidar ISO. (2016, 2017, 2018 da 2019). Ofaddamar da lambar USSD 346 don dawo da NIN. Kashe API don tabbatarwa da rajista, kusan hukumomin gwamnati 30 ne suka cinye har zuwa yanzu. Tsarin halittu Amincewa da Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya (FEC) don Aiwatar da Taswirar Taswirar Hanyar Kare Lafiyar Yan Adam na Dijital a Najeriya, ta hanyar abokan hadin gwiwar samar da kudade (Bankin Duniya, Agence Francaise de Developement da Tarayyar Turai). An yi talla don lasisin kama bayanai a kan ID ɗin Dijital tare da ci gaba da kimantawa. Hadin gwiwa Yin aiki tare da Ofishin Shige da Fice na Nijeriya PKI Embossed NIN a Fasfon Najeriyar. Yin aiki tare da Gwamnatin jihar Kaduna akan Katin zama, haka kuma jihohin Lagos, Kano da Delta Yin aiki tare da PenCom, NHIS, NCC, CAC, FIRS JTB da INEC Yin aiki tare da Ofishin Gidan waya na Najeriya kan tsarin magance dijital. Yin aiki tare da Hukumar UNHCR kan rajistar 'yan gudun hijira a Jihar Borno Hadin gwiwa da Matan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a jihar Kaduna. Hadin gwiwa da Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe kan tabbatar da NIN ga Ma’aikatan Gwamnati. Haɗin gwiwa tare da Bankuna, PFAs, da sauran cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu don ƙara yin rajista Jama'a sani Dabarun kawance da NOA, FRCN, NAN, da NTA kan wayar da kai game da aikin NIMS. Gwamnatin Tarayya ta sa baki An shirya taron ID4AFRICA a Nijeriya a cikin 2018. Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya Amincewa da FEC don aiwatar da tilasta amfani da NIN a matsayin ingantacciyar hanyar ganowa. Gazette na Dokokin NIMC Biyar (5): Lasisin lasisin ayyukan Frontend na dokar NIMC ta 2017 Amfani da Dokokin Lambar Neman Lambar 2017asa ta 2017 Dokokin Tsarin Tsarin Na'urar Na'ura na Nijeriya 2017 Rajistar Mutane da Abubuwan Dokokin NIDB 2017 Samun dama ga Bayanan da aka Yi Rijista a cikin Dokokin NIDB 2017 Kayan more rayuwa Gina ofisoshin jihar NIMC guda biyu (2) a Abakaliki da Katsina. Gyaran ofisoshin jihar NIMC guda 10 a fadin shiyyoyin siyasa shida (6) na kasar. Kano, Sokoto, Enugu, Ribas, Kwara, Benue, Adamawa, Taraba, Ondo, da kuma ofisoshin jihar Oyo. Gyaran wurin: Ginin Hedikwatar Hedikwatar Bungalow Hedikwatar Cafeteria Ginin lamba, wanda yanzu aka sani da Cibiyar Tsarin Yanayi Cibiyar Horarwa da Kayan Kwarewa Arfafa shinge na kewaye tare da waya da lantarki Cibiyar Rubuta Hedikwatar Gine-ginen Cibiyar Rubuta horo ta Kaduna Ingantaccen CCTV don kula da yanayin waje na HQ Sayiwa da girka dasfunoni masu ƙarfi guda biyu (2) 250KVA a cikin HQ don tabbatar da samar da tsabtace da ba tare da yankewa ba ga Datacenter. Wannan ya rage yawan amfani da Diesel da kimanin kashi 60% tare da shirye-shiryen ƙara ragewa zuwa ƙasa da 5% ta amfani da MG System da Autonomous Power Systems. Haɓaka hanyar sadarwa na HQ Connectivity da Datacenter da GBB ke aiwatarwa wanda kusan 90% ya cika Samun kayan aikin rajista da na kayan haɗi waɗanda suka haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga: 138 KA Bands biyan kuɗi na shekara 1. 138 duk a cikin tsarin rajista ɗaya. 138 4-4-2 Scanners yatsa. 138 Masu buga takardu da sikanan hoto. Kayan daki daban don ma'aikata a HQ da Jihohi. 2 X 360 KVA Janareto don HQ. Haɓaka Cibiyoyin Sadarwa a Ofishin Babban Darakta, Taro da Dakunan Jirgi. Sayen Motoci 15 (15) don Aikace-aikacen aikin. Sauran Ci Gaban NIMC da aka zaba a kan Kwamitin Buɗe Takaddun Shaida API (OSIA) DG NIMC an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban OSIA na farko a watan Yunin 2019 An nada DG NIMC a matsayin jakadan ID4Africa Kwararrun Littattafai Injiniya. Aziz ya buga kuma ya gabatar da takardu da yawa na ƙwararru. Wasu taken masu sana'a sun haɗa da: Kalubale na Karni na 21 da Kayayyakin Dabaru don Mai kara kuzari, Gabatarwa a Taron Kasa, Lagos don Kungiyar Injiniyoyin Tattaunawa (ACEN), Nuwamba 2000. Ci gaban Intanet a cikin Projectungiyar Kasuwanci, Taron Intanet na Duniya ISOC (Nig) '99 don Internetungiyar Intanet, babin Najeriya, Janairu 1999. Sake sanya Injiniyan Tattaunawa a cikin Millennium na Uku, Gabatar da PowerPoint a Taron Kasa na ofungiyar Injiniyoyin Tattaunawa (ACEN), Nuwamba 1999. Tattaunawa da Tsara tsararren slabs zuwa BS8110, Rubutun Maƙunsar Bayani akan Ayyukan Ofis na Kwamfuta, Taron Bita na ofungiyar Injiniyoyin Nijeriya, Fabrairu, 1995. Shirye-shiryen Tsarin Tsarin AutoCAD, Bayyanawa da Buga Shirye-shiryen Jadawalin shirye-shirye, Sabbin Ka'idoji da Ayyuka a cikin Taron Bita na forungiyar Injiniyan Najeriya, Satumba, 1994. Makarantar Taimakawa Ilimin Injin Injiniya a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello a Taron Kasa na 1 kan Aikace-aikacen Kwamfuta, Fabrairu 1985 (Co-authored with Abatan, AO Addamar da Software a cikin Injin Gine-gine ta hanyar samfurin tsarin, a Taron Duniya akan Ka'idar, Hanyoyi da Aiwatar da Shirye-shirye ta Computerungiyar Kwamfuta ta Nijeriya (CAON) Afrilu 1985 (Co-authored Abatan, AO Gano Lalacewa a Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin ta Hanyoyin Gano Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Kulawa da Kula da Kiwan Lafiya (SHM), Cibiyar Injiniyan Gini ta Nijeriya, Taron Kasa, Sheraton Hotel, Abuja Oktoba 2015 Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Mutanen
20982	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Airways	Nigeria Airways	Nigeria Airways Ltd.,wanda aka fi sani da Nigeria Airways ,jirgin sama ne na Najeriya.An kafa kamfanin ne a shekara ta 1958 bayan rusa kamfanin West African Airways Corporation (WAAC).Ya rike sunan WAAC Nigeria har zuwa shekara ta 1971,lokacin da aka sake masa suna zuwa sunan da take dashi har sai da ya daina aiki a shekara ta 2003.Gwamnatin Nijeriya ta mallaki yawancin kamfanin jirgin (51%) har zuwa shekara ta 1961, lokacin da ta bunkasa hannun jarin ta a kamfanin zuwa 100% kuma ta sanya ta tutar kasar.A lokacin rushewar,hedikwatar kamfanin jirgin yana a Airways House da ke Abuja.Ayyuka sun mai da hankali ne a Filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed na kasa da kasa da na kasashen waje wadanda galibinsu ke yammacin Afirka ne;Cibiyar sadarwar tana da maki a Turai, Arewacin kasar Amurka da Saudi Arabia. Wasu kamfanonin kasashen waje ne suka gudanar da kamfanin,wadanda suka hada da British Airways, KLM da kuma South African Airways. Kamfanin jirgin sama na Nigeria Airways ya yi fice a farkon shekara ta 1980, gabanin tashin wata tawaga ta KLM da aka dauke ta aiki don sa kamfanin ya zama mai amfani da riba. A wancan lokacin, rundunar ta kunshi jiragen sama kusan guda 30, amma dako ya kasance baya da shekara biyu tare da asusunsa har zuwa lokacin da aka samu jirgin sama da kudi. Mallaki ne ko kuma haya, mai jigilar ya yi amfani da jirage iri-iri a tarihinta, wadanda suka hada da Vickers VC10, da Airbus A310, da Boeing 737 da kuma McDonnell Douglas DC-10, wanda ya tashi na karshe da aka taba kerawa.Rashin tsari,rashawa,da wuce gona da iri sun addabi kamfanin,a lokacin rufe kamfanin yana da mara kyau mara kyau game da tsaro, kuma rukunin jiragen saman ta sun hada da jiragen sama guda daya masu tashi a cikin gida da kuma jiragen haya guda biyu da ke hayar cibiyar sadarwar duniya. Kamfanin Nijeriya Airways ya samu nasarar ne daga Virgin Nigeria ,sannan kamfanin Arik Air ya karbe wuraren da ke kasa. Tarihi Shekarun farko Kamfanin jirgin saman ya kasance a ranar a karkashin sunan West African Airways Corporation Nigeria Limited (WAAC Nigeria), wanda aka fi sani da Nigerian Airways, don maye gurbin lankwasar kamfanin West African Airways Corporation (WAAC); an riƙe taken "WAAC" saboda darajar da wannan kamfani ya samu a baya. Da farko, kamfanin jigilar ya kasance wani bangare ne wanda gwamnatin Najeriya ta kasance ita ce ta manyan masu hannun jari (51%), kuma Dattijo Dempster Lines da British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) suka riƙe ragowar da bi da bi). WAAC Najeriya ta gaji wasu jiragen sama mallakar WAAC a baya. [11] Ayyuka fara a ranar tare da BOAC Boeing 377 Stratocruiser da ke aiki a madadin sabon kamfanin jirgin da ya hada London Heathrow da Lagos, da kuma Douglas DC-3s da ke jigilar ayyukan cikin gida da gudu zuwa Dakar, na karshe a hade da Ghana Airways [11] A wannan ranar, WAAC Nigeria ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta shekaru 15 tare da BOAC don daukar nauyin 'yan Stratocruisers da Bristol Britannias don yin hidimar jirage masu nisa tsakanin Najeriya da Ingila Kwangilar ta kuma yi tunanin cewa za a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin a cikin yarjejeniyar tafki, inda za a iya ba da tikiti ta jirgin sama ɗaya don jiragen da ke ɗayan, tare da raba kudaden shiga. [11] [[File:Vickers_VC-10_G-ARVL_Nigeria_Aws_Ikeja_1969_edited-2.jpg\|left\|thumb\| A Nigeria Airways Vickers VC-10, an bayar da haya daga BOAC, a Filin jirgin saman Ikeja a shekara ta 1969. Wani kamfani na Forko. A rundunar ta kunshi de Havilland Dove, takwas na Havilland Herons da Douglas DC-3s takwas. A farkon shekarar 1961, Najeriya ta zama ita kadai ce mamallakin kamfanin ta hanyar sayen hannayen jarin da BOAC da Elder Dempster suka yi; kamfanin jirgin saman ya zama mai dauke da tutar kasar. [11] Dukkanin rundunar Heron an janye daga aiki a watan Maris na 1961 kamar yadda ya zama dole a iya buƙata ta tattalin arziki. Da nufin maye gurbin rundunar DC-3, an ba da umarnin Fokker Friendship 200s tare da ɗaukar zaɓuɓɓuka kan ƙarin biyu. [11] A BOAC Comet 4 ya ƙaddamar da ayyukan jigilar jirgi tsakanin Najeriya da Landan a ranar an yi aiki tare tare da kamfanin Nigeria Airways. Abota sun haɗu da rundunar tsakanin Janairu zuwa Mayu 1963, kuma an tura su kan hanyoyin yanki, gami da waɗanda suka yi hidimar Abidjan, Accra, Bathurst, Dakar, Freetown da Robertsfield [11] An sake sabunta kwangila tare da BOAC kuma an sanya hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya a watan Afrilun shekarar. A watan Yuni, an fara maye gurbin DC-3s da Abokai akan hanyoyin zuwa Gambiya, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Laberiya, Senegal, Saliyo, da Leopoldville Koyaya, za a ci gaba da sanya nau'ikan a kan jigilar fasinjojin Kano Cotonou Lomé –Accra da kuma hanyar Lagos zuwa Kano. [11] Daga baya BOAC ta gudanar da ayyukan Vickers VC-10 a madadin kamfanin na Nigeria Airways daga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1964 har zuwa lokacin da aka samo wani nau'in jirgin sama daga kamfanin jirgin saman Burtaniya jirgin ya lalace a cikin hatsari a watan Nuwamba na waccan shekarar. An fara jigilar jirgin sama tsakanin Najeriya da Amurka a farkon An kira shi Operation Fantastic ya danganta Lagos da New York kuma kamfanin Pan Am ke amfani da shi ta hanyar amfani da Boeing 707s da Douglas DC-8s, amma yarjejeniya tsakanin kasashen biyu ta baiwa Nigeria Airways damar siyar da iyakantattun kujeru a wadannan jiragen. Yawan ma'aikata ya kasance 2,191 a watan A wannan lokacin, rundunar ta kunshi Piper Aztec daya, da Douglas DC-3 da Fokker F27 guda shida wadanda suka yi aiki a kan hanyar sadarwar cikin gida da kuma hanyoyin yankin da suka fadada yamma, har zuwa Dakar, suna aiki a yarjejeniyar kududdufin tare da Ghana Airways jerin kasashen turai sun hada da Frankfurt, London, Madrid da Rome, dukkansu sun yi aiki tare da VC10s da aka yi hayar daga BOAC. A ranar 22 ga Janairun shekara ta 1971, aka sake sunan kamfanin a matsayin Nigeria Airways A wannan lokacin kamfanin jirgin ya yi amfani da haya ta jirgin sama a matsayin abin da aka saba: Boeing 707s da suka tashi daga Lagos zuwa London an ba su hayar daga Laker Airways da Ethiopian Airlines har zuwa lokacin da aka sanya sabon Boeing 707-320C a cikin rukunin jiragen da kuma tura su hanyar a cikin watan Agusta 1971, kuma a cikin Oktoba 1971 an ba da hayar Boeing 737 daga Aer Lingus [25] Wani jirgin Boeing 707-320C an ba da umarnin a shekara ta 1972, tare da Boeing 737-200s biyu. An yi hayar jirgin kirar Boeing 707 daga kamfanin Aer Lingus a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1972 don turawa galibi akan hanyar Legas zuwa London, tare da samar da ma'aikata da kuma kulawa. [25] A watan Oktoban shekara ta 1972, wani Fokker F28 ya shiga rundunar a kan yarjejeniyar haya tare da Fokker, kuma daga baya aka ba da umarnin irin wannan jirgin. A ƙarshen 1972, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar taimakon gudanarwa tare da Trans World Airlines, tare da mai jigilar Ba'amurken ya ba da ƙwararru a fannoni daban-daban na gudanarwa, kasuwanci, da na kuɗi har tsawon shekaru biyar, amma kwangilar ba ta taɓa ɓacewa ba [25] Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Nigeria Airways ya karbi jigilar Boeing 707s guda uku a watan Fabrairun 1973; an saka su cikin aikin Lagos London nan da nan. An kawo Boeing 737s biyu, tare da rajista 5N-ANC da 5N-AND, a farkon 1970s.. Shekarun zinariya A ma'aikata sun kasance 2,400 masu ƙarfi kuma rundunar ta ƙunshi Boeing 707-320Cs biyu, Boeing 737-200s biyu, Fokker F28s, Fokker F27s biyar, da Piper Aztec ɗaya, yayin da F28-2000s biyar ke kan tsari. Hanyar sadarwar hanyar a wannan lokacin ta ƙunshi ƙauyukan cikin gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su daga Kano da Lagos, da kuma hanyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Abidjan, Amsterdam, Accra, Bathurst, Beirut, Brussels, Dakar, Douala, Frankfurt, Freetown, London, Madrid, Monrovia, New York, Paris da Rome. A kamfanin ya zama abokin ciniki na 83 na Boeing 727, lokacin da aka ba da oda ga Boeing 727-200s biyu da wani Boeing 707-320C; ya kuma mallaki Douglas DC-10-30 Wannan DC-10 jirgi ne mai kujeru 300, wanda ya shafi tattalin arziki wanda ya yi aiki tsakanin Najeriya da Saudiyya. A wannan lokacin dako ya mallaki wasu 707s guda biyu. [25] An umarci DC-10-30 na biyu a farkon 1977. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1977 wani F-27, 5N-AAW, ya yi hadari a Sakkwato lokacin da ya mamaye titin jirgin, kuma a ranar 1 ga Maris 1978 an -28 (5N-ANA) ya yi mummunan hatsari a kusa da Kano, inda ya kashe duka mutane 16 da ke cikin jirgin tare da karin wasu mutane biyu a kasa. [25] Umarni na F28-4000s biyu, wanda zai dace da F28-2000s guda shida da kamfanin jirgin sama ke aiki, an sanya su a ƙarshen 1978. An sanya kwangila kwatankwacin wacce aka sa hannu tare da TWA a 1972 tare da KLM a wannan lokacin na tsawon shekaru biyu. Galibi an shirya shi ne don horar da ma'aikatan kamfanin na Nigeria Airways a harkar kula da jiragen domin sa kamfanin ya zama mai amfani da riba. [25] An ƙaddamar da sabis zuwa Jeddah a cikin 1980. [25] By rundunar ta kunshi jirage 26, sun kasu kashi uku Boeing 707-320Cs, biyu Boeing 727-200s, biyu Boeing 737-200s, biyu DC-10-30s, F27-200s biyu, F27-400Ms, hudu F27-600s, shida F28-2000s, F28-4000s biyu, da Aztec daya. An sayi DC-10 guda biyu don tsabar kuɗi. Kamfanin jirgin sama na Nigeria Airways ya zama abokin ciniki na 40 na Airbus a cikin shekara ta 1981, lokacin da ya ba da oda don Airbus A310-200s huɗu. Sabbin Boeing 737-200s huɗu aka umarce su a farkon shekara ta 1981 akan gami da kayayyakin gyara, kuma a ƙarshen shekarar an ba da oda don ƙarin ƙarin jirgi huɗu na irin. A cikin shekara ta 1982, Boeing 747s an sami hayar jere daga kamfanin jirgin sama na Danish na Scanair da SAS an tura jirgin saman kan sabis zuwa Kingdomasar Ingila, yana ba da izinin amfani da DC-10s a kan sabbin hanyoyin zuwa Frankfurt, Paris, da Zurich Kamfanin jirgin ya mallaki sababbin Boeing 737-200s guda hudu a farkon shekara ta 1983 wadanda zasu maye gurbin hayar jiragen sama iri daya; an same su ne tare da rancen miliyan da aka tsara tare da manyan bankuna bakwai. A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba Nuwamban shekara ta 1983, wani Fokker F28 (5N-ANF) ya yi hatsari yayin da yake kan hanyar sa ta zuwa Enugu, ya ci rayukan mutane guda 23 daga cikin mutane 72 da ke cikin jirgin. [25] Bayan wannan hatsarin kamfanin jigilar ya yanke shawarar janye jiragensa na Fokker daga aiki. Juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a ranar karshe ta shekara ta 1983 ya sauya tsarin gwamnati da kamfanin jirgin sama: An nada Bernard Banfa manajan darakta kuma an kori yawancin ma'aikatan da KLM suka horar. [25] 225-seater A310-200s an saka su cikin rundunar a ƙarshen shekara ta 1984 da farkon shekara ta 1985. Uku daga cikin wadannan jiragen sunada sunayen Rima River, River Ethiope da Lekki Peninsula [25] Rundunar ta kasance mai ƙarfi 22 a cikin wanda ya kunshi DC-10-30s biyu, Airbus A310s hudu, Boeing 707-320Cs, Boeing 727-200s, Boeing 737-200s, da Boeing 737-200C; Boeing 737-200s biyu suna kan tsari kuma kamfanin yana da ma'aikata mutane guda 9,096 a wannan lokacin. Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru Kamfanin Sadarwar Jirgin Sama ya rubuta abubuwa guda 16 na kamfanin jirgin, guda takwas daga cikinsu sun haifar da asara. Hadari mafi munin da dakon jirgin ya fuskanta ya faru ne a ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1991, lokacin da mutane guda 261 suka mutu a cikin wani hadari a Filin jirgin saman King Abdulaziz International Airport Jerin na gaba ya haɗa da abubuwan da suka ba da rahoton haɗari, akwai asarar jirgin sama da ke ciki, ko duka biyun. Duba kuma Kamfanin jiragen sama na Afirka Sufuri a Najeriya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Flight International reporting inquiry in 1969 on Nigeria Airways Filayen jirgin sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya Filayen jirgin sama Filayen jirgin sama a Cadi Hadarin jiragen sama a najeriya Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
47745	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ab%20al-Ahbar	Ka'ab al-Ahbar	Ka'b al-Ahbar cikakken suna Abū Isḥāq Ka'b ibn Mani' al-Ḥmyarī Bayahude ne a ƙarni na 7 ɗan ƙasar Yaman daga ƙabilar Larabawa ta "Dhī Ra'īn" wanda ya musulunta. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin farkon ikon Isra'iliyya da Larabawa ta Kudu. Kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya nuna, ya kasance tare da Umar a tafiyarsa daga Madina zuwa Kudus, sannan ya zama mai goyon bayan Usman. Ya rasu a cikin Hims a shekara ta 652-6 AD. Suna Tarihin Rayuwa Ba a san komai ba game da Ka'ab, amma bisa ga al'ada, ya zo Madina a zamanin Umar. Sannan ya raka Umar a tafiyarsa zuwa Kudus. An ruwaito cewa, lokacin da Umar ya shiga birnin Kudus da runduna, ya tambayi Ka’b: “A ina kake ba ni shawarar in gina wurin ibada? Ka'b ya nuna Dutsen Haikali, yanzu babban tulin kango daga haikalin Jupiter. Yahudawa, Ka'b ya bayyana, a taƙaice sun yi nasarar mayar da tsohon babban birninsu kwata kwata (lokacin da Farisa suka mamaye Siriya), amma ba su sami lokacin share wurin da Haikalin yake ba, domin Rumawa (Rūm) sun sake kwacewa. birnin. Daga nan ne Umar ya umarci Nabatawa su kwashe dattin da ke cikin Dutsen Haikali, bayan ruwan sama mai karfi uku ya wanke dutsen, sai ya gabatar da addu'o'i a wurin. An ce Umar ya yi shingen, kuma bayan wasu shekaru, Halifan Umayyawa Abd al-Malik ya gina Dome of the Rock a bisa wurin a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na harabar Aqsa. Har wala yau, ana kiran wurin da Qubbat al-Sakhra (Kubbat na Dutse). A bisa al’ada, Ka’b ya yi imani da cewa “Duk wani abin da ya faru ko zai faru a kowace kafa na duniya, an rubuta shi a cikin Tourat (Attaura), wanda Allah ya saukar wa Annabinsa Musa An ce ya yi hasashen mutuwar Umar ta hanyar amfani da Attaura. A wata ruwaya, Ka'b ya ce wa Umar "kamata ka rubuta wasiyyarka domin zaka mutu nan da kwana uku." Umar ya amsa da "Bana jin zafi ko ciwo". Abu Lulu ya kashe Umar bayan kwana biyu. A cewar majiyoyin Shi'a Ka'ab malamin Yahudawa ne, wanda ya tashi daga Yemen zuwa Bilad al-Sham (Syria). Ya kasance daga dangin Dhu Ra'in ko Dhu al-Kila. Ka'b ya zo Madina a zamanin Umar inda ya musulunta. Ya rayu a can har zamanin Usman Ra'ayin Sunna Ibn Hajar Asqalani, malamin Sunna na mazhabar Shafi'i na ƙarni na 14, ya rubuta cewa;Ka`b Ibn Mati` al-Himyari, Abu Ishaq, wanda aka fi sani da Ka`b al-Ahbar, amintacce ne thiqah Yana daga [tabaqah] ta 2. Ya rayu a zamanin Jahiliyya da Musulunci Ya zauna a Yemen kafin ya koma Sham [~Syria]. Ya rasu a zamanin khalifancin Usman yana da shekara 100. Babu wani rahotonsa a cikin Bukhari. Yana da ruwaya guda a cikin Muslim daga Abu Huraira daga gare shi, daga al-A`mash daga Abu Salih Al-Tabari ya nakalto sosai game da Ka'b a cikin Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna Sauran marubutan Sunna kuma sun ambaci Ka’b da ƙissoshinsa tare da Khalifofi Umar da Uthman da Mu’awiyah. A wani gidan yanar gizon da Ma'aikatar Awka da Harkokin Musulunci (Katar) ta ƙasar Qatar ke gudanarwa kuma mallakarta, ana iya samun fatawa akan Ka'ab al-Ahbar. Ambato a cikin littattafan hadisi An ambaci Ka’ab al-Ahbar a cikin wasu littattafan hadisi kamar Sahih Muslim da Muwatta Malik, da sauransu. An ruwaito hadisi cewa halifa Umar bn Khattab ya naɗa shi a matsayin amir a kan musulmi. Ra'ayin Shi'a goma sha biyu A cikin al'adar Shi'a ana kallon Ka'b a matsayin wani mutum wanda ba shi da tabbas. Muhammad al-Tijani malamin Shi'a a ƙarni na 20 ya rubuta cewa "Shi Bayahude ne daga ƙasar Yemen wanda ya yi kamar ya musulunta sannan ya tafi Madina a zamanin Umar bn al-Khattab." Muhammad Jawad Chirri ya rubuta, bayan ya kawo wani hadisi cewa, “Ya kamata wannan tattaunawa ta fadakar da mu game da yunkurin Ka’b na yaudara da nasara na yin tasiri ga abubuwan da zasu faru nan gaba ta hanyar shawarwarin shaiɗan. Yana tattare da ha’inci mai yawa wanda ya haifar da illoli masu yawa ga Musulunci da Musulmi.” Tasirin Ka'b ya lalace a cikin al'adar Shi'a ta Musulunci. Zargin son zuciya na Yahudawa An zarge shi a wasu hadisai da shigar da Yahudawa a cikin Musulunci. Misali, Abd Allah bn Abbas ya yi saɓani a kan wani ra’ayi da aka jingina wa Ka’ab cewa “ranar kiyama za a fito da rana da wata kamar bijimai guda biyu da ba su sani ba, a jefa su wuta”. Al-Tabari ya ce Ibn Abbas ya ce "Kaab ya fadi karya!" sau uku, ya nakalto Alqur'ani cewa rana da wata suna biyayya ga Allah. Ya zargi Ka'b da ƙoƙarin shigar da tatsuniyoyi na Yahudawa cikin Musulunci. Tatsuniyoyi na Yahudawa-Kirista A cewar na ƙarni na 19, an danganta shi da raya al'adun Sunna. Liran Yagdar na Jami’ar Yale ya ce Ka’b ba shi da wani tasiri sosai a al’adar ‘yan Sunna, kuma ya ce “Kiristoci da Yahudawa sun ɗauki Ka’b a cikin tatsuniyoyinsu na bayyanar Musulunci, suna son su ƙaryata ingancin Alkur’ani ta hanyar yin ishara ga Yahudawa masu tuba. kamar Ka’b wanda ya gurɓata littafin Ƙasa daga ciki.” Duba kuma Abdullahi bin Saba' Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
14713	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/TY%20Bello	TY Bello	Toyin Sokefun-Bello (an haife ta a 14 ga Janairu na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978A.c), Kuma anfi saninta da TY Bello, mawaƙiya ce ta Nijeriya, marubuciyan waƙa, mai ɗaukar hoto da kuma taimakon jama’a. Kafin ta cigaba da neman sana’a, ta kasance membace a rukunin mawakan da aka daina amfani da su a yanzu Kusa. TY Bello memba ce na ƙungiyar ɗaukar hoto ta Najeriya, Zurfin Field. An fi saninta da wakokinta na "Greenland", "Ekundayo", "Wannan Mutumin", "'Yanci" da "Funmise". Rayuwa da aiki An haifi TY Bello ne a jihar Ogun. Ta sami digiri a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Legas. Ta yi aikin jarida a takaice kuma daga karshe ta shiga harkar daukar hoto. TY Bello ta fito sararin samaniyar kide-kide ne a Najeriya a matsayin memba na rusasshiyar kungiyar KUSH, wani gajeren lakabi ne na kawo Ceto a cikin Zukata da Gidaje. Sauran mambobin kungiyar sun hada da Lara George Dapo Torimiro da mawakiyar nan Emem Ema. Kush ya sami farin jini a farkon shekarar 2000 tare da fim ɗin "Bari mu zauna tare"; kungiyar ta yi nasarar fitar da album kafin ta watse. TY Bello shine mai daukar hoto a hukumance ga tsohon shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan a lokacin da yake kan mulki; ta kuma yi aiki da mujallar DailyTrust fashion. Waƙoki Greenland A shekara ta 2008, TY Bello ta fitar da kundin faifan fim dinta na farko wanda ake kira Greenland Mosa Adegboye ne ya samar da shi kuma ya dauki shekaru biyu don bunkasa. Kundin ya samar mata lambar yabo ta kide-kide da wake-wake na Najeriya da kuma Sound City Award. TY Bello ta bayyana kundin a matsayin tafiyar rayuwar ta ta yau da kullun. Kiɗan albam ɗin ya ƙunshi jigogi na soyayya, iyali da ƙasa. Waƙar taken ta waƙa ce mai motsawa da aka rubuta don kwadaitar da Nigeriansan Nijeriya su 'yantar da kansu daga wurin yanke kauna zuwa wurin bege. Ta kaddamar da fafutukar yaƙi da fyade, TY Bello ta fara bayyana shirye-shirye ne game da faifan fim dinta na biyu, The Future yayin da take zantawa da Ariya Today. A album aka asali slated ga saki a 2011, da kuma aka ranked 12th a Nijeriya Entertainment Yau s jerin daga cikin 12 Albums to Buy a shekarata 2011. A singer ce ta yi aiki tare da m Moza da kuma rubuce da album a wani 'yan watanni. A ranar 19 ga Fabrairun 2011, TY Bello ta fitar da "The Future" a matsayin jagora mai jagora daga kundin sunan guda. Waƙar ta buƙaci matasan Nijeriya da su zama canjin da suke nema. Da Kemi Adetiba-directed music video for "The Future" da aka saki a ranar 3 Afrilu 2011. Yana siffofi cameo bayyanuwa daga Tara Fela-Durotoye Sound Sultan Chude Jideonwo da Banky W. Ore Fakorede ya ba waƙar kimar taurari 7 cikin 10, tana ƙara da cewa "daddaɗan ƙabilu, synths da piano suna ba da tabbaci ga TY don bambanta muryar da ba ta da tabbas a kanta, kuma wannan tana yin kyau mai kawo rashin jituwa a cikin waƙoƙin waƙar zuwa rayuwa." Dapo Osewa na Sahara Reporters ya bayyana faifan bidiyon a matsayin "labari a karan kansa wanda yake da karfin halin daukar nau'ikan motsin rai wanda yake fuskar 'yan Najeriya."Kayan kayan kwalliya na gidan Tara sun ƙaddamar da Jubungiyar Jubilee, iyakantaccen layi na kayan shafawa wanda aka tsara shi ta hanyar "The Future" guda. A watan Oktoba na 2011, TY Bello tana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane da aka nuna a cikin faifan bidiyo na yaƙi da fyade na minti takwas wanda Ma’aikatar Ci Gaban Matasa ta Najeriya ta tattara. Bidiyon yaki da fyade ya ba da haske a kan wanda aka yi wa fyade a Jami’ar Jihar Abia a shekarar 2011. A watan Disambar 2013, TY Bello ta fito da wakarta ta “Yahweh” mai dauke da Wale Adenuga Waƙar ta ƙunshi ƙarin sauti daga Nwando Okeke da Mosa. Layin farko na waƙar an rubuta shi a cikin 2004 yayin ɗaukar hoto. 1.3 2014: Littafin Washegari A ranar 10 ga Oktoba 10, 2014, TY Bello ta fitar da kundin faifan studio na uku The Morning Songbook don saukar da dijital ta dijital akan SoundCloud. An sake shi ba tare da wani ci gaba ba kuma ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi 10, gami da "Yahweh", "rstishirwa" da "Jesu Jesu". Kundin yana dauke da hadin gwiwa tare da M Sugh da Fela Durotoye. Udochukwu Ikwuagwu na Jaridar Breaking Timesya ba wa kundin kimantawa daga 7 cikin 10, yana ba da cikakken bayani, "TY Bello da Mosa sun cancanci yabo saboda ingantacciyar rubutacciyar waƙa da kuma samar da aiki a kan wannan. A wasu lokutan, motsin rai yana ƙarfafa sautin maimakon yin lahani na ainihi amma sauƙin aikawa ta masu rera wakoki na baya-baya sun mai da wannan abin rashin hankali. Wannan aikin yana da daraja kowane tsaba kodayake an bashi kyauta; wannan aikin shine wanda zai dawwama na wani lokaci." 1.4 2016: Tinie Tempah da bincike Bello na aiki ne a Legas inda ta ke kirkirar hoton dan fim din Ingilishi Tinie Tempah Daga baya ta gano cewa akwai wata mace kyakkyawa a bayan fage. A kokarin nemo Olajumoke Orisaguna ta shirya hoton Orisaguna ya bayyana a bangon mujallar Style. 2 Ayyukan jin kai TY Bello na shirya taron baje kolin daukar hoto na shekara-shekara domin tara kudi ga marayu a Najeriya. Har ilayau ita ce darakta na Link-a-yaro, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta himmatu wajen yada bayanai kan gidajen marayu a Najeriya tare da neman daukar nauyinsu a madadinsu. [7] A watan Yulin 2011, kungiyar mai zaman kanta mai suna Communication For Change ta karrama TY Bello a cikin wani shirin fim mai bangare biyar mai taken RedHot. Rayuwar ta TY Bello ta auri mijinta Kashetu Bello a shekara ta 2009. Ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye maza masu suna Christian da Christopher a ranar 10 ga Oktoba 2014, wanda hakan yayi daidai da fitowar album din The Morning Songbook. Lambobin yabo da gabatarwa Soundcity Music Video Awards
22490	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Climate	Ƙungiyar Climate	Ƙungiyar Sauyin Yanayi (TCM) ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara ga muhalli da ke aiki don aiwatar da manyan matakan siyasa game da ɗumamar yanayi Ta yi imanin cewa rikicin canjin yanayi yana buƙatar ƙoƙarin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa a kan girman tattarawar Amurkawa na gaban gida yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II don sauya tattalin arzikin Amurka cikin sauri. Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Margaret Klein Salamon ne ya kafa ta don fuskantar musun canjin yanayi da gina manufar siyasa da ake bukata don cimma nasarar sauyi na adalci na tattalin arzikin zahiri da kuma al'umma gaba daya, yana isar da wani hadadden tsari na mafita don sake haifar da gurbataccen iska, da kuma tattalin arziki mai cike da tsaro, wanda ya karkata ga canjin yanayin dumamar yanayi da kuma gushewar nau'in 6 na jinsin cikin sauri. Tarihi Tun aƙalla a shekara ta 2008, mutane kamar masu nazarin muhalli Lester Brown, tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Al Gore, marubuci kuma masanin makamashi Joseph J. Romm, marubucin jaridar New York Times Thomas Friedman, marubuciya Naomi Klein, kuma mai rajin kare yanayin sauyin yanayi Bill McKibben sun yi kira da a dauki matakin gwamnati na sauyin yanayi kan girman yaƙin duniya na II don hanzarta rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. A shekarar 2011, shugabannin manyan kungiyoyin kare muhalli wadanda suka hada da 350.org, Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya, da kuma Rainforest Action Network sun sanya hannu a wasika zuwa ga shugabannin Barack Obama da Hu Jintao suna kira da a "hada kai kamar lokacin yaki" daga gwamnatoci na Amurka da China don yanke hayakin carbon 80% (bisa ga matakai a shekarar 2006) nan da shekara ta 2020. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Amurka basu taba shirya siyasa don wannan babban burin ba. An ƙaddamar da Tattalin Yanayi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2014, kafin Maris na Yanayin Jama'a a cikin Birnin New York, musamman don tsara siyasa game da batun hanzari, haɗakar gwamnati ta yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi. Margaret Klein Salamon, Ezra Silk da kawayenta sun kirkiro dabarun gina motsi wanda masu sa hannu suka amince da jefa kuri'a ga 'yan takarar siyasa wadanda suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kan wadanda ba su ba. Yunkurin Tattalin Yanayi na Alkawarin Yunkuri ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta fara wani shiri na yakin duniya na biyu kan sauyin yanayi domin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli 100% nan da shekara ta 2025, ta sanya tsarin cire iskar gas (GHG) daga yanayi tare da saurin lokacin yaƙi, da sanya rage GHGs ɗari bisa ɗari a duniya, tare da irin wannan saurin, babban fifiko na siyasa. A cikin shekara ta 2015 duka, 'yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa a California, Iowa da sauran wurare a Amurka sun fara yin taro don yakin duniya na II na girman yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yada alƙawarin Climate zuwa ga' yan takarar siyasa na cikin gida. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Climate Mobilisation ta dauki nauyin "Taron Gaggawar Yanayi" a cikin Des Moines kafin taron kungiyar Iowa, wanda yayi kwatankwacin taron farko na zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016 na jihar. Tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Tom Harkin ya yi magana a madadin ‘yar takara Hillary Clinton, kuma masu rajin kare yanayi Jane Kleeb, wanda ya kafa Bold Nebraska, da dan siyasar Iowa kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo Ed Fallon sun yi magana a madadin dan takarar Bernie Sanders Sanders ya lashe kashi 67% na kuri’un, wanda ya karfafa tunanin cewa masu kada kuri’a da suke matukar damuwa da sauyin yanayi sun fi son Sanders a kan Clinton, kuma masu jefa kuri’ar yanayi sun kasance babbar kungiyar masu kada kuri’a da ke ba da gudummawa ga fafatawarsa a Iowa da kuma daga baya jihohin farko. A duk lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, Bernie Sanders ya tattauna batun yaki da canjin yanayi "ta fuskar soja", yana fada a wani lokaci yayin muhawara kan Hillary Clinton cewa "idan muka tunkari wannan kamar muna yaki", Amurka na iya zuwa kalubalen, kamar yadda yake a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar Climate Mobilization ta shirya mutu-in a wajen ginin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York yayin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar COP 21 Paris, nufin nuna rashin amincewa da abin da kungiyar ta kira rashin dacewar yarjejeniyar dangane da girman barazanar sauyin yanayi. Mataimakin darektan TCM Ezra Silk ya kira yarjejeniyar "mai dimbin tarihi ta yadda yarjejeniyar ta Munich ta kasance mai dimbin tarihi wani mummunan aiki ne na neman sassauci da nufin kula da harkokin kasuwanci yadda aka saba." Ya bayyana: "An yarda da kowa cewa wannan yarjejeniyar ba ta ma kusa da abin da ake buƙata ba. Da gaske baya kawo ma'anar gaggawa [don haka) muna son rarraba wasu abubuwa cikin tattaunawar. Muna buƙatar ci gaba da sahun yaƙi na gaggawa kamar yanzu haka Yanayin ya riga ya zama mai haɗari, mun riga mun shiga cikin gaggawa. An fahimci a cikin motsi na yanayi cewa wannan ita ce irin tsarin da ake buƙata. Kawai ana la'akari da shi ne a siyasance mara gaskiya. Burinmu shi ne sauya yiwuwar siyasa. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, kwamitin dandamali na kasa na Jam'iyyar Demokrat ta Amurka ya amince da kwaskwarimar da mai rajin kawo sauyin yanayi Russell Greene gabatar wa jam'iyyar zuwa ga yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi: "Mun yi imanin United din Dole ne kasashe su jagoranci samar da ingantacciyar hanyar magance matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya Mun dukufa ga tattara kan kasa, da kuma jagorantar wani kokarin na duniya, na tattara kasashe don magance wannan barazanar a wani matakin da ba a gani ba tun yakin duniya na II. A cikin kwanaki 100 na farkon gwamnati mai zuwa, Shugaban zai kira taron koli na kwararrun injiniyoyi a duniya, masana kimiyyar yanayi, masana harkokin siyasa, ‘yan gwagwarmaya, da kuma‘ yan asalin yankin don tsara hanyar da za a magance matsalar yanayi. ‘Yan siyasar da suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kawo canjin yanayi sun hada da magajin garin San Luis Obispo Heidi Harmon, magajin garin Des Moines Frank Cownie Dan majalisar jihar Iowa Dan Kelley Sanatan jihar Iowa kuma dan takarar majalisar dattijan Amurka Rob Hogg ‘Yar takarar majalisar dattijan jihar New York Debbie Medina; da ‘yan takarar majalisar Amurka Peter Jacob na New Jersey, da Tim Canova, Darren Soto, da Alina Valdes na Florida. Kwamitin ba da shawara Kwamitin ba da shawara na TCM ya haɗa da: Laura Dawn, tsohon daraktan kirkirar MoveOn.org Paul Gilding, tsohon darektan Greenpeace na Duniya Richard Heinberg, ɗan jarida da kuma babban jami'in Cibiyar Post Carbon Marshall Herskovitz, mai shirya fim Dr. Michael E. Mann, masanin kimiyyar yanayi Adam McKay, furodusa, darakta, marubucin fim na fina-finai kamar The Big Short Jamila Raqib, darekta a Cibiyar Albert Einstein Gus Speth, lauyan muhalli David Spratt da Philip Sutton, masu ba da umarni na Red Code na Red Lise Van Susteren, mai tabin hankali da kuma mai rajin kare muhalli Rev. Lennox Yearwood Jr na uungiyar Hip Hop. Duba kuma Tattalin arziki Yawan kayan aiki yayin Yaƙin Duniya na 2 Yaɗuwa mai girma-shuka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje TheClimateMobilization.org Yanayi Muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Pages with unreviewed
20898	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar%20Sadiq	Umar Sadiq	Umar Sadiq Mesbah (An haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997) dan Nijeriya ne kuma sana'ak ita ce kwallokafa kafa. Dan wasa ne mai taka leda a matsayin dan gaba na kulob din Spanish UD Almeria. Sadiq ya wakilci kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Najeriya, kuma ya kasance muhimmin memba na ƙungiyar da ta lashe lambar tagulla a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016. Klub/ƙungiya Shekarun farko Haifaffen garin Kaduna ne, Sadiq ya fara wasan kwallon kafa a titunan garinsa tun yana karami. Daga baya ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar Kusa Boys ta gida, kafin ya shiga "Future of Africa Football Academy" kuma daga karshe ya zama babban dan Kwallon kafa ta Abuja. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, Sadiq ya yi tafiya tare da FCA zuwa Croatia kuma ya halarci gasar matasa ta Kvarnerska Rivijera. Ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar kuma ya taimakawa tawagarsa ta zama zakara. Spezia Bayan nasarorin da ya samu a Croatia, ƙungiyar Spezia ta Italiya ta sayi Sadiq. Ya kasa yin kowane wasa na farko, amma yana wasa akai-akai don saita matasa. A cikin kakar shekara ta 2014-15, Sadiq ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a Campionato Primavera, inda ya ci kwallaye 26 cikin wasanni 24. Lamuni zuwa ga Lavagnese Ba da daɗewa ba da shiga Spezia, sannan kuma an ba da rancen Sadik zuwa ƙungiyar Lavagnese ta Serie D, sadiq shi ne ɗan wasa na farko a zagayen ƙarshe na kakar shekarar 2013-14. Lamuni zuwa ga Roma A watan Yunin shekarar 2015, Sadiq ya koma Roma a matsayin aro na shekara guda. An canza shi tare da abokin wasansa kuma dan kasar su Nura Abdullahi a kan kudi €250,000 kowanne tare da siyan siyan €1,250 million ga kowane dan wasa. Bayan da ya ci kwallaye takwas a wasanni uku na farko da ya buga a Roma, Sadiq ya fara buga gasar Serie A a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, ya maye gurbin Juan Iturbe bayan minti 88 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Bologna. Ya zira kwallon sa ta farko ne a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba, inda ya zira kwallaye. a mintuna bakwai kacal bayan da ya shigo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Mohamed Salah a minti na 82, wanda ya taimaka wa tawagarsa ta doke Genoa da ci 2 da 0. A ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a shekarar ta 2016, Sadiq ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a farkon wasaninsa a Roma, inda ya bude kwallon a minti na 7 na wasan da aka tashi canjaras 3-0 da Chievo. Ya kammala kakar wasanninsa da kwallaye biyu a wasanni shida da ya buga a gasar Serie A. Roma A ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa Roma ta yi amfani da zaɓin ta kuma ta sanya hannu a kan Sadik, da kuma Nura, har zuwa 30 ga Yunin 2020. Ya yi tafiya tare da kungiyar farko zuwa Amurka don gasar cin kofin zakarun duniya ta 2017, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan daya buga da Paris Saint-Germain, yayinda Roma ta sha kashi bayan fenareti. Lamuni zuwa ga Bologna A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2016, an aika Sadiq a matsayin aro zuwa Bologna har zuwa karshen kakar wasa tare da zabin sayensa. Ya bayyana a wasannin Serie A bakwai, kafin ya koma Roma. Lamuni zuwa ga Torino A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta shekarar ta 2017, an ba da sanarwar cewa Sadik zai koma Torino a matsayin aro har zuwa ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2018. Yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da zaɓi don sanya dindindin ta dindindin tare da sake siyarwa don goyon bayan Roma. Lamuni zuwa ga NAC Breda A watan Janairun a shekarar 2018, Sadiq ya koma matsayin aro na wata shida zuwa NAC Breda ta Holland tare da zabin tsawaitawa. Ya taimaka wa klub din da kyar don guje wa faduwa, yana bayar da gudummawa sosai da kwallaye biyar a wasanni 12 na Eredivisie. Lamuni zuwa ga Rangers A watan Yunin shekarar ta 2018, Sadiq ya shiga Scottish Firimiyan gefen Rangers a kan wani kakar-long aro. Bayan wasanni huɗu na ƙungiyar farko a duk gasa, an dakatar da ba da rancensa a ƙarshen shekara. Lamuni zuwa ga Perugia A watan Janairun shekarar ta 2019, Sadiq ya koma kungiyar Perugia ta Serie B har zuwa karshen kakar wasan. Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasanni 17, inda ya taimakawa tawagarsa zuwa matsayi na takwas tare da damar lashe gasar zuwa Serie A ta hanyar wasan fidda gwani. Koyaya, Perugia ya sha kashi a zagayen share fage ga Verona bayan karin lokaci. Lamuni zuwa ga Partizan A farkon watan Yunin shekarar ta 2019, Sadiq ya kammala komawar sa aro zuwa kungiyar Partizan ta Serbia wanda ya hada da zabin saya. Ya buga wasan farko ne a hukumance a wasan da suka doke Inđija da ci 1-1 a ranar 21 ga Yuli. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, Sadiq ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka doke Mačva Šabac daci hudu da nema. Daga baya ya zira kwallon a wasan karshe da ci 3-1 da kungiyar Yeni Malatyaspor ta Turkiya a karawar farko a wasan neman cancantar zuwa gasar Europa League. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallaye biyu don bai wa tawagarsa nasarar 2-1 a waje da Astana a rukunin L na Europa League. Pelé ya buga farko m kwallaye uku a wani 6-2 gida league nasara a kan Javor Ivanjica a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba. Almería A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar ta 2020, Sadiq ya shiga kungiyar S Alinda ta Segunda División ta UD Almería kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. Ayyukan duniya A watan Yunin a shekarar ta 2016, an saka Sadiq a cikin jerin 'yan wasa 18 na karshe a Najeriya don Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016. Ya bayyana a duka wasannin kungiyar shida kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a nasarar matsayi na uku akan Honduras. Bayan nasarori biyu dayayi a nasara da yayi a Partizan da komawa zuwa Almería mai tasowa, Sadiq ya sami kira ga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya da aka kira don wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2022 da Benin da Lesotho a ranar 27 da 30 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2021 bi da bi. Kididdigar aiki Daraja Kulab Roma Campionato Nazionale Primavera: 2015-16 Na duniya Najeriya Wasannin Olympics: lambar tagulla ta 2016 Bayanan kula Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Musulman Najeriya Haifaffun 1997 Rayayyun mutane Pages with unreviewed
23724	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Azu%20Crabbe	Samuel Azu Crabbe	Samuel Azu Crabbe J.S.C (18 ga Nuwamba 1918 15 ga Satumba 2005) ya kasance lauya dan kasar Ghana, lauya kuma lauya. Shi ne Alkalin Alkalan Ghana na biyar tun lokacin da ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta.. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Samuel Azu Crabbe a James Town, wani yanki na Accra, babban birnin Ghana. Ya yi karatun sakandare a Accra Academy inda ya kasance babban yaro a 1939, ya kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Achimota. Daga nan ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar Kwalejin Landan, inda ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin shari'a a 1946. An kira shi zuwa Barikin Ingilishi a 1948. Yayin da yake dalibi, ya kasance mai ƙwazo sosai a cikin wasanni kuma ya kasance kyaftin na ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙarami da jami'a. kungiyoyin hockey da na wasan kurket. Wasanni Azu Crabbe ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai ƙwazo a cikin wasanni fiye da kwanakin karatunsa. Shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin wasannin Olympic na Ghana daga 1968 zuwa 1969. An sake zabar shi kan wannan matsayi a 1979. Aiki Samuel Azu Crabbe ya dawo Ghana bayan samun horo a Birtaniya, inda ya yi aikin lauya da lauya daga 1950 zuwa gaba. Ya zama alkalin Babbar Kotun a 1959 kuma an nada shi alkalin Kotun Koli na Ghana a 1961. Azu Crabbe ya yi wasu ayyuka ban da nauyin shari'arsa. Ya taba zama shugaban Hukumar Kudi ta Kasa a lokacin mulkin National Liberation Council, wanda ya kifar da gwamnatin Nkrumah. A shekarar 1967, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin bincike (hukumar Azu Crabbe) don binciken kadarorin Kwame Nkrumah, tsohon shugaban kasar Ghana. National Redemption Council (NRC) ta nada shi Babban Alkalin Alkalai a shekarar 1973. NRC ita ce gwamnatin soja da ta kifar da gwamnatin Busia a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 1972. A shekarar 1977, Kungiyar Lauyoyin Shari’a ta Duniya ta ba shi lambar zinare saboda irin nasarorin da ya samu. An sake shirya NRC cikin Majalisar Soja ta Koli (SMC) a 1975 tare da Janar Acheampong har yanzu a matsayin Shugaban kasa na Ghana. Kungiyar lauyoyin kasar Ghana (GBA) daga baya ta zartar da kuri'ar rashin amincewa da gwamnatin sa. A karkashin matsin lamba daga GBA, SMC ta buga sabon doka, Dokar Sabis (Gyara) Dokar, 1977 (SMCD 101), ta yi murabus daga ofishin Babban Jojin. Wannan doka, wacce ta sanya masa suna musamman, an ƙara ta cikin littattafan dokokin don kawai a kore shi. Hukumar Bincike ta Musamman A zamanin Majalisar Tsaron Kasa na wucin gadi (P.N.D.C) na Jerry Rawlings, an sace alkalai uku da wani jami’in soji mai ritaya daga gidajensu a ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 1982. An gano gawarwakinsu a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin 1982 a sansanin sojoji na Bundase, kilomita 50 daga Accra. An kashe su. Dukkanin mutanen hudu sun yanke hukunci kan kararrakin da suka bayar da umarnin sakin mutanen da aka yanke wa hukuncin daurin shekaru da yawa, a lokacin mulkin Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin Sojoji (A.F.R.C) wanda shi ma Jerry Rawlings ya jagoranci a 1979. Bayan tsananin matsin lamba ga gwamnatin PNDC, an kafa Hukumar Bincike ta Musamman (SIB) don gudanar da bincike kan kisan. An nada Samuel Azu Crabbe Shugaban Hukumar SIB. Aikinsu ya sa aka bada shawarar a gurfanar da mutane 10. Biyu daga cikinsu, Joachim Amartey Quaye da Alolga Akata-Pore membobin PNDC ne. Na uku, kyaftin din soja mai ritaya, Kojo Tsikata, ya kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman na PNDC kuma Shugaban Tsaron Kasa. A cikin binciken, jaridar Ghanaian Times, wata jaridar mallakar gwamnati, ta gudanar da wani kamfen na ci gaba da tozarta tsarin da kuma membobin SIB. Azu Crabbe da danginsa sun fuskanci manyan dabaru na tsoratarwa, gami da yanke wutar lantarki da yin kira ga 'yarsa, wacce ke Landan (Ingila) a lokacin, suna gaya mata cewa ba da daɗewa ba mahaifinta zai mutu. Da tsayin daka cikin yakinin sa da aikin sa ga al'umma, ya ki yin kunnen kashi da matsin lambar siyasa. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan gabatar da Rahoton Ƙarshe, Azu Crabbe da Kyaftin Tsikata sun yi musayar a kafafen watsa labarai na jama'a kan zarge -zargen da ake yi masa na (Crabbes) na haɗin gwiwa da CIA na Amurka.. Mutuwa Samuel Azu Crabbe ya mutu a ranar 15 ga Satumba 2005 a Aburi a Yankin Gabashin Ghana. Ya bar mata daya, yara biyar da jikoki tara.. Bayanan kula Judicial Service (Amendment) Decree, 1977 (SMCD 101) "1. Duk da duk wani doka da akasin haka, Mista Justice S. Azu Crabbe, Babban Alkalin A yanzu haka Ghana ta yi ritaya a matsayin Babban Alkalin Alkalai kuma za ta daina zama memba na Alkalan Sabis na Ghana daga ranar 15 ga Yuni, 1977." "2. A cewar Mista Justice S. Azu Crabbe duk da cewa ya daina zama memba na Ma'aikatar Shari'a, bayan ranar da aka ce za a ba shi damar jin daɗin duk hutun da ya samu kafin waccan ranar, tare da cikakkun kayan tarihi da fa'idodi kuma zai cancanci duk fa'idodin ritaya don wanda da ya cancanta kamar ya yi ritaya bisa radin kansa daga aikin Shari'a kamar Alkalin Alkalai a ranar da aka ce." Manazarta Haifaffun 1918 Mutuwan
26460	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Afirka%20ta%20Tsakiya	Sinima a Afirka ta Tsakiya	Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu fama da talauci a duniya kuma masana'antar shirya fina -finai ta ƙasar ƙarama ce. Fim na farko da aka yi a CAR da alama Les enfants de la danse, wani ɗan gajeren shirin tsara al'adun gargajiya na Faransa na shekarar 1945. Joseph Akouissone shi ne dan Afirka ta Tsakiya na farko da ya fara yin fim a kasar, tare da kuma shirinsa na fim na Un homme est un homme; shirye -shiryen bidiyo da Léonie Yangba Zowe suka yi a shekarun 1980. Tun daga wannan lokacin jerin rikice-rikicen da ke gudana da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki sun takaita ci gaban shirin fim a cikin kasar. Wasan kwaikwayo na farko mai tsayi da aka yi a cikin ƙasar shine Le silence de la forêt, haɗin gwiwar CAR-Gabon-Kamaru na 2003 game da mutanen Biaka Jerin fina-finan Afirka ta Tsakiya Wannan jerin jerin fina -finan da aka shirya a cikin CAR. </ref> Fina -finan da aka yi A Pygmy a cikin Bathtub. gajeren fim, 1993. Watsawa: Canal Plus, TV5, Bikin CFI: Montreal, Fespaco, Amiens… La Couture de Paris, gajeren fim, 1995. Rarraba: CFI, Canal Horizon, TV5, Bukukuwa: Fespaco, Amiens, Montréal, Namur. Au Bout du couloir, gajeren fim, 1999. Bukukuwa: Montreal, Amiens. Diogenes to Brazzaville, Documentary film, 2004. Hoton marubucin Kongo Sony Labou Tansi. Watsawa: TV 10, CFI, Canal Horizon, TV5, Bukukuwa: Vue d'Afrique Montreal, Amiens, Fespaco, Namur, Milan, Lisbon. Tchicaya, ƙaramin ganye da ke rera ƙasarta, Documentary film, 2004. Hoton marubucin Kongo Tchicaya U'Tamsi. Rarraba: Ƙarin Hotuna, CFI, Canal Horizon, Bukukuwa: Fespaco, Amiens. Fim Yangba bolo, 1985 Lengu, 1985 N'Zale, 1986 Paroles de sages, 1987 Fina-finai Le silent de la forêt [Silence of the Forest], 2003 Daraktocin fina -finan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya <Didier Ouénangaré Léonie Yangba Zowe Mamadou Mahmoud N'Dongo Joseph Akouissone Maurice Alezra Béatrice Boffety Patrick Demeester Georges Durupt Micheline Durupt Richard Bernard Guenau Gérard Garin Evane Hanska Charles Lescaut harles Leaut Chantal Monstile Denis Parrichon Moussa Ndongo Sylviane Gboulou Mbapondo Leila Tami Maman Habib Fiacre Bindala Camille Lepage Andre kolingbe boko Sango tushen Quenitin Alex Ballu Heritter Acteur Djimon Hounsou Mbéni Yé ta Sparrow Entienne Goyémidé Eric Sabe, Ida Mabaya, lesultan de dekoa Hippolyte Donossio Ousna Ousnabee SHIRIN DRAMAN NGAISSIO Abdoul Karim ASSANAS TEKATA Simon Patrick LAMINE Odilon Alias Cheguevara Andy melo kailou Sylla Nicna Meunrisse Boris Lojkin Didier Flort Ouén Leger Serge kokpakpa Jm wolf Gang Lafiya Orphelin Brown Go Eric Yelemou Lassa Kossangue Asalin sunan mahaifi Bande Hurel BenInga Manazarta Sinima a
49028	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Tattalin%20Arzikin%20%C6%98asar%20Afirka%20ta%20Tsakiya	Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya	Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya ECCAS CEAC; Spanish CEAC; Portuguese CEEAC) Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka don inganta haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki a Afirka ta Tsakiya Tana "na nufin cimma 'yancin cin gashin kai na gamayya, da daukaka matsayin rayuwar al'ummarta da kuma tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali ta fuskar tattalin arziki ta hanyar hadin gwiwa mai jituwa". Tarihi Hukumar Kwastam da Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Tsakiya Kungiyar Kwastam da Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ta Tsakiya (ko UDEAC daga sunanta a cikin Faransanci, (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: UAEAC), (a cikin Portuguese: UAEAC), wanda yarjejeniyar Brazzaville ta kafa a cikin 1964, sun kafa ƙungiyar kwastan tare da kasuwanci kyauta tsakanin membobi da harajin waje na waje don shigo da kaya daga wasu ƙasashe. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a shekara ta 1966 bayan da kasashe biyar na wancan lokaci suka amince da ita Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Congo, da Gabon Equatorial Guinea ta shiga Tarayyar ne a ranar 19 ga Disamba 1983. UDEAC ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Tsakiya (CEMAC) don inganta dukkanin tsarin haɗin gwiwar yankuna ta hanyar kafa haɗin gwiwar kuɗi tare da CFA franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin kudin gama gari; Cemac ne ya maye gurbinsa a hukumance a watan Yuni 1999 (ta hanyar yarjejeniya daga 1994). A halin yanzu CEMAC tana aiki da ƙungiyar kwastan da ƙungiyar kuɗi. Kasuwar gama gari tana nan, amma har yanzu akwai keɓancewa da yawa ga tsarin kuɗin fito. Foundation A taron kolin da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1981, shugabannin UDEAC sun amince bisa manufa ta kafa wata al'umma mai fa'ida ta tattalin arziki na kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya. An kafa ECCAS a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1983 ta membobin UDEAC, São Tomé da Principe da membobin Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Manyan Tafkuna (CEPGL da aka kafa a 1976 ta DR Congo, Burundi da Rwanda Angola ta kasance mai sa ido har zuwa 1999, lokacin da ta zama cikakkiyar mamba. ECCAS ta fara aiki a cikin 1985, amma ya yi aiki tsawon shekaru da yawa saboda matsalolin kuɗi (rashin biyan kuɗin zama membobin ƙungiyar) da kuma rikici a yankin Manyan Tafkuna Yakin da aka yi a Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Kwango ya kasance mai raba kan jama'a musamman kasashen Rwanda da Angola. An ayyana ECCAS a matsayin ginshiƙi na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afrika (AEC), amma tuntuɓar juna tsakanin AEC da ECCAS an kafa ta ne kawai a watan Oktoba 1999 saboda rashin aiki na ECCAS tun 1992 (ECCAS ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya kan dangantaka tsakanin AEC da yankin blcs (RECs) a cikin Oktoba 1999). AEC ta sake tabbatar da mahimmancin ECCAS a matsayin manyan al'ummomin tattalin arziki a Afirka ta Tsakiya a taron share fage na uku na Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa (ECOSOC) a watan Yuni 1999. Shugaban kasar Burundi Pierre Buyoya ne ya jagoranci taron a Libreville a ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 1998. Shugabannin kasashe da na gwamnatocin da suka halarci taron sun jajirce wajen tayar da kungiyar. Firaministan Angola ya kuma nuna cewa kasarsa za ta zama cikakkiyar mamba. Taron ya amince da kasafin kudin Faransa miliyan 10 na 1998 kuma ya bukaci sakatariyar ta: Sami taimako daga UNECA don tantance ayyukan gudanar da sakatariya; don tantance gudunmawar da kasashe membobin suka bayar; da tsarin albashi da tsarin albashi na ma’aikatan sakatariya Tara wani taro na musamman na Majalisar Ministoci da wuri-wuri don tantance shawarwarin UNECA; Majalisar ya kamata ta tsara shawarwarin sabon tsarin gudanarwa na sakatariya da kuma sake fasalin gudunmawar da kowace ƙasa memba za ta biya. Taron ya kuma bukaci kasashen yankin da su lalubo hanyoyin warware matsalolinsu na siyasa cikin lumana. Shugaban ya kuma yi kira ga kasashe mambobin kungiyar da su goyi bayan dage takunkumin da aka sanya wa kasarsa baki daya. A yayin bikin rantsar da shugaban kasar Gabon Bongo a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 1999, an gudanar da karamin taron shugabannin ECCAS. Shugabannin sun tattauna matsalolin da suka shafi ayyukan ECCAS da kuma samar da mukami na uku na mataimakin Sakatare-Janar, wanda aka sanya wa Angola. Angola ta shiga cikin al'umma a yayin wannan taron. Abubuwan da suka faru na kwanan nan Taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci karo na 10 ya gudana a Malabo a watan Yunin 2002. Wannan taron kolin ya yanke shawarar aiwatar da wata yarjejeniya kan kafa cibiyar sadarwa ta 'yan majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Tsakiya (REPAC) da kuma amincewa da ka'idojin Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro a Afirka ta Tsakiya (COPAX), gami da Hukumar Tsaro da Tsaro (CDS), Rundunar Sojojin Afirka ta Tsakiya (FOMAC) da Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Afirka ta Tsakiya (MARAC). An kuma maraba da Rwanda a hukumance bayan dawowarta a matsayin cikakken memba na ECCAS. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2003, Tarayyar Turai (EU) (EU) (EU) (EU) ta kammala yarjejeniya ta kudi tare da ECCAS da CEmac, wanda ya dace da ECCAS da CEMAC zuwa kungiya daya, tare da ECCAS ta dauki alhakin zaman lafiya da tsaro na yankin ta hanyar yarjejeniyar tsaro ta COPAX. CEAC ba ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka ba, amma membobinta suna da alaƙa da ita ta Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya. EU tana da ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya da yawa a DR Congo Operation Artemis (Yuni zuwa Satumba 2003), EUPOL Kinshasa (daga Oktoba 2003) da EUSEC DR Congo (daga Mayu 2005). Taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci karo na 11 a Brazzaville a cikin watan Janairun 2004 ya yi maraba da yadda yarjejeniyar da ta shafi kafa majalisar zaman lafiya da tsaro a Afirka ta tsakiya (COPAX) ta samu adadin da ake bukata na amincewa da fara aiki. Taron ya kuma amince da kudurin aiwatar da shirin NEPAD a Afirka ta Tsakiya da kuma ayyana daidaiton jinsi. A ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2009, bisa ga Ƙudurin Shugaban Ƙasa na 2009-26 kuma kamar yadda aka buga a cikin Tarayya Register Vol. 74, No. 183 (Takardun Shugaban kasa 48363) An sanya ECCAS ta cancanci a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kula da Fitar da Makamai ta Amurka don samar da labaran tsaro da sabis na tsaro. Wannan ya sa ƙungiyar ECCAS da (a zahiri) ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyarsu sun cancanci Shirin Tallace-tallacen Soja na Ƙasashen Waje na Amurka (watau gwamnati ga tallace-tallace da taimako na gwamnati) bisa ga Dokar Kula da Fitar da Makamai da sauran irin taimakon Amurka kamar yadda kwangilar USG ta umarta zuwa Masana'antar Amurka don irin wannan tallafin bisa ga (ITAR) A cikin 2007, Rwanda ta yanke shawarar barin ƙungiyar don cire haɗin gwiwa a cikin membobinta a cikin tubalan kasuwanci na yanki kuma ta yadda za ta fi mai da hankali kan kasancewarta a cikin EAC da COMESA. Rwanda ta kasance memba ce ta kafa kungiyar kuma tana cikinta tun 18 ga Oktoba 1981. Daga baya ya koma ECCAS a cikin 2016. Haɗin kai na tattalin arziki Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi na Afirka ta Tsakiya Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi na Afirka ta Tsakiya (ko CEMAC daga sunanta a cikin Faransanci Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale, cikin Mutanen Espanya Comunidad Económica y Monetaria de África ta Tsakiya, kuma a cikin Portuguese Comunidade Económica e Monetária da África ta Tsakiya kungiya ce ta kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya wacce Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Equatorial Guinea da Gabon suka kafa don inganta hadewar tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashen da ke da kudin bai daya, CFA franc UDEAC ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don kafa CEMAC don inganta dukkan tsarin haɗin gwiwar yankuna ta hanyar kafa haɗin gwiwar kuɗi tare da CFA franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin kudin gama gari; Cemac ne ya maye gurbinsa a hukumance a watan Yuni 1999 (ta hanyar yarjejeniya daga 1994). Manufofin CEMAC sune haɓaka kasuwanci, kafa cibiyar kasuwanci ta gaskiya, da ƙarin haɗin kai tsakanin al'ummomi da ga ƙasashe da yankuna marasa galihu. A cikin 1994, ya yi nasarar gabatar da ƙuntatawa ga ƙididdiga da raguwa a cikin iyaka da adadin kuɗin fito. A halin yanzu, ƙasashen CEmac suna raba tsarin kuɗi na bai ɗaya, tsari, da tsarin shari'a, kuma suna kiyaye jadawalin kuɗin fito gama gari kan shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen da ba na CEMAC ba. A ka'ida, an kawar da jadawalin kuɗin fito kan ciniki tsakanin CEAC, amma an jinkirta aiwatar da wannan cikakken aiki. Motsin jari a cikin CEmac kyauta ne. Makasudai Babban burin shi ne kafa kasuwar gama-gari ta Afirka ta Tsakiya A taron shugabannin Malabo da na gwamnatocin da aka yi a shekarar 1999, an gano fannoni hudu da kungiyar ta ba da fifiko: don haɓaka damar wanzar da zaman lafiya, tsaro da kwanciyar hankali a matsayin muhimman abubuwan da ake buƙata don ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa don haɓaka haɗin gwiwar jiki, tattalin arziki da kuɗi don haɓaka al'adar haɗin gwiwar ɗan adam don kafa tsarin samar da kuɗi mai cin gashin kansa don ECCAS Tsarin Taron shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci Majalisar Ministoci Sakatare Janar (Saratare-Janar daya zaba har tsawon shekaru hudu da mataimakan sakatare-janar guda uku) Kotun Shari'a Hukumar Tuntuba Yarjejeniya da ladabi Yarjejeniyar Kafa Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasar Afirka ta Tsakiya (ECCAS) Yarjejeniyar Kafa Cibiyar Sadarwar Yan Majalisun ECCAS (REPAC) Yarjejeniyar Taimakawa Juna Tsakanin Membobin Kasashe na ECCAS Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Tsaron Juna a Afirka ta Tsakiya (COPAX) Abubuwan da aka haɗa zuwa yarjejeniyar ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Dokokin Asalin don samfuran da za a yi ciniki tsakanin ƙasashe membobi na ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Matsalolin Ciniki Ba-Tariff ba Yarjejeniya kan Sake fitar da kaya a cikin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan hanyoyin wucewa da zirga-zirga Yarjejeniya kan haɗin gwiwar kwastam a cikin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Asusun Tallafawa don Asarar Kuɗi Yarjejeniya kan 'Yancin motsi da Haƙƙin Kafa 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashe mambobi a cikin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Gidan Tsara don ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Haɗin kai a Ci gaban Noma tsakanin ƙasashe membobin ECCAS Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai a Ci gaban Masana'antu tsakanin ƙasashe membobin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Haɗin kai a cikin Sufuri da Sadarwa tsakanin ƙasashe membobi na ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Haɗin kai a Kimiyya da Fasaha tsakanin ƙasashe membobin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan hadin gwiwar Makamashi tsakanin kasashe mambobin ECCAS Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai a cikin albarkatun ƙasa tsakanin ƙasashe membobi na ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Haɗin kai don haɓaka albarkatun ɗan adam, ilimi, horo da al'adu tsakanin ƙasashe membobin ECCAS Yarjejeniyar Haɗin kai a Yawon shakatawa tsakanin ƙasashe membobi na ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Sauƙaƙawa da Daidaita takaddun ciniki da Tsari a cikin ECCAS Yarjejeniya kan Halin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa, Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa, Tsibiri, Tsibirin Tsibirin da/ko Ƙasashe Masu Cigaba Ayyukan zaman lafiya da tsaro Kasashen Afirka ta Tsakiya sun amince da yarjejeniyar hana cin zarafi a karshen taro karo na biyar na kwamitin ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na MDD a Afirka ta tsakiya da aka gudanar a birnin Yaoundé na kasar Kamaru. Yarjejeniyar wadda aka kulla a ranar 9 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1994, ta zo ne bayan ganawa ta kwanaki biyar da tattaunawa tsakanin kwararrun soja da ministocin kasashen Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon da Sao Tomé da Principe A taron koli na kwamitin ba da shawara na dindindin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tambayoyin Tsaro a Afirka ta Tsakiya wanda ya gudana a Yaoundé a tsakanin 25-26 Fabrairu 1999, kasashe membobin sun yanke shawarar kirkiro wata kungiya don inganta, kiyayewa da karfafa zaman lafiya da tsaro a Afirka ta Tsakiya., wanda za a kira shi Majalisar Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro a Afirka ta Tsakiya (COPAX). Ka'idar COPAX ta fara aiki yanzu. Ƙungiyoyin fasaha na majalisar COPAX Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Afirka ta Tsakiya (MARAC), wanda ke tattarawa da kuma nazarin bayanai don gano farkon ganowa da rigakafin rikice-rikice. Hukumar tsaro da tsaro (CDS), wadda ita ce taron hafsoshin hafsoshin sojojin kasa da manyan kwamandojin 'yan sanda da na Jandarma daga kasashe daban-daban. Aikinsa shi ne tsarawa, tsarawa da ba da shawarwari ga ƙungiyoyin masu yanke shawara na al'umma don fara ayyukan soja idan an buƙata. Rundunar Sojojin Afirka ta Tsakiya (FOMAC), wacce runduna ce mai zaman kanta wacce ta kunshi rundunonin soji daga kasashe mambobi, wadanda manufarsu ita ce cimma manufofin zaman lafiya, tsaro da agajin jin kai. An amince da oda a tsaye don COPAX, gami da na CDS, MARAC da FOMAC a watan Yuni 2002 a babban taron koli na 10th a Malabo A watan Janairun 2000, Gabon ta dauki nauyin atisayen wanzar da zaman lafiya a yankin "Gabon 2000" da nufin kara karfin jihohin ECCAS a fagen wanzar da zaman lafiya da rigakafin rikice-rikice da sarrafa su. Wannan darasi yana wakiltar aikace-aikacen kai tsaye na tsarin RECAMP na Faransa (ƙarfafa ƙarfin wanzar da zaman lafiya na Afirka). An gudanar da babban taron koli na ECCAS da CEMAC a Libreville a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2000. Ministocin harkokin wajen kasashe 10 na Afirka ta Tsakiya sun yi taro a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a ranakun 16 da 17 ga watan Agustan 2001 don tattauna batun tsaro a yankinsu da yaki ya daidaita. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta dauki nauyin taron, kuma Rwanda ce kawai ta ki halarta. An gudanar da taron hafsoshin hafsoshin tsaro a Brazzaville a watan Oktoban 2003, inda aka yanke shawarar cewa za a samar da wata rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya mai girman birged domin shiga tsakani a yankunan tsakiyar Afrika da ba su da kwanciyar hankali. Wannan zai iya zama ɗaya daga cikin birged biyar da Tarayyar Afirka ta tsara na rundunar Jiragen Sama na Afirka, birged ɗaya ga kowane yanki Arewa, Yamma, Tsakiya, Gabas da Kudancin Afirka Taron ya ba da shawarar cewa masu shirye-shiryen soji daga kowace jihohin ECCAS su kafa wata kungiya da za ta tantance bayanan rundunar. Sun kuma ba da shawarar kafa wata cibiyar horar da zaman lafiya ta hadin gwiwa da atisayen soji duk bayan shekaru biyu. Na farko a cikin wadannan shi ne faruwa a Chadi MICOPAX Manufar tabbatar da zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (MICOPAX) wani aiki ne na zaman lafiya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya karkashin jagorancin ECCAS. Tana da hannu a yakin Bush na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da rikicin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya na 2012-2013 Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
9539	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Rahman%20Al-Sudais	Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais	Abdur-Rahman Ibn Abdul Aziz as-Sudais Wanda aka fi sani da Abdulrahman A-Sudais shi ne limamin Babban Masallacin Masjid al-Haram da ke Makkah, Saudi Arabia shugaban babban shugaban kasa kan lamuran Masallatai Tsarkaka guda biyu; sananne ne (mai karanta Alqur'ani kuma ya kasance lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai tsarki ta Al-ƙur'ani mai girma "Halayyar Musulunci ta Shekara" a shekarar ta dubu biyu da biyar, 2005. Al-Sudais ya kuma yi wa'azin adawar Musulunci ga "fashe-fashe bam da ta'addanci", kuma ya yi ƙira ga tattaunawa tsakanin addinai cikin lumana, amma kuma an yi kakkausar suka game da zagin waɗanda ba musulmi ba musamman ma yahudawa a wa'azin nasa. Ya yi tir da magani daga Palasdinawa da Isra'ilawa natsuwa, kuma da jihar na Isra'ila, da kuma ƙira don ƙarin taimakon da za a aika zuwa Palasdinawa. Har ila yau, an san shi don gano halayen mata da ba na Islama ba a matsayin wani ɓangare da ke da alhakin fari 2006 na hunturu a Saudi Arabia. A shekarar dubu biyu da sha shida, 2016, ya gabatar da muhimmiyar huduba ta aikin Hajji ga dimbin mahajjatan da suka taru a Arafat bayan Sallah. Rayuwa da aiki Al-Sudais ya fito ne daga dangin Anazzah, kuma ya haddace Alƙurani tun yana dan shekara 12. Ya girma a Riyadh, Al-Sudais yayi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Al Muthana Bin Harith, sannan daga baya Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Riyadh wacce daga ita ya kammala karatun ta a alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara, (1979) miladiya.da kyakkyawan sakamako. Ya sami digiri a fannin Shari'a a babbar jami'ar dake Riyadh a 1983, Jagora a fannin addinin Musulunci daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University a 1987 kuma ya sami digiri na uku. a cikin Shari’ar Musulunci daga Jami’ar Umm al-Qura a 1995 yayin da take aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa bayan ta yi aiki a Jami’ar Riyadh. Sudais ya fara limamanci a shekarar 1984, yana dan shekara 24, kuma ya gudanar da hudubarsa ta farko a Babban Masallacin da ke Makka a watan Yulin 1984, ban da wannan Sheikh Saud Al-Shuraim ya kasance abokin tarayya a Sallar Taraweeh daga shwkara ta 1994 har zuwa shekarar 2006, da kuma sake a 2014, 2019 da 2020. An yi musu lakabi da "Tagwayen Haram". A cikin 2005-2020, Sheikh Abdullah Awad Al Juhany da sauran limamai na Masjid al-Haram kamar Sheikh Yasser Al-Dossary da Sheikh Bander Baleela sun karɓi matsayin Al-Shuraim a matsayin limamin Rakat na farko na Khatm Al Quran (ofarshen thearshen Qur'ani) Sallar tarawihi. A shekarar 2005, kwamitin shirya gasar kur'ani mai tsarki ta kasa da kasa ta Dubai (DIHQA) ya sanya sunan Al-Sudais a matsayin kwamiti na 9 na "Mutumcin Addinin Musulunci na Shekara" don girmamawa ga kwazo da Al-Qur'ani da Musulunci. Lokacin da yake karbar lambar yabon nasa a Dubai, ya ce: "Sakon Musulunci da Musulmi shi ne ladabi, adalci, tsaro, kwanciyar hankali, juyayi, jituwa da kyautatawa." Daga shekarar dubu biyu da goma, 2010 zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012, ya ziyarci kasashen Indiya, Pakistan, Malaysia da kuma Burtaniya. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai daukar nauyin karawa juna sani a babbar Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Malaysia a shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha ɗaya 2011, inda ya yi magana game da wayewar Musulunci game da asalin kalubalen zamani. An nada shi a matsayin "Shugabancin Masallatai Masu Tsarki Guda Biyu a matsayin minista" ta dokar masarauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012. Kuma memba ne na Makarantar Koyon Harshen Larabci a Makka. Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi, Nabil Al-Awadi, Tariq Abdelhaleem, da Hani al-Sibai wadanda ke da alaka da Al-Qaeda, ban da wasu kamar Adnan al-Aroor, Abd Al-Aziz Al-Fawzan, Mohamad al-Arefe, Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al Shaykh da sauransu suna cikin jerin sunayen da kungiyar ISIS ta fitar. Ra'ayoyi, maganganu, addu'o'i A shekarar dubu biyu da uku, 2003, Sudais ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa matasa na bukatar a koyar da su shari’ar Musulunci, ciki har da dokokin hana kashe kai da kuma hana kai hari ga wadanda ba Musulmi ba da ke zaune a kasashen Musulunci. Sudais ya kuma ce bai kamata samari na musulinci su "jefa alamar rashin yarda da Allah ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kuma kada su rudani tsakanin halattaccen jihadi da" ta'addancin mutane masu son zaman lafiya. Sudais ya ce babu wuri ga tsattsauran ra'ayi da bangaranci a cikin addinin Musulunci kuma Musulunci yana koyar da matsakaiciyar hanya. Ya ce maganin matsalolin da musulmai ke fuskanta a Falasdinu, Somaliya, Iraki, Kashmir da Afghanistan ya ta'allaka ne ga bin koyarwar addinin Islama ta hanyar wasika da kuma ruhi. Ya yi kira da a warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar tattaunawa da tattaunawa ta la’akari da fa’idodi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da za a iya samu ta hanyar warware wadannan rikice-rikice. Sudais ya kuma soki gwamnatin Lal Masjid a lokacin rikicin Masallacin Jaja na 2007 a Islamabad, Pakistan. Ya bukaci tsagerun da gwamnati da su amince da kudurin lumana ta hanyar tattaunawa sannan ya bukaci bangarorin biyu da su kare zaman lafiya. Sudais kuma an san shi da hudubarsa yana kira ga muminai su taimaka wa sauran Musulmai a yankunan da yaki ya daidaita. Ya yi magana da himma kan zaluncin Falasdinawa da Isra’ilawan baƙi da Isra’ilawa suke yi, kuma ya yi roƙon a ba su magunguna da abinci don a aika wa Falasɗinawa. Zunubi da fari A cikin huduba a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta dubu biyu da shida, 2006, Al-Sudais ya yi wa’azin cewa fari na faruwa ne sakamakon yawaitar zunubi a cikin al’ummar Saudiyya da kuma halayyar mata a masarautar wadanda ake zargin suna “bayyanawa, suna cudanya da maza, kuma suna ba ruwansu da hijabi. Addu'o'in neman zaman lafiya tsakanin addinai A watan Yunin 2004, Sudais ya jagoranci mabiya 10,000 cikin addu'o'in neman zaman lafiya da jituwa tsakanin addinai a London. Ministar Daidaitar Jinsi Fiona Mactaggart ta halarci wa'azin Sudais a Masallacin East London Prince Charles, wanda yake a Washington, ya dauki bangare da wani rubucen saƙo Birtaniya ta manyan Rabbi, Jonathan kori, ya aika da sakon goyan baya. Addu'o'in hallaka yahudawa A cikin hudubarsa ta 19 ga Afrilu, 2002, wanda aka watsa a ranar 1 ga Saudiyya, Al-Sudais ya kira yahudawan da "birai da aladu," da sauran masu cin karensu babu babbaka. Karanta tarihin kuma zaka san cewa yahudawan jiya sun kasance magabata mara kyau kuma yahudawan yau sune magaji mafi munin. Su ne masu kashe annabawa da ƙurar duniya. Allah ya jefe shi la'ana, kuma haushinka a kan su, kuma Muka sanya su birai da aladu, kuma ya bauta [sic] xagutu. Waɗannan su ne yahudawa, zuriyar zuriyar ma'ana, wayo, taurin kai, zalunci, mugunta, da rashawa. La'anannun Allah su bi su har zuwa ranar sakamako. Don haka, sun cancanci la'anar Allah, da mala'ikunSa, da kuma dukkan mutane. Ya yi addu'a ga Allah don ya "kawar da" yahudawan kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Isra'ilawa suna da niyyar rusa masallacin al-Aqsa da gina haikalinsu a kan kurensa. Kira don yakar yaki da Shi'a A ranar 31 ga Maris din 2015, an yada faifan sauti na al-Sudais ta yanar gizo, tare da hoto dauke da rubutu dauke da cewa "Limamin babban masallacin na Makka ya yi kira da a yi fito na fito da 'yan Shi'a A cikin faifan al-Sudais ya yi kira da a yi fito-na-fito da Shi'a: Kiranmu ga iran DA babban murya ga Iran, shine yaki gameda mu yan sunnah DA my yaki shia, domin yakinmu da itan gaskiya ne kuma abun kidrcewa ne, kuma zamu kudurce yahudawa (wanda suke daukan kansu a matsayin kiristoci) narantse da Allah sunada ranarsu Manzon Allah (s.a.w) yace rumawa zasuci nasara.....rashin yardarmu da shia rafidanci bazai taba chanzawaba haka yaki dasu shima ......matukar suna bayan kasa. Dangane da wadannan kalaman na al-Sudais, babban editan kamfanin dillancin labarai na Iraki Ahmed Abdul Hussein, ya ce, "Ka tuna da ranar 3/31/2015, ranar da aka sanar da yakin Shi'a da Sunni. Zai wuce fiye da yakin basasa Rigima Anti-Semitism Bayan jawabinsa na 2002, an bayyana Al-Sudais a matsayin mai ƙyamar Semite don yin addu'ar a bayyane ga Allah don 'ƙare' Yahudawa, waɗanda ya kira "ƙazamar 'yan Adam… beran duniya… annabi masu kashe… aladu da birai kuma sakamakon haka an hana shi taro a Amurka kuma an hana shi shiga Kanada. Al-Sudais an lasafta shi a matsayin misali na -ungiyar Anti-Defamation ta Anti -Semitism a lokacin da ya kira la'ana a kan yahudawa kuma ya mai da su "ƙurar ƙasa" a cikin huɗubarsa. Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Duniya ya kuma ba da rahoton ƙiyayya ga wa'azin Sudais na Afrilu 2002. A cikin wata hira ta watan Mayu 2003 da NBC ta Tim Russert, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin waje ga yarima mai jiran gado na Saudiyya, Adel al-Jubeir, ya tabbatar da maganganun al-Sudais, ya yarda cewa "a fili ba daidai ba ne," kuma ya ce an tsawata masa, amma har yanzu an bashi izinin yin wa'azi. Ya kuma ce "idan da [Sudais] yana da zabi to ya janye wadannan kalmomin da ba zai fadi wadannan kalmomin ba." Al-Sudais bawai yahudawa kawai yake kaiwa hari ba, har ma da wasu da ba musulmai ba, kamar Hindu da kirista John Ware a cikin shirin BBC Panorama mai taken "Tambayar Shugabanci" daga 21 ga Agusta, 2005, ya ambaci Al-Sudais yana mai wulakanta Kiristocin a matsayin "masu bautar gumaka" kuma Hindu a matsayin "masu bautar gumaka." Ware ya nuna banbanci tsakanin wa'azin Sudais ga Saudis tare da jawabinsa ga masu sauraron Yammacin Turai. Majalisar musulmin Burtaniya ta yi tambaya kan gaskiyar maganganun da aka bayar a hirar, suna masu kiranta da "rubabbun abubuwa da gangan" kuma shirin gaba daya "rashin adalci ne kwarai da gaske." Majalisar ta bukaci a yi taka-tsan-tsan, yayin da take la'antar duk wani nau'i na maganganun nuna wariyar launin fata, ta bukaci a tabbatar da cewa hakika Al-Sudais ne ya yi wadannan kalaman. Bayan jerin mu'amala, da BBC 's Panorama edita, Mike Robinson, posted a mayar da martani ga kowane daga cikin Musulmi Council ta zargin, zargin da su na "marar tushe da kuma wildly m harin" da "mara kyau addini zargin." A watan Agusta na 2009, kwamitin wakilai na yahudawan Birtaniyya sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da ziyarar da Al-Sudais ya kai Burtaniya inda ya gabatar da jawabai a masallatai da dama tare da halartar wani taro tare da dan majalisar Tory Tony Baldry Daga baya Baldry ya kare shawarar da ya yanke na yin aiki tare da Al-Sudais, yana mai cewa "Da na rubuta rubutu kan abin da Musulmi mai matsakaicin ra'ayi zai fada, to da ya zama misali cikakke." Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25048	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT	CT	CT ko ct na iya nufin to: A cikin zane-zane da kafofin watsa labarai c't Computer Technik mujallar kwamfuta ta Jamus Connecticut wakili na Freelancer (CT), almara almara a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizo Red vs. Blue Kiristanci A Yau, mujallar Kirista ta Ikklesiyoyin bishara ta Amurka Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi CT Corp, haɗin gwiwar Indonesiya CT Corporation, alamar laima don kasuwanci biyu: CT Corporation da CT Liena C T Group, tsohon Crosby Textor Group, bincike na zamantakewa da kamfanin zaɓe na siyasa Canadian Tire, wani kamfani ne na Kanada da ke aikin siyarwa, ayyukan kuɗi da man fetur Calgary Transit, sabis na jigilar jama'a a Calgary, Alberta, Kanada Central Trains (National Rail abbreviation), tsohon kamfanin sarrafa jirgin kasa a Burtaniya Česká televize, mai watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin na jama'a a Jamhuriyar Czech Transit na Jama'a, sabis na jigilar jama'a a gundumar Snohomish, Washington, Amurka Comunión Tradicionalista, tsohuwar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Spain CT (tashar TV), kebul na Filipino da cibiyar talabijin ta tauraron dan adam Kudi Centime (ct), Faransanci don "cent", ana amfani dashi cikin Ingilishi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Faransanci Stotinki kudin Bulgaria Wurare Yankin lambar lambar CT, don Canterbury da kewayenta a kudu maso gabashin Ingila Connecticut (taƙaicewar wasiƙar Amurka) Lardin Catania (lambar rijistar abin hawa), Sicily, Italiya Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (FIPS Pub 10-4 code da tsohon hoton NATO) Tsibirin Canton da Enderbury (tsohuwar lambar ƙasa ta ISO 3166), wani ɓangare na Tsibirin Phoenix a Tekun Pacific Cape Town (babban birnin Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu) Ct, don "Kotu"; kariyar titi kamar yadda ake amfani da ita a Amurka Kimiyya da fasaha Biology da magani Haplogroup CT, Y-DNA haplogroup. CT scan ko X-ray lissafin tomography, hanyar hoton likita Calcitonin (alamar CT), hormone da aka samar a cikin glandar thyroid Cardiothoracic tiyata, fagen magani ƙwararre kan tiyata Chemotype (ct.), Bambancin sunadarai a cikin shuka ko ƙwayoyin cuta Ilimin hankali, nau'in ilimin halin kwakwalwa Nau'in haɗi, wani nau'in nau'in halittu Chelation far Chemotherapy Kwayar cutar kwalara, furotin mai guba wanda Vibrio cholerae ya ɓoye Tsarin Ƙofar Ƙofar (C t duba sake zagayowar ƙima/cancanta Gwajin COVID19 Kwamfuta Intel Ct, samfurin shirye -shirye masu yawa na SIMD wanda Intel ya haɓaka Tabbatar da Gaskiya, a cikin tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Darajar CT, a cikin shan ruwa mai guba Ƙarfin ƙofa (C t ma'auni a cikin zagayowar ƙididdigewa/cancantar haɓakar sarkar polymerase na ainihin-lokaci Carat (tsarki) (ct), ma'aunin tsarkin zinare da platinum Carat (taro) (ct), wani yanki na taro da ake amfani da shi don auna duwatsu masu daraja da lu'u -lu'u Sigin lokaci na lokaci-lokaci, adadi mai yawa (sigina) wanda yankinsa ci gaba ne Matsa cibiyar, waya da aka haɗa ta rabin hanya tare da ɗaya daga cikin windings na transformer, inductor ko resistor Hasumiya mai dacewa, wani dandamalin mai na ruwa mai zurfi Yanayin zafin jiki, a kimiyyar yanayi Transformer na yanzu, wani irin transformer da ake amfani dashi a masana'antar wutar lantarki Sufuri Lexus CT, mota Tsarin Honda CT, jerin kekunan Honda Crawler-transporter, motar da aka bi don amfani da ita don jigilar Jirgin Sama daga Ginin Majalisar Motoci zuwa Kaddamar da Runduna ta 39 Sufurin Jiragen Sama (lambar IATA) Cruiser Training, rarrabuwa na jirgin ruwan sojan ruwan Amurka Sauran amfani Ct, nau'in buga rubutu ct (cum tempore, Latin don "tare da lokaci"), yana nuna cewa lacca za ta fara awa huɗu bayan lokacin da aka bayyana; duba kwata kwata Yankin Lokaci na Tsakiya, yankin lokaci a Kanada, Amurka, da Mexico Rubutun akwatin gawa Ka'idar makirci ko kaidar Yaki da ta'addanci Injiniyan Cryptologic, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta shiga ƙimar ko ƙwarewar aiki ct biye da lamba yana nufin adadin abubuwan da ke cikin kwali (misali zucchini 3 ct) Duba kuma Champions Trophy (rashin fahimta), an ba da kofuna da yawa a wasanni daban -daban Tendon tsakiya
53657	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia%20Derbez%20ne	Silvia Derbez ne	Lucille Silvia Derbez Amézquita, wacce aka fi sani da Silvia Derbez (Maris 8, 1932 Afrilu 6, 2002) yar fim ce ta Mexica kuma yar wasan talabijin Ta yi takara a Miss Mexico 1952 inda ta zo a matsayi na hudu. Rayuwa da aiki A cikin 1948, ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayAn haifi Derbez a San Luis Potosí, Mexico, 'yar María de la Luz Amézquita da ɗan kasuwa haifaffen Faransa Marcel Derbez Gilly. Ta yi muhawara a cikin fim ɗin Mexica tun tana matashiya, tana shiga cikin fim ɗinta na farko tana da shekara 15, lokacin da ta yi fim a La Novia del Mar Yarinyar Bahar wanda aka yi fim a 1947.o na wasan kwaikwayo na Mexica: Allá en el Rancho Grande Out on the Big Ranch Ta kasance a cikin karin fina-finai uku kafin shekaru goma na 1940s ya ƙare, ciki har da classic cabaretera film noir Salón México A cikin 1948, ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayAn haifi Derbez a San Luis Potosí, Mexico, 'yar María de la Luz Amézquita da ɗan kasuwa haifaffen Faransa Marcel Derbez Gilly. Ta yi muhawara a cikin fim ɗin Mexica tun tana matashiya, tana shiga cikin fim ɗinta na farko tana da shekara 15, lokacin da ta yi fim a La Novia del Mar Yarinyar Bahar wanda aka yi fim a 1947.o na wasan kwaikwayo na Mexica: Allá en el Rancho Grande Out on the Big Ranch Ta kasance a cikin karin fina-finai uku kafin shekaru goma na 1940s ya ƙare, ciki har da classic cabaretera film noir Salón México Derbez ta zama shahararriya, a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa, a cikin shekarun 1950, zamanin da ta yi rikodin fina-finai goma sha shida. Tsakanin 1951 zuwa 1954, Derbez ta yi ritaya daga yin fim, amma ta kasance a cikin fina-finai goma daga 1954 zuwa 1956. Tare da talabijin ya zama sananne a Mexico, Televisa ya sanya hannu kan Derbez don yin wasa "Nora" a cikin wasan opera na sabulu na 1958, Senda prohibida Hanyar Haram A cikin 1959, Derbez ya sami rawar rawa a wani wasan opera na sabulu, Elisa Derbez ta yi aiki a cikin telenovelas goma sha bakwai a cikin shekarun 1960, yawancin su wanda ta yi tauraro. Daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulun da ta yi a cikin wannan shekaru goma akwai Maria Isabel I, inda ta sake taka rawar gani. Ta koma cinema a shekarar 1969, inda ta shiga fina-finai uku tsakanin lokacin da 1970. A cikin shekarun 1970s, yawan aikinta a talabijin ya ragu kaɗan. Ta yi telenovelas goma sha biyu a lokacin. Daga cikin telenovelas da ta shiga akwai 1970's Angelitos negros Black Mala'iku a matsayin yarinya. Ta kuma yi aiki a cikin El derecho de los hijos na 1971 Hakkokin Yaran ku da La Recogida (waɗanda ke fassarawa Matar da aka ɗauka a hankali). A 1975, ta yi aiki a cikin wani fim, El Andariego The Walker Yayin da Derbez ya fara tsufa, lambobin aikinta sun fara raguwa, kuma a cikin shekarun 1980, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin telenovelas shida kawai da fina-finai hudu. A cikin 1986, mijinta, Eugenio González Salas, mai tallata tallace-tallace, ya mutu. Duk da haka, Derbez ya murmure daga wannan rashi na sirri kuma ya shiga cikin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun telenovelas na Latin Amurka a kowane lokaci, Simplemente Maria, a cikin 1989. A cikin Simplemente Maria, Derbez ya yi aiki tare da Victoria Ruffo, wanda ba da daɗewa ba zai zama surukarta. Siffar Simplemente Maria ta 1989 ta shahara a ƙasashe irin su Puerto Rico da Venezuela A cikin shekarun 1990s, ɗan Derbez Eugenio Derbez ya shahara a matsayin ɗan wasan barkwanci na talabijin. Shi da Ruffo sun yi aure. Derbez ya yi fina-finai uku a farkon shekarun 1990, ciki har da Zapatos Viejos na 1993 Tsohon Shoes inda ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙa Gloria Trevi A cikin 1994, Derbez yana cikin Prisionera de Amor Fursunonin Ƙauna kuma a cikin 1995, ta buga "Milagros" a Lazos de Amor Waɗancan wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu biyu sun zama sananne a tsakanin masu kallon Hispanic a Amurka Derbez ya sake komawa cinema yana aiki bayan Prisionera de Amor da Lazos de Amor, yana aiki a cikin fina-finai uku kafin ya koma talabijin a matsayin "Leonor" a Los hijos de nadie Babu Yara A cikin 1998, ta shiga cikin wani telenovela na Mexica wanda ya shahara sosai, La usurpadora The Supplanter wanda tauraro Gabriela Spanic Aikinta na ƙarshe a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya zo a cikin 2001's version of Caridad Bravo Adams La intrusa The Intruder Mutuwa Ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2002, mai shekaru 70, daga ciwon huhu Iyali Ta haifi ɗa guda Eugenio, da diya Silvia Eugenia. Jikanta, Aislinn Derbez, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. Wasu jikoki biyu, Vadhir Derbez da José Eduardo Derbez, su ne 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Filmography Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Silvia Derbez a Telenovela database Haifaffun
30466	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Kuwait	Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Kuwait	Haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam a Kuwait wani batu ne mai matukar damuwa. Musamman ma, yadda Kuwait ke tafiyar da rikicin Bedoon na rashin zaman lafiya ya fuskanci babban suka daga ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce ƙasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. Har ila yau Kuwait na fuskantar babban suka game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ƴan kasashen waje, mata, da mutanen LGBT Ko kuma da yake dokar Kuwaiti (ciki har da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kuwait a ka'idar ta yi alkawarin kare duk 'yancin ɗan adam; Hanyoyin aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara don taimakawa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da iyaka sosai a Kuwait. Yarjejeniyoyi Kuwait jam'iyya ce ga yawancin yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya, ciki har da. Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariyar launin fata Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta, Cinikin Bayi, da Cibiyoyi da Ayyuka makamantan Bauta Yarjejeniya Ta Yakar Cin Hanci da Jama'a da Cin Hanci da Karuwancin Wasu. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara Yarjejeniya Game da Hani da Matakin Gaggawa don Kawar da Mafi Mummunan Siffofin Yin Aikin Yara Yarjejeniya game da Tilastawa ko Aikin Tilas 'Yancin Ƙungiya da Kare Haƙƙin Shirya Yarjejeniya Soke Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata Ta Tilas Yarjejeniyar Wariya (Aiki da Sana'a). Yarjejeniyar Yaki da Wariya a Ilimi Badon Tarihi Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce kasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. Mafi akasarin Bedoon na Kuwait marasa galihu na ƙabilar Arewa ne, musamman ƙungiyar Al-Muntafiq Wasu tsirarun Bedoon marasa jiha a Kuwait na cikin al'ummar Ajam Ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Dokar Ƙasa ta Kuwait 15/1959, duk Bedoon a Kuwait sun cancanci zama ɗan ƙasar Kuwait ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa. A aikace, an yi imanin cewa Ahlus-Sunnah na zuriyar Farisa ko kuma Saudiyya na kabila za su iya samun zama na Kuwaiti cikin hanzari yayin da Bedoon na zuriyar ƙabilar Iraqi ba zai iya ba. Sakamakon haka, Bedoon da yawa a Kuwait suna jin an matsa musu su ɓoye tarihinsu. Daga shekara t 1965 har zuwa shekara ta 1985, Bedoon ana kula da su a matsayin ƴan ƙasar Kuwaiti kuma an ba su tabbacin zama ɗan ƙasa: suna da damar samun ilimi kyauta, kiwon lafiya da duk sauran gata na zama ɗan ƙasa. Bedoon mara ƙasa ya ƙunshi 80-90% na Sojojin Kuwaiti a cikin shekara ta 1970s da shekara ta 1980s har zuwa Yaƙin Gulf. A cikin shekara ta 1985 a tsayin yaƙin Iran-Iraki, Bedoon an sake sanya su a matsayin "mazauna ba bisa ka'ida ba" kuma an hana su zama 'yan ƙasa na Kuwaiti da kuma abubuwan da ke tare da shi. Yakin Iran-Iraki ya yi barazana ga zaman lafiyar cikin Kuwait kuma hukumomi na fargabar asalin kungiyar Bedoon maras kasa. Batun Bedoon a Kuwait "ya ci karo da abubuwan tarihi game da tasirin Iraqi a cikin Kuwait", tare da da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka hana 'yan asalin Kuwaiti an yi imanin sun fito ne daga Iraki. The Iran–Iraq War threatened Kuwait's internal stability and the authorities feared the sectarian background of the stateless Bedoon. The Bedoon issue in Kuwait “overlaps with historic sensitivities about Iraqi influence inside Kuwait”, with many of those denied Kuwaiti nationality being believed to have originated from Iraq. A cikin 1985, sarki Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, ya tsallake rijiya da baya a yunkurin kisa Bayan yunkurin kisan gillar, gwamnati ta canza matsayin Bedoon daga na mazauna doka zuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba A shekara ta 1986, Bedoon an cire su gaba ɗaya daga haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin na ƴan Kuwaiti. Tun 1986, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta ƙi ba da kowane nau'i na takaddun shaida ga Bedoon, gami da takaddun haihuwa, takaddun mutuwa, katunan shaida, takaddun aure, da lasisin tuƙi. Bedoon kuma yana fuskantar hani da yawa a aikin yi, balaguro da ilimi. Ba a ba su izinin koyar da 'ya'yansu a makarantun jiha da jami'o'i. A cikin shekara ta 1995, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai Bedoon 300,000 da ba su da ƙasa, kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta maimaita wannan adadin a hukumance. A cewar wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, kasar Kuwait na aikata kisan kiyashi na kabilanci da kuma kisan kiyashi ga Bedoon mara kasar. Rikicin Bedoon na Kuwaiti yayi kama da rikicin Rohingya a Myanmar A shekara ta 1995, an ba da rahoto a majalisar dokokin Burtaniya cewa, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun kori Bedoon 150,000 da ba su da jiha zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin hamadar Kuwaiti da ke kusa da kan iyakar Iraki da karancin abinci, rashin isasshen abinci da matsuguni, kuma an yi musu barazanar kisa. idan sun koma gidajensu a birnin Kuwait. Sakamakon haka, da yawa daga cikin Bedoon da ba su da ƙasa sun yi gudun hijira zuwa Iraki, inda har yau suke zama marasa gida. Ana kuma zargin gwamnatin Kuwaiti da yunkurin karya kasarsu a cikin takardun hukuma. An samu rahotannin bacewar tilas da manyan kaburburan Bedoon. Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 1995 ya ce:“Jimillar abin da ake yi wa Bedoons ya yi daidai da manufar mayar da su zama kamar wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙasarsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kuwaiti na cin zarafi da tursasawa Bedoons da hana su yancin zama na halal, aiki, tafiye-tafiye da motsi, ya saba wa ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ƙin zama ɗan ƙasa ga Bedoon a fili ya keta dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Hana Bedoons ‘yancin kai ƙarar kotu don ƙalubalantar hukuncin gwamnati game da iƙirarinsu na zama ɗan ƙasa da zama na halal a ƙasar ya saba wa ’yancin duniya na bin doka da daidaito a gaban doka.” Dan majalisar dokokin Burtaniya George Galloway ya ce:“Daga cikin duk ta’asar da ake ta’addancin da ‘yan uwa masu mulki suka yi a kasar Kuwait, mafi muni kuma mafi girma shi ne wanda aka fi sani da Bedoon. Akwai Bedoons sama da 300,000 kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar Kuwait. Rabin su—150,000—aka kai su sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke cikin hamadar da ke kan iyakar Iraqi da gwamnatin ta bar su su gasa su kuma su rube. Sauran 150,000 ba a kula da su a matsayin masu aji na biyu ko ma ƴan aji biyar, amma ba kamar kowane ɗan ƙasa ba. Ba su da wani hakki. Abin kunya ne cewa kusan babu wani a duniya da ya damu da halin da mutane 300,000 ke ciki, 150,000 daga cikinsu sun kori daga ƙasar da suka zauna a cikinta [lokacin da] da yawa suka zauna a yankin Kuwaiti shekaru da yawa. A shekara ta 2004, Bedoon ya kai kashi 40% na Sojojin Kuwaiti, babban raguwa daga kasancewarsu a shekarun 1970 da 1980. A shekara ta 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kiyasta cewa akwai 110,729 ''takardu'' Bedoon a Kuwait, ba tare da bayar da jimillar kiyasin ba, amma lura da cewa duk mutanen da ba su da kasa a Kuwait na ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar tsanantawa da take hakin bil'adama. An rarraba Bedoon gabaɗaya zuwa rukuni uku: kabilu marasa jiha, ƴan sanda/soja marasa jiha da kuma yaran matan Kuwaiti waɗanda suka auri maza Bedoon. A cewar gwamnatin Kuwait, akwai "Bodocument" 93,000 a Kuwait. A cikin 2018, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta yi iƙirarin cewa za ta ba da Bedoon har 4,000 marasa jiha a kowace shekara amma ana ganin hakan ba zai yuwu ba. A cikin 2019, ofishin jakadancin Iran a Kuwait ya sanar da cewa yana ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Iran ga Bedoon wanda ba shi da ƙasa na zuriyar Iran. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan kashe kansa a tsakanin Bedoon ya karu sosai. Injiniyan alƙaluma Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma ɗaukaka ƙarar su na zama ɗan ƙasa. Duk da cewa waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan ƙasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba, gami da waɗanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa ƙididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne ‘yan Shi’a kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na Bahrain A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma daukaka karar su na zama dan kasa. Duk da cewa wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan kasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba, gami da wadanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa kididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne ‘yan Shi’a kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na Bahrain A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” Masu neman mafaka a Turai Yawancin Bedoon marasa gida a kai a kai suna ƙaura zuwa Turai a matsayin masu neman mafaka. Ƙasar Ingila ita ce mafi shaharar makoma ga masu neman mafakar Bedoom. A cewar ma'aikatar cikin gida Kuwait ita ce ƙasa ta takwas mafi yawan masu neman mafaka da ke tsallakawa tashar Ingilishi a kan kananan jiragen ruwa Yan uwa musulmi yan shia A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, 'yan Shi'a da yawa sun ba da rahoton shari'o'in azabtarwa, bacewar tilastawa, shari'ar rashin adalci, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, hukuncin kisa, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun soki yadda hukumomin Kuwaiti ke mu'amala da abin da ake kira Abdali Cell. Tun daga Nuwambar shekara ta 2021, Kuwait ta tsare fiye da tsofaffi maza 'yan Shi'a Kuwaiti 18 ba bisa ka'ida ba ba tare da wani tuhuma ba. 'Yan ƙasashen waje Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama suna yawan sukar kasar Kuwait saboda take Haƙƙin dan adam da ake yi wa 'yan ƙasashen waje. 'Yan ƙasashen waje ke da kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwait. Tsarin kafala yana barin ’yan kasashen waje da dama da yin amfani da su. Korar gwamnati ta zama ruwan dare a Kuwait saboda ƙananan laifuffuka, gami da ƙananan keta haddi. Kuwait na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi aikata laifukan safarar mutane a duniya. Dubban daruruwan 'yan kasashen waje ne ake fuskantar cin zarafi da dama na cin zarafin bil'adama da suka haɗa da rashin aikin yi na rashin son rai daga ma'aikata a Kuwait. Ana cin zarafinsu ta jiki da ta jima'i, rashin biyan albashi, rashin aikin yi, barazana, tsare gida, da hana fasfo don tauye musu 'yancin yin motsi. Masu cin zarafi da aka yi ta maimaitawa sun hada da MA Al-Kharafi & Sons da reshensa na Kharafi National wanda ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama da rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta Kasa kan Hakkokin Dan Adam suka gabatar ga Kuwait. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama sun zargi Kuwaiti da manufofin wariyar launin fata ga 'yan kasashen waje. Ana daukar Kuwait ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi kyamar baki a duniya. Rikicin diflomasiyya A cikin shekara ta 2018, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Philippines saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Philippines a Kuwait. Akwai kusan 241,000 Filipinos a Kuwait. Yawancin ma'aikatan baƙi ne, kuma kusan kashi 60% na Filipinos a Kuwait ana ɗaukarsu aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gida A cikin watan Yulin 2018, 'yar fashionista 'yar Kuwaiti Sondos Alqattan ta fitar da wani faifan bidiyo mai cike da cece-kuce yana sukar ma'aikatan gida daga Philippines. Da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun yi gaggawar tsine mata. A shekara ta 2020, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Masar saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Masar a Kuwait. A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Ma'aikacin Ƙasashen waje na Masar Samih Maurice Bowles ya shigar da ƙararrakin hukuma game da Kuwait a gaban Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin tausayi ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa don azabtarwa, bacewar tilastawa, tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama.. Raƙumi jockey Wasan tseren raƙuma shahararriyar wasa ne a yawancin ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya. A da, ana ɗaukar yara aikin ’yan wasa kuma an ɗauke su da kyau kamar dabbobi. Yaƙin Gulf A cikin shekara ta 1990, Iraki ta mamaye Kuwait; Sojojin Iraqi sun aikata laifukan take hakin bil adama da dama akan 'yan kasar Kuwaiti, Bedoon, da 'yan ƙasashen waje a Kuwait. An mayar da wasu zuwa Iraki kuma aka sake su daga baya. Haƙƙoƙin mata Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin dan adam sun ci gaba da sukar rashin daidaiton matsayin mata a Kuwait. Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadi game da shingayen dagewa, na doka da kuma a aikace, kan turbar neman mata na samun cikakken daidaito. Alda Facio da Kamala Chandrakirana kwararu a fannin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce duk da gagarumin nasarorin da aka samu, ana ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata a cikin doka da kuma a aikace, musamman ta fuskar dokokin iyali da kabilanci, bisa tunanin dogaro da mace ga maza, wanda ya saba wa doka. ka’idar daidaito”. Ana cin zarafin mata musulmi a Kuwait a ƙarƙashin dokar iyali Yaran da mahaifiyar Kuwaiti suka haifa, kuma uba wanda ba dan Kuwaiti ba, ba sa samun shaidar zama dan kasar Kuwait, sai dai idan ministan cikin gida ya zartar da doka. Matsayin Kuwait a cikin kima na duniya ya bambanta a tsawon shekaru. A cikin 2014, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 113 na 142 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya na Gender, ƙasar ta inganta matsayinta saboda karuwar yawan adadin kuɗin shiga. A cikin 2015, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 117 daga cikin 145 a duniya a cikin Ƙididdigar Jinsi ta Duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kuwait ta kasance matsayi na 122 cikin 153 na duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya. Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ta yi matsayi na 142 na 152 akan ƙarfafa siyasa 143 na 153 akan lafiya da rayuwa, 120 na 153 akan damar tattalin arziki, da 57 na 153 akan samun ilimi. A cikin 2021, Kuwait ta kasance 143 cikin 156 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ya zabi 153 na 156 kan karfafa siyasa, 94 na 156 kan lafiya da rayuwa, 137 na 156 kan damar tattalin arziki, da 59 na 156 kan samun ilimi. A cikin 2013, 53% na matan Kuwaiti sun shiga aikin ma'aikata. Matan Kuwait sun zarce maza a ma'aikata. Hakkin LGBT Mutanen LGBT da ke zaune a Kuwait suna fuskantar dokokin wariya da halayen jama'a. Dokar hukunta laifuka ta ƙunshi wasu ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya game da lalata da lalata waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don hukunta mutanen LGBT. Mataki na 193 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka ya ladabtar da "mummunan jima'i tsakanin maza da suka cika shekaru (daga shekaru 21)" tare da daurin shekaru har zuwa shekaru bakwai. Mataki na 198 ya haramta fasikanci na jama'a. A shekara ta 2008, an faɗaɗa dokar zuwa kuma ta haramta "koyi kamannin kamannin ɗan jinsi" tare da tara ko ɗauri. Ana fitar da 'yan kasashen waje da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau. Yancin yada labarai Ka'idar Muryar Intanet ta halatta a Kuwait. A cewar wani rahoto na 2009 daga Reporters without Borders, Kuwait ta tsunduma cikin aikin tacewa ta Intanet da kuma zaɓin zaɓi a wuraren tsaro. Babban manufar tacewa ta Intanet shine batsa. Ma’aikatar Sadarwa ta Kuwait ce ke sarrafa ISPs, inda ta sa su toshe hotunan batsa da gidajen yanar gizo na hana tsaro. Duba kuma Siyasar Kuwait Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Latsa a Kuwait IFEX Kiwon Lafiyar Kuwait Inganta gyaran lafiya Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Ta Kare Ma'aikatan Kasashen Waje a Kuwait Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya Ƴancin muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
26019	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Jaxa	Tina Jaxa	Albertina Jaxa (an haife ta Oktoba 27, 1970) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. Jaxa ta fara aikinta da rawar a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na talabijin Generations (1993) da Isidingo (1998 2000). A lokacin aikinta, Jaxa ta fito a fina -finai irin su Hall a matsayin Oddball. (1990), The Bird Can't Fly. (2007), I Now Pronounce You Black and White. (2010), Of Good Report. (2013), Beyond Return and Wedding. (2016). Ta ci lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka da matsayin Mafi Kyawun Jarumar Tallafin Fim a cikin Fim ɗin Fim a cikin fim ɗin soyayya mai ban sha'awa na 2013, Of Good Report Jaxa yana da manyan muƙamai a cikin eTV sitcom Madam Eve (2002- 2005). Jaxa ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da aikinta a watan Janairun 2014, a lokacin hutu da ta ke zaune a birnin Cape Town, hutun nata ya dauki watanni tara. Bayan doguwar hutun da ta yi ta sake dawo da sana'arta, tunda dawowar ta ta fito a manyan shirye -shiryen talabijin kamar Shreds da Dreams, Isikizi, 90 Plein Street, Ashes to Ashes, Mzansi Magic drama series Nkululeko da kuma fitowa a Finafinai masu dogon Zango na e.tv soap opera Rhythm City a matsayin Andiswa. Sana'a Jaxa ta fara aikinta da rawar a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soap na talabijin Generations (1993) da Isidingo (1998 2000). A lokacin aikinta, Jaxa ta fito a fina -finai irin su Hall na Oddball. (1990), Tsuntsu Ba Ya Iya Tashi. (2007), Yanzu Ina Bayyana Ka Baƙi da Fari. (2010), Na Kyakkyawan Rahoto. (2013), Bayan Komawa da Ɗaurin Aure. (2016). Ta ci lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Jarumar Tallafin Fim a cikin Fim ɗin Fim a cikin fim ɗin soyayya mai ban sha'awa na 2013, Of Good Report Jaxa yana da manyan mukamai a cikin eTV sitcom Madam Eve (2002- 2005). Jaxa ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da aikinta a watan Janairun 2014, a lokacin hutu da ta ke zaune a birnin Cape Town, hutun nata ya dauki watanni tara. Bayan doguwar hutun da ta yi ta sake dawo da aikinta, tunda dawowar ta ta fito a manyan shirye -shiryen talabijin kamar Shreds and Dreams, Isikizi, 90 Plein Street, Ashes to Ashes, Mzansi Magic drama series Nkululeko as well as having a starring role n the e.tv soap opera Rhythm City a matsayin Andiswa. 1993-2004 Jaxa ta koma Gauteng, don zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Jaxa ta fara wasan kwaikwayo a 1993, lokacin da ta fito a farkon wasan kwaikwayon SABC 1 wanda aka buga a cikin Generations, ta nuna Priscilla Mthembu. Bayan yanayi da yawa akan Tsararraki ta bar jerin kuma ta shiga SABC 3 soapie Isidingo, A cikin 1996, Jaxa ta yi fitowar musamman a Jaxa ta fito a cikin ayyukan tallafawa a cikin fina -finai da yawa, ciki har da Hall na Oddball (1990), Tsuntsu ba zai iya tashi ba (2007), Yanzu na Bayyana Ku Baƙi da Fari (2010), Na Kyakkyawan Rahoton (2013), Bayan Komawa da Aure (2016). Ta kuma fito a cikin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo uku, ciki har da Skewe Sirkel, (Marthinus Basson ya jagoranta); Rygrond, (wanda Charles Fourie ya jagoranta); da Soweto, (wanda Phyllis Klotz ya jagoranta). 2014 yanzu Daga 2015 zuwa 2016, Jaxa ta fito a cikin fitattun e.tv jerin telenovela na asali Gold Diggers kamar May Gumede gaban Mxolisi Majozi, Clementine Mosimane, Menzi Ngubane, Keneilwe Matidze, Mpho Sibeko, ta karɓi Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAFTA) don Mafi kyawun Actress don rawar. A cikin 2016, Jaxa kuma tana taka rawa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo biyu. Jerin farko shine Isikizi, wasan kwaikwayo na Mzansi Magic xhosa, Jaxa ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu (Safta) don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na TV don aikinta akan Isikizi, Kuma ta taka rawar gani a cikin eTV 'Telenovela toka zuwa toka A watan Yunin 2017, ta fito a e.tv soapie Rhythm City a cikin rawar Andiswa, ƙaramin ɗan laifi da ke da hannu tare da David Genaro. A cikin 2019, Jaxa ya bayyana a matsayin Noma a cikin shahararren wasan kwaikwayo na SABC 1 Makoti. Rayuwar mutum A shekara ta 2000 Jaxa ta auri injiniya Prosper Mkwaiwa a wani gagarumin biki da aka gudanar a ƙauyen Bikin aure na Usambara, kusa da Krugersdorp, wanda rahotanni suka ce an kashe R300,000. Ma'auratan sun sake aure bayan shekaru 15 na aure. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu tare: babban ɗa Leeroy Mkwaiwa, da ɗa Farai. Rigima A cikin 2015, makwanni kadan bayan rasuwar tsohon mijinta Prosper Mkwaiwa, Jaxa ta shiga cikin taƙaddama tare da Tina Dlangwana (Mkwaiwa matar ta biyu) kan wanene matar da ta halatta. A cewar Sunday Sun an bayyana cewa mahaifiyar Makwaiwa ita da iyalinta sun amince da Tina Mkwaiwa (matar gargajiya ta Prosper), a matsayin surukar gaskiya. A watan Fabrairun 2015, an ba da rahoto a Daily Sun cewa ana zargin Jaxa da cin zarafin ɗanta dan shekaru 19 a lokacin, A cewar littafin, jarumar ta buɗe kararraki guda biyu akan ɗanta wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin yi mata rauni, bayan ta ki bashi kudi. Fina-finai Talabijin Manazarta Mata Mutanen Afrika ta Kudu Mutanen Afirka Haifaffun
18226	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire%20Mbakop	Hilaire Mbakop	Hilaire Mbakop 28 ga Fabrairun shekarar 1973 a Bangangté Kamaru masanin adabi ne kuma marubuci. Yana wallafa ayyukansa cikin harshen Jamusanci da Faransanci. Aikin adabin nasa ya dogara ne da irin abubuwan da ya samu a al'adunsu (misali Gida na Mambé (Jamusanci: Mambés Heimat) da Baƙin Afirka na Baƙi (Faransanci: Les étrangers noirs africains), a gefe guda kuma yana aiwatar da sukar zamantakewar jama'a da kuma kai hare-hare ga ɓacin ran siyasa Roauyen da aka Halaka (Jamusanci: Das zerstörte Dorf) da Hexagon da masu hannu da shuni (Jamusanci: Das Hexagon und seine Mittäter)). Rayuwa Bayan kammala karatunsa a makarantar sakandare a Bangangté, ya fara karatun harshen Jamusanci da adabi da tarihin Jamhuriyar Yaoundé I a 1992 kuma a lokaci guda ya kammala karatun malanta a Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Manyan da ke da alaƙa da Yaoundé I. Tafiyar farko ta Mbakop zuwa ƙasashen waje ta faru ne a shekarar 1996: Yana dan shekara 23 ya sami tallafin karatu daga DAAD (Bajakolin Ilimin Kwalejin Ilimin Jamusanci) don shirya karatun maigidan nasa a Jami'ar Johann Wolfgang Goethe da ke Frankfurt Main. A shekarar 1999 an buga shi a karkashin taken kan Matsalolin yanci da daidaiku: Nazarin Goethe na "Götz von Berlichingen" da "Egmont". Bayan shekara huɗu Mbakop ya sami digirin digirgir daga wannan jami'ar tare da takaddar takaddun Heinrich Mann da André Gide. Wanda ya sami tasirin wadannan marubutan da kuma dabi'un Kiristanci halartar makarantar firamare ta Katolika, karatun PhD daga Katolika na Kasuwancin Ilimin Kasuwanci (KAAD) ya rubuta wasu rubuce-rubucen adabi da ke yin tir da rashin adalci: Gida na Mambé (labari, 2007) yana lalata gibi tsakanin talakawa da matalauta Masu wadata a Kamaru, Mutuwar nakasassu (labari, 2010) rashin fahimtar al'umar da ba a sansu ba don bukatun nakasassu, Les étrangers noirs africains (Roman, 2011) nuna wariyar launin fata ga Blackan Afirka Baƙi a Jamus. Wasan kwaikwayo na Zamani Theauyen da aka Rushe (2010) ƙararraki ne akan mutanen Bali-Nyonga waɗanda suka cire ƙauyen Bawock da ke kusa da su daga taswira a 2007. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi Hexagon da abubuwanda ke ciki I (2011), Faransa da Cameroonan uwanta na Kamaru suna zaune a tashar jirgin saboda kisan gillar da aka yi wa Bassas a rabi na biyu na 50s, kuma a cikin Hexagon da Abubuwan da ke Cikinta II (Satumba 2014) ana tuhumarsu da kisan kare dangi akan Bamilékés tsakanin 1959 da 1971. A cikin 2010 Mbakop ya buga Labarin Faren Wuta wanda ya tara shekaru uku da suka gabata. A farkon maganar, ya ce ya "rubuta waɗannan labaran na baka waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin ɓacewa, don kowa ya iya zuwa gare shi," sannan ya ƙara da cewa, "A lokaci guda, rubutacciyar hanyar ta tabbatar da cewa an adana wannan al'adun gargajiyar na nan gaba. Waɗannan tatsuniyoyi tatsuniyoyi ne na al'adun Medúmbà, wadatar da yake nunawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Childhooduruciya da Matasa, wanda aka buga daidai a 2010. Aikinsa na kwanan nan shine tarin wakoki Fuskokin rayuwa (Oktoba 2014). Mbakop na sadaukar da kai da zamantakewar siyasa ya bayyana kansa ba kawai a cikin littattafansa ba, har ma da rubuce-rubucensa na aikin jarida da kuma hirarraki da yawa da kafofin watsa labarai. Ayyuka Mambé's Homeland (novel, 2007) Wood Fire Fairy Tales (2010) The Destroyed Village (social drama, 2010) My Childhood and Youth (autobiography, 2010 Death of a Disabled (novel, 2010) Baƙon Baƙin Afirka (labari, 2011) The Hexagon and its Accomplices I (historical drama, 2011) The Hexagon and its Accomplices II (2014) Fuskokin rayuwa (shayari, 2014). Manazarta Waɗanda Suka Samu Kyautar Nobel
21433	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamdeo	Wamdeo	Wamdeo birni ne, da ke a wani yanki, a cikin karamar hukumar Askira Uba dake Jihar Borno, a Nijeriya Tana da iyaka da Uba zuwa Gabas, Uvu zuwa Kudu, Mussa zuwa Arewa, Mishara zuwa Arewa maso Gabas da Rumirgo zuwa Yamma. A garin sunan da aka asali da sunan "Wandi" amma daga baya metamorphosed zuwa "Wamdeo" saboda hanyar da nomadic Fulani furta shi. An haɗu da shi gaba ɗaya ta dangi biyu: Muva (ƙarin raba zuwa Njila-Njila, Bilata, Dagufla da Patha) da Zugubi (ƙarin raba zuwa Kidimbla, Mbla Kauchacha, Gutha da Fidigutum) Tarihi Wamdeo ya samo asali ne daga kalmar “Wandi” kuma ya wanzu fiye da shekaru 500. Ra'ayoyi da yawa suna nan game da da'awa game da mazaunan farko na yankin amma Dagu-Flas da Zugubis suna da'awar su ne farkon mazauna yankin. Sauran manyan dangin sun hada da Midala wanda aka fi sani da mai wa kra tha (wanda aka samo shi daga kan saniyar da aka ba su a tsohon tarihi), Lere sun yi imanin cewa sun yi kaura daga Arewacin Kamaru da Gabashin Chadi, Holma wanda aka fi sani da Bla-ta ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Marghi 'mai ma ki bla ta nga' ma'ana a nemi mafaka a karkashin waccan ganji) an yi imanin cewa 'yan gudun hijira ne don neman mafaka daga yankin Kilba, Fidigutum ana ganin sun yi ƙaura daga ƙasar Fali Vimtim) kuma a ƙarshe Pazza ta samo asali ne daga yankin Biu zuwa dutsen Pazza yanzu Bazza. Sakamakon aikin mishan a yankin karkashin jagorancin Stover Kulp, an gabatar da addinin kirista zuwa Wamdeo a cikin shekarar 1937 a lokacin mulkin Shal-Tagu daga dangin Dag-Fla. A cikin shekarar 1938, mishan ne suka gina gidan magani na farko a Wamdeo kuma a cikin shekarar 1945, an kafa CRI ta farko a Wamdeo a lokacin mulkin Lawan Mumini daga dangin Zugubi. Shugabanci Kafin rabewar Gongola zuwa jihar Adamawa da Taraba, gwamnati da daular Wamdeo sun kasance suna da lada ga Lamido a Yola, amma bayan kirkirar jihar Adamawa, Wamdeo ya zama gunduma a cikin Askira Uba Local Government of Borno State Wamdeo al'ada ce ta Hakkimi a cikin mulkin Alh. Saidu Mohammed tare da Lauyoyi hudu: Lawan Buba Glaji, Lawan Zubairu, da wasu biyu 2 daga Kwa-bula da Wallafa. Labarin kasa Wamdeo ya kasance tsakanin 10 o 31 '33''N, 13 o 07'30''E. Wamdeo yana kwance a tsawan kimanin mita 555 sama da matakin teku, a ƙasan wani babban Inselberg da aka sani da tsaunin Wamdeo wanda ya tashi zuwa mita 758 sama da matakin ruwan teku. Wamdeo yana da mafi girman filin a duk cikin karamar hukumar Askira Uba wanda ya kunshi kauyuka da dama da suka hada da Kwa-bula, Mungum, Wallafa, Gajelli, da kuma Miya. Lambatu Garin Wamdeo yana kan ruwa tsakanin kogin Yedzaram zuwa Arewa da Gabas (Basin Chadi) da na Hawul zuwa Kudu maso Gabas, Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yamma (Gongola Basin) Kayan lambu Ciyawar a Wamdeo ta ƙunshi manyan bishiyun Acacia da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire wanda ke daɗa kauri tare da hanyar magudanan ruwa da ƙasan tsaunuka. Layin magudanan ruwa na Mbulashibu da Kofiwa na da ciyayi masu kauri, haka kuma ƙasan Fum Hill. Amdeasar Wamdeo tana da wadataccen yanki a cikin garin, inda ayyukan ɗan adam ya canza alamun ciyayi da ƙasa. Ilimin kasa da kasa Wamdeo kamar yawancin yankuna a Kudancin Barno yana kan ementasa ne kuma an bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙananan kwandunan da ke ɗauke da kuloli waɗanda suka bambanta da shekaru daga yanayin aiki zuwa na quaternary. Kogin Chadi ya ta'allaka ne da Arewa da kuma yankin Benuwai a kudu. Daga yamma akwai wani kwari mara zurfin ruwa da aka sani da dutsen Zambuk wanda ya hada manyan Basins biyu. Wamdeo yana cikin Yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya na Yankin Basement na Borno. Kimanin Kilomita arba'in da biyar 45 zuwa Arewa, ginshikin ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin abubuwan da ke cikin tafkin Chadi. Babban ginshiki ya fadi game da yanayin Wamdeo na arewa da arewa maso gabas Tsarin aiki Ginin garin Wamdeo an kafa shi ta hanyar dutse mai ƙwaraƙƙwara. Stungiyar Stratigraphy ta cika ta hanyar adana ɗakunan sama da ƙananan ajiya na alluvium. Ginshiƙin Ginshiƙin Mafi yawan ginshiƙan ginshiƙan yankin sun mamaye grantitic granite wanda ke da launin toka mai haske, maraƙƙarfan hatsi kuma lokaci-lokaci pegmatitic da aplitic. Porphoric feldspar yana lokaci-lokaci kuma wani lokacin yana nuna daidaito gaba ɗaya. Babban waje a yankin shine tsaunin Wamdeo. Sauran sun hada da Yawa, Mizra, Para, Auta, Fum, da sauransu. Yawancin ɓangaren gabashin garin ba su da ginshiƙan dutsen ƙasa.
17348	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa	Khalifa	Khalifa ko Khalifah (Larabci: ),Ya kasan ce suna ne ko kuma lakabi wanda ke nufin "magaji", "mai mulki" ko kuma "shugaba". Yana fi nufin shugaban na wani Khalifanci, amma kuma an yi amfani da matsayin da take tsakanin daban-daban Musulunci addini kungiyoyin da umarni. Wani lokaci ana kiran Khalifa da "kalifa". Akwai khalifofi guda hudu bayan Annabi Muhammed ya mutu, farawa da Abubakar. Wannan yanke shawara ce mai wahala mutane su yanke, domin babu wanda ya taba tunani tare da hangen nesa game da wanda zai yi mulki bayan ya mutu. Daga nan ne aka fafata da Khilaafat (ko Kalifa kuma hakan ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna ta kungiyar Musulunci ta Musulunci zuwa kungiyoyi biyu, Sunni da Shi'a wadanda ke fassara kalmar, Khalifa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Amfani da farko na Musulunci sun hada da Khaleefa (ḥ) a cikin Kur'ani, 2:30, inda Allah ya umarci mala'iku suyi ruku'u ga Adam wanda ya fi bayyana jagora ga asalin ma'anar Larabci na gargajiya a matsayin kalmar "Mataimakin", ko yiwo alaka wakilin Allah a cikin surar mutum wata rahama ga mutãne. Dubi kuma yadda wannan ma'ana interacts da kalma, Shirk (shirkin da wani abokin tarayya ko abokan zuwa Allah da (misali) yi musu sujada (a wannan yanayin, Adam tare da girmamawa. Don haka, "Mataimakinsa" ya fi "mai magana da yawun Allah" fiye da "mataimakin" a cikin wannan mahallin kuma ya kai ga gano matsayin Imam a cikin Musulunci, ta mahangar Shi'i ko Shi'a inda, ana da'awar, Khilaafat ta ruhaniya ko sanya sunan Khaleefa a cikin wannan ma'anar ta jagora ta ruhaniya da ta ɗan lokaci ta sauka kan imami na farko, 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, "wanda aka fi so" (wanda ya karɓi aikinsa daga ɗan uwansa Muhammed da kansa amma shi ma yarda da Khilaafat zuwa ga zaben da kuma da'awar shugaban da ya fi karfi da siyasa kuma shugaban da ya fi shahara da babban sa, Abu Bakr A cikin dan Shi'a al'ada, duk da haka, da narkar da da'awar da Khilaafat da 'Ali sa'an nan daskarar cikin Imamat wanda ya ci gaba da zuriyarsa bayan shi ta hanyar saduwa da nass, ko nadi). Ra'ayi Halifa Halifanci Khalifatul Masih A Sufanci tasawwuf Khalifa halifa ne mai maye gurbin waliyi, a cikin tsarin Sufanci Ra’ayin yan Shi’a ga Ali Mutane masu rai Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan (An haife shi a 1948), Sarkin Abu Dhabi kuma shugaban UAE Khalifa Haftar (An haife shi a 1943), kwamandan sojojin Libya Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (an haife shi a shekara ta 1952), tsohon Sarkin Qatar r 1995–2013 Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa (An haife shi a shekara ta 1952), Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya karo na 61 Marcel Khalife (An haife shi a shekara ta 1950), mawaƙin Labanon Peter Khalife (An haife shi a shekara ta 1990), wakilin wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Lebanon Omer Khalifa (An haife shi a shekara ta 1956), ɗan wasan Sudan Rafik Khalifa (An haife shi a shekara ta 1966), attajirin ɗan Algeria Osama Khalifa (An haife shi a 1995), ɗan wasan ƙwallon squash na Masar Sam Khalifa (An haife shi a 1963), ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball na Amurka Mutane masu tarihi Adam, Halitta ta farko da aka faɗi a cikin Nassosi Masu Tsarki cewa za a halicce ta da siffar mutum kuma shi ne farkon halifan Musulunci wanda Allah ya naɗa Khalifa ibn Khayyat (c. 777 c. 854), masanin tarihin larabawa Khalifa Keita r 1274–1275 mansa na huɗu na Daular Mali Katip Çelebi, ko Hajji Khalifa, (1599-1658), marubucin Ottoman-Baturke Abdallahi ibn Muhammad (1846-1899), wanda aka sani da "The Khalifa", shugaban Mahdist na Sudan Khalifa bin Harub na Zanzibar (1879-1960), sarkin Zanzibar Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa (1919–2006), ɗan siyasan Sudan Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani (1932–2016), Sarkin Qatar r 1972–1995 Rashad Khalifa (1935–1990), masanin kimiyyar nazarin halittu a Masar Mohammed Jamal Khalifa (1957–2007), ɗan kasuwar Saudi Arabiya Daular Khalifa Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Sarkin Bahrain Meriam Al Khalifa Duba kuma Amir ko sarki Bey Baig ko Begh Imam Kalifa (disambiguation) Malik Mir (take), kanta anyi amfani dashi a cikin mahadi daban-daban Mirza, a zahiri "ɗan sarki ne" Murabitun Duniya motsi Yarima Rana (take) Sheikh Sayyid Shah Sultan Vizier Manazarta Musulunci
29901	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargadin%20girgizar%20%C6%99asa	Gargadin girgizar ƙasa	Tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa ko tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa shi ne tsarin na'urorin gaggawa, seismometers, sadarwa, kwamfutoci, da ƙararrawa waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don sanar da yankunan da ke kusa da wani gagarumin girgizar ƙasa yayin da ake ci gaba. Wannan ba daidai yake da hasashen girgizar ƙasa ba, wanda a halin yanzu ba shi da ikon samar da takamaiman gargaɗin aukuwa. Lalacewar lokaci da tsinkayar igiyar ruwa Ana haifar da girgizar ƙasa ta hanyar sakin makamashin da aka adana a lokacin da ake zamewa cikin sauri tare da kuskure Zamewar tana farawa ne a wani wuri kuma tana ci gaba da nisa daga ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a kowace hanya tare da saman kuskure. Gudun ci gaban wannan hawayen kuskure yana da hankali fiye da, kuma ya bambanta da gudun sakamakon matsa lamba da igiyoyin shear, tare da matsa lamba yana tafiya da sauri fiye da igiyoyin shear. Raƙuman ruwa suna haifar da girgiza ba zato ba tsammani. Sannan Kuma Ragewar igiyoyin ruwa suna haifar da motsi lokaci-lokaci (kimanin 1 Hz) wanda shine mafi ɓarna ga gine-gine, musamman gine-ginen da ke da irin wannan lokacin resonant. Yawanci waɗannan gine-ginen suna da tsayin benaye takwas. Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa za su yi ƙarfi a ƙarshen zamewar, kuma suna iya aiwatar da raƙuman ruwa masu lalata da kyau fiye da gazawar kuskure. Ƙarfin irin waɗannan tasirin nesa ya dogara sosai kan yanayin ƙasa na cikin yankin kuma ana la'akari da waɗannan tasirin wajen gina ƙirar yankin wanda ke ƙayyade martanin da suka dace ga takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Tsaron wucewa Ana aiwatar da irin waɗannan tsarin a halin yanzu don tantance dai-dai lokacin da ya dace ga wani taron da ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ya yi a cikin tsarin dogo na birane kamar BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit). Amsar da ta dace ta dogara da lokacin faɗakarwa, yanayin dama na gida da kuma saurin jirgin na yanzu. turawa Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, Japan da Taiwan suna da nagartattun tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa a duk fadin kasar. Sauran ƙasashe da yankuna suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa, gami da Mexico Tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa ta Mexiko ya ƙunshi yankuna na tsakiya da kudancin Mexico ciki har da Mexico City da Oaxaca iyakokin yankuna na Romania gadar Basarab a Bucharest), da wasu sassan Amurka. An shigar da tsarin gano girgizar ƙasa na farko a cikin 1990s; alal misali, a California, tsarin tashar kashe gobara ta Calistoga wanda ke haifar da sirin kai tsaye a duk faɗin birni don faɗakar da mazauna yankin gaba ɗaya game da girgizar ƙasa. Wasu sassan kashe gobara na California suna amfani da na'urorin gargaɗinsu don buɗe kofofin da ke kan tashoshin kashe gobara kai tsaye kafin girgizar ƙasa ta kashe su. Yayin da yawancin waɗannan yunƙurin na gwamnati ne, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa kuma suna kera na'urorin gargaɗin girgizar ƙasa don kare ababen more rayuwa kamar lif, layukan iskar gas da tashoshin da ake kashe gobara. Kanada A cikin shekarata 2009, an shigar da tsarin faɗakarwa da wuri mai suna ShakeAlarm kuma an ba da izini a Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada An sanya shi don kare wani muhimmin kayan aikin sufuri mai suna George Massey Tunnel, wanda ya haɗu da arewa da kudancin kogin Fraser. A cikin wannan aikace-aikacen tsarin ta atomatik yana rufe ƙofofin a mashigin ramin idan akwai haɗarin girgizar ƙasa mai haɗari. Nasarar da amincin tsarin ya kasance kamar na shekarata 2015 an sami ƙarin kayan aiki da yawa a gabar tekun yamma na Kanada da Amurka, kuma akwai ƙarin shirye-shiryen. Japan An yi amfani da tsarin gargaɗin farko na girgizar ƙasa a Japan a cikin shekarata 2006. An shigar da tsarin da ke gargadin jama'a a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2007. An ƙirƙira shi wani ɓangare akan Tsarin Gaggawar Girgizar Kasa da Tsarin Ƙararrawa (UrEDAS) na Layukan dogo na Japan, wanda aka ƙera don ba da damar birki ta atomatik na jiragen ƙasa harsashi An yi amfani da bayanan gravimetric daga girgizar ƙasa na shekarar 2011 Tōhoku don ƙirƙirar samfuri don ƙarin lokacin faɗakarwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar girgizar ƙasa, yayin da filayen nauyi ke tafiya cikin saurin haske, da sauri fiye da raƙuman ruwa. Mexico The Mexican Seismic Alert System, in ba haka ba da aka sani da SASMEX, ya fara aiki a cikin shekarata 1991 kuma ya fara ba da sanarwar jama'a a shekarata 1993. Gwamnatin Mexico City ce ke ba da kuɗin, tare da gudummawar kuɗi daga jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka karɓi faɗakarwa. Da farko yana hidimar birnin Mexico tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin guda goma sha biyu, tsarin yanzu yana da na'urori masu auna firikwensin 97 kuma an tsara shi don kare rayuka da dukiyoyi a yawancin jihohin tsakiya da kudancin Mexico. Amurka Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) ta fara bincike da haɓaka tsarin faɗakarwa na farko ga Tekun Yamma na Amurka a cikin Agusta shekarata 2006, kuma tsarin ya zama abin nunawa a cikin Agusta shekarar 2009. Bayan matakai daban-daban na haɓakawa, sigar 2.0 ta ci gaba da rayuwa yayin faɗuwar a shekarata 2018, yana ba da damar tsarin "isasshen aiki da gwadawa" don fara Mataki na 1 na faɗakar da California, Oregon da Washington Ko da yake ShakeAlert zai iya faɗakar da jama'a tun daga Satumba 28, shekarata 2018, saƙonnin da kansu ba za a iya rarrabawa ba har sai daban-daban masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na rarrabawa sun kammala aikace-aikacen wayar hannu kuma sun yi canje-canje ga tsarin faɗakarwar gaggawa daban-daban. Tsarin faɗakarwa na farko a bainar jama'a shine ShakeAlertLA app, wanda aka saki a Sabuwar Shekara ta Hauwa'u a shekarata 2018 (ko da yake an faɗakar da shi kawai don girgiza a yankin Los Angeles A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, Na shekarar 2019, Cal OES ta ba da sanarwar fitar da tsarin rarraba faɗakarwa a duk faɗin jihar a California, ta amfani da aikace-aikacen hannu da tsarin Faɗakarwar Gaggawa (WEA). California tana nufin tsarin su azaman Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar Ƙasar California. An kaddamar da tsarin rarraba faɗakarwa a duk faɗin jihar a Oregon a ranar 11 ga Maris, a shekarata 2021 da kuma a cikin Washington a ranar 4 ga Mayu, shekarata 2021, yana kammala tsarin faɗakarwa na Tekun Yamma. Tsarin duniya Cibiyar Sadarwar Girgizar Kasa A cikin Janairu shekarar 2013, Francesco Finazzi na Jami'ar Bergamo ya fara aikin bincike na Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa wanda ke da nufin haɓakawa da kiyaye tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa mai cike da jama'a dangane da cibiyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu. Ana amfani da wayoyi masu wayo don gano girgizar kasa da girgizar kasa ta janyo kuma ana yin gargadi da zarar an gano girgizar kasa. Ana iya faɗakar da mutanen da ke zaune a wani wuri mai nisa daga girgizar ƙasa da kuma wurin ganowa kafin a kai su ga mummunar girgizar ƙasar. Mutane za su iya shiga cikin wannan aiki ta hanyar shigar da aikace-aikacen Android "Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa" a kan wayoyinsu na zamani. Ka'idar tana buƙatar wayar don karɓar faɗakarwa. MyShake A cikin Fabrairu shekarata 2016, da Berkeley Seismological Laboratory a Jami'ar California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) ya saki MyShake mobile app. Ka'idar tana amfani da ma'aunin accelerometer a cikin wayoyi don yin rikodin girgiza da mayar da wannan bayanin zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. An shirya cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan don ba da gargaɗin farko a nan gaba. UC Berkeley ta fitar da sigar ka'idar ta harshen Jafananci a cikin Mayu shekarata 2016. Ya zuwa Disamba shekarata 2016, app ɗin ya kama kusan girgizar ƙasa 400 a duk duniya. Tsarin Faɗakarwar Girgizar Ƙasar Android A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, kamfanij Google ya ba da sanarwar cewa tsarin aikin sa na Android zai fara amfani da na'urori masu sauri a cikin na'urori don gano girgizar kasa (da aika bayanan zuwa uwar garken gano girgizar kasa na kamfanin). Kamar yadda miliyoyin wayoyi ke aiki akan Android, wannan na iya haifar da babbar hanyar gano girgizar ƙasa a duniya. Da farko dai tsarin ya tattara bayanan girgizar kasa ne kawai kuma bai bayar da sanarwa ba (sai dai a gabar tekun Yamma na Amurka, inda ya ba da sanarwar da tsarin ShakeAlert na USGS ya bayar ba daga na'urar ganowa ta Google ba). Bayanan da na'urorin Android suka tattara an yi amfani da su ne kawai don samar da bayanai masu sauri game da girgizar kasa ta hanyar Google Search, ko da yake an shirya shi don ba da faɗakarwa ga sauran wurare da yawa bisa iyawar Google na ganowa a nan gaba. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2021, Google ya sanar da fitar da tsarin faɗakarwa zuwa Girka da New Zealand, ƙasashe na farko da suka karɓi faɗakarwa dangane da iyawar Google na gano kansa. An ƙara faɗakarwar Google zuwa Turkiyya, Philippines, Kazakhstan, Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan da Uzbekistan a watan Yuni 2021. BudeEEW A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, Linux Foundation, IBM da Grillo sun ba da sanarwar tsarin farko na buɗe tushen girgizar ƙasa da wuri, tare da nuna umarnin don seismometer mai rahusa, tsarin gano gajimare, dashboard da aikace-aikacen hannu. Wannan aikin yana samun goyon bayan USAID, Clinton Foundation da Arrow Electronics Tsarin gargaɗin farko na girgizar ƙasa na wayowin komai da ruwan ya dogara ne da ɗimbin hanyar sadarwa na masu amfani da ke kusa da yankin girgizar ƙasa, yayin da OpenEEW ta mai da hankali maimakon samar da na'urori masu araha waɗanda za a iya tura su a yankuna masu nisa kusa da inda girgizar ƙasa za ta iya farawa. Duk abubuwan da ke cikin wannan tsarin buɗaɗɗe ne kuma ana samun su akan ma'ajin GitHub na aikin. Kafofin watsa labarun Shafukan sada zumunta irin su Twitter da Facebook na taka rawar gani a lokacin bala'o'i. Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka USGS ta binciki haɗin gwiwa tare da shafin yanar gizon Twitter don ba da damar yin saurin gina ShakeMaps. Duba wasu abubuwan Injiniyan girgizar kasa Shirye-shiryen girgizar ƙasa P-launi Seismic sake fasalin Gargadin Farkon Girgizar Kasa (Japan) Tsarin Faɗakarwar Seismic na Mexica Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar ƙasa Cibiyar Fasaha ta California Hanyoyin Sadarwar Bayesian don Rarraba Girman Girgizar Kasa a cikin Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa Gidan Yanar Gizon Ayyukan Girgizar Kasa Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar ƙasa don ƙasashe masu tasowa Gidan yanar gizon Grillo Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar Ƙasar Buɗewa Gidan yanar gizon BuɗeEEW Ruwa Ambaliya Gargadi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
20706	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguzanci	Maguzanci	Rawancin Hausawa ko Maguzanci ko Bori addini ne na gargajiya na jahiliyya na Hausawa na Afirka ta Yamma wanda ya ƙunshi sihiri da mallakan iskokai. Kaso fiye da casa'in daga cikin mabiya addinin sun yarda da Musulunci a ƙarni na 10 zuwa karni na 13 lokacin su sarkin Kano Ali Yaji Asalin kalma Bòòríí suna ne na Hausa, ma'ana ƙarfin ruhaniya wanda ke zaune a cikin abubuwa na zahiri, kuma yana da alaƙa da kalmar don maye gurbataccen gida (borassa) da kuma aikin magani boka Addinin Bori duka ƙungiya ce don sarrafa waɗannan ƙarfi, da kuma aiwatar da adorcism sabanin fitina al'ada, rawa da kiɗa wanda ake sarrafa waɗannan iskokai kuma wanda ake warkar da rashin lafiya. Jahiliyya a Kasar Hausa Wani ɓangare na al'adun gargajiya na Maguzawa Hausawa na gargajiya, Bori ya zama addini na gari wanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin mata sarakuna masu faɗa aji a tsakanin wasu ƙasashen da suka gabata kafin mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Hausa Lokacin da Addinin Musulunci ya fara kutsawa cikin ƙasar Hausa a cikin karni na 14, sannan wasu fannoni na addinin kamar bautar gumaka an tura su karkashin ƙasa. Bautar tsafin Tsumburbura a cikin Masarautar Kano ta wancan lokacin da sauran ire-iren ƙungiyoyin tsafin bori da yawa, to amma bori ya tsira a cikin rukunin "mallakar ruhu" ta hanyar haɗa wasu ɓangarorin addinin Islama. Kiristocin mallakin Bori sun kasance suna da rinjaye na ɗan lokaci akan Sarakunan da suka maye gurbin masarautun Animist da suka gabata. Firistoci suna tattaunawa da ruhohi ta hanyar rawar rawa, suna fatan shiriya da kula da gidajen mulkin jihar. Wata kungiyar matan firistocin Bori da mataimakansu sun sami jagorancin shugabar mata ta sarauta, mai taken Inna ko "Uwar mu duka". Inna ta kula da wannan rukunin yanar gizon, wanda ba kawai yake da alhakin kare al'umma daga muggan makamai ta hanyar rawan mallaka ba, amma wanda ke ba da warkarwa da duba a cikin masarautar. Bayan Musulunci da Kuma Zamani Malaman Musulunci na farkon karni na 19 ba su yarda da addinin da aka yi amfani da shi a kotunan masarauta ba, Musulmai masu tsananin kishi za su yi amfani da wannan haɗewar a matsayin hujja don kifar da Sarakunan da kuma kafa Kalifancin Sakkwato Tare da haihuwar Khalifanci, an danne ayyukan bori a kotunan Fulani. Tsare-tsaren mallakar bori ya wanzu a jihohin Hausawa gudun hijirar Hausa kamar Konni da Dogondutchi (a cikin yankin da ke a yau a kudancin Nijar) da kuma wasu yankunan karkara na landasar Hausa ta Najeriya. Matsayi mai ba da shawara mai karfi na mata, wanda aka buga misali da shi a cikin matan Bori firist, ko dai ya ɓace ko kuma an sauya shi zuwa ga matan musulmai a cikin matsayin jagoranci, na ilimi, da na al'umma. Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da Faransa, duk da haka, ya ba da ɗan fili ga mata a cikin tsarin mulkin kai tsaye, kuma manyan mukamai, kamar Bori, ga mata cikin shugabanci galibi sun ɓace a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20. A cikin kasar Hausa ta Musulmai ta zamani, al'adar bori ta wanzu a wasu wuraren ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan kama-karya. An kara ruhin Maguzaci na zamanin "babbaku" na Maguzaci tare da ruhohin "Musulmai" farfaru da ruhohin (ko wakiltar) sauran kabilun, har ma da na Turawan mulkin mallaka. Abubuwan warkarwa da sa'a na 'yan wasan Bori, kusan mata gabaɗaya, suna ba da sabon matsayin zamantakewar jama'a don al'adunsu da masu aikatawa. Ƙungiyoyin al'adun bori, waɗanda aka ware daga tsarin mulki, suna ba da cikakkiyar asalin kamfani ga matan da suke nasu ta hanyar aikin warkarwa na gargajiya, haka kuma ta hanyar yin bikin Bori kamar al'adar fara girka. A cikin mallakan ruhu a duk faɗin Afirka jinsi na mallakan ruhu yana fifiko kan jinsi na masu mallaka. Namiji wanda yake da ruhu na mace don dalilai na al'ada yana ɗaukar halayen mace, yayin da mace da ke da ruhun namiji take ɗaukar halayen mutum. Wannan galibi bashi da mahimmanci ga rayuwar yau da kullun. Ultsungiyoyin mallakar mallakar Bori suna wanzu a cikin ƙasashe a duk Afirka da sunaye daban-daban. Koyaya ana samunta ne kawai a cikin wasu ƙabilu kuma kwata-kwata basa cikin mafi yawa. Kara karantawa Adeline Masquelier Addu'a ta Bata Komai: Mallaka, Iko, da kuma Shaida a Garin Musulunci na Nijar Jami'ar Duke ta Press (2001). Adeline Masquelier (bita): Girkaa: Une ceremonie d'initiation au culte de mallakan boorii des Hausa de la region de Maradi na Veit Erlmann, Habou Magagi. Jaridar Addini a Afirka, Vol. 22, Fasc. 3 (Agusta 1992), shafi. 277–279. Adeline Masquelier "Walƙiya, Mutuwa da Ruhohin Fansa:'imar 'Bori' a Duniyar Musulmai". Jaridar Addini a Afirka, Vol. 24, Fasc. 1 (Fabrairu 1994), pp. 2–51. Kari Bergstrom "Haƙiƙan Mulkin Mallaka da Musulunci ga Matan Hausawa: Nazari na Tarihi, 1804-1960" Takardun Dalibi na Makarantar Digiri na Jami'ar Michigan a cikin Mata da Takardar Tattaunawar Internationalasa ta Duniya 276 (2002). Jacqueline Cogdell Djedje. "Nau'in Waƙoƙi da Salon Aiki a Hausance da Wakokin Dagomba (Bori)". Hangen Baƙi a Waƙa, Vol. 12, A'a. 2 (Kaka na 1984), shafi na. 166-182. IM Lewis, S. al-Safi Hurreiz (eds). Magungunan Mata, ultungiyar Zar-Bori a Afirka da yondarshe Edinburgh University Press (1991). ISBN 0-7486-0261-5 Fremont E. Besmer. "Ationaddamarwa cikin Bungiyar 'Bori': Nazarin Bincike a Garin Ningi". Afirka: Jaridar Cibiyar Afirka ta Duniya, Vol. 47, A'a. 1 (1977), shafi na. 1–13. Frank Salamone. "Addini a Matsayin Wasa: Bori, 'Abokin Aboki' Mayya". Jaridar Addini a Afirka, Vol. 7, Fasc. 3 (1975), shafi na. 201-211. Umar Habila Dadem Danfulani. Abubuwan da ke Taimakawa ga Cutar Kungiyoyin Bori a Arewacin Najeriya Numen, Vol. 46, A'a. 4 (1999), shafi na. 412–447. AJN Tremearne. Haramcin Bori: Aljanu da Rawar Aljanu a Yammaci da Arewacin Afirka London: Heath Cranton (1919). AJN Tremearne. "Aqidun Bori da Bukukuwa". Jaridar Royal Institute of Anthropological Institute ta Burtaniya da Ireland, Vol. 45, Janairu Yuni 1915 (Janairu Yuni 1915), pp. 23–68. Ross S. Kraemer. "Canza Mata zuwa Tsarin Kirkirar Kiristanci". Alamomi, Vol. 6, A'a. 2, Nazarin Canji (Huntun 1980), shafi na. 298-307 IM Lewis. "Rukunan Mallaka da Karkatar ultsungiyoyi". Mutum, Sabon Sauti, Vol. 1, A'a. 3 (Satumba 1966), shafi na. 307–329. Manazarta Addini Hausawa Al'adun Najeriya Al'ummomin
37611	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Commons	Wikimedia Commons	Wikimedia Commons (ko kuma kawai Commons shi ne ma'ajin watsa labarai na buɗaɗɗen hotuna, sautuka, bidiyo da sauran kafofin watsa labarai. Ya kuma ƙunshi fayilolin JSON Aiki ne na gudanarwar gidauniyar Wikimedia Ana iya amfani da fayiloli daga Wikimedia Commons a duk faɗin ayyukan Wikimedia a cikin duk yaruka, gami da Wikipedia, Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiquote, Wiktionary, Wikinews, Wikibooks, da Wikispecies, ko zazzagewa don amfani da waje. Tun daga watan Yulin 2022, ma'ajiyar ta ƙunshi sama da miliyan 87 fayilolin mai jarida kyauta don amfani, waɗanda masu sa kai masu rijista ke sarrafawa da daidaita su. Tarihi Tunanin aikin ya fito ne daga Erik Möller a cikin Maris 2004 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2004. A cikin 2012, Hukumar Kula da Rubuce-Rubuce ta Ƙasa ta ɗora hotuna 100,000 da aka ƙididdige su daga tarinsa. A cikin Yuli 2013, adadin gyara akan Commons ya kai 100,000,000. Tun 2018 yana yiwuwa a loda samfuran 3D zuwa rukunin yanar gizon. Ɗayan samfurin farko da aka ɗorawa zuwa Commons shine sake gina mutum-mutumin Asad Al-Lat wanda ISIL ta lalata a Palmyra a 2015. A cikin 2020, Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) ta fara loda tarin ta zuwa Commons. Tun daga 2022, DPLA ta loda fayiloli sama da miliyan 2 Hakazalika Europeana, gidan yanar gizon da ke tattara al'adun Turai, yana raba hotunan sa na dijital ta hanyar Commons. A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa tare da Wikimedia, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ɗora bayananta na Mythbusters zuwa Commons. Dangantaka da ayyukan ƴar'uwa Manufar Wikimedia Commons ita ce samar da ma'ajiyar fayil ɗin kafofin watsa labarai "domin su zama na kyauta kuma masu lasisi kyauta ga kowa, kuma wannan yana aiki azaman ma'ajin gama gari don ayyuka daban-daban na Gidauniyar Wikimedia." Maganar "ilimi" ita ce a fahimce ta bisa ga faffadlɗan ma'anarsa ta "samar da ilimi, koyarwa ko ilimi". Yawancin ayyukan Wikimedia har yanzu suna ba da damar lodawa cikin gida waɗanda ba a iya gani ga wasu ayyuka ko harsuna, amma wannan zaɓin ana nufin amfani da shi ne da farko don kayan (kamar abun ciki na gaskiya waɗanda manufofin ayyukan gida ke ba da izini, amma waɗanda ba za a ba su izini ba bisa ga manufofin haƙƙin mallaka na Commons. Wikimedia Commons ita kanta ba ta ba da damar yin amfani da gaskiya ko lodawa a ƙarƙashin lasisin da ba kyauta ba, gami da lasisi waɗanda ke hana yin amfani da kayan kasuwanci ko hana ayyukan da aka samo asali. Saboda wannan dalili, Wikimedia Commons koyaushe tana karɓar kafofin watsa labarai masu lasisi kyauta kuma tana share take haƙƙin mallaka. Lasisin da aka yarda sun haɗa da Lasisi na Ƙarfafa Commons da Halaye/Shari'a na ShareAlike, sauran abun ciki kyauta da lasisin software kyauta, da yankin jama'a Tsohuwar harshen na Commons Ingilishi ne, amma masu amfani da rajista za su iya keɓance mahallin su don amfani da kowane fassarorin fassarorin mai amfani da ke akwai. Shafukan abun ciki da yawa, musamman shafukan siyasa da hanyoyin sadarwa, an kuma fassara su zuwa harsuna daban-daban. Fayilolin Wikimedia Commons an karkasa su ta amfani da tsarin nau'in MediaWiki. Bugu da kari, ana yawan tattara su a kan shafukan yanar gizo na kan layi. Yayin da aka fara ba da shawarar cewa aikin ya ƙunshi fayilolin rubutu kyauta, ana ci gaba da gudanar da waɗannan a kan aikin 'yar'uwa, Wikisource Abubuwan da ke da rikici An soki rukunin yanar gizon da ɗaukar nauyin batsa masu yawa, waɗanda galibi masu baje kolin ke sanyawa waɗanda ke amfani da shafin don gamsuwa da kansu, kuma waɗanda masu gudanarwa masu tausayawa suka kunna. A cikin 2012, BuzzFeed ya siffanta Wikimedia Commons a matsayin "mai cike da batsa". A cikin 2010, wanda ya kafa Wikipedia Larry Sanger ya ba da rahoton Wikimedia Commons ga FBI don ɗaukar nauyin hotunan yara da aka fi sani da lolicon Bayan da aka ruwaito wannan a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, Jimmy Wales, wanda ya kafa Wikimedia Foundation wanda ke karɓar baƙuncin Commons, ya yi amfani da matsayinsa na gudanarwa don share hotuna da yawa ba tare da tattaunawa daga jama'ar Commons ba. Wales ta mayar da martani ga koma baya daga jama'ar Commons ta hanyar barin wasu gata na rukunin yanar gizon da son rai, gami da ikon share fayiloli. Abubuwan amfani A tsawon lokaci, an haɓaka ƙarin ayyuka don mu'amala da Wikimedia Commons tare da sauran ayyukan Wikimedia. Daniel Kinzler ya rubuta aikace-aikace don nemo nau'ikan da suka dace don fayilolin da aka ɗora ("CommonSense"), ƙayyadaddun amfani da fayiloli a cikin ayyukan Wikimedia ("CheckUsage"), gano hotuna tare da ɓacewar bayanan haƙƙin mallaka ("UntaggedImages"), da kuma isar da bayanai game da ayyukan gudanarwa. kamar gogewa zuwa wiki masu dacewa CommonsTicker An ƙirƙiri kayan aikin loda na musamman da rubutun kamar Commonist don sauƙaƙe aikin loda manyan fayiloli. A lokaci guda, don duba hotunan abun ciki kyauta da aka ɗora zuwa Flickr, masu amfani za su iya shiga cikin tsarin bita na waje na haɗin gwiwa da ba a gama ba FlickrLickr wanda ya haifar da loda sama da 10,000 zuwa Commons. Akwai aikace-aikacen Wayar hannu na gama gari wanda ke ba da damar loda hotuna da ke tattara bayanan duniya, musamman manyan abubuwan da ake iya samu a taswira a cikin Jerin Kusa da ke cikin ƙa'idar (nuna abubuwan Wikidata tare da haɗin kai). An ƙaddamar da ƙa'idar a cikin 2012 a matsayin aikace-aikacen Wikimedia na hukuma kuma tun daga Mayu 2016, tana amfani da suna da tambarin Wikimedia Commons na hukuma. Bayanan Tsare-tsare akan Commons Bayanin Tsare-tsare akan Commons (SDC) shiri ne na haɓaka software na shekaru uku wanda Gidauniyar Sloan ta ba da tallafi don samar da abubuwan more rayuwa ga masu sa kai na Wikimedia Commons don tsara bayanai game da fayilolin mai jarida daidai gwargwado. An tsara wannan bayanan da yawa kuma an sanya shi abin karantawa na inji Maƙasudin ayyukan shine a sauƙaƙe bayar da gudummawa ga Commons ta hanyar samar da sabbin hanyoyin gyara, tsarawa, da rubuta software don Commons, da kuma sauƙaƙe amfani da Commons gabaɗaya ta hanyar faɗaɗa iyawa a cikin bincike da sake amfani da su. inganci Akwai hanyoyi guda uku akan rukunin yanar gizon don gane ayyuka masu inganci. Daya ana kiransa Hotunan da aka nuna", inda ake zaɓar ayyukan da sauran membobin al'umma suka kada ƙuri'ar karɓa ko kin amincewa da nadin. Wannan tsari ya fara a watan Nuwamba 2004. Wani tsari da aka fi sani da Hotuna masu inganci ya fara ne a watan Yuni 2006, kuma yana da tsari mafi sauƙi na zaɓi mai kama da "Hotunan da aka nuna". "Hotuna masu inganci" kawai suna karɓar ayyukan da masu amfani da Wikimedia suka ƙirƙira, yayin da "Hotunan da aka ba da kyauta" kuma suna karɓar nadin ayyuka na ɓangare na uku kamar NASA. Aikin tantance hoto na uku, wanda aka fi sani da Hotuna masu daraja ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2008, tare da manufar gane "mafi kyawun kwatancen nau'insa", sabanin sauran matakai guda biyu waɗanda ke tantance hotuna galibi akan ingancin fasaha. Hanyoyi guda uku da aka ambata suna zaɓar ɗan ƙaramin sashi (kasa da 0.1%) daga jimlar adadin fayiloli. Koyaya, Commons yana tattara fayiloli na duk matakan inganci, daga mafi girman matakin ƙwararru a cikin sauƙaƙen takaddun takardu da fayilolin mai son har zuwa fayiloli marasa inganci sosai. Gabaɗaya, Commons ba gasa ba ce amma tarin; ingancin bayanin da tsarin fayiloli da fa'idodin bayanin su da fa'idodin bayanai galibi sun fi dacewa fiye da cikar fasaha ko fasaha na fayilolin. Fayilolin da ke da takamaiman lahani za a iya yiwa alama don ingantawa da faɗakarwa ko ma an ba da shawarar sharewa amma babu wani tsari na ƙima na tsari na duk fayiloli. Shafin ya gudanar da gasar "Hoton Shekarar" na farko, na 2006. Duk hotunan da aka yi Fitattun Hoto a shekarar 2006 sun cancanci, kuma mambobin ƙungiyar Wikimedia da suka cancanta suka zabe su yayin zagaye biyu na zaɓe. Hoton da ya ci nasara shine hoton Aurora Borealis a kan filayen dusar ƙanƙara, wanda wani jirgin sama daga Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ya ɗauka. Tun daga lokacin gasar ta zama taron shekara-shekara. Hotunan Gasar Wikimedia Commons Hoton Commons na Shekara (POTY) gasa ce da aka fara gudanarwa a cikin 2006. Yana nufin gano mafi kyawun hotuna masu lasisi kyauta daga waɗanda a cikin shekarar aka ba da Matsayin Hoto da aka ba da kyauta. Adadin abun ciki Source: Commons:Commons:Milestones Nuwamba 30, 2006: 1 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Satumba 2, 2009: 5 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Afrilu 15, 2011: 10 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 4 ga Disamba, 2012: 15 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Yuli 14, 2013: 100,000,000 gyara 25 ga Janairu, 2014: 20 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 13 ga Janairu, 2016: 30 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 21 ga Yuni, 2017: 40 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Oktoba 7, 2018: 50 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 18 ga Maris, 2020: 60 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Fabrairu 15, 2021: 70 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan 11 ga Janairu, 2022: 80 fayilolin mai jarida miliyan Lissafi na yanzu: gama gari:Special:Kididdiga Aikace-aikace EuroOffice Online Clipart tsawo don amfani da hotuna daga Wikimedia Commons Duba kuma Creative Commons aikin samar da saitin lasisin abun ciki da kundin adireshi na ayyuka ta amfani da su Taskar Yanar gizo tarin bidiyo, takardu da shafukan yanar gizo kan layi Project Gutenberg mafi girman tarin takardu (ciki har da littattafai da kiɗan takarda) Rahoto na hotunan batsa na yara akan Wikimedia Commons Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mirror of Wikimedia Commons by WikiTeam Ƴan Uwan Wikipedia Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
39924	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamoud%20Ali%20Shire	Mohamoud Ali Shire	Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire, MBE Somali dattijon Somaliya ne na ƙabilar Warsangali. Ya sami laƙabin Sultan (wanda kuma ake kira Senior Akil) na Warsangali. Ya kasance a tsakkiyar Las Khorey. Mulki Mohamoud Ali Shire yayi aiki a matsayin Sultan na dangin Warsangali a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Dervish movement Shire shi ne surukin Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, wanda ƙungiyarsa ta Derwish ta yi yaki na tsawon shekaru biyu da sojojin Birtaniya, Italiya da Habasha. 'Shire ya naɗa mata huɗu. Sai ya nemi ya auri ‘yar Hassan Faṭmah, inda ya bayar da farashin amarya yarad na rakuma goma makil da labule da siliki, amma Hassan yaƙi aurar da ita ga shire. A kai a kai shugabannin biyu sun tsunduma cikin harkokin kasuwanci da siyasa. A shekara ta 1886, Shire da wasu dattawan ƙabilar Warsangali sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da daular Biritaniya ta kafa wata hukuma a yankinsa. Wannan ya biyo bayan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kariya da Daular Burtaniya da sauran dangin Somaliya suka sanya hannu Habar Awal, Gadabuursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Gerhajis da Easa A lokacin fafatawar mulki da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Derwish na Hassan da sojojin Burtaniya, Shire ya yanke shawarar jefa kuri'ar Warsangali ga tsohuwar jam'iyyar shi. A cikin Janairu 1908, mutanensa sun buɗe wuta a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya da ke shirin sauka a kan jirginsu. Bayan riƙe sojojin Birtaniya na tsawon kashi 1 bisa huɗu na ƙarni, a bakin teku, a karshe dai dakarun Dervishes sun sha kaye a shekarar 1920 sakamakon tsarin sabuwar manufar Biritaniya ta kai hare-hare ta sama. Hijira zuwa Seychelles Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Dervishes suka sha kashi, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya ya yanke wa Shire hukuncin gudun hijira a Seychelles na tsawon shekaru bakwai. Dalilin korar shi shi ne, shire ya yi nasa nau'i na "ikon 'yan ƙasa". A cewar Wardheer News, "siyasa mai zaman kanta, ƙarfinsa da kuma halin ko in kula ga ikon da ke kewaye da shi, ciki har da Birtaniya [sun] yi wa London barazana kai ga kama shi da kuma fitar da shi". An kama shi kuma aka ɗauke shi cikin jirgin ruwa zuwa Berbera, inda daga baya ya yi yunƙurin tserewa a ranar 5 ga Janairun shekarar 1920. A ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1920, an aika da saƙon waya zuwa ga sakataren gwamnatin mulkin mallaka don korar Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire. Wasikar ta ce,Mai martaba zai lura cewa hukuncin korar ba ya dauke da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, don haka ya kamata a ɗauke tsohon Sultan a matsayin detenu na siyasa a Seychelles Mai yiyuwa ne ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga Seychelles kuma ya koma ƙasar Warsangeli Idan ya yi nasara a kowane irin wannan yunƙurin, zai iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na siyasa a nan; kuma ina da, saboda haka, in nemi cewa a sanya ido sosai kan motsinsa. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1920, a cikin jirgin HMS Odin, an kai Sultan Shire ga hukumomin Biritaniya a Seychelles daga mulkin mallaka a Bombay, Indiya. A lokacin da ya isa tsibirin Seychelles, an kuma yi kai wasu fitattun shugabannin masu adawa da mulkin mallaka a can, ciki har da Sa'ad Zaghloul Pasha, tsohon Firaministan Masar, wanda nan ba da daɗewa ba Sultan Shire zai kulla wata alaƙa da shi. Shire ya zauna a wani gida a gundumar Anse Etoile a tsibirin Mahe, wanda ke zaune a kan wata hanya kusa da titi. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta yi hayar ƙasar daga Charles Mederic Savy. A ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar, an ba masu haya damar tattara kwakwa, tattara ruwa daga kogin, da kiwon kaji da alade. Shi ma sai da Shire ya riƙa shiga sau uku a kowace rana a ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin da ke kan titi. Duk da cewa sharuɗɗan fitar da shi Shire ya ba shi damar kawo mata, amma ya yi zaman gudun hijira shi kaɗai, ba tare da dangi ko mabiyansa ba. Shire ya rubuta wasiƙu da dama zuwa ga gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na British Somaliland Protectorate da Seychelles, Waɗanda suka nemi a sake shi. Waɗannan wasiƙun sun kasance da son rai, wuce gona da iri da ƙetarewa daga ɓangaren Shire, waɗanda ke yin aiki don rufe dabarun juriya. A cikin irin wannan wasiƙar ta farko da aka aika a 1922, Shire ya roƙi Gwamnan Seychelles da ya bar shi ya koma ga iyalinsa: A matsayina na shugabana, mai girma, ka ji muryata mara kyau, bari in koma gida. Zan yi farin cikin ganin kasata a karkashin mulkin turawan Ingila, ban sake neman a ɗauke ni a matsayin Sarkin Musulmi ba, duk bindigogina da harsasai na turawa ne. Zan gamsu da zama bawa mai tawali'u na kasar Ingila; Abin da na fi so shi ne jin daɗin kasancewa cikin iyalina, ’ya’yana da matata, kuma wannan shi ne kawai burina. Afuwa nake tambaya, nayi alkawarin yin biyayya da mutuntawa turawan Ingila, ba zan kara son zama Sarkin Musulmi ba, abin da ya kamata in kasance ƙarƙashin umarnin Bature. Na rantse da abin da na faɗa a sama, na rantse da sake rantsuwa da shi. Bayan da ya jaddada cewa yana so ne kawai ya koma ma matarsa da ’ya’yansa da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba ya son zama Sarkin Musulmi, Shire ya yi rantsuwa cewa ya yi watsi da imaninsa na siyasa na farko kuma ya yi alƙawarin amincewa da ikon gwamnatin Birtaniya. Waɗannan tabbacin ba su da tasiri. Shire ya ci gaba da neman a mayar da shi gida, amma gwamnonin ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi watsi da waɗannan buƙatu. Domin kaucewa haifar da kyamar mulkin mallaka, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta sanya dokar da ke tantance wasiƙun da aka aika zuwa ga iyalansu da ’yan uwansu a gida. Shire akai-akai ya sami hanyar da za a kewaye da waɗannan ikon ta hanyar amfani da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Somaliya a matsayin masu jigilar kaya, tare da ɗayan waɗannan makasudin sun isa Somaliland ta Ceylon. Shi da wasu fitattun ’yan gudun hijira sun yi amfani da rubuce-rubucen wasiƙa a matsayin manyan kayan aikin sadarwa na siyasa marasa tashin hankali, ta yadda suka sami damar bayyana lokacin da suke gudun hijira fiye da Seychelles. A farkon 1928, Shire ya kawo wata yarinya 'yar kasar Seychelles mai shekaru goma sha shida a matsayin kuyangarsa, wata budurwa 'yar asalin Indiya wacce ya gabatar da ita a cikin wuraren zamansa a ranar Sabuwar Shekara don biyan buƙatunsa. Jami’in ɗan sandan da ke kula da fursunonin siyasa ya yi gaggawar cire yarinyar daga harabar gidan. Duk da haka, wannan yanayin ya ba shi mamaki. Fiennes, wanda ke da alhakin tsaron lafiyar sa, ya yi jayayya cewa Sultan zai fi zama idan matarsa tana tare da shi. A wani al’amari da ba a saba gani ba ga ɗan sandan, daga baya ɗan sandan ya rubuta wasika inda ya buƙaci Gwamnan da ya sake tunani, inda ya rubuta game da Shire cewa: “Wannan mutumi har yanzu matashi ne kuma cike da rayuwa. Abin baƙin ciki ne da aka aiko shi nan ba tare da ɗaya daga cikin matansa ba.” Gwamnan mai tsaron ya yi watsi da wannan shawarar ne bisa hujjar cewa ajiye Sarkin na gudun hijira ya riga ya ci wa hukuma asarar R.100 a kowane wata. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa Sarkin Musulmi zai iya “tsaro wa yaron da zai iya dafa abinci da kuma hidima idan ya so a yi mana hidima”. Shire bai gamsu da wannan sulhu ba, kuma ya roƙi a maimakon abin da ya kira "mace mai mutunci". Komawa ga yankin Somaliland A watan Mayun 1928, bayan da Gwamna Byrne ya yi amfani da shi a madadin Shire, lokacin da Shire ya yi gudun hijira a Seychelles ya ƙare. An kai shi Aden akan jirgin SS Karapara. Shire ya koma yankin Kare na Somaliland, yana mai yin alkawarin yin biyayya ga gwamnati da kyawawan halaye na gaba. Har yanzu ya ba da umarnin amincin mutanensa. Sannu a hankali Shire ya isa masauki tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun fahimci tasirin da zai iya yi a kan danginsa, kuma a ƙarshe aka dawo da matsayinsa na Sarkin Musulmi. Daga baya an nuna Shire a bangon Tarihi a yau, yana fitowa a cikin fitowar 1960 na mujallar tarihi da aka wallafa kowane wata. A shekarar 1960, ya rasu yana tsaka da barcinsa. Duba kuma Yusuf Ali Kenadid Ali Yusuf Kenadid Majeerteen Sultanate Osman Mahamuud Sultanate of Hobyo Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Warsangeli Sultanate (Official website) Mutuwan 1960 Sarakunan
22438	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa%20Neubauer	Luisa Neubauer	Luisa-Marie Neubauer (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1996) bajamushe ce mai rajin sauyin yanayi. Tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka shirya yajin aikin makaranta don sauyin yanayi a cikin kasar Jamus, inda ake yawan kiranta da sunan daban na Juma'a don Makoma Tana bayar da shawarwari game da manufar sauyin yanayi wacce ke aiki da kuma zarce Yarjejeniyar Paris kuma tana goyan bayan ci gaba Neubauer memba ne na Alliance 90 The Greens da Green Green Rayuwa An haifi Neubauer a Hamburg a matsayin ƙarami na ofan uwanta huɗu. Mahaifiyarta nas ce. Kakarta ta auri Feiko Reemtsma, wanda ya mallaki ɗayan manyan masana'antun sigari da sigari a Turai. Kakarta ta shiga cikin gwagwarmayar yaki da nukiliya na shrkarar 1980, ta wayar da kan Luisa Neubauer game da matsalar yanayi kuma ta ba ta nata kason na hadin gwiwar taz Biyu daga cikin manyan yayanta guda uku suna zaune a London Dan uwanta Carla Reemtsma ita ma mai rajin kare yanayin ne. Neubauer ta girma ne a gundumar Hamburg-Iserbrook kuma ta kammala difloma a makarantar a cikin Hamburg-Blankenese a cikin shekara ta 2014. A cikin shekarar bayan ta kammala karatunta tayi aiki don wani aikin ba da taimakon raya kasa a Kasar Tanzania da kuma gonar muhalli a Ingila Kuma a shekara ta 2015 ta fara karantar ilimin kasa a jami'ar Göttingen Ta yi wani zangon karatu a waje a Kwalejin Jami'ar London kuma ta karɓi tallafin karatu daga gwamnatin Jamus da Alliance 90 The Greens waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Heinrich Böll Foundation A shekara ta 2020 ta kammala karatunta da Kwalejin Kimiyya Farkon gwagwarmaya Neubauer ta kasance jakadan matasa na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu DAYA tun daga shekara ta 2016. Ta kuma kasance mai aiki don Foundation for the rights of Future Generations, 350.org, da Gidauniyar Kyautar Rayuwa ta Dama kamfen ɗin burbushin halittu da kuma Yunwar Yunwa Tare da yakin neman zabe Cire kuɗin ku! ta tilasta wa Jami'ar Göttingen ta daina saka hannun jari a masana'antar da ke samun kuɗi da gawayi, mai ko gas. Juma'a Don Nan Gaba Tun daga farkon shekara ta 2019, Neubauer ta zama sananne a matsayin ɗayan manyan Juma'a Don masu gwagwarmaya na gaba. Yawancin kafofin watsa labaru suna kiranta a matsayin "fuskar Jamusanci na motsi." Neubauer ya ƙi yarda da kwatancen kanta da sauran masu shirya yajin aiki ga Greta Thunberg, yana mai cewa: "Muna gina ƙungiya-ƙungiya kuma mun kai ga nesa cikin hanyoyinmu na tattarawa da kuma samun kulawa. Neubauer baya ganin yajin aikin wata hanya ce ta shafar siyasa kai tsaye. Mafi mahimmanci shine aikin da ke bayan yajin aikin: "Abin da muke yi yana da matuƙar ɗorewa. Muna ƙirƙirar tsari da juya abubuwan zuwa abubuwan ilimi. Kuma muna jagorantar muhawara a kan ka'idojin kiyaye yanayi. Bayan zanga-zangar Juma'a Don Gabatar da Jamus game da Siemens don takamaiman aikin more rayuwa a Ostiraliya, Neubauer ya sadu da Joe Kaeser a cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2020. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2020, aka sanar da cewa Neubauer ya juya saukar da wani tayin da Joe Kaeser don su zauna a cikin Siemens Energy jirgin A cikin wata sanarwa Neubauer ya ce "Idan zan karba, to ya zama dole in wakilci bukatun kamfanin kuma ba zan taba zama mai sukar Siemens mai zaman kanta ba," in ji ta. "Wannan bai dace da matsayina na [mai] gwagwarmayar yanayi ba." Joe Kaeser ya bayyana cewa bai baiwa Neubauer kujera a cikin kwamitin kamfanonin ba, amma a bude yake don samun Neubauer a kan Hukumar kan tambayoyin muhalli A ranar da Siemens ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su ci gaba da kwantiragin da Adani don samar da abubuwan dogo na ma'adinan Carmichael a Kasar Australia Neubauer ya fada wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na DPA “Mun nemi Kaeser da ya yi duk mai yiwuwa don dakatar da hakar ma’adanai na Adani. Madadin yanzu zai ci riba daga wannan mummunan aikin. "Ta kara da cewa wannan shawarar" ta kasance karnin da ya gabata "kuma Kaeser yana yin" kuskuren da ba za a gafarta masa ba Sukar Neubauer ta sami labarai mara kyau game da jiragen da ta yi a baya zuwa kasashe a duk duniya; ta amsa cewa duk wani zargi game da cin abincin nata yana shagaltar da manyan al'amuran siyasa da siyasa. a professor of political science at the University of Regensburg, accused her of using the term “old white men“ as a synonym for people with different opinions to discredit people with different opinions. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje published 4 October 2019 TED (conference) Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1996 Yanayi Muhalli Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Pages with unreviewed
15322	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisi%20Silva	Bisi Silva	Bisi Silva ko Olabisi Obafunke Silva (An haife ta 29 Mayun shekarar 1962- ta bar Duniya 12 Fabrairun shekarar 2019) ta kasance yar Nijeriya ce, kuma mai zamani, wacce take yin art curator, tana zaune ne a garin Lagos Tarihin ta Bisi Silva ta kammala karatun ta da shahada MA, a fannin karatu na Arts Administration a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, London, a cikin shekarar 1996. A farkon kwanakin aikinta Silva tayi aiki a matsayin mai kula da masu zaman kansu kuma ta kafa hoto na huɗu, aikin ba da riba a London wanda aka ƙaddamar don ingantawa da haɓaka al'adun al'adu a cikin zane-zane, da kuma taimakawa masu zane-zane ƙirƙirar haɗin kai mai ma'ana tare da cibiyoyin fasaha da kwararru. Daya daga cikin sakamakon zane-zane na huɗu shi ne baje kolin tafiye-tafiye, Shugabannin ƙasashe, wanda ke nuna aikin Faisal Abdu'Allah, wanda a lokacin ya kasance mai fasahar zane-zane na duniyar fasaha ta Landan. Ziyara Ta ziyarci Legas, Nijeriya a shekarar 1999, tare da tunanin fara aiki a can. Silva ita ce wacce ta kafa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, da ke Lagos (CCA, Lagos, tana matsayi daraktan zane-zane na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, da ke Lagos (CCA, Lagos), wacce aka buɗe a watan Disamba na shekarar 2007. CCA Lagos tana haɓaka bincike, takardu da nune-nunen da suka shafi fasahar zamani a Afirka da ƙasashen waje. A CCA, Lagos, Silva ta shirya nune-nunen da yawa, gami da wanda yake tare da ɗan zanen nan na Nijeriya Ndidi Dike. Silva kuma ita ce wanda ta kirkiro Makarantar Fasaha ta Asiko, wacce ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "wani bangare na bitar zane-zane, bangaren zama, da kuma wata makarantar kere kere. Haɗin gwiwa Ta kasance mai kula da Ci gaban Loveauna, haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashe uku a Amurka da Najeriya a tsakanin shekarar (Oktoba 2012) Janairu 2013). Silva ta kasance mai kula da JD 'Okhai Ojeikere Lokaci na Kyau, Kiasma, Helsinki (Afrilu) Nuwamba 2011). Har ila yau, ta kasance mai kula da ƙungiyar, annan biyun na Thessaloniki Biennale, na zamani, Girka, Praxis: Art a cikin Times of Uncertainty in September 2009. A shekarar 2006, Silva na ɗaya daga cikin masu kula da Dakar Biennale a Senegal. Tare da haɗin gwiwar masanin fasahar Fotigal Isabel Carlos, ta zaɓi masu zane don lambar yabo ta Artes Mundi ta uku a Wales Ta kuma magance Yankin Sadarwa: Zane na Zamani daga Afirka ta Yamma da Arewacin Afirka (Oktoba 2007) da baje kolin mai taken Bayyanawa Finnaukar Harshen Finnish na zamani a cikin Hoton Hotuna na Afirka na Bakwai Bakwai a Bamako (Nuwamba shekarar 2007). Wallafa Silva ta yi rubuce-rubuce a kan fasahar zamani don wallafe-wallafen duniya, ciki har da Art Monthly, Untitled, Third Text, M Metropolis, Agufon da kuma na jaridun Najeriya irin su This Day Ta kasance a cikin kwamitin edita na n.paradoxa, wata mujallar mata ta duniya, kuma ita ce bakon edita don batun n.paradoxa na Afirka da Afirka na baƙi (Janairu 2013). Mutuwa Silva ta mutu ne a Legas, Najeriya, tana da shekara 56 bayan tayi fama da cutar kansa ta shekaru hudu. Masu kulawa da ƴan Adam sun sanya sunan Nina Zimmer da Touria El Glaoui a cikin manyan mashahuran kirari na tsawan shekaru goman. Nuni akan hikiman ta na kurato 2009 A cikin Hasken Wasa, Gidan Hoto na Durban da Baje kolin zane na Johannesburg Ganawa Chance, Bakwai Zamani Artists daga Afirka, Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai India e Sakshi Gallery, Taipei, Taiwan Kamar Budurwa Lucy Azubuike (NIG) da Zanele Muholi (SA) CCA, Lagos Praxis: Art a cikin Lokaci na Rashin tabbas, Tasaloniki na Biennale na Zamanin Zamani, Girka Maputo: Labarin birni daya, Oslo, wani ɓangare na Afirka a lokacin Oslo. J2008 George Osodi, Aljannar Da Aka Rasa: Sake Duba Yankin Neja Delta, CCA, Lagos Ndidi Dike, Waka-cikin-kangi: Thearshe Mile, CCA, Lagos 2007 Fela, Ghar Main Magana Lemi da Fasaha ta Murfin Kundin, CCA, Lagos Yankin Saduwa: Zane na Zamani daga Yammaci da Arewacin Afirka, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Mali Bayyanawa. Finnaukar Harshen Finnish na zamani Settima Biennale di Fotografia Africana, Bamako 2006 Dak'Art, Biennale di Dakar, Senegal Bibiliyo Jayne O. Ifekwunigwe: Mixed Race Studies: A Reader Routledge, 2004. ISBN\|0-415-32163-8 Manzarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin Bisi Silva Cibiyar Zamani ta Zamani, Legas Bisi Silva akan kayan kwalliya.nl Bisi Silva ya mutu ne a NaijaGists.com Bisi Silva Obituary, Artforum, 12 Maris 2019 Bisi Silva ya tuna a Budewa. 1 Fabrairu 2019 A shafin yanar gizon AICA, Burtaniya A Art Throb, Afirka ta Kudu Akan Kasar Afirka Artsungiyar Artsungiyar Artsungiyar Nazarin Afirka Mujallar Art Africa Zamani da haraji Jaridar Nigerian Tribune Jumoke Sanwo Bisi Silva 1962–2019 Arts na Afirka: MIT Latsa Mujalladi na 52, Lamba 4, Huntun 2019 A Memoriam: Okwui Enwezor da Bisi Silva Yarbawa Mutane Mata Ƴan Najeriya Haihuwan 1962 Mutuwan 2019 Mutane daga jihar Lagos Masu
43537	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Muriel	Luis Muriel	Luis Fernando Muriel Fruto (an haife shi 16 Afrilu a shekarai 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan gaba nedan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Colombia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Atalanta dake qasar italiya Serie A da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Colombia Bayan ya fara buga wasa wato aikinsa na ƙwararrun manya tare da ƙungiyar Deportivo Cali ta qasar Colombia, Muriel ya koma Udinese anan qasar italiya wato seria Shekarunsa biyu na farko a qungiyar din yazama dan wasan shi aro zuwa Granada na qasar spaniya da Lecce a qasar italiya kafin ya koma kulob din a shekarai 2012, a cikin wannan shekarar ya lashe lambar yabo mafi kyawu sosai a matasan na Seria A ta qasar italiya tare da Stephan El Shaarawy Bayan ya zira kwallaye 15 a wasanni 57, daya buga Muriel ya koma Sampdoria ta Serie A a cikin Janairu 2015. Ya shafe shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kungiyar, inda ya zura kwallaye 21 a wasanni 79 da ya buga kafin ya koma Sevilla a 2017. A cikin Janairu 2019, an mayar da shi Italiya a matsayin aro tare da Fiorentina. A watan Yunin 2019, Muriel ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Atalanta ta Serie A akan kudi Yuro miliyan 18. A kakar wasansa ta farko, Muriel ya ci kwallaye 18 kuma ya jagoranci Atalanta zuwa matakin cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai a karon farko a tarihin kulob din. A kakar wasa ta gaba, ya gama a matsayin na uku saman gola a cikin Serie A, bayan Romelu Lukaku da Cristiano Ronaldo Sakamakon haka, Atalanta ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai guda biyu a jere; don ƙoƙarinsa, Muriel ya kasance cikin 2020–21 Seria A Team of the Year Muriel a halin yanzu dan kasar Colombia ne kuma dan wasan gaba, wanda ya wakilci al'ummar qasar sa a cikakken matakin kasa da kasa tun shekara ta 2012. Ya buga wasansa na farko a watan Yunin shekarai 2012, a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Ecuador, kuma yazura kwallonsa ta farko a shekarai data gabata mai zuwa, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar Guatemala Daga baya ya halarci gasar 2015, 2019, da 2021 na Copa América, da kuma 2018 FIFA World Cup Aikin kulob Deportivo Cali Bayan ya shafe wasu shekarunsa na girma tare da Atlético Junior, Muriel ya shiga qasar Colombian Primera A gefen Deportivo Cali a cikin Janairu shekarai 2009. Ya buga wasansa na farko da Envigado FC a ranar 12 ga Yulin shekarai 2009 a cikin abin da zai kasance kawai bayyanarsa a shekara kafin ya zira kwallaye tara a wasanni 10 a shekarai kakar wasa ta gaba. Siffar Muriel na farko na Deportivo Cali, wanda ya hada da zura qwallaye gudfa uku a raga da zarar Caldas a wasansa na uku, shiyasa ake masa lakabi da "Ronaldo Colombian", idan aka kwatanta da tsohon dan wasan Brazil Ronaldo, kuma a tsakiyar kakar wasan da Italiya ta sanya hannu. A gefe Udinese. Udinese Udinese ta kammala sanya hannun sayen dan wasan kan Muriel a hukumance a ranar 30 ga watan Mayun shekarai 2010 akan farashin Yuro miliyan 1.5. Dangane da yarjejeniyar musayar 'yan wasa, Udinese ta qasar italiya ta samu kashi 70% na hakkin buga wasa na Muriel yayin da sauran kashi 30% na Deportivo ta rike. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarsa Udine, duk da haka, an ba shi rance ga Segunda División gefen Granada Lamuni zuwa Granada Lecce Muriel ya kammala ƙauracewa zuwa Granada akan 12 ga watan Yuli shekarai 2010. qungiyar din ya samu nasarar zuwa gasar shiga La Liga ta qasar sipaniya a karon farko cikin shekaru 35 amma hakan bai yi nasara ba ga Muriel, domin ya buga wasanni bakwai kawai a kakar wasa ta bana kuma ya kasa zura kwallo a raga. Bayan karewar lamunin yarjejeniyarsu tare da Granada, Muriel ya sake ba da rance don kakar wasa ta gaba zuwa ga leece ta qasar italiya Serie A, Lecce Ya buga wasansa na farko a qungiyar din a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba a shekarai 2011, yana zuwa a matsayin dan wasan da zai dunga ansar canjin wanda zai maye gurbin Daniele Corvia a wasan dasuka samu rashin naswara akacisu 2-0 a Palermo A farkonsa na farko na kulob din a wata mai zuwa, da Cesena, An kori Muriel saboda ya aikata wasu laifuka guda biyu. Lecce ya rataye don da'awar nasara 1-0, duk da haka, godiya ga burin daga ɗan'uwan ɗan ƙasa da Udinese-loanee, Juan Cuadrado Ya inganta don kawo karshen yakin tare da dawowar kwallaye bakwai a cikin bayyanuwa 29, kodayake kokarinsa bai isa ya hana Lecce komawa Serie B ba. Tsarinsa a lokacin kakar wasa ya jawo hankalin AC Milan da Internazionale, tare da kungiyoyin biyu sun ba da tayin a hukumance don sanya hannu a kansa, amma Muriel ya tabbatar da cewa zai koma Udinese. Rashin lafiyarsa ta Muriel bayan ya koma Udinese anan qasar italiya ya jawo fushin jin haushin Francesco Guidolin, tare da kocin qungiyar din ya nace cewa yana bukatar ya rasa punds biyar duk da dan wasan zira kwallaye hudu a raga a wasan sada zumunta dasuka buga da Arta Cedarchis a pre-kakar sada zumunci Ya sami damar samun tsari don farkon kakar wasa kuma ya fara buga wasansa na farko a cikin rashin nasara da akacisu 2-1 da Fiorentina a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta a shekasrai2012, yana ba da taimako kan ya bada qwallo aci ga Maicosuel don burin budewa saban kwantiraginsa. Ya rattaba hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin a wata mai zuwa, inda ya sanya hannu kan ingantacciyar kwantiragin shekaru biyar da kungiyar. A cikin watan Janairu shekarai 2012, Muriel ya sami lambar yabo ta Seria A a qasar italia ya samu kyautar cikin yan qwallo yara wanda yafi kowane Best Young Revelation award tare da Milan Stephan El Shaarawy don amincewa da tsarinsa tare da Lecce da Udinese a shekarar da ta gabata. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya ba da gudummawar dawowar kwallaye 11 a wasanni 22 da ya buga a gasar Seria A, duk da cewa ya shafe kusan watanni hudu yana buga kwallon kafa saboda raunin gashin da ya yi a kafarsa ta hagu. Duk da gwagwarmayar da ya yi kuma yasha da Udinese, Sampdoria ya kammala siyan aran dan wasan biyu na Muriel da abokin wasansa Andrea Coda a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu ashekarai 2015, tare da wajibin siyan 'yan wasan biyun a karshen kakar wasa ta gaba bana kan adadin Yuro miliyan 12. Dangane da yarjejeniyar, Muriel ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Sampdoria har zuwa 30 ga watan Yuni shekarai 2019. Ya zura kwallaye hudu a wasanni 16 da ya buga a lokacin aronsa kafin ya kammala cinikin dindindin na qungiyar a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A cikin kamfen ɗinsa na ƙarshe tare da qungiyar din ya rubuta tarihi mafi kyawun dawowa nacili wa inda ake fara wasa dasu 11 a raga da kuma taimaka biyar, wanda ya sa Sevilla ta karya tarihin kulob din don sanya hannu a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
49290	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius%20rupee	Mauritius rupee	Mauritius rupee alamar Re (maɗaukaki) da Rs (jam'i); ISO code MUR pronounced [ʁupi] kudin kasar Mauritius Rupi ɗaya yana rarraba zuwa cents 100. Ana kuma kiran wasu kudade da yawa rupee Tsabar kuɗi A cikin 1877, an gabatar da tsabar kudi na 1, 2, 5, 10 da 20, tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi uku a cikin tagulla, biyu mafi girma a azurfa. Samar da tsabar kudin ya ƙare a cikin 1899 kuma bai sake farawa ba har zuwa 1911, tare da tsabar azurfa ba a sake samar da su ba har zuwa 1934, lokacin da Re. Re. Re. 1/- an gabatar da tsabar kudi. A cikin 1947, an gabatar da cents 10 na cupro-nickel, tare da cupro-nickel ya maye gurbin azurfa a 1950. A cikin 1971 an gabatar da sabon saitin tsabar kudi da takardun banki ta Royal Mint. Wannan saitin yana da Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II akan faifai da kewayon dalilai na sheda a baya. Christopher Ironside OBE ne ya tsara wasu daga cikin ƙirar baya na wannan saitin wanda ya haɗa da Rs. 10/-, Rs. 200/- da Rs. 250/- (fitar 1988). A cikin 1987, an gabatar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi wanda, a karon farko, bai nuna hoton sarki ba (Mauritius bai zama jamhuriya ba sai 1992) amma na Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Wannan tsabar kudin ta ƙunshi ƙarfe-plated-karfe 1c da 5c (5c ya ragu sosai a girman), nickel-plated-steel 20c da Re. da kuma kofi-nickel Re. 1/- da Rs. 5/- Cupro-nickel Rs. 10/- an gabatar da su a cikin 1997. Tsabar kudi a halin yanzu suna yawo sune 5c, 20c, Re. Re. 1/-, Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- da Rs. 20/-. Tsabar kudi a kasa Re. 1/- a cikin ƙimar ana ɗaukar su azaman ƙarami-canji. Ba a ganin tsabar kuɗin 1c a cikin yawo shekaru da yawa, kuma jerin ƙarshe na 1 cent tsabar kudi da aka bayar a 1987 ana ganin su ne kawai a matsayin kayan tattarawa. A shekarar 2007, wani bi-metallic Rs. 20/- an fitar da tsabar kuɗi don tunawa da cika shekaru 40 na Bankin Mauritius, kuma wannan ya zama tsabar kuɗi a gabaɗaya. Takardun kuɗi Gwamnati ta ba da takardun banki na farko mai kwanan wata 1876 a cikin ƙungiyoyin Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/- da Rs. 50/-. Re. 1/- An ƙara takardun banki a cikin 1919. A cikin 1940, an yi abubuwan gaggawa na 25c da 50c da Re. 1/-. A 1954, Rs. 25/- da Rs. 1,000/- an gabatar da su. An kafa bankin kasar Mauritius ne a watan Satumban 1967 a matsayin babban bankin kasar kuma shi ne ke da alhakin samar da takardun kudi da tsabar kudi tun lokacin. Bankin ya ba da bayanansa na farko a cikin 1967, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu: Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/-, Rs. 25/-, da Rs. 50/-, duk ba su daɗe ba kuma suna nuna hoton Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II akan ƙetare. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an yi wa wasu majami'u kwaskwarima da sabbin sa hannun Gwamnan Bankin da Manajan Darakta amma ba a canza su ba. A cikin 1985, Bankin Mauritius ya fitar da sabon saitin takardun banki na Rs. 5/-, Rs. 10/-, Rs. 20/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/- da Rs. 1,000/-. Binciken kud da kud na waɗannan takardun kuɗi yana nuna ɗimbin ɓangarori masu ban sha'awa waɗanda kamfanoni biyu na bugu na banki (Bradbury Wilkinson da Thomas de La Rue) suka buga. An kuma tsara takardun banki a lokuta daban-daban saboda akwai wasu ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma daidaitattun fasalulluka waɗanda ke bayyana akan duk ƙungiyoyin. Daban-daban tsarin ƙididdige adadin kuɗin banki, nau'ikan zaren tsaro daban-daban, bambancin ƙira da girman Coat of Arms na Mauritius, bugu na latent ultraviolet daban-daban, bambance-bambancen da ba su dace ba a cikin girman haɓaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin bambance-bambancen. Wannan batu ya kasance har zuwa 1998. A cikin 1998, Bankin Mauritius ya yi wani sabon batu na takardun kudi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 7, wato. Rs 25/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- da Rs. 2,000/-. Waɗannan takardun kuɗi suna da daidaitaccen tsari kuma an ba su duka a lokaci ɗaya a cikin Nuwamba 1998. Thomas de la Rue Limited ne ya buga duk takardun kuɗin wannan fitowar a Ingila. An cire waɗannan takardun banki na farko daga rarrabawa a cikin watan Yuni 1999 bayan takaddama saboda odar rubutun (Turanci, Sanskrit, Tamil) kamar yadda aka ce al'ummar Tamil sun isa Mauritius kafin al'ummar Indiya ta Arewa masu alaƙa da Hindi. Bankin na Mauritius ya yi sabon fitowar sa na takardun kudi, wanda har yanzu yana nan, bayan Yuni 1999. A halin yanzu ana yawo da takardun banki Zane-zane mai ban mamaki Kowace ƙungiya tana ɗauke da hoton wani fitaccen ɗan ƙasar Mauritius da aka zana hannu, wanda ya bayyana a hagu. Babban bayanin kula ya ce Bankin Mauritius Hoton yana tsakiyar hagu na bayanin kula kuma a ƙasan hoton akwai sunan mutumin da ke cikin hoton da shekarar haihuwarsu zuwa shekara ta mutuwa. A kasa-hagu akwai rigar makamai na Mauritius Akwai kuma zanen ginin Bankin Mauritius da kuma hoton mutum-mutumin adalci a bayan kowace darika a tsakiyar littafin. Darajar bayanin kula yana cikin kusurwar sama-dama tare da alamar "Rs" a gaban ƙimar. Ƙarƙashin ƙima a kusurwar sama-dama akwai fasalin don taimakon nakasassu. Wannan ƙari ne ga bambance-bambancen masu girma dabam tsakanin takardun banki na ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Gefen hagu na bayanin kula yana faɗi ƙimar lambobi na bayanin kula, tare da alamar "Rs" zuwa hagu na ƙimar, an rubuta ta gefen hagu zuwa sama. A saman ƙimar lambobi a gefen hagu shine lambar serial na bayanin kula. Serial number kuma tana kan tsakiyar dama na bayanin kula. A saman tsakiya na bayanin akwai jihohi "Wannan bayanin kula Ne Legal Tender For", sannan ta bayyana ƙimar bayanin da aka rubuta a cikin Turanci (misali: "Dari ɗaya"), kuma a ƙasan ta an rubuta "Rupees". A ƙasa cewa yana faɗi ƙimar bayanin kula a Tamil, kuma ƙasa da haka yana faɗi ƙimar bayanin kula a cikin Bhojpuri Hindi A ƙasa akwai sa hannun Gwamnan Bankin Mauritius kuma a gefensa akwai sa hannun Manajan Darakta, ko kuma yana iya samun sa hannun Mataimakin Gwamna na ɗaya, sannan Gwamna, sai Mataimakin Gwamna na biyu. A ƙasa wancan shine shekarar da aka buga takardar. Sake tsarawa A saman hagu na bayanin kula a baya ya ce "Bankin Mauritius". Yankin hagu na bayanin kula ya ce darajar lambobi na bayanan, tare da alamar "Rs" a gefen hagu, an rubuta shi a gefe hagu. A saman dama na bayanin kula yana da darajar lambobi na bayanan tare da alamar "Rs" a hagu na darajojin. Kowace ƙungiya tana ɗauke da hoto daban-daban, wanda ke nuna fannoni daban na Mauritius. Ana iya samun darajar rubutun Devanagari na bayanin kula a gefen hagu na ƙasan vignette, tare da raguwar Devangari ta rupee, Sino" ("ru") a gaban darajojin. Ana iya samun darajar lambobi na Tamil da Gujarati na bayanin kula a gefen dama na kasan vignette. Darajar Tamil tana sama da darajar Gujarati. Siffofin don tabbatar da sahihanci Jin takardan banki Alamar ruwa mai girma uku a cikin nau'i na dodo Lokacin da aka riƙe shi har zuwa haske ana iya kallon kan dodo a fili. Duba-ta cikin nau'in harsashi: wannan hoton yana cika lokacin da aka duba shi da hasken kai tsaye. Zaren tsaro na taga yana karanta "Bankin Mauritius" lokacin da aka riƙe shi har zuwa haske, ana iya ganin wannan a matsayin ƙungiyar ci gaba da ke gudana ta cikin takarda. Idan aka duba lebur, ana iya ganin wuraren ƙarfe a saman takardar. Hoton da aka zana a cikin tawada Intaglio Hoton sirri: idan aka duba a matakin ido, hoton "BM" ya zama bayyane. Karan rubutu "BM": ƙarƙashin gilashin ƙara girma, waɗannan haruffa a bayyane suke don gani. Ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet: alkaluman da suka dace da ƙimar fuskar banki sun bayyana. Rs 100/-, Rs. 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/-, Rs. 2,000/- takardun banki Iridescent band a cikin zinariya: lokacin da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin haske, wannan rukunin yana hangowa kuma yana ɓacewa lokacin da aka canza kusurwar kallo. Rs 100/-, Rs. 200/- takardun kudi Azurfa ƙarfe tawada: Ƙarfa mara nauyi ta azurfa tana gudana daga sama zuwa ƙasa a gaba, hagu na bayanin kula. Har ila yau, tsiri mai ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin adadin ƙimar ƙimar dama na sama. Rs 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- takardun banki Foil na Azurfa: hotuna daban-daban guda biyu, adadi mai ƙima ko siffar geometric, ana iya gani idan an duba su ta kusurwoyi daban-daban. Rs 2,000/- takardar kudi Hologram mai ɗauke da hotunan dodo da ƙimar "2000" Rs 200/-, Rs. 500/-, Rs. 1,000/- takardun banki Hologram mai ɗauke da hotunan dodo da ɗarika akan Rs. 200/- takardar kuɗi, barewa da maƙasudin akan Rs. 500/- bayanin banki da Hasumiyar Bankin Mauritius da maƙasudin akan Rs. 1,000/- takardar kudi. Rs 25/-, Rs. 50/-, Rs. 500/- takardun kudi Siffofin tsaro da aka sabunta da canjin kayan daga takarda zuwa polymer. Rs 2,000/- bayanin kula Fasalolin tsaro da aka sabunta da canjin abu daga takarda zuwa polymer. Nassoshi Webarchive template wayback links Kudi Kudade Kuɗi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40396	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo%20Neruda	Pablo Neruda	</abbr></abbr></abbr></abbr></abbr> Pablo Neruda r də Spanish: lo ɾuða] (an haife shi Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto; 12 Yuli 1904 23 Satumba 1973), mawaƙin mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Chile wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin adabi na 1971. Neruda ya zama sananne a matsayin mawaƙi lokacin yana ɗan shekara 13, kuma ya rubuta cikin salo daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da waqoqin gaskiya, almara na tarihi, fassarorin siyasa a fakaice, tarihin rayuwar karance-karance, da waqoqin soyayya masu sha’awar irin waxanda ke cikin tarin waqoqin soyayya guda Ashirin. da kuma Waƙar yanke kauna (1924). Neruda ya mallaki mukaman diflomasiyya da yawa a kasashe daban-daban a lokacin rayuwarsa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sanata na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Chile Lokacin da Shugaba Gabriel González Videla ya haramta gurguzu a Chile a cikin 1948, an ba da sammacin kama Neruda. Abokai sun ɓoye shi na tsawon watanni a cikin ginshiƙi na wani gida a tashar tashar jiragen ruwa na Valparaíso, kuma a cikin 1949 ya tsere ta hanyar dutsen da ke kusa da tafkin Maihue zuwa Argentina; ba zai koma Chile fiye da shekaru uku ba. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara na kusa ga shugaban gurguzu na Chile Salvador Allende, kuma, lokacin da ya dawo Chile bayan karbar kyautar Nobel a Stockholm, Allende ya gayyace shi ya karanta a Estadio Nacional kafin mutane 70,000. An kwantar da Neruda a asibiti yana fama da ciwon daji a watan Satumban 1973, a lokacin juyin mulkin da Augusto Pinochet da Amurka suka yi da suka hambarar da gwamnatin Allende, amma ya koma gida bayan 'yan kwanaki inda ya zargi likita da yi masa allura da ba a sani ba. don manufar kashe shi bisa umarnin Pinochet. Neruda ya mutu a gidansa a Isla Negra a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1973, sa'o'i kadan bayan barin asibiti. Ko da yake an dade ana ba da rahoton cewa ya mutu ne da ciwon zuciya, ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta gwamnatin Chile ta fitar da wata sanarwa a shekarar 2015 inda ta amince da wata takarda ta ma'aikatar da ke nuna matsayin gwamnati cewa "a fili ya yiwu kuma mai yiwuwa" an kashe Neruda a sakamakon haka. na "sa baki na wasu mutane". Sai dai wani gwajin bincike na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a shekarar 2013 ya yi watsi da zargin cewa an sa masa guba. An kammala cewa yana fama da ciwon daji na prostate. Pinochet, wanda ke samun goyon bayan wasu dakarun soji, ya ki amincewa da a gudanar da jana'izar Neruda a bainar jama'a, amma dubban 'yan Chile da ke bakin ciki sun ki bin dokar hana fita kuma suka cika tituna. Neruda sau da yawa ana daukarsa a matsayin mawaƙin ƙasa na Chile, kuma ayyukansa sun shahara kuma suna da tasiri a duniya. Marubuci dan kasar Colombia Gabriel García Márquez ya taba kiransa "babban mawaki na karni na 20 a kowane harshe", kuma mai suka Harold Bloom ya hada da Neruda a matsayin daya daga cikin marubutan tsakiya ga al'adar Yammacin Turai a cikin littafinsa The Western Canon. Rayuwar farko An haifi Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto a ranar 12 ga Yuli 1904, a Parral, Chile, wani birni a Lardin Linares, yanzu wani yanki ne na Babban Yankin Maule, kusan 350. km kudu da Santiago. Mahaifinsa, José del Carmen Reyes Morales, ma'aikacin layin dogo ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa Rosa Neftalí Basoalto Opazo malamar makaranta ce wacce ta mutu watanni biyu bayan an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Satumba. A ranar 26 ga Satumba, an yi masa baftisma a cikin Ikklesiya ta San Jose de Parral. Neruda ya girma a Temuco tare da Rodolfo da 'yar'uwar' yar'uwa, Laura Herminia "Laurita", daga ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran auren mahaifinsa (mahaifiyarta ita ce Aurelia Tolrà, 'yar Catalan). Ya yi wakokinsa na farko a lokacin sanyi na 1914. Neruda ya kasance wanda bai yarda da Allah ba. Mawaƙin Ba'amurke Tobias Picker ya saita zuwa kiɗan Tres Sonetos de Amor don baritone da ƙungiyar makaɗa Mawaƙin Ba'amurke Tobias Picker ya saita zuwa kiɗan Cuatro Sonetos de Amor don murya da piano Mawaƙin Amurka mawaƙin mawaƙa Taylor Swift ya yi la'akari da layin Neruda "ƙauna tana da tsayi sosai, mantawa yana da tsawo" a cikin gabatarwar kundi na 2012, Red. Mawaƙin Girkanci Mikis Theodorakis ya saita zuwa kiɗan Canto general Mawaƙin Girkanci kuma mawaƙa Nikos Xilouris ya haɗa (Matattu na Dandalin) dangane da Los muertos de la plaza Mawaƙin Ba’amurke Samuel Barber ya yi amfani da waƙoƙin Neruda ga cantata The Lovers a 1971. Madadin mawaƙin dutse Lynda Thomas ya fito a matsayin waƙar flamenco guda ɗaya Ay, Ay, Ay (2001), wanda ya dogara akan littafin Waƙoƙin Ƙaunar Ashirin da Waƙar Raɗaɗi Mawaƙin Avant-garde na Austriya Michael Gielen ya saita zuwa kiɗan Un dîa sobresale (Ein Tag Tritt Hervor. Pentaphonie für ya wajabta Klavier, da Soloinstrumente und fünf Gruppen zu je fünf Musikern mit Worten von Pablo Neruda. 1960-63). Mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar Amirka Ron Warren ya saita zuwa kiɗan Quatro Sonetos de Amor don soprano, sarewa, da piano (1999), 1 daga kowane rukuni na sonnets a Cien Sonetos de Amor Rikodi akan Da'irar Duk Around Ni Blue Heron Music BHM101 Mawaƙin Puerto Rican Awilda Villarini ya yi amfani da rubutun Neruda don abubuwan da ta tsara "Waƙoƙin Soyayya Biyu." Mawaƙin Mexican Daniel Catán ya rubuta wasan opera Il Postino (2010), wanda farkon fitowar sa ya ƙunshi ɗan wasan Sipaniya Plácido Domingo yana nuna Pablo Neruda. Mawallafin Dutch Peter Schat ya yi amfani da wakoki goma sha biyu daga Canto Janar don cantata Canto General don mezzo-soprano, violin, da piano (1974), wanda ya sadaukar da shi don tunawa da marigayi shugaban kasar Salvador Allende Mawaƙin Dutch Annette Kruisbrink ya saita zuwa kiɗan La Canción Desesperada (2000), waƙar ƙarshe na Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada Kayan aiki: guitar da gauraye mawaƙa 4 soloists S/A/T/B). Folk rock rukunin dutsen ci gaba Los Jaivas, sanannen a Chile, sun yi amfani da Las alturas de Macchu Picchu a matsayin rubutu don kundinsu mai suna iri ɗaya. Mawaƙin Chilean Sergio Ortega ya yi aiki tare da mawaƙin a cikin wasan kida Fulgor y muerte de Joaquín Murieta (1967). Shekaru 30 bayan haka, Ortega ya faɗaɗa yanki zuwa wasan opera, ya bar rubutun Neruda. Mawaƙin Argentine Julia Stilman-Lasansky (1935-2007) ta kafa Cantata No. 3 akan rubutu ta Neruda. Peter Lieberson ya haɗa waƙoƙin Neruda (2005) da waƙoƙin ƙauna da baƙin ciki (2010) dangane da Cien Sonetos de Amor Mawaƙin Jazz Luciana Souza ya fitar da wani kundi mai suna "Neruda" (2004) wanda ke nuna waƙoƙin Neruda 10 da aka saita zuwa kiɗan Federico Mompou Mawaƙin Afirka ta Kudu Johnny Clegg ya zana sosai akan Neruda a farkon aikinsa tare da ƙungiyar Juluka A bayan kundi na Jackson Browne The Pretender, akwai waƙar Neruda. Ƙungiyar dutsen Kanada Red Rider mai suna 1983 LP/CD saki Neruda Mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar Chile Leon Schidlowsky ya tsara ɗimbin adadi ta amfani da waƙoƙin Neruda. Daga cikin su, Carrera, Caupolican, da Lautaro Pop band Sixpence Babu Wanda Richer ya saita waƙarsa "Puedo escribir" zuwa kiɗa akan kundi mai suna platinum mai suna (1997). Ƙungiyar 'yan matan Brazil sun juya "Poema 15" ("waka 15") daga Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada (waƙar soyayya 20 da waƙar yanke ƙauna zuwa cikin waƙar su "Me gusta cuando callas" daga cikin kundi mai suna. Tare da izini daga Fundación Neruda, Marco Katz ya tsara zagayowar waƙa bisa ƙarar Piedras del cielo don murya da piano. Centaur Records CRC 3232, 2012. Mawaƙin Occitan Joanda ya shirya waƙar Pablo Neruda Mawakin zamani na Ba'amurke Morten Lauridsen ya saita waƙar Neruda "Soneto de la noche" zuwa kiɗa a matsayin wani ɓangare na zagayowar sa "Nocturnes" daga 2005. Layukan buɗewa na waƙar "Bachata Rosa" na Juan Luis Guerra ya sami wahayi daga Littafin Tambayoyi na Neruda. Ezequiel Vinao ya tsara "Sonetos de amor" (2011) wani zagaye na waƙa bisa waƙar soyayya ta Neruda. Ute Lemper ya hada wakokin Har abada (2013) wani kundi na wakokin soyayya na Pablo Neruda Mawaƙin Ba’amurke Daniel Welcher ya haɗa Abeja Blanca, don Mezzo-Soprano, Horn Turanci, da Piano ta amfani da rubutun Abeja Blanca daga Waƙoƙin Ƙaunar Ashirin na Neruda da Waƙar Raɗaɗi. Ƙwallon dutsen Kanada The Tragically Hip, a kan kundin su Yanzu don Shirin A (Universal, 2012), waƙa ta shida na kundin waƙa ce mai suna Yanzu Don Shirin A wanda ya haɗa da karatun bako mai suna Sarah Harmer na farko biyu stanzas. na waƙar Pablo Neruda, "Ode To Age" ("Odă Bătrâneţii") Sunan da aka jefa a cikin waƙar La Vie Boheme daga Rent na kiɗa na 1996 wanda Jonathan Larson ya rubuta kuma ya tsara: "Zuwa mataki, To Uta, Zuwa Buddha, Pablo Neruda kuma." Manazarta
25179	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Al-Munajjid	Muhammad Al-Munajjid	Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, shekarar ta alif 1960/30 Dhul hijjah,1380) fitaccen malamin addinin Islama ne Bafalasdine da Saudiya, wanda ake ganin masani ne mai daraja a cikin kungiyar Salafi (a cewar Al Jazeera); kuma wanda ya kafa gidan yanar gizon fatwa IslamQA, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun gidajen yanar gizon Islama, kuma (a cewar Alexa.com har zuwa watan Nuwamba shekarar 2015) gidan yanar gizon da ya fi shahara a duniya kan batun Musulunci gabaɗaya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Al-Munajjid haifaffen kasar Falasdinawa ne da ke gudun hijira a Aleppo, Syria a shekarar 1960, kuma ya girma a Saudi Arabia. Ya halarci makarantar firamare, ta tsakiya da ta sakandare a Riyadh. Sannan ya koma Dhahran a masarautar Saudiyya, inda ya kammala karatunsa na jami'a. Ya yi karatun digiri a jami’ar King Fahd ta Man Fetur da Ma’adanai (KFUPM) da ke Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, inda ya yi digirinsa na farko a fannin Gudanar da Masana’antu. Al-Munajjid ya karanci shari'ar Musulunci a ƙarƙashin malamai 'Abd al-Aziz ibn Baaz, Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen, Abdullah Ibn Jibreen, Saleh Al-Fawzan, da Abdul-Rahman al-Barrak. Shi ne limami a masallacin Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz da ke birnin Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia kuma shi ne mutum na farko da ya fara bude gidan yanar gizo mai wakiltar Musulunci a Saudiyya. Ayyuka Koyarwa Ya koyar da darussa da dama, kamar: Tafsir Ibn Kathir Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari Fataawa Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah Sharh Sunan at-Tirmidhi Sharh Kitaab at-Tawheed daga Shaykh Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahab Sharh ‘Umdat al-Ahkaam fi’l-Fiqh daga al-Haafiz ‘Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi Sharh Kitaab Manhaj as-Saalikeen fi’l-Fiqh daga Shaykh as-Sa‘di Yana ba da laccoci kan halayen Musulunci a ranar Laraba, kuma yana yin azuzuwan kowane wata a Riyadh da Jeddah Yana da shirye-shirye a gidan rediyon al-Kareem mai suna Bayna an-Nabi (sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam) wa Ashaabihi, ana watsa shi a ranar Asabar da karfe 2 da rabi na yamma, da Khutuwaat 'ala Tareeq al-Islaah, ana watsa shi. Laraba da karfe 1.00 na yamma, ana maimaitawa a ranar Litinin da karfe 6.45 na yamma. Ya bayyana a cikin shirye -shiryen TV da bidiyo da yawa waɗanda ke gabatar da darussa daban -daban, jimlar fiye da sa'o'i 4500 na sauti sama da shekaru 23. IslamQA.info A cikin shekarar 1996, Al-Munajjid ya ƙaddamar da tambaya da amsa gidan yanar gizon Musulunci, IslamQA.info. Shafin yanar gizon ya bayyana cewa "Dukkan tambayoyi da amsoshi akan wannan rukunin yanar gizon Shaykh Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid, mai kula da wannan rukunin ya shirya, yarda, gyara, gyara, gyara ko gyara." An dakatar da IslamQA.info a Saudi Arabia saboda tana fitar da fatawoyi masu zaman kansu. A Saudi Arabiya, Majalisar Manyan Malamai ta masarautar tana da nauyi da ikon ta na fitar da fatawa. Majalisar ta ba da wannan ikon ne kawai ta ba da fatawa ta hanyar dokar sarauta da aka bayar a watan Agusta na shekarar 2010 (yayin da aka yi takunkumi tun shekarar 2005, ba safai ake aiwatar da su ba); Christopher Boucek ya bayyana wannan matakin a matsayin "sabon misalin yadda jihar ke aiki don tabbatar da fifikon ta akan tsarin addinin kasar." Ya zuwa watan Mayun shekarar 2015, Al-Munajjid yana da mabiya 820,000 a shafin Twitter. A cikin shekarar 2020, Alexa ya lissafa IslamQA.info a matsayin mafi mashahuri a duniya kan batun Musulunci. Ra'ayoyi Tauhidin Musulunci Al-Munajjid ya yi imanin cewa makarantun Mu`tazila, Ash'ari, da Maturidi na ilimin tauhidi na Musulunci ba daidai ba ne wajen yin amfani da Ilm al-Kalam (dalili ko zance mai ma'ana) don bayyana Al-Qur'ani kuma suna cin karo da Al-Qur'ani da Sunnah duka. Siffofin da Allah ya siffanta wa kansa ba sa bukatar bayani ko tafsiri maimakon haka bai kamata musulmi ya ƙaryata sifofin Allah ba ko kuma ya kamanta Allah da halittunsa amma ya yarda da maganganun Allah a cikin Alƙur'ani ba tare da tambaya ba. 'Yancin addini Al-Munajjid ya bayyana cewa Musulmin da ke goyon bayan gina majami'u a kasashen Musulunci don mayar da martani ga masallatan da aka ba da izinin gina su a kasashen da ba na Musulunci ba "jahilai ne" kamar yadda addinin Musulunci bai yarda a tallata wani da ke bauta wa wanin Allah ba. Mutum -mutumi da hotuna Al-Munajjid ya tabbatar da cewa ya zama dole a ruguje mutum-mutumi da gumaka wadanda za su iya jarabtar mutane ko rudar su, ko gine-gine ne, mutane ne, dabbobi ko abubuwa marasa rai. Mata Al-Munajjid ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar matan Musulmi su rufe dukkan jikinsu gami da fuska (nuna ido kawai) da hannaye. Wannan hukuncin wajibi ne. Ya bambanta dangane da idan matar tana kusa da mazajen Mahram ko wadanda ba Mahram ba. A kusa da Mahram ba a buƙatar su kiyaye niƙabi. Ana buƙatar mata su zauna a cikin gidajensu sai dai idan suna tare da muharramansu kuma an hana su tuƙa motoci kamar yadda "hakan ke haifar da mummunan sakamako" kamar kasancewa "ita kaɗai da mutumin da ba muharramai ba, bayyanawa, haɗuwa mara hankali da maza, da aikata ayyukan haram saboda abin da aka haramta wadannan abubuwan a cikin su”. Bauta A cikin fatawa ta watan Janairun shekarar 2016, Al- Munajjid ya bayyana cewa an yarda mutum ya sadu da bawan da ya mallaka ko yana da aure ko a'a; kuma matar sa ko matan sa ba su da wani hamayya. Mace Musulma "ba ta da ikon ƙin mijinta ya mallaki bayi mata ko ya sadu da su Malamai sun haxu a kan wannan kima, kuma babu wanda aka halatta ya ɗauki wannan aikin a matsayin haramci, ko ya hana shi. Duk wanda ya aikata haka, ya kasance mai zunubi, kuma yana aikata abin da ya saba wa ijma’in malamai”. Al-Munajjid ya bayyana cewa lallai bautar ta samo asali ne saboda Jihadi a kan kuffar (kafirai) da buƙatar sanin abin da za a yi da waɗanda aka kama fursunoni kuma ta haka suka zama dukiya; lura da cewa “A ka’ida bautar ba abu ne da ake so ba” kamar yadda Musulunci ya karfafa kwato ‘yanci don kaffarar zunubai. Yakamata a kula da bayi cikin “alheri” gami da samar da abinci da sutura. Luwadi Al-Munajjid ya yi imanin cewa "Laifin luwadi yana daga cikin manyan laifuka, mafi munin zunubai kuma abin kyama ga ayyuka, kuma Allah ya hukunta wadanda suka aikata ta hanyar da bai hukunta sauran al'ummomi ba." Yakamata a kashe 'yan luwadi kodayake an yi jayayya da hanyar har da konewa, jefa bango a kansu, tsare su har zuwa mutuwa a cikin "wuri mafi muni", jifa, ko jefawa daga mafi girman gini. Wadanda aka tilastawa yin aikin ko kuma sun kasance kananan yara an kebe su daga hukunci.<ref>IslamQA Fatwa 38622: The punishment for homosexuality retrieved October 17, 2015 "It was narrated from Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq that he is to be burned and from others that he is to be executed. It was narrated from some of them that a wall is to be knocked down on top of him until he dies beneath it. And it is said that both should be detained in the foulest of places until they die. It was narrated from some of them that he should be taken up to the highest place in the town and thrown down from it, to be followed with stones, as Allaah did to the people of Loot. This was narrated from Ibn 'Abbaas. According to the other report, he is to be stoned. This was the view of the majority of the salaf."'''</ref> Kalamai masu rikitarwa Dangane da dalilin girgizar ƙasa da girgizar ƙasa ta Tekun Indiya na 2004: “Matsalar ita ce bukukuwan [Kiristoci] suna tare da abubuwan da aka hana, ta lalata, abin kyama, zina, giya, rawa mai maye, da… da shagalin biki. fam a minti daya kuma mawaƙi yana cin fam 50,000 a sa’a guda, kuma suna tsalle daga otal zuwa wani daga dare zuwa wayewar gari. Sannan ya shafe tsawon dare yana sabawa Allah. Asiya, yayin bikin waɗannan abubuwan da aka hana? A daidai lokacin da fasikanci ya tashi, Allah ya ɗauki fansa akan waɗannan masu laifi. "Wadanda suke yin bikin sun kashe abin da suke kira 'Sabuwar Shekarar' a wuraren shakatawa, mashaya, da otal -otal. Allah ya buge su da girgizar kasa. Ya gama da ma'aunin Richter. Duk matakan tara sun tafi. Dubun dubbai sun mutu." An ce sun kasance masu yawon bude ido a lokacin hutun Sabuwar Shekara wadanda suka je tsibirin murjani mai cunkoson jama'a don lokacin hutu, sannan kuma wannan girgizar kasa ta same su, wanda Ubangiji Madaukakin Sarki ya haifar. Ya nuna musu fushinsa da karfinsa. Ya nuna masu fansa. Shin akwai wanda ke koyan darasin? Shin ba zai yiwu ba a buge mu kamar su? Me ya sa muke tafiya yadda suke? Me yasa muke son zama kamar su, tare da hutunsu, abubuwan da aka hana su, da bidi'arsu?" Littattafai Koonu ‘ala al-Khayr A‘waanan (Ku Kasance Masu Taimakawa Cikin Nagarta) Arba‘oona Naseehah li Islaah al-Buyoot (Gidan Musulmai: Shawarwari 40) 33 Sababan li’l-Khushoo‘ (Hanyoyi 33 na Raya Khushoo ‘a cikin Sallah) Al-Asaaleeb an-Nabawiyyah fi ‘Ilaaj al-Akhtaa’ (Hanyoyin Annabi Na Gyara Kuskuren Mutane) Saba‘oona Mas’alah fi’s-Siyaam (Batutuwa 70 da suka shafi Azumi) ‘Ilaaj al-Humoom (Magance Damuwa da Damuwa) Al-Manhiyaat ash-Shar‘iyyah (Abubuwan da aka hana) Muharramaat istahaana biha Katheer min an-Naas (Haramce -hukuncen da ake ɗaukar su da sauƙi) Madha taf‘alu fi’l-Haalaat at-Taaliyah (Abin da ya kamata ku yi a cikin yanayi na gaba) Zaahirat Da‘f al-Eemaan (Raunin Imani) Wasaa’il ath-Thibaat ‘ala Deen-Illah (Ma'anar Tsayawa: Tsayuwa A Musulunci) Ureedu an Atooba Walaakin… (Ina Son Tuba, Amma…) Shakaawa wa Hulool (Matsaloli da Magani) Siraa‘ ma‘a ash-Shahawaat'' (Yin gwagwarmaya da Whims da buri)
7289	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah	Sunnah	Sunna Shi ne ɓangare mafi girma daga cikin ɓangarorin addinin Musulunci. Asalin sunan ya zo ne daga kalmar Sunnah, wato koyi da yin dukkan abun da Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W.) ya aikata, ko ya yi umarni da a aikata ko kuma aka aikata shi a gabansa amma baiyi hani akan abun da aka aikatan ba. Bambanci tsakanin aƙidun Sunnah da kuma na Shi'a ya samo asali ne tun daga taƙaddama a kan wanda ya cancanci ya jagoranci al'umar Musulmi bayan wafatin Annabi (S.A.W.) wato wanda ya cancanci ya yi Khalifanci. A ɓangaren fahimtar mabiya Sunnah sun ce, tunda yake Annabi (S.A.W) bai yi nuni ba da wani cewa shi za'a bi to sai suka yanke hukuncin a bai wa surukinsa wato Sayyadina Abubakar ya zamo Khalifa na farko. Amma a ɓangaren Mabiya Shi'a kuwa sai suka ce ai a ranar Ghadir Khumm Annabi (s.a.w) ya sanar da cewa ba wanda zai gaje shi sai ɗan'uwansa kuma sirikinsa wato Sayyadina Ali sun ce saboda shi jininsa ne kuma surukinsa wato mijin ƴarsa, Sayyida Fatima "Bint Nabiy". Tun daga nan ne rikicin ɓangaren Sunnah dana ɓangaren Shi'a ya samo asali. A shekarar 2009 Musulmai mabiya Sunnah sun kai 87% zuwa 90%. Haka zalika Mabiya Ɓangaren Sunnah su ne ɓangare a Addini wanda suka fi ko wanne yawa a duniya bayan Katolika a addinin Kiristanci. Sanannu ne a sunan da suka yi fice da shi wato Ahlul Sunnah Wal Jama'a wato (al'umma mabiya sunnah). Aƙidun mabiya Sunnah Ga jerin aƙidojin Sunnah kamar Haka: Izala Darika shi'a Ikwan Muslim brothers Shika-shikan Musulunci a wajen mabiya Sunnah Shika-shikan Musulunci a wajen mabiya sunnah guda biyar ne sune. Imani da Allah da Annabi Muhammada (S.A.W.) Wato mutum ya furta kalmar SHahada kamar haka LA ILAHA ILALLAH MUHAMMAD RASULULLAH ma'ana mutum ya hakikance a ransa cewa BABU WANI ABIN BAUTAWA DA CANCANTA DA GASKIYA SAI ALLAH SANNAN ANNABI MUHAMMAD (S.A.W.) BAWAN ALLAH NE KUMA MANZON ALLAH NE. Tsai Da Sallah Yin salloli guda biyar a kowacce rana watau a kowane yini da dare. Da Azumi Watan Ramadan Sai yin azumin watan Ramadana wato wata na tara a lissafin kalandar Musulunci. Da Bada Zakka Shi ne mutum ya cire wani adadi da shari'a ta faɗa na dukiyar sa wadda ta kai nisabi ya bayar da shi ga mabuƙata Zakka saboda Allah. Aikin Hajji Idan Musulmi ya kasance yana da dukiyar da takai zai iya biyan ta wajen zuwa Saudiyyah kuma yana da ƙarfin lafiya to Hajji ta wajaba a kansa. Shika-shikan imani a wajen mabiya Sunnah Shika-shikan Imani a aƙidar mabiya sunnah guda shida ne, gasu kamar haka. Imani da Allah Imani da Mala'iku Imani da Litattafai Saukakku Imani da Manzannin Allah Imani da Ranar Kiyama(Ranar Sakamako). Imani da Kaddara(Mai dadi ko mara dadi). Matsayin Hadisai a wajen mabiya Sunnah Sanannun litattafan Hadisannan guda shida wato Kutub al-Sittah sune litattan hadisan da mabiya sunnah suka yi imani da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su Ga jerin su: Sahih al-Bukhari na Muhammad al-Bukhari Sahih Muslim na Mislim ibn al-Hajjaj Sunan al-Sughra na Al-Nasa'i Sunan Abu Dawud na Abu Dawood Jami' at-Tirmidhi na Al-Tirmidhi Sunan Ibn Majah na Ibn Majah Amma ba iyakar wadannan kadai bane litattafan da mabiya sunnah suka amince da gaskiyar hadisan dake cikin su ba, akwai wadansu litattafan da dama wadanda suka hada da: Musannaf na Abd al-Razzaq na ‘Abd ar-Razzaq as-San‘ani Musnad na Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mustadrak na Al Haakim Muwatta na Imam Malik Sahih Ibn Hibbaan Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah of Ibn Khuzaymah Sunan al-Darimi na Al-Darimi Iyalan gidan Annabi (S.A.W.) a mahangar Sunnah Su ne DUKKAN DANGIN Manzon Allah (SAW) waɗanda sadaka ta haramta garesu, da kuma MATANSA da ZURIYYARSA. Allah ya yarda da su gaba ɗaya. Sabanin AkidunShi'a ko Rafidanci Wadanda suke cewa Iyakacin Nana Fatima da Imamuna Aliyu da suran zurriyar su,sune kadai Iyalan gidan Manzon Allah (S.A.W.). Wannan gurguwar fahimta ce a mahangar Mabiya Sunnah. Ahlus Sunnah sun yi ITTIFAQI akan WAJABCIN Son Ahlul Baiti, da kuma HARAMCIN Cutar dasu,ko Munana musu,da magana ko aiki. Sahabbai a mahangar mabiya Sunnah Sahabbai Sune dukkan mutanen da suka ga Annabi (S.A.W.) sanna Kuma suka bayar da gaskiya da shi, a lokacin da yake da rai. Waɗannan mutane suna da matsayi mai girma tare da samun girmamawa daga wajen mabiya aƙidar sunnah. Mabiya Sunnah suna yin cikakkiyar soyayya da biyayya ga sahabbai ne sakamakon wadansu ayiyin Alkur'ani inda Allah da kansa yake yabon su,kamar haka: Kuma magabatan farko na Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa, Allah ya yarda da su kuma sun yarda da shi,kuma ya yi musu tattalin gidajen aljanna, qoramu suna gudana a qarqashinsu, suna madawwama a cikinsu har abada. Wancan ne rabo mai girma. Suratut Taubah: 100 A wannan aya mutane sun kasu kashi uku. Muhajirai da Ansarai da waɗanda suka bi su da kyautatawa ba da zagi ba. Sai kuma aya ta gaba: Muhammad manzon Allah ne. Kuma waɗanda da ke tare da shimasu tsanani ne a kan kafirai, masu rahama ne a tsakaninsu, ka na ganinsu suna masu ruku’i masu sujada, suna neman falala daga Ubangijinsu, da yardarsa. Alamarsu tana a cikin fuskokinsu, daga kufan sujuda. Wannan ita ce siffarsu a cikin Attaura. Kuma siffarsu a cikin Linjila ita ce, kamar tsiron shuka wanda ya fitar da reshensa, sa’an nan ya qarfafa shi, ya yi kauri, sa’an nan ya daidaita a kan qafafunsa, yana bayar da sha’awa ga masu shukar, domin (Allah) ya fusatar da kafirai game da su. Kuma Allah ya yi alqawali ga waxanda suka yi imani kuma suka aikata ayyukan qwarai daga cikinsu da gafara da lada mai girma Suratul Fathi, Aya ta 29 Sahabbai guda goma waɗanda aka yi masu albishir da shiga Aljannah tun suna a duniya. Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana da Sahabbai 120,4000. Duk da cewa dukkan waɗannan Sahabbai 'yan Aljanna ne to amma akwai waɗanda aka yi musu bishara da Aljanna tun suna da rai. Akwai guda goma wannan Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) ya fada a hadisi cewa an yi musu bishara da gidan Aljanna, wato ASHARATUL MUBASHSHIRUN. Wannan Sahabbai sune: Abubakar Saddik (R.T.A.) Umar Bin Khaddab (R.T.A.) Usman Bin Affan (R.T.A.) Aliyu Bin Abi Dalib (R.T.A.) Dhalha Ibn Ubaidullah (R.T.A.) Zubair Ibnul Awwam (R.T.A.) Abdurrahman Bin Auf (R.T.A.) Sa'ad Bin Wakkas (R.T.A.) Sa'id Bin Zaid Bin Amr (R.T.A.) Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah (R.T.A.) Allah Madaukin Sarki ya bamu albarkacin wadandan bayi nasa.
42382	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Zidan	Muhammad Zidan	Mohamed Abdallah Muhammad Zidan (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1981), wanda aka fi sani da Mohamed Zidan, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haifi Mohamed Zidan a Port Said, Masar, ga dangin Masar. Aikinsa ya fara ne a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga kulob ɗin El Masry na garinsu a shekarar 1998. Al-Masry ya ajiye Zidan ne saboda rashin iya wucewa da ya kai iyalinsa zuwa Denmark. A cikin shekararsa ta farko a Denmark, yayin da yake atisaye da B93 kan kwantiragi, ya buga wasanni kaɗan a kulob ɗin Danish-Turkish FC Anatolien, yanzu Kokkedal BK, a Nivå a Arewacin Zealand. Kulob ɗin Danish Superliga Akademisk Boldklub (AB) ne ya leko Zidan a lokacin da yake juggling ƙwallo a wurin shakatawa na Danish a shekarar 1999. A cikin watan Yunin 2003, ya koma fafatawa a gasar FC Midtjylland (FCM), kamar yadda AB ya fuskanci matsalar kudi. A FCM, ya zama babban mai zura ƙwallaye a gasar a kakar 2003–04, kuma an ba shi kyautar Rookie na shekara, ya zama dan wasa na shekara a kakar wasa ta gaba. Gabaɗaya, ya zira kwallaye 30 a wasanni 47 da ya buga wa FC Midtjylland, musamman ma kwallaye tara a cikin wasanni uku na farko na sabon filin wasa na FCM da aka gina SAS Arena, ya sanya filin wasan da ake kira "Zidan Arena". Werder Bremen da Mainz 05 Ayyukan Zidan a gasar Danish League ya haifar da manyan kungiyoyin Turai da dama suna sha'awar sayen dan wasan. A cikin hutun hunturu na kakar 2004-2005, ƙungiyar Jamus Werder Bremen ta ba shi aro don ragowar 2004-2005, tare da zaɓi don siye a lokacin rani. A lokacin rani na shekarar 2005 Werder ya saye shi akan farashin da aka yi imanin ya kai kusan Yuro miliyan 3.5. A ranar 31 ga Agustan 2005, an ba da Zidan aro zuwa Mainz don kakar 2005–2006 Ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 26, bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Mainz. A cikin wasannin sada zumunci na 2006-2007 pre-season, ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Werder Bremen, yana farawa shida daga cikin wasanni bakwai da ya buga kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu. Kwallon da Zidan ya yi a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar DFB-Ligapokal ta 2006 da Hamburger SV a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2006, ciki har da zura kwallo a raga a minti na 50, ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa tare da tabbatar wa kulob dinsa damar zuwa gasar cin kofin. Duk da haka, bayan raunin raunin da ya faru, Zidan yana kan samun ƙarshen lokacin wasa. Bayan watanni na hasashe, bayan ƙarancin lokacin wasa da raunin da ya faru, Werder Bremen ya sanar a ranar 16 ga Janairu 2007 cewa Zidan za a canja shi zuwa Mainz a kan rahoton kuɗi na Euro miliyan 2.8, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi girma da aka taɓa saya a tarihin kulob din. Ya rasu a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2007. Ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 5 na farko tare da sabon kulob dinsa, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar daga karshe, zuwa matsayi na 10 a ranar 1 ga Maris 2007 da maki 27. Kwararren dan kasar Masar ya kuma samu kashi 50% na kuri'un da mujallar Kicker ta fitar, kuma ya samu lakabin "Dan wasan watan" a watan Fabrairu a Jamus, yayin da Mainz ya zama "Team of the Month" a gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus. Magoya bayan Mainz na son Zidan tun lokacin da ya yi lamuni da jar rigar da ya yi nasarar ba su basira da basirarsa da burinsa. Mafi shaharar baje kolin hazaka shi ne wasan da suka yi da Bayern Munich a lokacin kakar 2005–06. Zidan ya samu kyautar gwarzon dan wasa lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar Philipp Lahm kuma ya ci Oliver Kahn Yayin da aka ba Mainz aro, Zidan ya zura kwallo a ragar kulob din da aka yi masa kwangilar, Werder Bremen, cikin dakika 14. Wannan ya nuna a matsayin kwallo mafi sauri da aka zura a raga a kakar wasan Bundesliga kuma tana matsayi na shida a matsayin wanda ya fi saurin zura kwallaye a tarihin Bundesliga. A wata hira da Bild a Jamus, Zidan ya yarda cewa yana da babban buri kuma yana da burin taka leda a ko dai Barcelona, Real Madrid, Liverpool ko Manchester United Ya bayyana cewa yana so ya yi wasa da Barcelona a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa don yin wasa tare da dan wasan Brazil Ronaldinho ko Liverpool don yin wasa tare da Steven Gerrard A lokacin kakar 2007 Zidan ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye masu ban sha'awa, amma ya kasa ceto Mainz daga faduwa. Kulob din ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye 34 ne kawai a kakar wasa ta bana, 13 daga cikinsu, duk da bai wuce rabin kakar wasa ba, sun fito ne daga kafar dan wasan gaban Masar. Abin baƙin cikin shine ƙwazon aiki na Zidan da gudunmawar solo mai kima bai wadatar ba don hana Mainz daga zurfin yanke ƙauna na sake komawa rukuni na biyu. Duk da haka, an lura da aikin Zidan ta yawan manyan kungiyoyin da aka kafa a Spain, Faransa da Ingila da kuma zakarun Jamus VfB Stuttgart Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje EgyptianPlayers news items SoccerEgypt profile Danish career statistics at Danmarks Radio Mohamed Zidan at fussballdaten.de (in German) Haifaffun 1981 Rayayyun
8955	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabawa%20a%20Musulunci	Annabawa a Musulunci	Annabawan Musulunci sun hada da "manzanni" (rasul, dayawa. rusul), wadanda sukazo da Wahayi ta hannun Mala'ika ikah); Da "Annabawa" (nabī, dywa. wadanda sukazo da shari'o'i da Musulmi suka yarda daga Allah ne zuwa ga dukkan halittu,wanda kuma Annabawan nan ba'a aiko suba sai da harshen da al'umman dake tare dasu zasu fahimta. Sani da yarda da Annabawa a musulunci na daga cikin Rukunnan Imani Shida, kuma da ambato na musamman a Qur'an. Musulmai sun yarda da cewa, Annabi na farko kuma shine mutum na farko da aka fara halitta Adam wanda Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya halitta Mafi yawan wahayoyi daga cikin 48 na Annabawa a Yahudanci da Annabawa a Kiristanci anfadesu a Qurani saidai da dan banbanci kadan, misali, the Jewish Ilyas ana kiransa da (Elisha) da yahudanci, (Job) shine Ayyub, Isah kuma Isa, da sauransu. At Torah da akaba Annabi Musa ana kiranta daTorah da musulunci kuma Taurat, (Psalms) da akaba Annabi Dawuda) itace Zabura sukuma suke kira da (Zabur), sai littafin annabi Isah itace Injila (The Gospel). Wanda ya banbanta a addinin musulunci shine Annabi Muhammad ibn wanda musulmai suka yarda da shine "Cikamakon Annabawa" (Khatam an-Nabiyyin, wato. Annabin karshe); kuma Quran ne aka saukar Masa amma ba bashi ya rubuta ta ba, Musulmai sun yarda da cewar itace littafin karshe kuma ita Allah madaukaki ke tsare ta, daga samun wani canji, ragi, kari ko kutse acikin ta, destined to remain in its true form until the Last Day. Musulmai sun tabbatar da Annabi Muhammad shine manzo kuma annabin karshe, dukda cewar ko bayan Annabawa za'a cigaba da samun salihsan bayi wato Waliyyai (Amma wasu daga cikin mazhabobi(makarantu) mabiya sunnah sun Kore batun ansan wahayi na Waliyyai). A Imanin musulmai, duk wani Annabi a musulunci yana kira ne akan Abubuwan dasune ginshikin addinin musulunci, kamar Kadaita Allah, bautan Allah shi kadai, kinyin bautar wani abu koma bayansa da aikata sabo, da kuma imani Ranar Kiyama ko Ranar Sakamako da rayuwa bayan mutuwa. Duk kowannensu sunzo suyi kira zuwa addinin Allah a mabanbantan lokuta a tarihi, wasunsu sun sanarda zuwan Annabi kuma Manzon karshe daga Allah, Wanda za'a samasa suna "Ahmad and Muhammad". Wadannan bayanan ansamesu acikin surorin Alqur'ani, Qur'an, 61:6 sanda Allah ya umurce Isah daya tunatar da mutanen ya'yan banu Isra'ila amma sai suka tuhume shi akan manzancinsa: wa-idh qāla ‘Īsā ’b·nu Maryama: "yā Banī Israā‘īla innī Rasūlu ’llāhi ilay-kum muṣaddiqal li-mā bayna yadayya mina ’t-Tawraāti wa-mubash·shiram bi-Rasūlin ya’tī mim ba‘dī ’s·mu-huū Aḥmadu, fa-lammā jaā’a-hum bi’l-bayyināti, qālū "hādhā siḥrum mubīn!" And remember, Jesus, the son of Mary, said: "O Children of Israel! I am the messenger of Allah (sent) to you, confirming the Law [[Taurat]] (which came) before me, and giving Glad Tidings of a Messenger to come after me, whose name shall be Ahmad." But when he came to them with Clear Signs, they said, "this is evident sorcery!" Quran, sura 61 (As-Saf).
60422	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamit%20Bilici	Abdulhamit Bilici	Abdülhamit Bilici (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970 a Istanbul ɗan jarida ne kuma shugaban watsa labarai na Turkiyya. Bilici ya taɓa zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida kuma masu faɗa a ji a ƙasar Turkiyya, a matsayin babban edita na ƙarshe na Zaman, jaridar da aka fi yaɗawa a ƙasar da kuma shugaban kamfanin Feza Publications wanda ya zo na 244 a cikin manyan 500. Kamfanoni bisa ga Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Istanbul ta ISO500. Kafin wannan lokacin, ya kasance babban darektan Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Cihan, wanda ya taba zama kamfanin dillancin labarai na biyu mafi girma a kasar, kuma mawallafin jaridar Zaman daily da kuma fassarar harshen turanci, Today's Zaman Gwamnatin Erdogan ta karbe jaridun Bilici tare da wani mummunan hari a ranar 5 ga watan Maris, 2016 kuma an rufe kungiyar Feza Media Group bayan 15 ga watan Yuli, yunkurin juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba. A irin wannan yanayi, an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira a ƙarƙashin barazanar sammacin kama shi. Bilici kwararre ne kan harkokin siyasar Turkiyya kuma ya ci gaba da aikin jarida ta hanyar rubuta labarai na zaman kansa ga kafafen yada labarai daban-daban, a jami'o'i daban-daban kuma yana magana a tarukan da suka shafi 'yancin 'yan jarida da Turkiyya. manufofin gida da waje. Kwanan nan, Ya yi magana a cikin taro a fiye da jihohi 20 na Amurka kuma mai yawan sharhi ne a tashoshin talabijin kamar BBC, CBS, Al Jazeera, da Sky News, da sauransu. Yana jin Turanci. Bilici tana da aure kuma tana da ‘ya’ya biyu. Rayuwar farko Bilici yana karatun firamare a Istanbul kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Erzurum Ya karanta digiri na BA a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Sashen Hulda da Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Bosporus a shekarar 1993. Ya sami digiri na biyu a Sashen Koyar da Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Istanbul tare da ƙasida mai taken Tsarin Makamashi na Turkmenistan da Gas Gas A yanzu haka yana karatun digirin digirgir a sashen hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya a wannan jami'a. Bilici kuma yana da digiri na MBA daga Faculty of Management a Jami'ar Fatih Aiki Fara aikinsa a Zaman a matsayin wakilin, Bilici ya yi aiki a matsayin edita a Aksiyon. tsakanin shekarun 1995-1997, a matsayin editan labaran ƙasashen waje a Zaman tsakanin shekarun 1998-2001, a matsayin babban editan jaridar Zaman Daily tsakanin shekarun 2002-2008 kuma a matsayin babban darekta na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Cihan kuma a matsayin babban editan jaridar Zaman Newspaper Marubuci ne na jaridar Zaman da Zaman yau Ya kan yi rubutu ne kan manufofin harkokin wajen Turkiyya da kuma siyasar duniya. Ya kasance mai yawan magana a shirye-shiryen talabijin na gida da waje. Bilici shi ne editan littafin mai suna "Me ya sa Turkiyya?", wanda ke kunshe da mahanga daban-daban kan alakar Turkiyya da Tarayyar Turai. Littafi Mai Tsarki Bilici ya gyara wani littafi mai suna "Me yasa Turkiyya?" wanda ya haɗa mahanga daban-daban kan alakar Turkiyya da EU daga ɓangarorin biyu. Bilici memba ne na ƙungiyar ‘yan jarida ta Turkiyya (TGC), gidauniyar ‘yan jarida da marubuta (GYV) da ƙungiyar jaridu ta duniya (WAN). Wasu daga cikin labaran da ya buga Yadda cin hanci da rashawa ke lalata dimokuradiyya: Al'amarin Turkiyya a karkashin Erdogan Turkiyya, abokiyar kawancen Amurka, tana tozarta kafafen yada labarai A cikin prenant a mon journal 'Zaman', Erdogan plonge le biya dans la psychose Bilici: Erdogan na Turkiyya ya nuna dalilin da ya sa dole ne mu damu da 'yancin 'yan jarida Abdulhamit Bilici: yadda Turkiyya ta yi asarar jaridarta mafi girma Genes na kafofin watsa labarai na Turkiyya, clichés na Yamma Jaridar Volkskrant ta Holland ta yi hira da Bilici kan tashin hankali a siyasar Turkiyya: Idan bala'in Soma ya kasance a Koriya ta Kudu fa? Sabbin matsalolin Turkiyya guda biyu Daidaitawa tare da surrealism na Armeniya? Shin Turkiyya na ware kanta ne ko kuwa kasashen Yamma ba su hada da ita? Menene wurin soja? Wasu daga cikin ginshiƙansa da aka buga a Zaman Daily Soma, Güney Kore'de olsaydı! Şimdi Hasan Cemal de New York Times da kötü oldu! Dan siyasa karneshi! Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da ya halarta Al Jazeera English: Ciki Labari Yaƙin basasar Siriya BBC Newsnight: 'Rana ce mai ban tausayi ga kafofin yada labarai': Tsohon editan Zaman Tattaunawar CBS: Ƙirƙirar dimokuradiyya ta Musulunci Habertürk 13 Maris 2014 Abdülhamit Bilici 7 Maris 2014 CNN TURK KARŞI GÜNDEM Abdülhamit Bilici 13 Mart Bugun TV Güne Bakiş Abdülhamit Bilici 23 Aralık 2013 Sky News Abdülhamit Bilici SamanyoluHaber Abdulhamit Bilici −03 Nisan 2014 Yerel seçim sonrası Köşk seçim seneryoları Yaƙin basasar Siriya? CNN TURK, Cihan Haber Ajansı 2014 secim çalışmaları Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cihan Haber Ajansı Resmi Web Sitesi Abdülhamit Bilici na Facebook (Asusun Turkiyya) Abdülhamit Bilici na Twitter (Asusun Turkiyya) Haifaffun 1970 Rayayyun
20399	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Kuteb	Mutanen Kuteb	Mutanen Kuteb (ko Kutep) ƙungiya ce ta yare da yare a Afirka ta Yamma, waɗanda ke magana da Harshen Kuteb, yare ne na Jukunoid. Yawancin Kuteb suna zaune ne a jihar Taraba, Najeriya Bayan Fage Dangane da al'ada Kuteb sun yi ƙaura daga Misira kusan 1000 AD, daga ƙarshe sun isa inda suke a yanzu kusan shekarar 1510. Mutanen Kuteb an yi su ne daga dangi masu zuwa waɗanda aka yi imani da su Childrenan Kuteb ne; Lumbu, Ticwo, Rufu, Askaen, Bika (Zwika), Ticwo, Rubur, Tswaen, Acha, Likam, Cwumam, da Rucwu. A al'adance suna yin noma, farauta da kamun kifi a cikin ƙasa mai ni'ima da ke cikin Kogin Benuwai Mutanen suna bautar gumakan dangi, to amma kuma sun yi imani da wani mahaluki wanda ya halicci duniya kuma ya kawo lafiya, ruwan sama da girbi. Wani babban firist ne ke mulkinsu, Kwe Kukwen, wanda majalisar dattawa da ke wakiltar ƙabilun Kuteb daban-daban suka zaɓa. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2007 ya ƙiyasta yawan mutanen Kuteb a matsayin kusan 100,000. Mafi yawansu suna zaune ne a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Takum ta yanzu a jihar Taraba, Najeriya, kodayake akwai 'yan ƙauyukan Kuteb da ke Kamaru A ƙarƙashin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, waɗanda suka karɓe iko a wajajen 1900, Kuteb sun kasance karkashin masarautar Jukun na farko, ko "Aku Uka" na Tarayyar Wukari A cikin 1914, Turawan ingila sun sanya Kwe Kukwen shi kaɗai ne mai daraja a matsayi na uku a cikin Takum ɓangare na ƙungiyar, tare da taken Kwe Takum. Ya kasance mafi girma a kan sauran mutanen yankin. Wannan canjin ya fusata wasu kabilun Hausawa, Tiv, Chamba, Kukuns da Ichen, waɗanda suka tilasta Ukwe Ahmadu Genkwe barin Takum ya koma wani waje. Ukwe Takum na karshe shi ne Ali Ibrahim, yana mulki daga 1963 zuwa 1996. Siyasa Babbar jagora ga kowane aiki a cikin yankin Kuteb ya ta'allaka ne da tsarin mulki na Kwe Kukwen, Akwen da Majalisar Dattawa da ake kira Ndufu waɗanda ke wakiltar manyan sanannun dangi da dangi. Kukwen shine Babban Firist wanda yake a Mbarikam, Ikam ko Teekum kuma Akwen sune ƙananan firistoci waɗanda sune shugabannin sauran dangin. Wannan aikin ya fara ne da Kuteb kansa a matsayin babban babban firist Sarkin Kutebs. Za'a iya zaɓar Kwe Kukwen daga kowace dangi. Koyaya, dole ne, a zaɓen sa, ya zo ya zauna a Teekum (Mbarikam Hill) kasancewar yankin Likam da kuma Hedikwatar Ƙasar Kuteb. Tsarin siyasar Kuteb na gargajiya saboda haka tsarin tarayya ne. Kodayake Kutebs sun amince da girmar Likam, sauran dangi suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu don aiwatar da ikon wanzar da zaman lafiya, karewa da cimma muradin membobinsu. Koyaya, irin wannan ikon ya ƙare inda maslaha da shirye-shiryen gama gari gabaɗaya za a fara kuma inda aka gabatar da sulhu tsakanin mutane da dangi a gaban Kwe Kukwen. Baya ga rawar siyasa da Kukwen da Akwen suna da matsayi na ruhaniya, nauyi da iko. Matsayin sun samo asali ne daga imanin addini na Kutebs. Maganar kujerar shugabanci A shekarun 1970 Takum ya kasance wani yanki ne na tsohuwar jihar Benue Plateau Jaridar ƙaramar hukumar ta amince da wasu manyan kujerun sarakuna uku a Tarayyar Wukari na ƙananan hukumomin Wukari, Donga da Takum, waɗanda 'yan asalin yankin suka zaɓa. Gwamna Joseph Gomwalk ne ya canza wannan dokar a cikin 1975, yana janye haƙƙin Kuteb don zaɓar mai riƙe da Ukwe Chieftaincy stool na Takum daga ɗayan danginsu biyu na masarauta. Yankin Likam dangi da kabilar Akente. Waɗannan sonsa sonsan biyu ne waɗanda aka caje su da masarautar gargajiya ta Kuteb Nation. Wannan yarjejeniya ce ta gargajiya ta kabilu goma sha biyu na Kuteb Nation. Duk kabilun goma sha biyu suna da nasu UKwe. Koyaya, ana ba da Likabilar Likam da ta Akente damar sake juya babbar kujerar Sarauta a tsakanin su. Kula da ƙabilun biyu don yin mulki a cikin mafi girman mulkin ya kasance tsarin kirkirar tsohuwar Kuteb don kare masarautar Kuteb da kiyaye ikonta daga wasu maharan da canji da kwace al'adu, al'adu da al'adu na musamman na al'adun Kuteb. Wannan yana cikin layi tare da kare kowace kabila ta asali daga halaka da kutsawa ta hanyar masu yaudara. Sabuwar dokar ta ba da damar a zaɓi wani shugaba na Chamba, yayin da ya sanya wani mutumin Jukun shugaban kwamitin tantancewar da sauya tsarin kwamitin ya haɗa da Jukun da Chamba da kuma Hausa da Kuteb. Wannan keta hakki ne na ƙabilanci da kuma haƙƙin gargajiya na cin gashin kai da kuma hakkin al'adun gargajiya a matsayin mutane. Tabbatarwar ita ce sauya yanayin yanayin Takum, amma sakamakon ya kasance hargitsi wanda ya sa gwamnati ta hana bikin shekara-shekara na Kuchichebe lokacin da ƙasar ta yi albarka don tabbatar da girbi na gaba ya zama mai amfani. Daga baya, an hana yin irin wannan bukukuwa a wasu yankuna na Tarayyar Wukari saboda matsalar da suka haifar. A watan Oktoba 1997, mai kula da mulkin soja na jihar Taraba Amen Edore Oyakhire ya aika da takarda mai suna Comprehensive brief on the Chieftaincy Stool of Takum Chiefdom na jihar Taraba zuwa ga majalisar masu mulki ta sojoji. A wannan watan an kashe mutane bakwai kuma an ƙone gidaje bakwai a rikicin kabilanci, kuma an kame mutane 31. Oyakhire ya ce duk wanda ake zargi da hannu a rikicin na kabilanci za a dauki shi a matsayin masu bata damar sauya mulki zuwa mulkin farar hula. A shekarar 1998 Gwamnatin Jihar Taraba ta kuma kafa Kwamitin Zaman Lafiya wanda ya yi nasarar sasantawa tsakanin ƙabilun. Rikici da ke faruwa Kuteb sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen tashin hankali da ke faruwa da makwabtansu. Rikicin ƙabilanci tsakanin Jukun da Kuteb ya barke a 1991. A ranar 27 ga Disamba 2008 wani rikici ya sake kunno kai a Takum kan zargin kisan wani matashi dan Jukun da matasan Kuteb suka yi. Wataƙila mutane 20 sun mutu kuma dubbai sun nemi mafaka a barikin soja na yankin. A 2000 an yi fada tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Jukun Chamba da Tiv, tare da kona kauyuka sama da 250. A cikin 2006 mummunan rikici ya sake farawa tsakanin Kuteb da Tiv, inda mutane da yawa suka rasa rayukansu. A wata tattaunawa da aka yi da manema labarai a watan Disambar 2008 gwamnan jihar Taraba, Danbaba Suntai, ya ce ba ya ganin ƙarshen rikicin. Manazarta Harsunan Nijeriya Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun ƙasashen Al'ummomi Mutanen Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
40340	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaan%20Malik	Armaan Malik	Articles with hCards Armaan Malik (an Haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da casa'in da Tara (1995) mawaƙin Indiya ne, marubucin waƙa, mai yin rikodin murya, mai yin murya, mai yin rawa, ɗan wasa kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An san shi da rera waƙa a cikin yaruka da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Hindi, Telugu, Ingilishi, Bengali, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, Gujarati, Punjabi, Urdu da Malayalam. A cikin shekararta 2006, ya shiga cikin Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs amma an cire shi bayan ya kammala a matsayi na 8. Dan uwa ne ga mawaki Amaal Mallik A baya can ya wakilta ta Universal Music India da T-Series, yanzu Warner Music India da Arista Records suna wakilta. Fitowarsa ta farko akan allo shine a cikin fim ɗin Kaccha Limboo a shekarata 2011. Rayuwar farko An haifi Armaan Malik a Mumbai a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 1995. Sana'a Malik ya fara waka tun yana dan shekara 4. Ya yi takara a kan Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs a cikin shekarar 2006, daga ƙarshe ya ƙare na 8th. Daga baya ya koyi kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya na tsawon shekaru 10. Malik ya fara fitowa a lokacin yana yaro mawaki a Bollywood a 2007 tare da "Bum Bum Bole" a Taare Zameen Par, karkashin jagorancin kiɗa na Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy. Malik ya yi wa yaron Ingilishi lakabi da sunana Is Khan kuma ya ba da lambar yabo ga jarumi Salim a cikin rediyon Slumdog Millionaire na BBC Radio 1. A cikin 2014, ya fara fitowa a matsayin mawaƙin sake kunnawa yana rera "Tumko Toh Aana Hi Tha" a cikin fim ɗin Hindi na Jai Ho Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙarin waƙoƙi guda biyu, "Love You Har The End (Gidan Gida)" da kuma waƙar taken "Jai Ho" shi ma ya rera shi. Baya ga waka, Malik da mawakinsa Amaal Mallik sun fito a farkon wakar Jai Ho a cikin wakar "Soyayya Har Karshe". A wannan shekarar, ya rera "Naina" tare da Sona Mohapatra don fim din Khobsurat da "Auliya" na Ungli A cikin 2015, ya rera waƙar "Main Hoon Hero Tera" don Jarumi, "Kwahishein" don 'Yan Matan Kalanda da kuma "Tumhe Aapna Banane Ka" don Labari na Hate 3 wanda ɗan'uwansa Amaal Malik ya haɗa. Na karshen ya rera tare da Neeti Mohan Ya kuma rera wata waka don Hate Story 3 mai suna "Wajah Tum Ho" karkashin tsarin Baman. Ya rera "Yaar Indha Muyalkutti" na D Imaan. Ya kuma rera wakar Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon a karkashin shirin Amaal. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Filmfare RD Burman Award don Sabbin Halayen Kiɗa a waccan shekarar. A cikin 2016, Malik ya rera waƙa don fina-finai Mastizaade, Sanam Re, Kapoor & Sons, Azhar, Do Lafzon Ki Kahani da "Sab Tera" tare da Shraddha Kapoor don Baaghi a ƙarƙashin tsarin Amaal. Ya rera wakar "Foolishq" tare da Shreya Ghoshal na Ki & Ka, ya yi aiki tare da Jeet Gannguli don wakar "Mujhko Barsaat Bana Lo" na Junooniyat sannan kuma ya rera wakarsa ta Bengali ta farko "Dhitang Dhitang" don Love Express a karkashin tsarin Jeet. Shi ne jagoran mawaƙin fim ɗin MS Dhoni: Labarin da ba a taɓa gani ba Ya rera wakoki hudu don sautin sautin Hindi da kuma wakoki uku don sautin Tamil na wancan fim a karkashin tsarin Amaal. Ya rera "Sau Asmaan" tare da Neeti Mohan na Baar Baar Dekho da "Ishaara" don Force 2 a ƙarƙashin tsarin Amaal. Ya rera "Tum Jo Mille" don Saansein, "Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas Reprise" da "Dil Mein Chupa Lunga Remake" don Wajah Tum Ho Haɗuwa Bros ne ya tsara na ƙarshe kuma waƙoƙi biyu na ƙarshe, ya rera tare da Tulsi Kumar Ya rera waƙar "Pyaar Manga Hain Remake tare da Neeti Mohan. Ya kuma rera taken taken Star Paarivar Awards 2016 tare da Palak Muchhal da Meet Bros a ƙarƙashin Haɗin Bros. A shekarar 2019, ya ba da aron muryarsa don wakoki guda biyu da suka hada da "Jab Se Mera Dil" tare da Palak Muchhal na fim din Amavas, "Dil Me Ho Tum" na fim din Why Cheat India, "Kyun Rabba" na fim din Badla Malik ya kuma samu fitowa a matsayin koci a cikin sigar Indiya na wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya The Voice ya zama matashin mawakin Indiya da ya zama koci a shirin. Ya rera "Chale Aana" a cikin De De Pyaar De wanda Amaal ya tsara kuma Kunaal Verma ya rubuta. Wakar dai ta samu karbuwa daga wajen masu sauraro gaba daya. Malik ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a cikin fassarar Hindi na Disney's <i id="mwig">Aladdin</i>, wani aikin sake yin fim na 1992, <i id="mwjA">Aladdin</i> Malik ya kuma bayyana Mena Massoud a matsayin Aladdin, a cikin sigar Hindi na fantasy na kidan Amurka Aladdin Bugu da kari, ya kuma rera wakokin cikin harshen Hindi na fim din The Lion King Ya kuma yi wa fim din Kabir Singh waka, a karkashin mawaki Vishal Mishra na wakar "Pehla Pyaar". A cikin wannan shekarar, ya rera waƙa guda biyu don Yeh Saali Aashiqui, ɗaya don fina-finai kamar labarin 15, Pranaam, Pati Patni Aur Woh da kiɗan Hindi na Pailwaan Malik ya rattaba hannu tare da Arista Records a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2020, wanda a karkashinta ya fito da wakarsa ta farko a harshen Ingilishi, "Control" a ranar 20 ga Maris na wannan shekarar. "Control" ya lashe Mafi kyawun Dokar Indiya a 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards, kuma daga baya an ba da takardar shaidar platinum a Indiya. A cikin 2020, Malik ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya buga lamba na 1 akan Top Triller Global Billboard Charts sau biyu. Bayan 'yan makonni kadan, ya saki waƙarsa ta biyu ta Turanci, "Nawa," wanda ke murnar gadonsa ta hanyar amfani da tabla ta Indiya akan bugun. Ya ce abu ne mai matukar wahala a sake gabatar da kanshi a masana’antar waka ta duniya yayin da ya fara yin wakoki cikin Ingilishi, kuma ya yi imanin cewa karin masu fasahar Indiya za su ingiza kansu ga samun nasara a duniya a nan gaba. A cikin 2020, ya rera waƙa ɗaya don sautin Hindi na Darbar, Gunjan Saxena: Yarinyar Kargil da Khuda Haafiz A cikin 2021, ya ba da muryarsa don waƙa ɗaya na Saina, Koi Jaane Na, Waƙoƙi 99, Bell Bottom, Thalaivii Bhoot Police da Velle An nuna shi a waƙar AR Rahman mai suna "Meri Pukaar Suno", wanda aka saki a watan Yuni 2021, wanda wani gungu wanda ya haɗa da KSChithra, Sadhana Sargam, Shreya Ghoshal, Asees Kaur, Shaasha Tirupati da Alka Yagnik suka rera. A cikin Satumba 2021, Malik ya haɗu tare da Daboo Malik, Amaal Mallik da Kunaal Vermaa don sabon waƙar "Barsaat". A cikin 2022, Malik ya haɗu tare da Arista Records don sabuwar waƙarsa ta Turanci "Kai". Ya ba da muryarsa don fina-finai kamar Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2, <i id="mw3g">Major</i>, Ardh Ya saki wakarsa ta Hindi "Nakhrey Nakhrey" da "Rehna Tere Paas". An kuma nuna shi akan remix na waƙar Ed Sheeran 2step (waƙar), wacce aka saki a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2022. Malik ya lashe Mafi kyawun Dokar Indiya a MTV Europe Music Awards na 2022 don waƙarsa mai suna "You". Talabijin 2006: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs, a matsayin mai takara. 2012: The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir (Season-1 Episode-22), as Zafar Ali 2015: Indian Idol Junior 2 a matsayin bako. 2016: Nunin Kapil Sharma (Season 1, episode-15), a matsayin bako 2016: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, a matsayin bako. 2017: Kamfanin Wasan kwaikwayo (wato na 23rd), a matsayin bako. 2019: No. 1 Yaari Jam (episode-2), a matsayin bako. 2019: Muryar, a matsayin alkali. 2019: Ta gayyata kawai kashi na 42) a matsayin baƙo. 2019: Nunin Kapil Sharma (Season 2, episode-56), a matsayin bako 2020: Jammin kakar 3 a matsayin bako. 2020: The Love Dariya Live Show S2 a matsayin bako. 2021: UncademyUnwind tare da MTV a matsayin bako. Kyaututtuka da zaɓe Hotuna Albums na Studio Armaan (2014) MTV Unplugged Season 7 (2018) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1995 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
31324	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalar%20Yanayi	Matsalar Yanayi	Matsalar yanayi, kalma ce da ke bayyana ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi, da tasirinsu ga muhalli. An yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana barazanar ɗumamar yanayi ga duniya, da kuma yin kira da a daƙile sauyin yanayi mai tsanani. Misali, a cikin mujallar BioScience, labarin Janairu 2020, wanda masana kimiyya sama da 11,000 a duk duniya suka amince da shi, ya bayyana cewa "rikicin yanayi ya zo" kuma "ana bukatar karuwar ma'auni a kokarin da ake yi na kiyaye halittunmu don gujewa wahala da ba za a iya samu ba. ga rikicin yanayi." Waɗanda suka yi imani da wannan kalmar tana haifar da tsananin barazanar da duniya ke fuskanta daga ci gaba da fitar da hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi kuma za ta iya taimakawa wajen zaburar da irin yunƙurin siyasa da aka daɗe ba a ba da shawarar yanayi ba. Sun yi imanin cewa, kamar yadda "ɗumamar yanayi" ta haifar da haɗin kai da goyon baya ga aiki fiye da "canjin yanayi", calling climate change a crisis could have an even stronger impact. kiran canjin yanayi rikicin na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa kalmar tana yin kira da amsa mai ƙarfi ta motsin rai wajen isar da ma'anar gaggawa, amma wasu taka tsantsan cewa wannan martanin na iya zama mara amfani, kuma yana iya haifar da sakamako na koma baya saboda hasashe na masu faɗakarwa. karin gishiri. and may cause a backlash effect due to perceptions of alarmist exaggeration. Tushen kimiyya Yayin da aka daɗe ana amfani da harshe mai ƙarfi wajen bayar da shawarwari, siyasa da kafofin watsa labaru, har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 2010 al'ummar kimiyya a al'adance sun kasance cikin takurawa cikin harshensu. Koyaya, a cikin sanarwar Nuwamba 2019 da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2020 na mujallar kimiyyar BioScience ƙungiyar sama da masana kimiyya 11,000 sun yi iƙirarin cewa kwatanta ɗumamar yanayi a matsayin gaggawar yanayi ko rikicin yanayi ya dace. Masanan kimiyya sun bayyana cewa ana buƙatar "ƙaramar haɓakar sikelin a cikin ƙoƙarin" don adana biosphere, amma an lura da "alamun daɗaɗɗa masu ban tsoro" gami da ci gaba da haɓaka yawan dabbobi, samar da nama, asarar murfin itace, amfani da mai, jigilar iska, da CO 2 fitar da hayaƙi-a lokaci guda tare da haɓakar haɓakawa a cikin tasirin yanayi kamar hauhawar yanayin zafi, narkewar ƙanƙara ta duniya, da matsanancin yanayi. Hakanan a cikin Nuwamba 2019, wata kasida da aka buga a cikin Nature ta ƙaddamar da cewa shaida daga wuraren da ke nuna yanayin yanayi kaɗai ya nuna cewa "muna cikin yanayin gaggawa na duniya", yana bayyana gaggawa a matsayin samfur na haɗari da gaggawa, tare da abubuwan biyun da aka yanke hukuncin zama "m" Labarin Yanayi ya yi nuni da Rahotannin Musamman na IPCC na baya-bayan nan (2018, 2019) wanda ke ba da shawarar za a iya ƙetare maki kai tsaye na kowane mutum tare da kaɗan kamar 1-2. °C na matsakaicin ɗumamar yanayi (dumamar yanayi na yanzu shine ~1 °C), tare da ɗimbin ɓangarorin duniya na maki mai yiwuwa tare da ɗumamar ɗumama. Ma'anoni A cikin yanayin sauyin yanayi, Pierre Mukheibir, Farfesa na Water Futures a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sydney, ya bayyana cewa kalmar rikici "mahimmanci ne ko yanke shawara ko yanayi da zai iya haifar da wani batu wanda ya shafi "al'amuran da ba a taba gani ba. Ma'anar ƙamus ta ce "rikici" a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin "lokacin juyi ko yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali ko haɗari," kuma yana nuna cewa "yana buƙatar ɗaukar mataki a yanzu in ba haka ba sakamakon zai zama bala'i." Wata ma’anar kuma ta bambanta kalmar daga ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi sannan kuma ta bayyana rikicin yanayi a matsayin “abubuwa iri-iri da sauyin yanayi mara kyau ke haifarwa ko barazana ga wannan duniyar tamu, musamman ma inda wadannan illolin ke da tasiri kai tsaye ga bil’adama”. Amfani da kalmar Na tarihi Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Al Gore ya yi amfani da kalmomin rikice-rikice tun a shekarun 1980, tare da haɗin gwiwar Rikicin Yanayi (wanda aka kafa a 2004). Wani rahoto na 1990 daga Jami'ar Amirka na Nazarin Dokokin Duniya ya haɗa da zaɓaɓɓun kayan da suka yi amfani da kalmar "rikici". Ƙunshe a cikin wannan rahoton, "Ƙa'idar Alkahira: Game da Haɗin Kai a Duniya game da Rikicin Yanayi" (Disamba 21, 1989) ya bayyana cewa "Dukkan al'ummomi... za su ba da haɗin kai a kan sikelin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Dole ne su yi alkawura masu wahala ba tare da bata lokaci ba don magance wannan rikicin." Kwanan nan A ƙarshen 2010s, kalmar ta fito "a matsayin muhimmin yanki na ƙamus na shaho na yanayi", wanda Green New Deal, The Guardian, Greta Thunberg, da ƴan takarar siyasar Demokraɗiyya na Amurka kamar Kamala Harris suka karbe shi. A lokaci guda kuma, ya shigo cikin amfani da ya fi shahara "bayan faɗuwar gargaɗin kimiyya da farfaɗo da kuzari a cikin duniyar shawarwari". A ƙarshen 2018, Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ta kafa Kwamitin Zaɓuɓɓuka na Majalisar kan Rikicin Yanayi, kalmar da ɗan jarida ya rubuta a cikin The Atlantic shine "tunatar da yadda siyasar makamashi ta canza a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata". Kwamitin sauyin yanayi na asali (wanda aka kafa a cikin 2007) an kira shi Kwamitin Zaɓar Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Makamashi da ɗumamar Duniya, kuma an soke shi lokacin da 'yan Republican suka sake samun ikon majalisar a 2011. Jama'a Citizen ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2018, ƙasa da kashi 10% na labarai a cikin manyan jaridun Amurka 50 sun yi amfani da kalmomin "rikici" ko "gaggawa". A cikin 2019, wani kamfen na "Kira shi Rikicin Yanayi" yana kira ga manyan kungiyoyin watsa labarai da su yi amfani da kalmar, ya bayyana cewa a cikin 2018, kawai 3.5% na sassan labaran talabijin na ƙasa suna magana game da canjin yanayi a matsayin rikici ko gaggawa, (50 na 1400), kodayake Jama'a Jama'a sun ba da rahoton sau uku adadin ambaton, 150, a cikin watanni huɗu na farkon 2019. Shekarar 2019 ta zama wani wuri mai canzawa ga ilimin harsunan yanayi, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarin mahimmancin harshe da adireshin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya yi amfani da shi a taron Aiki na Yanayi; roƙon ƙungiyoyin labarai don canza harshensu ta hanyar Al Gore's Climate Reality project, Greenpeace and the Sunrise Movement; zanga-zangar a wajen ginin The New York Times don tilasta sauyin; da kuma canjin Mayu 2019 a cikin jagorar salon The Guardian Biyo bayan amfani da "rikicin yanayi" na Satumba 2018 da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya António Guterres ya yi, a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2019 The Guardian a hukumance ta sabunta jagorar sa don nuna fifikon "gaggawa na yanayi, rikici ko rugujewa" da "dumi na duniya". Babbar Edita Katharine Viner ta bayyana cewa, "Muna so mu tabbatar da cewa muna yin daidai a kimiyance, yayin da muke tattaunawa da masu karatu a fili kan wannan muhimmin batu. Kalmar nan 'canjin yanayi', alal misali, tana jin daɗin jin daɗi da laushi lokacin da abin da masana kimiyya ke magana akai shine bala'i ga ɗan adam." The Guardian ya zama babban abokin tarayya a cikin Rufe Yanayi Yanzu, wani yunƙuri na ƙungiyoyin labarai da aka kafa a cikin 2019 ta Columbia Journalism Review da The Nation don magance buƙatar ɗaukar yanayi mai ƙarfi. A watan Yunin 2019, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Spain EFE ya ba da sanarwar kalmar da ta fi so rikicin climática (rikicin yanayi), tare da ƴar jaridar Grist Kate Yoder tana mai cewa "waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun tashi a ko'ina", yana mai cewa "rikicin yanayi" yana "damuwa da ɗan lokaci". A cikin Nuwamba 2019, Hindustan Times ita ma ta karɓi kalmar saboda "canjin yanayi" "ba ya nuna daidai girman barazanar wanzuwar". Hakazalika, Warsaw, jaridar Poland Gazeta Wyborcza ta yi amfani da kalmar "rikicin yanayi" maimakon "sauyin yanayi", babban edita na sashin Gazeta na zielono (jarida a cikin kore) wanda ke bayyana sauyin yanayi a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman batutuwa. takarda ta taba rufe. Akasin haka, a watan Yuni, 2019 Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada ya sabunta jagorar yare don karanta "Rikicin yanayi da gaggawar yanayi ba su da kyau a wasu lokuta kamar ma'anar 'canjin yanayi'. Amma ba koyaushe ba ne mafi kyawun zaɓi. Misali, 'rikicin yanayi' na iya haifar da ɓangarorin bayar da shawarwari a wasu batutuwan siyasa." Sabuntawar ya sa farfesa na aikin jarida Sean Holman ya ce "ƴan jarida suna da nasaba da dabi'u biyu masu gasa a yanzu" don faɗi gaskiya da nuna rashin son zuciya amma ta hanyar faɗin gaskiya 'yan jarida suna nuna son kai ga "yawan al'umma. (cewa) kada ku yi imani da gaskiya". A watan Yunin 2019, an kama masu fafutukar sauyin yanayi 70 da suka yi zanga-zanga a wajen ofishin jaridar New York Times, suna kira ga jaridar da ta yi amfani da jumlar "rikicin yanayi" ko "rikicin yanayi", zanga-zangar ta kasance wani bangare na matsin lamba na jama'a wanda ya tilasta Majalisar City sanya New York birni mafi girma don ɗaukar sanarwar gaggawar yanayi a hukumance. A cikin Mayu 2019, aikin yanayi na Al Gore mai suna Climate Reality Project (2011-) ya gabatar da buɗaɗɗiyar koke ga kungiyoyin labarai da su yi amfani da "rikicin yanayi" a maimakon "canjin yanayi" ko "dumar yanayi", yana mai cewa "lokaci ya yi da za a watsar da sharuɗɗan biyu. a al'ada". Hakanan, Saliyo Club, Sunrise Movement, Greenpeace, da sauran ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ci gaba sun shiga cikin wata wasiƙar Jama'a ta 6 ga Yuni, 2019 ga ƙungiyoyin labarai, suna kira gare su da su kira canjin yanayi da rashin aikin ɗan adam "abin da yake-a rikicin–da kuma rufe shi kamar daya”. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, ƙamus na Oxford sun haɗa da "rikicin yanayi" a cikin gajeren jerin sunayensa don kalmar shekarar 2019, ƙirar da aka tsara don gane kalmomin da "suna nuna ɗabi'a, yanayi, ko abubuwan da ke cikin shekara mai wucewa" kuma hakan ya kamata ya sami "ɗorewa". yuwuwar a matsayin ma'anar mahimmancin al'adu". A cikin 2021, jaridar Finnish Helsingin Sanomat ta ƙirƙiri nau'ika guda takwas waɗanda ke da alaƙa da raguwar ƙanƙaramar tekun Arctic, suna ganin yadda ƙanƙara ke narkewa cikin shekaru da yawa. Daraktan fasaha na jaridar ya nuna cewa rubutun duka yana haifar da kyawun yanayin muhalli kuma ya zama hoto mai gani na bayanai A cikin sabuntawar 2021 zuwa Gargaɗi na Masana Kimiyya na Duniya ga Bil'adama, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa shaidar kusa ko ketare wuraren abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci na tsarin Duniya suna taruwa, cewa hukunce-hukuncen 1990 sun amince da dokar ta-baci ta yanayi, wanda akai-akai. kuma ana buƙatar samun sabuntawa game da rikicin yanayi ko gaggawar yanayi, cewa COVID-19 murmurewa kore bai isa ba kuma ana buƙatar tsarin tushen tushen canje-canje sama da siyasa. Madadin kalmomi Bincike ya nuna cewa abin da ake kira al'amari, ko kuma yadda aka tsara shi, "yana da matuƙar tasiri a kan yadda masu sauraro suka gane cewa al'amarin" da kuma "na iya yin tasiri mai zurfi a kan abin da masu sauraro ke yi". A wasu lokuta ana bayyana tasirin sauyin yanayi cikin sharuɗɗan kama da rikicin yanayi, kamar: "Masifu na yanayi" (an yi amfani da shi dangane da shirin David Attenborough na 2019 da lokacin gobarar daji ta Australiya ta 2019-20 barazanar da ke shafar duniya" Asusun namun daji na Duniya, 2012—) "Rushewar yanayi" Masanin kimiyyar yanayi Peter Kalmus, 2018) "hargitsi na yanayi" Taken labarin New York Times, 2019; ƴan takarar Democrat na Amurka, 2019; da ƙungiyar tallan Ad Age, 2019) "Lalacewar yanayi" ('Yan takarar Democrat na Amurka, 2019) "dumi na duniya" Richard A. Betts, Met Office UK, 2018) "Gaggawar yanayi" wasiƙar gargaɗin masana kimiyya 11,000 a cikin BioScience, kuma a cikin The Guardian, duka 2019), "Rushewar muhalli", "rikicin muhalli" da "gaggawa na muhalli" (duk abin da mai fafutukar yanayi Greta Thunberg ya gabatar, 2019) "narkewar duniya", "Ƙasa mai Ciki", "Babban Rugujewa", da "Tsarin Duniya" (ƙungiyar tallan Ad Age, 2019) bala'i na yanayi "da" yanayin yanayi The Guardian, 2019) Baya ga "rikicin yanayi", an bincika wasu sharuɗɗan daban-daban don tasirinsu ga masu sauraro, gami da "ɗumamar yanayi", "canjin yanayi", da "lalata yanayi", da kuma "lalacewar muhalli", "yanayin yanayi". rashin zaman lafiya", da kuma "rushewar muhalli". Tasiri A watan Satumba na 2019, ɗan jaridar Bloomberg Emma Vickers ya gabatar da cewa kalmomin rikice-rikice ko da yake batun ɗaya ne, a zahiri, na ilimin tauhidi na iya zama "na nuna sakamako", yana ambaton kuri'ar 2019 ta Washington Post da Gidauniyar Iyalin Kaiser suna cewa 38% na Amurka manya sun kira sauyin yanayi "rikici" yayin da adadinsu ya kira shi "babban matsala amma ba rikici ba". Shekaru biyar da suka gabata, manya na Amurka suna la'akari da shi rikicin ya kai kashi 23%. Akasin haka, amfani da kalmomin rikice-rikice a cikin sanarwar gaggawar yanayi da ba ta dauri ba ta yi tasiri ba (har zuwa Satumba 2019) wajen sanya gwamnatoci su “sauya cikin aiki”. Damuwa game da kalmomin rikici Wasu masu sharhi sun rubuta cewa "tsarin gaggawa" na iya samun illoli da yawa. Musamman, irin wannan tsararru na iya ba da fifiko ga sauyin yanayi a fakaice fiye da wasu muhimman batutuwan zamantakewa, ta yadda za su karfafa gasa tsakanin masu fafutuka maimakon hadin kai da kawar da rashin amincewa a cikin yunkurin sauyin yanayi da kansa. Yana iya ba da shawarar buƙatar mafita ta gwamnati, wanda ke ba da ɗorewa na dogon lokaci fiye da yadda jama'a ke yi, wanda kuma za a iya ɗauka a matsayin "wanda aka ɗora kan al'ummar da ba su so". A ƙarshe, yana iya zama mara amfani ta hanyar haifar da kafirci (rashin sakamako mai ban mamaki nan da nan), rashin ƙarfi (a fuskar matsalar da ke da kama da ƙarfi), da janyewa-maimakon samar da ayyuka masu amfani na dogon lokaci. Tare da irin wannan layi, mai binciken sadarwa game da yanayin Australiya David Holmes ya yi tsokaci game da al'amarin "rashin gajiyawa", wanda gaggawar mayar da martani ga barazanar ke yin hasarar roƙon sa na tsawon lokaci. Holmes ya ce akwai "iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗin ma'ana" don irin wannan harshe, yana mai gargadin cewa zai iya rasa masu sauraro idan lokaci ya wuce ba tare da manufofi masu ma'ana da ke magance matsalar ba. Wasu sun rubuta cewa, ko "koko don tsoro ya haifar da haɗin gwiwa mai ɗorewa kuma mai ma'ana" a fili lamari ne mai rikitarwa amma cewa amsar ita ce "yawanci ba", tare da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna lura da martanin mutane game da haɗari (yaki, tashi, ko daskare) na iya zama rashin lafiya. Yarda da cewa tsoro shi ne "cinyayyen motsawar magana", Sander Van Der Linden, Forvors "Ƙungiyar Kulawar Zango'i, kuma ba ta da cikakkiyar wahala saboda "mutane sun san cewa za a iya guje wa rikice-rikice kuma za a iya magance su". Masanin kimiyyar yanayi Katharine Hayhoe ya yi gargaɗin a farkon 2019 cewa warware rikicin "yana da tasiri kawai ga waɗanda suka damu da sauyin yanayi, amma rashin gamsuwa game da mafita". Ta ƙara da cewa "har yanzu bai yi tasiri ba" ga waɗanda suke ganin masu fafutukar yanayi "su kasance masu tayar da hankali kaji kananan yara", tana mai cewa "zai ƙara ƙarfafa tunaninsu da suka rigaya da kuma kuskure". A watan Yuni 2019, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Kanada ya sabunta jagorar yare don karanta cewa kalmar rikicin yanayi "na iya ɗaukar ɓangarorin bayar da shawarwari a cikin wasu bayanan siyasa". Ƴan jarida biyu na Jamus sun yi gargadin cewa "rikicin" na iya fahimtar kuskuren da ke nuna cewa sauyin yanayi ya kasance "rikici ne" rikice-rikice "ko dai an warware su ko kuma sun wuce" ko kuma a matsayin kasa ta wucin gadi kafin komawa ga al'ada wanda a gaskiya ba haka ba ne. mai yiwuwa. Nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam da neuroscientific Wani bincike na 2013 (N=224, galibin ɗaliban jami'a) ya binciki martanin mahalarta bayan sun karanta rubuce-rubucen da aka kwaikwayi daban-daban. Binciken ya kammala da cewa rikicin yanayi ya fi haifar da koma baya na rashin imani da kuma rage hasashe na damuwa, mai yiwuwa saboda hasashe na wuce gona da iri", kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa a maimakon haka ya kamata a kasance da sauran sharuddan ("rikitar yanayi" da "dumamar yanayi"). ana amfani da shi, musamman lokacin sadarwa tare da masu sauraro masu shakka. Wani farkon binciken kimiyya na 2019 (N 120, an raba daidai tsakanin ƴan Republican, 'yan Democrat da masu zaman kansu) ta wata hukumar ba da shawara ta talla ta ƙunshi ma'aunin electroencephalography (EEG) da ma'aunin fata na galvanic (GSR). Binciken, auna martani ga sharuɗɗan "rikicin yanayi", "lalacewar muhalli", "rushewar muhalli", "raguwar yanayi", "dumamar yanayi" da "sauyin yanayi", ya gano cewa ƴan jam'iyyar Democrat suna da 60% mafi girma na martani ga rikicin yanayi" fiye da "canjin yanayi", tare da amsa daidai tsakanin 'yan Republican ninki uku. "Rikicin yanayi" an ce ya "yi aiki mai kyau dangane da martani a cikin bangar siyasa kuma ya haifar da mafi girman martani a cikin masu zaman kansu". Binciken ya kammala da cewa kalmar "rikicin yanayi" ya haifar da martani mai karfi fiye da "tsaka-tsaki" da "garewa" kalmomi kamar "dumamar yanayi" da "canjin yanayi", don haka yana ƙarfafa ma'anar gaggawa ko da yake ba mai karfi ba ne kamar yadda ya kamata. haifar da rashin fahimta wanda zai sa mutane su haifar da jayayya. Duk da haka, babban jami'in kamfanin da ke gudanar da binciken ya lura gabaɗaya cewa ƙarfin visceral na iya komawa baya, yana ƙayyadad da cewa wani lokaci tare da amsa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, "lalacewar muhalli", "watakila ana ganinsa a matsayin mai faɗakarwa, watakila ma yana nuna zargi, wanda zai iya haifar da jayayya. da turawa." Magana (advertising perspective by a "professional namer") (Nature joining Covering Climate Now.) Vol. 58 (3). Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Covering Climate Now (CCNow), haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin labarai "don samar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai da kuma labarun yanayi na gaggawa" Take "Rikicin yanayi", ƙamus.com Archive Muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
15677	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molara%20Ogundipe	Molara Ogundipe	Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie (27 Disamba 1940 18 Yuni 2019), wanda aka fi sani da Molara Ogundipe, ta kasance mawaƙiyar Nijeriya, mai sukar ra'ayi, edita, mai son ilimin mata da kuma himma. Idan aka dauki daya daga cikin manyan marubuta kan ilimin mata na Afirka, nazarin jinsi da ka’idar adabi, ta kasance mai sukar zamantakewar da aka amince da ita a matsayin wata hukuma mai tasiri ga matan Afirka a tsakanin baƙar fata mata da mata a gaba ɗaya. Ta ba da gudummawar gaɓaɓɓiyar "Ba ta jujjuya baya a kan Axanƙanin Mazancinsa ba" ga tatsuniyoyin 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya An fi yin bikin ta ne don kirkirar kalmar STIWA ko Canjin Zamani a Afirka ciki har da Mata. Rayuwa An haifi Abiodun Omolara Ogundipe a garin Legas na tarayyar Najeriya, daga dangin malamai da malamai. Ta halarci makarantar Sarauniya, Ede, sannan ta zama mace ta farko da ta samu digiri na farko a digirin digirgir a digar Ingilishi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan, sannan kwaleji na Jami'ar Landan Ta daga baya ya aikata wani digiri na uku a Narratology (ka'idar labari) daga Leiden University, daya daga cikin tsofaffin jami'oi a Turai. Ta koyar da Nazarin Ingilishi, Rubutawa, Adabin kwatanta da Jinsi daga mahangar nazarin al'adu da ci gaba a jami'oi a nahiyoyi da dama, sannan kuma ta kasance farfesa a fannin Inglsh da Comparative Lterature a Jami'ar Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas ta Najeriya. Ta yi fice a farkon aikinta a tsakiyar fagen fasaha na maza da ke nuna damuwa game da matsalolin da ke damun maza da mata na Afirka. An bayyana Molara Ogundipe a matsayin wacce take kan gaba a fagen nazarin ilimin addini wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin mata na Afirka. Tana da zurfin zurfin fahimtar al'adu game da tasirin alaƙar maza da mata a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma Yarbawa yan mulkin mallaka a matsayin madogara ga ka'idar A tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, ta kasance mai sukar zaluncin mata kuma tana jayayya cewa Matan Afirka sun fi zalunci a matsayinsu da matsayinsu na matan aure. Dangane da asalinsu da yawa, a cikin waɗanne asali waɗanda suke jin daɗin matsayi, dama, sananniya da wakilci. Ta soki halin da matan Afirka ke ciki saboda tasirin tsarin mulkin mallaka da na mulkin-mallaka wanda ya kan sanya mazajen Afirka a lokacin da suke fuskantar matsin rayuwa. Halin da suke ciki kuma ya faru ne saboda shigar da iyayen mata na Afirka da kansu. Ita kuwa, duk da haka, sai ta dage kan fahimtar mahimmancin matsayin matan Afirka a cikin al'adunsu na mulkin mallaka da na asali don kowane tattaunawa mai amfani ko nazarin matan Afirka. Ogundipe ya kasance a cikin jagorancin gwagwarmayar mata da nazarin jinsi a Afirka shekaru da yawa. Ita ce ta kirkiro da kuma Darakta na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Duniya da Kwarewa, wanda aka sadaukar domin koyar da 'yan mata akida da kyawawan halaye na ra'ayin mata da daidaiton jinsi. Ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a Afirka ta Yamma, inda ta kafa cibiyoyin rubutu a jami’o’i, baya ga aikin da ta yi kan adabi, jinsi da fim, a cikin gudummawar da ta bayar ga jajircewarta na ilmantarwa da tsara tsakanin al’ummomi. Ta mutu tana da shekara 78 a Ijebu-Igbo, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya, a watan Yunin 2019. Ta bar hera twoanta mata biyu: Dr. (Ts'gye Maryam) Rachel Titilayo Leslie, malama ce mai ilimin addini a Afirka wacce ke rubutu kan mahimmancin gadon Afirka ga al'adun duniya, da Dr. Isis Imotara Leslie, PhD, masanin ilimin siyasa wanda ya koyar a jami'o'in Amurka da yawa. Jikokin nata su ne Askia Tristan Folajimi Leslie, wacce ta kammala karatun Injiniyan Injiniya da Kode a Jami’ar Kalifoniya Berkeley, da Joshua Tolu Victoriano, wanda ba da jimawa ba aka nada diakon a cikin Ikklesiyar Orthodox Orthodox Church a Habasha. Rubutawa Molara Ogundipe ta kasance a cikin jagorancin ilimin mata da ilimin jinsi a Afirka tun bayan kammala karatun ta a 1963 daga Jami'ar London. Ta yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa na ilimi da kuma wallafe-wallafe, da kuma buga littattafai na almara da kuma tarin wakoki. Aikinta yana cikin tarihin rayuwar mata: rubutun nata "Ba jujjuya wa a kan hanyar Maleness" yana a cikin almara ta 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women Movement Anthology, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya Kuma waƙoƙin da ta rubuta suna cikin tarihin al'aura na 'Ya'yan Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya Sukar A matsayinta na malama ’yar Najeriya, mai sukar lamiri, mai ilmantarwa kuma mai fafutuka, an amince da Ogundipe a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan marubuta kan matan Afirka da na mata Ta yi ikirarin nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka da ta kira "Stiwanism" (Canjin Zamani a Afirka Ciki har da Mata) a cikin littafinta mai suna Recreating Ourselves Shahararriyar malama kuma masaniyar adabi, ta wallafa rubuce-rubuce da yawa na waƙoƙi da sukar adabi ban da ayyukanta waɗanda aka ambata a ƙasa. Stiwanism ya damu da ka'idoji guda bakwai: "STIWA" 1) ya nuna adawa ga mata na Yammacin 2) ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga matan Afirka a wannan lokacin na zamani 3) ya kawo matsayin mata na asali na asali wanda ya kasance a Afirka 4) ya yi imani da duka hada da shiga cikin canjin-siyasa da sauyawa na nahiyar Afirka 5) yayi gwagwarmaya da jikin mace, mutuncinta, kasarta, da zamantakewarta da kuma yadda take gudanar da ayyukanta a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki 6) da gangan ya kebanta da mutum da kuma kasancewarta a dunkule (watau addini, aji, da Matsayin aure) 7) ya gane cewa akwai dalilai da kuma shaidu da yawa a cikin Afirka da kuma halaye daban-daban na mutane da ke aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban da masu sabani. Ogundipe a farkon aikinta ya nuna cewa marubuci na gaske mai son sanin mata ya kamata ya fahimta ko kuma bayyana yadda mace take da kyau da kuma yadda za a ba da labarin mace. Ta yi imani sosai cewa sake gano matsayin mata a cibiyoyin zamantakewar jama'a da siyasa na Najeriya shine mafi kyawun hanyar inganta wadannan cibiyoyin. An san ta a matsayin marubuciya wacce ayyukanta ke kamala da rikitarwa a rayuwar Afirka. A cikin Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, ta yi rubutu mai ban sha'awa game da mawuyacin halin rubutu a cikin yarenta na gargajiya da juriyar maza ga daidaiton jinsi. Ta hanyar dimbin gogewar adabi da rubuce-rubuce masu yawa da suka shafi jinsi, Ogundipe ya samar da "sarkakiya mai kyau" wanda zai baiwa mata mata na Afirka damar aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu ma'ana a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi jinsi, dangi da kuma zamantakewar da za ta iya ciyar da ci gaban kasa da nahiya gaba. Littattafai Dinka Tsoffin Zamani da Sauran Waƙoƙi, 1985 Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, 1994 (ed.) Mata a matsayin ralan wasa na baka, 1994 (ed. tare da Carole Boyce-Davies Motsa Yankin Iyaka, Afrilu 1995 (mujalladi biyu). Jinsi da batun aiki. Karatun "Waƙar Lawino" Jami'ar Leiden ta Nesa. Leiden, CNWS, 1999 Bayanan kula Manazarta Gay Wilentz: "Bincike: Postcolonial Postmodern: Menene Aiki (l) d?" Kwalejin Turanci, Vol. 56, A'a. 1 (Janairu 1994). Gibreel M. Kamara: "Gwagwarmayar Mata a Tattaunawa a Senegal Mariama Ba da Sembene Ousmane Jaridar Nazarin Baki, Vol. 32, A'a. 2, Nuwamba 2001. Allan, Tuzyline Jita: "Nazarin littattafai, Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye Masu Sauƙi daga Molara Ogundipe-Leslie". Bincike a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, bazarar 1995. Ogundipe (aka Ogundipe-Leslie), M. igenan asalin asali da na zamani game da batun jinsi da kuma Batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka: Tasirin ci gaban Nijeriya Lagos, Benin, Ibadan, Jos, Oxford, Zaria: Malthouse Limited P., 2005. Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Desiree Lewis ta tattauna da Molara Ogundipe babbar masaniyar ilimin mata, mawaƙa, mai sukar adabi, mai ilmantarwa da kuma himma, game da yanayin siyasa, al'adu da ilimi". "Hooray ga Majagaba a Nazarin Adabin Afirka!" Jaridar Liteungiyar Adabin Afirka, 5: 2, 179-181, DOI: 10.1080 21674736.2010.11690165. "Molara Ogundipe-Leslie", Bayan Labari theaya Marubutan Najeriya Mata Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
17548	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajin%20Sambisa	Dajin Sambisa	Dajin Sambisa daji ne dake jihar Borno, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Tana cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na filin shakatawa na Basin National Park, kimanin kilomita 60 (37 mi) kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, babban birnin jihar Borno. Labarin kasa Gandun dajin Sambisa yana can gefen arewa maso gabas na yammacin Savanna ta Kudu. da kuma iyakar kudu na Sahel Acacia Savanna kimanin kilomita 60 kudu maso gabashin Maiduguri, babban birnin jihar Borno. Ta mamaye wasu sassan jihohin: Borno, Yobe, Gombe, Bauchi tare da babbar hanyar Darazo, Jigawa, da wasu yankuna na jihar Kano mafi nisa arewa. Ana gudanar da shi ne ta kananan hukumomin Najeriya na Askira Uba a kudu, da Damboa a kudu maso yamma, da Konduga da Jere a yamma. Sunan dajin ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Sambisa wanda ke kan iyaka da Gwoza a Gabas. Tsaunukan Gwoza da ke Gabas suna da tuddai na mita 1,300 sama da matakin teku kuma suna cikin tsaunukan Mandara da ke kan iyakar Kamaru da Najeriya. An malale dajin ta hanyar rafuka na zamani zuwa cikin Yedseram da Kogin Ngadda. Yanayi Yanayin yana da zafi kuma ba shi da ruwa, tare da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi na kusan 21.5°C tsakanin Disamba da Fabrairu, aƙalla kusan 48°C a cikin Mayu da matsakaita yanayin kusan 28-29°C. Lokacin rani daga Nuwamba zuwa Mayu kuma lokacin damina tsakanin Mayu da Satumba Oktoba ne tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan 190mm. Flora Dajin Sambisa na daya daga cikin 'yan dazuzzuka a Arewa Maso Gabashin Najeriya inda ake samun karancin ciyayi. Yawancin ciyayi iri-iri ne na Savanna na Sudanian kodayake, saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, wasu ɓangarorin sun zama kamar Savanna. Gandun dajin ya kunshi cakuda dazuzzuka da sassan ciyayi na gajerun bishiyoyi masu tsawon mita biyu da kuma bishiyun masu kayoyi, masu tsayin mita 1 2-1, wadanda ke da wahalar shiga. Manyan bishiyoyi da dazuzzuka a cikin dajin sun hada da tallow, roba, plum mai bakin daji, birch, dabinon, mesquite, acacia, burodin biri, bishiyar daji, baobab, jackalberry, tamarind da terminalia. Fauna BirdLife International ta ba da rahoton cewa an rubuta nau'ikan Tsuntsaye guda 62 a cikin Tsibirin Sambisa, wadanda suka hada da kaza, francolin, masakar kauye, hornbill na Abyssinia, Arabian bustard, mai gidan Savile, Afrika mai hade-da-kurciya, gyambon-mai sanyin tauraruwa, baki mai gogewa- robin da Sudan sparrow. Haka kuma an yi tunanin gandun dajin shi ne yanki na karshe na jimina a Najeriya. An ba da rahoton nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 17 a shekara ta 2010 a cikin Reserve Game na Sambisa da suka hada da, dabbobin dawa, da bika, da tantalus, da Grimm's duiker, da barewa da ke kan gaba, da giwar daji ta Afirka, da dabbar roan, da damisa, damisa ta Afirka da kurayen da suka hango. Koyaya, farauta, sare bishiyoyi don mai, shigar mutane cikin harkar noma da ayyukan ƙungiyar jihadi ta Boko Haram tun a shekara ta 2013 sun rage yawansu tun daga wannan lokacin. Wani binciken samaniya da aka yi game da ajiyar wasan a shekara ta 2006 ya ba da rahoton ganin manyan dabbobin daji biyar kawai. Ajiyar Wasan Sambisa A lokacin mulkin mallaka, filin wasan Sambisa ya mamaye yanki na 2,258km2 (872 sq mi) a gabashin dajin. Rahotannin daga baya sun sanya girman wurin ajiyar wasan a murabba'in kilomita 518, ko kilomita murabba'in 686 duk da cewa wasu takaddun hukuma sun haɗa da Mazunin Dajin Marguba a cikin Rukunin Wasan Sambisa. Daga shekara ta 1970, an yi amfani da ajiyar don safaris. Tana da yawan damisa, zakuna, giwaye, kuraye, waɗanda mai yawon buɗe ido ke iya lura da su daga ɗakuna ko gidajen safari. A cikin shekara ta 1991, gwamnatin jihar Borno ta sanya wannan ajiyar a cikin wurin shakatawa na kasa na Basin Chadi. Amma watsi da gudanarwarta, bayan mamayar Sambisa da mayakan Boko Haram suka yi a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013, ya haifar da bacewar dabbobi sannu a hankali, gidajen kwana sun durkushe ko aka lalata su, ciyayi suka mamaye hanyoyi, kuma koguna suka kafe. Rikicin Boko Haram A Dajin Sambisa, musamman yankin tsaunuka na Gwaza kusa da kan iyakar Kamaru, kungiyar masu ikirarin jihadi ta Boko Haram ce ke amfani da ita a matsayin matsuguni kuma an yi amannar cewa nan ne wurin da suke tsare da 'yan matan makarantar Chibok da aka sace a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2014. A lokacin bazara a shekara ta 2015 Sojojin Najeriya suka fara kai hare-hare kan Boko Haram a cikin dajin, amma sun yi tafiyar hawainiya saboda gasansanonin da ake hakar mai da yawa kuma mayakan suna da ingantaccen ilimin gida. Duk da wannan, a ranar 28 ga Afrilu a shekara ta 2015, sojojin Najeriya suka mamaye sansanoni hudu na kungiyar ta Boko Haram a dajin Sambisa wadanda suka 'yanta kusan mata da mata 300, wadanda ba su ba, amma 'yan matan Chibok da suka bata. A ranar 30 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2015 an sake lalata wasu sansanonin Boko Haram 13 kuma an ba da rahoton an sake wasu mata da yara 234 kusa da Kawuri da Konduga. Sojojin na Najeriya a daren Laraba 4 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta 2015, sun ce sojoji na 5 Brigade Task Group, sun kashe wasu mutane biyu da ake zargin ‘yan Boko Haram ne, bayan rusa sansanoninsu a Hausari da Baranga da ke karamar Hukumar Marte a Jihar Borno. A cewar wata sanarwa a hukumance daga rundunar, "A kokarin ci gaba da mamaye yankunan da aka kwato tare da tsarkake dukkan yankunan Najeriya daga ayyukan boko haram, sojojin da ke ci gaba na 5 Brigade Task Group a yau sun fatattaki wasu sansanonin 'yan ta'adda 5 a Hausari da Baranga a karamar hukumar Marte. na jihar Borno. A ranar 18 ga Mayu a shekara ta 2016, daya daga cikin ‘yan matan makarantar da aka sace daga Chibok a shekara ta 2014, an bayar da rahoton cewa wasu mayaka‘ 'yan yankin da ke yaki da Boko Haram sun gano ta a dajin Sambisa. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, 218 daga cikin ‘yan matan har yanzu ba a gansu ba kuma yarinyar da aka samu ta yi ikirarin cewa ban da shida, da aka ce sun mutu, duk ana ci gaba da tsare su a dajin. Manazarta Dajuka a Najeriya Wuraren shaƙatawa a Najeriya Jihar
32051	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishak%20Belfodil	Ishak Belfodil	Ishak Belfodil an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Bundesliga Hertha BSC da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya. Tsohon matashin dan wasan Faransa ne, an kira shi zuwa tawagar kasar Algeria a karon farko a watan Agustan 2012. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Belfodil ya fara wasan kwallon kafa ne a OSC Elancourt, kungiyar da ke yammacin birnin Paris, kuma ya kwashe shekarunsa na girma a kungiyar. Daga baya ya koma kulob din Trappes FC na kusa. Yayin da yake Trappes, Belfodil ya ci jarabawar shiga da ake buƙata don halartar makarantar Clairefontaine, amma ba a zaɓa ba bayan gazawar gwajin ƙarshe. A sakamakon haka, ya koma Paris Saint-Germain yana ba da shekara guda kawai a Camp des Loges, cibiyar horar da kulob din. Belfodil ya danganta shekara guda kawai a can musamman saboda rashin mayar da hankali kan karatunsa da rashin samun isasshen lokacin wasa tare da sashin matasa. A cikin 2004, ya shiga AC Boulogne Billencourt, ƙungiyar wasanni wanda kuma ya horar da 'yan wasan duniya Hatem Ben Arfa da Issiar Dia. A cikin 2007, Belfodil ya tabbatar da tafiya zuwa kulob din Ligue 2 Clermont Foot. Belfodil ya shafe shekara guda ne a Clermont kuma, a lokacin da yake wasa da kungiyar ‘yan kasa da shekaru 16, ya zura kwallaye tara daga cikin 15 na farko da kungiyar ta ci a gasar Championnat National Under-16 league inda ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. Wasansa ya haifar da sha'awar kungiyoyi da yawa, musamman kulob din Lyon na Faransa da kungiyoyin Ingila na Chelsea da Manchester United. A ranar 13 Nuwamba 2008, Lyon ta sanar da cewa sun sayi Belfodil kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar mai neman (matasa) tare da kulob din har zuwa Yuni 2011. Lyon A tsawon lokacin kakar 2008–09, Belfodil ya taka leda a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 ta kulob din. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar da ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na 2008–09 Coupe Gambardella wanda ya bayyana a wasanni shida ya zura kwallaye biyu. Belfodil ya kuma buga wasa daya a kungiyar ta Championnat de France mai son kungiyar. A cikin mako na uku na kakar 2009–10, an kira shi zuwa babban kungiyar wasan da kulob din zai buga da Auxerre a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta kuma ya fara halarta a wannan wasan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jean-Alain Boumsong a cikin minti na 85. Lyon ta ci wasan da ci 3-0. Belfodil ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar zakarun Turai bayan kwanaki uku, a wasa na biyu na wasan zagaye na biyu na gasar da Anderlecht ya bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Lisandro López a minti na 60. A ranar 16 ga watan Yuli 2010, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko da ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku har zuwa 2014. Saboda har yanzu yana da sauran shekara a kan kwangilar kwangilar ta fara aiki daga 1 ga Yuli 2011. Club career A cikin Shekarar 2004, ya shiga AC Boulogne Billencourt, ƙungiyar wasanni wanda kuma ya horar da 'yan wasan duniya Hatem Ben Arfa da Issiar Dia A cikin Shekarar 2007, Belfodil ya tabbatar da tafiya zuwa kulob din Ligue 2 Clermont Foot A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekarata 2008, Lyon ta sanar da cewa sun sayi Belfodil kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar mai neman (matasa) tare da kulob din har zuwa watan Yuni shekarata 2011. Ya kasance memba na kungiyar da ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na shekarar 2008-zuwa shekarata 2009 Coupe Gambardella wanda ya bayyana a wasanni shida yana zura kwallaye biyu. A cikin mako na uku na kakar 2009–10, an kira shi zuwa babban kungiyar wasan da kulob din zai buga da Auxerre a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta kuma ya fara halarta a wannan wasan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jean-Alain Boumsong a cikin minti na 85th. A ranar 16 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2010, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko da ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku har zuwa shekarar 2014. Saboda har yanzu yana da sauran shekara a kan kwangilar mai nemansa (matasa), kwangilar ta fara aiki daga ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2011. Bayan ya shafe watanni shida a matsayin aro a Bologna daga watan Janairu zuwa watan Yuni shekarata 2012, Belfodil ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Parma na Seria A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2012 kan Yuro miliyan 2.5 da kari na Yuro 600,000 da kuma ribar 20% na canja wuri nan gaba. A ranar 5 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2013, bayan dogon tattaunawa, an sanar da Belfodil a matsayin ɗan wasan Internazionale Canja wurin ya shafi 50% na haƙƙin tattalin arzikin Belfodil da ya rage tare da Parma, yayin da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Inter akan kuɗin canja wurin 5.75 miliyan. (50% na ƙimar Yuro miliyan 11.5) A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairun shekarata 2014, FIFA kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa Lyon ta cancanci karɓar Yuro miliyan 1.8 saboda batun kari. An gabatar da shi bisa hukuma a matsayin ɗan wasan Inter a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2013 a Paladolomiti a Pinzolo a cikin taron manema labarai iri ɗaya kamar Icardi A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2013, Belfodil ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ga Inter a cikin nasarar 3-1 pre-season nasara a kan Vicenza bayan da mai tsaron gida ya farke bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, daga kusurwar da ta biyo baya a minti na 42, Belfodil ne ya jagoranci kwallon cikin raga ta hanyar da kai mai karfi. Bayan buga wasanni takwas kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2013-14 Seria A, dukkansu a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin, Belfodil ya koma kulob din Seria A Livorno a matsayin aro na sauran kakar a ranar 31ga watan Janairu shekarata 2014. A ranar 20 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2014, Parma ta sayi 50% na kwangilar Belfodil daga Inter ta yadda Crociati ya sake mallakar gabaɗayan kwangilar ɗan wasan. Bayan rikicin kudi na kulob din da ke gudana wanda Parma da kamfaninsa na tsaka-tsaki aka sanar da cewa sun yi fatara a tsakiyar kakar wasa, Belfodil ya soke kwantiraginsa da Parma a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekarata 2015, wanda ya yafe wa kulob din alhaki na albashin da ba a biya ba, duk da cewa kulob din ya sha fama da rubuta ragowar darajar kwantiragin Belfodil kan kudi kusan Yuro miliyan 8.25. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2015, Belfodil ya shiga kungiyar Baniyas a hukumance, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar UAE Arab Gulf League A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2016, Belfodil ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Belgian Standard Liège, tare da zaɓi don tsawaita wani shekara. A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekarata 2017, ranar ƙarshe ta kasuwar musayar rani ta Jamus, ya koma Werder Bremen ta Bundesliga a matsayin aro na shekara guda, an ba da rahoton cewa a kan kuɗin lamuni na Yuro 600,000. A cikin watan Mayu shekarata 2018, an sanar da cewa Belfodil zai koma 1899 Hoffenheim don kakar shekarar 2018-19 bayan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa shekarata 2022 tare da kulob din. A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarata 2019 ya ci baya da baya 2 kwallaye a cikin ban mamaki sake dawowa da Dortmund a Bundesliga Hoffenheim ya koma baya ne da ci 0-3, sannan ya zura kwallo ta farko a minti na 75 da kuma ƙwallaye a minti na 87 don kammala dawowar. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2022, Belfodil ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Al-Gharafa a Qatar. Parma Bayan ya shafe watanni shida a matsayin aro a Bologna daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 2012, Belfodil ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Parma na Seria A ranar 30 ga Yuni 2012 kan Yuro miliyan 2.5 da kari na Yuro 600,000 da kuma ribar 20% na canja wuri nan gaba. Ya samu nasara a kakar farko da Parma, inda ya zura kwallaye takwas a gasar Seria A a matsayin dan wasan gaba da kuma na hagu.<refname=":0">Ishak Belfodil Club matches". worldfootball.net Retrieved 26 October 2017.</ref> Inter A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2013, bayan dogon tattaunawa, an sanar da Belfodil a matsayin ɗan wasan Internazionale. Canja wurin ya ƙunshi 50% na haƙƙin tattalin arzikin Belfodil da ya rage tare da Parma, yayin da ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Inter akan kuɗin canja wurin 5.75 miliyan. (50% na ƙimar Yuro miliyan 11.5) A ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 2014, FIFA kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa Lyon ta cancanci karɓar Yuro miliyan 1.8 saboda ƙimar kari. An bai wa Belfodil riga mai lamba 7 a Inter. An gabatar da shi bisa hukuma a matsayin dan wasan Inter a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2013 a Paladolomiti a Pinzolo a cikin taron manema labarai guda kamar Icardi. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 2013, Belfodil ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Inter a cikin nasara na 3-1 pre-season a kan Vicenza bayan da mai tsaron gida ya farke kwallon da ya fara yi, daga kusurwar da ta biyo baya a minti na 42, Belfodil ya jagoranci kwallon cikin raga ta hanyar da kai mai karfi. Bayan buga wasanni takwas kawai a farkon rabin kakar 2013-14 Seria A, dukkansu a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin, Belfodil ya koma kulob din Seria A Livorno a matsayin aro na sauran kakar a ranar 31 Janairu 2014. A Livorno, Belfodil ya samu lokacin wasa da yawa amma tsarinsa bai yi kyau ba a bangaren da aka yi watsi da shi daga karshe, ya kasa yin rajistar kwallo ko taimakawa a lokacinsa. Koma zuwa Parma A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2014, Parma ta dawo da kashi 50% na kwangilar Belfodil daga Inter ta yadda Crociati ya sake mallakar gabaɗayan kwangilar ɗan wasan. Kudin canja wuri ya kai Yuro miliyan 5.75, duk da cewa an yi musayar ‘yan wasa marasa kudi da suka hada da Lorenzo Crisetig (€4.75 million) da Yao Eloge Koffi (na Yuro miliyan 1). Bayan rikicin kudi na kulob din da ke gudana wanda Parma da matsakaiciyar kamfaninsa aka ayyana sun yi fatara a tsakiyar kakar wasa, Belfodil ya soke kwantiraginsa da Parma a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2015, wanda ya yafe wa kulob din alhaki na albashin da ba a biya ba, duk da cewa kulob din ya sha fama da rubuta ragowar darajar kwantiragin Belfodil kan kudi kusan Yuro miliyan 8.25. Baniyas A 28 Yuli 2015, Belfodil ya shiga kungiyar Baniyas a hukumance, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da kungiyar UAE Arab Gulf League. Standard Liege A ranar 31 Agusta 2016, Belfodil ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da kulob din Belgian Standard Liège, tare da zaɓi don tsawaita wani shekara. Werder Bremen (layi) A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2017, ranar ƙarshe ta kasuwar musayar rani ta Jamus, ya koma Werder Bremen ta Bundesliga a matsayin lamuni na shekara ɗaya, a kan kuɗin lamuni na Yuro 600,000. Werder Bremen ya sami zaɓi don siyan shi na dindindin, a gwargwadon rahoto kan kuɗin canja wuri na Yuro miliyan 6.5, tare da daraktan wasanni Frank Baumann ya ce yana cikin kewayon "miliyan lambobi ɗaya". Hoffenheim A cikin watan Mayu 2018, an sanar da cewa Belfodil zai koma 1899 Hoffenheim a kakar 2018-19 bayan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa 2022 tare da kulob din. An bayar da rahoton kudin canja wurin da aka biya zuwa Standard Liege a matsayin Yuro miliyan 5.5. A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2019 ya ci baya da baya a raga a cikin ban mamaki dawowa da Dortmund a Bundesliga. Hoffenheim ya kasance a baya da ci 0-3, sannan ya zura kwallo ta farko a minti na 75 da kuma ƙwallaye a minti na 87 don kammala dawowar.<refname=":1"/> Ayyukan kasa Belfodil ya cancanci buga wasa a Faransa da Algeria. Tun yana matashi, ya dauki Algeria a matsayin bai cancanci wakiltar Faransa ba saboda bai karbi fasfo ba. Belfodil ya bukaci mahaifinsa da ya sanar da Algeria niyyarsa ta buga musu wasa; duk da haka, ba a lura da tambayoyinsa ba. Bayan komawarsa Lyon, hukumar kwallon kafar Algeria ta aike da takardar gayyata, amma Belfodil ya sanar da su cewa lokaci ya kure. A cikin 2009, Belfodil ya sami kyautar fasfo ɗin Faransa kuma daga baya an kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar ƙasa da 17 don shiga gasar 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. Ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni ukun da kungiyar ta buga yayin da aka fitar da su a matakin rukuni. Belfodil ya koma aikin kasa da kasa na kakar 2009-10 karkashin koci Philippe Bergeroo tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2009 a wasan sada zumunci da Denmark. A ranar 8 ga Disamba, ya zira kwallonsa na farko na matasa a duniya a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Ukraine. A cikin 2010, ya gama kamfen ta hanyar zura kwallo a ragar Jamus a filin wasa na Cloppenburg a wani canjaras 1-1. Belfodil ya kasance cog a cikin kungiyar a karkashin koci Bergeroo don aikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19. A ranar 12 ga Satumba 2010, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko tare da tawagar a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Brazil a gasar cin kofin Sendai na 2010. A zagayen farko na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Turai ta 2011 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan karshe na matakin rukuni da kungiyar ta doke Austria. A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2012, Vahid Halilhodžić ya kira Belfodil zuwa tawagar kasar Algeria a karon farko don neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2013 da Libya. Sai dai kuma har yanzu FIFA ba ta yi watsi da batun sauya sheka zuwa kasar Algeria ba, kuma kungiyarsa ta ki sakin shi a wasan. Mohamed Seguer ne ya maye gurbinsa. A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2012, FIFA ta sanar da cewa an aiwatar da bukatar Belfodil kuma ya cancanci wakiltar Algeria. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Kwallayensa na kasa da kasa Maki da sakamako ne suka jera kwallon da Aljeriya ta ci gaba Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Profile on Parma FC Website[Usurped!] Ishak Belfodil French league stats at LFP also available in French Ishak Belfodil at Soccerbase Ishak Belfodil at the French Football Federation (in French) Ishak Belfodil at the French Football Federation (archived 2019-04-07) (in French) Rayayyun mutane 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
13346	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safiya%20Songhai	Safiya Songhai	Safiya Songhai, ta kasance ƴar fim ɗin Amurka ce, mai watsa labarai ta talabijin, mai ba da rahoto da kuma sarauniya kyau. Ta kasance itace ta farko data kasance Miss Black USA 2008 a wakiltar Massachusetts. Songhai ta kasance gwarzuwar gida kuma mai tsere a cikin biyu daga cikin District of Columbia da New York masu neman shiga gasar Miss America. Daga 2010 2012, Songhai ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa ta Mass Communications a Jami'ar Prairie View A&M, ɗaliban jami'ar sun gabatar da ita ga kyautar Shugaban Malamai da kuma lambar yabo na PV Choice. Tarihin Rayuwa Iyali An haifi Songhai a Philadelphia zuwa Dwight Lamont Hendricks da Tamara Pierce. Iyayen Songhai sun hadu a Filin Wasan Kasa da Kasuwa na Philadelphia, wani biki inda Songhai daga baya za ta lashe kyautar fim dinta na farko. Mahaifiyarta ta fito daga shahararren dangin Philadelphia kuma ta kasance mai kirkiro kuma mai masaukin baki don wasan WPVI na wasan kwaikwayo na VP, kuma daga baya ta yi aiki a ofisoshi daban-daban a matsayin mace ta kamara kuma editan labarai na Frontline Songhai ita ce jikanyar sanannen likitan likitanci Dr. Harold E. Pierce, jikanyar alkalin tarayya mai ritaya Lawrence W. Pierc, ita ce yarima mai jiran gado na duniya Barkley L. Hendricks, kuma yar uwan mai wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai wasan motsa jiki Jayne Kennedy Karatu Bayan shekaru 7, Songhai ta girma a Roxbury, Massachusetts, kuma ta kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Latin Latin Songhai ta yi fice a bainar Jama'a, Gwamnatin daliba, da rubuce-rubuce, kuma ta kammala a matakin 10% na ajin ta. Har ila yau, ita ce Shugabar kungiyar Al'adu ta Afirka, kuma mamba a cikin Kungiyar Kwadago ta kasa. An zabi Songhai da alama ta zama Jagora saboda irin rawar da ta taka a makarantar sakandare. Har ila yau, Songhai ta kafa lambobin yabo guda biyu, Siyarwar Nazarin Ruhun Latin da kuma lambar yabo ta Crystal Apple Teacher's yayin da take shugabar Kwamitin Dalibai. Karatun gaba Songhai ta fara karatun nata ne a Kwalejin Dartmouth, ta mai da hankali sosai a harkar fim, tarihi da kirkirar rubutu. Daga baya, ta canza sheka zuwa Jami'ar Howard inda ta kammala karatuttukan summa kuma ta zama gado na uku na makarantar. Daga baya Songhai ta kammala MFA a Fim da kuma Talabijin a makarantar Tisch na Arts a Jami'ar New York Yayinda take karatun digiri na biyu, Songhai ta sauka matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a kamfanin haɗin gwiwa na PBS WHUT-TV a Washington, DC, kuma tayi aiki a WJZ-TV a Baltimore a matsayin mai gabatarwa da kuma mai ba da labari ga gidan caca na Maryland Ta yi nasara a kan dalibi Emmy a shekararta ta ƙarshe a kwaleji. Aikin fim A shekarar 2003, Songhai ta fara kamfanin shiya fina-finai na Mpirefilms. Ayyukan farko sun kasance gajeren fina-finai, sanar wa jama'a har ma da kaset na duba na gaskiya wanda ke nuna bege. Fim ta farko, LadyLike, ta karɓi rarraba ta hanyar AltCinema kuma an bincika ta a duniya. A shekara ta 2010, Songhai ta shiga sashen koyarwa na Jami’ar Prairie View A&M a matsayin malami mai cikakken koyon hanyoyin sadarwa. Studentsalibai da ɗalibai sun zaɓe ta a lambar yabo ta Shugaba na Kyautar, da kuma Choaƙatar Zabi na PV don ƙwararren koyarwa. Fina-finai Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa Aikin jarida da talabijin Songhai ta kasance mai isar da labarai na Labaran Yanzu a tashar labarai ta duniya, Arise.tv. A cikin 2012, Songhai ta kasance matattarar karshen mako da kuma mai ba da rahoto na saiti ga ƙungiyar ABC mai wakiltar KQ2 a St. Joseph, Missouri. A 2008, ta rufe kidan Laifuka da Adalci don wasan kwaikwayon Richard French Live akan WRNN-TV a Westchester, NY. Har ila yau Songhai ta ba da gudummawa ga gidan yanar gizo na FDNN-TV wanda ke ba da labaran labaran mutane game da masu kashe gobara a Gabas. Yayin da take cikin kwaleji da makarantar digiri na biyu, Songhai ya yi aiki a matsayin mai watsa shiri na TV, kuma mai gabatarwa don WHUT-TV, mai haɗin PBS a Washington, DC. Ta ci nasara a Dalibin Emmy a matsayin mai kera abubuwa na musamman da ake kira Spring Black Arts Festival Har ila yau, Songhai ya samar da shirye-shiryen caca na karshen mako a WJZ-TV 13 a Baltimore, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da sanarwar tallafi. An gabatar da Songhai a cikin littattafai guda biyu a matsayin hira da gwani, Shut Up da Shoot Documentary Guide a Down and Dirty DV Production wanda Anthony Q. Artis da Reel Abinci daga Reel Mata ta Nina Knapp suka gabatar. An nuna Songhai a cikin mujallar Hype Hair, mujallar Jet kuma ta rubuta kasida ga jaridar Washington Post Pageantry Songhai ta kasance wacce ta zo ta farko a tseren Miss Black USA 2008, mai wakiltar Massachusetts a gasar. Songhai ta yi aiki sananne a cikin tsarin Miss America Pageant, inda ya lashe taken Miss Five Boroughs a 2004 wanda aka sanya ta a cikin manyan goma na gasar cin nasara a kan mataki a kan Miss New York Pageant. Kafin wannan nasarar, Songhai ta kasance ta farko ta farko har zuwa Miss District of Columbia 2003, wacce ta zo ta biyu har zuwa Miss District of Columbia 2001, kuma ita ce ta farko da ta tsere zuwa Miss Metropolitan Manhattan 2004. Kyautar Songhai mafi yawanci jaruma ce, kuma ta yi babbar hira, da kuma tambaya kan mataki a kusan kowace shafin da ta shiga gasar. Ma'anar Suna Safiya na nufin "mace mai hankali da tsarkakakkiya" a cikin yaren Swahili Songhai ta fito ne daga mafi girma kuma an sami cikakken iko a Masarautar yamma ta Yammacin Afirka, yanzu Mali, Burkina Faso da Nijar, waɗanda shugabanninsu suka jaddada ilimi da zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da daidaito tsakanin mata. Zuriyarta sun fito ne daga Yarbawa, Bantu, Kpelle, Bamileke da mutanen Mandika na Yammaci da Afirka ta Kudu. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Safiya Songhai Gidan yanar gizon Mpirefilms Kamfanin yanar gizon Miss Black USA Miss Black Massachusetts Amurka shafin yanar gizo Shafin yanar gizo Miss America 2004 Alamar kasuwanci ta Mpirefilms Labarin New York
25884	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go	Go	Go, GO, GO, or Go! na iya nufin to: Zane-zane da nishaɗi Wasanni da wasanni Tafi (wasa), wasan jirgi don 'yan wasa biyu Tafiya Tafiya (tsohon Go Wasan Balaguron Kasa da Kasa wasan da ya danganci balaguron duniya Tafi, matsayin farawa wanda yake a kusurwar jirgi a cikin wasan jirgi na Monopoly Tafi, wasan 1992 don tsarin wasan bidiyo na Philips CD-i Ku tafi, babban ragargazar bambaro da ake amfani da shi a wasan Koriya na Gossaum Go wani lakabin karkashin wanda Amurka Gold buga ZX bakan wasanni Tafiya hanya, tsarin da ke gudana a ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka <i id="mwJQ">Go</i> jerin, tushen juzu'i, jerin wasan bidiyo mai rikitarwa ta Square Enix, wanda ya dogara da fa'idodin fa'idodin Square Enix daban-daban Counter-Strike: Laifin Duniya CS: GO mai harbi mutum na farko wanda Valve ya haɓaka Pokémon Go, wasan gaskiya na haɓaka Fim <i id="mwMQ">Go</i> (Fim na 1999), fim ɗin Amurka <i id="mwNA">Go</i> (fim na 2001), fim ɗin Jafananci <i id="mwNw">Go</i> (Fim na 2007), fim ɗin Bollywood <i id="mwOg">Go Karts</i> (fim), fim ɗin Ostiraliya kuma mai taken Go! Adabi <i id="mwQA">Ku tafi</i> (littafin Holmes), labari ne na John Clellon Holmes <i id="mwQw">Go</i> (Kaneshiro novel), labari na Kazuki Kaneshiro Tafi, labari daga Simon Lewis Media <i id="mwSw">GO</i> (mujallar Amurka), mujallar 'yan madigo kyauta <i id="mwTg">Tafi!</i> (Mujallar Afirka ta Kudu), sigar turanci na mujallar balaguron Afirkaans Weg! Tafi!, Computer da kuma Video Games hannu wasan bidiyo caca mujallar <i id="mwVw">Go</i> (rediyo), shirin rediyo na Kanada Go.com, tashar yanar gizon da Disney ta ƙirƙira da sarrafa ta G/O Media, ke gudanar da Gizmodo, Kotaku, Deadspin da sauran shafuka. Kiɗa <i id="mwYA">Ku tafi</i> (drum), kalmar hanja don nufin drum ɗin Koriya, buk Go Records, kamfanin rikodin Australia Tafi! Discs, alamar rikodin Burtaniya tare da na biyu Go! Beat Records Kundaye <i id="mwag">Go</i> (Bedük album) <i id="mwbQ">Tafi!</i> (Kundin Cartman), da waƙar take <i id="mwcA">Ku tafi</i> (Dexter Gordon album) <i id="mwcw">Ku tafi</i> (Doc Walker album), da waƙar taken <i id="mwdg">Tafi!</i> (Kundin Gargadi Mai Kyau) <i id="mweQ">Go</i> (Girugamesh album) <i id="mwfA">Tafi</i> (Go album), ta farkon 1970s supergroup <i id="mwfw">Ku tafi</i> (kundin H2O), da waƙar taken (duba ƙasa) <i id="mwgg">Go</i> (Jónsi album) <i id="mwhQ">Ku tafi</i> (Kreva album) <i id="mwiA">Tafi!</i> (Haruffa zuwa kundin Cleo), da waƙar taken <i id="mwiw">Ku tafi</i> (Mario album), da waƙar taken <i id="mwjg">Ku tafi</i> (Motion City Soundtrack album) <i id="mwkQ">Ku tafi</i> (album ɗin Newsboys), da waƙar taken <i id="mwlQ">Tafi</i> (Newsboys EP) <i id="mwmA">Ku tafi</i> (Pat Benatar album), da taken taken <i id="mwmw">Ku tafi</i> (Paul Chambers album) <i id="mwng">Ku tafi</i> (Sarah Bettens album), da waƙar taken <i id="mwoQ">Tafi</i> (Kundin Tsaye na tsaye) Tafi Mafi Kyawun Moby, da waƙar taken (duba ƙasa) The Go (The Go album) The Go (Skunkhour album) Tafi, kundi na Hiroshima Masu yi Go (band), a 1970s supergroup G.O (singer), a member of South Korean group MBLAQ The Go, a Detroit garage rock band Songs "Go" (Asia song) "Go" (The Chemical Brothers song) "Go!" (Common song) "Go" (Delilah song) "Go" (Flow song) "Go" (Hanson song) "Go!" (Joe Inoue song) "Go!" (Jupiter Rising song) "Go" (McClain Sisters song) "Go" (Moby song) "Go" (Pearl Jam song) "Go" (Scott Fitzgerald song) "Go" (The Kid Laroi and Juice Wrld song) "Go!" (Tones on Tail song) "Go", by Andy Hunter from Exodus "Go", by The Apples in Stereo from The Discovery of a World Inside the Moone "Go", by The Black Keys from Let's Rock "Go", by Blink-182 from Blink-182 "Go", by Boys Like Girls from Love Drunk "Go", by Daniel Johnston from Respect "Go", by Def Leppard from Songs from the Sparkle Lounge "Go!", by DM Ashura "Go", by Earshot from The Silver Lining "Go", by Grimes featuring Blood Diamonds "Go", by H2O from Thicker than Water "Go", by Indigo Girls from Come On Now Social "Go", by The Innocence Mission from Glow "Go", by Jamelia from Walk with Me "Go", by Kelly Clarkson "Go!", by M83 from Junk "Go!", by Melanie Chisholm from Northern Star "Go" by Meg Myers from Make a Shadow "Go!", by Public Service Broadcasting from The Race for Space "Go", by The Replacements from Stink "Go!", by Santigold featuring Karen O from Master of My Make-Believe "Go", by The Smashing Pumpkins from Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music "Go", by Steriogram from Schmack! "Go", by Tages from Tages 2 "Go", by Thousand Foot Krutch from The Art of Breaking "Go", by Triple C's from Custom Cars & Cycles "Go", by Valley Lodge from Use Your Weapons, used as the theme song for Last Week Tonight with John Oliver "Go", by The Vandals from Look What I Almost Stepped In... "Go!", by will.i.am from Must B 21 "Go", by Zebrahead from Playmate of the Year "Go Go Go", by Chuck Berry, B-side of the single "Come On" Talabijin Go (tashar talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu), tashar Afirka ta Kudu da ta lalace 9 tafi!, Tashar Ostiraliya da ake kira "GO!" PBS Kids Go!, tsohon PBS yara toshe don manyan yara <i id="mwATY">Go</i> (jerin talabijin na 1973), jerin yaran Amurkawa <i id="mwATk">Ku tafi</i> (wasan kwaikwayo), wasan wasan Amurka na 1980 <i id="mwATw">Gō</i> (jerin talabijin), wasan kwaikwayo na NHK Taiga wanda aka shirya don 2011 Da Go Nuna kuma ake kira Go wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan Australiya na 1960 "Tafi" <i id="mwAUM">Hatsarin Kurkuku</i> wani sashi na jerin shirye -shiryen talabijin Prison Break "Ku tafi!", <i id="mwAUc">Sashin Teen Titans</i> Kamfanoni Sufuri Jiragen sama Ku tafi (kamfanin jirgin sama), tsohon kamfanin jirgin sama na Burtaniya, yanzu wani ɓangare na easyJet Tafi! (kamfanin jirgin sama), wani kamfanin jirgin sama na Hawaii wanda Mesa Air Group ke sarrafawa Tafi! Mokulele, wani kamfanin jirgin sama na kasar Hawai yana aiki ne a matsayin hadin gwiwar Mesa Air Group da Republic Airways Holdings Go Farko, kamfanin jirgin sama a Indiya Hanya da dogo Tafi! Hadin gwiwa, kamfani mai haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa a cikin Burtaniya Go-Ahead Group, kamfanin jirgin kasa na Burtaniya da kamfanin sarrafa bas Tafi Arewa Maso Gabas, sashin bas na Go-Ahead Group GoRail, ma'aikacin tashar jirgin fasinja a Estonia GO Transit, tsarin jigilar jama'a na yanki a cikin Ontario, Kanada GoTransit (North Carolina), alamar sabis na jigilar kayayyaki a yankin Triangle na North Carolina GO Transit (Wisconsin), tsarin jigilar jama'a a gundumar Winnebago, Wisconsin Sauran kamfanoni GO (Malta), kamfanin sadarwa a Malta GO Corp., kamfani mai sarrafa alkalami Etihad Atheeb Telecom, wani kamfanin sadarwa a Saudi Arabia wanda ke sana'ar "GO" Global Oncology, ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya ta Amurka Harshe Go (fi'ili), fi'ilin turanci ma'anar ƙaura daga wuri ɗaya zuwa wani tafi, a cikin rubutun Esperanto, sunan harafin g Mutane Gō (sunan da aka bayar), sunan Jafananci na maza Ku tafi (sunan Koriya), ko Ko, sunan dangin Koriya Go na Balhae, janar na Koriya kuma mai mulkin karni na 8 Wurare Tsibirin Glorioso (FIPS 10-4 lambar yanki), a cikin Tekun Indiya, Faransa ke gudanarwa Goiás (GO), jihar Brazil Kimiyya da fasaha Kwamfuta Gigaoctet (Go), sashin bayanai ko ajiyar kwamfuta Go (yaren shirye -shirye), wanda kuma aka sani da Golang Tafi! (harshen shirye -shirye), wanda Francis McCabe ya kirkira a 2003 Ku ci gaba da isar da kayan aiki, kayan aikin software don ci gaba da isar da software Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Gō (naúrar), yanki na gargajiya na Jafananci na yanki da ƙarar Gene ontology, shirin bioinformatics Ku tafi, yanayin wucewa cikin go/no go test Graphite oxide, ko, graphene oxide Sauran amfani Garantin asalin (GO ko GoO), takardar shaidar EU don samar da wutar lantarki Gorilla na Suns, wanda ake wa laƙabi da "Go", mascot na ƙungiyar kwando ta Phoenix Suns Grassroots Out, kungiya ce ta 2016 da ke fafutukar ficewar Burtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai Duba kuma Get Outdoors Georgia ("GO" Georgia), yunƙurin haɓaka ayyukan lafiya, Georgia, Amurka Gomoku ko Gobang, wasan dabarun da aka saba wasa da go go Duka shafuka da suka fara da lakanin GO Go tafi (disambiguation) Babu tafi (disambiguation) G0 (rashin
5312	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk	Novosibirsk	Novosibirsk ta uku mafi yawan kuma goma sha biyu cikin sharuddan yankin birnin a Rasha, na da matsayi na birnin gundumar. A Gudanarwa tsakiyar Siberian Tarayya District, Novosibirsk yankin, da kuma kunshe a da membobinsu da Novosibirsk yankin. kamar yadda birnin yake tsakiyar Novosibirsk agglomeration mafi girma a Siberia. Kasuwanci, harkokin kasuwanci, al'adu, masana'antu, sufuri da kuma kimiyya cibiyar tarayya muhimmanci. Kafa a 1893, da matsayin birnin samu a 1903. ɓangaren da Novosibirsk is located a kudu maso gabashin ɓangare na West Siberian Bayyana a kan likitan mata tudu m ga likitan mata River kwarin, kusa da tafki kafa Dam Novosibirsk GES, a mahada daga cikin gandun daji da kuma steppe zones. Hagu banki na birnin ne lebur, dama bankin yayi wani iri-iri bim, ridges kuma ravines, domin a nan zai fara miƙa mulki ga dutsen taimako Salair Ridge. Birnin da kuma m Zaeltsovskiy Kudryashovsky gandun daji, Novosibirsk tafki. Gani Novosibirsky Jihar ilimi Opera da rawa gidan wasan kwaikwayo (na daya yi ya faru a watan Mayu 12, 1945) Rasha ta mafi girma a gidan wasan kwaikwayo gini, da abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmancin, alama ce birnin. Tashar tashar jirgin "Novosibirsk-Main" (izini a 1939), da ginin da ake dimbin yawa kamar racing gabas kore locomotive. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral na farko da dutse gini a cikin birnin, bayan da tsarkake kawai 6 bayan shekara da matabbatarsu. Kusa da babban coci fara babban titi na Novosibirsk Red Avenue. Birane kasuwanci gidaje (yanzu Novosibirsk Yanki Museum) (yi kammala a shekarar 1911) wani gine-gine abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmancin, tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wasar kwaikwayo ta waka da kuma wasan kwaikwayo ta rawa gungu dokoki ne babban square na birnin Lenin Square. City shopping kungiyar soja (yanzu Novosibirsk Yanki Museum) (yi kammala a shekarar 1911) wani gine-gine abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmancin, tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wasar kwaikwayo ta waka da kuma wasan kwaikwayo ta rawa gungu dokoki ne babban square na birnin Lenin Square. Stokvartirny gidan (yi kammala a 1937) wani gida gina ta shahara m AD Kryachkova, wani gine-gine abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmanci gidan su. Lenin (yanzu Novosibirsk kungiyar) (yi kammala a 1925) An gina a ƙwaƙwalwar na shugaban Oktoba juyin juya halin na 1917 a kasa da watanni 6. Domin wannan aikin da aka bayar katunan tare da image na asali ce ta ginin, wanda mutane da ake kira "tubalin" (kudin daya katin da aka 10 aninai kudin daya bulo a lokaci). Katunan an sayar da mutane a mafi guntu yiwu lokaci. Commercial Building gamuwa (gyara gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Red Tocilan") wani gine-gine abin tunawa, mai ban mamaki gina a shekara ta 1914 by Alexander D. Kryachkova. Novosibirsk Museum of Railway kayan aiki The gidan kayan gargajiya ƙunshi babban tarin tururi locomotives, dizal locomotives, lantarki locomotives da motoci, kazalika da Soviet motoci. Jimlar tsawon da fairground ne game da uku kilomita. Sauna locomotive abin tunawa FD21-3000 NALunin, kafa a ƙwaƙwalwar na ƙ ir ƙ iro na dogo kai Novosibirsk metro gada a fadin likitan mata River, shi ne mafi tsawo gada jirgin karkashin kasa a duniya da tsawon 2145 m Novosibirsk tafki (likitan mata Sea, cike a 1957-1959) a rare biki makõma kuma daban-daban gasa, jimlar fannin 1,082 Novosibirsk Zoo, wanda yana da tarin fiye da 700 jinsunan (kusan 11 000 mutanen da 1 Janairu 2012); Tsakiya Siberian Botanical Garden mafi girma a cikin Asiya na Rasha (wurin a kan 1,000 kadada); Yara Railway tsawon mafi girma daga 5 km, located in Zaeltsovsky gandun daji, kuma yana da 5 tashoshin. Sun Museum Rasha ta kawai gidan kayan gargajiya sadaukar domin da alamu da alamomin da rana. Museum Alexander Pokryshkin Rasha ta kawai tashar jirgin karkashin kasa a gidan kayan gargajiya sadaukar domin Air Marshal kuma sau uku Hero na Tarayyar Soviet Alexander Pokryshkin. Monument zuwa Alexander III a wurin shakatawa "Urban Home» likitan mata River. A bude akwai babban-jikan Sarkin sarakuna Bulus Kulikovskii Danish jama'a. Novosibirsk Akademgorodok A abin tunawa ga Vladimir Lenin a kan Square. Lenin. Ya bude Nuwamba 5, 1970 Bronze. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwa na al'adu gãdon tarayya muhimmancin. Multi-adadi abun da ke ciki: da dama daga cikin abin tunawa ga Vladimir Lenin uku Figures ma'aikata, sojoji da peasants alamar da tuki sojojin na juyin juya halin, hagu da adadi boys da 'yan mata da yula-qazanta kunnuwa, daidai da cin gaba na zamaninsu. Sculptor JF Brodsky, gine-ginen IG Pokrovsky, SP Skoblikov, GN Burhanov. Kai Novosibirsk most kai cibiya na Siberia: ratsa shi Trans-Siberian Railway, hanyar jirgin kasa da hanyõyi. A Novosibirsk, located iko da yamma Siberian Railway. Novosibirsk ya haɗu Siberia, Far East, Central Asia da Turai yankuna na Rasha. Human da ciniki gudana muhimmanci taimakawa wajen ci gaban birnin. Novosibirsk ne a bangaren kogin tashar jiragen ruwa. Manazarta Biranen
20525	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullahi%20Ahmed%20Irro	Abdullahi Ahmed Irro	Abdullahi Ahmed Irro Somali Kuma aka sani da Abdullahi Ahmad Yousef Irro, wani shahararren Sojan Somali ne, Kuma farfesa kuma janar Ya taimaka wajen kafa Makarantar Kwalejin Ilimi ta Kasa. Shekarun farko An haifi Irro a garin Kismayo na kudancin, Kasar Somalia, daga dangin Majeerteen Harti Darod Mahaifin Irro Ahmed Yussuf Irro tare da baffanninsa guda biyu sun yi aiki a sojojin mulkin mallaka na Italiya. Suna daga cikin matasan Migiurtinia wadanda aka tilasta musu shiga karfi bayan faduwar mulkin Majeerteen Sultanate mai mulki (Migiurtinia) da Sultanate na Hobyo (Obbia) yayin yakin neman hadewa da "Sarakunan Arewa wani balaguron fasist zuwa kasar daga shekara ta alif 1922 zuwa shekara ta alif 1929 karkashin umurnin Cesare Maria De Vecchi na Jam'iyyar Fascist ta Kasa karkashin jagorancin Benito Mussolini. Irro uwa, Zhabah Hosh Ellie, 'yar wani aristocratic Wazir na Obbio Sultanate. Irro ya yi mafi kyawun lokacin samartakarsa a Mogadishu, inda ya yi karatu a makarantun firamare da sakandare na Italiya. Daga baya ya yi karatu a makarantar malanta ta makarantar ta shekara biyu Instituto Universario Della Somalia, ya kammala da girmamawa. Bayan kuma kammala karatunsa, Irro yayi aiki na yearsan shekaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1950s a matsayin malami. Aikin soja Horarwa Bayan da Somalia ta sami 'yancinta a shekara ta 1960, Irro ya shiga cikin rundunar sojan kasar ta Somalia (SNA), ya zama jami'in na 32 na rundunar. Irro ya sami koyarwar soja ne a Makarantar Koyon Soja ta Masar da ke Alkahira, Masar a shekara ta 1961. Ya kammala karatunsa ne a kwalejin da digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar soja Daga baya Irro ya koma Somalia inda ya yi aiki a ofishin babban kwamanda da kuma shugabanci na tsare-tsare karkashin Daud Abdulle Xirsi, da Siad Barre a 1960s, sannan daga baya a karkashin Mohammad Ali Samatar da Abdullah Mohamed Fadil Irro tare da sauran abokan aikin sa na hagu daga baya an shigar da su Makarantar Koyon Soja ta Frunze a Moscow fitaccen ma'aikatar Soviet da aka keɓe don ƙwararrun hafsoshin sojojin Warsaw Pact da ƙawayensu. A can, ya kware a Tsarin Tsari kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da dabaru, ayyuka da yaƙe-yaƙe na zamani, tare da girmamawa kan Tsaron activeasa. Irro ya wallafa ayyuka da yawa a cikin Larabci da Rashanci yana nazarin yaƙin gargajiya a Afirka, Asiya da Latin Amurka Wani fitaccen mai digiri na biyu na Frunze, binciken Irro ya mai da hankali kan dabaru daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su yayin Yaƙin Sino-Indiya na shekara ta 1962 da rikicin Indo-Pakistan na 1965 Daga karshe Irro ya kammala tsananin horo a Frunze, sannan daga baya ya sami digirin digirgir na soji Sauran Somaliyan da suka kammala karatu daga cibiyoyin sojan na Frunze sun hada da Mohamed Ali Samatar, Salaad Gabeyre Kediye, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Abdullah Mohamed Fadil, Ali Hussein da Mohamed Farrah Aidid Sojojin Kasar Somaliya Bayan dawowarsa Somaliya, Irro ya mallaki mukamai daban-daban a Sojojin Kasar Somaliya. Ya yi aiki a bangaren tsare-tsare da ayyuka, inda ya shugabanci kula da tsare-tsare baya ga irin wannan mukamai a bangarori na 21 da 60. Irro ya yi aiki har zuwa matsayin SNA, ya sami mukamin Kanar A shekarun 1970s, ya kasance mataimakin kwamandan runduna ta 21 kuma kwamanda na sashi na 60. Yakin Ogaden A karkashin jagorancin Janar Mohamed Ali Samatar, Irro da sauran manyan hafsoshin sojan Somaliya an ba su izini a shekara ta 1977 tare da tsara dabarun kasa domin shirya yakin Ogaden a Habasha Wannan wani bangare ne na kokarin hada kawunan dukkan yankunan da Somaliya ke zaune a yankin na Horn zuwa cikin Somalia ta Gabas Soomaaliweyn Kanar Abdullahi Irro shi ne ya ba da umarni ga rundunonin SNA a cikin Godey Front, suka ƙwace yankin a ranar 24 ga Yulin, shekara ta 1977. Runduna ta 4 ta Sojojin Habasha, wadanda ke da sansani a cikin sansanonin sojoji biyar na yankin sun tsare Godey. Runduna ta 60 a karkashin Col Irro ta kunshi Brigade ta 2 ta Armored wacce ke dauke da T-54 MBTs, Sojoji masu luguden wuta da kuma Artillery Brigade 36 manyan bindigogi da kuma Bataliyar Tank da ke dauke da T-34 MBTs. Habasha ta amince da asarar Godey da shigar sojojin Somaliya kai tsaye a cikin watan Yulin shekara ta 1977. Bayan haka, Tarayyar Soviet ta Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar makamai na dala miliyan 385 tare da Habasha a farkon watan Satumba. An ba da rahoton jigilar makaman Soviet zuwa Somalia kwata-kwata a ƙarshen watan Satumban shekara ta 1977. A karkashin jagorancin Irro, rundunonin runduna ta 60 ta Somalia sun yi nasarar fatattakar Runduna ta 4 ta Habasha a Godey, wanda ya sa ta durkushe kuma ta daina wanzuwa baki daya a matsayin rundunar aiki. Kamawar Godey ya kuma baiwa bangaren Somaliya damar karfafa ikonta a kan Ogaden, da tattara dakarunta, da kuma ci gaba zuwa wasu yankuna na Habasha. Rukuni daga Somaliya na 60 suka mamaye Fadar Sarki Salase inda suka kame manyan hafsoshin Habasha. Hakanan an kashe ɗan jirgin sama na Sweden Carl Gustaf von Rosen yayin yaƙin Godey. Biyo bayan wannan nasarar da aka samu a Godey, an nada Irro Babban Jami'in Kwamanda a shiyya ta 60. Ya aka sanya kungiyar da kuma janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a aikinsu Vis-a-Vis daban-daban sojojin brigades a Kudancin Tsattsaguwa, ciki har da shida dakaru brigades ƙaddara ga Nagele, bayan Godey zuwa Bali da Sidamo. Har ila yau, an ɗora wa Irro alhakin samar da kayan aiki da na fasaha, wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen ba da izini na kwamandan kudu. A yin haka, sai aka ta kashe yiwa tsohon Frunze Farfesa, Vasily Ivanovich Petrov, wanda ya Red Army Janar sanya su taimaka da kuma sake gina Habasha Army Duk da irin tallafin da Cuba, USSR, [Kudancin Yemen] da Gabashin Jamus ba su samu ba, sai da aka kwashe kusan shekaru uku Sojojin Habasha sun sami cikakken ikon yankin Godey. Birgediya-Janar Demisse Bulto, kwamandan Sojojin Juyin Juya Hali na farko, ya kwato Godey a matsayin wani bangare na Operation Lash kafin watan Nuwamba 1980, kusan shekaru uku da rabi tun lokacin da Sojojin Somalia suka mamaye shi a watan Yulin 1977 Gwamnatin Derg ta Habasha daga baya za ta kashe Bulto saboda hannu a juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a Habasha a shekarar 1989. Yunkurin juyin mulkin 1978 A cikin shekara ta 1978, faduwa daga yakin Ogaden da aka zubar ya kai ga kokarin da wasu manyan hafsoshin Sojan Somalia da dama suka yi na kifar da gwamnatin Siad Barre Dangane da tarihin marigayi Kanar Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, Irro ya sanar da shi ta hanyar sadarwa ta tsaro cewa juyin mulkin bai yi nasara ba. Sadarwar da aka watsa ta ƙunshi saƙon kalmomi biyu masu lamba "An zubar da mata", kwanan wata 11:00 na safe, Afrilu 9, 1978. An kama Irro 'yan sa'o'i kadan daga gwamnatin da ke mulki ta Shugaba Barre bisa zargin sa hannu a cikin putch. Mafi yawan mutanen da suka taimaka shirya juyin mulkin an same su da laifi kuma kotun Marshal ta kashe su; amma wasu, ciki har da wani abokin karatunsa na makarantar Frunze da ke Kanar Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmed, sun sami damar tserewa zuwa kasashen waje. An kame shugaban juyin mulkin Kanar Mohamed Osman Irro kuma aka kashe shi. An kama Kanar Abdullahi Irro kuma an tura shi kotu tare da shugaban rundunar ‘yan sanda ta kasa Janar Abdullahi Matukade kuma an sake shi bayan wasu shekaru bayan kotu ba ta sami wata tabbatacciyar shaidar hadin kai da Mohamed Osman Irro ba Shekarun baya 1979–1990 Abdullahi Irro daga baya yayi aiki a matsayin Farfesan Dabarun a Cibiyoyin Sojojin Somalia da dama a shekarun 1980. A wannan matsayin, ya taimaka wajen kafa Makarantar Koyon Ilimi ta Kasa, kuma yana da hannu wajen kirkirar tsarin koyar da dabarun manyan jami'an soji, majalisun shawarwari na shugaban kasa da 'yan majalisa. Ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa tare da makarantu da yawa a Kasar Misira a shekara ta (1983), Faransa (1984) da Amurka (1984) A polymath, Irro ya kasance ba ruwan sa da siyasa a duk lokacin da ya girma. Ya ki amincewa da tayin da yawa don shiga cikin kungiyoyin adawa wadanda suka fara kafawa a lokacin yakin Ogaden, ciki har da Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), Somali National Movement (SNM) da United Somali Congress (USC) karkashin jagorancin tsoffin abokan aikinsa Abdullahi. Yusuf Ahmed, Abdulkadir Koosaar da Mohamed Farrah Aidid, bi da bi. Bayan Yakin Basasa Janar Irro yana zaune ne a Vienna, Virginia kuma wani lokacin yana shiga cikin kokarin samar da al'umma mai zaman lafiya a Afirka. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan jami'an Somaliya guda 30 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gayyata don ba Majalisar Dinkin Duniya shawara. Irro da abokan aikinsa sun samar da wata takaddar tsari don magance dabarun fuskantar kalubalen tsaro na gajeren lokaci da matakan karfafa iya aiki na tsawon lokaci. Duba kuma Muhammad Ali Samatar Hussein Kulmiye Afrah Abdullah Mohamed Fadil Ismail Ali Abokor Abdirizak Mohamud Abubakar Salaad Gabeyre Kediye Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed Maxamed Saalax Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle Ali Matan Xaashi Omar Massale Mohamed Osman Irro Dahir Adan Elmi Manazarta Sojoji Sojojin Somaliya Masana a Somaliya Mutane Somaliya Pages with unreviewed
14116	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C6%99ala%20akan%20Annoba	Muƙala akan Annoba	Annoba na nufin bayyanar wata ƙwayar cuta mai yaɗuwa cikin hanzari tsakanin al'umma. Idan cutar tana yaɗuwa a tsakanin ƙasashen duniya, ana kiranta 'Pandemic' cikin harshen Ingilishi watau Annoba mai karaɗe duniya. Idan kuma ya kasance cutar na yaɗuwa a wani yankin gari ko ƙasa, ana kiranta epidemic cikin harshen Ingilishi. Watau annoba dake yaɗuwa a wani yankin gari ko ƙasa. Cuta mai yaɗuwa ta wata keɓantaciyyar hanya kuma take kama wasu taƙaitattun mutane an fi sanin ta da endemic''' a harshen Ingilishi. Don haka ba a kiran cututtukan da ke kama ƙayyaddun mutane a duniya kamar mura wadda ke aukuwa a wani keɓantaccen yanayi ba annoba ba ce. Matakan Yaɗuwa Annoba mai karaɗe duniya na yaɗuwa. idan ta ɓarke tana hallaka mutane da dama. Don haka matuƙar cuta ba ta yaɗuwa tsakanin al'umma, to ba za a ambace ta da annoba ba. Yaɗuwar annoba na bin wasu matakai ne da ake auna su a ma'auni mai lanƙwasa. Idan an saka awon a bisa taswira, yana yin kwana ko lanƙwasa gwargwadon adadin mutanen da suka kamu a wannan lokacin. Taswirar annobar nan tana juyawa ne da yadda annobar ke tafiya. Annoba galibi tana yaɗuwa ne a matakai uku kamar yadda aka nuna a jadawalin da ke ƙasa: (a) Mataki na farko: Shine wanda aka nuna a tsarin farko na taswirar. Idan alal misali muka ɗauki yadda covid-19 ke yaɗuwa, za mu ɗauke shi a matsayin mataki na farko. Anan ne akan samu masu ɗauke da cutar 'yan ƙalilan. (b) Mataki na biyu: Taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta kutsa kai cikin al'umma. Anan taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta bunƙasa kuma ta shiga cikin al'umma. (c) Mataki na uku: Mataki na uku na taswirar na nuna yadda aka samu nasarar shawo kan yaɗuwar cutar har ma ya kasance babu sabon mai kamuwa da ita. Hanyoyin Magancewa Akwai hanyoyi da dama da ake magance bazuwar annoba. A shekara ta 2005 Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da kundin kiwon lafiya na duniya wanda yake tattare da wasu dokoki da ke bayyana hanyoyin da za a tunkari duk wata barazana ga lafiya da ta shafi ƙasa da ƙasa. Haka kuma hukumar ta WHO ta fitar da wani daftari da ke bayyana yadda za a tunkari annobar mashaƙo a duniya. Bugu na farko na daftarin an wallafa shi cikin shekarar 1999 sannan aka wallafa bugu na biyu a shekarar 2005 da 2009. Yawancin matakan kariya da kiyaye annobar covid-19 an tsamo su daga cikin daftarin kiwon lafiya na 2005 wanda WHO ta samar. Akwai batutuwa da dama da ake tattaunawa dangane da matakan Gwaji da Magani da kuma Bin Diddigi, waɗanda hakan ne ka bawa ƙasashe dama su iya tunkarar duk wani al'amari da ya taso dangane da annobar tun ma kafin a kai ga killace mutane da ba su magani. Tsarin kuma ya ƙunshi bin diddigin dukkan mutanen da suka yi mu'amala da wanda ya kamu da cutar sannan a killace su. Ana amfani da wannan tsarin sosai musamman a ƙasashe kamar Koriya ta Kudu da Singafo. Kodayake su waɗannan ƙasashe sun saba da irin wannan tsarin tun a baya lokacin ɓarkewar annobar SARS. Ba da tazara ga juna tsarin kiwon lafiya ne bisa zummar daƙile yaɗuwar cututtuka ta hanyar nisanta da juna da hana mutane cuɗanya a kusa da kusa. Hakan yana hana cututtuka samun damar barin jikin mai ɗauke da su zuwa jikin wanda ba ya ɗauke da su. Shugaban hukumar (WHO), Dakta Michael J Ryan ya taɓa faɗa a wani taron ganawa da 'yan jarida cikin watan Maris na 2019 cewar ba da tazara hanyaf wucin gadi ce ta kariya ga cututtuka wadda ke daƙile yaɗuwar ƙwayar cuta amma ba ita ce hanyar da ke warkar da cuta ba. Tsarin na da wahala wajen aiwatarwa kuma sai an haɗa shi tare da sauran matakai sannan yake da tasiri. Ya fayyace cewar ba da tazara ba ya kakkaɓe cuta gaba ɗaya. Bala'in annoba da ke wanzuwa yanzu haka ƘanjamauDaga muƙalar: Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS Kodayake hukumar (WHO) ta ayyana ƙanjamau a matsayin annobar garuruwa, duk da haka tana cikin ajin annoba mai karaɗe duniya bisa la'akari da yadda aka bayyana yaɗuwar ta. Bisa ƙiyasin shekarar 2018, akwai mutane kimanin miliyan 37.9 da ke ɗauke da ƙanjamau a faɗin duniya. Mutane kimanin dubu 770 sun mutu sanadin ta. A halin yanzu ƙasashen Afrika na yankin sahara ne suka fi yawan masu ɗauke da ita. An ƙiyasta a 2018 cewa kimanin 61% na sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar sun fito ne daga wannan yankin. Corona Virus Corona virus wani dangin ƙwayar cutar virus da ke haifar da cututtuka kamar 'yar mura har zuwa ga cuta mai tsanani ta mashaƙo kamar su, cutar numfashi ta gabas ta tsakiya (MERS-CoV) da kuma cuta mai shaƙe numfashi (SARS-CoV). An samu ɓullar wata sabuwar cuta mai shaƙe numfashi (SARS-CoV-2) a 2019 wadda ta haifar da cutar da ake laƙabi da Kwabid-19. Wasu daga dangogin Kwarona Bairus sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi sannan daga bisani su fantsama zuwa jikin mutane. A binciken ƙwaƙƙwafi da aka yi, an gano cewar cutar SARS-CoV ta samo asali ne daga magen juda zuwa jikin ɗan adam, yayin da cutar MERS-CoV ke da tsittsige daga jikin raƙumi zuwa ga ɗan adam. Akwai wasu nau'ikan cutar ta Kwarona Bairus da aka sani suna jikin dabbobi, amma ya zuwa yanzu ba su harbi mutane ba tukunna. Ita wannan sabuwar kwarona bairus ɗin ta samo asali ne daga birnin Wuhan na yankin jihar Hube da ke ƙasar China a cikin watan Disamba na 2019, ta haifar da cututtukan sarƙewar numfashi da ake wa laƙabi da kwabid-19. Kundin bayanai na jami'ar John Hopkins ya nuna cewar cutar ta fantsama a kusan ƙasashe 200 na duniya inda ƙasar Amerika da China da Yankin Turai da Iran suka zama jagaba na yawan waɗanda suka kamu da ita A ranar 11 ga Maris 2020, hukumar WHO ta ayyana kwabid-19 a matsayin babbar annobar da ta karaɗe duniya "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020. domin a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2020, an samu mutane miliyan 2.63 da suka kamu da cutar a faɗin duniya. Daga cikin mutane 184,249 sun riga mu gidan gaskiya, yayin da marasa lafiya 722,055 suka warke sarai. Wasu Daga Fitattun Ɓarkewar Cututtuka Zazzaɓin Cizon Sauro (Maleriya) Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ta yaɗu sosai a yankuna masu zafi, ciki har da wasu sassan Amurka da Asiya da kuma Afirka. Kowacce shekara ana samun cutar a tsakanin mutane miliyan 350 zuwa miliyan 500. Babbar matsalar cutar a wannan ƙarni na 21 shine bijirewa magunguna yadda kusan kowanne rukuni na ƙwayar maganin cutar na fuskantar bijirewa in banda rukunin ayarin Atimesinin wanda ya shahara a yankin Turai da Arewacin Amirka. Yanzu haka dai cutar ta yi ƙaura daga waɗannan yankunan An yi hasashen cewar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ya taka rawa sosai wajen faɗuwar daular Rome. Cutar ta zama sananniya da ake yi wa laƙabi da "Zazzaɓin Rumawa.". Ƙwayar cutar zazzaɓin maleriya ta kasance babbar barazana ga masu mulkin mallaka da mutanen garin da ta ɓulla a Amurka a lokacin cinikin bayi. Spanish Flu Annobar Spanish Flu wadda ta auku tsakanin shekarun 1918 zuwa 1920 ta harbi kimanin mutane miliyan 500 a faɗin duniya har da can cikin lungunan tsibirin Pacific da ke yankin Arctic. Kuma wannan annobar ta kashe mutane kimanin miliyan 20 zuwa miliyan 100. A bisa kundin nazari, yawancin annobar da ke ɓarkewa, ta fi kisan yara ƙanana da tsofaffi tukuf. Masu tsallakewa sun kasance masu tsaka-tsakin shekaru. To amma ita Spanish Flu ta fi hallaka matasa masu tasowa. Aika-aikar kisan da Spanish Flu ta yi, ya fi wanda aka samu a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Haka kuma ta hallaka mutane da dama a cikin sati 25 na farkon samuwar ta fiye da yawan da cutar ƙanjamau ta kashe a farkon shekara 25 da samuwar ta. Yawan zirga-zirgar rundunonin yaƙi da rurrufe barikokin soja da aka yi a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ne ya sabbaba bazuwar ta da yaɗuwar ta cikin gaggawa. Wataƙila sojoji da dama sun kamu da cutar Spanish Flu ne sakamakon damuwa da rashin abinci da kuma harin iska mai guba da aka riƙa kai musu. Ingantattun hanyoyin sufuri kuwa, sun sauƙaƙa wa sojoji da matuƙan jirgin ruwa da sauran matafiya su yaɗa cutar ga al’umma.Abin damuwa dangane da ɓullowar wata bairus nan gaba''' Bijirewa magunguna Daga muƙalar: Antibiotic resistance Wani zubin ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta masu bijirewa magunguna da sunan “gagarau”. Suna iya bada gudunmawa wajen sake bayyanar wata cutar da aka riga aka yi maganin ta. Alal misali, tarin fuka wanda ya zama gagarau ga dukkan hanyoyin maganin da aka sani ya zama abin damuwa ga ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya. Kusan duk shekara a faɗin duniya ana samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka (MDR-TB) kimanin sau dubu ɗari biyar Ƙasashen China da Indiya ne kan gaba wajen samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka. Hukumar lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana cewa ana samun rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka ga mutane miliyan 50 a duniya yayin da 79% na wannan adadin kuma suna bijirewa uku ko fiye na wasu magungunan. A shekarar 2005, an samu rahoton bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka sau 124 a ƙasar Amurika kaɗai. An samu ɓullar bijirewar magungunan tarin fuka da yawa a yankin Afrika a cikin shekara ta 2006, daga nan aka yi ta samun makamancin haka a wasu ƙasashe 49 har da Amurka. An samu kimanin rahotanni dubu 40 a shekara kamar yadda hukumar WHO ta ƙiyasta. Shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, an samu bijirewar magunguna daga cututtukan gama gari kamar su ciwon sanyi da gundumau da sauransu waɗanda magungunan da aka saba da su ba sa iya kawar da su. Don haka Ƙwayoyin rigakafin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta sun zama muhimmiyar hanyar cututtukan da suka shafi lafiya (nosocomial) da ke yaɗuwa (HAI). Bugu da ƙari, saboda bijirewar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke yi wa magunguna ya sa ba a shawo kan cututtukan gundumau da ke yaɗuwa cikin al’umma ba (MRSA). Ba don haka ba, da an samu mutane masu lafiya sosai a ‘yan shekarun nan. Zazzafan zazzaɓi mai fidda jini Zazzafan zazzaɓi mai haddasa fitar jini, cuta ce mai kisa nan take. Misalin cutar ya haɗa da ƙwayar cutar Ebola, zazzaɓin Lassa, zazzaɓin Rift Valley, zazzaɓin Marburg da cutar zazzaɓin Bolibiya. Saboda yadda irin wannan zazzaɓin ke yaɗuwa da sauri, sai ake ganin suna iya zama annoba mai karaɗe duniya. Haka nan yadda suke da saurin yaɗuwa na iya haifar da ɓarwakewar annoba saboda waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na buƙatar kusanci da mai cutar. Wanda ya kamu da cutar kuma ba jimawa yake iya sheƙawa barzahu ko ya samu mummunar naƙasa. Ɗan ƙanƙanin lokacin da mutum ya kamu da cutar, alamominta za su soma bayyana wanda zai bai wa ƙwararrun likitoci damar killace shi cikin hanzari, tare da hana shi ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cutar zuwa wani wuri. Cutar Zika Daga Muƙalar: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever Cutar Zika ta fara ɓarkewa a shekarar 2015 kuma ta tsananta sosai a farkon shekarar 2016, inda aka samu ɓullar cutar sama da miliyan 1.5 a ƙasashe sama da 12 na yankin Amurka. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi gargaɗin cewa Zika na da yiwuwar zama annoba a duniya idan ba a daƙile ta ba. Manazarta
13833	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandake	Kandake	Kandake, kadake ko kentake Meroitic kdke ko ktke galibi ana kiran ta da harshen latinawa a matsayin Candace a tsohuwar yaran girkawa shine kalmar Meroitic ga 'yar'uwar Sarkin Kush wanda, saboda halifancin mace, zai ɗauki magajin na gaba, yana mai da ita sarauniyar sarauniyar sa Tana da kotunan da kanta, wataƙila ta mallaki mai mallakar ƙasa kuma tana da babban matsayi na duniya kamar sarki. Asalin Girkanci da na asalin Rome sunyi amfani da shi, ba daidai ba, a matsayin suna. Sunan Candace ya samo asali ne daga yadda ake amfani da kalmar a cikin Sabon Alkawari Acts 8:27 kuma ita wannan sarauniya ta kasance mazauniyar kasar Misra na yanzu. Bayanan ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi Abubuwan kwanciyar hankali da aka tsara a ƙarshen 170 BC sun bayyana kentake Shanakdakheto, sanye da kayan makamai da ɗaukar mashi a cikin yaƙi. Ba ta yi sarauta a matsayin sarauniya ko mahaifiyar sarauniya ba, amma a matsayin mai cikakken mulki mai cikakken iko. Mijinta shi ne mataimaki. Shanakdakheto a cikin abubuwan da suka samo asali daga rukunin gine-ginen da ta sanya, Shanakdakheto an baiyana su duka biyu tare da mijinta da ɗanta, waɗanda za su gaji gadon sarauta ta mutu. Maɓuɓɓuka na Greco-Roman Pliny ya rubuta cewa "Sarauniyar Habashawa ta da taken lakabi da Candace, kuma ya nuna cewa Habashawa sun ci Siriya da Bahar Rum na zamanin da. A cikin 25 BC kafin Kush kandake Amanirenas, kamar yadda Strabo ya ruwaito, ya kai hari kan garin Syene, Aswan na yau, a yankin daular Rome Sarki Augustus ya lalata garin Napata da daukar fansa. Cassius Dio ya rubuta cewa sojojin Kandake sun ci gaba har zuwa Elephantine a Masar, amma Petronius ya ci su kuma ya ci Napata, babban birninsu, da sauran garuruwa. Sarakunan Afirka huɗu sun san Greco-Roman duniya a matsayin "acesan sarari": Amanishakheto, Amanirenas, Nawidemak, da Malegereabar [10] Amfani da na Baibul A cikin Sabon Alkawari, wani ma'aikacin baitulmali na Candace, sarauniyar Habasha da ta dawo daga tafiya zuwa Urushalima, ta sadu da Philip mai wa'azin Bishara Yanzu wani mala'ikan Ubangiji ya ce wa Filibus, "Tashi ka tafi wajen kudu zuwa hanyar da ke gangarowa daga Urushalima zuwa Gaza." Wannan hamada ce. Kuma ya tashi ya tafi. Kuma akwai wani Bahabashe, baban, ma'aikaciya a kotu ta Candace, sarauniyar Habasha, wanda ke lura da dukiyar ta. Ya zo Urushalima ne domin yin sujada Wataƙila sarauniyar da ta damu da Amantarwa (AD 22-41). Ya tattauna da Filipin game da ma'anar rukunin rikicewa daga littafin Ishaya Filibus ya bayyana masa nassin kuma an yi masa baftisma nan da nan a wani ruwa kusa. Bawan ya 'yi tafiyarsa yana murna', saboda haka mai yiwuwa ne ya ba da labarin komawarsa zuwa ga Kandake. Tarihin Alezandariya Wata tatsuniya a cikin tsohuwar soyayya ta Alexander da ke cewa "Candace na Mero fought ta yaƙi Alexander the Great Haƙiƙa, Alexander bai taɓa kaiwa Nubia hari ba kuma bai taɓa yunƙurin ƙaura zuwa kudu fiye da rafin Siwa a Misira ba Labarin shi ne cewa lokacin da Alexander yayi ƙoƙarin mamaye ƙasashe ta a cikin 332 kafin haihuwar Yesu, sai ta shirya dakarunta na dabarun haɗuwa da shi kuma yana nan kan giwayen yaƙi lokacin da ya kusanto. Da yake tantance ƙarfin rundunarta, Alexander ya yanke shawarar ficewa daga Nubia, ya nufi Masar maimakon. Wani labari ya ce Alexander da Candace sun yi soyayya da juna. Wadannan asusun sun samo asali ne daga "The Alexander Romance ta wani marubucin da ba a san shi ba wanda ake kira Pseudo-Callisthenes, kuma aikin babban labarin almara ne da tarihin rayuwar Alexander. An nakalto shi, amma da alama babu wani tarihin tarihi game da wannan taron daga lokacin Alexander. Duk labarin Alexander da haɗuwa da Candace sun bayyana da almara. John Malalas ya haɗa kayan Pseudo-Callisthenes da sauran kuma ya rubuta game da al'amuran Alexander da Kandake, yana ƙara da cewa sun yi aure. Malalas kuma ya rubuta cewa Kandake yar sarauniya ce ta Indiya kuma Alexander ya gamu da ita yayin kamfen dinsa na Indiya Kandakes na Kush Shanakdakhete (177 KZ 155 K.Z.) (sarauniyar sarauniya da aka fi sani a da) Amanirenas (40 KZ 10 KZ) Amanishakheto (c. 10 K.Z. 1 AZ) Amanitore (1-20 AZ) Amantarwa (22-41 CE) Amanikhatashan (62–85 AZ) Maleqorobar (266–283 CE) Lahideamani (306-314 AZ) Manazartai Hanyoyin sadarwa na waje Candace na Habasha (Kush) Marg Mowczko Pages with unreviewed
22152	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20of%20asylum	Right of asylum	Hakkin neman mafaka (wani lokaci ana kiransa da 'yancin mafakar siyasa daga tsohuwar kalmar Girka tsohuwar magana ce ta shari'a, wadda a ƙarƙashinsa wani mutum zai tsananta wa wata ƙasa, kamar wata ƙasa ko Wuri Mai Tsarki, wanda a zamanin da zai iya ba da wuri mai tsarki. Wannan haƙƙin ya sami amincewa daga Masarawa, Helenawa, da Ibraniyawa, waɗanda daga gare su aka karɓe su zuwa al'adun Yammacin Turai René Descartes ya tsere zuwa Netherlands, Voltaire zuwa Ingila, da Thomas Hobbes zuwa Faransa, saboda kowace ƙasa tana ba da kariya ga baƙi da aka tsananta. Masarawa, Helenawa, da Ibraniyawa wasu Masana kenan sun amince da haƙƙin mafaka na addini, shi ne kiyaye masu laifi (ko waɗanda ake tuhuma da aikata laifi) daga ɗaukan matakin doka har zuwa wani lokaci. Daga baya wannan cocin kirista da aka kafa ya amince da wannan ƙa'idar, kuma aka samar da dokoki daban-daban waɗanda ke bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda za a cancanci kariya da kuma wane irin kariyar da mutum zai samu. Majalisar Orleans ta yanke shawara a cikin 511, a gaban Clovis I, cewa za a iya ba da mafaka ga duk wanda ya nemi mafaka a coci ko dukiyar coci, ko a gidan bishop. An ba da wannan kariya ga masu kisan kai, ɓarayi da mazinata duka wato mabiya addinin kirista kenan. Cewa "Kowa na da 'yancin ya nema kuma ya more a cikin wasu kasashe na neman mafaka daga zalunci" an sanya shi a cikin sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da' Yancin Dan Adam na shekarata 1948 kuma an goyi bayan Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1951 dangane da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar 1967 dangane da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira A karkashin wadannan yarjeniyoyin, dan gudun hijirar mutum ne da ke wajen kasar ta mutum saboda tsoron fitina kan dalilan kariya, da suka hada da kabila, jinsi, dan kasa, addini, ra'ayin siyasa da kuma shiga cikin kowane irin rukunin zamantakewar jama'a ko ayyukan zamantakewa. Ingilan na da A Ingila, Sarki Æthelberht na Kent tashelanta dokokin Anglo-Saxon na farko akan mafaka a kusan shekara ta 600 AD. Duk da haka Geoffrey na Monmouth a cikin Tarihinsa Regum Britanniae (c. 1136) ya ce sanannen sarki kafin Saxon din Dunvallo Molmutius (karni na 4 5th na BC) ya kafa dokokin tsattsauran ra'ayi a tsakanin Dokokin Molmutine kamar yadda Gildas ya rubuta (c. 500-570). Dokokin sarki Ethelred sunyi amfani da kalmar grith By da Norman zamanin da suka biyo 1066, nau'i biyu daga Wuri Mai Tsarki, sun samo asali ne: duk majami'u da ƙananan-matakin iko da zai iya baiwa Wuri Mai Tsarki a cikin coci dace, amma mafi fadi iko na majami'u lasisi ta sarauta shatan mika Haikalina a zone a kusa da coci Aƙalla majami'u ashirin da biyu suna da taswira don wannan babban tsattsarkan wuri, gami da abubuwan su na yau da kullum. Yaƙin Abbey Beverley (duba hoto, dama) Colchester Durham, Ingila Hexham Norwich Ripon Katolika na Wells Babban cocin Winchester Westminster Abbey York Minster Wani lokaci sai mai laifin ya samu kansa ya shiga ɗakin sujada don a kiyaye shi, ko ya buga wani kararrawa, ya riƙe wani zobe ko ƙwanƙwasa ƙofa, ko kuma ya zauna a kan wata kujera frith -stool"). Wasu daga waɗannan abubuwan suna rayuwa a majami'u daban-daban. A wani wuri, Wuri Mai Tsarki da aka gudanar a yankin kusa da cocin ko abbey, wani lokacin yana faɗaɗa cikin radius zuwa kusan mil da rabi. Dutse "giciye masu tsarki" sun yi alama kan iyakokin yankin; har yanzun masu nemen yan'uwan su Don haka yana iya zama tsere a tsakanin gwamnati da jami'an shari'a na zamanin da zuwa iyakar mashigar mafi kusa. Yin aiki da adalci a kan rundunar ƙafa na iya tabbatar da magana mai wahala. An tsara tsarkakakkun wuraren ibada ta hanyar dokar gama gari. Mai neman mafaka dole ne ya faɗi laifinsa, ya ba da makamansa, kuma ya ba da izini daga coci ko kuma ƙungiyar abbey da ke da iko. Daga nan masu neman sun sami kwanaki arba'in don yanke shawara ko su mika wuya ga hukumomin da ba na addini ba kuma a gurfanar da su a gaban kotu kan zargin da ake musu, ko kuma su amsa laifukansu, su gurgunta daula, kuma su yi hijira zuwa gajeriyar hanya kuma kada su dawo ba tare da izinin sarki ba. Waɗanda suka dawo sun fuskanci hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin doka ko kuma an cire su daga Cocin gaba daya. Idan wadanda ake zargin suka zabi yin furuci da laifin da suka yi, kuma sun yi hakan ne a gaban jama'a, galibi a kofar cocin. Zasu sallama dukiyoyinsu ga cocin, kuma duk wani mallakar fili ga kambi. Maigidan, wani jami'in na da, zai zaɓi tashar tashar jirgin ruwa wanda ɗan gudun hijirar zai bar Ingila (duk da cewa ɗan gudun hijirar wani lokaci yana da wannan dama). Thean gudun hijirar zai tashi ba takalmi da ƙafa, ɗauke da sandar gicciye a matsayin alama ta kariya a ƙarƙashin cocin. A ka'idar zasu tsaya zuwa babbar hanyar mota, su isa tashar jiragen ruwa kuma su ɗauki jirgi na farko daga Ingila. A aikace, duk da haka, ɗan gudun hijirar zai iya samun nisa daga nesa, saboda tazarar da ale da shi a tsakanin wani gurin zuwa wani gun, hakan tasa ya watsar da ma'aikatan gicciye ya tashi ya fara sabuwar rayuwa. Koyaya, mutum na iya amintar da abokai da dangin wanda abin ya shafa sun san wannan dabarar kuma za su yi duk abin da za su iya don tabbatar da hakan bai faru ba; ko kuma hakika wadanda suka tsere ba su kai ga inda suke niyyar zuwa ba, suna zama wadanda aka yi musu hukunci na 'yan banga a karkashin rudin wani dan gudun hijirar da ya yi nisa da babbar hanyar yayin da yake kokarin "tserewa." Sanin munanan zaɓuɓɓuka, a wasu 'yan gudun hijirar sun ƙi zaɓin biyu kuma sun zaɓi mafaka daga mafaka kafin kwana arba'in ɗin. Wasu kawai ba su zabi ba kuma ba su yi komai ba. Tun da yake haramun ne abokan wanda aka kashe su shiga mafaka, cocin za ta hana ɗan gudun hijirar da abinci har sai an yanke shawara tukunna. A lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Roses, lokacin da 'yan York ko Lancastrians za su sami babban iko ba zato ba tsammani ta hanyar yin nasara a yaƙi, wasu masu bin ɓangaren ɓataccen ɓangaren na iya samun kansu tare da mabiya ɗayan ɓangaren kuma ba za su iya komawa zuwa ga nasu ɓangaren ba. Bayan sun fahimci wannan halin sai su garzaya zuwa mafaka a coci mafi kusa har sai an gama lafiya sun fito. Babban misali shine Sarauniya Elizabeth Woodville, matar Edward IV ta Ingila A cikin 1470, lokacin da 'yan Lancastrians suka maido da Henry na shida a taƙaice, Sarauniya Elizabeth tana zaune a Landan tare da' yan mata da yawa. Ta ƙaura tare da su zuwa Westminster don tsattsauran ra'ayi, suna zaune a can cikin jin daɗin sarauta har sai da aka mayar da Edward IV zuwa gadon sarauta a 1471 kuma ta haifi ɗa na fari Edward V a wannan lokacin. Lokacin da Sarki Edward na hudu ya mutu a 1483, Elizabeth (wacce ba ta da kyakkyawar ƙauna ga ma 'yan York kuma mai yiwuwa tana buƙatar kariya) ta ɗauki' ya'yanta mata biyar da ƙarami (Richard, Duke na York) kuma suka sake komawa cikin mafaka a Westminster. Don tabbatar da cewa tana da dukkan abubuwan jin daɗin gida, ta kawo ɗakuna da yawa da akwatuna da yawa wanda ya sa dole masu aiki su kwankwasa ramuka a cikin wasu bangon don samun komai cikin sauri yadda zai dace da ita. Henry VIII ya canza dokokin neman mafaka, inda ya rage zuwa taƙaitaccen jerin laifuffukan da aka ba mutane izinin neman mafaka saboda su. James I a cikin tsarin tsararre na zamanin da an dakatar dashi gaba ɗaya James I a 1623. Siyasar siyasa ta zamani Mataki na 14 na Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya ta bayyana cewa "Kowa na da 'yancin ya nemi jin daɗin sa a cikin wasu ƙasashe na ƙaurace wa zalunci." Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1951 dangane da Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniyar 1967 Game da Matsayin' Yan Gudun Hijira na jagorantar dokokin kasa game da mafakar siyasa. A karkashin wadannan yarjejeniyoyi, a 'yan gudun hijira (ko don lokuta inda repressing tushe nufin an amfani kai tsaye ko tsabtace muhalli ga' yan gudun hijira) ne da wani mutum wanda shi ne a waje da cewa mutum ta mallaka kasar ƙasa (ko wuri na yawan zama idan stateless anta tsoron zalunci a kan kariya filaye Ka'idodin kariya sun haɗa da launin fata, wariyar launin fata, ƙasa, addini, ra'ayoyin siyasa da membobinsu ko sa hannu cikin kowane rukunin zamantakewar jama'a ko ayyukan zamantakewa. Ba da gaskiya ga waɗanda aka zalunta ga wanda ke tsananta musu ƙeta ƙa'ida ce da ake kira rashin karɓuwa, ɓangare na al'adun gargajiya da na gaskiya na Majalisar ofasa. Waɗannan su ne yarda da sharuddan da sharudda kamar akida, da kuma wani muhimman hakkokin bangare a cikin 1951 United Nations Yarjejeniyar dangantaka da Status of 'yan gudun hijira da ba-refoulement domin. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, waɗanda ke fuskantar zalunci ta hanyar lalata (wanda ya haɗa da tashin hankalin cikin gida, ko zalunci na tsari na jinsi ko tsiraru a cikin jima'i) sun sami karɓa a wasu ƙasashe a matsayin rukunin halal na da'awar neman mafaka, lokacin da masu da'awar na iya tabbatar da cewa jihar ba ta iya ba ko kuma rashin bada kariya. 'Yancin mafaka ta ƙasar mafaka Tarayyar Turai Mafaka a cikin ƙasashen membobin Tarayyar Turai da aka kafa sama da rabin karni ta hanyar amfani da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta 28 ga Yuli 1951 kan Matsayin 'Yan Gudun Hijira Manufofin gama gari sun bayyana a cikin 1990s dangane da Yarjejeniyar Schengen (wacce ta danne iyakokin cikin gida) ta yadda masu neman mafakar da ba su yi nasara ba a wata Memberayan Memberan wouldasa ba za su sake shigar da wata ba. Manufofin gama gari sun fara ne da Yarjejeniyar Dublin a 1990. Ya ci gaba tare da aiwatar da Eurodac da Dokar Dublin a 2003, da kuma zartar da shawarwari biyu daga Hukumar Turai a watan Oktoba na 2009. Faransa Faransa ita ce ƙasa ta farko da ta kafa haƙƙin tsarin mulki don neman mafaka, an sanya wannan a cikin labarin 120 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1793 Wannan kundin tsarin mulki, bai taba aiki da karfi ba. A zamani Faransa dama da mafaka, da aka aza saukar da 1958 kundin tsarin mulki, Vis-A-Vis da sakin layi na 4 na Preamble ga kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1946, ga abin da Preamble na 1958 kundin tsarin mulki kai tsaye tana nufin. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1946 ya kunshi wasu bangarori na kundin tsarin mulki na 1793 wanda ya bayar da tabbaci ga 'yancin mafaka ga "duk wanda aka zalunta saboda aikinsa na' yanci" wadanda ba sa iya neman kariya a kasashensu na asali. Baya ga haƙƙin da tsarin mulki ya ba shi na neman mafaka, haƙƙin mallaka na Faransanci na zamani na neman mafaka droit d'asile an sanya shi bisa ƙa'idar doka da ƙa'ida a cikin Code de l'Entree et du Sejour des Etrangers et du Droit d'Asile (CESEDA). Faransa kuma tana bin yarjeniyoyin kasa da kasa wadanda suka tanadi tsarin aikace-aikace don 'yancin neman mafaka, kamar Yarjejeniyar 1951 ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) mai alaƙa da Matsayin' Yan Gudun Hijira (wanda aka ƙulla a 1952), ƙarin yarjejeniyar 1967; labarin K1 da K2 na yarjejeniyar Maastricht ta 1992 da Yarjejeniyar Schengen ta 1985, wacce ta bayyana manufar ƙaura ta EU. Aƙarshe, haƙƙin mafaka an bayyana shi ta sashi na 18 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin amentalancin ofasashen Tarayyar Turai Wasu daga cikin ka'idojin da za a iya kin amincewa da neman mafakar sun hada da: i) Tafiya ta hanyar "lafiya" kasa ta uku, ii) Asalin Asalin Asali (Mai neman mafaka na iya zama wanda aka ƙi amsar neman mafaka idan sun kasance 'yan asalin ƙasar da kasance "amintacce" daga hukumar bayar da mafaka ta Faransa OFPRA), iii) Barazanar Tsaro (babbar barazana ga dokar jama'a), ko iv) Aikace-aikacen zamba (cin zarafin hanyar neman mafaka saboda wasu dalilai). Dokar Disamba 10, 2003, doka ta iyakance mafakar siyasa ta manyan ƙuntatawa biyu: Maganar "mafakar cikin gida": ana iya yin watsi da bukatar idan baƙon na iya cin gajiyar mafakar siyasa a wani yanki na ƙasarsu. OFPRA Ofishin français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides Ofishin Faransa na Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen Kasa) yanzu sun yi jerin sunayen "amintattun kasashe" wadanda ke girmama yancin siyasa da ka'idojin 'yanci Idan mai neman mafakar ya fito daga irin wannan ƙasar, ana aiwatar da buƙatar cikin kwanaki 15, kuma ba zai sami kariya ta taimakon jama'a ba. Suna iya yin takara game da shawarar, amma wannan ba ya dakatar da duk wani umarnin kora. Lissafi na farko, wanda aka kafa a watan Yulin 2005, ya ƙunshi "ƙasashe masu aminci" Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Mali, Mauritius Island, India, Senegal, Mongolia, Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Croatia Ya sami sakamako na ragewa a cikin watanni shida da kusan 80% adadin masu nema daga waɗannan ƙasashe. Jerin na biyu, wanda aka zartar a watan Yulin 2006, sun hada da Tanzania, Madagascar, Niger, Albania da Macedonia Duk da yake an taƙaita shi, an kiyaye haƙƙin mafakar siyasa a Faransa tsakanin dokokin ƙaura da ƙaura daban-daban. Wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa, ban da tafarkin shari'a kawai, ana amfani da tsarin mulki don rage gudu kuma daga karshe a ƙi abin da za a iya ɗauka azaman buƙatun buƙatu. A cewar Le Figaro, Faransa ta bai wa mutane 7,000 matsayin ‘yan gudun hijirar siyasa a shekarar 2006, daga cikin bukatun 35,000; a 2005, OFPRA mai kula da bincikar sahihancin irin wadannan buƙatun ya ba da ƙasa da 10,000 daga jimlar buƙatun 50,000. Yawancin waɗanda aka kora daga mulkin kama-karya na Kudancin Amurka, musamman daga Augusto Pinochet na Chile da Dirty War a Argentina, an karɓi su a cikin 1970s-80s. Tun bayan mamayewar Afganistan a shekara ta 2001, dubun- dubatar masu neman mafakar 'yan Afghanistan ke kwana a wani wurin shakatawa a Paris kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ta Gare de l'Est. Kodayake ba a karɓi buƙatunsu ba tukuna, amma an yi haƙuri da kasancewar su. Koyaya, tun a ƙarshen 2005, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna lura da cewa yan sanda sun raba' yan Afghanistan daga sauran baƙin yayin samamen, kuma suna korar ta hanyar takaddama waɗanda suka iso Gare de l'Est ta jirgin ƙasa kuma ba su da lokacin neman mafaka ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2005, doka ta buƙaci su biya mai fassara don taimakawa tare da tsarin hukuma). Kingdomasar Ingila A cikin ƙarni na 19, Kingdomasar Ingila ta ba da mafaka ta siyasa ga mutane da yawa waɗanda aka tsananta musu, daga cikinsu akwai membobin ƙungiyar gurguzu da yawa (ciki har da Karl Marx Tare da yunƙurin fashewar bam na 1845 na Greenwich Royal Observatory da 1911 Siege na Sidney Street a cikin mahallin farfagandar ayyukan anarchist an hana mafakar siyasa. Amurka Asar Amirka ta amince da 'yancin mafakar mutane kamar yadda dokar duniya da ta tarayya ta bayyana. Wani takamaiman adadin 'yan gudun hijirar da aka ayyana bisa doka wadanda suke neman matsayin' yan gudun hijira a kasashen waje, da kuma wadanda suke neman mafaka bayan sun isa Amurka, ana karbar su kowace shekara. Tun yakin duniya na II, yawancin yan gudun hijirar sun sami gidaje a Amurka fiye da kowace al'umma kuma sama da 'yan gudun hijira miliyan biyu sun isa Amurka tun 1980. A lokacin yawancin shekarun 1990s, Amurka ta karbi sama da ‘yan gudun hijira 100,000 a kowace shekara, kodayake wannan adadi kwanan nan ya ragu zuwa kusan 50,000 a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru goma na farkon karni na 21, saboda matsalolin tsaro mafi girma. Game da masu neman mafaka, sabon alkalumma ya nuna cewa mutane 86,400 ne suka nemi mafaka a Amurka a shekara ta 2001. Kafin harin 11 ga Satumba an tantance masu neman mafakar siyasa a cikin aikace-aikace na sirri a Ofishin Shige da Fice da Bautar Naturalasa na Amurka (INS) Duk da wannan, an nuna damuwa game da tsarin ba da mafaka da ƙudurin Amurka. Wani binciken kwatancin da masana shari'a uku suka gabatar ya bayyana tsarin ba da mafakar Amurka a matsayin wasan caca wato a ce sakamakon ƙayyadaddun mafaka ya dogara da babban ɓangaren halin mutumin da yake yanke hukunci a kansa ba tare da cancanta ba. Lowananan lambobin 'yan gudun hijirar Iraki da aka karɓa tsakanin 2003 da 2007 na nuna damuwa game da tsarin' yan gudun hijirar Amurka. Policyungiyar Manufofin Kasashen Waje ta ba da rahoton cewa: Duba kuma Bayani Ambato Majiya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ingantaccen shafin Tsoro na Tsoro Ingantaccen Tsoro a POV Pages with unreviewed
23092	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20tsaunukan%20Simien	Filin shakatawa na tsaunukan Simien	Filin shakatawa na tsaunukan Simien shine mafi girman filin shakatawa na ƙasar Habasha. Tana cikin Yankin Arewacin Gonar na Yankin Amhara, Yankin da ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Simien kuma ya haɗa da Ras Dashan, wuri mafi girma a Habasha. Gida ne ga wasu nau'ikan halittu da ke cikin hatsari, ciki har da kerkiyan Habasha da kuma walia ibex, akuyar daji wacce ba a samun ta a duniya. Har ila yau, dabbar gelada da caracal, kuli, suna faruwa a cikin tsaunukan Simien. Fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 50 ne ke zaune a wurin shakatawar, gami da kyawawan ungulu mai gemu, ko lammergeier, tare da fika-fikai 3 mai tsawon kafa 10. Filin shakatawa ya ratsa ta hanyar da ba a santa ba wanda ya taso daga Debarq, inda hedkwatar gudanarwar wurin shakatawar take, gabas ta hanyar wasu ƙauyuka zuwa Buahit Pass (4,430 m), inda hanyar ta juya kudu ta ƙare a Mekane Berhan, 10 kilomita nesa da iyakar wurin shakatawa. Tarihi An kafa wurin shakatawar a 1969, wanda Clive Nicol ya kafa, wanda ya yi rubutu game da abubuwan da ya samu a From the Roof of Africa (1971, ISBN 0 340 14755 5). Yankin na Simien an zauna kuma an noma shi aƙalla shekaru 2,000. Da farko, zaizayar kasa ya fara bayyana cewa sharewar ya fara ne a wani gangare na tsaunin tsauni amma daga baya ya fadada zuwa wani gangare mai tsayi. Yana daga ɗayan wuraren farko da (UNESCO) ta sanya su a matsayin Gidan Tarihin Duniya (1978). Ko yaya, saboda tsananin raguwar jama'a na wasu nau'in halayenta na asali, a cikin shekarar 1996 an kuma sanya shi cikin Jerin kayan al'aduna duniya.i. Labarin kasa Fiye da miliyoyin shekaru saboda mummunan zaizayar ƙasar tuddai na Italia da keɓaɓɓun tsaunuka, an ƙirƙiri kwari masu zurfin gaske da kuma tsaunuka masu tsayin mita 1,500, suna ƙirƙirar wasu wurare masu ban mamaki a duniya. Yankin al'adun yana gefen yamma na tsaunukan Simien kuma yana da nisan kilomita 120 daga lardin Gonem na Begemder a arewa maso yammacin Habasha. Yankin Simien yana da wadataccen ruwa mai zurfin ciki, kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin kyakkyawan tafkin kamawa. Ruwa yana kiyayewa ta Kogin Mayshasha, wanda ke gudana cikin ranakun ruwa guda biyu da kuma gandun dajin ƙasa daga arewa zuwa kudu. A sakamakon haka, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa suna da yawa tare da namun daji da tsirrai. Furanni da Dabbobin Yankin Ciyawar tana hade da dazuzzuka masu tsayi na Afirka, dazuzzuka da ciyayi masu tsayi. Yankunan tsaunuka masu tsayi sun hada da savannah na montane da itacen bishiyar (Erica arborea), katuwar lobelia (Lobelia rhynchopetalum), rawaya na farko (Primula verticillata), everlastings (Helichrysum spp.), Alkyabbar mace (alchemilla), da kuma gansakuka (mosses, Grimmiaceae). Lichen ya rufe bishiyoyin yankin mai tsayi. An rarraba ciyayi ko'ina cikin wurin zuwa gida uku, gandun Montane (1900-3000m), Ericaceous Belt ko SubAfroalpine (2700-3700m) da Afroalpine (3700-5433m). A cikin dajin Montane akwai bishiyoyin Juniper (Juniperous procera), African Redwood (Hagenia abyssinica), African Olive (Olea africana), Fig Fig (Ficus spp), da Bishiyoyi na Waterberry (Szygium guineense). Hakanan akwai nau'ikan shrubs da yawa da suka hada da Nightshade (Solanum sessilistellatum), Abyssinian rose (Rosa abyssinica), Cowslip (Primula verticillata), da Stinging Nettle (Urtica). Rage da kankara sun watse makiyaya, gandun daji da daji. A wani lokaci, gandun daji na St. John (Hypericum spp.) Dazuzzuka sun girma daga 3,000 m zuwa 3,800 m sama da matakin teku, amma yanzu ya kusan tafi. Ba a san takamaiman lamba ba. Wurin Shaka tawas yana dauke da nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 130 da kuma manyan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 20 kamar su gelada dabbar daji (Theropithecus gelada), kerkeci na Habasha (wanda ake kira Simen fox, Canis simensis), Walia ibex (Capra walie), awakin daji na daji da kuma dabbar Anubis. Mazauna a kan gangaren arewacin gangarowa sunfi yawa daga tsaunukan Simien, kuma galibinsu ana samunsu a wurin shakatawa. Kerkeken Habasha yana da yawa a Habasha kuma sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa sun hada da dabbar hamadryas, biri biri, damisa, carak, kyanwa daji, hyena da aka samo da dodo. Hakanan akwai manyan shuke-shuke, kamar su bushbuck, duiker na kowa, da klipspringer. Nau'in tsuntsaye guda 400 sun hada da ungulu mai gemu, gaggafa ta Verreaux, kestrels, ungulu, lanner falcon, augur ungulu da hankaka mai kauri. An rubuta jimillar nau'ikan 21 na dabbobi masu shayarwa, nau'ikan 3 na halittu masu dauke da cutar, nau'o'in tsuntsaye 63 da nau'ikan 7 na halittun masu dauke da cutar. Kiyayewa An kafa shi a zaman wurin shakatawa na ƙasar a cikin 1969 kuma an kiyaye shi a ƙarƙashin Dokar erveasa ta assasa. Kayan gado na yanzu yana buƙatar sarrafawa mai inganci. Ya kamata a kara yawan ma'aikatan gudanarwa sannan a karfafa ilimi. Gudanar da wuraren shakatawa na kasa yana kiyaye wakiltar nau'ikan wuraren shakatawa kuma yana aiki tare da mazauna yankin don rage matsin lamba akan albarkatun shakatawa ta hanyar faɗaɗa ƙasar noma, wuce gona da iri, da wuce gona da iri na albarkatun ƙasa. Saboda canjin yanayi na duniya, matsin lamba kan wuraren tarihi ya karu. Ana buƙatar isasshen tallafi na kuɗi don gudanar da wuraren shakatawa da samar da hanyoyin inganta rayuwar mazauna yankin. Wajibi ne a shirya, aiwatarwa, sake dubawa da kuma lura da tsarin gudanarwa, don sake dubawa da fadada iyakar dajin, da kuma shiga cikin mazauna yankin. Hadin kai na cikin gida yana da mahimmanci musamman don hana dorewar amfani da albarkatun gandun daji na kasa da bunkasa ci gaban rayuwa. Samun isasshen tallafin kuɗi don sake tsugunnar da mazauna cikin yankin gado da kuma gabatar da ingantaccen kula da dabbobi yana da mahimmanci don rage tsananin damuwa kan rayuwar namun daji. Domin kula da kyawawan dabi'u na duniya, ana buƙatar ilimin muhalli da shirye-shiryen horo na mazauna mazauna ciki da wajen al'adun gargajiyar gami da samun haɗin kai da goyon baya na mazauna yankin cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya. Hotuna Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Simien Mountains National Park UNESCO World Heritage profile of Simien National Park United Nations Environment Programme: World Conservation Monitoring Centre: Simien National Park The National Parks of Ethiopia: Simien Mountain Adventure Part I (Addis Tribune) The National Parks of Ethiopia: Simien Mountain Adventure Part II (Addis Tribune) The National Parks of Ethiopia: Simien Mountain Adventure Part III (Addis
13755	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaora%20Udoji	Adaora Udoji	Adaora Udoji (an haife tane a ranar 30 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1967) ta kasance mai shirye-shirye a kafofin watsa labarai, kuma furodusa kuma mai saka jari wanda wacce ta kawo fasaha na zamani wato Vitual Reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), da kuma artificial intelligence AI). Ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga VR-AR Association-NYC Chapter,kuma farfesa mai haɗin kai a cikin Shirin Ba da Harkokin Sadarwa na NYU a Makarantar Tisch na Arts, kuma wani mai saka jari na lokaci-lokaci. A da, ta kasance Babban Labari a kamfanin Rothenberg Ventures kuma shugabar rikon kwarya na farawar News Media, wanda mujallar Time Magazine ta kira, "makomar labarai". Har ila yau, ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin Fim na Montclair da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara kan mata a NBC Universal. Ita ma 'yar uwan Woodrow Wilson ce kuma daga baya ta kafa Kungiyar Boshia, cibiyar sadarwar abubuwan ciki da masu fasaha, masu kera da masu bayar da labarai. Tana cikin smallan ƙaramin ofan jaridar da suka yi aiki a hanyoyin sadarwa da labarai na kebul, da rediyo na jama'a. Hakanan tana cikin jerin 20 Mala'ikun Bishiyar da Cancanta Don Knowingaramar orarama. Rayuwarta Udoji asalin ta yar Najeriya ce Amurka-Irish ce. An haife shi ga mahaifin Godfrey Udoji, tsohon babban injiniya n a garin Dearborn, Michigan, da mahaifiyarta Maryamu, tsohuwar darektar Makarantar Washtenaw County a Ann Arbor, Michigan, ta rayu ne a nahiyoyi uku da suka hada da Afirka, Turai da Arewacin Amurka, kuma tana da biyu. Americanan ƙasar Amurka da Irish. Ilimi Udoji ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Michigan Bayan ƙima a ofishin sadarwa a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Michigan da WUOM, gidan rediyo na jama'a, ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na doka a UCLA School of Law A waccan lokacin ta yi bankwana don Mai Girma Consuelo B. Marshall, Alkalin Tarayya na Amurka, Yankin Tsakiya na California, Los Angeles, kuma marubuci don IRS Kulawa Udoji ta fara aikin jarida ne a ABC News ne a shekara ta 1995 a matsayin wakilin waje wanda ke aiki ga Cynthia McFadden wanda ke rufe shari'ar OJ Simpson da sauran labaran shari'a. Ta zama mataimakiyar kamfanin samar da labarai ta ABC News wanda ke magana game da zaben shugaban kasa a matsayin memba na kungiyar 'yan jaridu ta Dole Kemp, hadarin TWA 800, da kuma yin aiki a kan kundin labarai game da kisa. Cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya mata suna wakilin waje a shekara ta 2000 lokacin da take a Landan tana ba da labaran duniya wanda ya shafi Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai. Udoji ya hada da yaƙe-yaƙe a Iraki da Afghanistan, rikicin Isra’ila da Falasɗinu, Vatican, tattalin arzikin duniya da kuma wasannin motsa jiki kamar British Open da Tour De France. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga Good Morning America, Labaran Duniya da Labaran Duniya da Rediyon ABC. A shekara ta 1996 ta zama mataimakiyar mai gabatar da shirin ABC News wanda ke magana game da zaben shugaban kasa, hadarin TWA 800, da kuma yin aiki a kan kundin tsarin mulki game da kisa. Cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya mata suna wakilin waje a 2000 inda ta ke a Landan na ba da labaran duniya wanda ya shafi Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai. A CNN ta yi aiki a matsayin wakili a New York wanda ke ba da labaru ciki har da zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2004, Hurricane Katrina, da bala'in ma'adinai na West Virginia Sago don tashar talabijin da rediyo. A Afrilu 25, 2006, ta sanya hannu tare da Court TV News a matsayin mai kara. Udoji kumbura cikin jama'a rediyo a matsayin co-rundunar The Takeaway tare da John Hockenberry da Adaora Udoji a 2008, wani Ta rufe yakin neman zaben Barack Obama, tare da ba da rahoto kan yakin neman zabensa karo na hudu da kuma zabensa. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga Good Morning America, Labaran Duniya da Labaran Duniya da ABC Radio Daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2014 ta kasance shugabar rikon kwarya ne.na News Deeply. Tayi rubuce-rubuce da dama kan batutuwan kasancewar mace 'yar Najeriya, bugun kansa, da Hurricane Katrina Shine mai saka jari na mala'ika wanda ya kammala karatun aikin Pipeline Fellowship program. Kyauta da fitarwa Udoji ta kasance memba ne na kungiyar labarai ta CNN wanda ke rufe Hurricane Katrina a ciki da wajen New Orleans, Louisiana wanda cibiyar sadarwar ta sami lambar yabo ta Peabody. Tana cikin membobin ABC News da aka bayar da kyautar Cine Golden Eagle ga wani shirin fim na ABC game da kisa. Cibiyar Koyar da Tashoshi na Telebijin da Sciences ta kasar b Udoji ta gano shi saboda gudunmuwar da ya bayar wajen bayar da gudummawar ABC game da yakin Afghanistan a 2002. A 2009, Udoji ta zama ɗaya daga cikin Americansan Afirka 25 Mafi Shahararrun Baƙin Afirka ta hanyar Magajin Jarida A shekara ta 2007 ta kasance abin girmamawa ga taron Shugabancin iversityancin Duniya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin 2013, ta kasance Pipeline Fellow. An santa da shi saboda irin gudummawar da ta bayar ga CNN na 2005 na Alfred I. Dupont-Columbia University da Peabody Awards, da Kwalejin Horar da Ma'adanai ta Kasa da Sciences don bayar da rahoto a ABC News. An gayyace ta don shiga cikin Ofishin Jones na Littafin New York Little Book. Udoji mai karɓa ne na Underar Aar Aar Asalin Aarshe Na rtyarshe ta Journalungiyar Jarida. Bayan da ta yi aiki a bangarorin kirkira da talabijin na rediyo, rediyo, intanet, babban kamfani da kamfani, Udoji ana yawan ambata a cikin jaridun. A cikin labarin 2017 don mujallar Immerse mai taken "Wanene VR don?", Babban mashawarci a Cibiyar Fim ta Tribeca, Ingrid Kopp, ya bayyana Adaora Udoji a matsayin "mai ba da shawara, malami da kuma duk-zagaye-badass". A wani labarin Buzzfeed daga 2017, ta yi magana game da "Abin da yake a zahiri kasancewa mace a cikin VR". Har ila yau, ta kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shirye don MIT Solvve Producers Guild of America -East, Games for Change Bikin, NYC Media Lab, Microsoft, Panasonic, BinderCon, Ayoyin, ARInAction, Girls Who Code da suka yi fice, Cibiyar StartUp NYC, 'Yan kasuwar Mata na New York, ACLU, Matan New York a Fim da Talabijin, Feminist Press, majalisar kwararru ta Urban, Internet Week NYC, SXSW da New York Women in Communications Foundation. Versions, ARInAction, Girls Who Code, the StartUp Institute NYC, Manazarta Haɗin waje Pipelinefellowship.com Womenatnbcu.com Pages with unreviewed
23544	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejike%20Obumneme%20Aghanya	Ejike Obumneme Aghanya	Ejike Ebenezer Obumneme Aghanya (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1932 ya mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2020 jami'in soja ne kuma injiniyan lantarki wanda ya yi aiki a Sojojin Najeriya da Sojojin Biyafara, ya yi ritaya a matsayin kanal. An zarge shi da hannu a juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1966 an kama shi kuma an daure shi ba tare da an gurfanar da shi ba har zuwa lokacin barkewar yakin basasar Najeriya inda ya yi aiki a bangaren Biafra, yana rike da muhimman mukamai a cikin Sojojin Biyafara. Shi ne shugaban Hukumar Bincike da Samar da Biyafara (RAP) wacce ta kera bama -bamai, rokoki, makamai masu linzami (wanda ake kira Ogbunigwe da alburusai, motoci masu sulke, na’urorin sadarwa da matatun man fetur da sauransu ga Sojojin Biyafara. Daga baya ya kasance Shugaban Ma’aikata na Kungiyar Biyafara ta ‘Yan Fighters (BOFF) wanda shi ne yakar yan sintiri da sashin ayyuka na musamman na Sojojin Biyafara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Bataliya, Kwamandan Injiniya na Injiniya na 44 da Injiniya Battalion Sojojin Biafra sannan daga baya Kwamandan Birged na 58 Brigade na 12 Infantry Division Biafra Army lokacin yakin. Ilimi Aghanya ya yi karatunsa na firamare a makarantar firamare ta St Cyprian daga Fatakwal bayan haka ya halarci Okram Grammar School Okrika, Nigeria ya kammala a shekarar 1953. Digiri na farko ya kasance injiniyan lantarki daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba a shekara ta 1957. Ya tafi karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta London, daga baya ya koma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Southampton wanda ya kammala karatun injiniyan lantarki da lantarki a shekarar 1960. Daga nan ya shiga hidimar watsa labarai ta Najeriya inda ya zama shugaban kungiyar ma'aikatan yada labarai ta Najeriya. Aikin soja A 1962 Aghanya ya kasance na biyu ga Sojojin Najeriya. Ya sami horon sojoji na asali a Kwalejin Horar da Sojojin Najeriya (NMTC) Kaduna sannan ya ci gaba da halartar kwasa-kwasai da horo na musamman a Makarantar Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) karkashin Manjo Janar Denis Redman a Arborfield Garrison, United Kingdom daga 1962-1963. An nada shi aikin Soja a ranar 2 ga Maris 1963 tare da lambar aikin N/349 da mukamin kyaftin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamanda na Sojojin Najeriya Injiniyoyin Injiniya da Injiniya (NAEME) Kaduna daga 1963-1964. a shekarar 1964 an kara masa girma zuwa Manjo kuma yayi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Najeriya na Injiniyan Injiniya da Injiniya (NAEME) hedkwatar Soja ta Legas ya zama dan Najeriya na farko da ya fara rike wannan mukami, ya karbi ragamar mulki daga hannun kwamandan kwamandan Ingila na karshe Manjo Whittle. Bayan juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1966, an cafke Aghanya a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 1966 tare da Laftanar Kanal Victor Banjo da ake zargi da yunkurin kashe shugaban sojoji Manjo Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi An tsare Aghanya ba tare da an gurfanar da shi a gidan yarin Kirikiri Maximum Security Prison tare da wasu da ake zargin suna da hannu a juyin mulkin ba. Daga baya aka mayar da shi Enugu sannan daga baya ya koma gidan yari na Abakaliki. Idan za a iya tunawa, wadanda ke da hannu dumu -dumu cikin tsare -tsare da aiwatar da juyin mulkin kamar Manjo Adewale Ademoyega sun tabbatar da cewa babu laifi Aghanya da Banjo a cikin tarihin su. Bayan juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1966 inda aka kashe Aguyi Ironsi, an saki Aghanya daga gidan yari a watan Maris na 1967 bisa umarnin gwamnan yankin Gabas na lokacin, Kanal (daga baya Janar) Odumegwu Ojukwu, ya bijirewa umarnin sabon shugaban kasa Kanal (daga baya Janar) Yakubu Gowon A martaninsa Gowon ya sanar da sakin Aghanya da wasu bayan gaskiya. Bincike da Samarwa (RAP) At the outbreak of hostilities in July 1967 that marked the beginning of the Nigerian Biafran war, Aghanya was commissioned into the Biafran Army with the rank of Colonel and appointed Commanding Officer of the 44th Electrical and Mechanical Engineer Battalion Biafran Army by the then Chief of Staff Biafran Army, Brigadier Hillary Njoku. A few weeks into the conflict he was further appointed as head of the Biafran Agency for Research and Production (RAP) by General Ojukwu. In this position Aghanya was in charge of coordinating Biafran scientists, engineers and raw materials in a concerted effort at boosting the industrial production of war relevant materials for the Biafran government. Under his leadership, various scientific work groups were created to achieve specific goals. Priorities were weapons, ammunition and fuel. To this end he set up and supervised among others: A karkashin umurninsa na RAP, munanan makamai na Biafra Ogbunigwe wadanda suka hada da nakiyoyi masu sarrafa kansu, abubuwan fashewa, da makamai masu linzami da Jamhuriyar Biafra ta kera. A cewar ikirarin gwamnatin Biyafara a wancan lokacin, RAP ta samar da makami mai linzami (Piom-Piom) shi ne makamin roka na farko da aka kera shi gaba daya, ya ci gaba, aka samar da shi kuma aka harba shi a Afirka. Aghanya ya kasance mai kula da kula da ƙungiyoyin kimiyya daban -daban da ya kafa, samowa da wadatar da kayan da ake buƙata don samarwa tare da rarraba kayan da aka gama ga sojojin. Ya kasance mai kula da gwajin samfur, tare da horar da sojoji a amfani da makamai iri -iri, bamabamai, gurneti da makamai masu linzami. Don haka ne ya ƙirƙiro ƙungiyoyin Ogbunigwe daban -daban waɗanda aka rarraba su a cikin salon rundunar kashe gobara zuwa fannonin yaƙi daban -daban yayin da buƙata ta taso. Da farko an tura shi Bonny don ya taimaka ya kare Fatakwal daga ci gaba da runduna ta 3 ta Commando Commandole na Benjamin Adekunle tare da Biyafara ya kera ma’adanai, baturan bakin ruwa da makamai masu linzami, daga baya aka tura shi da sojojinsa na Ogbunigwe zuwa Onitsha ta Janar Ojukwu don kare wannan birni. Hare -hare daga Murtala Mohammed Sashi na Biyu. Aghanya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare Onitsha. Aghanya da sojojinsa na Ogbunigwe sun kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare garuruwan Aba, Ikot Ekpene, Umuahia da Owerri Kungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra (BOFF) Bayan faduwar wasu manyan yankunan Biyafara kamar Enugu, Abakaliki, Calabar, Ikot-Ekpene da Fatakwal, sai ta kara fitowa fili cewa Biafra ba za ta iya kare kanta ba ta hanyar amfani da dakaru kawai. Don haka Aghanya ya tuntubi Janar Ojukwu da sabon Shugaban Hafsoshin Sojojin Biyafara, Manjo Janar Madiebo, tare da shawarar kafa rundunar ‘yan ta’adda da karfin rarraba, wanda zai yi aiki a bayan abokan gaba musamman a yankunan Biyafara da sojojin Najeriya suka mamaye. Rundunar za ta kunshi fararen hula, ciki har da mata, wadanda bayan da aka horar da su kan yin zagon kasa da amfani da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na RAP za su kutsa a bayan layin abokan gaba. An bai wa Aghanya aikin kafawa, ba da kayan aiki da horas da rundunar mayaƙan wanda aka sanya wa suna Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighters (BOFF). Har ila yau ana kiranta "Rangers", ra'ayin da ke bayan wannan rarrabuwa an ɗan yi wahayi zuwa gare shi kuma a hankali ya dogara da abin koyi na Vietnam Cong. Ya samu wata tawagar kasar Afrika ta Kudu malamai a karkashin Kanar Jan Breytenbach don horar da BOFF sojoji a ɓarna da gangan da kuma counterinsurgency An sanya Aghanya a matsayin kwamandan kwamandan wannan sabon reshe na rundunar sojojin mai taken Babban Hafsan Sojoji. Membobin ma'aikatansa sun hada da Chinua Achebe, Dr Ukwu I. Ukwu da Dr Okonjo (mahaifin Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Hedikwatar sashin BOFF tana Umuahia Dangane da manufofi, manufofi da tsarin BOFF, Ezenwa-Ohaeto ya nakalto Aghanya kamar haka: BOFF ita ce babbar rundunar fada da Biafra baya ga sojoji na yau da kullun. A watan Afrilun 1968 sun cimma wani ɗan gajere amma abin ban mamaki ta hanyar sake kwato Asaba daga runduna ta biyu ta Sojojin Najeriya, tare da toshe hanyoyin kai tsaye a ƙetaren Kogin Neja Sun kuma hana Rundunar Sojojin Najeriya ta biyu hada kai da Runduna ta farko da ke Hedikwatar ta a Enugu ta hanyar toshe hanyar Onitsha zuwa Enugu yadda ya kamata har zuwa karshen yakin. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 1968 suna gudanar da ayyuka da yawa a bayan layin abokan gaba, a yankin Mid-Western da sauran yankunan Biafra da aka mamaye. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 1969, ayyukan masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra sun yi yawa a yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai har sai da aka tura Bataliyar Sojojin Najeriya guda shida zuwa yankin a kokarin duba barazanar. Hukumar BOFF a karkashin Aghanya ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kwato Owerri a shekarar 1969. Rayuwar masu zaman kansu Aghanya ta auri Miss Comfort Ifeoma Modebelu a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1962 a Birmingham, United Kingdom. Ya kasance abokin aiki, kuma memba na kungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya (FNSE), memba na Majalisar Injiniyoyin Rajista na Najeriya (COREN), kuma memba na Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Rediyo ta Burtaniya Bayan yaƙin, Aghanya ya kafa kamfanin injiniya mai zaman kansa mai suna NICON Engineering Company kuma shine farkon wanda ya ƙera ƙira da ƙeta da kuma samar da fitilun zirga -zirga a Najeriya. Ya kasance mamba na masu rike da sarautun gargajiya na kabilar Igbo Nze na Ozo mai rike da mukamin Ochiagha-Udo na Amawbia, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Ohanaeze Ndigbo, kuma mamba a jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Bayanan kula Manazarta Achebe Chinua, Akwai wata ƙasa: tarihin Biyafara, Penguin (2012) Achuzia Joe, Requiem Biafra. Mawallafi Na Hudu Na Hudu. (1986) Ademoyaga, Adewale (1981). Me yasa muka buge labarin juyin mulkin Najeriya na farko. Evans Bros Aghanya EO, Bayan allon (bugu na biyu), Springfield Publishers Ltd (2006) Arene, EO (1997). Masana kimiyyar "Biafra" bunƙasa fasahar 'yan asalin Afirka. Kamfanin Arnet Ventures. ISBN 9783392816 Baxter, Peter, Biafra Yakin Basasar Najeriya, 1967-1970. Helion da Kamfanin. (2015). ISBN 1909982369 Ezenwa-Ohaeto, Chinua Achebe Tarihin Rayuwa (1997) James Currey. ISBN 0852555458 Gbulie, Ben (1981). Manyan Masarautu biyar na Najeriya: Juyin Juya Halin 15 ga Janairun 1966, Asusun Farko Na Farko. Mawallafin Ilimin Afirka (Nig). Gould, Michael, Yaƙin Biyafara gwagwarmayar Najeriya ta zamani. (2012) IB Tauris. ISBN 0857723529 Jowett, Philip S. (2016) Yakin Afirka na zamani (5): Yaƙin Biyafara na Najeriya 1967-70 Madiebo, Alexander, Juyin Juya Halin Najeriya da yakin Biafra. (1980) Masu Buga Harshe Na Hudu. ISBN 9781561173 Njoku, Hillary (1987). Bala'i ba tare da jarumai ba yakin Najeriya da Biafra. Girma ta Hudu. ISBN 9781562382 Siollun, Max (2009). Man fetur, siyasa da tashin hankali Al'adun juyin mulkin sojan Najeriya (1966-1976). Algora Pub 2020 deaths Pages with unreviewed
21248	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addinin%20Dinka	Addinin Dinka	Addinin Dinka na nufin addinin gargajiya na mutanen Dinka (wanda kuma aka fi sani da mutanen Muonyjang), ƙabilar Kudancin Sudan. Kirkira Maɗaukaki, ubangij mahalicci, Nhialic, shine allahn sama da ruwan sama, kuma shine mai mulkin dukkan ruhohi. An yi imani da cewa yana nan a cikin dukkan halitta, kuma yana iya sarrafa ƙaddarar kowane mutum, tsire-tsire da dabba a Duniya. Nhialic kuma ana kiranta Jaak, Juong ko Dyokin ta wasu ƙungiyoyin Nilotic kamar Nuer da Shilluk. Nhialac ya kirkiro tsohon nihilo kuma da wuya ya shafi kansa da al'amuran mutane. Akwai nau'ikan daban daban na tatsuniyoyin halittar Dinka wanda yafi damuwa da halittar mutane. Mutane na farko sune Garang da Abuk. A wasu lokuta Nhialac ya halicci mutane ta hanyar hura su daga hanci, wasu asusun kuma sun ce mutane sun samo asali ne daga sama kuma an sanya su a cikin kogin inda suka zo a matsayin manya. Wasu labaran sun ce an tsara mutane ne kamar siffofin yumɓu kuma aka sa su girma cikin tukwane. Garang da Abuk an yi su ne da yumbu na Sudan. Nhialac ya fada musu cewa su yawaita kuma yaransu zasu mutu amma zasu dawo da rai cikin kwanaki 15. Garang ya yi zanga-zangar cewa idan ba wanda ya mutu har abada to ba za a sami isasshen abinci ba. Nhialac sannan ya kuma gabatar da mutuwa ta dindindin. Nhialac ya umurce su da kawai shuka iri guda na hatsi a rana ko ba su hatsi ɗaya su ci a rana. Kasancewa cikin yunwa kullun Abuk ya sanya manna tare da hatsi don abinci ya daɗe. Koyaya, lokacin da Abuk yayi rashin biyayya kuma ya ƙara shuka Nhialac ya yanke igiyar da ta haɗa Sama da Duniya. Majami'u 'Yan addinin Dinka suna da gumakan alloli. Dengdit ko Deng, shine allahn sama mai ruwan sama da na haihuwa, wanda Nhialic ya ba shi iko. Mahaifiyar Deng ita ce Abuk, allahn da ke bautar lambu da duk mata, wanda maciji ya wakilta. Garang, wani allah ne, wanda wasu 'yan Dinka suka yarda da shi a matsayin allahn da Deng ya danne wanda ruhinsa na iya sa yawancin matan Dinka, da wasu maza, su yi kururuwa. Kalmar "Jok" tana nufin ƙungiyar ruhohin kakanni. Kiran sallah Mabiyeya addinin Dinka na fara gabatar da addu'o'insu ga Fiyayyen Halitta Nhialic sannan kuma suna kiran wasu alloli. 'Yan addinin Dinka suna yin addu'o'in samun karamin yanayi. Sun kuma yi addu'ar neman albarkan noma mai kyau, kariya daga sharrin mutane, murmurewar shanu daga rashin lafiya, da kyakkyawar farauta. Ana miƙa hadayar sa ko bijimi ga abun bauta Nhialic. Dinka suna yin sadaukarwa tare da sallah. Masu kiran suna kiran dukkan alloli-allahntaka, allahntaka masu kyauta da ruhohin magabata kuma a wasu lokuta Nhialic. Wadanda suke Sallah suna rike da mashin kifi a hannunsu. Ana rera gajerun maganganu masu bayyana buƙata yayin da ake matsa mashi akan dabbar da za'a yanka. Mahalarta suna maimaita kalaman shugaba. A lokacin rikici ko wani muhimmin lokaci Dinka zai ci gaba da yin addu’a da sadaukarwa na dogon lokaci. Matakan addu'oin hadaya. 1. Jagoran zai fara bayyana matsalolin da mutane suke fuskanta. 2. Jagora da duk waɗanda suka halarta sunyi nadama zunuban da suka gabata. 3. Ana miƙa waƙoƙin yabo ko waƙoƙin sa. 4. Fitar da rashin sa'a da ga dabbar layya. Dabba Mabiya addinin Dinka masu rayarwa ne. Dinka sun gaji cikakkiyar nasara daga iyayensu duka. Ana sa ran masu aminci su ba da gudummawa ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfinsu kuma su kula da kyakkyawar dangantaka tare da membobinsu. Cin ko cutar da dabbar ku gabaɗaya mummunan hali ne ga waɗanda suka raba jimlar. An yi imanin cewa wasu abubuwa suna ba da iko. Mujiya jimla, misali, ana gaskata shi yana ba da ikon azurtawa. Totems ba dabbobi ba ne na musamman, kodayake mafi yawansu; wasu Dinka suna da cikakkiyar ƙarfe ko ƙarfe. A cikin yarukan Dinka, akwai wan abin da ake kira kuar. Dinka ba sa bauta wa jimillar su amma suna magana ne game da "dangantaka" da su. Batun alaƙar maciji an bayyana a ƙasa. Macizai Wasu daga cikin yan kabilar Dinka suna girmama masu kara puff na Afirka. Macizan da ake girmamawa sosai sune Atemyath, Biar keroor, da Maluang. Waɗannan macizai ana ba da sadaka na narkar da cuku da aka yi a gida don faranta musu rai, bayan an sake su a cikin daji. Kashe macizai mummunan imani ne ga al'umma ko kuma mutum, tare da zaton cewa ruhohi na iya bugun wanda ya yi kisan. Biblio Lienhardt, Godfrey, "Divinity and Experience: The Religion of the Dinka", Oxford University Press (1988), (Retrieved 9 June 2012) Evens, T. M. S., "Anthropology As Ethics: Nondualism and the Conduct of Sacrifice", Berghahn Books (2009), Hanyoyin haɗin waje 0-19-823405-8 Laburaren Majalisa: Nazarin Kasa: Sudan Maraice, TMS, "Anthropology As xa'a: dua'idar Ba da dua'ida da Halayyar Hadaya", Litattafan Berghahn (2009), Addinan gargajiya Tarihin Dinka Bautan dabbobi a Afurka Pages with unreviewed translations
20207	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahaya%20Madawaki	Yahaya Madawaki	Alhaji Yahaya Madawaki, MFR, OBE, DLL kuma mai riƙe da lambar girmamawa ta Sarki George VI haihuwa (Janairu 1907 -mutuwa 5 ga Yuni, shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998) ya kasance shahararren ɗan siyasar Nijeriya, tsohon Ministan Lafiya, Madawaki na Ilorin da Atunluse na Erin-Ile, Kwara Jiha Rayuwar farko An haifi Alhaji Yahaya a shekara ta alif dari tara da bakwai 1907 a Ilorin, jihar Kwara, babban dan Abdulkadir Popoola Ayinla-Agbe hamshakin dan kasuwar Ilorin da Salimotu Asabi. Ya fara karatun boko a makarantar kur'ani a yankin Kasuwar Ago a Ilorin sannan ya fara makarantar firamare ta lardin Ilorin. Da yake ya kasance ajin farko, sai aka zabe shi ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Katsina, wacce daga baya ta zama Kwalejin Barewa, don neman ilimi a watan Yunin shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin da biyu 1922 Daga cikin tsaransa a Kwalejin ta Katsina akwai Ahmadu Bello, Sardaunan Sakkwato, Aliyu Makama Bida, Suleiman Barau da Sir Kashim Ibrahim. Hazikin dalibi kuma ɗan wasa, ya zama Shugaban Headan wasa kuma kyaftin ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma an zaɓe shi ne don ya gabatar da jawabin maraba ga Gwamnan Nijeriya na lokacin, Sir Hugh Clifford, a lokacin ƙaddamar da Kwalejin a hukumance a shekara ta alif dari tara da ashirin da hudu 1924. Bayan ya ci mafi girman maki a karatunsa, inda ya kafa bayanan da ba a fasa su ba tsawon shekaru, daga baya aka ci gaba da zama a Kwalejin a matsayin malami bayan karatunsa a 1928. Ya koyar ne, a Katsina College for shekaru biyu da dalibai hada da Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, wanda daga baya ya zama firayim ministan kasar, Sir Ahmadu Bello, da Sardauna of Sokoto, Justice Mohammed Bello wanda daga baya ya zama babban mai shari'a na kotun kolin Najeriya, Justice Saidu Kawu, wani tsohon Babban Alkalin Jihar Kwara sannan kuma daga baya Alkalin Kotun Koli, Mai shari’a Mamman Nasir, Ibrahim Coomassie, wanda daga baya ya zama Sufeto Janar na ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya, Alhaji Ibrahim Dasuki wanda daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi na 18 na Halifancin Sokoto haka ma surukinsa, Habba Habib na Barno, Shuaibu Abuja, Sarkin Gobir na Kaligo, wanda daga baya ya zama Sarkin Gwandu, Alhaji Zulkarnaini Gambari da Alhaji Aliyu Abdulkadir wanda aka fi sani da Baba Agba, dukkansu kuma daga baya sun zama na 9. da Sarakuna na 10 na Ilorin bi da bi Yahaya ya ci gaba da zama Shugaban Makarantar Middle School da kuma fitaccen shugaban al'umma, wanda ya shahara wajen sasanta rikice-rikice tsakanin manyan shugabannin yankin da kuma tare da hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, wanda ya ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Sarki George VI a 1936. Harkar siyasa Yahaya ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Masarautar Ilorin a 1936, inda ya sami lakanin "Yahaya Kiigbaa" ("Yahaya bai yarda ba") saboda nuna gaskiyarsa da kuma kokarinsa na kawar da rashawa a majalisar.A 1948, tare da Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Yahaya ya kasance memba ne na wakilan taron Afirka na farko a Landan kuma Sarki George na VI ya karbe shi a Fadar Buckingham a 8 ga Oktoba 1948. Bayan dawowarsa daga Ingila, an tsayar da shi a matsayin memba na sabuwar majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa da aka kafa kuma memba na Majalisar Sarakunan Yankin Ilorin Bayan fara aiki da Tsarin Mulki na McPherson a 1952, an zabi Yahaya a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobi biyar na Majalisar Dokokin Yankin Arewa da za su shiga majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin tsakiya. A wannan shekarar ya zama Ministan Lafiya, ya shiga majalisar zartaswa tare da Ahmadu Bello, Sardaunan Sakkwato, Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da sauran manyan Ministocin Arewa An maye gurbinsa a 1956 da Alhaji Ahman. A lokacin da yake Ministan Lafiya ya rubuta nasarori da dama, ciki har da kaddamar da asibitoci da dama, kamar makarantar koyon aikin likita a Zariya da asibitin kashi a Kano, kuma shi ne ya yi sanadiyyar soke kudin asibiti a duk Babban Asibitocin Arewa. A 1973, an nada Yahaya Kwamishinan Ayyuka na Jiha, a lokacin ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar Asa Dam kuma ya ba da manyan ayyuka da yawa. A 1981, Shugaba Shehu Shagari ya nada Yahaya a matsayin daya daga cikin Kwamitin Dattawa. A bangaren siyasa, ya yi mu'amala da dama tare da marigayi Cif Obafemi Awolowo, Cif JS Olawoyin, Cif SB Awoniyi, Cif Gabriel Igbinedion da kuma gungun wasu manyan 'yan siyasa a duk fadin kasar. Girmamawa da alƙawura A shekarar 1936, an baiwa Yahaya lambar yabo ta nadin sarauta ta Sarki George VI A cikin karramawar sabuwar shekara ta 1955, Sarauniya Elizabeth II ta bashi lambar yabo ta Masarautar Burtaniya (OBE) da sarautar gargajiya ta Madawaki ta Ilorin. A 1981, Shugaba Shehu Shagari ya ba Yahaya lambar girmamawa ta kasa a matsayin memba na Tarayyar Tarayya (MFR) A 1982, an ba shi digirin girmamawa na wasiƙu (DLL) daga Jami'ar Ilorin da taken Atunuse na Erin-Ile. Ya kasance memba kuma Shugaban Kwamitocin da yawa, ciki har da Hukumar Raya Kasa ta Arewacin Nijeriya, Kamfanin Jirgin Kasa na Najeriya, Kamfanin Ruwa na Jihar Kwara da Kamfanin Sugar na Bacita Hakanan an san shi musamman a matsayin mutumin da ya ba Jihar Kwara sunan ta, Aikin Kasuwancin Alhaji Yahaya ya kuma tsunduma cikin manyan kasuwancin da ya ci nasara, daga cikinsu akwai Yahaya Marines Co, kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki da kayan aiki wanda a lokacin yake a Apapa Wharf da kuma dukiya daga cikin manyan mashahuran Madawaki da ke kan titin Ibrahim Taiwo, Ilorin Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na
52346	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinikin%20Bayi%20na%20Atalantika	Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika	Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika (Atlantic Ocean) wanda a turance ake kira da Atlantic Slave Trade wani zamani ne a tarihin duniya daga misalin ƙarni na 15th zuwa ƙarni na 19th, wanda yan kasuwa masu sayen bayi daga ƙasashen Turai (European countries) suka dinga sayen mutane a Africa a matsayin bayi, suna kai su nahiyar Amurka (Americas) da ta Turai domin suyi musu bauta. Kamar yadda masu karatun tarihi suka sani, zuwa farkon shekarun 1500 (1500s) a zamanin da a tarihance ake cewa “Age of European Exploration” wato shekaru da Turawa suka dukufa wajen gano hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye musamman na ruwa, ƙasashen Turai musamman Portugal da Spain sun sami ilimin gano yadda taswirar duniya take, da kuma iya gano hanyoyin jiragen ruwa da za su sadar da su ga kasashen gabas da na yamma, wato a turance “linking eastern and western hemisphere Sannan kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin gano yankuna masu yawo a duniya ciki har da nahiyar Amurka wadda kafin lokacin ba su santa ba. Don haka ne a wannan ƙoƙari ne, jiragen ruwan kasuwanci na Kasar Portugal a ƙoƙarin su na neman hanyar ruwa da zata sadar da su ga yankin India da na China domin ƙulla alaƙar kasuwanci, suka yi nasarar gano gaɓar tekun Atalantika dake yammacin Afrika. Saboda haka, wannan ya bada damar ƙulla alaƙar kasuwanci tsakanin Ƴan kasuwa na ƙasar Portugal da kuma na masarautun gaɓar teku, irin su Masarautar Benin da Asante da kuma ta Dahomey. Bayan wani dan lokaci kuma, a shekarar 1526 sai turawan ƙasar Portugal suka fara sayen baƙaƙen fatar Afrika a matsayin bayi daga hannun yan kasuwa masu sayar da bayi a Masarautar Benin wadda yanzu tana cikin ƙasar Najeriya ta yanzu, suka kuma zuba su jirgin ruwa zuwa nahiyar Amurka domin su je suyi musu noma a manyan gonakin su dake nahiyar Amurka, wasu yan kaɗan daga cikin bayin kuma suka kai su nahiyar Turai domin su zama bayi masu yin aikin gida wato a turance home servants”. Don haka ne masana tarihi suka tabbatar da cewa, tun daga wannan shekara ta 1526 da Turawan Portugal suka sayi bayi a Afrika, sai kuma sauran yan kasuwa daga ƙasashen Turawa kamar su Spain, Ingila (Britain), Faransa (France) da kuma Netherlands suka shiga cikin Cinikayyar bayin sosai. Asalin Fara Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika. Asalin fara Cinikin Bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 15th, lokacin da kasashen Turai irin su Portugal da Spain suka jagoranci nasarar gano yankin Amurka wanda kafin lokacin, babu wata ƙasar Turawa da ta san da yankin na Amurka. Saboda haka, wannan kuma ya ba su damar kafa manyan gonakin noman rake (sugar cane), Kofi (coffee), auduga (cotton) da sauran su. To kuma akwai buƙatar samun waɗan da za su yi juriyar noma waɗannan gonaki. A hannu ɗaya kuma, zuwa farkon ƙarni na 16th, tuni jiragen ruwan ƴan kasuwar Portugal sun fara zuwa gaɓar tekun yammacin Africa suna kawo kayan sayarwa irin su madubi, bindigu, kayan sawa, da kuma giya. Sannan su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika su sayar mu su da gwal (gold), manja (palm oil), koko (cocoa), da kuma bayi kaɗan. Wannan fara alaƙa ta kasuwanci tsakanin ƴan kasuwa daga Turai da kuma na Afrika shine ya bawa Turawa damar fara sayen mutanen Afrika a matsayin bayin da za su yi musu bautar noma a waɗannan manƴan gonaki na su dake nahiyar Amurka. Yan kasuwar Ƙasar Portugal ne suka fara sayen bayi a shekarar 1526 daga hannun yan kasuwa masu sayar da bayi na Masarautar Benin, sannan kuma sauran Ƴan kasuwa daga ƙasashen Turai irin su Spain, Ingila (Britain), Faransa (France), Netherlands, da kuma Denmark suka shigo cikin. Yayin da wannan Cinikayyar bayi ta karɓu a gurin sauran Ƴan kasuwar ƙasashen Turai, sai cinikin ya zama mai riba ga ɓangare biyu na Ƴan kasuwar. Saboda, ƙasashen Turai sun sami sauƙin samar da ma’aikata da za su yi musu aiki a wannan manƴan gonaki na su da kuma ayyukan gida. Su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika masu sayar da bayi na Afrika sun sami kuɗi ta wannan kasuwanci. Yanayin kamen Bayin. Ya tabbata cewa, Turawa a zamanin Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika basa iya shiga cikin ƙwaryar nahiyar Afrika, sai dai su tsaya a bakin gaɓar Teku. Don haka, sun dogara ne da yan kasuwa masu kamen bayi dake nahiyar Afrika wajen kamo bayin da kuma sayar mu su. Akwai hanyoyi sanannu guda 3 wajen kamo bayin kamar haka 1, Wasu bayin ana iya kamo su ne ta hanyar yaƙe-yaƙen ƙabilanci wanda masarautun bakin Teku suka shahara wajen yi. A misali, akan iya shirya yaƙi kawai don kama bayi. 2, Wasu kuma bayin ana samun su ne ta hanyar kai farmaki (raiding) ga wasu mutane. Domin yawancin masu kamen bayin sukan kai hari akan wani gari ko wasu gungun mutane tafiya domin su kama su a matsayin bayi. 4, Wasu kuma bayin ana samun su ne, yayin da suka aikata wani babban laifi a cikin al’ummar su, to cikin hukuncin da ake yi musu ne, ake sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Don haka, idan masu kamen bayi sun sami bayin ta ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hanƴoƴi da muka ambata, ko kuma wasu hanƴoƴi daban. Sukan tattara su, sai kuma su ɗaure su da sarƙa ko kuma igiya mai ƙwari ɗaya a gaban ɗaya. Daga nan kuma sai ya taho da su zuwa bakin teku inda Turawa suke hada hadar sayen bayi. A tsarin kasuwancin, akwai tashoshin saye da sayarwar bayi a gaɓar tekun Afrika inda ƴan kasuwar Afrika suke kawo bayin, su kuma yan kasuwa masu sayen bayi daga Turai suke zuwa su saya ko kuma ayi musanye (trade by barter) da kayan sayarwar su irin su bindigu, kayan sawa, madubi, da kuma giya. Da zarar bayin sun isa tasoshin saye da sayarwar, sai Turawan masu saye su zo su duba domin su saya. Yawancin Turawan sukan zo da likita domin ya duba lafiyar bayin, kafin a saye su. Haka kuma, an fi sayen bayi maza kuma wanda shekarun su suka fara daga 10 zuwa 35. Yayin da su kuma mata ba’a fiya sayen wanda suka haura shekara 30 ba. Idan kuma ciniki ya faɗa, sai Ɗan kasuwar da ya saya yazo da wani ƙarfe wanda ya yi jajazur a wuta ya ɗanawa bawan a matsayin tambarin da zai gane nasa ne ko da ya gudu. Bayan an gama sayen bayin ne kuma, sai a zuba su a jiragen ruwa, inda mafi yawa ake kai su nahiyar Amurka domin su yi noma. Wasu kuma kaɗan daga cikin bayin, ake kai su nahiyar Turai a matsayin bayi masu aikatau a gidaje. Yanayin Rayuwar Bayi. Kamar yadda ya tabbata a tarihi, yanayin kamen bayi a zamanin Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika ya kasance mai muni da tsanani kwarai da gaske fiye da sauran cinikayyar bayi da aka yi a sauran sassan duniya. Domin kuwa, mafiya yawa daga cikin masana tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa rayuwar bayi a wannan zamani musamman bayin da su ke noma a gonaki ta kasance ta wahala da kuma keta hakkin Ɗan Adam. Saboda ya tabbata cewa mafi yawancin bayin ana mu’amalantar su ne kamar dabbobi. Kuma haka ta faru ne sakamakon rashin imanin Turawa saboda suna ganin shi bawa ba shi da wani Ƴanci tun da sayen sa aka yi. A nahiyar Amurka kuwa da ake kai bayin daga Africa, ana tilastawa bayin su yi noma a manyan gonaki na tsawon lokutai da suka wuce ƙima. Duk bawan da kuma yaƙi yi ko kuma bai yi yadda ya kamata ba, to ana hukunta shi kamar dabba. Misalin hukuncin shine, akan yi musu bulala da ta wuce kima har sai jikin su ya fashe, ko a yanki naman jikin su, ko kuma a hana su abinci a wannan rana. Don haka ne, a tarihi aka samu lokutai daban-daban da bayin suka yi bore saboda zaluncin da ake yi musu. A misali, a yankin nahiyar Amurka cikin yankuna irin su Brazil, yankin Karebiyan (Caribbeans) da kuma tarayyar Amerika (USA) an sami bore kamar sau 200, wanda ya samarwa da bayin sauki. Ribar ta Turawa ce. Ƙasashen Turai a matsayin masu sayen bayi daga Afirka domin su yi musu aiki, sannan a wani hannun kuma masu sayar da kayan masarufin su a Afrika, sun kasance da cin moriyar kaso 90% na wannan zamani na cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika. Da farko, nahiyar Afrika ta kasance kasuwa ga kayan masarufin da Turawa suka samar a masana’antun su. Domin kuwa Turawa sukan kawo kayan sayarwar su kamar su bindiga, madubi, kayen ado na mata, da kuma giya zuwa Afrika. Yayin da su kuma ƴan kasuwar Afrika sukan kawo wa Turawa gwal (gold), hauren giwa (ivory), kwakwar manja (palm oil), ko kuma bayi domin ayi musanya wato a turance ‘trade by barter’. Saboda haka, zamu ga cewa Afrika ta zama kasuwa da Turawa suke sayar da kayan su, a wani ɓangaren kuma inda suke samun kayan sarrafawa (raw materials) domin masana’antun su dake Turai. Na biyu, kuma mafi muhimmanci, Turawa sun samar da hanƴa mafi sauƙi ta yin aikatau a manƴan gonakin su dake Amurka. Wannan hanƴa kuwa ita ce ta saye da amfani da baƙaƙen fatar Afrika a matsayin bayi da su dinga nome mu su waɗannan gonaki. Asarar ta Afrika ce. Masana tarihi da yawa sun bayyana cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manƴan dalilan da suka kawo ci baya a nahiyar Africa, musamman ga yankunan da suke baki ko kusa da gaɓar Tekun Atalantika. Domin kuwa, kaso 5% zuwa 10% na wannan cinikayyar bayi Afrika ta amfana da shi kawai. Shima kuma wannan amfanuwa ta takaita ne ga manyan sarakunan Masarautu kamar su Benin, Dahomey, Asante, garuruwan Niger-Delta, da sauran su, da kuma manƴan ƴan kasuwa a wannan yankuna. Da farko kamar yadda masanin tarihin nan dan Africa da ake kira da Walter Rodney ya faɗa, ya nuna cewa cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ta janyo faruwar yaƙe-yaƙen ƙabilanci da kuma kai hare-hare domin samun bayi. Saboda lokacin da sarakunan Masarautun gabar Tekun Afrika suka fahimci cewa wannan Ciniki zai kawo musu riba, sai suka himmatu wajen yaƙi da kai hari ga junan su domin samun bayin da za su sayar wa da Turawa. Dalilin wannan kuma, rashin tsoro ya bayyana wanda ya daƙile ci gaban da Afrika ya kamata ta samu. Na biyu kuma, cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ya janyo raguwar mutane masu dimbin yawa, kuma lafiyayyu wanda kowace ƙasa take buƙata don ci gaba. Domin kuwa, masana tarihi sun ƙididdige yawan bayin da aka fitar daga nahiyar Afrika da cewa za su kai kimanin miliyan 10 zuwa12. Bayanin ya tabbatar da cewa, kaso 55% na bayin sun fito daga yammacin Afrika (west Africa), kaso 39.4% sun fito daga tsakiyar Afrika (central Africa), sannan sai kaso 4.7% daga kudancin Afirika (southern Africa). Haka kuma bayanan tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa kimanin bayi miliyan 2 ne suka rasa ran su a sakamakon cututtuka da wahalhalu. Na uku, cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika ta janyo wa Afrika ƙasƙanci, da raini a idon Turawa wanda ya ƙara janƴo wariyar launin fata (racism). Domin kuwa, mafiya yawan Turawa, suna bada hujjar wannan Cinikin Bayi a matsayin fifikon da suke da shi akan mutanen nahiyar Africa. Rushewar Cinikin Bayi na Atalantika An shafe kimanin shekaru dari huɗu ana yin wannan cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika, wato daga Ƙarni na 15th zuwa Ƙarni na 19th kafin yazo ƙarshe. A misalin ƙarshen ƙarni na 18th ne Turawa suka fara dawowa daga rakiyar wannan Ciniki ta hanyar fara saka dokoki waɗanda suka haramta Cinikin bayin. Babbar doka wadda Turawa suka yi, ita ce wadda Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Ingila tayi a shekarar 1807, wadda ta haramta cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika. Daga nan kuma sauran ƙasashen Turawa suka bi bayan ta. To amma wasu daga cikin masana tarihi sun samar da bayanai (theories) akan haƙiƙanin dalilin da yasa ƙasashen Turawa da suka amfana daga Cinikin, amma kuma daga baya suka dawo daga rakiyar sa. Masanin tarihin nan Ɗan Afrika wato Walter Rodney ya bayyana cewa babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashen Turawa musamman Ingila suka dawo daga rakiyar wannan Ciniki, shine samun cigaban masana’antu “Industrial Revolution” da aka samu a nahiyar Turai daga wajejen shekarar 1750. Wannan cigaba da ake kira a turance da Industrial Revolution ya kawo samuwar injina (machines) wanda suke iya yin aikin da mutum yake a gona ko a masana’anta. Don haka buƙatar aikin mutum ta ragu, sakamakon waɗannan injina da ake samarwa suna iya yin aikin a sauƙaƙe kuma cikin sauƙi. Wannan ta saka ƙasashen Turai suka ga ya dace su tsayar da cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika. Wasu masana tarihin kuma sun ce wannan cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya zo ƙarshe ne, sakamakon matsin lamba akan Ƙasashen Turai, wanda wasu ƴan rajin kawo ƙarshen wannan Ciniki da ake kira da ‘abolitionist’ suka dinga fafutukar rushe Cinikin. A misali, a ƙasar Ingila wani wakilin majalisar dokokin Ingila da ake kira William Wilberforce ya jagoranci wata fafutuka wadda ta tilastawa Majalisar Dokokin Ingila yin dokar da ta haramta cinikayyar bayi ta Tekun Atalantika a shekarar 1807. To amma duk da ƙoƙarin da manƴan ƙasashen Turai kamar Ingila da Faransa suka yi na daƙile Cinikin, amma wasu ƙasashen sun ci gaba da safarar bayin. A misali, kasar Amurka ta kawo ƙarshen Cinikin ne a shekarar 1863. Ƙarkarewa Cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika kamar yadda muka karanta, wani Ciniki ne da Turawa suka dinga saye da kamen baƙaƙen fatar Afrika, suna kai su nahiyar Amurka da nahiyar Turai domin suyi musu bauta. Saboda haka, cinikin bayi na Tekun Atalantika ya taimakawa tattalin arzikin Turawa sosai, a hannu ɗaya kuma ya rusa ci gaban Afrika ta hanƴoƴin da dama.
57513	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Copaken	Deborah Copaken	Deborah Elizabeth Copaken(an haife shi a shekara ta 1966)marubuciya ce kuma ɗan jarida ɗan Amurka. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Copaken a Boston, Massachusetts,'yar Marjorie Ann(née Schwartz)da Richard Daniel Copaken. Mahaifinta ɗan'uwan White House ne kuma lauya. Ta girma a Maryland,ta farko a Adelphi,sannan daga 1970 a Potomac.Tana da yaya uku.Ta sauke karatu daga Harvard University a 1988. Sana'a Kafin fara aikin rubutu,Copaken ya kasance mai daukar hoto na yaki daga 1988 zuwa 1992,kuma mai shirya talabijin a ABC da NBC daga 1992 zuwa 1998. Ga tsohon,ta kasance a cikin Paris da Moscow,yayin da take harbi ayyukan tashe-tashen hankula a Zimbabwe, Afghanistan,Romania,Pakistan,Isra'ila, Tarayyar Soviet da sauran wurare.Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa a Day One a ABC News,inda ta sami Emmy, sannan a cikin Dateline NBC. A cikin 2001,ta buga tarihin abubuwan da ta samu a cikin aikin jarida na yaki, Shutterbabe.An buga littafinta na farko tsakanin Nan da Afrilu a cikin 2008 kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Elle Reader's Prize. A cikin 2009,ta fito da wani littafi na wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya, Jahannama ne Sauran Iyaye,wasu daga cikinsu sun bayyana a cikin New Yorker da The New York Times. Littafinta na biyu,The Red Book (Hyperion/Voice,2012),ya kasance mai siyarwar <i id="mwRg">New York Times</i>.An dade ana jera littafin don Kyautar Mata ta 2013 don Fiction.A cikin 2016 da 2017,ta fitar da littattafai guda biyu marasa ƙima,The ABCs of Adulthood da ABCs of Parenthood,tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane Randy Polumbo. Ta rubuta labarai da yawa don The New Yorker,The New York Times,Observer,The Atlantic,Business Insider,The Nation da sauransu. Ta yi kuma ta tsara ba da labari kai tsaye ga Asu,Bayan Haihuwa,jerin Memoir na Kalmomi shida,Matan haruffa,da Kalmomi da kiɗa.Ta kuma shiga cikin rubutun allo,kuma an ba da rahoton cewa tana daidaita Shutterbabe a matsayin jerin talabijin na NBC a cikin 2014.Ta kasance mai ba da shawara a kan Matashin Darren Starkuma a halin yanzu marubucin ma'aikaci ne akan sabon shirinsa na Emily a Paris.An yi hira da ita da shirin labarai da dama da suka hada da Shirin Yau da Barka da Safiya. A cikin 2013,Copaken ya rubuta makala don The Nation yana ba da cikakken bayani game da jima'i da ta ci karo da kuma lura a cikin aikinta. A cikin Nuwamba 2017 a Oprah.com,ta buga wani asusun 3,500-kalmomi na supracervical hysterectomy,adenomyosis da trachelectomy,da kuma sake dawowa a Nepal.A cikin watan Yuli na 2018 a cikin Atlantic,a cikin wata makala da ta shafi Roe V.Wade,ta rubuta cewa uku cikin biyar masu ciki biyar ba a shirya su ba kuma ta zubar da ciki biyu. A cikin 2019,rubutunta na New York Times Modern Love,"Lokacin da Cupid ɗan Jarida ne na Prying,"an daidaita shi cikin Episode 2 na jerin soyayyar Zamani na Amazon,tare da Catherine Keener tana wasa Copaken.Ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwatare da Tommy Siegel na Jukebox the Ghost.Wakiliyar adabi Lisa Leshne ta wakilce ta. Rayuwa ta sirri Ta zauna a Paris da Moscow kafin ta koma New York City a 1992.Ta yi aure kuma ta auri Paul Kogan a 1993.Suna da 'ya'ya uku:ɗan Yakubu(an haife shi 1995);'yar Sasha(an haifi 1997);da ɗan Leo(an haife shi 2006).A cikin 2018,ita da Kogan sun rabukamar yadda ta rubuta a cikin The Atlantic,sun yi haka ba tare da taimakon doka ba, a kan 626.50. Copaken ta rubuta game da harin da aka kai mata a farkon shekarunta ashirin.Ta rubuta cewa ta jimre da yawan hare-haren bazuwar bazuwar,"[S]wasu sun kasance masu ban tsoro". A cikin Maris 2018 a cikin The Atlantic,ta rubuta game da Editan Observer na New York Ken Kurson yana lalata da ita. Copaken ta kuma ba da labarin cewa an yi mata fyade da daddare kafin kammala karatun ta.Washegari ta kai rahoton lamarin ga ma’aikatan lafiya na jami’ar, amma an shawarce ta da kada ta kai rahoton fyaden ga ‘yan sanda da masanin ilimin halin dan Adam ya yi mata saboda doguwar shari’ar na iya shafar shirinta bayan kammala karatunta. Ta rubuta a cikin jaridar The Atlantic,shekaru 30 da faruwar lamarin,cewa kwanan nan ta rubuta wa wanda ya kai harin kuma wanda ya kai harin ya kira ta ya kuma ba ta hakuri. Ayyuka Shutterbabe:Kasada a Soyayya da Yaki(2001)-abin tunawa Tsakanin nan da Afrilu(2008)-labari Jahannama Shin Sauran Iyaye:Da Sauran Tatsuniyoyi na Konewar Matasa(2009)-rubutu Littafin Red(2012)-labari ABCs na Balaga:Haruffa na Darussan Rayuwa(2016)-labaran karya,zane-zane na Copaken da Randy Polumbo ABCs na Iyaye: Haruffa na Shawarar Iyaye(2017)-rashin almara,kwatanci ta Copaken da Polumbo Ladyparts(2021)-abin tunawa Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
16072	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tope%20Alabi	Tope Alabi	Tope Alabi, wanda aka fi sani da Ore ti o common, kuma kamar yadda Agbo Jesu (an haife ta 27 ga Oktoba 1970) mawaƙin bishara ne a Nijeriya, mai tsara kiɗan fim kuma yar wasa An haifi Tope Alabi a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba 1970 a jihar Lagos, Nigeria ga Pa Joseph Akinyele Obayomi da Madam Agnes Kehinde Obayomi. Ita kadai ce 'ya mace cikin yaran uku a gidan. Tana da aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Ayomiku da Deborah. Ta fito ne daga Yewa, Imeko na jihar Ogun, Najeriya. Rayuwar farko Tope ya kasance memba na kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jesters International. Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da wasu shahararrun kungiyoyin tafiye-tafiye da kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo a Ibadan da Lagos Ta yi fina-finai a fim irin na Yarbanci a Nijeriya Daga baya Alabi ta koma cikin waƙoƙin bishara bayan ta sake zama Krista Ilimi Tope ta sami Takaddar Makaranta ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAEC) daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Oba Akinyele, Ibadan, 1986. Bayan haka, ta ci gaba zuwa Polytechnic Ibadan inda ta karanta Mass Communication kuma ta kammala, 1990. Tope Alabi ya bi diddigin karatun ta da mahimmanci da kwazo kamar yadda ya cancanta. Tsakanin 1982 da 1984 a lokacin da take makarantar sakandare, sha'awarta ta kide-kide da raye-raye ya sa ta shiga kungiyar "Jesters International" (Jacob, Papilolo Aderupoko) a lokacin a garin Ibadan, a can ne faufau ta samu horo na farko da gogewa a wasan kwaikwayo. Ta yi aiki da Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) da ke Ibadan a matsayin wakiliya a karkashin kulawar Mista Yanju Adegbite, tsakanin 1990 1991. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar yada tallace-tallace ta Center-spread, yankin Ilupeju da ke Legas a shekarar 1990. A 1992, bayan samun gogewar aiki iri-iri, Patricia Temitope Alabi ta dawo cikin sana'ar zane-zane yayin da ta shiga shahararriyar kungiyar "Alade Aromire Theartre" a 1994. A can, ta sami damar rarrabe kanta a matsayinta na mai hazaka da hazaka 'yar fim da mawaƙa. A rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Alade Aromire, Tope Alabi ya iya sanin duk mahimman wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta tsunduma cikin shirye-shiryen fina-finai daban-daban, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo kuma mafi mahimmanci mahimmancin sautin waƙoƙin wanda ta kasance yar fim a masana'antar finafinan Yarbawa a yau. Marubuta daban-daban, furodusoshi da daraktoci a masana'antar fina-finai ta Yarbawa sun gayyaci Tope Alabi don su rubuta tare da yin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin fina-finansu daban-daban, dole ta zama abin yabo a yanzu, kusan waƙoƙin sauti 350 waɗanda ta shirya don finafinan Yarbawa daban-daban. Zai zama abin lura don bayyana a nan cewa Tope Alabi shine sautin waƙoƙin sauti a cikin Masana'antar Fina-Finan Gida na Yarbawa ref> "Biography" Tope Alabi An dawo da 6 Disamba 2010 Ayyuka A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2019, 'yan Najeriya a shafin Twitter sun nada Tope Alabi sarauniyar Yarbanci. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon wata gasa da United Bank of Africa ta yi a bikin cikar su shekaru 70 da kafuwa. Tope Alabi ya fitar da fayafayai da yawa da kuma waƙoƙi guda ɗaya. Tun farkon fara aikinta, ta fito a cikin yawancin waƙoƙin ministocin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin samari. Loveaunarta ga Allah ya sa mutane da yawa sun kusanci Allah. Kuna iya sauraron wasu daga cikin waƙoƙinta da aka harhada a cikin wannan rubutun. "Best Of Tope Alabi DJ Mixtape", Download All Tope Alabi Songs Binciken Ore ti o gama gari (2001) Iwe Eri (2003) Agbara Re NI (2005) Agbara Olorun (2006) Angeli MI (2007) Kokoro Igbala (2008) Kabiosi (2010) Moriyanu Agbelebu (2011) Alagbara (2012) Agbelebu (2013) Oruko Tuntun (2015) Omo Jesu (2017) Ee Amin (2018) Ruhun Haske (TY Bello) 2019 Olorun Nbe Funmi (Iseoluwa) Eruretoba (TY Bello) Adonai (TY Bello) Awa Gbe Oga (TY Bello) Angeli (TY Bello) Babu Wani Kuma (TY Bello) Oba Mi De (TY Bello) Olowo Ina (TY Bello) Yaƙi (TY Bello) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Official website Mata Ƴan Najeriya Rayayyun
36177	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9	Ifẹ	(Yoruba, ko kuma tsohon birni ne na Yarbawa da ke kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Birnin na karkashin jihar Osun ta yau. Ife na da nisan kilomita 218 daga arewa maso gabas da Legas yana da yawan jama'a 509,813, mafi girma a jihar Osun bisa ga ƙidayar yawan jama'a a shekarar 2006. Bisa al'adar addinin Yarbawa, An kafa Ilé Ifè bisa ga umarnin abin bauta Olodumare na Obatala. Sai ta fada hannun dan uwansa Oduduwa, wanda ya haifar da gaba a tsakanin su biyun. A can ne Oduduwa ya kafa daular, kuma ‘ya’ya maza da mata na wannan sarki sun zama sarakunan wasu masarautu da dama a kasar Yarbawa. Oòni na farko na Ife ɗan Oduduwa ne, wanda shine Orisha na 401. Mai mulki a yanzu tun 2015 shine Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II, Ooni na Ife wanda kuma akawun Najeriya ne. Birnin na Ife, wanda ake wa lakabi da birnin na gumaka 401, yana da yawan masu bautar wadannan gumakan kuma a nan ne ake gudanar da su ta hanyar bukukuwa. Birnin Ilé-Ifè ya shahara a duniya saboda kasancewar karfen tagulla, na dutse da terracotta a birnin, tun daga 1200 zuwa 1400 AD Tarihi Asalin tatsuniyoyi na Ife: Halittar duniya A cewar addinin Yarbawa, Olodumare, Ubangiji Maɗaukakin Sarki, ya umarci Obatala ya halicci ƙasa, amma a kan hanyarsa ya sami ruwan inabi na dabino wanda ya sha kuma ya zama maye. Don haka sai kanin na karshen, Oduduwa, ya dauko abubuwa guda uku na halitta daga gare shi, ya sauko daga sama a kan sarka, ya jefi dan kasa kadan a kan babban tekun farko, sannan ya dora zakara don ya watse. kasa, ta haka ne aka samar da kasar da za a gina Ile Ife a kanta. Oduduwa ya dasa dabino a cikin wani rami a sabuwar kasar da aka kafa, daga nan kuma ya fito da wata babbar bishiya mai rassa goma sha shida, alama ce ta dangin daular Ife ta farko. Wannan cin zarafi da Oduduwa ya yi ne ya haifar da rigimar da ba ta dawwama a tsakaninsa da babban yayansa Obatala, wanda har yanzu kungiyoyin asiri na kabilun biyu suka sake kafawa a lokacin bikin sabuwar shekara ta Itapa. A dalilin halittarsa duniya, Oduduwa ya zama kakan sarki Allah na farko na Yarbawa, yayin da Obatala ake ganin ya halicci Yarabawa na farko daga yumbu. Ma'anar kalmar ife a harshen Yarbanci ita ce "fadadawa"; Don haka “Ile-Ife” ana nuni ne da tatsuniyar asali da ake kira “Ƙasar Fadadawa” (lamar, Ile, kamar yadda ake furtawa a harshen Yarbawa na zamani, tana nufin gida ko gida, wanda zai iya sanya sunan garin yana nufin “The Land of Expansion). Gidan Fadada"). Asalin jihohin yanki: Watsewa daga birni mai tsarki Oduduwa ya haifi ‘ya’ya maza da mata da jikoki, wadanda suka ci gaba da kafa masarautu da dauloli, wato Ila Orangun, Owu, Ketu, Sabe, Egba, Popo da Oyo. Oranmiyan, haifaffen Oduduwa na karshe, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan ministocin mahaifinsa kuma mai kula da daular Edo wadda ta fara haihuwa bayan Oduduwa ya amince da rokon mutanen Edo kan mulkinsa. Lokacin da Oranmiyan ya yanke shawarar komawa Ile Ife, bayan ya yi hidima da gudun hijira a Benin, ya bar wani yaro mai suna Eweka wanda yake da shi tare da wata gimbiya ’yar asalin Benin. Yaron ya ci gaba da zama na farko halastaccen sarki kuma Oba na daular Edo ta biyu wanda ya mulki kasar Benin a yanzu tun daga wannan rana har zuwa yau. Daga baya Oranmiyan ya ci gaba da samun daular Oyo wadda ta yi tsayin daka tun daga yammacin gabar kogin Nijar zuwa gabar gabashin kogin Volta. Za ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi karfi na kasashen Afirka na tsakiyar zamanai, kafin rugujewarta a karni na 19. Saitin al'ada Sarkin (Ooni na Ile-Ife) Oòni (ko sarkin) na Ife sun fito ne daga tsatsonOduduwa, kuma ana lissafta farko a cikin sarakunan Yarbawa. A al'adance an dauke shi ruhu na 401 Orisha wanda kawai yake magana. Hasali ma, daular Ife ta samo asali ne tun lokacin da aka kafa birnin fiye da shekaru dubu goma kafin haihuwar Yesu Almasihu. Sarkin yanzu shine Oba Enitan Adeyeye Ogunwusi (Ojaja II). Ooni ya hau karagar mulki a shekarar 2015. Bayan kafa kungiyar Yarbawa Orisha Congress a 1986, Ooni ya samu matsayi na duniya wanda masu rike da mukamansa ba su samu ba tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta yi wa mulkin mallaka. A k'asa, ya kasance sananne a cikin jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ta gidan sarautar Obas, ana yi masa kallon babban limami kuma mai kula da birni mai tsarki na dukan Yarbawa. A da, fadar Ooni na Ife wani gini ne da aka gina shi da ingantattun bulo-bulo, wanda aka yi masa ado da fale-falen fale-falen fasaha da kowane irin kayan ado. A halin yanzu, shi ne mafi zamani jerin gine-gine. Ooni na yanzu, Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II, Ooni na Ife, (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1974) ma'aikacin akawun Najeriya ne kuma Ooni na 51 na Ife. Ya gaji marigayi Oba Okunade Sijuwade (Oluuse II) wanda shine na 50 a Ife, wanda ya rasu a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2015. Cults ga ruhohi Ife sananniyarbirni ce da sunan birnin gumaka 401 (wanda aka fi sani da irumole ko orishas). An ce a kowace rana masu bautar gargajiya na gudanar da bikin daya daga cikin wadannan alloli. Sau da yawa bukukuwan sun wuce fiye da kwana ɗaya kuma suna haɗa da ayyukan firistoci a cikin fada da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a sauran masarautar. A tarihi Sarki ya bayyana a bainar jama'a ne kawai a lokacin bikin Olojo na shekara (bikin sabuwar alfijir); wasu muhimman bukukuwa a nan sun hada da bikin Itapa na Obatala da Obameri, da bikin Edi na Moremi Ajasoro, da kuma masu yin Masallatan Igare Manazarta Biranen
29953	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20LGBT%20a%20Arewacin%20Najeriya	Yancin LGBT a Arewacin Najeriya	Madigo, luwadi, mai tada sha'awar maza da mata, da Mata Maza(LGBT) a Arewacin Najeriya suna fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman na doka da na zamantakewa waɗanda ba mazauna LGBT ba suke fuskanta. Dokar tarayya ta haramta duk wani nau'i na ayyukan Luwaɗi da auren jinsi kuma ta sanya hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 14 ga waɗanda aka samu da laifi. Yayin da tsarin shari’ar Malikiyya da aka yi amfani da shi a jihohi 12 ba shi da hukunce-hukunce ga marasa aure, amma ta tanadi hukuncin kisa ga ma’aurata. Najeriya dai ta sha suka sosai daga kungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama da na fararen hula, da kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, saboda ƙin amincewa da haƙƙoƙin ƴan LGBT. Halalcin yin jima'i tsakanin jinsi guda Boko Haram Kundin hukuncin manyan laifuka Sashi na 284 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Arewacin Najeriya, dokar tanadin tarayya, wanda ya shafi dukkan jihohin arewacin Najeriya, ya tanadi cewa:Duk wanda ya yi jima'i ta jiki ba tare da tsari na dabi'a da kowane namiji ko mace ko dabba ba, za a yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru goma sha huɗu sannan kuma za a biya shi tara. Sashi na 405 ya tanadi cewa namijin da ya yi ado ko kuma ya yi ado irin na mace a wurin jama’a ko kuma ya yi Luwaɗi a matsayin hanyar rayuwa ko kuma sana’a, “baki ne”. Ƙarƙashin sashe na 407, hukuncin shine iyakar ɗaurin shekara ɗaya ko tara, ko duka biyun. Sashe na 405 kuma ya tanadi cewa “mai ɓarna mara kuskure” shine “duk mutumin da bayan an yanke masa hukunci a matsayin ɗan banza ya aikata ɗaya daga cikin laifuffukan da za su sa a sake yanke masa hukunci”. Hukuncin da ke ƙarƙashin sashe na 408 shine iyakar zaman gidan yari na shekaru biyu ko tara, ko duka biyun. Dokar Shari'a ta yi aiki a Jihohi 12 Jihohin Arewa goma sha biyu sun ɗauki wani nau'i na Shari'a a cikin dokokinsu na laifuka: Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, Zamfara Dokokin aikata laifuka na Shari’a sun shafi duk wanda ya yarda da raɗin kansa ga hukunce-hukuncen kotunan Shari’a da kuma dukkan musulmi. Ma'anar Luwaɗi A jahohin Kaduna da Yobe ana yin “luwaɗi” ne ta hanyar “[w] duk wanda ke da ciwon tsuliya da kowane namiji”. A jahohin Kano da Katsina ana yin “luwaɗi” ne ta hanyar “[w] duk wanda ya yi jima’i na jiki ba tare da tsari na dabi’a da kowane namiji ko mace ta duburarta ba”. A jahohin Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Sokoto, da Zamfara, ana yin “ludi’a” ne ta hanyar “[w] duk wanda ya yi jima’i na jiki sabanin tsarin ɗabi’a da kowane namiji ko mace”. Hukuncin laifin yin Luwaɗi A jihohin Gombe, Jigawa, da Zamfara za a hukunta wanda ya aikata laifin Luwaɗi:(a) tare da yankan bulala dari idan ba a yi aure ba, kuma za a ɗaure shi na tsawon shekara guda; ko(b) idan aka yi aure da jifa rajm A jihar Kano, duk wanda ya aikata laifin Luwaɗi za a hukunta shi:(a) tare da yankan bulala ɗari idan ba a yi aure ba, kuma za a ɗaure shi na tsawon shekara guda; ko(b) idan an yi aure ko an riga an yi auren da jifa da kisa (rajm). A jihar Bauchi, duk wanda ya aikata laifin yin Luwaɗi, za a hukunta shi da jifa (rajm) ko kuma ta kowace hanya da jihar ta yanke. A jihohin Kaduna, Katsina, Kebbi, Yobe, duk wanda ya aikata laifin Luwaɗi, za a hukunta shi da jifa (rajm) har lahira. A jihar Sokoto, duk wanda ya aikata laifin Luwaɗi za a hukunta shi:(a) tare da jifa har lahira;(b) Idan ƙaramin yaro ya aikata wannan aika-aika akan babban mutum, za a hukunta shi ta hanyar ta'azir wanda zai iya kaiwa bulala 100 da karami tare da hukuncin gyarawa. A Sakkwato, “ta’azir” na nufin “hukunce-hukuncen laifi wanda ba a fayyace hukuncinsa ba”. Ma'anar maɗigo A jahohin Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, Zamfara, ana yin madigo ne ta hanyar “[w] duk wanda ya kasance mace ta sadu da wata mace ta hanyar jima’i ko kuma ta hanyar motsa jiki ko sha'awar jima'i na juna." Jihohin Bauchi, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe da Zamfara sun hada da bayanin hukuma kamar haka: Laifin yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hadewar sassan jikin mace da ba ta dace ba da kuma amfani da dabi’a ko na wucin gadi don motsa jiki ko samun jima’i. gamsuwa ko tashin hankali." Hukuncin laifin madigo A Jihohin Gombe, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, da Zamfara, duk wanda ya aikata laifin madigo, za a hukunta shi da wulakanci wanda zai iya kai bulala hamsin sannan kuma a yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari wanda zai iya tsawaitawa. zuwa wata shida". A jihar Bauchi, duk wanda ya aikata laifin madigo "za a hukunta shi da wulakanci wanda zai iya kaiwa bulala hamsin sannan kuma a yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari wanda zai kai shekaru biyar". A jihar Kaduna, hukuncin aikata laifin madigo shine ta'azir, ma'ana "duk wani hukuncin da ba a yi masa ta hanyar haddi ko qisa ba". “Hadd” na nufin “hukuncin da shari’ar Musulunci ta tsara”. "Qisas" ya haɗa da "hukunce-hukuncen da ake yi wa masu laifi ta hanyar ramuwar gayya don haddasa kisa/rauni ga mutum". A jihohin Kano da Katsina, hukuncin da aka yanke na aikata laifin madigo shi ne jifa. Ma'anar rashin ladabi babba A jihar Kaduna, mutum yana aikata wani mummunan hali “a cikin jama’a, da bayyana tsiraici a bainar jama’a da sauran abubuwan da ke da alaka da su masu iya lalata tarbiyyar jama’a”. A jihohin Kano da Katsina, mutum yana aikata wani mugun aiki “ta hanyar sumbata a bainar jama’a, bayyanar da tsiraici a bainar jama’a da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi makamantansu don lalata tarbiyyar jama’a”. A jihar Gombe, mutum yana aikata wani mugun aiki na rashin da'a ta hanyar aikata "duk wani laifin da ya sabawa ka'idojin ɗabi'a na al'ada ko na yau da kullun". Jihohin Bauchi, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, da Zamfara ba su bayyana rashin da'a ba. A maimakon haka, dokokinsu sun ce: “Duk wanda ya yi wa wani mutum wani babban alfasha ba tare da yardarsa ba ko ta hanyar amfani da karfi ko barazana ya tilasta wa mutum shiga tare da shi wajen aikata irin wannan aika-aikar”. Hukuncin laifin da ya aikata na rashin da'a mai girma Mutumin da ya aikata babban rashin da'a "za a yi masa hukunci da abinda zai iya kaiwa bulala arba'in kuma za a iya yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru da bai wuce shekara daya ba, sannan kuma za a iya ci shi tara". A jihar Bauchi, duk wanda ya aikata laifin rashin da'a "za a hukunta shi da wulakanci wanda zai iya kaiwa bulala arba'in kuma za a iya yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru da bai wuce shekara bakwai ba, sannan kuma za a iya yanke masa tara". A jihar Kaduna, hukuncin da aka yanke na aikata laifin rashin da'a shine ta'azir, ma'ana "duk wani hukuncin da ba a yi masa ta hanyar haddi ko qisa ba". “Hadd” na nufin “hukuncin da shari’ar Musulunci ta tsara”. "Qisas" ya haɗa da "hukunce-hukuncen da ake yi wa masu laifi ta hanyar ramuwar gayya don haddasa kisa/rauni ga mutum". A jihar Sokoto, duk wanda ya aikata laifin rashin da'a "za a hukunta shi da wulakanci wanda zai iya kaiwa bulala arba'in ko kuma a ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru da bai wuce shekara ɗaya ba, ko kuma duka biyun, sannan kuma za a iya yanke masa hukuncin kisa. lafiya". Ma'anar Vagabond da Vagabond mara kuskure A jahohin Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, Zamfara, “duk namijin da ya sa tufafi ko sanye da kayan kwalliyar mace a wurin taron jama’a ko kuma ya yi luwaɗi a matsayin mai yin luwaɗi. hanyar rayuwa ko kuma a matsayin sana'a" banza ce. A jahohin Kano da Katsina “duk macen da ta yi kwalliya ko kuma ta yi kwalliya irin na namiji a wurin da jama’a ke taruwa” to ta zama banza. A Jihohin Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, da Zamfara, "Bari maras gyara" shine "duk mutumin da bayan an same shi da laifin banza ya aikata wani laifi da zai sa shi ya aikata laifin da zai sa shi. wanda za a sake yanke masa hukunci." Hukuncin zama mai ɓarna ko ɓarawo mara kuskure A Jihohin Bauchi, Gombe, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, Zamfara, “Duk wanda aka samu da laifin zama dan banza, za a yanke masa hukuncin dauri a gidan yari na tsawon shekara ɗaya, kuma za a biya shi. ga gwangwani mai iya kaiwa bulala talatin”. A jihar Kano, "[wanda aka samu da laifin aikata baragurbi, za a yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon watanni takwas, kuma za a yi masa bulala talatin da biyar". A jihar Kaduna, hukuncin da aka yanke masa a matsayin dan iska, shi ne ta’azir, wanda ke nufin "duk wani hukunci da ba a yi masa ta hanyar haddi ko qisa ba". “Hadd” na nufin “hukuncin da shari’ar Musulunci ta tsara”. "Qisas" ya haɗa da "hukunce-hukuncen da ake yi wa masu laifi ta hanyar ramuwar gayya don haddasa kisa/rauni ga mutum". A Jihohin Gombe, Jigawa, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto, Yobe, da Zamfara, “Duk wanda aka samu da laifin aikata baragurbi, za a yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan kuma za a yi masa hukunci. gwangwani wanda zai iya kaiwa bulala hamsin". A jihar Bauchi, "duk wanda aka samu da laifin aikata baragurbi, za a yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru biyu, kuma za a yi masa bulala arba'in." A jihar Kano, "duk wanda aka samu da laifin aikata baragurbi, za a yanke masa hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekara daya, kuma za a yi masa bulala hamsin". A jihar Kaduna hukuncin da aka yanke masa a matsayin dan iskan da ba a iya gyarawa shi ne ta'azir. Dokar laifuffuka ta duniya da wasu jihohin arewa suka kafa Ayyukan jima'i na jima'i A jihar Bormo, mutumin da ya “yi...madigo, luwadi...a jihar ya aikata laifi”. Mutumin da "ya yi jima'i da wani mutum mai jinsi ɗaya idan aka same shi da laifi za a hukunta shi da kisa". Maza masu koyi da halayen mata A jihar Kano, duk mutumin da ya kasance "mazajen namiji da ya aikata ko ya aikata ko ya sa tufafin da ya dace da ɗabi'un mata, zai kasance da laifi kuma idan aka same shi da laifi, za a yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekara 1 a gidan yari ko kuma tarar sa. N10,000 ko duka biyun". Amincewa da ƙungiyoyin jinsi ɗaya Yinƙurin da gwamnatin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta yi na haramta huldar jinsi daya a watan Janairun shekara ta 2007 ya ci tura. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan ya sanya hannu kan dokar hana auren jinsi daya ta shekarar 2013, wadda majalisar dokokin ƙasar ta zartar a watan Mayun shekarar 2013. Kariyar nuna wariya Duk da cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya bai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare haƙƙin LGBT ba, amma ya ƙunshi tanadi daban-daban da ke tabbatar wa kowane ɗan ƙasa haƙƙin daidaitawa (Sashe na 17(2)(a)) da sauran haƙƙoƙin da suka haɗa da isassun magunguna da kiwon lafiya (Sashe). 17 (3) (d)) da dama daidai a wurin aiki (Sashe na 17 (3) (a)). Bugu da kari, Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Tarayya ya bayyana a matsayin haramtacce duk wata doka da ta keta haƙƙin addini ko koyarwar kowane addini a Tarayyar; Masu kishin Hausawa ne ke aiwatar da al'adun luwaɗi. A halin yanzu, mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar wariya da tsangwama. Teburin taƙaitawa Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25563	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima%20Meer	Fatima Meer	Fatima Meer (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif 1928- ta mutu a ranar 12 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010) marubuciya ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, masanin ilimi, marubucin allo, kuma fitaccen mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata. Rayuwar farko An haifi Fatima Meer a Gray Street, Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, cikin dangi masu matsakaicin matsayi na tara, inda mahaifinta Moosa Ismail Meer, editan jaridar The Indian Views, cusa mata sanin wariyar launin fata wanda ya wanzu a kasar. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Rachel Farrell, matar Moosa Ismail Meer ta biyu. Mahaifiyarta ta kasance marayu kuma zuriyar yahudawa da Fotigal. Ta musulunta ta canza sunanta zuwa Amina.. Lokacin tana da shekaru 16 a shekarar alif 1944, ta taimaka ta tara 1 000 don agajin yunwa a Bengal, Indiya. Ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandaren 'Yan Mata ta Durban Lokacin da ta kasance ɗalibi ta tattara ɗalibai don nemo Kwamitin Tsaro na Studentalibai don tara kuɗi don Gangamin Rage Rikicin Al'ummar Indiya daga shekara ta alif 1946, zuwa shekara ta alif 1948. Kwamitin ya jagorance ta ta sadu da Yusuf Dadoo, Monty Naicker da Kesaveloo Goonam Daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Witwatersrand na shekara guda inda ta kasance memba a ƙungiyar Trotskyism wacce ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Turai (NEUM). Ta tafi Jami'ar Natal, inda ta kammala Digiri na Bachelor da Masters a Sociology. Mai fafutukar siyasa Meer da Kesaveloo Goonam sun zama mata na farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin zartarwa na Majalisar Natal Indian Congress {NIC} a shekarar alif 1950. Ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Durban da District a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta alif 1952 a matsayin ƙungiyar mata 70. An fara wannan ƙungiya ne domin gina ƙawance tsakanin 'yan Afirka da Indiyawa sakamakon rikicin tsere tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu a shekara ta alif 1949. Bertha Mkhize ta zama shugabar kuma ta zama sakatariyar kungiyar. Kungiyar ta gudanar da ayyuka kamar shirya Crèche da rarraba madara a Cato Manor Wannan rukunin kuma yana tattara asusu don waɗanda bala'in guguwa ya haddasa a Springs inda Afirka ta zama mara gida kuma ta sami nasarar tattara 4000 ga waɗanda ambaliyar ruwan Tekun Cow ta shafa. Bayan Jam’iyyar National Party ta sami iko a shekarar alif 1948 kuma ta fara aiwatar da manufofinsu na wariyar launin fata. Haƙƙin Meer ya ƙaru kuma a sakamakon fafutukarta, an fara haramta Meer a cikin shekarar alif 1952 na shekaru 3. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Tarayyar Matan Afirka ta Kudu (FEDSAW) wacce aka kafa a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif 1954 a Zauren Kasuwanci a Titin Rissik, a tsakiyar Johannesburg wanda ya jagoranci tarihin mata na tarihi a Ginin Union, Pretoria a ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif 1956. Tana ɗaya daga cikin jagororin Mata na watan Maris a shekara ta alif 1956. A wannan shekarar, ta shirya kwamiti don tara kuɗin beli da tallafawa dangi daga shugabannin siyasa na Natal wanda ke cikin shari'ar cin amanar ƙasa A cikin shekarar 1960, ta shirya matakan tsaro na dare don nuna rashin amincewa da yadda ake tsare da masu fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban kurkukun durban ba. Fatima Meer ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya shirye-shirye na tsawon mako guda a Gandhi Settlement a Phoenix Jagoran farmakin shine Sushila Gandhi A shekarar 1970s, ta fara rungumar akidar Black Consciousness tare da Kungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Kudu (SASO) karkashin jagorancin Steve Biko A shekara ta 1975, Fatima Meer ta kafa Ƙungiyar Mata Ƙasashen Baƙi (BWF) tare da Winnie Mandela Meer ya zama shugaban kungiyar na farko. Bayan shekara guda, an sake dakatar da ita na tsawon shekaru biyar. Umurnin da aka dakatar ya zo ne bayan halartar taron na Shirin Nazarin Baƙar fata inda ta kasance babbar mai magana a cikin wani jawabi mai taken, "Shekaru Ashirin da Biyar na Mulkin wariyar launin fata". A watan Yuni na shekarar alif 1976, bayan tashin hankalin Soweto, an kama mata 11 daga BWF kuma aka tsare su a karkashin sashi na 6 na Dokar Ta'addanci. An saka su a cikin kurkukun kadaici a Fort Prison a Johannesburg Da kyar ta tsira daga yunkurin kashe ta jim kadan bayan fitowar ta daga tsare a shekara ta alif 1976, lokacin da aka harbe ta a gidan danginta a Durban, amma ba a cutar da ita ba. Danta, Rashid, ya tafi gudun hijira a cikin wannan shekarar. An sake kai mata hari kuma ta ɗora alhakin harin na biyu a kan Black Consciousness Movement da Inkatha Freedom Party A cikin shekarar alif 1980, Meer ya kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Masu Ba da Lamuni na Baƙi (Indiya, Mai launi, Afirka) don adawa da rashin adalcin da ke faruwa ga baƙar fata da gundumar Durban ta haifar. Ta ki bayar da kujera a majalisa a shekara ta alif 1994 sanadiyyar son aikin da ba na gwamnati ba. A watan Mayun shekarar alif 1999, Fatima ta kafa wata kungiya mai suna Concerned Citizens 'Group [CCG] don shawo kan mutanen Indiya kada su zabi fararen jam'iyyu a zabe mai zuwa. Ta kasance mai goyon bayan juyin juya halin Iran kuma ta kauracewa ziyarar Salman Rushdie zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta 1998, tana mai ikirarin cewa shi mai sabo ne. Ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da zalunci da cin zarafin al'ummar Falasdinu da mamayar da Amurka ta yi wa Afghanistan. Ta kafa Jubilee 2000 don yin kamfen don soke bashin duniya na Uku. Aikin sadaka Ta buga littafinta mai taken Portrait of Indian South Africa a shekarar 1969 kuma ta ba da duk kuɗin shiga daga siyar da littafin ga Gandhi Settlement don bukatun gina Gidan Gandhi da Clinic. Ta taimaka wani aiki don kubutar da mutane 10 000 da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Tin Town wanda ke bakin Kogin Umgeni Meer ya gina gidaje na wucin gadi a cikin tanti kuma ya shirya abinci da sutura. Daga baya, ta yi nasarar sasanta musu na dindindin a Phoenix Meer ya kuma kafa kuma ya zama jagoran Natal Education Trust wanda ke tara kuɗi daga jama'ar Indiya don gina makarantu a Umlazi, Port Shepstone da Inanda Ta kafa Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Tembalishe a gidan Gandhi na Phoenix don koyar da baƙaƙe a cikin ayyukan sakatariya a shekarar 1979. Cibiyar Crafts kuma an kafa ta a Mazaunin don koyar da bugun allo, dinki, ƙyalle da saƙa ga marasa aikin yi, An rufe duka kwalejin da Cibiyar kere -kere a cikin shekarar 1982 biyo bayan tsare Fatima da aka yi saboda karya dokar hana ta da aka yi sakamakon sa ido kan aikin a wajen iyakar Durban. A cikin shekarar 1980, ta shirya tallafin karatu don ɗalibai goma don zuwa Amurka kuma ta taimaka wa "Ajiye KWAMITIN GIDANMU" wanda al'umman masu launin Sparks Estate suka kafa don neman adalci ga waɗanda Municipality na Durban suka yi wa barazana waɗanda ke son ɗaukar gidajensu. Sun yi nasarar samun diyyar aikin. Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Indira Gandhi, ta shirya tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban Afirka ta Kudu don yin karatun likitanci da kimiyyar siyasa a Indiya. IBR yana yin shirye -shiryen koyawa don haɓaka ƙimar ƙarancin matric kuma an kafa Phambili High a cikin sheakarar 1986 don ɗaliban Afirka. A shekarar 1992, (2years kafin fara zaɓen dimokuraɗiyya na farko) Fatima Meer ta kafa Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Clare Estate a matsayin martani ga bukatun mazaunan shaka da ƙaura masu ƙauyuka. Ba su da wani hakki a cikin birane kuma suna buƙatar ruwa mai tsafta, tsabtace muhalli da daidaitawa daidai. An kafa Shirin Makarantar Khanyisa a shekarar 1993 a matsayin makarantar share fage ga yaran Afirka marasa galihu kafin su tafi makarantar boko. An kuma kafa Cibiyar Horar da Kwarewar Mata ta Khanya a shekarar 1996, wanda ke koyar da Baƙaƙen mata 150 a cikin yanke-zane, dinki, karatun manya da gudanar da kasuwanci. Rayuwar mutum Fatima Meer ta auri dan uwanta na farko a shekarar 1950, Ismail Meer Wannan ba sabon abu bane a cikin al'ummar Sunni Bhora inda ta girma. Ismail Meer fitaccen lauya ne kuma mai fafutukar wariyar launin fata. Ya kasance mamba mai aiki a majalisar dokokin lardin KwaZulu-Natal ANC. A shekarar 1960 an kama shi tare da tuhumar sa da cin amanar kasa tare da Nelson Mandela da sauran masu fafutuka. A shekarar 2000, dan Fatima Meer Rashid ya rasu a hadarin mota. Ta bar 'ya'ya mata biyu Shehnaaz, alƙalin Kotun Da'awar Ƙasa, da Shamin, mashawarcin kimiyyar zamantakewa. Mai ilimi kuma marubuci Meer ya zama malamin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma kuma ma'aikacin Jami'ar Natal daga 1956 zuwa 1988. Ita ce mutum na farko da ba farar fata ba da ya rike wannan matsayi. Ta kuma kasance farfesa mai ziyartar jami'o'i da dama a kasashen waje. Meer ya zama abokin Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London, kuma ya karɓi digirin digirgir uku. Da farko, ta karɓi Digirin Digiri na Honourable a Falsafa daga Kwalejin Swarthmore (1984) da kuma a cikin wasiƙun Humane daga Kwalejin Bennet a Amurka (1994). Daga baya, ta karɓi Digirin Digirgir a Kimiyyar zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Natal a Afirka ta Kudu (1998). Ta kafa Cibiyar Binciken Baƙi (IBR), wanda ya zama cibiyar bincike da bugawa da NGO mai ilimi a 1972 Ayyuka Littattafai Hoton 'yan Afirka ta Kudu na Indiya (1969) Koyar da Mahatma (1970) Race da kisan kai a Afirka ta Kudu (1976) Zuwa fahimtar Iran a yau (1985) Resistance a cikin Garuruwa (1989) Mafi Girma fiye da Fata (1990) (tarihin rayuwar Nelson Mandela na farko da aka ba da izini, wanda aka fassara zuwa yaruka 13) Gandhi na Afirka ta Kudu: Jawabai da Rubutun MK Gandhi (1996) M Resistance, 1946: Zaɓin Takardu (1996) Fatima Meer: Tuna Ƙauna da Gwagwarmaya (2010 Talabijin Mawallafin allo, Yin Mahatma, fim ɗin Shyam Benegal wanda ya dogara da littafin ta The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu ne suka shirya fim ɗin. Daraja, ado, kyaututtuka da rarrabuwa Kyautar 'Yan Jaridun Afirka ta Kudu (1975) Imam Abdullah Haroon Kyautar Gwagwarmayar Yaki da Zalunci da Wariya (1990) Kyautar Vishwa Gurjari don Ba da Gudummawa ga 'Yancin Dan Adam (1994) Manyan Mata 100 da suka girgiza Afirka ta Kudu (1999) #45 Manyan Manyan Afirka ta Kudu 100 (2004) Dokar Ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu: Umarni don Sabis Mai Kyau (2009) Umarnin Luthuli a Azurfa (2017) Mutuwa da gado Fatima Meer ta rasu a Asibitin St. Augustine da ke Durban a ranar 12 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2010, tana da shekaru 81, sakamakon bugun jini da ta yi makonni biyu da suka gabata. Tarihin Fatima Meer mai taken Muryoyin 'Yanci Shireen Hassim ne ya rubuta shi kuma aka buga shi a shekarar 2019. An nuna zane -zane da zane -zane a Dutsen Tsarin Mulki tun daga watan Agusta shekarar 2017. Duba kuma Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin haramta umarni a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Tarihi a Encyclopædia Britannica Tarihi akan Tarihin SA akan layi Fatima Meer: the indomitable spirit of south african activism Marubuta Marubutan Afirka Marubutan Amurka Pages with unreviewed
8927	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut	Beirut	Beirut, Beyrouth, Bayrut ko Bairut (harshen Larabci: itace babban birni kuma gari mafi yawan al'ummah a kasar Lebanon. Dukda cewar babu wani kidaya da aka gudanar a kwanan nan, amma dai a shekarar 2007 an kiyasta mutanen zasukai yawan mutane miliyan 1 zuwa miliyan 2.2 a matsayin bangaren Greater Beirut. Garin na nan ne a wani peninsula dake tsakiyar gabar kogin Mediterranean, Beirut itace babban tashar Ruwa na kasar Lebanon. Tana daya daga cikin Tsoffin Birane a duniya, an samu mazauna a garin tun a shekaru 5,000 da suka shude. A tarihi anfara samun sunan Beirut na farko ne a wani Haruffan Amarna daga sabuwar New Kingdom of Egypt, wanda akace a shekara ta 15th century BC. A Beirut ne cibiyar gwamnatin kasar Lebanon take, kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arzikin kasar, tareda samun mafi yawan bankuna da wasu cibiyoyin hadai hadar kudi a birnin, kamar Central District, Badaro, Rue Verdun, Hamra, Ryad el Soloh street, da Achrafieh. Sakamakon mummunar Lebanese Civil War, Beirut's cultural landscape underwent major reconstruction. Identified and graded for accountancy, advertising, banking/finance and law, Beirut is ranked as a Beta World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Suna Sunan turancin Beirut ansamo sa ne daga Kalmar Larabci wato Bayrūt Kuma sunan ne a harshen Faransanci wato Beyrouth, wanda aka taba amfani dashi Lokacin da Kasar Faransa ta mamaye Lebanon. The Arabic name derives from Phoenician language Berot ko Birut. Wannan wani sauyi ne daga harshen Canaanite da harshen Phoenician Kalmar be'rot, dake nufin "rijiya", in reference the site's accessible water table. Asalin sunan da iri da sunan birnin biblical Beeroth Wanda shima wani garin ne daban dake kusan da Jerusalem. Sunan anfara samun sa ne tun a Karni na 15th BC, Lokacin da aka ambace ta sau uku a Akkadian cuneiform tablets of the Amarna letters, wasikar da King Ammunira sarkin "Biruta" ya aika zuwa nowrap\|Amenhotep III ko IV na Egypt. an taba samun ambaton "Biruta" a kalmomin Armana na King Rib-Hadda dake Byblos. Tsohon Greeks hellenized sunan dake matsayin Bērytós wanda Romans latinized da Berytus. efn\|The Roman name was taken in 1934 for the archaeological journal published by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut. yayin da takai ga kimanin samun Roman colony, sai aka canja ta kuma sunan aka mayar dashi zuwa lang\|la\|Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus dan yahada da yan asalin da suka taimakawa garin. A karkashin Daular Seleucid, ancanja garin kuma aka fara kiransa da Laodicea Dan girmamawa ga mother of Seleucus the Great. Anbanbanta shi da sauran wurare da dama wadanda aka sanya wa suna Dan girmama ta daga dogon sunan Laodicea in Phoenicia Laodíkeia hē en Phoiníkēi) ko Laodicea in Canaan š n). Manazarta Biranen
53502	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Elantra	Hyundai Elantra	Hyundai Elantra, kuma aka sani da Hyundai Avante Korean ƙaƙƙarfan mota ce da kamfanin kera na Koriya ta Kudu Hyundai ya kera tun 1990. An fara sayar da Elantra a matsayin Lantra a Ostiraliya da wasu kasuwannin Turai. A Ostiraliya, wannan ya faru ne saboda irin wannan samfurin Mitsubishi Magna Elante mai suna; Hakazalika, a wasu kasuwanni, ba a amfani da sunan Avante saboda kamanceceniya da sunan "Avant" na Audi, wanda ake amfani da shi don jigilar motocin tasha. An daidaita sunan a matsayin "Elantra" a duniya a 2001 (sai dai a Koriya ta Kudu da Singapore). ƙarni na farko (J1; 1990) An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Oktoba 1990, Elantra (codename J1 ya sami gyaran fuska na tsakiyar lokaci a cikin 1993. An sayar da shi a Turai daga bazara na 1991. Ya maye gurbin ɗan ƙaramin girma a waje Stellar, kodayake ba a ba da wannan samfurin a kasuwanni da yawa ba. Elantra ya yi gasa da irin su Ford Sierra da Vauxhall Cavalier Opel Vectra, amma a farashi mai rahusa. An yi amfani da Elantra ta hanyar Mitsubishi -tsara 1.6 (1595 cc) madaidaiciya-hudu Wannan DOHC 16-bawul 1.6 Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na 113 PS (83 kW) a 6000 rpm kuma zai iya tura Elantra zuwa da 9.5 seconds. Mile kwata (0.4 km) gudu ya ɗauki 17.1 seconds kuma ya samar da Babban gudun shine 187 km/h (116 mph) Elantra ya samu a cikin zagayowar birni. Farawa a cikin 1993 Mitsubishi-tsara 1.8 (1836 cc) Akwai zaɓi na layi-hudu; wannan rukunin yana samar da 135 PS (99 kW) a 6000 rpm kuma ya maye gurbin twin-cam 1.6 a cikin kasuwar gida. Gyaran fuska An sabunta motar a cikin 1992 don kasuwar Turai, tana ƙara tambarin Hyundai na yanzu a cikin grille, kodayake samfuran Arewacin Amurka sun riƙe kamannin shekarar da ta gabata. A 1993, an sake sabunta motar. Na uku (na biyu a Arewacin Amurka) da gyaran fuska na ƙarshe na wannan ƙarni ya faru a cikin 1994 don duka gaba da baya.Motar na ABS, jakunkunan iska na gaba, fitilun hazo, madubi masu sarrafa ƙarfi, da ƙafafu bakwai masu magana da zaɓin zaɓi. Tsakanin 1995 zuwa 1998, an samar da Elantra na farko kuma an sayar da shi ga kasuwar Indonesiya a matsayin Bimantara Nenggala, yana samuwa ne kawai a can tare da 1.6. L injin. Zamani na biyu (J2/RD; 1995) An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 1995, an ba da ƙarni na biyu (codename RD ko J2 azaman sedan da wagon tasha. An sayar da shi a kasuwar Koriya ta Kudu a matsayin "Hyundai Avante" a sigar sedan da kuma "Avante Touring" a cikin salon jikin wagon. Wasu kasuwannin fitar da kayayyaki irin su Ostiraliya da Turai sun karɓi jerin a matsayin "Hyundai Lantra" kamar yadda ƙarni na farko. An bai wa kekunan kasuwar Australiya sunan "Lantra Sportswagon". A cikin Turai, samfuran sedan na 1996 zuwa 1997 sun ɗauki grille na ƙarfe na Mercury na azurfa, yayin da keken ke ɗauke da gasa na gaba. A lokacin shigarwa, 1.5 L Alpha SOHC injin layi-hudu da 1.8 L Beta DOHC man fetur I4 an samu a cikin gida. Bayan haka, 1.5 L ƙonawa an ƙara injin petur bisa injin Alpha DOHC. Sigar Philippine, da kuma a wasu kasuwannin Turai, tana da 1.6 L (1599 cc) Beta, DOHC G4GR wanda ya samar (a wasu kasuwannin Turai Gyaran fuska Sabbin grilles sun isa a cikin 1998 don shekarar ƙirar 1999. Lantra a Turai ya haɗu zuwa ƙirar ƙarshen gaba ɗaya, na sedan da wagon. Samfurin ya karɓi lambobin ƙirar "RD2" ko "J3". PSA-gina 1.9 An kuma ƙara zaɓin dizal ɗin da ake so a zahiri don wasu kasuwannin Turai, yana samar da .Wani sabon 2.0 L injin zaɓi ya zama samuwa. A Ostiraliya, ƙirar GLS haɓakawa ne akan ƙirar GL kuma tana ba da 2.0 L engine, velor datsa, kujerun tufafi masu laushi, da ƙafafun gami. GLS tana da mariƙin faranti na baya mai launin jiki da madubin kallon gefen waje. Webarchive template wayback
7533	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon	Napoleon	Napoleone Bonaparte (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, shekarata alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da sittin da Tara (1769)).a Ajaccio, Corsica, shine ɗa na biyu ga Carlo Buonaparte, lauyan zuri'ar Tuscan, da matar sa Letizia Ramolino, kyakkyawar mata wacce ta haifi yara goma sha uku. Baban Napoleon ya gano yana son shiga aikin soja, sai ya yanke shawarar kai shi makarantar sojoji Karatu A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1779, aka kai Napoleon makarantar soji ta Brienne, wurin da ake koyar da yaran manyan iyalai aikin soja wanda sarkin ne ya ɗau nauyin makarantar a waccan lokacin. An karbe shi, kuma yaci gaba da zama a makarantar harna tsawon shekara biyar. A watan Satumba na 1784, yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, an shigar da shi makarantar sojoji a Paris. Bayan shekara guda an ƙara masa girma zuwa ƙaramin Laftanar. yayin da a wanana lokacin turai tana fuskantar rikice -rikicen siyasa. Ayyuka Bayan juyin juya halin faransa yayin da masu kishin Corsican sukayi ta zubar da jini kuma suka kawo karshen tsohon tsarin mulki Napoleon ma yana son bin ra'ayin sabon tsarin. Bayan kwace Bastille, Napoleon yayi ta yada sabon tsarin harma a tsibirin sa. Ya fada cikin rayuwar siyasa, ya gwabza da Pascal paoli (wanda ya ƙirƙiri sabon tsarin siyasar Corsica din kanta Ya samu kyaututtuka da dama wanda sanadiyyar haka tasa a cikin shekarar 1791 aka naɗa shi kwamandan battalion na Ajaccio National Guard. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1789, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta ayyana Corsica a matsayin wani bangare na Faransa, inda ta kawo karshen mamayar sojojin da ta fara a 1769. Kuma a lokacin ne faransa ta shiga cikin rikicin siyasa wanda ba'a taba ganin irin sa ba. Bayan faduwar Robespierre. Napoleon a shekara ta 1796, kafin aurensa da Josephine de Beauharnais, an sanya shi ya umurci sojoji a yaƙin neman zaɓen Italiya, lokacin da aka ƙara masa matsayi na mai dabarun yaki. Tarihin yaƙi A ranar 21 ga Janairu, guillotine ya kashe Louis XVI a cikin Place des Revolutions, kuma Napoleon Bonaparte ya karɓi matsayin kyaftin ajin farko, ya shiga cikin murkushe Girondins da tawayen gwamnatin tarayya a biranen Marseille, Lyon da Toulon. A lokacin yaƙin Toulon, matashin kyaftin ɗin yana amfani da ƙwararan dabaru don cimma nasarar hambarar da masarautar. Kwamanda A ranar 2 ga Maris, 1796, an naɗa shi kwamandan sojojin Italiya kuma, ya kayar da Piedmontese da Austrian, ya yi sulhu tare da Yarjejeniyar Campoform (1797), ta haka ya aza harsashin ginin makomar masarautar italiya. Juyin mulki A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1799, ya sauka a San Rafael bayan ya dawo daga gwagwarmayar da yayi kuma a cikin lokacin ne daga ranar 9 ga Nuwamba zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba (abin da ake kira watan 18 a kalandar juyin juya hali), bayan ya yi juyin mulki, ya kifar da tsohuwar gwamnati ya sami nasara. Don haka ya zama mai cikakken iko. A ranar 24 ga Disamba, an bude cibiyar karamin ofishin jakadanci, wanda shine lokacin da aka nada mukamin a karan farko. Shugaban ƙasa Ya zama Shugaban kasa, kuma an bawa Napoleon, ikon yin aiki, ya sake fasalin tsarin gwamnati da adalci a lokacin rikon sa. Ya sake kayar da haɗin gwiwar Austrian, ya sanya wa Burtaniya zaman lafiya kuma ya sanya hannu kan Concordat tare da Pius VII a cikin 1801, wanda ya sanya cocin Faransa a cikin hidimar gwamnati. Bayan haka, ya gano da kuma murƙushe makircin masarautar, a cikin 1804 an shelanta shi a matsayin sarkin Faransa a ƙarƙashin sunan Napoleon 1. Masarauta Don haka, an ƙirƙiri ainihin "masarautar" a kusa da shi tare da kotuna da mashahuran masarautu, yayin da tsarin da aka kafa ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye da sabuntawa: koyarwa, birni, tattalin arziki, fasaha, ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira "Napoleonic Code", wanda yana ba da tushen doka ga kamfani wanda ya fito bayan juyin juya hali. Amma ba da daɗewa ba Napoleon ya shiga wasu yaƙe -yaƙe. Bayan ya kasa kaiwa Ingila hari a Yakin Trafalgar, ya sami nasarar kammala jerin kamfe akan Austro-Russian (Austerlitz, 1805), Prussians (Jena, 1806) kuma ya gina babbar daularsa bayan Yarjejeniyar Tilsit a 1807 A kowane lokaci ingila tana cigaba da zamowa Napoleon kaya babban abin da ke kawo mata cikas ga mulkinta na Turai. Shine dangane da killace jiragen ruwa da London ta yi, Napoleon ya sanya shingen nahiya tsakanin 1806 zuwa 1808 don ware nahiyar dake da babban iko. Toshewar tana karfafa masana'antar Faransanci da aikin gona, amma yana karya tattalin arziƙin Turai kuma yana tilasta sarkin ya bi manufar ta faɗaɗa, sakamakon haka, daga Papal States zuwa Portugal da Spain, yana wucewa daga ikon sabon haɗin gwiwar Austria (Wagram 1809). A cikin 1810, Napoleon ya auri Maria Louise ta Austria, wacce ta haifa masa ɗa, Napoleon II. A cikin 1812, rundunar Napoleon ta mamaye Rasha. Wanda wannan mamayar bata masa kyau ba domin ta jawo barna da zibar da jinin faransawa masu dinbin yawa, Napoleon da sojojin sa basuyi nasara ba wanda hakan tasa turai ma suka mamaye sojojin Paris a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1814. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, aka tilasta wa Napoleon yin watsi da son iyalan sa sannan, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1814, aka sauke shi akan ikon sa na sarki Kuma Shugaban kasa. Kora Aka kore shi akan kursiyin mulki (kujerar mulki) kuma shi kaɗai ba tare da iyalansa ko dan saba, an tilasta masa yin gudin hijira. Daga watan Mayun 1814 zuwa Maris 1815, a lokacin da aka tilasta masa zama a tsibirin Elba. Amma daga baya da Napoleon yaga Auatiachi da Prussians da British da Russia kansu ya rabu lokacin yakin. Sai ya yanke shawarar komawa. Napoleon ya sami nasarar komawa Faransa a cikin Maris 1815, bisa goyan bayan masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya dada komawa kan sarauta a karo na biyu amma baiyi nisa ba domin kwana dari kawai yayi a kan mulki. Domin kunno kan bala'in yakin Waterloo Don haka tarihi ya dada maimaita kansa, kuma a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1815, Napoleon ya sake sauka akan mulki. Yayin da ya koma hannin birtaniya kuma birtaniya ta daure shi a tsibiri mai nisa ,tsibirin Sant'Elena a matsayin kurkuku, inda, kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821. yakan tuna da tsibirinsa na Corsica na asali tare da nostalgia. Yayi na damar yake yaken sa wanda tsirarin mutanen daya zauna dasu suka fada. Mutuwa A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821, wanda babu shakka shine babban janar kuma jagora Napoleon ya mutu shi kadai kuma anyi watsi dashi a Longwood. Akan Tsibirin Sant'Elen karkashin kulwar birtaniya. KALMOMIN DA NAPOLEON BONAPARTE YAKE FADA Don zama babban jagora yana buƙatar zama ɗalibin nasara, kuma hanya mafi kyau da na sani ita ce sanin tarihi da tarihin maza waɗanda suka sami nasara. Don haka, gogewar su ta zama gwanina. Rashin mutuwa shine tinanin ka ya kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar mutane. Wannan ra'ayin yana jagorantar manyan Nasarori. Gara kada ku rayu akan rashin nuna alamun kasancewar ku. Bai kamata ku saurari muryar zuciya ba idan tana iya cutar da mutane. A siyasa, maganar banza ba aibu ba ce. Wadanda ke tsoron kada a kayar da su za su iya tabbatar da nasara. Maza sun haɗu ne kawai ta hanyoyi biyu: tsoro da sha'awa. Daga daukaka zuwa abin dariya mataki ɗaya kawai. Mutane masu haske sune meteors waɗanda aka ƙaddara su ƙone don haskaka shekarunsu. Jama'a, da son rai, suna ɗaukar fansa don karramawa ko kaskantawa ga sarakuna.
19691	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa%20bin%20Zayed%20Al%20Nahyan	Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan	Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan An haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta alif 1948 zuwa ranar 13 ga Mayu shekarata alif 2022; wanda ake kira da Sheikh Khalifa) shi ne shugaban hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, sarkin Abu Dhabi, babban kwamandan rundunar sojojin Hadaddiyar da shugaban Majalisar Koli ta Man Fetur. Sheikh Khalifa shi ne kuma shugaban Abu Dhabi (birni) Investment Authority, wanda ke kula da kadarorin dala biliyan Dari takwas da saba'in da biyar (875), wanda shi ne adadi mafi yawa da wani shugaban kasa ya gudanar a duniya. Gabaɗaya, an yi imani da gidan Al Nahyan na da dala biliyan Dari da hamsin(150). Sheikh Khalifa ya gaji mahaifinsa, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, a matsayin Sarkin Abu Dhabi a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004 kuma ya zama Shugaban UAE a washegari. Kamar yadda Crown Prince, ya riga a zahiri shine za'ayi wasu al'amurran da shugabancin tun lokacin da marigayi a shekara ta alif 1990s yayin da mahaifinsa ya ta kiwon lafiya matsaloli. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Khalifa ya kamu da bugun jini amma yana cikin yanayi mai kyau. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya hau kujerar mai martaba a cikin lamuran jihar, amma ya ci gaba da rike iko na shugaban kasa. Halfan uwansa Sheikh Mohammed dan Zayed Al Nahyan yanzu yana gudanar da harkokin jama'a na jihar da kuma yanke shawara ta yau da kullun ta Masarautar Abu Dhabi. Tarihin rayuwa Rayuwar farko An haifi Khalifa a ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1948 a Qasr Al-Muwaiji, Al Ain, a cikin Abu Dhabi (lokacin wani ɓangare ne na sashen Tarayyar), babban ɗan Zayed dan Sultan Al Nahyan, Sarkin Abu Dhabi, da Hassa diyar Mohammed dan Khalifa Al Nahyan. Ya kammala karatu ne a makarantar koyon aikin soja ta Sandhurst. 1966–1971 Lokacin da mahaifinsa, Zayed ya zama Sarkin Abu Dhabi a shekara ta 1966, an nada Khalifa Wakilin Sarki (magajin gari) a Yankin Gabashin Abu Dhabi kuma Shugaban Sashen Kotuna a Al Ain. Zayed ya kasance Wakilin Sarki a Yankin Gabas kafin ya zama Sarkin Abu Dhabi. Bayan 'yan watanni aka ba mukamin ga Tahnoun bin Mohammed Al Nahyan. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1969, an zabi Khalifa a matsayin Yarima mai jiran gado na Abu Dhabi, washegari kuma aka nada shi Shugaban Sashin Tsaro na Abu Dhabi. A cikin wannan mukamin, ya kula da ginin rundunar tsaron Abu Dhabi, wanda bayan shekara ta 1971 ya zama asalin rundunar sojojin UAE. 'Yancin kai a shekara ta 1971 Bayan kafuwar UAE a shekara ta 1971, Khalifa ya hau mukamai da yawa a Abu Dhabi: Firayim Minista, shugaban majalisar zartarwar Abu Dhabi (a karkashin mahaifinsa), Ministan Tsaro, da Ministan Kudi. Bayan sake gina majalisar zartarwa ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, an maye gurbin majalisar zartarwar ta Abu Dhabi da Majalisar Zartarwa ta Abu Dhabi, kuma Khalifa ya zama Mataimakin Firayim Minista na 2 na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (a ranar 23 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1973) kuma Shugaban Majalisar Zartarwa na Abu Dhabi (a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1974), a karkashin mahaifinsa. A watan Mayun shekara ta 1976, ya zama mataimakin kwamandan rundunar ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, a karkashin Shugaban kasa. Ya kuma zama shugaban Majalisar Koli ta Man Fetur a karshen shekara ta 1980, kuma ya ci gaba da wannan matsayin a yau, wanda ke ba shi cikakken iko a cikin batutuwan makamashi. Ya kuma kasance shugaban hukumar bincike kan muhalli da cigaban dabbobin daji. Shugabancin kasar (2004 present) Ya gaji mukamin na Sarkin Abu Dhabi da Shugaban Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004, ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, wanda ya mutu washegari. Ya kasance mai rikon mukamin shugaban kasa tun lokacin da mahaifinsa ya kamu da rashin lafiya kafin rasuwarsa. A ranar 1 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 2005, Shugaban ya ba da sanarwar cewa rabin membobin Majalisar Tarayya ta Tarayya (FNC), majalisar da ke ba shugaban kasa shawara, za a zabe ta kai tsaye. Koyaya, rabin mambobin majalisar zasu buƙaci shugabannin masarautar su nada su. An shirya gudanar da zaben a watan Disambar shekara ta 2006. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an bayyana Khalifa a cikin wani shafin yanar gizo na WikiLeaks wanda jakadan Amurka na wancan lokacin Richard G. Olson ya sanya wa hannu a matsayin "mutum mai nisa kuma mara da'a." A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, babban ginin da mutum ya yi a duniya, wanda aka fi sani da suna Burj Dubai, aka sake masa suna zuwa Burj Khalifa don girmama shi. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Khalifa ya aika da rundunar Sojan Sama ta Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa don tallafawa tsoma bakin sojoji a Libya kan Muammar Gaddafi, tare da sojojin NATO, Qatar, Sweden da Jordan. Khalifa ya yi alkawarin bayar da cikakken goyon baya ga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ga gwamnatin Bahrain a yayin fuskantar boren neman demokradiyya a shekarar 2011. Daga baya a waccan shekarar Khalifa ya zama sarki na huɗu mafi arziki a duniya, tare da dukiyar da aka kiyasta ta kai dala biliyan 15. A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ba da izini ga Azzam, jirgi mafi tsayi mafi tsayi da aka taɓa ginawa a 590 ft (180 m) dogon, tare da halin kaka tsakanin 400-600 miliyan. A cikin shekara ta 2011, Emirates ta ƙaddamar da shirin inganta "aminci" ga Khalifa da sauran shugabannin Emirati. Shirin ya ci gaba, kuma yana ƙarfafa ba kawai Emirate ba, amma mazauna daga kowace ƙasa don yin rijistar "godiya, girmamawa, da aminci" ga Sarakunan. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Khalifa ya kamu da cutar shanyewar jiki kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali bayan an yi masa aiki. Investments and foreign aid Bayanan gwamnatin Seychellois sun nuna cewa tun a shekara ta 1995 Sheikh Khalifa ya kashe dala miliyan 2 wajen sayen sama da kadada 66 a babban tsibirin na Seychelles na Mahé, inda ake gina fadarsa. Gwamnatin Seychelles ta karbi manyan kayan tallafi daga kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, musamman ma allurar dala miliyan 130 da aka yi amfani da ita wajen ayyukan jin kai da taimakon soji, wanda ke daukar nauyin jiragen ruwa na sintiri don kokarin da ake yi na yakin Seychelles na yaki da satar fasaha. A shekara ta 2008, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kawo wa gwamnatin Seychelles bashin bashi, tare da allurar dala miliyan 30. Sheikh Khalifa ya biya 500,000 don filin da ke da fadin kadada 29.8 a fadarsa a shekara ta 2005, a cewar takardar sayarwar. Da farko wata hukumar tsara Seychelles ta yi watsi da shirin ginin fadar, shawarar da ministocin Shugaba James Michel suka soke. Wata daya bayan fara ginin fadar, kamfanin ba da amfani na kasa ya yi gargadin cewa shirye-shiryen shafin na yin barazana ga samar da ruwan. Joel Morgan, Ministan Muhalli na Seychelles, ya ce gwamnati ba ta tausasa filayen ba saboda tana son ta je wurin Sheikh Khalifa. Morgan ya ce "wasiƙar doka" mai yiwuwa ba a bi ta cikin siyar da ƙasa ba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010, tsarin najasa da kamfanin Ascon, wanda ya gina gidan sarauta, ya kafa, don masu aikin ginin wurin ya cika, ya aika da kogunan shara a yankin, wadanda ke dauke da mazauna sama da mutum 8000. Hukumomin karamar hukuma da jami'ai daga ofishin Khalifa sun ba da amsa cikin gaggawa game da matsalar, inda suka aika da kwararru da injiniyoyi. Jami'an gwamnati sun yanke hukuncin cewa Ascon ya yi biris da ka'idojin kiwon lafiya da ka'idojin gini ga ma'aikatansu, kuma suka ci kamfanin tarar 81,000. Ascon ya dora alhakin faruwar lamarin a kan "yanayin yanayi mara kyau". Ofishin shugaban kasa na Khalifa ya yi tayin biyan dala miliyan 15 don maye gurbin aikin bututun ruwa ga tsaunin. Kuma wakilan gwamnatin Seychelles da mazauna garin sun ce Ascon ya yi tayin biyan kimanin dala 8,000 ga kowane daga cikin gidaje guda 360 da gurbatarwar ta shafa. A watan Afrilun Shekara ta 2016, Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar ‘Yan Jarida Masu Bincike ta Duniya ta sanya sunan Sheikh Khalifa a cikin Takaddun Panama; gwargwadon rahoto ya mallaki kyawawan abubuwa a cikin Landan da daraja fiye da 1.7 biliyan ta hanyar kamfanonin kwalliya waɗanda Mossack Fonseca suka kafa kuma suke kula da shi a Tsibirin British Virgin Islands. Titles, styles, girmamawa da kyaututtuka Knight Grand Cross tare da Collar na Order of Civil Merit (23 Mayu 2008) Mai Girma Knight Grand Cross na Mafi Girma Dokar Bath (25 Nuwamba 2010). Mai Girma Knight Grand Cross na Mafi Kyawun Tsarin na St Michael da St George Knight Grand Cross na Umurnin Zakin Netherlands (08 Janairu 2012). Memba na Babban Umurnin Mugunghwa (2012) Mutuwa Sheikh Khalifah bin Zayed ya ranan 13 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2022. ya rasu yanada shekaru 73 a duniya. Duba kuma Jerin shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin yanzu Jerin sarakunan daular Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa Jerin mashahuran masarauta Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Sheikh Issa bin Zayed al Nahyan Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed at the Wayback Machine (archived 31 January 2018) Biography of U.A.E. President Sarakuna Saudiyya Haifaffun 1948 Rayayyun mutane Pages with unreviewed
58545	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%20Soliman	Angelo Soliman	Angelo Soliman,an haife shi Mmadi Make, (c. 1721 1796)ɗan Austriya Freemason ne.Ya sami matsayi a cikin al'ummar Viennese da Freemasonry Rayuwa Watakila Soliman dan kabilar Magumi ne na kabilar Kanuri .,Mmadi Make,yana da alaƙa da ajin sarauta a jihar Borno a Najeriya ta zamani.An kai shi fursuna tun yana yaro kuma ya isa Marseilles a matsayin bawa.An sayar da shi zuwa gidan wani maci na Messinan,wanda ya kula da iliminsa.Domin yana ƙaunar wani bawa a gidan,Angelina,ya ɗauki sunan ‘Angelo’ kuma ya zaɓi ya amince da ranar 11 ga Satumba,ranar baftisma a matsayin ranar haihuwarsa.Bayan buƙatun da aka maimaita, an ba shi kyauta a 1734 ga Prince Georg Christian,Prince von Lobkowitz,gwamnan daular Sicily.Ya zama abokin Yarima kuma abokin tafiya, tare da raka shi a yakin neman zabe a duk fadin Turai kuma an ce ya ceci rayuwarsa a wani lokaci,wani muhimmin al'amari da ke da alhakin hawansa zamantakewa.Bayan mutuwar Yarima Lobkowitz,an kai Soliman cikin gidan Vienna na Joseph Wenzel I,Yariman Liechtenstein, daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa babban bawa. Daga baya,ya zama mai koyar da sarauta na magajin Yarima, Aloys I.A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu,1768, ya auri mace mai martaba Magdalena Christiani,matashiya gwauruwa kuma 'yar'uwar Janar na Faransa François Etienne de Kellermann,Duke na Valmy,marshal na Napoleon Bonaparte. </br>Wani mutum mai al'ada,Soliman yana da mutuƙar mutuntawa a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Vienna kuma an ƙidaya shi a matsayin aboki mai daraja ta Sarkin Austriya Joseph II da Count Franz Moritz von Lacy da kuma Prince Gian Gastone de' Medici.Soliman ya halarci daurin auren Sarki Joseph II da Gimbiya Isabella ta Parma a matsayin bakuwar Sarki. A cikin 1783,ya shiga gidan Masonic Lodge "True Concord" (Zur Wahren Eintracht),wanda membobinsu sun haɗa da yawancin masu fasaha da masana Vienna na lokacin,daga cikinsu akwai mawaƙa Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart da Joseph Haydn da mawallafin Hungarian Ferenc Kazinczy .Bayanan Lodge sun nuna cewa Soliman da Mozart sun hadu a lokuta da dama.Wataƙila halin Bassa Selim a cikin wasan opera na Mozart Satar daga Seraglio ya dogara ne akan Soliman. zama Babban Jagora na wannan masaukin,Soliman ya taimaka canza al'ada ta haɗa da abubuwan ilimi.Wannan sabon alkiblar Masonic ya yi tasiri cikin sauri ga ayyukan Freemasonic a cikin Turai.Har yanzu ana yin bikin Soliman a cikin bukukuwan Masonic a matsayin "Uban Tunanin Masonic Tsabta",tare da fassara sunansa da "Angelus Solimanus". A lokacin rayuwarsa an dauki Soliman a matsayin abin koyi ga "mai yuwuwar hadewa" na 'yan Afirka a Turai,amma bayan mutuwarsa hotonsa ya kasance ƙarƙashin cin mutunci da cin mutunci ta hanyar wariyar launin fata na Kimiyya,kuma jikinsa ya kasance a cikin wani nau'i na musamman,kamar dai an yi watsi da shi.dabba ko don gwaji. Wigger da Klein sun bambanta bangarori hudu na Soliman "sarauta Moor "Moor Moor", "physiognomic Moor" da "mummified Moor". Nadi biyu na farko suna magana ne game da shekaru kafin mutuwarsa. Kalmar "Moor Moor" ta bayyana Soliman a cikin mahallin bautar Moors a kotunan Turai,inda launin fatarsu ke nuna ƙasƙantarsu kuma suka zama alamomin matsayi da ke nuna iko da dukiyar masu su. Tun daga zuriyarsa da al'adunsa na asali,Soliman ya ƙasƙantar da shi zuwa "alamar gabas ta gabas ta Ubangijinsa"wanda ba a yarda ya yi rayuwa mai son rai ba.Sunan "Moor Moor" ya bayyana Soliman a matsayin tsohon kotu Moor wanda hawansa kan matakin zamantakewa saboda aurensa da wata mace mai girman kai ya sa ya sami damar 'yantar da shi. A wannan lokacin Soliman ya zama memba na Freemasons kuma a matsayin masaukin Grand Master tabbas an dauke shi daidai da ’yan uwansa Mason duk da cewa ya ci gaba da fuskantar kaurin kabilanci da son zuciya. Mumification bayan mutuwa Ƙarƙashin bayyanar haɗin kai ya lulluɓe kyakkyawar makomar Soliman.Ko da yake ya ci gaba da tafiya cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin manyan al'umma,kyakkyawan yanayin da aka ba shi bai taɓa ɓacewa ba kuma tsawon rayuwarsa ya rikide zuwa yanayin launin fata. Halayen da aka yi amfani da su wajen rarraba Soliman a matsayin "Mor Physognomic Moor" an tsara su ta hanyar masana ilimin ƙabilun Viennese a lokacin rayuwarsa,waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar ka'idoji da zato game da "jinin Afirka".Ba zai iya tserewa ra'ayin harajin da ya mai da hankali kan halaye na launin fata ba, watau,launin fata,nau'in gashi, girman leɓe da siffar hanci.Matsayinsa na zamantakewa ko kasancewarsa a cikin Freemasons ba zai iya hana cin zarafinsa ba,wanda zai kai ga matsayinsa na ƙarshe a matsayin "mummified Moor".
24101	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t%20Nobody	Ain't Nobody	Ain't Nobody waka ce ta kungiyar funk ta Amurka Rufus da babban mawaƙin Amurka Chaka Khan An sake waƙar ce a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku (1983), a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin studio guda huɗu waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin kundin rayuwarsu Stompin 'a Savoy a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku (1983). "Ba kowa bane" cikin sauri ya tattara shahara, kuma ya kai lamba ta ɗaya akan <i id="mwGA">ginshiƙin Billboard</i> R&B na Amurka da lamba guda ashirin da biyu 22 akan Billboard Hot 100 na Amurka Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin sa hannun Khan. Rufus keyboardist David "Hawk" Wolinski tayi rubuta waƙa a kusa da wani maimaita synthesizer madauki goyon baya da wani Linn LM-1 drum kwamfuta; duk da haka, John "JR" Robinson, mawaƙin makaɗa, ya buga ganguna na gaske don zaman rikodi. Ƙungiyar ta yi ƙuri'ar demokraɗiyya kuma sun yanke shawarar haɗa waƙar a cikin kundin kundin su. Da zarar an yi rikodin waƙar, masu zartarwar Warner sun so fitar da wata waƙa a matsayin farkon waƙar. Wolinski ya yi barazanar ba wa mawaƙin Amurka Michael Jackson da mai shirya fina- finan Amurka Quincy Jones don faifan Jackson Thriller idan waƙar ba ta zama jagora ɗaya ba. Alamar ta yi nadama kuma "Ba kowa ba ne" kuma an buga lamba ta ɗaya a kan taswirar R&B don satin da zai ƙare a ranar 15 ga watan Oktobar shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da uku(1983). Hakanan an haɗa waƙar a kan faifan sauti zuwa fim ɗin Breakin na shekarar alif ta 1984. Magoya bayan wasu kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasar sun karbe wakar a Burtaniya tare da kalmomin: Babu wanda yake kauna (dan wasa), yana faranta min rai, yana sanya ni jin haka. Abun da ke ciki Ana yin waƙar a cikin maɓallin E tare da saurin bugawa guda dari dahudu 104 a minti daya a cikin lokacin gama gari Muryar Khan ta fara daga G 3 zuwa E 5 a cikin waƙar. Charts da takaddun shaida Weekly chartsOriginal versionRemixYear-end charts Certifications Sauran sigogi Jaki Graham version A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da hudu (1994,) mawaƙiyar Burtaniya Jaki Graham ta fito da murfiyar ta A wannan lokaci ba kowa bane ya san ta An sake waƙar a zama na farko kuma jagora ce, ɗaya daga kundi na huɗu da na ƙarshe, Real Life Siffar Graham ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan Chart ɗin Rawar Billboard na Amurka na makwanni biyar gami da kasancewa cikin manyan bidiyon da aka fi so na BET (Charts Black Entertainment Charts). Mawakiyar ta kuma kai lamba guda arbain da hududu 44 a Burtaniya, lamba guda sha daya 11 a Iceland da lamba guda sha bakwai 17 a Ostiraliya. Tarba mai mahimmanci Larry Flick daga Billboard ya kira waƙar sa "ta fasa", kuma ya bayyana cewa Graham "ta dawo tare da babban karatun Rufus pop soulnugget Track shine sabo a cikin farmakin nau'ikan nau'ikan waƙoƙin waƙoƙin ta divas daban -daban. Wannan, duk da haka, shine ainihin ma'amala, godiya ga babban fara'a na Graham da tarin abubuwan cakuda waɗanda suka fito daga peppy NRG zuwa gidan tsoka. Kulob ɗin wuta mai ƙarfi ya buge, kada ku yi mamaki idan rediyo crossover ya yi kira. Jaridar Ingilishi Karatun Yammacin Post yayi sharhi, "Wannan shine ɗayan murfin da baya inganta ainihin. Amma waƙar Chaka Khan sanannen ruhi ne kuma Jaki Graham ta bayyana kyakkyawar harba, koda muryarta ba ta da ƙarfi sosai don ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Mai wuya kada a yi waka tare. Bidiyon kiɗa Bidiyon kiɗan na "Ba kowa ba ne" darektan fina -finan Amurka kuma furodusa Antoine Fuqua ne ya jagoranci Jerin jerin waƙoƙi Charts A cikin shekarar alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995, mawaƙin Jamaica Diana King ya yi rikodin murfin guda ɗaya na Ain't Nobody wanda aka saki a matsayin na uku daga cikin kundi na farko, Tougher Than Love Ya kai lamba guda chasain da biyar 95 a kan Billboard Hot 100, lamba guda hudu 4 a kan ginshiƙi Playboard na Billboard Hot Dance Club da lamba guda sha uku 13 akan Chart Singles UK Tarba mai mahimmanci Larry Flick daga Billboard ya bayyana waƙar a matsayin fassarar hip hop na sexy" da "wanda ba za a iya jurewa ba", yana yabawa "tabbataccen aikin" na King. Music & Media yayi sharhi cewa bin Shy Guy yana ganin mawaƙin Jamaica "ya rasa wasu ƙananan raƙuman raye-raye na raye-raye don fifita sautin R&B ya kara da cewa mawaƙin "tsarkakakke ne, mai ɗaga ruhun zamani." Makon Kiɗa ya ƙididdige shi uku daga cikin biyar, yana rubutu, "Babban madaidaicin murfin Chaka Khan na gargajiya, tare da samar da ƙarfi. Tana iya canza wasu ƙarin magoya baya. Ralph Tee daga RM Dance Update na mujallar ya ce, "'Shy Guy' ya zama fashewar ƙasa da ƙasa kuma wannan bin yana da irin wannan damar crossover." Jerin jerin waƙoƙi Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Rapper LL Cool J ya yi rikodin waƙar don waƙar sauti zuwa fim ɗin shekarar alif ta 1996 Beavis da Butt-Head Do America An sake shi azaman sautin waƙa na biyu, waƙar ta hau kan lamba guda arbain da hudu 46 akan Billboard Hot guda dari 100, lamba huɗu akan Hot Rap Singles Chart da lamba guda ashirin da bakwai 27 akan taswirar Waƙoƙin Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop A wajen Amurka, waƙar ta shahara a cikin Burtaniya, inda waƙar kuma ta kasance abin faɗa ga Gwen Dickey da KWS (sun kai lamba guda ahirin da bakwai 21) da The Course (lamba ta takwas). Bidiyon kiɗan wannan sigar, wanda Michael Martin ya jagoranta, wanda Jonathan Heuer ya shirya, da kuma fim ɗin Martin Coppen, an ɗan yi fim ɗinsa a Dutsen Hood na Oregon. Hakanan yana nuna ƙungiya mai cike da baƙi da suka haɗa da Maia Campbell, Brian McKnight, Alfonso Ribeiro, Cedric the Entertainer, John Salley, da John Witherspoon Charts In 2003, English-Irish pop group Liberty X released a version of the song titled "Being Nobody", produced by Richard X, as the lead single from Richard X's debut studio album Richard X Presents His X-Factor Vol. 1 (2003), as well as the lead single from Liberty X's second studio album Being Somebody (2003). The song is a pseudo-mashup, taking the lyrics of "Ain't Nobody" and placing them over an instrumental interpolation of The Human League's "Being Boiled". Additional elements from both songs were also used such as the recurring synth line from "Ain't Nobody" and the line "OK, ready? Let's do it." in the intro of the main mix are from the intro of "Being Boiled". Liberty X first performed "Being Nobody" on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway on February 8, 2003. They also performed it twice on Top of the Pops, with other performances on The National Lottery Wright Ticket and CD:UK. Critical reception The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics. It was deemed "instantly memorable" by RTÉ.ie reviewer Linda McGee, whilst Louis Pattison of NME believed it was "Truly, a record to get over-excited about." Alexis Kirke of musicOMH said: "The marriage of the credible dance-bootleg production of Richard X with high profile pop-act Liberty X is not only a perfect career-expanding synergy for both, but also a powerful musical synergy in which the seventies meets the eighties during the noughties." Writing for ukmix.org, Martin P gave the song five stars out of five and called it "It's pure pop perfection with a twist of R&B one of the best Liberty X singles!" Jerin waƙa "Being Nobody" (Main Mix) 3:37 "Being Nobody" (Richard X Remix) 4:25 "Being Nobody" (X-Strumental) 3:38 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Scooter version "Yana da wani Biz (Shin ba Babu wanda)" ne guda ta Jamus wuya dance band babur An sake shi a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2012, a matsayin na biyar guda ɗaya daga kundin ɗakin studio ɗin su na goma sha biyar The Big Mash Up Jerin jerin waƙoƙi CD guda (waƙa 2) Saukewa Charts Siffar Felix Jaehn A cikin shekara ta 2015, mai shirya kiɗan Jamusawa da DJ Felix Jaehn sun fitar da remix mai taken Ba kowa (Yana Ƙaunar Ni Mafi Kyawu) wanda ke nuna waƙoƙin mawaƙan Burtaniya Jasmine Thompson Shine jagora guda ɗaya don babban sunan sa na farko na shekara ta 2016 EP Felix Jaehn Remix ya dogara ne akan sakin solo na waƙar ta Thompson a cikin shekara ta 2013, lokacin da Thompson ya kasance 13, wanda ya hau kan lamba guda 32 akan Chart Singles UK Koyaya, Felix Jaehn remix ya zama babban nasarar taswirar ƙasa da ƙasa, yana kan lamba ɗaya ko biyu a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa (gami da lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya) da kuma manyan guda 10 a sauran ƙasashen Turai da Ostiraliya. Jerin waƙa "Babu Wani (Yana Ƙaunata Ƙauna)" 3:01 "Na Yi" 3:02Weekly chartsYear-end chartsDecade-end charts''' Duba kuma List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s List of number-one R&B singles of 1983 (U.S.) List of UK top 10 singles in 1984 List of UK top 10 singles in 1989 List of number-one dance singles of 1994 (U.S.) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of 1997 List of UK top 10 singles in 2015 Mashup (music) Of the Night Rhythm Is a Dancer The Rhythm of the Night'' Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed
24142	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen%20Shura%20Council%20in%20the%20Environs%20of%20Jerusalem	Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem	Majalisar Shura ta Mujahidin da ke cikin Kudus ko kuma kawai Majalisar Shura Mujahideen (wanda kuma aka sani da Majalisar Shura Mujahidin Kudus, da Larabci: Majlis Shura Al-Mujahideen, Magles Shoura al-Mujahedeen, da sauran sunaye) kungiyar Salafiyya mai dauke da makamai alaƙa da al-Qaeda da ke aiki a yankin Sinai na Masar da cikin Zirin Gaza The kungiyar da aka kafa a shekarar 2011 ko zuwa shekara ta 2012 by Salafi Islama Hisham Al-Saedni (kuma aka sani da Abu al Walid al Maqdisi) don gudanar da ayyuka na Salafi yan jihadi da ke yaki a Gaza tun kafin ma a Masar juyin juya halin shekarar 2011 kuma ta kai hare -hare kan fararen hula a Isra'ila Ƙungiyar ta bayyana tashe -tashen hankulan da ake yi wa Yahudawa a matsayin wani nauyi na addini wanda ke kusantar da masu aikata shi zuwa ga Allah. Al-Saedni, wanda shi ne shugaban kungiyar kuma shi ma na Jahafil Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad fi Filastin, an kashe shi ne a wani hari da Isra’ila ta kai Gaza a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2012. Ƙungiyar tana karkashin kungiyar Al-Qaeda a yankin Sinai tun daga watan Agustan shekara ta 2012. A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta 2014, kungiyar ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga Daular Islama ta Iraki da Levant A rukunin da aka sanya a kungiyar 'yan ta'adda ta Gwamnatin Amirka, a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2014. A cikin bayanin ta kuma na sanya sunan Ma'aikatar Jiha ta lura cewa:Majalisar Shura na Mujahidin a Yankunan Kudus kungiya ce da ta kunshi wasu kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda masu da'awar jihadi da ke zaune a Gaza wadanda suka dauki alhakin kai hare-hare da dama kan Isra'ila tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar a shekara ta 2012. Misali, a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, MSC ta dauki alhakin harin roka da aka kai a kudancin Eilat, Isra'ila. A baya, MSC ta dauki alhakin harin da aka kai ranar 21 ga watan Maris,shekara ta 2013 inda mayakan na Gaza suka harba akalla rokoki biyar kan Sderot, Isra’ila, da kuma harin 17 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2013 inda kuma aka harba rokoki biyu kan Eilat, Isra’ila. Baya ga harba makaman roka, MSC ta ayyana kanta da alhakin kai harin IED na kan iyakar Gaza da Isra’ila a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2012 wanda ya nufi wurin ginin Isra’ila, inda ya kashe farar hula guda. Baya ga wadannan hare -hare na zahiri, MSC ta fitar da wata sanarwa a cikin watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 2014 da ke bayyana goyon baya ga Daular Musulunci ta Iraki da Levant .Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin shine Jahafil Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad fi Filastin (ko al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, "Hadin kai da Jihadi") wanda aka kafa a ranar 6 gawatan Nuwamba shekara ta 2008 kuma yana da alaƙa da Al Qaeda. A shekarar 2011 kuma Hisham Al-Saedni ne ya jagoranci kungiyar. Wata ƙaramar ƙungiya ita ce Ansar al Sunnah, wacce ta ɗauki alhakin hare-haren rokoki da dama kan Isra’ila, ciki har da harin roka a cikin Satan Maris shekara ta 2010 wanda ya kashe ma’aikacin Thai a Isra’ila. Bayan harin da aka kai a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, Haaretz ta ba da rahoton cewa "da alama ƙungiyar tana da alaƙa da Jund Ansar Allah wata ƙungiyar jihadi da ke aiki a Gaza. Hare -hare 18 gawatan Maris shekara ta 2010 Mayakan da ke da alaka da kungiyar sun harba makamin roka a Isra'ila, inda suka kashe ma'aikaci daga Thailand Daga baya kungiyar ta dauki alhakin kai harin. 18 gawatan Yuni shekara ta 2012 Kungiyar ta dauki alhakin kai harin kan iyaka a Isra’ila a ranar 18 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2012, lokacin da maharan suka tayar da bam din da aka dasa kusa da kan iyakar Masar da Isra’ila sannan suka bude wuta kan motocin da ke dauke da ma’aikatan gini. Isra'ila farar hula Saeed Fashafshe, a 35-shekara Arab mazaunin na Haifa da wani aure uba na hudu, da aka kashe, kamar yadda suka akalla biyu daga cikin 'yan ta'adda. A wani faifan bidiyo, kungiyar ta ce an sadaukar da harin ne ga Osama bin Laden da masu jihadi na Syria Ta kuma kara da cewa tana yin jihadi "don zama tubalin gini a cikin aikin duniya wanda ke nufin dawo da Khalifancin da ya dace da tsarin Shariah tsarkakakke". Ta bayyana shugabannin harin a matsayin dan kasar Masar Khalid Salah Abdul Hadi Jadullah (wanda aka fi sani da Abu Salah al Masri) da kuma dan kasar Saudiyya Adi Saleh Abdullah al Fudhayli al Hadhli (wanda aka fi sani da Abu Hudhayfa al Hudhali). A wata sanarwa ta bidiyo da aka fitar daga baya a watan Yuli, kungiyar ta bayyana harin a matsayin "kyauta ga 'yan uwanmu a Qaedat al-Jihad da Sheikh Zawahiri da kuma daukar fansa kan mutuwar Osama bin Laden 26 gawatan Agusta shekara ta 2012 Kungiyar ta harba rokoki uku a garin Sderot na Isra'ila a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2012. Daya daga cikin rokokin ya lalata wani gini a yankin masana'antu kusa da birnin. Mutum daya ya ji rauni sosai kuma na biyun an yi masa magani don matsanancin damuwa A cikin wata sanarwa ta intanet, kungiyar ta dauki alhakin harin kuma ta roki Allah da ya “taimake mu kan mutanen da ba su da imani”. Ya nanata abubuwa masu zuwa yayin bayyana dalilan harin: Jihadi don neman yardar Allah a kan yahudawa masu aikata laifi wajibi ne da muke kusanci da Allah a duk lokacin da muka sami wata hanya zuwa ga hakan, a kowane wuri, ta hanyar abin da Allah ya sauƙaƙa mana daga dalilan iko da tunkuɗewa. Yana da wani dama ga Mujahidin na al'ummar musulmi, don tallafa wa da kuma taimako a gare su, kuma shi ne unacceptable cewa wani ɓangare na hari su da musguna ko zalunci ko ya kama, muddin suka yi kawai bar yin wani takalifi da ake bukata daga kowane Musulmi a cikin wani lokaci lokacin da da yawa ke kin zuwa jihadi. Dukan waɗanda aka tsarkake a cikin kungiyoyin kamata girgiza kashe kurar wulakanci da zaune da baya zaton ga mutum kango na wannan Duniya, kuma ya tashi sama, don tallafa wa addini da kuma kare su sanctities, kuma ya kamata su tuna cewa sun kawai shiga ga} ungiyoyi da jihadi don neman yardar Allah. Bari Yahudawa su sani cewa wurare masu tsarki, tsarkakakku da jini suna da maza waɗanda ba sa yin bacci a kan zalunci, kuma ba sa jin daɗin wulakanci, kuma suna kashe jininsu da abin da suka mallaka da arha don hakan, kuma abin da ke zuwa ya fi muni da ƙari. mai ɗaci da yardar Allah Mai ɗaukar fansa. Martani daga rundunar tsaron Isra'ila A ranar 7 gawatan Oktoban shekara ta 2012, Sojojin Tsaron Isra’ila (IDF) da Hukumar Tsaro ta Isra’ila sun kai hari ta sama a kudancin Zirin Gaza inda suka nufi Tala’at Halil Muhammad Jarbi, wanda IDF ta ce yana da hannu wajen tsarawa da aiwatar da ranar 18 ga watan Yuni. kai hari da sauran ayyukan ta’addanci a Zirin Gaza. Har ila yau, wanda aka kai harin ta sama, Abdullah Muhammad Hassan Maqawai, wanda aka ce dan kungiyar ne. A ranar 14 gawatan Oktoban a shekara ta 2012, an kashe al-Saedni yayin da yake kan babur a harin da Isra’ila ta kai. Isra'ila ta ce tana mayar da martani ne kan harin roka da aka kai kan kudancin Isra'ila tun farko. 21 gawatan Maris shekara ta 2013 Da misalin karfe 7:15 na safe a ranar 21 gawatan Maris shekara ta 2013, a rana ta biyu ta ziyarar da Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya kai Isra’ila, kungiyar ta harba rokoki hudu daga Beit Hanoun zuwa Sderot, lamarin da ya haifar da fargaba a cikin al’ummomin yankin tare da tilasta mazauna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa aiki ko makaranta don gudu zuwa mafakar bam. Makamin roka daya ya bugi bayan gidan wani gida a cikin birnin, inda ya fantsama cikin bango tare da farfasa tagogi. Wani makamin na biyu ya sauka a wani yanki a cikin yankin Yankin Sha'ar Hanegev da ke kewaye. Makamin roka biyu da suka rage sun sauka a cikin zirin Gaza. Ba a samu rahoton raunuka ba. Kungiyar ta dauki alhakin kai harin, inda ta bayyana cewa an yi hakan ne domin nuna cewa tsaron sararin samaniyar Isra’ila ba zai iya dakatar da kai hare -hare kan kasar Yahudawa ba. Kungiyar Hamas A watan Yulin Shekara ta 2013, Hamas ta murkushe ayyukan PRC da MSC a Gaza, tare da kame membobinsu da yawa. Karyatawa Kungiyar ta musanta hannu a harin kan iyakar Masar da Isra’ila a watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, inda aka kashe sojojin Masar guda sha shidda 16 sannan aka kai hari kan iyakar Isra’ila. Duba kuma Majalisar Shura Mujahid (Iraki) Majalisar Shura Mujahid (Afghanistan) Manazarta Pages with unreviewed