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48685	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20abinci%20mai%20gina%20jiki	Gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki	Gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki, wani nau'i na gurɓataccen ruwa, yana nufin gurɓatawar abubuwan gina jiki da yawa. Yana da babban dalilin eutrophication na ruwa mai zurfi (tafkuna, koguna da ruwa na bakin teku wanda yawancin abubuwan gina jiki, yawanci nitrogen ko phosphorus, suna ƙarfafa ci gaban algal. Tushen gurɓacewar kayan abinci sun haɗa da kwararar ƙasa daga filayen gonaki da wuraren kiwo, fitar da tankunan ruwa da wuraren abinci, da hayaƙi daga konewa. Danyen najasa shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga eutrophication na al'ada tunda najasa yana da yawa a cikin sinadirai. Sakin najasa a cikin babban ruwa ana kiransa zubar da ruwa, kuma har yanzu yana faruwa a duk faɗin duniya. Matsalolin nitrogen mai wuce gona da iri a cikin muhalli suna da alaƙa da yawancin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli masu girma. Waɗannan sun haɗa da eutrophication na ruwa mai cutarwa, furen algal mai cutarwa, hypoxia, ruwan sama na acid, ƙarancin nitrogen a cikin gandun daji, da canjin yanayi. Tun bayan bunkasuwar noma a shekarun 1910 da kuma a cikin shekarun 1940 don dacewa da karuwar bukatar abinci, noman noma ya dogara sosai kan amfani da taki. Taki abu ne na halitta ko sinadarai da aka gyara wanda ke taimaka wa ƙasa ta zama ƙasa mai albarka. Wadannan takin sun ƙunshi babban adadin phosphorus da nitrogen, wanda ke haifar da yawan abubuwan gina jiki da ke shiga cikin ƙasa. Nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium sune sinadarai na farko na "Big 3" a cikin takin kasuwanci, kowane ɗayan waɗannan mahimman abubuwan gina jiki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abinci mai gina jiki. Lokacin da nitrogen da phosphorus ba su cika amfani da tsire-tsire masu girma ba, ana iya rasa su daga filayen gona kuma suna yin mummunan tasiri ga iska da ingancin ruwa. Waɗannan sinadirai na iya ƙarewa a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka eutrophiation. Lokacin da manoma suka baje takinsu, ko na halitta ne ko na roba, wasu za su bar shi a matsayin malala kuma za su iya tattara abubuwan da ke haifar da eutrophic na al'adu. Hanyoyi masu ragewa don rage fitar da gurɓataccen abinci mai gina jiki sun haɗa da gyaran abinci, ciniki na gina jiki da rabon tushen abinci. Sources Babban tushen (s) na gurɓataccen abinci a cikin magudanar ruwa ya dogara da yawan amfanin ƙasa Madogaran na iya zama tushen batu, maɓuɓɓugar da ba na batu ba, ko duka biyu: Noma noman dabbobi ko amfanin gona Birni/Babban birni: guguwar ruwa daga tituna da wuraren ajiye motoci; yawan amfani da taki akan lawn; cibiyoyin kula da najasa na birni; hayakin abin hawa Masana'antu: gurɓataccen iska (misali masana'antar wutar lantarki fitar da ruwan sha daga masana'antu daban-daban. Gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki daga wasu hanyoyin gurɓataccen iska na iya faruwa ba tare da amfanin ƙasar gida ba, saboda jigilar gurɓataccen iska daga nesa mai nisa. Don auna yadda mafi kyawun hana eutrophication faruwa, dole ne a gano takamaiman hanyoyin da ke ba da gudummawar lodin kayan abinci. Akwai maɓuɓɓuka guda biyu na abinci na gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta: maƙasudi da tushe marasa ma'ana. Nitrogen Amfani da takin zamani, kona man fetur, da samar da dabbobi, musamman ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi (CAFO), sun kara yawan iskar nitrogen zuwa biosphere. A duk duniya, ana rarraba ma'auni na nitrogen ba tare da inganci ba tare da wasu ƙasashe masu ragi da wasu ragi, suna haifar da kewayon batutuwan muhalli na farko. Ga mafi yawan ƙasashe a duniya, cinikin tsakanin rufe gibin amfanin gona da rage gurɓacewar iskar iskar gas ba shi da yawa ko babu. Phosphorus Ana samun gurbacewar sinadarin phosphorus ne ta hanyar yawan amfani da takin zamani da taki, musamman idan aka haxa shi da zaizayar qasa. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, an kiyasta cewa za mu iya rasa fiye da ton 100,000 na Phosphorus ga ruwa da tafkuna saboda zaizayar ruwa. Hakanan ana fitar da sinadarin Phosphorus ta kamfanonin sarrafa najasa na birni da wasu masana'antu. Tushen tushe Maɓuɓɓugan batu kai tsaye suna da alaƙa da tasiri ɗaya. A cikin maɓuɓɓugar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, sharar abinci tana tafiya kai tsaye daga tushe zuwa ruwa. Tushen maki suna da sauƙin daidaitawa. Madogaran marasa ma'ana It has been shown that nitrogen transport is correlated with various indices of human activity in watersheds,<m Ploughing in agriculture and development are among activities that contribute most to nutrient loading. Riƙe ƙasa Abubuwan gina jiki daga ayyukan ɗan adam suna taruwa a cikin ƙasa kuma su kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru. An nuna cewa adadin phosphorus da aka rasa a cikin ruwan saman yana ƙaruwa daidai da adadin phosphorus a cikin ƙasa. Don haka yawancin abubuwan da ke lodawa a cikin ƙasa a ƙarshe suna yin hanyar zuwa ruwa. Nitrogen, haka ma, yana da lokacin juyawa na shekarun da suka gabata. Gudun ruwa zuwa saman ruwa Abubuwan gina jiki daga ayyukan ɗan adam kan yi tafiya daga ƙasa zuwa ko dai ƙasa ko ruwan ƙasa. Ana cire Nitrogen musamman ta hanyar magudanar ruwa, bututun najasa, da sauran nau'ikan zubar da ruwa Asarar abinci mai gina jiki a cikin zubar da ruwa da leach sau da yawa ana danganta su da aikin noma Noma na zamani yakan haɗa da amfani da kayan abinci mai gina jiki akan gonaki don haɓaka samarwa. Duk da haka, manoma akai-akai suna amfani da abinci mai gina jiki fiye da yadda amfanin gona ke buƙata, wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa da ke gudana a cikin ruwa ko ƙasa. ko makiyaya. Dokokin da ke da nufin rage fitar da sinadarai daga aikin noma yawanci ba su da ƙarfi fiye da waɗanda aka sanya a kan masana'antar kula da najasa da sauran masu gurɓata ma'ana. Ya kamata kuma a lura cewa tafkunan da ke cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka suma suna ƙarƙashin tasirin kwararar ruwa. Guduwar ruwa na iya wanke ma'adinan nitrogen da phosphorus daga detritus kuma a sakamakon haka samar da jikunan ruwa zuwa jinkirin, eutrophication na halitta. Jigilar yanayi Ana fitar da Nitrogen a cikin iska saboda ammoniya volatilization da kuma samar da nitrous oxide. Konewar burbushin mai babban mai ba da gudummawa ne ta hanyar ɗan adam ga gurbatar yanayi na nitrogen. Nitrogen na yanayi yana isa ƙasa ta hanyoyi biyu daban-daban, na farko shine jika kamar ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara, na biyu kuma bushewar bushewa wanda shine barbashi da iskar gas da ake samu a cikin iska. Zubar da yanayi (misali, a cikin nau'in ruwan sama na acid kuma na iya yin tasiri a cikin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ruwa, musamman a yankuna masu yawan masana'antu. Tasiri Tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziki An taƙaita yawan abubuwan gina jiki kamar yadda mai yuwuwar haifar da: Yawan girma na algae cutarwa algal blooms da asarar halittu; Canje-canjen gidan yanar gizon abinci, ƙarancin haske; wuce haddi kwayoyin carbon (eutrophication); narkar da iskar oxygen hypoxia muhalli samar da guba; Gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki na iya samun tasirin tattalin arziƙi saboda karuwar farashin maganin ruwa, asarar kamun kifi na kasuwanci da asarar kifi, asarar kamun kifi na nishaɗi, da rage samun kuɗin shiga yawon buɗe ido. Tasirin lafiya Tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam sun haɗa da wuce haddi na nitrate a cikin ruwan sha blue baby syndrome da kuma kayyakin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sha. Yin iyo a cikin ruwa wanda bala'i mai cutarwa ya shafa na iya haifar da raƙuman fata da matsalolin numfashi. Rage fitar da gurbataccen abinci mai gina jiki Ciniki na gina jiki Ciniki na gina jiki nau'in ciniki ne na ingancin ruwa, kayan aiki na tushen kasuwa da ake amfani dashi don inganta ko kula da ingancin ruwa. Manufar kasuwancin ingancin ruwa ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa maɓuɓɓugar gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya fuskantar farashi daban-daban don sarrafa gurɓataccen abu ɗaya. Kasuwancin ingancin ruwa ya haɗa da musayar rangwamen ƙima na ragi na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa daga tushe masu ƙarancin kuɗi na kula da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa ga waɗanda ke da tsadar sarrafa gurbatar yanayi, kuma ƙa'idodin iri ɗaya sun shafi cinikin ingancin ruwa na gina jiki. Ƙa'idar da ke ƙunshe da ita ita ce mai biyan kuɗi mai gurbata muhalli yawanci ana danganta shi da ƙa'idodin tsari don shiga cikin shirin ciniki. Rahoton Forest Trends na 2013 ya taƙaita shirye-shiryen ciniki na ingancin ruwa kuma ya samo manyan nau'ikan masu ba da tallafi guda uku: masu cin gajiyar kariyar ruwa, masu gurɓata ruwa suna biyan tasirin su da "masu biyan kuɗi na jama'a" waɗanda ba za su amfana kai tsaye ba, amma suna ba da kuɗin rage gurɓataccen ƙima a madadin gwamnati ko NGO. Tun daga 2013, masu biyan kuɗi na jama'a kamar gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ne suka fara biyan kuɗi da yawa. Rarraba tushen gina jiki Ana amfani da rabon tushen abubuwan gina jiki don ƙididdige nauyin kayan abinci daga sassa daban-daban da ke shiga cikin ruwa, bayan raguwa ko jiyya. Noma yawanci shine tushen tushen nitrogen a cikin ruwa a Turai, yayin da a yawancin gidaje gidaje da masana'antu sukan kasance masu ba da gudummawar phosphorus. Inda ingancin ruwa ya yi tasiri ta hanyar abubuwan gina jiki masu yawa, samfuran rarraba tushen kaya na iya tallafawa daidaitaccen tsarin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar gano hanyoyin gurɓataccen ruwa. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu masu fa'ida don ɗaukar kayan ƙira, (i) hanyoyin da suka dace da ɗaukar nauyi waɗanda asalin rabon bisa ga bayanan sa ido a cikin rafi da (ii) hanyoyin da suka dace da tushen inda adadin yaɗuwa, ko gurɓataccen tushen tushe ana ƙididdige fitar da hayaki ta hanyar amfani da ƙira yawanci bisa ƙididdige ƙididdiga na fitarwa daga magudanar ruwa masu irin wannan halaye. Misali, Model Load Load (SLAM) yana ɗaukar hanyar ta ƙarshe, yana ƙididdige gudummawar dangi na tushen nitrogen da phosphorus zuwa saman ruwa a cikin magudanan ruwa na Irish ba tare da bayanan sa ido a cikin rafi ba ta hanyar haɗa bayanai kan fitarwar batu (ruwa na birni, masana'antu da sauransu). Tsarin tanki na septic), hanyoyin watsawa (kiwo, ciyayi, gandun daji, da sauransu), da bayanan kama, gami da halayen hydrogeological. Misalai na ƙasa Amurka Gurbacewar tushen noma (NPS) ita ce mafi girman tushen rashin ingancin ruwa a duk faɗin Amurka, bisa binciken hukumomin muhalli na jihohi.Gurbacewar NPS baya ƙarƙashin izinin fitarwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Tarayya (CWA). EPA da jihohi sun yi amfani da tallafi, haɗin gwiwa da ayyukan zanga-zanga don ƙirƙirar abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga manoma don daidaita ayyukansu da rage kwararar ruwa. Ci gaban manufofin gina jiki Abubuwan buƙatu na asali don jihohi don haɓaka ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki da ma'auni an wajabta su a cikin Dokar Ruwa mai Tsafta ta 1972. Aiwatar da wannan shirin ingancin ruwa ya kasance babban ƙalubale na kimiyya, fasaha da albarkatun ƙasa ga EPA da jahohi, kuma ana ci gaba da bunƙasa har cikin ƙarni na 21st. EPA ta buga ka'idar kula da ruwan sha a cikin 1978 don fara magance matsalar gurɓacewar nitrogen ta ƙasa, wacce ta ƙaru shekaru da yawa. A cikin 1998, hukumar ta buga Dabarun Gina Jiki na ƙasa tare da mai da hankali kan haɓaka ka'idodin abinci mai gina jiki. Tsakanin 2000 da 2010 EPA ta buga ma'auni na sinadarai na matakin tarayya don koguna/rafuka, tafkuna/tafkunan ruwa, guraben ruwa da wuraren dausayi; da jagora mai alaƙa. "Ecoregional" ma'auni na gina jiki don 14 ecoregions a duk faɗin Amurka an haɗa su a cikin waɗannan wallafe-wallafe. Yayin da jihohi za su iya yin amfani da ka'idojin EPA da aka buga kai tsaye, a yawancin lokuta jihohi suna buƙatar gyara ma'auni don yin la'akari da takamaiman yanayi. A cikin 2004, EPA ta bayyana tsammaninta na ma'auni na ƙididdigewa (saɓanin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga) don jimlar nitrogen (TN), jimillar phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (chl-a), da tsabta, kuma ta kafa "an yarda da juna. bisa tsare-tsare" don ci gaban ka'idojin jiha. A shekara ta 2007, hukumar ta bayyana cewa ci gaban da aka samu a jihohin kan bunkasa ka'idojin gina jiki bai yi daidai ba. EPA ta sake nanata tsammaninta na ma'auni kuma ta yi alƙawarin goyon bayanta ga ƙoƙarin jiha na haɓaka ƙa'idodinsu. Bayan EPA ta gabatar da NPDES na tushen ruwa wanda ke ba da izini a cikin 2007, sha'awar kawar da abinci mai gina jiki da cimma iyakokin yanki na Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Load (TMDL) na yanki ya haifar da haɓaka dabarun ciniki na abinci. A cikin 2008 EPA ta buga rahoton ci gaba kan ƙoƙarin jihar don haɓaka ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki. Yawancin jihohi ba su samar da ma'auni na gina jiki na lambobi don koguna da koguna ba; tafkuna da tafkuna; dausayi da estuaries (ga waɗancan jihohin da ke da estuaries). A cikin wannan shekarar, EPA ta kuma kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Jiha da EPA, don sa ido da kimanta ci gaban rage gurɓataccen abinci. A cikin 2009 NTIG ta ba da rahoto, "Kira na gaggawa don Aiki," yana nuna damuwa cewa ingancin ruwa ya ci gaba da tabarbarewa a duk faɗin ƙasar saboda karuwar gurɓataccen abinci mai gina jiki, tare da ba da shawarar haɓaka ƙa'idodin abinci mai gina jiki ta jihohi. A cikin 2011 EPA ta sake nanata bukatar jihohi su ci gaba da inganta ka'idojin abinci mai gina jiki, lura da cewa cin zarafin ruwan sha na nitrates ya ninka cikin shekaru takwas, cewa rabin dukkan kogunan kasar suna da matsakaici zuwa matsakaicin matakan nitrogen da phosphorus, kuma furannin algal masu cutarwa suna karuwa. Hukumar ta fitar da wani tsari ga jihohi don bunkasa abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kuma matakin magudanar ruwa don rage abubuwan gina jiki. Izinin fitarwa Yawancin masu fitar da tushen tushe a cikin Amurka, kodayake ba lallai ba ne mafi girman tushen abubuwan gina jiki a cikin magudanan ruwa nasu, ana buƙatar su bi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwan gina jiki a cikin izininsu, waɗanda ake bayarwa ta Tsarin Kawar da Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyaki (NPDES), bisa ga CWA. Wasu manyan tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa na birni, irin su Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant a Washington, DC sun shigar da tsarin kawar da sinadirai (BNR) don biyan buƙatun tsari. Sauran gundumomi sun yi gyare-gyare ga ayyukan aiki na tsarin jiyya na biyu na yanzu don sarrafa abubuwan gina jiki. Izinin NPDES kuma ana sarrafa fitar da kaya daga manyan wuraren kiwon dabbobi (CAFO). Ruwan ruwa daga filayen gonaki, babban tushen sinadirai a cikin magudanan ruwa da yawa, an keɓe shi da gurɓatarwar NPS kuma ba a tsara shi ta izinin NPDES. Farashin TMDL Jimlar Matsakaicin Load na yau da kullun (TMDL) shiri ne na tsari wanda ke tsara iyakar adadin gurɓataccen abu (ciki har da abubuwan gina jiki) wanda jikin ruwa zai iya karɓa yayin da yake cika ka'idojin ingancin ruwa na CWA. Musamman, Sashe na 303 na Dokar yana buƙatar kowace jiha ta samar da rahoton TMDL ga kowane jikin ruwa wanda gurɓatacce ya lalace. Rahoton TMDL ya gano matakan gurɓata yanayi da dabaru don cimma burin rage gurɓataccen gurɓatawa. EPA ta siffanta TMDLs a matsayin kafa "kasafin kuɗi mai ƙazanta" tare da kasafi ga kowane tushen gurɓataccen abu. Ga yawancin ruwayen bakin teku, babban al'amarin gurɓataccen abu shine wuce gona da iri na gina jiki, wanda kuma ake kira haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki. A TMDL na iya rubuta ƙaramin matakin narkar da iskar oxygen (DO) da ake samu a jikin ruwa, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da matakan gina jiki. Duba Hypoxia na Ruwa TMDLs da ke magance gurɓatar abinci mai gina jiki babban sashi ne na Dabarun Gina Jiki na Ƙasar Amurka. TMDLs suna gano duk tushen ma'ana da gurɓataccen tushen tushen da ba a kai ba a cikin magudanar ruwa. Don aiwatar da TMDLs tare da maɓuɓɓugan ma'ana, an haɗa rabon kayan sharar gida a cikin izinin NPDES ɗin su. Fitowar NPS gabaɗaya suna cikin yanayin yarda da son rai. EPA ta buga wani TMDL don Chesapeake Bay a cikin 2010, yana magana da nitrogen, phosphorus da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa ga duk magudanar ruwa, wanda ya rufe yanki mai Wannan tsari na tsari ya ƙunshi duka ƙauyen da ƙauyukan sa-mafi girma, mafi hadaddun takaddun TMDL da EPA ta bayar har zuwa yau. A cikin Long Island Sound, tsarin ci gaba na TMDL ya ba Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Kariyar Muhalli ta Connecticut da Ma'aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta Jihar New York damar shigar da 58.5 bisa dari na rage yawan nitrogen a cikin tsarin tsari da doka. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29792	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Jama%27a	Ƴancin Jama'a	'Yancin jama'a garanti ne da 'yancin na gwamnatoci suka yi ba za su warware ba, ko dai ta tsarin mulki, doka, ko fassarar shari'a, ba tare da bin ka'ida ba. Ko da yake iyakar kalmar ta bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe, 'yancin ɗan adam na iya haɗawa da 'yancin sanin yakamata, 'yancin ɗan jarida, 'yancin yin addini, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin taro, 'yancin tsaro da 'yanci, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, yancin yin sirri, 'yancin samun daidaito a karkashin doka da tsarin da ya dace, yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, da hakkin rayuwa Sauran 'yancin ɗan adam sun haɗa da yancin mallakar dukiya, yancin kare kai, da 'yancin mutuncin jiki. A cikin bambance-bambance tsakanin 'yancin ɗan adam da sauran nau'ikan' yanci, bambance-bambance sun kasance tsakanin ingantacciyar 'yanci haƙƙi masu kyau da 'yanci mara kyau haƙƙin mara kyau. Bayanin Yawancin al'ummomin wannan zamani suna da kundin tsarin mulki, daftarin haƙƙin ɗan adam ko makamantan takaddun tsarin mulkin waɗanda ke ƙididdigewa da neman tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam. Sauran ƙasashe sun kafa irin waɗannan dokoki ta hanyoyi daban-daban na doka, ciki har da sanya hannu da amincewa ko kuma ba da tasiri ga muhimman yarjejeniyoyin kamar Yarjejeniyar Turai kan yancin ɗan adam da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa. Kasancewar wasu da'awar 'yancin jama'a lamari ne na sabani, kamar yadda yawancin haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam suke Misalai masu jayayya sun haɗa da haƙƙin mallaka, haƙƙin haifuwa, dadam. a auren ɗan adam A cikin gwamnatocin kama-karya da ke nuna gazawar gwamnati a kan ’yancin da ake gani, wasu masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama’a suna jayayya da amfani da kayan aikin da ba a bayyana sunansu ba don ba da damar fadin albarkacin baki, sirri, da sakaya suna. Matsayin da dimokraɗiyya suka tsunduma kansu a ciki yana buƙatar ɗaukar tasirin ta'addanci. Ko wanzuwar laifuffukan da ba a zalunta ba sun keta 'yancin jama'a lamari ne na jayayya. Wani al'amari na muhawara shi ne dakatarwa ko sauya wasu 'yancin walwala a lokutan yaki ko dokar ta-baci, gami da ko kuma gwargwadon yadda hakan ya kamata ya faru Ko abinda ya dace ace anyi. Ainihin ra'ayi na 'yancin ɗan adam sau da yawa yana komawa zuwa Magna Carta, wata yarjejeniyar doka ta Ingilishi da aka amince da ita a 1215 wanda kuma ya dogara ne akan ta shekarata kardun da aka rigaya, wato Yarjejeniya ta 'Yanci. Asiya China Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (wanda ya shafi babban yankin kasar Sin kawai, ba ga Hong Kong, Macau, da Taiwan ba) musamman ma muhimman hakkokinsa da ayyukan 'yan kasa, yana da'awar kare 'yancin walwala da dama. Taiwan wacce ta rabu da kasar Sin, tana da nata kundin tsarin mulkin da take amfani da Shi. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na shekarata 1982 ya ba da yancin walwala, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kan yi amfani da saukar da ikon kasa da "kare sirrin kasa a cikin tsarin dokokinsu wajen daure wadanda suka soki jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) da kuma jihar. shugabanni Indiya Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Mahimmanci—wanda ke kunshe a cikin Sashe na III na kundin tsarin mulki yana ba da garantin ƴancin da duk Indiyawan za su iya gudanar da rayuwarsu cikin kwanciyar hankali a matsayinsu na ƴan ƙasar Indiya. Hakkoki shida na asali sune hakkin daidaito, yancin walwala, haƙƙin cin zarafi, yancin yin addini, yancin al'adu da ilimi da yancin yin gyaran tsarin mulki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin ɗaiɗai na gama-gari ga mafi yawan dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra'ayi, waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin ainihin dokar ƙasar kuma ana aiwatar da su a cikin kotun shari'a. Cin zarafin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana haifar da hukunci kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Indiya, bisa ga ra'ayin shari'a Waɗannan haƙƙoƙi ba su cika cikakku ba kuma ba su da kariya daga gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki. An yi su ne don kawar da rashin daidaiton ayyukan zamantakewa kafin samun yancin kai. Musamman, sun haifar da kawar da rashin taɓawa da kuma haramta wariya kan dalilan addini, launin fata, jinsi, jima'i, ko wurin haihuwa. Sun hana fataucin mutane da aikin da ba a kyauta ba Suna kare haƙƙin al'adu da ilimi na ƙabilanci da addini ta hanyar ba su damar adana harsunansu da gudanar da nasu cibiyoyin ilimi a yankin. Duk mutane, ba tare da la'akari da kabila, addini, kabila ko jinsi ba, suna da hakkin tunkarar manyan kotuna ko Kotun Koli don tauye hakkinsu na asali. Ba lallai ba ne a ce jam’iyyar da aka yi zagon kasa ita ce ta yi hakan. Don amfanin jama'a, kowa na iya gabatar da kara a kotu a madadinsa. Wannan ana kiransa da sha'anin ra'ayin jama'a Alkalan Kotun Koli da Kotun Koli kuma za su iya yin aiki da kansu bisa rahotannin kafafen yada labarai fa ake saurare. Muhimman Haƙƙin na jaddada daidaito ta hanyar ba wa kowane ɗan ƙasa dama da amfani da cibiyoyi da kariyar jama'a, ba tare da la'akari da asalinsu ba. Haƙƙin rayuwa da 'yancin kai sun shafi mutanen kowace ƙasa, yayin da wasu, kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da faɗar albarkacin baki suna aiki ga 'yan ƙasar Indiya kawai (ciki har da waɗanda ba mazauna Indiya ba). Ba za a iya ba da haƙƙin daidaito a cikin lamuran aikin jama'a ga 'yan ƙasashen waje na Indiya ba. Hakkoki na asali da farko suna kare daidaikun mutane daga duk wani mataki na gwamnati na sabani, amma ana aiwatar da wasu haƙƙoƙin akan mutane masu zaman kansu kuma. Misali, tsarin mulki ya kawar da rashin tabawa kuma ya haramta begar Waɗannan tanade-tanaden suna aiki ne a matsayin bincike kan ayyukan Jiha da ayyukan mutane masu zaman kansu. Hakkoki na asali ba cikakke ba ne kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa masu dacewa kamar yadda ya cancanta don kare muradun ƙasa. A cikin <i id="mwdQ">shari'ar Kesavananda Bharati vs. jihar Kerala</i>, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya gyara duk tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki, gami da Hakkoki na Musamman. Duk da haka, Majalisa ba za ta iya canza ainihin tsarin tsarin mulki kamar mulkin mallaka, dimokuradiyya, tarayya, raba iko ba. Sau da yawa ana kiranta "Tasirin koyarwar tsarin", ana ɗaukar wannan shawarar a matsayin muhimmin sashi na tarihin Indiya. A cikin shekarata 1978 Maneka Gandhi v. Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Indiya, Kotun Koli ta tsawaita mahimmancin koyaswar a matsayin mafi girma fiye da kowace dokar majalisa. A cewar hukuncin, babu wani aikin majalisar da za a iya daukarsa a matsayin doka idan ya saba wa tsarin mulkin kasar. Wannan alamar garanti na Muhimman Haƙƙoƙin an ɗauki shi azaman misali na musamman na 'yancin kai na shari'a wajen kiyaye tsarkakan Haƙƙoƙi. Za a iya canza Muhimman Haƙƙoƙin ne kawai ta hanyar gyara tsarin mulki, don haka shigar da su abin dubawa ne ba kawai ga ɓangaren zartarwa ba, har ma da Majalisar Dokoki da Majalisun Jiha. Sanya dokar ta-baci na iya haifar da dakatar da haƙƙin da doka ta 19 ta bayar na ɗan lokaci (da suka haɗa da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, taro da motsi da sauransu) don kiyaye tsaron ƙasa da zaman lafiyar jama'a. Shugaban kasa na iya, da oda, dakatar da rubutattun magunguna da tsarin mulki ya yi Wanda ake amfani da Shi. Japan Tun shekarata 1947, Japan, ƙasa da tsarin mulkin sarauta kuma sananne ga zamantakewa "al'umma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya inda sauyi a hankali," yana da kundin tsarin mulki tare da alama mai karfi na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙinsa Babi na III. Hakkoki da Ayyukan Jama'a Ta hanyoyi da yawa, ya yi kama da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka kafin Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964, kuma hakan ya faru ne saboda ya fara rayuwa a lokacin mamayar Japan Wataƙila wannan tsarin mulkin ya ji kamar wani takunkumi na waje ga jiga-jigan gwamnati, amma ba ga talakawan “waɗanda ba su da bangaskiya ga shugabanninsu da aka ci mutuncinsu kuma suka goyi bayan canji mai ma’ana.” A cikin taƙaitaccen bayani, kundin tsarin mulki ya yi ƙoƙari don tabbatar da 'yanci da haƙƙoƙin daidaikun mutane, waɗanda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin magana ta 10 zuwa 40. Mafi mahimmancin labarin mutunta ɗan adam shine labari na 25, sashe na 1, wanda ke ba da tabbacin cewa duk "mutane za su sami 'yancin kiyaye mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin rayuwa mai kyau da al'ada.". Duk da amincewa da wannan tsarin mulki na sassaucin ra'ayi, wanda galibi ana kiransa "Tsarin Mulki na Bayan Yamma" Sengo-Kenpō) ko "Tsarin Zaman Lafiya" Heiwa-Kenpō), jiga-jigan gwamnatin Jafananci sun yi kokawa don shigar da tsarin hada-hadar kudi., budewa da jama'a jama'a Ko bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu da ficewar gwamnatin kawance ta mamayewa a shekarar 1952, Japan ta kasance makasudin sukar kasa da kasa saboda gazawa wajen shigar da laifukan yaki, nuna wariya na addini da kuma ci gaba da samun 'yancin 'yan jaridu, da yadda ake kula da su. na yara, tsiraru, baƙi, da mata, tsarinta na hukunta masu laifi, da kuma kwanan nan, tsattsauran ra'ayi ga mutanen LGBT Ƙoƙari na farko na Jafanawa na yin lissafin haƙƙin ya kasance a cikin tsarin mulkin Meiji na ƙarni na 19 (1890), wanda ya ɗauki duka tsarin mulkin Prussian a shekarata (1850) da na Biritaniya a matsayin samfura na asali. Duk da haka, yana da tasiri kaɗan a cikin aiwatar da doka da kuma a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum na mutane. Don haka, ɗan gajeren tarihin sannu-sannu na gwagwarmayar neman haƙƙin mutum da kariya daga takunkumin gwamnati/al'umma har yanzu bai canza Japan ta zama zakaran ƴancin duniya da na ɗaiɗaikun mutane ba. A cewar masanin tsarin mulki, Shigenori Matsui Duk da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin al'adun zamantakewar jama'a na Japan da Tsarin Tsarin Mulki masu sassaucin ra'ayi da take tunanin an amince da shi, kasar ta matsa wajen rufe gibin da ke tsakanin ra'ayi da aiwatar da doka. Yanayin ya fi bayyana a cikin dogon lokaci. Daga cikin misalan da yawa, Diet (majalisar dokoki ta biyu) ta amince da Dokar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya a 1979 sannan ta zartar da Dokar Daidaita Dama a Samar da Aikin yi ga Maza da Mata a shekarata 1985, matakan da aka bayyana a matsayin manyan matakai zuwa ga dimokiradiyya da zamantakewar al'umma. A cikin shekarar 2015, haka kuma, ta cimma yarjejeniya da Koriya don rama cin zarafi da suka shafi abin da ake kira mata na ta'aziyya da aka yi a lokacin mamayar da Japan ta yi a tsibirin Sai dai kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama, Hakan tasa da iyalan wadanda suka tsira sun yi tir da yarjejeniyar da cewa ta kasance mai goyon baya da cin fuska. A shafinta na hukuma, gwamnatin Japan ta gano matsalolin kare hakkin bil'adama daban-daban. Daga cikin wadannan akwai cin zarafin yara (misali, cin zarafi, hukuncin jiki, cin zarafin yara, karuwancin yara, da batsa na yara yawan sakaci da wulakanta tsofaffi da nakasassu, da'awar Dowa (wariya ga Burakumin mutanen Ainu. ('yan asali a Japan), 'yan kasashen waje, masu dauke da kwayar cutar HIV/AIDS, masu cutar Hansen, mutanen da aka saki daga kurkuku bayan sun yi aiki a kurkuku, wadanda ke fama da laifuka, mutanen da aka keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ta amfani da Intanet, marasa gida, mutanen da ke fama da rikice-rikice na jinsi, da mata Hakanan, gwamnati ta lissafta matsaloli masu tsari tare da nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da ma'auni na zaɓin jima'i don ayyuka da sauran ayyuka a cikin al'umma. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil’adama na kasa da na kasashen waje, sun fadada jerin sunayen wadanda ake zargi da cin zarafin bil’adama da suka shafi manufofin gwamnati, kamar yadda ya shafi tsarin daiyo kangoku (madaidaicin gidan yari) da kuma hanyoyin yin tambayoyi ga wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka. Kokarin da wadannan hukumomi da talakawan ke yi ya yi kamar zai biya. A cikin shekarata 2016, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa yanayin hakkin dan Adam na Japan yana nuna alamun ci gaba. Ostiraliya Duk da yake Ostiraliya ba ta da ƙayyadaddun Dokar Haƙƙin ko makamancin haka, ana ɗaukar 'yancin ɗan adam a matsayin kariya ta jerin ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi. Ostiraliya tana da sa hannun farko a ciki kuma ta kasance mabuɗin mai rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam shekarata (1948) Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya (1900) yana ba da kariya mai iyaka ga haƙƙoƙin: 'yancin yin addini da; 'yancin samun 'yanci daga nuna wariya dangane da zama ba-a-jihar (na nuna son kai na tarihi dangane da zama a cikin wata jiha da ke shafar magani a cikin wata) Wasu fassarori na Kotun Koli na Kundin Tsarin Mulki sun ba da izinin kafa haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi kamar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a, amma har yanzu ba a gano wasu kamar 'yancin yin taro da 'yancin yin tarayya ba. Batun 'yan gudun hijira A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata Ostiraliya ta sami ƙarin cece-kuce game da yadda take kula da waɗanda ke neman mafaka. Ko da yake Ostiraliya ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarata (1951), gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya sun nuna karuwar tsaurara kan iyakoki; musamman a kan masu neman hanyar wucewa ta kananan tasoshin ruwa. Gwamnatin Abbott (2013) kamar magabatanta (Gwamnatin Gillard da Howard) ta fuskanci wahala ta musamman wajen dakile masu neman mafaka ta hanyar teku, wanda aka fi sani da "shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba". Shigar da sojojin ruwan Australiya a baya-bayan nan a ayyukan ceto 'yan gudun hijira ya sanya kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama irin su Amnesty International suka damu da "sojoji" da ake yi wa 'yan gudun hijira da kuma batun 'yancinsu na dan Adam a Australia Manufar "juya baya" a halin yanzu tana da rarrabuwar kawuna, domin ta shafi sanya 'yan gudun hijira a cikin kwale-kwalen ceton gwamnati da kuma karkatar da su zuwa Indonesia. Sai dai duk da adawar da gwamnatin Abbott ta bayar, ya zuwa yanzu an samu raguwar adadin 'yan gudun hijirar da ke gudanar da tsatsauran ra'ayi mai hatsarin gaske zuwa Ostireliya, wanda gwamnati ke ikirarin cewa wata manuniya ce ga nasarar manufofinta. Turai Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam Yarjejeniyar Turai game da 'yancin ɗan adam, wanda kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Turai ke ciki (ban da Belarushiyanci yana ƙididdige yawan 'yancin ɗan adam kuma yana da ƙarfin tsarin mulki daban-daban a cikin jihohin Turai daban-daban. Jamhuriyar Czech Bayan juyin juya halin Velvet, an gudanar da gyaran tsarin mulki a Czechoslovakia A cikin 1991, an amince da Yarjejeniya ta Mahimman Hakki da 'Yanci na asali, suna da matsayin doka iri ɗaya kamar Kundin Tsarin Mulki Jamhuriyar Czech ta kiyaye Yarjejeniya ta gaba daya bayan rushewar Czechoslovakia a matsayin doka mai lamba ta 2/1993 Coll. (Tsarin mulkin kasa mai lamba 1). Faransa Sanarwar Faransa ta shekarar 1789 game da Haƙƙin Dan Adam da na Jama'a ya lissafa 'yancin ɗan adam da yawa kuma yana da ƙarfin tsarin mulki. Jamus Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamus, "Grundgesetz" (lit. "Dokar Tushen"), ta fara da cikakken lissafin 'yancin ɗan adam da jihohi a cikin dakika. 1 “Mutuncin mutum ba ya da iyaka. Don mutuntawa da kuma kiyaye shi ya zama wajibi ga dukkan hukumomin gwamnati." Bayan Tsarin Austriya mutane na da damar daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Tarayya ("Bundesverfassungsgericht") idan sun ji ana tauye hakkinsu na farar hula. Wannan hanya ta tsara dokokin Jamus sosai tsawon shekaru. Ƙasar Ingila 'Yancin jama'a a cikin United Kingdom sun samo asali ne daga Magna Carta a cikin 1215 da 17th karni na gama gari da dokokin doka, irin su 1628 Petition of Right, Habeas Corpus Act 1679 da Bill of Rights 1689 Sassan waɗannan dokokin sun kasance cikin ƙa'ida a yau kuma ana ƙara su da wasu dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin da suka samar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Burtaniya gaba ɗaya Bugu da kari, kasar Burtaniya ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai wacce ta shafi hakkokin bil'adama da 'yancin walwala. Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998 ta ƙunshi mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin Yarjejeniya kai tsaye cikin dokar Burtaniya. A cikin watan Yunin shekarata 2008 sakataren harkokin cikin gida na inuwar David Davis ya yi murabus daga kujerarsa ta majalisar saboda abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "lalata 'yancin jama'a" da gwamnatin jam'iyyar Labour ta wancan lokacin ta yi, kuma aka sake zabe shi a wani dandalin 'yancin walwala (ko da yake bai yi adawa da 'yan takara ba. na sauran manyan jam'iyyu). Wannan ya kasance dangane da dokokin yaki da ta'addanci musamman tsawaita tsare-tsare kafin shari'a, wanda mutane da yawa ke ganin cin zarafi ne na habeas corpus da aka kafa a Magna Carta. Rasha Kundin tsarin mulki na Tarayyar Rasha ya ba da tabbacin a ka'idar da yawa daga cikin haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da 'yancin ɗan adam kamar Amurka sai dai ɗaukar makamai, watau: 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin addini, ƴancin ƙungiyoyi da taro, 'yancin zaɓar harshe, don bin tsari. zuwa shari'a ta gaskiya, sirri, 'yancin yin zabe, 'yancin neman ilimi, da dai sauransu. Sai dai kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama kamar Amnesty International sun yi gargadin cewa Vladimir Putin ya yi matukar tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yancin yin taro da kuma 'yancin yin tarayya a tsakanin 'yan mulkin kama karya Amirka ta Arewa Kanada Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Kanada ya haɗa da Yarjejeniya ta Kanada ta Haƙƙoƙi da 'Yanci wanda ke ba da tabbacin yawancin haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da tsarin mulkin Amurka. Yarjejeniya ta bar duk wani ambaton, ko kariya ga, dukiya. Amurka Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka, musamman ma Dokar Haƙƙin sa, yana kare 'yancin ɗan adam. Ƙaddamar da Kwaskwarimar ta goma sha huɗu ta ƙara kare ƴancin jama'a ta hanyar gabatar da Jigo na Gata ko Kariya, Sashe na Tsari, da Jigon Kariya daidai Ana kiran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a cikin Amurka sau da yawa 'yancin ɗan adam, waɗanda su ne haƙƙoƙin, gata da kariya da duk mutane ke da su, ban da 'yancin siyasa, waɗanda haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin waɗanda suka cancanci shiga zaɓe, a matsayin 'yan takara ko masu jefa kuri'a. Kafin zaben gama-gari, wannan bambance-bambancen yana da mahimmanci, tun da yake mutane da yawa ba su cancanci yin zabe ba amma har yanzu ana la'akari da cewa suna da 'yanci na asali da aka samo daga 'yancin rayuwa, 'yanci da kuma neman farin ciki. Wannan bambance-bambance ba shi da mahimmanci a yanzu yayin da Amurkawa ke jin daɗin zaɓe na duniya, kuma an ɗauki 'yancin ɗan adam don haɗa 'yancin siyasa na jefa ƙuri'a da shiga zaɓe. Saboda gwamnatocin ƙabilun Amirkawa na ƴan asalin Amirka suna riƙe da ikon mallakar 'yan kabilar, Majalisar Dokokin Amirka a shekara ta 1968 ta kafa wata doka da ta shafi mafi yawan kariyar Dokar Hakki ga 'yan kabilar, wanda kotunan kabilanci za ta tilasta su. Shugaba Ronald Reagan ya sanya hannu kan Dokar 'Yancin Jama'a ta 1988 a ranar 10 ga Agusta, shekarata 1988. Majalisa ta zartar da dokar don ba da uzuri ga jama'a ga mutanen kakannin Japan waɗanda suka yi hasarar dukiyoyinsu da ƴancinsu saboda ayyukan nuna wariya da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi a lokacin aikin Wannan doka ta kuma samar da wasu fa'idodi masu yawa a cikin sassa daban-daban na gwamnati. A cikin baitul mali ta kafa asusun yancin jama'a. Ta umurci babban mai shari'a da ya gano tare da gano duk mutumin da wannan doka ta shafa tare da biyan su $20,000 daga asusun yancin jama'a na jama'a. Haka kuma ta kafa kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ke da alhakin samar da kudade daga wannan asusu. A ƙarshe, ta buƙaci duk takardu da bayanan da hukumar ta ƙirƙira ko ta karɓa ta hannun Ma'aikacin Archivist na Amurka Sauran abunuwa Bayanan kula da nassoshi Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shari'ar kotuna da suka shafi 'Yancin Jama'a da aka gudanar a National Archives a Atlanta Manyan Kungiyoyin 'Yancin Jama'a a Amurka Hakkoki, 'Yancin Jama'a da 'Yanci a Rasha Cibiyar Cato: 'Yancin Jama'a USDOJ: Ofishin Kere Sirri da 'Yancin Jama'a Yanci China Japan Doka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30183	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalolin%20muhalli%20a%20United%20Kingdom	Matsalolin muhalli a United Kingdom	Wannan shafin yana lissafin batutuwan da Burtaniya ke da su a halin yanzu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawa da gurɓatawa Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli suna da illa na ayyukan ɗan adam akan muhallin halittu. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, yanayin muhalli a Burtaniya ya tabarbare sosai a birane da karkara. Tare da yawan jama'a kusan miliyan 67, irin wannan ƙasa mai yawan jama'a da ci gaban fasaha na haɓaka matsalolin muhalli. Sannan kuma A cewar Hukumar NEA ta Burtaniya, gurbacewar iska da kuma karfin sauyin yanayi ya shafi yankunan tsaunuka na Burtaniya sosai. Saboda sauyin yanayi; hauhawar yanayin ruwan teku da kuma amfani da albarkatun ruwa ya haifar da mummunar asarar inganci a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa na Burtaniya. Gurbacewar iska, canjin yanayi, datti, sharar gida, da Kuma gurɓacewar ƙasa duk wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da waɗannan batutuwan muhalli a Burtaniya. Batutuwa 1 Gurbacewar iska Gas da ke haifar da gurɓacewar iska sun haɗa da carbon, nitrogen da sulfur oxides. Yayin da wasu daga cikin wadannan iskar gas ke faruwa ta dabi'a, sannan kamar kamar carbon dioxide a cikin fitar da iska daga huhu, masu gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi suna fitowa ne daga konewar makamashin burbushin halittu: gawayi, mai da iskar gas. Ana fitar da iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska ta hanyar hayakin da masana'antu da masana'antun sinadarai ke fitarwa. An san gurɓacewar iska a matsayin cakuda abubuwa na halitta da na mutum a cikin iskar da muke shaka. Wasu misalan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbacewar iska a Burtaniya sun hada da kura da pollen yayin da misalan abubuwan da mutum ya kera ke haifar da matsalar iskar gas da ke fitowa daga motoci da hayakin mota. Bugu da kari kuma, gurbacewar iska ita ce sanadin kashi 10% na duk mace-mace a Burtaniya da ke zuwa na biyu bayan China da kashi 17%, wannan kididdigar ce mai ban mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da yawan mutanen China sun fi Burtaniya girma. Mutanen da ke da cututtukan zuciya da na huhu sun fi shafar gurɓatar iska, amma kuma ana danganta kamuwa da cutar shanyewar jiki, ciwon sukari, kiba da ciwon hauka. An ba da rahoton a cikin kanun labarai da yawa cewa gurɓatacciyar iska tana kashe mutane 29,000 a shekara a Burtaniya. Wadannan kididdigar sun nuna yadda gurbacewar iska ke da hadari da kuma kisa amma kuma yadda hakan zai iya shafa da kuma haifar da wasu munanan matsalolin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mutane. 2 Canjin yanayi A cewar Lord Stern na Brentford, ambaliyar ruwa da hadari a Birtaniya a cikin shekarata 2014 sun kasance alamun sauyin yanayi. Marubucin 2006 Stern Review ya ce yanayi na shekarar 2013-2014 wani bangare ne na tsarin kasa da kasa kuma yana nuna bukatar gaggawa na yanke hayakin carbon. Sauyin yanayi yana faruwa ne lokacin da yanayin yanayin duniya ya canza, wanda ke haifar da sabbin yanayin yanayi na tsawon lokaci. Canjin yanayi yana da babban tasiri a kan halittun ruwa da na ƙasa. A cikin ruwan Burtaniya, sauyin yanayi da na teku na iya yin tasiri da yin tasiri ga nau'ikan da ke barazana ta hanyar yin tasiri kan ingancin matakan da aka tsara don kare su. Fitar da iskar gas kuma sanannen dalili ne na wasu manyan ci gaban sauyin yanayi a duniya cikin shekaru. Sannan Biranen da ke bakin ruwa, wadanda su ne akasarin Birtaniyya, an ba da rahoton cewa, suna da babban kalubale a gabansu ta fuskar juriyar sauyin yanayi Wannan ya sa biranen da ake da su kamar waɗannan garuruwan da ke bakin ruwa za su sake farfado da su tare da inganta su don magance tasirin sauyin yanayi. 3 Littattafai Sharar gida shine aikin zubar da kowane irin kayan da ba daidai ba, zubar da shara a Burtaniya matsala ce mai mahimmanci. Kungiyar kiyaye ruwa ta Marine Conservation Society (MCS) ta bayyana cewa rahotonta na shekara-shekara na sharar rairayin bakin teku ya nuna karuwar sharar datti a gabar tekun Burtaniya sama da shekaru 20, don haka suka yanke cewa a fili babu isasshen abin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ke yi wajen kokarin. don rage wannan matsala. Sakamakon baya-bayan nan daga babban taron Tsabtace Tekun Biritaniya ya nuna cewa ɓangarorin filastik sune abubuwan da aka fi samu akai-akai akan rairayin bakin teku na Burtaniya, ba wai kawai sakamakon ba amma sakamakon ya nuna cewa filastik ya kai sama da kashi 50% na duk zuriyar da aka yi rikodin. Baya ga wannan, datti a cikin tekunan Burtaniya sun yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar tekun. Kuma Sharar gida yana da matukar damuwa da teku saboda yana lalata matsuguni na rayuwar ruwa kuma shine dalilin kisa ga halittun teku marasa adadi. Kuma Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da sharar gida a matsayin babbar matsala a cikin tekunan su kuma ta fara wani tsari na ciyar da dabarun da za su yi aiki don hana cutar da rayuwar ruwa da muhalli. 4 Sharar gida Sharar gida wani bangare ne na yanayin rayuwa; sharar gida yana faruwa ne lokacin da kowace halitta ta dawo da abubuwa zuwa muhalli. 'Yan Adam suna samar da ragowar abubuwan sharar da suka wuce kima wanda ke wuce gona da iri na hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su. Yin takin zamani muhimmin abu ne a cikin kula da sharar gida mai ɗorewa ga Burtaniya kuma yana iya samun muhimmiyar rawar da za ta taka wajen biyan wajibcin Dokar Fill. A halin yanzu Burtaniya tana cika tan 27,000,000 na sharar gida a shekara tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na iya zama mai lalacewa Za a rage yawan abubuwan da za a iya lalatar da su a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa sosai ta hanyar yin takin, ta yadda za a samar da ƙarancin iskar gas da leach Ko da yake ba duk abubuwan da za a iya lalata su sun dace da takin zamani ba, farawa ne na samun sarrafa shara a cikin Burtaniya. Sanna Lalacewa ga muhalli saboda rashin kula da sharar gida abu ne da za a iya kauce masa ta hanyar aiwatar da dabaru ta hanyar ka'idar zaɓin yanayi mafi kyawun aiki (BPEO). Rage sharar gida, sake amfani da su, sake amfani da su, da dabarun dawo da su duk hanyoyin da za a rage buƙatun wuraren zubar da ƙasa cikin wannan ƙa'idar. Sake amfani da/sake amfani da takin zamani sun zama manyan hanyoyin sarrafa sharar gida a Burtaniya, wanda ya kai kashi 42.2% na jimillar MSW. A cikin shekarata 2012, tan miliyan 13.1 na MSW aka takin ko kuma aka sake yin fa'ida a cikin United Kingdom, wanda ke wakiltar karuwar 27.3% tun daga 2002. 5 Gurbacewar ƙasa Gurbacewar ƙasa wani bangare ne na gurɓacewar ƙasa wanda ke haifar da kasancewar sinadarai kuma wannan gurɓataccen abu yana da matuƙar haɗari ga ɗan adam. Kuma Gurbacewar ƙasa a Burtaniya ya kasance al'amari mai gudana a wasu yankuna kuma ba kwanan nan ba ne ke tasowa ba, rikodin Hg na samfurori da aka ɗauka daga Diss Mere, United Kingdom ya nuna cewa ƙasa ta gurɓata tun shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wannan yana ƙara haɗarin yuwuwar gurɓata yanayi don shiga cikin yanayi. Gurɓatar ƙasa, kamar sharar gida, yana faruwa ne ta hanyar zubar da kayan da ba daidai ba. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an sami rahotannin gurɓacewar ƙasa da tsire-tsire masu yawa a sassan Ingila waɗanda a da ake kira wuraren hakar ma'adinai, wanda ke haifar da lalata ƙasa. Dazuzzuka Kasar Burtaniya tana da ma'aunin daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarar 2018 yana nufin maki 1.65/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 161 a duniya cikin kasashe 172. Duba wasu abubuwan Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Koren Makamashi a Burtaniya Ayyukan muhalli kai tsaye a cikin Burtaniya Rashin daidaiton muhalli a Burtaniya Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
57552	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Civic%20Type%20R	Honda Civic Type R	Honda Civic Type R jerin manyan hatchback sedan model ne na civic, haɓakawa da samarwa ta Honda tun Satumba 19. Nau'in Civic na farko R shine samfuri na uku don karɓar lambar lambar Honda's Type R (bayan NSX da Integra Nau'in nau'in R na Civic yawanci suna da haske da taurin jiki, injuna na musamman, da ingantattun birki da chassis, kuma ana bayar da su ne kawai a cikin watsa mai sauri-biyar ko shida. Kamar sauran nau'in r modoci, ana amfani da ja a bangon Honda Badge don ba shi ɗan wasa na wasanni na musamman kuma ya ware shi daga wasu samfuran. EK9 (1997; dangane da ƙarni na shida Civic) Civic na farko da ya karɓi farantin sunan Nau'in R ya dogara ne akan ƙarni na shida na fan-base 'EK' Civic. Samfurin tushe mai ba da gudummawa shine JDM Civic 3-kofa hatchback da ake kira SiR (lamba mai suna EK4). Kamar ɗan'uwansa, Integra Type R DC2 JDM DB8, Civic SiR ta canji a cikin wani nau'i na R ya samu ta hanyar yin aiki a kan samfurin tushe da kuma inganta shi zuwa ra'ayin Honda na mota mai iya yin babban aiki a kan kewaye. An gabatar da Civic na farko da ya karɓi lambar Type R a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1997, azaman EK9. EK9 ya raba halaye da yawa tare da Nau'in Integra R DC2 JDM DB8 kamar tsallakewar mutuwar sauti da sauran matakan rage nauyi, injin B16B mai ɗaukar hoto, gaban helical iyakance-zamewa bambanci da watsa ragi na kusa Injin B16B ya yi alfahari da ɗayan mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki a kowace lita na kowane lokaci don injin da ake so na zahiri tare da a 8,200 rpm da a 7,500 rpm na karfin juyi daga na ƙaura. A karon farko, an yi amfani da dabarar kabu mai welded monocoque chassis don inganta rigidity na chassis. Cikin ciki ya nuna jajayen kujerun guga na Recaro, katunan kofa, jajayen katifa na bene na nau'in R, kullin motsi na titanium, da sitiyarin nannade fata na Momo EK9 yana samuwa ne kawai don siyarwa a Japan. Ƙididdiga masu aiki sun haɗa da 0–97 km/h (0-60 mph) lokacin hanzari na daƙiƙa 6.7 da lokacin mil kwata na 15.3 seconds. EK9 na iya kaiwa babban gudun 225 km/h (140 mph) A cikin 1998, an gabatar da bugun Civic Type R Motor Sports. Ya zo tare da ƙafafun karfe, daidaitaccen ciki EK launin toka, tagogin hannu, babu kwandishan kuma ba tare da wani jin daɗin halitta ba. Nau'in Rx da aka gabatar a cikin 1999 an ba da na'urar CD, madubin ƙofar lantarki mai launin jiki, tagogin wutar lantarki, kwandishan na atomatik, tsarin buɗe maɓalli na maɓalli, fedal ɗin wasanni na aluminum, da kwamiti na nau'in carbon. Nau'in Rx shine samfurin ƙarshe na tsarar EK9. Samar da Nau'in Civic na EK9 R ya kai raka'a 16,000. A cikin 1999, Kamfanin tuning Honda Spoon Sports ya tsara nau'in tseren N1 na Type R wanda ke da layin injin B16B ya karu daga 8,400. rpm zuwa 11,000 rpm. EP3 (2001; dangane da ƙarni na bakwai Civic) A cikin 2001, Honda ya gabatar da ƙarni na gaba na Civic Type R a matsayin keɓaɓɓen hatchback mai ƙofa 3 zuwa kasuwar Burtaniya, wanda aka kera a Swindon, Ingila. Wannan Kasuwar Cikin Gida ta Turai ta Civic Type R ta ƙunshi injin i-VTEC 2.0-lita (K20A2) da nau'in nau'in R na yau da kullun na maganin walda, watsa saurin 6-gudu da haɓaka birki, amma bai haɗa da wasu manyan fasalulluka na ƙarshe ba kamar ƙarancin helical. -slip bambancin kujerun tseren Recaro ja waɗanda suka kasance daidai da EK9. Koyaya, Honda ya tallata sigar JDM kasuwar cikin gida ta Jafananci na EP3 (wanda aka kera shi na musamman a Swindon, UK kuma an tura shi zuwa Japan), wanda ya riƙe babban mashahurin helical LSD mai kama da na EK9 da jajayen kujerun tseren Recaro Sauran bambance-bambancen samfurin JDM sun haɗa da ƙarin saitunan chassis mai ɗaukar waƙa idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar Turai da kuma injin da ya fi ƙarfin da ke da ƙarfin (wanda aka zana K20A) yana da cikakkiyar ma'auni na crankshaft taro tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan abinci daban-daban, nau'ikan shaye-shaye, camshafts masu ɗagawa, manyan pistons masu matsawa, chrome-moly flywheel da shirye-shiryen ECU. Dukkanin na'urorin wutar lantarki na K20A na nau'in R na Japan-spec an gina su a cikin Japan kuma an tura su zuwa shukar Swindon da za a girka a cikin nau'in Japan-spec Type R EP3. Hakanan ana samun JDM EP3 a cikin Nau'in Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin gargajiya na gargajiya yayin da kasuwar cikin gida ta Turai (EDM) ba ta kasance ba. EDM yana da mafi annashuwa ma'auni na kayan aiki da kuma wasu ƙananan juzu'in rpm da aka yi ciniki don ƙananan rpm idan aka kwatanta da bambancin
28388	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Tarihi%20ta%20Naples	Cibiyar Tarihi ta Naples	Ganin cewa rukunin yanar gizon yana da ƙima na musamman. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a Turai, wanda kayan zamani na zamani ya adana abubuwan tarihinsa mai tsawo da ban mamaki. Matsayinsa a kan Tekun Naples yana ba shi ƙwararren ƙima na duniya wanda ya kuma yi tasiri mai zurfi a yawancin sassan Turai da kuma bayansa. Motsi na UNESCO Cibiyar tarihi ta Naples tana wakiltar cibiyar tarihi ta farko na birnin. Ya ƙunshi ƙarnuka 27 na tarihi. Mafi yawan abin da UNESCO ta ayyana a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1995 (kimanin hekta 1021), an haɗa shi cikin jerin kadarorin da za a kiyaye; Bambancinsa na musamman ya ta'allaka ne a cikin kusan jimlar kiyayewa da amfani da tsarin tsohuwar hanyar Girka. Tarihi Cibiyar tarihi ta Naples ta ba da shaida ga tarihin tarihi da juyin halitta na birnin, daga wurin zama na farko na Girkanci a karni na 8 BC tare da yankin da ke kallon teku, sake sake fasalin birni guda a cikin wani yanki na ciki, wanda ya zama "tsohuwar". cibiyar", har zuwa birnin Baroque na Spain wanda ya ga budewa zuwa yammacin tsakiyar tsakiya na birane da kuma cibiyar al'adun gargajiya na karni na sha tara, tare da furanni a cikin birni na manyan gidaje masu daraja da bourgeois masu yawa waɗanda ke kwatanta dukan yankin Posillipo da kuma Vomero. Yankin da aka yi la'akari da wurin tarihi na UNESCO ya kai kusan kadada 1021 kuma ya ƙunshi yankuna masu zuwa: Avvocata, Montecalvario, San Giuseppe, Porto, Pendino, Mercato (Municipalità I), Stella, San Carlo all'Arena, (Municipalità III), Chiaia, San Ferdinando, San Lorenzo, Vicarìa da parte delle colline del Vomero da Posillipo. Girgizar kasa ta Irpinia ta 1980 ta lalata wani yanki na cibiyar tarihi kuma ta haifar da matsaloli na tsari da zamantakewa (har ma da na da) wanda aka yanke shawarar gyara ma birni tare da aiwatar da dokar n. 219 1981, ƙaddamar da tanadi don tsarawa da kula da ayyukan gine-gine, takunkumi, farfadowa da gyaran gine-ginen ba bisa ka'ida ba. A halin yanzu, babban ɓangare na cibiyar tarihi na birnin yana cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma ya dace da kiyayewa, a gaskiya ma, yawancin gine-gine, ban da majami'u na fasaha da aka riga aka ambata (maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, gidajen sarauta, gine-gine na da, wuraren tsattsarka, da dai sauransu). sun kwanta a cikin matsanancin watsi: don magance wannan gaggawa, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa da kwamitoci daban-daban suna ƙoƙarin sa UNESCO ta shiga tsakani. Yarjejeniyar kwanan nan da aka sanya wa hannu tsakanin yankin Campania, gundumar da ma'aikatar al'adun gargajiya, na nufin Tarayyar Turai ta ware Euro miliyan 100 a cikin watan Yunin 2012 don gudanar da aikin sake gyara abubuwan tarihi na cibiyar tarihi da ke cikin hadari. Cibiyar Tsohuwar Garin yana da tsohowar tsakiya guda biyu na gaskiya da asali: na farko shine tudun Pizzofalcone wanda aka haifi birnin Partenope, yayin da na biyu shine yankin decumani na Naples inda aka haifi Neapolis mai zuwa. A cikin wannan sarari na ƙarshe, musamman, duk gine-ginen da ke cikin ƙarni sun mai da hankali har zuwa ƙarni na 16, tare da buɗewa zuwa yammacin birnin bisa umarnin mataimakin ɗan Spain don Pedro de Toledo. Musamman babban adadin albarkatun al'adu da fasaha suna kan wannan rukunin yanar gizon: obelisks, monasteries, cloisters, gidajen tarihi, shahararrun tituna na gado, catacombs, waje da kuma karkashin kasa binciken binciken archaeological tare da ragowar Roman da Girkanci, gami da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman, mutummutumai da bas. -taimako, friezes masu ban mamaki, da kuma ginshiƙai na tsaka-tsaki masu tallafawa tsoffin gine-ginen tarihi da ƙari mai yawa. Kawai tsohuwar cibiyar, wacce ta ƙunshi gundumomin San Giuseppe, Porto, Pendino, Mercato, San Lorenzo da Vicarìa waɗanda, musamman, kusan kusan yankin decumans na Naples, yana ganin kasancewar majami'u sama da 200 na tarihi ayyukan shahararrun masu fafutuka na fasahar Italiyanci suna da alaƙa. Daga cikin manyan masu fasaha akwai: Giotto, Caravaggio, Donatello, Giuseppe Sanmartino, Luca Giordano, Cosimo Fanzago, Luigi Vanvitelli, Jusepe de Ribera, Domenichino, Guido Reni, Tino di Camano, Marco dal Pino, Simone Martini, Mattia Preti da sauransu da yawa. A zamanin da, an raba birnin zuwa kujeru. Waɗannan su ne: Capuana, Montagna, Nido, Porto, Portanova da Forcella. A cikin wannan mahallin an rufe birnin da katangarsa wanda bayan haka akwai cikakken haramcin yin gini. Halin da ya bambanta tsohuwar cibiyar Naples, a gaskiya, shine kusan ƙaddamar da ci gaba a cikin tsawo na birnin, don haka yana son "a tsawo". Yanayin da birnin ya dogara a kan ƙasa mai laushi ya fi dacewa da ayyukan haɓaka gine-ginen da ake da su, da zana kayan daga wuraren da aka yi amfani da su a karkashin kasa tun farkon haihuwar birnin. Duk da haka, canjin ikon siyasa zuwa Maschio Angioino ya kasance farkon abin da ya sa masu fada a ji na gida su ja gidajensu masu daraja zuwa yammacin birnin. Budewa zuwa yamma tare da mataimakiyar Mutanen Espanya Fadada birnin zuwa yamma, wanda ya faru a cikin karni na 16 tare da don Pedro de Toledo, ya ƙunshi haihuwar "cibiyar tarihi" na yanzu. Don haka an haifi yankunan Mutanen Espanya, tare da Via Toledo, Largo di Palazzo, Via Medina har zuwa yankin Pizzofalcone da Chiaia. Gidan sarauta, musamman, shi ne dalilin da ya sa ainihin hoarding da Neapolitan da kuma kasashen waje aristocrats na fanko sarari tasowa tare da hanyar da tafi kai tsaye zuwa wurin zama na viceroy, watau daga Toledo. Wadannan gyare-gyare sun ƙaddara a cikin birnin "sakewa" na teku wanda, tun daga zuwan Partenope kuma har sai lokacin, ba a yi amfani da shi ba. Babban gine-gine na lokacin Bourbon Tare da wucewa daga masarautar Spain zuwa masarautar Bourbon, akwai tabbataccen tsalle-tsalle na al'adu a cikin birni, wanda ya zama matsananciyar manufa ta Babban Balaguron Turai. Naples ya balaga da kansa wayewar lamiri yana tabbatar da kanta a matsayin babban birnin Turai. A cikin shekaru ashirin kawai (daga 1730 zuwa 1750) an haifi gine-gine masu ban sha'awa, alamar al'adar matakin da aka kai: reggia di Capodimonte, ainihin Albergo dei Poveri da Teatro di San Carlo. Tare da zuwan neoclassicism na farkon karni na sha tara (da kuma na eclecticism na karshen karni), an kuma mika cibiyar tarihi zuwa yankin Posillipo da Vomero, ta yin amfani da wadannan "sababbin" wuraren da ke da siffofi na musamman. kyau kuma ta wurin babban sararin halitta kewaye. Don haka an haifi Villa Floridiana, Villa Rosebery da sauran manyan gidajen Neapolitan. Manazarta Littafi Mai
13698	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taribo%20West	Taribo West	Taribo West (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Maris a shekarar 1974) tsohon ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka rawa a matsayin mai tsaron gida Zai fi kyau ana tunawa da shi saboda salonsa daban-daban masu launuka iri-iri. Bayan da ya lashe kofuna da dama tare da Auxerre a kwallon kafa ta Faransa, West ta ci gaba da bugawa kungiyoyin biyu na Milanese, Internazionale da kuma Milan.Ya kuma fito a cikin manyan wasannin Ingila da na Jamus. A matakin kasa da kasa, West ya bugawa Najeriya wasanni 42 tsakanin shekarar 1994 da shekara ta 2005,ya halarci Gasar Kofin Duniya biyu da Gasar Afirka biyu.Ya kuma wakilci kasarsa a gasar Olimpics ta shekarar 1996, inda ya lashe lambar zinare. Kuwan kula da kulab Shekarun farko An haife shi a garin Port Harcourt, West ya gano Litinin Sinclair, wanda ya dauke shi buga wasa don Sharks Ya fara wasa tare da Obanta United a 1989, kafin ya dawo Sharks a 1990. Daga nan West ta buga wa Enugu Rangers a 1991, kafin ta koma kungiyar Julius Berger a cikin shekarar 1992. Sabuwa Bayan gwaji da aka samu a farkon 1993, West ta koma kungiyar Auxerre ta Faransa karkashin jagorancin Guy Roux.Ya kasance akan benci a lokacin wasan cin Kofin UEFA na 2-2 da suka buga da Tenerife a ranar 15 ga Satumban 1993, amma ya kasa fitowa a karon farko.West daga baya ya buga wasansa na farko na gasa a kungiyar a wasan da suka buga 0-0 a gasar Toulouse ranar 5 ga Maris 1994. Ya kasance kungiya ta farko a karon farko a kakar wasa mai zuwa,inda ya buga wasanni 31 a dukkan gasa.A cikin shekarun 1995 zuwa 1976,West ta taimakawa Auxerre lashe gasar Premier ta farko a tarihin kungiyar, tare da 'yan wasa irin su Laurent Blanc da Sabri Lamouchi, da sauransu.Sun kuma lashe kofin kasar, ta haka suka tara biyu West baya sanya bakwai da ya buga a cikin 1996-1997 UEFA Champions League, a matsayin kulob din da aka shafe ta a cikin kwata kusa da na karshe da m zakarun Borussia Dortmund. Internazionale da Milan A watan Yunin shekarar 1997, West ta koma kungiyar Internazionale ta Italiya, kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a lokacin da suka yi nasara a kan 1-0 a Coppa Italia a kan Foggia a ranar 3 Satumba 1997. Bayan haka, West ta zira kwallon farko a wajan Internazionale a wasan farko a gasar Serie A da ci1-1 a kan Atalanta ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1997. Ya kuma zira kwallaye lokacin nasara a kan Schalke 04 a wasan cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA Cup a shekarar 1997 98. A ƙarshe, Internazionale ta lashe gasar wanda Ronaldo da Iván Zamorano suka jagoranci, tare da an kori West a wasan karshe a Lazio A kakar wasa mai zuwa, West ta buga wasanni 21 a gasar, saboda kungiyar ta bata damar samun gurbi a gasa ta UEFA Ya kasa yin komai a kakar wasa ta 1999-2000, kasancewa sau uku a madadin da ba a amfani da shi. A cikin taga canja wuri na hunturu 2000, West ta juya zuwa abokiyar karawarta Internazionale ta Milan Ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa ne a ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 2000, yayin da ya maye gurbin Andriy Shevchenko lokacin rauni a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 a kan Juventus A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2000, West ta sami nasarar cin kwallaye daya tilo a ragar Milan a wasan da ci 4-0 a kan Udinese Ingila da Jamus A watan Nuwamba shekarar 2000, West ya koma kulob din Derby County na Turanci, a farkon aro na watanni uku. Ya fara wasa na farko a Rams ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2000, yana wasa cikakke mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 a kan Bradford City A watan Janairun shekarar 2001, West ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da kungiyar Derbyshire har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2001. Ya taimaka kungiyar ta guji fitarwa, inda ya buga wasanni 18, yayin da Derby ta sami nasara 31 daga cikin maki 42 tare da ita a jeri. A watan Mayun shekarar 2001, West daga baya ya bar kungiyar saboda "alkawuransa na kasa da kasa". A Nuwamba shekarar 2001, West ta koma kulob din Jamus 1. FC Kaiserslautern a kan canja wurin kyauta. Ya fara wasa na farko a kungiyar a wasan farko da suka fafata a kan St. Pauli a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2001, ya fara wasa ya kuma sami jan kati a wasan, kafin a sauya shi a minti na 81. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2002, kulob din ya sake shi West saboda "jituwa gaba daya". Ya buga wasanni 10 gaba daya a kakar 2001-02 A watan Agusta shekarar 2002, West ta horar tare da kungiyar Manchester City ta Ingila na kwana 10. A ƙarshe ya gaza samun kwangila saboda rashin ƙoshin lafiya. Aikin wasa a duniya West ya kasance mamba na Flying Eagles a Gasar Cin Matasan Afirka na 1993 Daga baya ya ci wa Najeriya kwallaye 42 a duniya, inda ya fara halartar wasan farko a Sweden a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1994. Har ila yau West ta kasance memba a cikin 'yan wasan Olympics wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara ta shekarar 1996 Ya buga kowane minti daya na gasar. Bayan shekaru biyu, West ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasa 22 da za su fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na shekarar 1998, tare da Jay-Jay Okocha, Nwankwo Kanu, da sauransu. Sun kai mataki na biyu na gasar, Denmark ta kawar da su a zagaye na 16. A cikin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2000, West ta taka cikakkiyar mintuna 90 a duk wasannin Najeriya a gasar, yayin da suka kammala tseren zuwa Kamaru Ya kuma wakilci kasarsa a bugun feniti na shekarar 2002, wanda ya kare a matsayi na uku. Bugu da ƙari, West ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar a shekarar 2002 FIFA World Cup Ya buga wasanni biyu a cikin Group of Mutuwa yayin da Najeriya ta kammala a saman tebur, bayan Sweden, Ingila da Argentina Bayan kammala gasar, Kocin Najeriya Festus Onigbinde ya zargi West saboda rashin nasarar da kungiyar ta yi, yana mai cewa dan wasan ya “bijirewa umarnin sa. A watan Janairun shekarar 2004, West ya samu rauni a lokacin horon kungiyar wanda hakan ya hana shi buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika Ya dawo taka leda ne a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2005, ya buga wa Super Eagles wasan karshe a wasan sada zumunci tsakaninta da Libya Rayuwar mutum Addini da imani Ckaikken mabiyin Kirista ne mai ibada, West ya yarda yayi amfani da tsafi kafin wasanni yayin aikinsa na kwararrun dan wasa. Daga ƙarshe ya zama fasto bayan kwanakinsa na kwallon kafa. A cikin shekarar 2014, West ya kafa cocin da ake kira "Shelter in the Storm Miracle Ministries of All Nation" a Legas. Jayayya ta zamani A shekara ta 2010, an ba da rahoton cewa West da wasu 'yan wasan Najeriya na duniya,kamar Jay-Jay Okocha, Nwankwo Kanu da Obafemi Martins suna da shekaru fiye da yadda suke ikirari shekarun su.A watan Afrilun 2013, Žarko Zečević,tsohon sakatare-janar na Partizan,ya ce West yana da shekaru 12 fiye da shekarun da aka sanshi dashi.Jim kadan bayan haka,West ya musanta wannan zargi. HOTO Kididdigar aiki nassi: Kasa da kasa Kyautuka Kulob Sabuwa Championnat de Faransa 1995–96 Coupe de Faransa 1993–44, 1995–96 Internazionale Kofin Uefa 1997–98 Partizan Kungiya ta farko ta Serbia da Montenegro 2002-03 Kasa da kasa Najeriya Gasar Olympics 1996 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Gasar tsere 2000 Manazarta Haɗin waje Taribo West at fussballdaten.de (in German) Taribo West at FootballDatabase.eu Taribo West FIFA competition record Taribo West at National-Football-Teams.com Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1974 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed
24102	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shruti%20Haasan	Shruti Haasan	Shruti Haasan (an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1986) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya kuma mawaƙiya sake kunnawa wanda ke aiki galibi a fina -finan Telugu, Tamil da Hindi. An haife ta a cikin gidan Haasan, ita 'yar' yan fim ce Kamal Haasan da Sarika Thakur. A matsayinta na ɗan ƙaramin yaro, Haasan ta rera waƙa a fina -finai kuma ta fito a matsayin babban bako a cikin jagorar mahaifinta Hey Ram shekara ta (2000), kafin ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin fim ɗin Bollywood na shekara ta 2009 Luck Ta kuma sami karɓuwa tare da manyan mukamai a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Telugu Oh Abokina shekara ta shekara ta (2011), fim ɗin almara na Telugu Anaganaga O Dheerudu shekara ta (2011), fim ɗin aikin almara na falsafar Tamil 7aum Arivu shekara ta (2011). Matsayin ta a cikin biyun na ƙarshe ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut South Haasan ta kuma ci gaba da kafa kanta a fina -finan Indiya ta Kudu tare da fina -finan da suka yi nasara a fannonin kasuwanci da dama, ciki har da Gabbar Singh shekara ta (2012), Vedalam shekara ta (2015), Srimanthudu shekara ta (2015), da Si3 shekara ta shekara ta (2017). Ta lashe kyautar Filmfare Award for Best Actress Telugu don wasan kwaikwayo Race Gurram shekara ta (2010). Matsayin fina-finan Hindi na Haasan sun haɗa da fim ɗin D-Day shekara ta (2013) mai girma, Ramaiya Vastavaiya shekara ta (2013), fim ɗin Gabbar Is Back shekara ta (2015), da wasan barkwanci maraba da dawowa shekara ta (2015). Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, Haasan kuma fitaccen mawaƙin sake kunnawa ne. Ta sami lambobin yabo na kyautar Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer Tamil don rera "Kannazhaga Kaalazhaga" a guda uku 3 a shekara ta (2012) da "Yendi Yendi" a Puli shekara ta (2015); da lambar yabo ta Filmfare for Best Female Playing Singer Telugu don Junction Lo a Aagadu a shekara ta (2014). Haasan ta fara aikinta a matsayin daraktan kiɗa tare da samar da mahaifinta Unnaipol Oruvan a shekara ta (2009) kuma tun daga lokacin ta kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙanta. Rayuwar farko da iyali An haifi Shruti Haasan ga Kamal Haasan da Sarika Thakur a Madras Chennai na yanzu Mahaifinta dan asalin Tamil ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta Sarika mahaifin Maharashtrian ne kuma mahaifiyar Rajput. Kanwarsa Akshara Haasan ita ma jaruma ce. Jarumi kuma lauya Charuhasan kawunta ne. 'Yan uwan nata' yan fim ne Anu Hasan da Suhasini Maniratnam Haasan ya yi karatu a makarantar Lady Andal da ke Chennai sannan ya koma Mumbai don yin karatun ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Kwalejin St. Andrew Haasan ya mayar da hankali kan sinima da kaɗe -kaɗe, daga ƙarshe ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka don ci gaba da koyan kiɗa a Cibiyar Mawaƙa a California, kafin ya koma Chennai. Aiki mai aiki 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2011: halarta ta farko da fara aiki Bayyanar Haasan ta farko a cikin wani fim ɗin fasali shine rawar zobe a matsayin 'yar Vallabhbhai Patel a cikin yarukan Tamil-Hindi Hey Ram, dangane da ƙoƙarin kisan Mahatma Gandhi, wanda mahaifinta Kamal Haasan ya jagoranta. Bayan ƙin bayar da fitattun fina -finai, musamman ma babban jagora a Venkat Prabhu 's Saroja, rahotanni sun ba da shawarar a ƙarshen shekara ta 2007 cewa Haasan an shirya za ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a shekara ta 2008 tare da fim a gaban Madhavan, wanda Nishikanth Kamat ya jagoranta. Wanda ake kira Endrendrum Punnagai, an dakatar da fim ɗin kafin a fara samarwa. Haasan daga ƙarshe ya yi rajista don fitowa a cikin fim ɗin Hindi na Soham Shah Luck, gaban Imran Khan, a cikin Yuli shekaran ta 2008, kuma ya harbe fim ɗin kusan shekara guda. Imran Khan, abokin ƙuruciyarta, ya ba da shawarar sunanta ga darakta kuma Haasan ya sanya hannu bayan ya saurari duka rubutun kuma ya yarda ya taka rawa biyu a fim ɗin aikin. Shruti ta shiga fagen wasan kwaikwayo yayin yin fim kuma ta yi aiki sosai. Fim ɗin ya buɗe a watan Yuli na shekara ta 2009 don sake dubawa mara kyau daga masu sukar kuma ya buɗe mara kyau a ofishin akwatin, tare da masu sukar cewa "ta cancanci mafi kyawun abin hawa". Masu yin sharhi suna sukar rawar da ta taka tare da Rajeev Masand na IBN yana mai cewa tana gabatar da "tattaunawa tare da maganganu marasa ma'ana", yayin da wani mai sukar ya ƙara da cewa wataƙila "ta roba ce kuma ta gaza burgewa". Daga nan Haasan ya ci gaba da fitowa tare da Blaaze a cikin bidiyon talla na Unnaipol Oruvan da Eenadu, fina -finan da ke yin magana da mahaifinta, wanda ta shirya waƙar. Ta sake fitowa a cikin bidiyon talla don fim mai ban tsoro na Hisss, wanda ya ƙunshi Mallika Sherawat, inda ita ma ta rera waƙar Dave Kushner Ta fara halarta na farko a Telugu a cikin Janairu shekara ta 2011, tare da Siddharth a cikin fim mai ban sha'awa na Anaganaga O Dheerudu, wanda Prakash Kovelamudi, ɗan darakta K. Raghavendra Rao ya jagoranta. Fim ɗin, wanda Walt Disney Pictures suka samar, ya ga Shruti yana wasan gypsy tare da ikon warkar da sihiri wanda mai takobi, wanda Siddharth ya buga. Fim ɗin ya buɗe don ingantattun bita, tare da yaba aikinta tare da mai sukar abin lura: "Shruti tana da kyau sosai kuma tana da ban mamaki gaban allo", yayin da mai yin sharhi daga Rediff.com ta rubuta cewa "tana da kyau kuma tana da sihiri game da ita. Fim dinta na biyu na Hindi, fim ɗin Madhur Bhandarkar na barkwanci mai ban dariya Dil Toh Baccha Hai Ji, ya gan ta ta bayyana a cikin babban baƙo tare da jerin gwanon Emraan Hashmi, Ajay Devgn da Shazahn Padamsee Fim ɗin ya nuna ta a matsayin Nikki Narang, 'yar gidan tsohuwar' yar Indiya Miss India, tare da halayen Hashmi ya faɗi ga uwa da 'ya. Ayyukan Shruti sun sami martani mara kyau daga masu sukar tare da mai yin bita yana mai nuni da cewa halinta ya "rage zuwa bayan-tazara, kyakkyawa ta ƙarshe", yayin da wani kuma ya sanya mata suna "karya ce da ta ba da takaici kawai"; duk da haka, fim ɗin ya ci gaba da zama nasarar kasuwanci a ofishin akwatin. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2010, AR Murugadoss ta sa hannu Shruti don yin fim tare da Suriya a fim dinsa na gaba 7aum Arivu, kuma an fara harbin fim din ne a watan Yuni na wannan shekarar. Daraktan ya sanya hannu bayan ya ji ta kalli bangaren masanin, inda ya ambaci cewa da alama "mai hankali ce kuma kyakkyawa". Shruti ta taka Subha Srinivasan, matashin masanin kimiyya a fim, wanda ke fatan sake kunna kwayoyin halittar Bodhidharma na addinin Buddha na karni na biyar 5, kuma rawar da ta taka a fim ta sami yabo daga masu suka. An buɗe fim ɗin don sake dubawa iri -iri, amma ya sami nasara a kasuwanci. Wani mai suka daga The Hindu ya lura: "ba kasafai ake ba jarumar da aka ba ta kusan daidai ba a fina-finan Tamil", inda ta kwatanta ta da "abin kyama amma yakamata ta yi aiki tukuru a kan son rai, da daidaita lafazin ta na Tamil", amma ta ƙare abin nufi shine ɗan wasan ya nuna alƙawarin Sakinta na Telugu na gaba shine Oh My Friend, fim mai ban dariya na soyayya tare da Siddharth kuma, wanda kuma ya hada Hansika Motwani da Navdeep Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin abokan ƙuruciya, da na abokantakarsu ta platonic wanda ya ci gaba da girma, kuma don rawar da Shruti Haasan ta ci gaba da koyon rawar Kuchipudi Fim ɗin ya buɗe don matsakaicin bita tare da masu suka da yawa da ke ikirarin cewa fim ɗin ya haifar da ma'anar "déjà vu", kodayake wani mai bita ya lura: "Shruti, a nata ɓangaren tana nuna irin wannan hukuncin." 2012 gabatarwa: Nasara da aikin kwanan nan Aishwarya Dhanush 's directorial halarta na farko 3, fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya tare Dhanush, wanda ya nuna canji a rayuwar Haasan. Aishwarya ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta rubutun ne tare da Shruti Haasan a zuciya, amma matsalolin kwanan wata na nufin fim ɗin ya fara yin fim ɗin tare da Amala Paul maimakon. Koyaya, a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, an sake sanya Shruti hannu don yin halayyar Janani, kuma fim ɗin ya sami fa'ida sosai kafin fitowar ta saboda haɗin gwiwar kanta da Aishwarya, kasancewar 'ya'yan manyan fitattun jaruman Tamil na zamani Kamal Haasan. da Rajinikanth, kamar yadda nasarar waƙar Me yasa Wannan Kolaveri Di An buɗe fim ɗin a cikin watan Maris shekara ta, 2012 don sake dubawa mai kyau, tare da mai sukar abin lura: "Shruti Hassan ya yi nisa", duk da cewa fim ɗin ya sami matsakaicin dawowa a ofishin akwatin. Fitowar ta ta biyu a shekara ta, 2012 ita ce fim ɗin Telugu na Harish Shankar Gabbar Singh, wanda aka sake fasalin fim ɗin Hindi Dabangg na shekara ta, 2010, tare da sigar da ke nuna ta tare da Pawan Kalyan Ta taka rawar Bhagyalakshmi, 'yar ƙauyen, wanda Sonakshi Sinha ta buga a sigar asali. Fim ɗin ya ci gaba da zama babban nasarar kasuwanci a akwatin akwatin kuma ya kawo ƙarin tayin fim don Haasan. Har ila yau, masu sukar sun ba ta kyakkyawan hukunci inda suka nuna cewa tana "ba da hujjar rawar da ta taka" kuma "duk da cewa ba ta da rawar da yawa, amma ta bar alamarta." A cikin shekara ta, 2013, ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Telugu Balupu kishiyar, Ravi Teja, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama "babban nasara" a ofishin akwatin Indiya. Haasan galibi ta sami kyakkyawan bita don rawar da ta taka, tare da masu sukar cewa "tana ba da nishaɗi a cikin fim tare da kyawu da annashuwa". Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Haasan ya fito a fina-finan Hindi guda biyu, Prabhu Deva 's Ramaiya Vastavaiya da Nikhil Advani 's D-Day A karshen, ɗan leƙen asirin ɗan leƙen asiri, ta yi aikin karuwanci da ke tare da jami'in sojan da aka dakatar. Ta kuma rera wakar fim din, mai taken "Alvida". Da yake bitar fim ɗin don Rediff.com, Palomi Sharma ta sami Haasan ta kasance "cikakke a matsayin karuwanci na Karachi tare da ɓacin rai game da ita". Ta kuma fito a cikin fim ɗin Telugu mai suna Ramayya Vasthavayya a gaban Jr. NTR a karon farko. Fim din ya sami matsakaicin martani daga masu suka. Sakinta na farko na shekaran ta, 2014, fim ɗin Telugu Yevadu, gaban Ram Charan Teja, ya fito a matsayin babbar nasarar kasuwanci. Fim na biyu na Telugu na shekara, Race Gurram, ya kasance tauraruwar Haasan ta yi gaba da Allu Arjun a karon farko a harkar ta. Fim din ya fito ne a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta, 2014, kuma a ƙarshe ya fito a matsayin nasarar “mai hana ruwa gudu”. Tare da sauran finafinan, Haasan ta sami ingantattun bita game da rawar da ta taka, tare da mai sukar daya lura cewa tana "taka rawa sosai kuma tana da kyau". Haasan kuma an saki Tamil; Poojai, gaban Vishal, kuma ta yi lambar abu na farko a cikin aikinta a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Telugu Aagadu, wanda ke nuna Mahesh Babu da Tamannaah a cikin manyan ayyuka. A cikin shekara ta, 2015, Haasan ta yi lambar abu na biyu a cikin fim ɗin Hindi Tevar, tare da Arjun Kapoor da Sonakshi Sinha Next, ta bayyana a mahara fina-finai a irin wannan matsayin Hindi film Gabbar ne Baya gaban Akshay Kumar, Koratala Siva 's Telugu mataki film Srimanthudu gaban Mahesh Babu, Anees Bazmee s comedy Barka Back, dab da John Abraham, Anil Kapoor da kuma Nana Patekar da fina-finan Tamil Puli, tare suka hada Vijay da Vedhalam, gaban Ajith Kumar, wanda ke nuna alamar haɗin gwiwar ta na farko tare da dukkan jaruman. A cikin shekara ta, 2016 ta fito a Rocky Handsome gaban John Abraham a karo na biyu kuma a cikin fim ɗin Telugu Premam, a gaban Naga Chaitanya wanda shine sake fasalin fim ɗin Malayalam Premam An sanya hannu a Haasan zuwa fim ɗin fantasy Sangamithra, wanda Sundar ya jagoranta. C, inda za ta taka jarumi. Duk da haka, yayin da ta ambaci batutuwan kwanan wata, ta fice daga fim ɗin. A cikin shekara ta, 2017, ta bayyana a Katamarayudu, wanda ke nuna alamar haɗin gwiwa ta biyu tare da Pawan Kalyan, Si3, tare da Suriya, a karo na biyu, da Behen Hogi Teri tare da Rajkummar Rao Ta fara halarta na farko a gidan talabijin na Amurka a cikin shekara ta, 2019 tare da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo Treadstone wanda a ciki tana da rawar takawa. Bayan shekaru uku 3 na hiatus a Indiya da fina-finan ta bayyana a shekarar, 2020 a cikin gajeren fim Devi, da ZEE5 film Nu gaban Vidyut Jammwal kuma a cikin Amazon Prime anthology film Putham Pudhu Kaalai a wadda ta bayyana a cikin kashi Coffee, kowa? dan uwanta Suhasini Maniratnam ne ya bada umarni A cikin shekara ta, 2021, ta fito a cikin fim ɗin aikin Telugu Krack a gaban Ravi Teja a karo na biyu bayan fim ɗin Balupu na shekarar, 2013. Ta kuma yi aiki a gaban Vidyut Jammwal a cikin fim ɗin Mahesh Manjrekar The Power Tun daga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2021, Haasan ya rattaba hannu don fitowa a cikin wani fim na fitowa a cikin tauraron Pawan Kalyan Vakeel Saab wanda ake shirin fitarwa a watan Afrilu shekara ta, 2021. Hakanan tana yin fim don fim ɗin Tamil Laabam tare da Vijay Sethupathi da mai wasan kwaikwayo Salaar a gaban Prabhas kuma za a gan ta a cikin Netflix na farko Pitta Kathalu a cikin ɓangaren Nag Ashwin mai taken Xlife. Aikin kiɗa A cikin kafofin watsa labarai Shruti Haasan an sanya hannu a matsayin jakadiyar alama ga kamfanin kayan lantarki Lloyd. Ta kuma amince da Emami Navratna cool talc. Ita jakadiyar alama ce ga agogon burbushin halittu a Indiya. A cikin zaben shekara ta, 2018 da Chennai Times ta gudanar, an sanya Haasan a matsayin daya daga cikin matan da ake so a Chennai. Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 986 Pages with unreviewed
16755	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyni%20Oumarou	Seyni Oumarou	Seyni Oumarou (an haife shi a 9 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1951) ɗan siyasan Nijar ne wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Nijar daga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007 zuwa Satumba na shekara ta 2009 da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Nijar daga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2009 zuwa watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2010. Ya fito ne daga yammacin ƙasar kuma ɗan kabilar Djerma (Ba Zabarme) ne. Tun watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008, ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD). Bai yi nasarar tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa ba a shekara ta 2011 da 2016 ba. Bayan shekaru a matsayin jagoran adawa a karkashin Shugaba Mahamadou Issoufou, an nada shi mukamin Babban Wakilin Shugaban kasa a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2016. Farkon aiki Seyni Oumarou an haife shi a Tillabéri Sunan danginsa, Seyni, yawanci yakan sa sunansa, kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Seini ko Seïni Ya kasance Darakta-Janar na Kamfanin Canja Takarda na Nijar (ENITRAP) daga shekarar 1987 zuwa shekarar 1998, sannan a shekarar 1995 ya zama Mashawarci na Musamman ga Firayim Minista Hama Amadou An naɗa Oumarou a cikin gwamnatin a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1999 a karkashin mulkin soja na rikon kwarya na Daouda Malam Wanké, kuma bayan zabuka ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayinsa na wani bangare na gwamnatin Hama Amadou (wanda ya dawo a matsayin Firayim Minista), wanda aka sanya masa suna a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2000. Daga nan aka nada shi Ministan Kasuwanci da Inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ranar 17 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2001 da Ministan Kasuwanci, Masana'antu, Masana'antu, da Inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2004. A ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2004, bayan wasu murabus da ministocin da suka yi takara a zaben na shekarar suka yi, Oumarou an kara sanya shi a kan kula da lafiyar jama'a, yaki da cututtukan da ke yaduwa, da kuma gyare-gyaren asibiti, har sai da aka nada shi Karamin Ministan Kayan aiki a wani sabon gwamnati a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2004. A wannan matsayin shi ne na uku cikin mambobin gwamnati (bayan Amadou da ƙaramin Ministan Abdou Labo A Matsayin Firayim Minista Oumarou ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙaramin Ministan na kayan aiki har sai lokacin da Amadou da gwamnatinsa suka kaɗa da ƙuri’ar rashin amincewa a majalisar dokokin kasar a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2007. Shugaba Mamadou Tandja ya zabi Oumarou ya gaji Amadou a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni; MNSD ce ta gabatar da Oumarou a kan mukamin kuma yana daya daga cikin ‘yan takara uku da Majalisar ta gabatar wa Tandja. Nadin Oumarou ya samu hamayya daga babbar jam'iyyar adawa, Jamhuriyar kasar Nijar ta Demokradiyya da Gurguzu (PNDS), da kuma kungiyoyin kungiyoyin farar hula da dama, saboda ya kasance yana da kusanci sosai da wanda ya gabace shi kuma mai yuwuwa ne da irin wannan badakalar ta rashawa almubazzaranci da kudaden ilimi wanda ya haifar da rashin amincewar da aka yiwa Amadou. An rantsar da Oumarou a matsayin Firayim Minista a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, kuma an ba da sabuwar gwamnatinsa a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, tare da mambobi 32 (ciki har da Oumarou). A cikin shekarar 2007, Oumarou ya kasance shugaban sashin MNSD a Tillabéri, haka kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban ofishin siyasa na MNSD. Rikicin Abzinawa Oumarou ya ce a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2007 cewa gwamnati ba za ta yi shawarwari da ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ta Neman ƴancin ƴan Nijar a arewacin Nijar ba. Rikicin jam’iyya Yayin da ake tuhumar tsohon Firayim Minista Hama Amadou da aikata laifuka a shekarar 2008, wasu shugabannin majalisar na MNSD-Nassara sun kasance masu biyayya ga tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar. A watan Yunin shekarar 2008, aka kame Amadou bisa zargin almubazzaranci da dukiyar kasa. Duk da rikici da wasu masu rajin kare MNSD har yanzu masu biyayya ga Amadou, an nada Oumarou a matsayin shugaban rikon kwarya na jam'iyyar. A watan Janairun shekarar 2009, gwamnatin Oumarou ta nemi Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta tsige mataimakan MNSD uku daga rigakafin tuhuma. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, magoya bayan Amadou suka gabatar da ƙarar rashin amincewa da Oumarou. Zaben shekarar 2009 da shekarar 2011 A ƙarshen shekarar 2008, magoya bayan Shugaba Tandja suka gudanar da taruka suna kiran a tsawaita wa’adin shugaban na biyu, saboda ƙarewar a watan Disambar shekarar 2009. Zanga-zangar adawa da 'yan adawa gami da masu fafutuka na MNSD masu biyayya ga Amadou biyo bayan makonni da yawa. Bayan haka Oumarou ya gabatar da bayanai da ke nuni da cewa zaben shugaban kasa, na 'yan majalisu da na kananan hukumomi zai gudana kamar yadda aka tsara. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2009, kuri'ar raba gardama ta tsarin mulki da ta tanadi tsawaita wa'adin shekaru Tandja ya yi nasara a yayin kauracewar 'yan adawa. An shirya zaben majalisar dokoki a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, kuma Oumarou ne ya jagoranci jerin sunayen ‘yan takarar na MNSD a Tillabéri. Saboda ya tsaya takarar dan majalisa, dole ne ya sauka daga gwamnatin, kuma a ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar, shekarar 2009 kafafen yada labaran kasar sun ruwaito cewa ya yi murabus, tare da wasu ministocin biyu da su ma suke takara. Albade Abouba, Ministan cikin gida, an nada shi don maye gurbinsa a matsayin Firayim Minista a matsayin mai rikon mukamin. Bayan zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokoki, wanda‘ ƴan adawa suka kaurace masa, Kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS) wacce ke son a jinkirta zaben da fatan shawo kan rikicin siyasa dakatar da Nijar daga sahunta. Oumarou ne ya jagoranci wakilan mambobin na Nijar su 22 da suka je Abuja domin tattaunawa da ECOWAS wanda aka fara a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2009. Kasancewar ya sami kujera a majalisar kasa, an zabi Oumarou a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2009. An kada kuri’ar baki daya, tare da dukkanin mataimaka 109 da suka kasance a wurin da suka kada kuri’ar nuna goyon baya ga takarar tasa. Oumarou ya ce a ranar zai yi aiki don dawo da martabar Majalisar Dokoki sakamakon rikice-rikicen watannin da suka gabata. Rikicin na siyasa bai gamsu ba, sojoji suka kwace mulki a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2010, suka kori Tandja kuma nan take suka rusa majalisar kasa. Ba kamar Tandja da Abouba ba, da farko Oumarou ba sabon soja ne ya tsare shi ba; duk da haka, an kama shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar 2010, tare da wasu manyan mukarrabansa da masu biyayya ga Tandja. A cewar Ousmane Cissé, Ministan cikin gida, an kame su ne saboda suna da hannu cikin "ayyukan bata gari da yiwa gwamnatin zagon kasa da tsarin mika mulki". Cissé ya jaddada cewa za a hukunta duk wani aiki da nufin lalata gwamnati ko haifar da rikici. Duk da haka, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta saki Oumarou da sauran a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2010. Cissé, Ministan cikin gida, ya ce "aikinsu na rusa zaman lafiya" ya kasance "tsaka tsaki" kuma ana sakin wadanda ake zargin "don kwantar da hankali". Bayan ƴan watanni, an zargi Oumarou da satar dukiyar kasa kuma aka kama shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2010. Hukumar da ke Yaki da Laifin Laifin Kuɗi ta yi zargin cewa ya ciyo jihar bashin CFA miliyan 270. MNSD ta nuna rashin jin dadinta game da kamun da aka yi wa Oumarou, wanda ake sa ran zai kasance dan takarar na MNSD a zaben shugaban kasar da za a yi a watan Janairun shekarar 2011, inda ta nemi a sake shi; ta ce tuhumar da ake yi masa wani yunkuri ne na siyasa don lalata da mayar da jam'iyyar saniyar ware. A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2010, an gurfanar da Oumarou tare da bada belinsa. MNSD ta sanar a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2010 cewa an sanya Oumarou a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa a babban taron jam’iyyar. Daga karshe Mahamadou Issoufou ya kayar da shi a zagaye na biyu na zaben, wanda aka gudanar a watan Maris din shekarar 2011. A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2015, aka sanya Oumarou a matsayin dan takarar MNSD a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016. Issoufou ya sake kayar da shi, yana matsayi na uku. Watanni kadan bayan sake zaben Issoufou, Oumarou ya sanar a watan Agustan shekarar 2016 cewa MNSD na shiga cikin hadaddun "shugaban masu rinjaye" na jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan Issoufou. Wannan matakin ya biyo bayan shigar da MNSD cikin gwamnatin da aka nada a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2016 da nadin Oumarou a matsayin Babban Wakilin Shugaba Issoufou a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba. A cikin sabon mukamin sa a matsayin wakilin shugaban kasa, an baiwa Oumarou babban aiki na "gudanarwa da gudanar da ayyukan siyasa, tattalin arziki ko zamantakewar al'umma" kuma a hukumance an bashi matsayi na biyar a tsarin yarjejeniya ta jiha. Manazarta Ƴan siyasar Nijar Mutanen
33102	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thievy%20Bifouma	Thievy Bifouma	Thievy Guivane Bifouma Koulossa (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a kulob din Shenzhen FC na China da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kongo. Ya shafe yawancin aikinsa na wasan kwallon kafa na farko a Spain, jimlar wasanni 68 na La Liga da kwallaye takwas a Espanyol, Almería da Granada ban da kakar wasa a Las Palmas a Segunda División. Kazalika yayi taƙaitaccen lokaci a Ingila tare da West Bromwich Albion da Faransa tare da Reims da Bastia, ya wakilci kungiyoyi hudu a Süper Lig na Turkiyya. Tsohon matashin dan wasan kasa da kasa na Faransa, Bifouma ya fara buga wasa a Kongo a shekarar 2014. Ya fafata a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2015, inda ya kasance mai yawan zura kwallaye tare. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Espanyol An haifi Bifouma a Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis. Ya shiga RCD Espanyol a Spain a farkon 2010, bai kai shekaru 18 ba, ya sanya hannu daga RC Strasbourg Alsace. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris 2011, ya fara buga wasa tare da ƙungiyar farko ta Catalans, bayan da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Joan Verdú a cikin mintuna na mutuwa na 2-0 La Liga na gida da Deportivo de La Coruña. A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta 2011, a wasan karshe na Copa Catalunya, Bifouma ya yi i hat-trick a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 a kan kungiyar FC Barcelona da ke cike da ajiyewa da matasa 'yan wasa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, ya zira kwallon farko tare da babban tawagar, inda ya zira kwallaye a raga a wasan karshe na 2-1 a Sporting de Gijón. A cikin watan Satumban 2012, an ba da Bifouma rance ga kulob ɗin UD Las Palmas na Segunda División. Bayan ya yi nasara, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Espanyol har zuwa 2017. A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2014, Bifouma ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta West Bromwich Albion tare da ra'ayin canja wuri na dindindin, an ba shi riga mai lamba 50. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki takwas bayan haka, yana wasa da rabi na biyu kuma ya zira kwallaye a cikin dakika 36 na daukar filin wasan a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-1 da Crystal Palace. Bifouma ya koma babban ƙungiyar UD Almería a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2014, a cikin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. A ranar 19 ga Maris na shekara ta gaba, an dakatar da shi na tsawon wata guda saboda zargin karya kwangilar da tsohon wakilinsa; An dage haramcin kwanaki bayan haka, kuma ya ci gaba da bayyana a kai a kai ga Andalusians, wadanda ke fama da relegation. A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta 2015, an ba da Bifouma aron ga Granada CF na wannan gasar na shekara guda. Ya gama kakar wasa tare da Stade de Reims, kuma mallakar Espanyol. Turkiyya A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin 2016, Bifouma ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar SC Bastia ta Faransa Ligue 1. Ya kasance yana sake tafiya a cikin taga canja wuri mai zuwa, tare da Süper Lig 's Osmanlıspor akan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da rabi. Ya zura kwallo daya kacal a cikin jimlar wasanni 22 na kungiyar daga Ankara, a wasan da suka ci 5-1 a Adanaspor a Süper Lig a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu 2017. Ci gaba da kasancewa a gasar, Bifouma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da Sivasspor a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 2017. Kwanaki takwas ne kawai ya zura kwallaye biyu a cikin nasara da ci 4–2 bayan ya dawo filin wasa na Osmanlı. Bifouma ya koma babban birnin Turkiyya a watan Yunin 2018, inda ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku a MKE Ankaragücü. Ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya a cikin ɗan gajeren wa'adinsa, ƙarshen ta'aziyya a 2-1 rashin nasara a gida da Kasımpaşa a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba, kuma ya sake ci gaba a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu 2019 lokacin da ya sanya hannu tare da Yeni Malatyaspor na uku kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, ya zura kwallo a ragar Beşiktaş JK da ci 2-0 wanda ya karya tarihin nasarar kulob din Istanbul na wasanni shida. China A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin, 2020, Bifouma ya koma Shenzhen FC na Super League na kasar Sin kan kwantiragin da ba a bayyana ba kan kudi kusan Yuro miliyan uku. A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake shi ta hanyar yarda da juna kuma ya sanya hannu kan Heilongjiang Ice City FC a matakin na biyu na kasar. Ayyukan kasa Wani matashi na wanda ya iya yaren Faransanci na kasa da kasa, Bifouma ya zaɓi wakiltar Kongo a babban matakin, yana karɓar izinin FIFA a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 2014. Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan kwana daya, inda ya maye gurbin Julsy Boukama-Kaya a minti na 68 na rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a waje da Rwanda a wasa na biyu na zagaye na biyu na neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2015. A ranar 6 ga watan Satumba 2014, a gasar daya, Bifouma ya zura kwallaye biyu a ci 3-2 a Najeriya. A wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika a 2015, ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Congo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Equatorial Guinea mai masaukin baki. Ya kuma zura kwallon farko a wasan da suka doke Burkina Faso da ci 2-1 a rukuninsu na farko, sakamakon da ya sa kasar ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a karon farko tun 1992, inda ya ci kwallonsa ta karshe a kan DR Congo, inda tawagarsa sun yi gaba da ci 2-0 amma daga karshe sun sha kashi da ci 4-2; da kwallaye uku, ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu cin kwallaye biyar na hadin gwiwa. Bayan da aka rasa fiye da shekaru biyu na wasanni saboda dalilai ciki har da hana tafiye-tafiye a China yayin bala'in COVID-19, an sake kiran Bifouma cikin tawagar Kongo a cikin watan Satumba 2020. A karshe ya sake taka leda a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, a wasan da suka tashi babu ci a gida da Senegal a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/Ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Scores and results list Congo's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bifouma goal. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
41202	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Nwawuba	Henry Nwawuba	Henry Nwawuba(an haifeshi ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, 1969) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa, ma'aikacin banki kuma ɗan agaji. Shi dan majalisar wakilai ne (Nigeria), mai wakiltar Mbaitoli Ikeduru Federal Constituency na jihar Imo. A yanzu haka yana wa’adinsa na biyu a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (Najeriya). An zabe shi a lokuta biyu a dandalin jam’iyyar PDP. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan yankin Neja Delta. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Henry Nwawuba a Aba, jihar Abia jihar Abia (tsohuwar jihar Imo), Najeriya ga Cif Henry Nwawuba (Snr) da marigayiya Christiana Nwawuba Nee Meniru daga Nawfia a jihar Anambra. Ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Ma’aikatan Jami’ar Bayero Kano da Sakandare a Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Aminu Kano da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kano. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jos, Jihar Filato daga 1988 zuwa 1992 inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Daga nan sai ya wuce Ingila bayan hidimar matasa ta kasa a 1993, inda ya karanta Business Computing a digirin sa na biyu a Jami'ar Westminster. Sana'a da rayuwar siyasa Henry Nwawuba kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa ya samu bunkasuwar sana’a a matsayin ma’aikacin banki, inda ya kafa daya daga cikin manya-manyan bankunan masu karamin karfi a Najeriya, Fortis Micro Finance Banks Plc. Kasuwancin sa masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da harkar mai da iskar gas, yawon buɗe ido, sadarwa da sarrafa kayan gona. Ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na NICNOC Nigeria Limited, wani kamfani mai kula da mai da iskar gas. Ya kuma zauna a kwamitin Capital Meat Ltd, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sarrafa nama a Najeriya da ke tasowa. Kafin nan, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan gona na kwamfuta a City of London Colt Technology Services Telecommunications a London, Ingila. Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 2006, Nwawuba ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman kan ayyuka na musamman ga gwamnan jihar Filato Mista Michael Botmang. Ya yi ritaya daga kasuwanci har zuwa 2015 lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai (Nigeria) don wakiltar mazabar Mbaitoli Ikeduru na jihar Imo a karkashin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. An sake zaben shi don yin wa’adi na biyu a 2019. Bukatunsa na majalisa sun hada da Gyara da Ƙirƙiri a Tsarin Manufofi, Ci gaban Neja-Delta, abubuwan cikin gida, haɓaka jarin ɗan adam, mai da iskar gas, banki da fasahar sadarwa. Nwawuba ya jagoranci fafutuka da dama don ci gaban yankin Neja Delta wanda ke daukar nauyin ayyukan mai da iskar gas babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga a Najeriya. Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Neja-Delta kuma Shugaba/Kodinetan Tattaunawar Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta farko a kan Neja Delta. A cikin watan Maris 2020, ya jagoranci wasu 'yan majalisa daga Kudu maso Gabas (Nigeria) don neman gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta shigar da yankin cikin ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa da za a samu daga rancen dala biliyan 22 daga hukumomin kudi na kasa da kasa ya gabatar da koke-koke da ya gabatar daga Kudu maso Gabas Elite. A shekarar 2019, an nada shi mataimakin shugaban kwamitocin majalisar wakilai kan yankin Neja Delta. A Majalisar Dokoki ta 8 ya hada hannu da kudirin dokar kafa hukumar raya Kudu Maso Gabas wadda ta kai matakin karatu na daya da na biyu a zauren Green Chamber bayan da aka fara yi. Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin fasaha kan zartar da dokar masana'antar man fetur (PIB) tsakanin 2018 da 2019. Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya ki amincewa da kudirin dokar a karshen shekarar 2019. An sake nada shi don yin aiki a kwamitin don nazarin amincewarsa a majalisa ta 9. A watan Mayu 2020, ya dauki nauyin kudirin "Bukatar Najeriya ta samar da hangen nesa na ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci" wanda majalisar wakilai ta amince da shi gaba daya. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta mayar da martani ta kaddamar da kwamitin gudanarwa karkashin jagorancin ministar kudi Zainab Ahmed da Atedo Peterside a watan Oktoban 2020 domin samar da wani tsari na ajandar Najeriya na 2050. Bayan barkewar cutar COVID-19, Majalisar Wakilai ta sake aiwatar da ajandarta na majalisa don daidaitawa da gaskiyar COVID-19. An tsara Henry Nwawuba don yin aiki a cikin kwamitin da ya sake rubuta takarda kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin wucin gadi kan aiwatar da ajandar majalisa na majalisa ta 9. Nwawuba ya kasance cikin tawagogin majalisar dokokin kasa da kasa da dama a Najeriya, ciki har da tawagar kwararrun da aka aika zuwa Afirka ta Kudu domin nuna adawa da kyamar baki da 'yan Najeriya suka fuskanta a kasar a shekarar 2017 tare da shugaban masu rinjaye na lokacin (yanzu shugaban majalisar wakilai Femi Gbajabiamila Rayuwa ta sirri Henry Nwawuba ya auri Mrs. Leton Nwawuba (née Idemyor) wanda ta fito daga jihar Rivers kuma sun sami albarkar ‘ya’ya uku, Denzel Nwawuba, Nwakaego Chloe Zina Nwawuba, da Somtochukwu Henry Tedum Nwawuba. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Matsayin sarauta: Ogbuhuruzo na Amaukwu Orodo Yuli 2016 Jakadan Aminci Majiɓinci, Ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya Memba, Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria Grand Patron, Owerri Sports Club Kyautar Sabis na Zinare Rotary Club Labarai Neja Delta: Lokaci ya yi da za a ɗauki alhakin. Tafiya Zuwa Yanzu: Wasika zuwa ga Manyan Mambobina. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun 1969 Rayayyun mutane Articles with hAudio microformats Yan siyasan Najeriya Yan majalisan wakilai Yan jamiyyar
21568	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aikatar%20Ilimi%20na%20Kasar%28India%29	Ma'aikatar Ilimi na Kasar(India)	Ma'aikatar Ilimi (MoE), tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Raya Albarkatun Jama'a tin daga shekarar (1985-2020), Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Indiya ce ke da alhakin aiwatar da Manufofin Kasa kan Ilimi An kuma sake rarraba Ma’aikatar zuwa sassa biyu: Sashen Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu, wanda ke kula da ilimin firamare, sakandare da na sakandare, ilimin manya da na karance-karance, da kuma Sashen ilimi mai zurfi, wanda ke kula da ilimin jami’a, ilimin fasaha, malanta, da sauransu. The current education minister is Ramesh Pokhriyal, a member of the Council of Ministers. India had the Ministry of Education since 1947. In 1985, Rajiv Gandhi government changed its name to Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and with the public announcement of newly drafted "National Education Policy 2020" by the Narendra Modi government, Ministry of Human Resource Development was renamed back to Ministry of Education. Manufofin The new National Education Policy 2020 was passed on 29 July 2020 by the Union Council of Ministers. The NEP 2020 replaced the existing National Policy on Education, 1986. Under the NEP 2020, the name of the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD) was changed to Ministry of Education (MoE). Numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts were legislated under NEP 2020. Ma'aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu Ma’aikatar Ilimin Makaranta da Karatu sun dauki nauyin ci gaban ilimin makaranta da kuma karantu a kasar. Babban Makarantar Sakandare (CBSE) Majalisar Nazarin Ilimi da Horarwa ta Kasa (NCERT) Cibiyar Makarantar Tibet ta Tsakiya (CTSA) Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) Majalisar Kula da Ilimin Malami ta Kasa Gidauniyar Jin Dadin Malamai Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS) Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS) Ma'aikatar Ilimi Mai Girma Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi ita ce ke kula da ilimin sakandare da na gaba da sakandare. An kuma baiwa sashen ikon baiwa matsayin ilimi na jami'a ga cibiyoyin ilimi bisa ga shawarar Hukumar bayar da tallafi ta Jami'a (UGC) ta Indiya, a karkashin Sashe na 3 na Dokar Bayar da Tallafin Jami'a (UGC), a shekarar 1956. Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi tana kula da ɗayan manyan tsarin ilimin ilimi na duniya, bayan Amurka da China. Sashen na tsunduma cikin kawo damar duniya ta manyan makarantu da bincike a cikin kasar don kar a sami daliban Indiya suna rasa yayin fuskantar wani dandamali na duniya. Saboda wannan, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tare da sanya hannu kan MoU don taimaka wa ɗaliban Indiya su ci gajiyar ra'ayin duniya. Tsarin ilimin ilimin kere kere a kasar ana iya kasafta shi zuwa bangarori uku Cibiyoyin da ke samun kudin shiga na Gwamnatin tsakiya, da cibiyoyin Gwamnatin Jiha na Jihohi da cibiyoyin kudi. 2 kungiyar 122 da aka ba da kuɗi na ilimin fasaha da kimiyya sun kasance ƙarƙashin: Jerin cibiyoyin fasaha na tsakiya): IIITs (5 Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kurnool, Kancheepuram), IITs (23), IIMs (20), IISc Bangalore, IISERs (7 Berhampur, Bhopal, Kolkata, Mohali, Pune, Thiruvanthapuram, Tirupati), NITs (31), NITTTRs (4), da 9 wasu (SPA, ISMU, NERIST, SLIET, IIEST, NITIE NIFFT, CIT) Tsarin kungiya An rarraba sashen zuwa ofis-ofis guda takwas, kuma yawancin ayyukan sashen ana kula dasu ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sama da mutum Dari 100 a karkashin wadannan ofisoshin. Jami'a da ilimi mai zurfi Ilimin Minan tsiraru Jami'ar Tallafin Jami'ar (UGC) Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi da Ci Gaban Ilimi (ERDO) Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Kimiyya na Jama'a (ICSSR) Majalisar Nazarin Tarihi ta Indiya (ICHR) Majalisar Indiya ta Nazarin Falsafa (ICPR) Cibiyoyin Ilimi na 46 kamar ranar 11.09.2015, jerin da Hukumar Ba da Tallafi ta Jami'ar ta bayar Ilimin fasaha Duk Majalisar Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha ta Indiya (AICTE) Majalisar Gine-gine (COA) 25 Cibiyoyin Fasahar Fasahar Indiya (IIITs) (Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kancheepuram da Kurnool) 3 Makarantar Tsare-tsare da Gine-gine (SPAs) 23 Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Indiya (IITs) Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Indiya (IISc) 7 Cibiyoyin Indiya na Ilimin Ilimin Kimiyya da Bincike (IISERs) 20 Cibiyoyin Gudanarwa na Indiya (IIMs) Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Kasa na 31 (NITs) Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Indiya ta Indiya, Shibpur (IIEST) Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Yankin Arewa maso Gabas (NERIST) Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniyan Masana'antu ta Kasa (NITIE) 4 National Institutes of Technical Teachers' Training Research (NITTTRs) (Bhopal, Chandigarh, Chennai and Kolkata) 4 Regional Boards of Apprenticeship Practical Training Gudanarwa da Yaruka Jami'o'i uku da ake tsammani a fagen Sanskrit, kamar. Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (RSkS) a cikin New Delhi, Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (SLBSRSV) New Delhi, Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (RSV) Tirupati Sauran Kendriya Hindi Sansthan (KHS), Agra Jami'ar Ingilishi da Harshen Waje (EFLU), Hyderabad Majalisar Nationalasa don Inganta Harshen Urdu (NCPUL) Jami'ar Delhi (DU) Majalisar Kasa don Inganta Harshen Sindhi (NCPSL) Officesananan ofisoshi uku: Central Hindi Directorate (CHD), New Delhi; Hukumar Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Fasaha (CSTT), New Delhi; da Cibiyar Cibiyar Harsunan Indiya (CIIL), Mysore Ilimin nesa da sikolashif Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) UNESCO, Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa, Inganta Littattafai da Hakkokin mallaka, Manufofin Ilimi, Tsare-tsare da Kulawa Hadakar Kudi. Lissafi, Tsarin Shekara da CMIS Gyara Gudanarwa, Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas, SC ST OBC Sauran Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Mulki da Gudanarwa ta Kasa (NIEPA) Amintaccen Littafin Nationalasa (NBT) Hukumar Shaida ta Kasa (NBA) Hukumar Kula da Makarantun Ilimin Marasa Ruwa ta Kasa (NCMEI) Cibiyar Bude Makaranta ta Kasa (NIOS) Manufofi Babban manufofin Ma'aikatar sune: Tsara Manufofin Kasa akan Ilimi da kuma tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar dashi ta hanyar wasika da kuma ruhi Ci gaban da aka tsara, gami da faɗaɗa dama da inganta darajar cibiyoyin ilimi a duk faɗin ƙasar, gami da yankuna inda mutane ba sa samun damar samun ilimi cikin sauƙi. Biya kulawa ta musamman ga kungiyoyin marasa galihu kamar matalauta, mata da tsiraru Bayar da taimakon kuɗi ta hanyar tallafin karatu, tallafin bashi, da sauransu ga ɗaliban da suka cancanta daga ɓangarorin al'umma da aka hana. Gingarfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fagen ilimi, gami da yin aiki tare da UNESCO da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje har ma da Jami’o’i, don haɓaka damar ba da ilimi a ƙasar. MHRD's Innovation Cell (MIC) MHRD's Innovation Cell, wanda aka sake masa suna yanzu zuwa MoE's Innovation Cell, an kafa shi ne a watan Agusta shekarar 2018 ta Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Humanan Adam (MHRD) a Duk Indiaungiyar Indiya ta Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha (AICTE) don haɓaka al'adun kirkire-kirkire, kasuwanci da farawa a cikin tsari. duk manyan Cibiyoyin Ilimi a Indiya. An nada Dokta Abhay Jere a matsayin Babban Jami'in Kirkirar Kirkiro na farko. Manyan manufofi na MIC Smart India Hackathon (SIH) Matsayin Atal na Cibiyoyi akan Nasarorin Kirkirar Kirkirar (ARIIA) Inungiyar Innovation ta itutionungiya (IIC) Manufar Innovation da Tsarin Kasa na Dalibai da Kwarewa a cikin HEIs (NISP) Shirin Jakadu na Innovation Shirin MBA PGDM a cikin Innovation, Harkokin Kasuwanci da Ci gaban Kasuwanci (IEV) Tsare Tsaren Kasa na Kasa (NIRF) A watan Afrilu shekarar 2016, Ma’aikatar Ci gaban Resoan Adam ta buga jerin farko na darajar kwalejojin Indiya a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin itutionasa na Nationalasa Dukkanin darasin da aka gabatar ya shafi NBA, Duk Majalisar Indiya ta Ilimin Fasaha, UGC, Thomson Reuters, Elsevier da INFLIBNET (Cibiyar Ba da Bayani da Labarai). An ƙaddamar da tsarin martaba a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015. Duk cibiyoyin da aka ba da kuɗaɗen 122 gami da duk manyan jami'o'in tsakiya, IITs da IIMs sun halarci zagayen farko na darajar. Jerin Ministocin Ministocin Jiha Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre (31 ga watan Mayu 2019 Mai ci) Duba kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Kwalejin Ilimin Makarantu ta Kasa, Chennai Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizo SIYASAR ILIMI TA KASA
42735	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%20ta%20Equatorial%20Guinea	Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Equatorial Guinea	Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Equatorial Guinea, tana wakiltar Equatorial Guinea a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya na maza kuma hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Equatoguinea ce ke tafiyar da ita, memba ce ta hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka (CAF). Ƙungiyar ba ta taɓa samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ba, amma ta samu shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika sau uku, sau biyu na farko a matsayin mai masaukin baƙi (a cikin shekarun 2012 da 2015 Sun kai wasan daf da na kusa da karshe a shekarar 2012 da 2021 kuma sun kare a matsayi na hudu a shekarar 2015. Tarihi Equatorial Guinea ta buga wasanta na farko ne a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1975 da kasar Sin a wasan sada zumunta, inda ta sha kashi da ci 6-2. Ba su sake buga wani wasa ba sai da suka shiga gasar cin kofin UDEAC ta shekarar1985 a watan Disambar 1985. An fitar da su ne a rukuni a karawa da Congo mai masaukin baƙi da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Sun yi rashin nasara da ci 5-0 a hannun Congo a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba sannan suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afrika a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba. A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, sun buga wasan neman gurbin shiga matsayi na biyar da Chadi, kuma sun yi rashin nasara da ci 3-2 a bugun fanariti bayan sun tashi 1-1. Equatorial Guinea ce za ta zo ta huɗu a gasar cin kofin UDEAC ta shekarar 1987, inda ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti a matsayi na uku a Gabon, duk da cewa ta ci kwallo daya ne kawai a duk gasar a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Chadi. Haka kuma sun tashi 0-0 da Kamaru A yunkurinsu na gaba, sun samu matsayi na shida bayan da suka sha kashi a bugun fenariti a kan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. A karo na gaba Equatorial Guinea da Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya, a shekarar 1999, ta yi nasara da ci 4-2. Wannan ne karon farko da Equatorial Guinea ta samu nasara. A karshen shekara ta 2000 ne hukumar kwallon kafa ta Equatoguinean tare da hukumar kwallon kafa ta Gabon suka sanar da neman karbar bakuncin gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika a shekara ta 2012, a kan bukatar wasu kasashen Afirka da suka hada da Angola da Libya da Najeriya Equatorial Guinea da Gabon sun sami damar karɓar bakuncin wasannin, kuma an gina sabbin filayen wasa biyu a Equatorial Guinea: Estadio de Bata a Bata da Estadio de Malabo a Malabo Wasan farko a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2012 shi ne na farko da Equatorial Guinea ta buga a wata babbar gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ta yi nasara a kan Libya da ci 1-0 a tarihi a ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2012 a wasan farko na gasar. A minti na 87 ne tsohon ɗan wasan Real Madrid Javier Balboa ya zura kwallon. A wasa na gaba, sun tabbatar da cancantar zuwa wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe bayan da suka doke Senegal da ci 2–1, sannan suka kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu bayan da suka sha kashi a hannun Zambia da ci 0-1. Sun kai wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe inda Ivory Coast ta yi waje da su a gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun The Elephants da ci 3-0 sakamakon ƙwallayen da Didier Drogba da Yaya Touré suka ci. An yaba wa 'yan wasan gefe daban-daban na ƙasa saboda rawar da suka taka a gasar, ciki har da Javier Balboa, Randy, Ben Konaté da Rui, na ƙarshen wani bangare ne na Kungiyar Gasar Shekaru uku bayan haka, Equatorial Guinea ta shirya gasar cin kofin Afirka ta shekarar 2015 kawai, amma a wannan lokacin, ita ce ta maye gurbin Maroko, wacce ita ce mai masaukin baƙi. A wasan farko, an tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Congo, inda Emilio Nsue ya fara zura ƙwallo a raga. A wasa na biyu sun yi nasarar buga kunnen doki 0-0 da Burkina Faso wadda ta zo ta biyu a gasar da ta gabata Da waɗannan sakamako biyu, Nzalang Nacional ta samu nasara a kan abokiyar hamayyarta Gabon a wasa na uku domin samun tikitin zuwa wasan kusa da na ƙarshe. Equatorial Guinea ta ci 2-0 da kwallayen Javier Balboa bugun fanariti) da Ibán A matsayi na biyu a rukunin A, 'yan wasan Equatoguinean sun doke Tunisiya da ci 2-1 da kwallaye biyu daga Balboa, na farko shi ne bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a lokacin wasan karshe na yau da kullun, na biyu kuma ya kasance cikin karin lokaci A wasan dab da na kusa da na ƙarshe dai, Ghana ta yi rashin nasara da ci 0-3, kuma a wasan da suka zo matsayi na uku, sun yi kunnen doki 0-0 da DR Congo, inda aka yi rashin nasara da ci 2-4 a bugun fenariti. Kasar ta kammala gasar a matsayi na huɗu, kasancewarta mafi kyawun halartar gasar kasa da kasa har zuwa yau kuma tana taimaka mata ta kai matsayi na 49 a tarihi a cikin jadawalin FIFA AFCON 2022 Equatorial Guinea dai na ci gaba da gazawa a duk wani matakin shiga gasar ta AFCON saboda ƙungiyar ba ta samu tikitin shiga gasar shekarar 2017 da 2019 ba. Hakazalika, tawagar ta kuma kasa samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 A yayin gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2021, an hada su ne a rukunin J tare da Tunisia mai karfin fada a ji da Tanzaniya shekarar 2019 AFCON da kuma 'yar Afirka ta Arewa Libya Nzalang Nacional ta yi rashin nasara a wasanninta biyu na farko, inda ta sha kashi biyu da ci daya mai ban haushi a hannun Tanzaniya a waje da Tunisia a gida, kuma da alama Equatorial Guinea za ta yi kasa a gwiwa kamar yadda ta saba ganin kungiyar ba ta taba samun cancantar shiga gasar ba tun bayan da ta karbi bakuncin gasar. gasar sau biyu. Koyaya, cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da dakatar da dukkan shiga gasar AFCON har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2020, lokacin da ta dawo yayin da Equatorial Guinea ta fuskanci tashin hankalin Libya wanda ke da niyyar cancantar shiga karon farko tun a shekarar 2012. Duk da wannan, Equatorial Guinea ta samu gagarumar nasara a kan Libya a Masar, inda ta doke Libya da ci 3-2 da ci biyu da Pedro Obiang da Salomón Obama suka ci daga 1-2 har zuwa lokacin rauni. Daga baya Nzalang Nacional ta karbi bakuncin abokiyar hamayyarta guda a gida, kuma kamar wasan su a Alkahira, Equatorial Guineans sun sake samun nasara, 1-0, ta hanyar kwallan kafa na Iban Salvador Bayan da ta doke Tanzaniya 1-0 a gida, Equatorial Guinea ta gudanar da wani tarihi mai cike da tarihi a tsawon wasannin share fage na yau da kullun a karon farko a tarihinta. A lokacin AFCON 2021, an zana Thunder ta ƙasa a rukunin E, tare da Ivory Coast, Saliyo da Algeria Equatorial Guinea ta yi rashin nasara a wasanta na farko da Ivory Coast, amma ta haifar da daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka taka rawar gani a gasar lokacin da suka doke Algeria mai rike da kofin a wasansu na biyu. A wasansu na karshe na rukunin, sun doke Saliyo, inda suka tsallake zuwa zagaye na 16, inda suka zo na biyu a rukunin, bayan Ivory Coast. A zagaye na 16, Equatorial Guinea ta yi kunnen doki da Mali, wadda ta yi nasara a rukunin F. Wasan dai ya kare ne babu ci bayan mintuna 120, kuma aka yanke hukunci a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, inda Nzalang Nacional ta yi nasara da ci 6-5 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. gwarzon mai tsaron gida Jesús Owono, wanda ya yi nasarar ceto biyu daga cikin kwallayen. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa 'yan wasan kasar sun tsallake zuwa zagayen kwata fainal na AFCON a karo na uku a tarihinsu (wacce ta fara tsallakewa daga zagaye na 16). Daga baya sun yi rashin nasara a hannun zakarun gasar Senegal da ci 3-1. Rigimar 'yan wasa ta halitta A shekarun baya-bayan nan dai ƙasar Equatorial Guinea ta fuskanci cece-kuce ta hanyar daukar 'yan wasa daga ƙasashen waje tare da ba su takardun zama 'yan kasa duk da cewa ba ta da alaka da ƙasar. A shekara ta 2009, ɗan jaridar Afirka ta Kudu kuma masanin tarihin FIFA Mark Gleeson ya rubuta cewa yana lalata amincin ƙwallon ƙafa na Afirka. A karshen shekarar 2005, kuma bisa bukatar Ruslán Obiang Nsue, dan shugaban kasar Teodoro Obiang, kocin Brazil Antônio Dumas ya ɗauki 'yan wasan Brazil da dama don wakiltar Equatorial Guinea amma CAF da FIFA sun rufe ido, duk da korafin da wasu kasashe suka yi. A shekara ta 2012, bayan da aka yi rashin nasara a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2013 da ci 4-0 a hannun Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Kongo, Equatorial Guinea ta dauki 'yan wasan Brazil tara domin su taimaka wajen kawar da rashin nasara a wasan na biyu. Tawagar ta samu nasarar lashe wasan da ci 2-1, amma hakan bai kai ga kifar da jumullar wasan ba, an fitar da Equatorial Guinea daga gasar. Babban kocin DR Congo Claude Le Roy ya koka da cewa Equatorial Guinea tana aiki kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ƙwallon ƙafa". Kafin isowar sabon koci Andoni Goikoetxea Malabo, a watan Maris na 2013, hukumar Equatoguinean ta sanya tawagar da za ta buga wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2014 da Cape Verde kuma ta sake kiran 'yan wasan Brazil tara. A watan Mayu 2013, sun shiga Colombian -born, Ecuadorian -based Jimmy Bermúdez, wanda zai biya shi 3,000 ga kowane wasa da ya buga. A wasan share fage, a cikin jerin wasannin da aka buga da Mauritania, Nzalang Nacional ta sha kashi da ci 1 0 a waje kuma ta yi nasara da ci 3 0 a Malabo, inda ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba domin karawa da Uganda Sai dai Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Mauritaniya ta gabatar da koke ga CAF game da shigar da 'yan wasan da ba su cancanta ba ta Equatorial Guinea (Wasu masu fasfo na bogi da sunayen karya), wanda ya haifar da korar tawagar Equatorial Guinea, bisa ga halin da ake ciki na Thierry Fidjeu, yayin da An ci gaba da gudanar da bincike kan al'amuran sauran 'yan wasan. Filin wasa na gida Filin wasa na gida Equatorial Guinea Estadio de Malabo a Malabo Yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa mutane 15,250. Equatorial Guinea ta buga a can lokacin da ta karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin Afrika a 2012 A lokacin halartar gasar, ta buga a wannan filin wasa da Zambia wadda ta yi nasara da kuma Ivory Coast ta biyu. A yayin halartar gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na 2012, sun kuma taka leda a sabon filin wasa na Estadio de Bata, inda suka buga wasanni biyu da suka yi nasara a filin wasa da Libya da Senegal Kit da launuka Equatorial Guinea na sanye da rigar ja da fari. Kamfanin kera kit ɗin shine Erreà A lokacin da suke buga wasa a Equatorial Guinea, suna sanye da jar riga mai kauri da kuma gajeren wando da suka dace da ratsin fari. Lambar, tambarin FEGUIFUT, da tambarin Erreà suna kan ƙirji. Safa sun yi ja da fari a saman. Lokacin da Equatorial Guinea ba ta nan, suna sanye da duk farar riga mai ratsin shudi. An sabunta kofuna da kwallaye kamar na 27 Satumba 2022 bayan wasan da Togo Yawancin bayyanar Manyan masu zura kwallaye Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Equatoguine Equatorial Guinea a FIFA.com Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
22736	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27akacin%20Kiwon%20Lafiya%20da%20Muhalli	Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli	Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a ko Ma'aikatan Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) wato "Environmental Health Officers" suna da alhakin aiwatar da matakai don kare lafiyar jama'a, gami da gudanarwa da zartar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar muhalli da ba da tallafi don rage haɗarin lafiya da haɗari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna kiyaye ruwan mu, abinci, iska, ƙasarmu, kayan aiki da sauran abubuwan muhalli (abubuwan da suka shafi mutum) da lafiyar haɗarin lafiya, walau na halitta, na sinadarai ko na zahiri. Hakanan suna magance abubuwan da ke da alaƙa waɗanda ke tasiri halaye. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna tantancewa da kuma kula da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli waɗanda ka iya shafar lafiyar, don hana cuta da ƙirƙirar yanayin tallafawa na kiwon lafiya. Masu ƙayyade mahalli na kiwon lafiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ga lafiyar al'umma da ƙoshin lafiya, don haka Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da mahimmanci wajen inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiyar jama'a da rage nauyin cuta. Masu Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ƙwarewa a fannoni da yawa tare da mutanen da ake horarwa sosai, yawanci zuwa matakin digiri, kuma galibi suna buƙatar ƙarin horo don ƙwarewa, ƙwarewar ƙwarewa don ci gaba da aiwatarwa a fagen. Suna cikin ayyuka daban-daban, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: gudanar da binciken lafiyar jama'a ba (misali, wuraren abinci, wuraren wanka, wuraren ba da sabis na sirri, isar da sako, tsarin tsabtace ruwa, rijiyoyi, tsarin kula da ruwa, da sauransu), bincike illolin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, manufofi masu tasowa da jagororin, amsawa game da larurar lafiyar jama'a, bincika barkewar cututtuka, aiwatar da matakan shawo kan cututtuka, aiwatar da ci gaban kiwon lafiya da ayyukan ilimantarwa na kiwon lafiya, gudanar da kimanta lafiyar wurin aiki da binciken hadari. Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna mai da hankali kan rigakafi, shawara, bincike, da ilimantar da al'umma game da haɗarin lafiya da kiyaye yanayi mai aminci. Masu Kiwon Lafiya sun kawo matsayin fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar halittu, cututtukan cututtukan dabbobi, ilimin likitanci, ilmin sunadarai, toxicology, kimanta haɗari, doka, kimiyyar muhalli da fasaha, maganin kwari, kimiyyar abinci, yanayin da aka gina, da sauran fannoni masu dacewa. Hakanan suna da ilimi da dabaru don bin diddigi da sarrafa cututtukan da ake yadawa, binciken abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar muhalli da kuma binciken aikata laifi. Don haka dole ne su sami ƙwarewar bincike da cikakkiyar fahimta game da aiwatar da doka da ta shafi lafiyar jama'a, yanayin da aka gina, kula da gurɓataccen yanayi da amincin wurin aiki. Yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatun Gwamnati (kamar Lafiya, Aikin Noma da Muhalli), ƙananan hukumomi, 'yan kasuwa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, sauran hukumomi da ɗaiɗaikun membobin al'umma, Masu Kiwon Lafiya tana taka rawa wajen kare lafiyar jama'a. Sauran taken da ke wanzu a halin yanzu sun haɗa da ƙwararren masanin kiwon lafiya likita ƙwararre, jami'in kiwon lafiyar jama'a, jami'in kiwon lafiya, mai duba lafiyar jama'a, mai kula da lafiya, da jami'in kiwon lafiya. Lakabin doka da aka yi amfani da shi zai dogara ne da ma'anar da aka samo a cikin dokokin gida iko. Wasu lakabin da suka gabata na tarihi sun haɗa da mai kula da abubuwan da ba su dace ba, mai kula da lafiya, da kuma mai kula da tsafta Kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya sukan yiaiki da na gida, ko jiha ko tarayya lafiya sassan zuwa shawara a kan da kuma tilasta jama'a kiwon lafiya nagartacce. Koyaya, da yawa suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sojada sauran hukumomin ɓangarori na uku kamar su agaji da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ayyuka Daga cikin wadannan suna wakiltar ayyukan da za'a iya samu a cikin jama'a ko kuma masu zaman kansu: Ayyukan dubawa da aiwatar da su Neman shawara kan harkar muhalli da ilimi Binciken cututtukan da ake yaduwa da yaduwar cutar Tuntuɓi binciko da harka tuntuɓar gudanarwa Koyarwar lafiyar abinci Tsarin al'umma Tsarin tsabtace ruwa (septic) tsarin tsarawa Binciken ƙasa da yarda Matsayin gidaje ingancin dubawa da sarrafawa Rigakafin Kamuwa da Cututtuka (IPAC) Sabunta birane Kula da kwaro Shirye-shiryen gaggawa da aiwatarwa Sautin amo Kulawa da ingancin iska Lafiya da aminci a aikin dubawa da sarrafawa Kariyar ruwa da gwaji (ruwan sha da ruwa na shakatawa) Riskimar haɗarin Radon a cikin gine-gine Samfurin muhalli, bincike da fassarar sakamako Taba sigari da tururin kayayyakin sarrafawa raguwa Lasisin kula da cibiyoyin kulawa da jama'a Inganta inganci Babban abin da ake gani game ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar muhalli shi ne cewa su ke da alhakin bincik, kimantawa da kuma kula da haɗarin da ke tattare da lafiyar ɗan adam daga abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli, walau a madadin hukumomin gwamnati ko na kasuwanci da na masana'antu. Matsayi Wani Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (wanda aka fi sani da mai kula da Lafiyar Jama'a) yana bincika haɗarin lafiya a wurare daban-daban, kuma zai ɗauki mataki don rage ko kawar da haɗarin. Yawancin lokaci fahimtar jama'a game da mai duba lafiyar mutum ne wanda ke bincika gidajen abinci kuma ya tabbatar da cewa suna kiyaye ƙa'idodin tsafta don amincin abinci da hukumar ta tsara. Koyaya, Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna da ayyukansu masu fa'ida da yawa, gami da duba wuraren waha, wuraren da ba su da kyau, mahalli, makarantun gwamnati, kulawa da rana, gidajen kulawa, isar da sako (misali jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, jiragen sama, jiragen ƙasa) da kuma samar da sabis na sirri (misali zane-zane ɗakuna, dakunan tanning, ɗakunan gyaran kyau, wuraren cire gashin laser, masu aski). Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli suna ba da izini da bincika rijiyoyi, tsarin ruwa mai zaman kansa, da tsarin zubar da shara na mutum ɗaya. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da: binciken sansanin, binciken abubuwan da suka faru na musamman, binciken kula da sharar gida, binciken gidan zoo, binciken makaman gyara, binciken gidan shakatawar gidan tafi da gidanka da binciken sansanin marasa gida. Wanda aka horas dasu game da yaduwar cututtuka da rigakafin yaduwa, yayin barkewar cuta suna yin bincike tare da bayar da shawarar amfani da hanyoyin kawo karshen yaduwar cutar. Har ila yau, an horar da su a cikin rigakafin cutar da ba ta yaduwa ba (NCD), suna aiki don hana NCDs da kuma kula da abubuwan haɗari. Mai Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a (Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli) yana kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan al'umma kamar waɗanda suka shafi inganta kiwon lafiya, daidaiton kiwon lafiya, rage sigari, gina ingantattun muhalli al'ummomin lafiya, wadatar abinci, da lamari na gaggawa. Hakanan suna iya amsawa ga korafe-korafe irin su cizon dabba (kulawar ƙuruciya), gunaguni na shara, gunaguni na amo, gunaguni na wari, ko ambaliyar ruwa. Dangane da iliminsu na ilimi da horo zasu iya ba da bayanai da turawa game da: gubar, radon, mold, da cututtukan da ke kunno kai (misali. Yammacin Kogin Virus, Mura na Avian, COVID-19). Filin kuma ya haɗu da abubuwa masu haɗari (Hazmat) kuma yawancin masu ba da amsa Hazmat masu lasisi ne na Koyon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ko kuma warare na musamman Likitocin Muhalli masu Rijista. A lokacin gaggawa ta lafiyar jama'a kamar annoba, suna ɗaukar mahimmancin matakan gaggawa, bayar da ilimin jama'a shawara, aiwatar da umarnin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da ɗaukar matakan da suka dace don kare lafiyar jama'a. Hakanan, suna ba da amsa ga wasu abubuwan larura irin su bala'o'i, tare da matsayin da aka zayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen martani na gaggaw Yanayin aiki Jami'an kiwon lafiyar Muhalli suna aiki tare da mutane daban-daban a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Ayyukansu sau da yawa sun haɗa da manyan ayyukan filin, kuma wasu suna yawan tafiye-tafiye. Yawancin jami'an kula da lafiyar muhalli suna aiki na dogon lokaci kuma galibi ba sa aiki. Suna bincika wuraren waha, cibiyoyin kula da yara, gidajen cin abinci, tsarin kwalliya, da sauran nau'ikan kamfanoni da suka shafi lafiya da aminci. Ana iya fuskantar jami'an kiwon lafiyar muhalli da yawa daga cikin mawuyacin yanayi da haɗari kamar na ma'aikatan masana'antu, kuma ana iya yin aikin cikin yanayi mara kyau, da damuwa, da kuma yanayin aiki mai haɗari. Suna iya samun kansu cikin rawar adawa idan shugabannin ƙungiyar basu yarda da shawarwarin don tabbatar da yanayin aiki mai aminci ba. Tarihi Ana iya gani fannin kiwon lafiyar muhalli zuwa shekarun 1840 a Ingila. Edwin Chadwick, wani Kwamishinan Shari'a mara kyau, ya gudanar da bincike kan musabbabin talauci wanda ya kammala da cewa mutane galibi sun zama talaka saboda rashin lafiya saboda mummunan yanayi. Ya yi imanin cewa inganta tsabtar muhalli ita ce babbar hanyar warware wannan mummunan halin. Chadwick ya jagoranci kamfen mai karfi don kawo canji wanda daga karshe yayi nasara a kan kafa, wanda ya haifar da Dokar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta 1848 Dokar ta tanadi nadin Sufetocin Nuisances magabatan masu kula da lafiyar mahalli na yau a wuraren da ake buƙata. Kungiyar Masu Kula da Tsafta ta Jama'a ƙungiyar da za ta zama Chaungiyar theungiyar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Unitedasa ta Unitedasar Burtaniya an kafa ta a cikin 1883. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, matsayin masu aikin kiwon lafiyar muhalli ya canza kuma ya girma, tare da matsayin cancantar haɓaka har zuwa, a cikin 1960s, ya zama sana'ar kammala karatun digiri. Tallafin Yarjejeniyar Sarauta a cikin 1984 ya sanya hatimin kan wannan ingantaccen matsayi da matsayi. Sakamakon sauya matsayi, taken sun canza a cikin shekaru da yawa daga mai duba nuisances mai kula da tsafta mai kula da lafiyar jama'a jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli (duba Sufeto na Nuisances da ke ƙasa). Wannan ma gaskiya ne a duk duniya, kamar yadda taken suka canza don nuna ci gaban ilimi da matsayin jami'an lafiyar muhalli a yau. Sifeto na Hayaniya Sufeto na Nuisances shine taken ofishi a cikin yawancin ikon mallakar Ingilishi. A cikin yankuna da yawa wannan lokacin yanzu yana da kyau, matsayi da ko ajalin an maye gurbinsu da wasu. A cikin Burtaniya daga tsakiyar karni na 19 wannan ofishin gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da lafiyar jama'a da kuma tsabtace muhalli. Sufeto na Nuisances na farko wanda Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Burtaniya ta nada shi ne Thomas Fresh a Liverpool a cikin 1844. Dukansu Dokar Cire Nuisances da Rigakafin Cututtuka 1855 da Dokar Gudanar da Metropolis 1855 sun bayyana irin wannan ofis amma tare da taken 'Inspekta Sanitary'. A cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda suka kafa Hukumar Lafiya, taken 'Inspector of Nuisances'. Daga ƙarshe an daidaita taken a duk cikin ƙananan hukumomin Burtaniya azaman 'Sanitary Inspector'. Dokar Majalisar a cikin 1956 daga baya ta canza taken zuwa 'Inspekta na Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a'. An kafa irin wannan ofisoshin a duk fadin Masarautar Burtaniya da Commonwealth. Mafi kusancin zamani na wannan matsayi a cikin Burtaniya shine 'Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli'. Wannan taken da hukumomin yankin ke karba bisa shawarar gwamnatin tsakiya bayan dokar karamar hukumar ta 1972. A Amurka, misalin zamani na jami'i mai taken 'Inspector of Nuisances' amma ba matsayin lafiyar jama'a ba ana samunsa a cikin Sashe na 3767 [7] na Dokar da aka Bita ta Ohio wacce ke bayyana irin wannan matsayin don bincika damuwa, inda wannan kalmar take yana baje kolin kamfanoni inda ake samun lalata da giya. Ganin cewa matsayin jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli a cikin ƙananan hukumomin Amurka jami'ai ne ke ɗaukar taken 'Takaddun Kwararren Kiwon Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli' ko 'Rijista Mai Kula da Lafiya' dangane da ikon. Rawar da ke cikin Hukumar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli masu sanya uniform Cancanta Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli aiki ne na kammala karatu a mafi yawan ƙasashe. Mafi ƙarancin buƙatu a yawancin ƙasashe sun haɗa da shirin digiri na jami'a wanda aka yarda dashi, horon filin da takaddun sana'a da rijista. Janar na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya ta amince da Digirin Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Australiya da shirye-shiryen difloma na difloma bisa tsarin Manufar Yarjejeniyar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia don tabbatar da abin da ke cikin kwasa ya cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa don aiwatarwa azaman EHO a ko'ina cikin Austiraliya. Kamar yadda yake a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2009 akwai Cibiyoyin da aka yarda da EHA a cikin kowace Jiha da Yankin Arewa. Victoria, Australiya Sakataren Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ya ayyana abin da ake buƙata na yanzu don zama jami'in izini a ƙarƙashin Dokar Abinci ta 1984 a Victoria. Ana samun karɓaɓɓun karatun digiri na farko da na digiri na biyu daga Victoria, babbar ƙasa da ƙasashen ƙetare. Yammacin Australiya Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 1911 (wacce aka yiwa kwaskwarima) ta bayyana matsayin 'jami'in kula da lafiyar muhalli', kuma tana ba Babban Darakta, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a damar nada EHOs ga hukumomin lafiya na kananan hukumomin kuma a matsayin jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a da Gwamnatin Jiha ke aiki. Babban Daraktan, Lafiyar Jama'a ya shawarci Kwamitin Kula da Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Yammacin Ostiraliya game da Kwalejin Ilimin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli da na Digiri na biyu wanda ake ganin ya dace don ba da izinin yin aiki a Yammacin Australia, kuma ana buga cancantar daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin Gazette ta Gwamnati. A halin yanzu Jami'ar Fasaha ta Curtin da Jami'ar Edith Cowan suna ba da digiri na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a Yammacin Ostiraliya wanda kuma Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar muhalli ta Australia ta amince da su. New Zealand Masu shiga cikin sana'a dole ne su sami ko dai Kariyar Kiwon Lafiya ta BAppSc ko BHSc Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli. A madadin haka, masu ƙwarewar cancantar ilimin kimiyya na iya samun difloma na difloma a cikin lafiyar muhalli. Jamhuriyar Ireland Don zama Jami'in Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ya zama dole a riƙe digiri na kiwon lafiyar muhalli wanda Sashin Lafiya da Yara ya amince da shi. Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a cikin Ireland ma yana buƙatar ɗalibai su gudanar da aikin ƙwarewa tare da Babban Jami'in Kula da Kiwan Lafiya. Bayan lokacin aikin ƙwarewa, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubuce-rubuce na ilmantarwa da gwajin baka. Kingdomasar Ingila ta Biritaniya da Arewacin Ireland EHOs galibi suna riƙe da cancantar karatun digiri na farko (ko na gaba da digiri) wanda (a Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa) da Hukumar Rajistar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Irin waɗannan tanadi sun wanzu a Scotland, inda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Muhalli ta Scotland ke tsara aikin Biye da buƙatun ilimi da lokacin horo na aikace-aikace, dole ne a nuna ƙwarewa ta hanyar kundin rubutu na ilmantarwa da jarrabawar baka kafin a ba da rajist Canada Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a suna da digiri na farko a cikin lafiyar muhalli da kuma takardar shaidar ƙwararrun ƙasa Takaddun shaida a cikin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada), CPHI (C). Takaddun shaida da rajista an tsara ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada (CIPHI). Don zama ƙwararriyar ƙasa, masu kula da lafiyar jama'a dole ne su kammala shirin digiri na yarda, kammala aikin horo na filin, kuma su ƙetare Hukumar Kula da Takaddun Shaida (wanda ya ƙunshi rubutattun rahotanni da gwajin baka). Don kula da takardun shaidarka na CPHI (C), dole a yi wa masu yin rajista tare da CIPHI kuma su gabatar da sa'o'in haɓaka ƙwararru a kowace shekara. Makarantu shida ne kawai a cikin Kanada ke ba da shirye-shiryen digiri wanda CIPHI ta amince da su don biyan abin da ake buƙata na ilimi don takaddama: Cibiyar Fasaha ta British Columbia, Jami'ar Cape Breton, Jami'ar Concordia na Edmonton, Kwalejin Kwalejin Fasaha da Ilimin Ci gaba ta Conestoga, Jami'ar Farko ta Kanada, da Jami'ar Ryerson. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen galibi suna da tsayin shekaru huɗu,duk da haka ana samun shirye-shiryen saurin gudu a wasu makarantu don waɗanda ke da digiri na farko na kimiyya. Sri Lanka Masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a dole ne su fara cin jarrabawar masu Kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a wanda Sashin Kiwon Lafiya ke gudanarwa. Wadanda Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta nada sun shiga aikin ne a matsayin Sufeto mai kula da Kiwan Lafiyar Jama'a na III, daga nan kuma suka samu horo zuwa matakin difloma. Duba kuma Babban Jami'in Green (CGE) Bokan inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Kanada) CPHI (C) Kiwan lafiyar jama'a Kiwan muhalli Tsaro na Aiki da Lafiya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli ta New Zealand Chartered Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli (Ingila da Wales) Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Muhalli ta Scotland Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiyar Jama'a ta Kanada Associationungiyar Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Yankin Irish (Jamhuriyar Ireland) Federationungiyar ofasashen Duniya na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli Ostiraliya Yammacin Ostiraliya Jami'in Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Masana Kula da muhalli Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya Pages with unreviewed
27463	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana%20Kagga	Nana Kagga	Nana Hill Kagga Macpherson (wanda kuma aka sani da 'Nana Kagga-Hill' ko kuma a matsayin 'Nana Hill' ko 'Nana Hill Kagga') ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Uganda, mai shirya fina-finai, mahaliccin abun ciki, marubucin rubutu, injiniyan mai kuma mai magana mai kuzari. Ta rubuta kuma ta jagoranci fim ɗin 2012 The Life kuma marubuci ne kuma mai gudanarwa na Beneath the Lies The Series. Rayuwa da asali An haifi Kagga a Nairobi, Kenya ga iyayen Uganda, daya injiniya. Kagga dan Muganda ne kuma wani bangare ne na gidan sarauta na gargajiya na kabilar Baganda, 'Bambejja' (sarakunan sarakuna). Kagga ita ce ta uku cikin ’ya’ya shida na iyayenta duka. A lokacin haihuwarta, iyayenta suna gudun hijira a lokacin mulkin shugaba Idi Amin Kagga ya girma da farko a Uganda a cikin iyali mai wadata. Baya ga mahaifinta da kakanta na wajen uwa, ƴan’uwanta huɗu kuma injiniyoyi ne. Kagga tana zaune a Kampala, Uganda tare da kuma 'ya'yanta 3. Tana iya Turanci da Luganda sosai Ilimi Kagga ta yi karatun Firamare a Makarantar Iyayen Kampala. Daga nan ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza, ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun 'yan mata a Uganda, don matakin O-Level dinta. Daga nan ta yi matakin A-Level dinta a Makarantar Red Maids, Bristol, Makarantar Ƴan Mata mafi tsufa a Burtaniya. Daga nan Kagga ta shiga Jami'ar Birmingham, Birmingham, UK inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Injiniya. Kagga ƙwararren ɗalibi ne wanda ya yi fice a fannin Kimiyya, Fasaha da Wasanni. A lokacin hutun bazara, za ta koma Uganda kuma ta kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Jam Agenda akan WBS, wani shahararren gidan talabijin na Uganda. Sana'a Injiniya Bayan kammala karatun ta, Kagga ta koma Florida, Amurka, sannan ta koma New Mexico, Amurka. A New Mexico, ta yi aiki a Masana'antar Laguna a matsayin Injiniya Tsari a Laguna tana aiki akan kwangilolin Sojan Amurka. Hollywood (as Nana Hill) Kagga ta yanke shawarar matsawa don neman aikinta da gabatarwa a Los Angeles kuma ta sami nasara. An jefa Kagga a cikin fina-finai da dama da suka hada da Cowboys da Indiyawa, Ranar Kyau don zama Baƙar fata da sexy (Segment 'Reprise'), Ba haka ba ne kawai a cikin ku, Star Trek, CSI: NY Boo, Life, Runway Stars. A gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, an jefa Kagga a matsayin Mercy a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Butterflies of Uganda na Darren Dahms wanda aka zaɓa don bawa lambar yabo ta NAACP. Kagga ya bayyana a cikin bidiyon kiɗa da yawa ta P!nk, Amy Winehouse, Sting, Lenny Kravitz. Hakanan Kagga ya bayyana a cikin tallace-tallacen TV da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da KFC, Coors Light, Pepsi, DSW, Microsoft, APPLE, Tylenol, DDOVE Yayin da yake cikin LA, Kagga shima ya mallaki kantin sayar da kayan girki da sake siyarwa akan Santa Monica Blvd mai suna A Vintage Affair. A Uganda Kagga ya koma Uganda a ƙarshen 2009 kuma ya kafa kasuwanci, Savannah MOON Ltd. Savannah MOON ƙarƙashin alama, Savannah MOON Productions hproduced wani cikakken tsawon sifa fim, The Life wanda aka nuna a kan M-NET, a TV Series a ƙarƙashin The Lies The Series, wanda a halin yanzu ake nunawa a Urban. TV da dijital da MTN Uganda ke rarrabawa da shirin TV, Yadda Muke Gani Savannah MOON ta kuma shirya wani gajeren fim mai suna The Last Breath tare da Makarantar Fina-Finai ta Kampala. Savannah MOON a halin yanzu yana aiki akan haɓaka ra'ayoyi da yawa da abun ciki ciki har da ɗaukar Lokaci, jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai zuwa. Kagga ya kirkiro wani shiri mai suna You are Limitless (YAL), wanda ke da nufin ƙarfafawa, jagora da ƙarfafa gwiwar ƴan Afirka, musamman matasa don cimma burinsu. Kagga yana aiki a matsayin Injiniyan Man Fetur na ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin mai da iskar gas da ke aiki a Uganda. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alkalan Miss Uganda 2018. Filmography A matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo Fim Talabijin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo A matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa Magana Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nana Kagga Nana Kagga Facebook Profile Ƴan Fim Mutanen
51070	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Eritrea	Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Eritrea	Ana kallon 'yancin ɗan adam a Eritrea, kamar na shekarar 2020s, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Human Rights Watch a matsayin mafi muni a duniya, musamman game da 'yancin 'yan jarida. Eritrea kasa ce mai jam'iyya daya wadda a cikinta aka dage zaben 'yan majalisu na kasa akai-akai, bangaren shari'a yana da rauni, kuma har yanzu ba a cika aiwatar da tanade-tanaden kundin tsarin mulki da ke kare 'yancin mutum daya ba. Wasu kasashen yammacin duniya, musamman Amurka, na zargin gwamnatin Eritrea da kamawa da tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsare wasu mutane da ba a san adadinsu ba, ba tare da tuhumarsu da fafutukarsu na siyasa ba. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan ƙasar Eritriya, maza da mata, ana tilasta musu shiga aikin soja tare da tsawan aiki mara iyaka kuma ana amfani da su azaman aikin tilastawa Gwamnatin Eritrea ta ci gaba da yin watsi da zarge-zargen da cewa na da alaka da siyasa. A matsayin wani yunƙuri na yin gyare-gyare, jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. Wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea, wanda ke da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa, an kafa shi a farkon shekara ta 2009. Dubawa Eritrea kasa ce mai jam’iyya daya wacce a cikinta aka dage zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasa akai-akai, kuma ana daukar tarihin hakkin dan Adam a cikin mafi muni a duniya. Tun bayan rikicin Eritiriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998–2001, rikon kare hakkin dan Adam na Eritrea ya kara tabarbarewa. Ana yawan take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga gwamnati ko a madadin gwamnati. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da taro sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty, Eritriya na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi fuskantar danniya a duniya. A cikin ’yan shekarun nan, an sami ƙarin matakan hana masu ibada yin ibadarsu. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda aka fi tuhumar su ne Shaidun Jehobah, da kuma ’yan ikilisiyoyin bishara. Gwamnatin Eritrea ta rufe majami'unsu, kuma ta tsananta wa membobin ikilisiyoyi da dama. Bayan ’yancin kai, gwamnatin Shugaba Isaias Afwerki ta hana Shaidun Jehobah duk wani hakki na musamman. Babu memba da zai iya samun kowane taimakon gwamnati, ko amfani da kowane sabis na gwamnati. Ba a yarda Shaidun Jehovah su sami katin shaida na ƙasa ba, idan ba tare da wanda ba a yarda su saka hannu a fagen siyasa da zamantakewa na Eritrea. Katin shaida na ƙasa yana ba ƴan ƙasa damar shiga rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma mu'amala da gwamnati ko wata cibiyar kuɗi. Gwamnati ta soma ƙyale ’yan’uwan Shaidun Jehobah su yi imaninsu a cikin gidansu ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Har yanzu an hana su gudanar da aiki a duk wani fili na jama'a. Iyalai da dama sun tsere daga kasar don neman mafaka a kasashen waje saboda yawan zalunci da dauri. A cewar Amnesty International, a halin yanzu akwai iyalai 250 da suka bar Eritrea domin neman mafaka a kasashen waje. Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa ba a yarda su yi aiki a Eritrea. Addinai masu rijista, tushen ƙidayar jama'a sune Cocin Orthodox Tewahedo Church (ɗariƙar miaphysite Oriental Orthodox), Cocin Roman Katolika, Ikilisiyar Lutheran Eritrea, da Sunni Islama. Ana tsananta wa duk wasu addinai, ciki har da wasu ƙungiyoyin Islama, kamar Shi'a, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Kiristanci, kamar kowace ɗariƙar Furotesta da yawa (ban da Cocin Lutheran na Eritrea) da kuma Shaidun Jehovah. An bai wa dukkanin mabiya addinin Kirista ’yancin yin ibada har zuwa shekara ta 2002 lokacin da gwamnati ta haramta ibada da taro a wajen ‘yan darikar ‘rejista’. Ikklisiyoyi masu bishara a Eritrea sun kasance wasu ƙungiyoyin addini da aka fi tsananta wa. Don ƙungiyoyin addini su shiga kuma su aiwatar da imaninsu cikin yanci dole ne su nemi rajista tare da Sashen Harkokin Addini. Gwamnati ta kwace coci-coci da gine-ginen addini da dama. A shekara ta 2003, an sami rikodi da aka kama da aka yi wa ’yan cocin bishara. Jami’an tsaro na zuwa wuraren tarurrukan addini ko bukukuwan aure daban-daban don gudanar da kamun ludayin jama’a, “’Yan sanda sun ware bukukuwan aure na addini a cikin gidaje a matsayin wani lokaci don tattara masu imani. Ya zama al’ada ga gwamnati ta sa mabiyan su yi watsi da imaninsu: “An matsa wa fursunonin ne ta hanyar azabtarwa ko kuma musguna musu, tare da barazanar tsare su har abada, su sa hannu kan takardar amincewa da wasu sharuɗɗan sakin, kamar kada su halarci addini. tarurruka. An ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta wa wasu su yi watsi da imaninsu kuma sun yarda su koma Cocin Orthodox.” Yawancin wadannan fursunonin addini an sha fuskantar shari'a a asirce da kuma hukuncin dauri a asirce. Kawo yanzu dai ba a san dalilin da ya sa ‘yan ta’adda a coci-coci ba, kamar yadda kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Amnesty International ta ce, “ci gaba da murkushe kungiyoyin addini marasa rinjaye, gwamnati ba ta taba yin hakan ba amma da alama tana da alaka da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka kan matasa masu kokarin kaucewa soji. aikin yi". Ana yawan azabtar da fursunonin addini a Eritrea. 'Yancin gudanar da ibada na daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da dubban 'yan kasar Eritriya suka fice daga kasar. Akwai dubban 'yan Eritrea a Habasha, Sudan, Isra'ila, Turai da kuma Yamma suna neman mafaka. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da 'yan jarida suna da matukar tauyewa yayin da ake tauye 'yancin yin taro, kungiyoyi, motsi da kuma addini. Baya ga adawar siyasa, kafafen yada labarai kuma su ne abin da gwamnatin ta ke kaiwa hari. A shekara ta 2001, an daure 'yan jarida goma sha uku saboda goyon bayansu ga ministocin da suka nuna adawa. Daga cikin su, Fesshaye Yohannes ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu, 2007, a gidan yarin Eiraeiro da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar. Baya ga ‘yan jarida, an daure daruruwan ‘yan siyasa da sojoji. A shekara ta 2015, rahoton hukumar ta UNHRC mai shafuka 500 ya yi cikakken bayani kan zarge-zargen kisan gilla, azabtarwa, yi wa kasa hidima na tsawon lokaci ba da jimawa ba da kuma aikin tilastawa, ya kuma nuna cewa cin zarafin mata, fyade da kuma tsawaita aikin lalata da jami'an jihar ke yi. The Guardian ta buga rahoton r na 'yawan cin zarafin bil'adama "a kan iyaka da ma'auni da ba kasafai ake shaidawa a wani wuri ba". Majalisar ta kuma tabbatar da cewa wannan cin zarafi na iya zama laifukan cin zarafin bil adama. Barbara Lochbihler, ta kwamitin kula da kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai, ta ce rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani game da ''mummunan take hakkin dan Adam', kuma ya nuna cewa ba za a ci gaba da ba da tallafin da EU ke bayarwa don raya kasa a halin yanzu ba tare da sauyi a Eritrea ba. Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Eritiriya ta mayar da martani inda ta bayyana rahoton na hukumar a matsayin "zargin daji" wanda sam sam ba su da tushe balle makama. A wata sanarwa da mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane Gebreab ya fitar ta zargi kwamitin da kasancewa mai "bangare daya gaba daya", ta kuma nuna cewa "Eritirea ta yi watsi da zargin siyasa da rashin tushe da kuma shawarwarin da kungiyar COI ta bayar. Ya yi imanin cewa harin da ba shi da tushe ba wai kawai kan Eritrea ba, har ma da Afirka da kasashe masu tasowa." Rahoton Hukumar Binciken (CoI) ya dogara ne kan shaidar wasu mutane 833 da ba a san sunansu ba da ake zargin 'yan Eritrea ne. Dangane da haka, wani adadi mai yawa na al'ummar Eritiriya sun yi watsi da rahoton kwamitin bincike. 'Yan Eritriya 230,000 ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar korafe-korafe kan takardar sannan 'yan Eritrea 45,000 ne suka bayar da shaidar kare Eritrea, wanda bai bayyana a cikin rahoton ba. 'Yan Eritrea 850 sun nemi da su gabatar da kansu don bayyana kansu a Geneva kuma su ba da shaidarsu ga UNHRC a kan takardar. Bugu da kari, sama da 'yan Eritrea 10,000 ne suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da rahoton a Geneva. Kasashe da dama kuma sun yi watsi da kalaman batanci na rahoton, musamman Amurka da China. A wani taron da aka tsara, jami’in diflomasiyyar Amurka Eric Richardson ya ce takardar Eritiriya ba ta da “tsaro da daidaito” kamar yadda rahoton Koriya ta Arewa da Amurka ba za su iya tallafawa harshen rubutun ba tare da yin kwaskwarima ba. Bugu da kari, mai baiwa shugaban kasar Eritiriya shawara Yemane, ya zargi Habasha da "wasu munanan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa al'ummarta", yana mai cewa babban abin mamaki ne yadda Habasha za ta iya amfani da majalisar wajen ganin an amince da kudurin kan Eritrea. Tun bayan rikicin Eritriya da Habasha a shekarun 1998-2001, al'amuran kare hakkin bil'adama na kasar na fuskantar suka a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ana zargin gwamnati ko kuma a madadin gwamnati na aikata laifukan take hakkin ɗan adam. 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, jarida, taro, da ƙulla sun iyakance. Ana kama waɗanda suke bin addinan “marasa rajista”, suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga ƙasar, ko kuma su guje wa aikin soja kuma ana saka su a kurkuku. A lokacin gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na Eritiriya, hukumomin Habasha sun tafka ta’asa da dama a kan fararen hular Eritriya marasa makami (maza, mata da yara). Kusan, sojojin Habasha sun kashe fararen hula 90,000 na Eritrea. A lokacin yakin Eritriya da Habasha na shekarar 1998, gwamnatin EPRDF ta kuma kori tare da kwace kadarorin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 masu zaman kansu. Yawancin 'yan Eritrea da Habasha 77,000 'yan asalin Eritriya an yi la'akari da su da kyau ta yanayin rayuwar Habasha. An kore su ne bayan an kwace musu kayansu. Duk 'yan Eritriya masu shekaru 18-40 dole ne su kammala aikin aikin ƙasa na wajibi, wanda ya haɗa da aikin soja. Tsakanin daliban manyan makarantu 10,000 zuwa 25,000 ne ke shafe shekara ta 12 na karatu a daya daga cikin sansanonin masu yi wa kasa hidima, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne sansanin da ke kusa da Sawa. An aiwatar da wannan hidimar ta kasa ne bayan da Eritrea ta samu 'yancin kai daga Habasha, a matsayin hanyar kariya daga duk wata barazana ga Eritriya, da sanya girman kan kasa, da samar da al'umma masu tarbiyya. Hidimar kasa ta Eritiriya na bukatar dogon lokaci, na wa’adin shiga aikin soja, wanda wasu ‘yan Eritriya ke barin kasar domin gujewa. Rahoton Human Rights Watch na watan Agusta na shekarar 2019 ya yi ikirarin cewa makarantar sakandare ta Eritrea ta tilasta wa dalibai shiga aikin soja ko na gwamnati da ba su da iyaka kuma da yawa sun tsere daga kasar saboda wannan. Kungiyar ta bayyana tsarin ilimi na Eritriya a matsayin na'urar daukar ma'aikata da ke cin zarafi ga dalibai da suka hada da azabtarwa, matsananciyar yanayin aiki da rashin isasshen albashi don tallafawa iyalansu. A watan Yunin 2022, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar Eritrea, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker, ya fitar da wani rahoto yana mai suka game da tabarbarewar yanayin 'yancin dan Adam a kasar. Daga cikin laifukan da aka yi rikodin, shigar da sojoji tilas, kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, bacewar da azabtarwa sun kasance ruwan dare. Rahoton ya kuma shafi shigar kasar Eritrea a yakin da ake yi da makamai a kasar Habasha. An yi garkuwa da 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea da ke sansanonin Habasha tare da tilasta musu fada. Gyaran baya Jami'an gwamnatin Eritrea da wakilan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun halarci tarurrukan jama'a da tattaunawa da dama. A cikin waɗannan zaman sun amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci kamar, "Mene ne 'yancin ɗan adam?" "Wane ne ke ƙayyade menene haƙƙin ɗan adam?", da "Me ya kamata a gabaci, haƙƙin ɗan adam ko na gama gari?" A shekara ta 2007, gwamnatin Eritrea ta hana yi wa mata kaciya. Majalisun yanki da shugabannin addini suma suna ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewarsu da yin amfani da yankan mata. Sun ambaci abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da ’yancin kai a matsayin abin da ya fi damunsu lokacin da suka faɗi haka. Bugu da ƙari, suna roƙon mutanen karkara da su yi watsi da wannan tsohuwar al'ada. A farkon shekara ta 2009, an kafa wani sabon yunkuri mai suna Citizens for Democratic Rights a Eritrea da nufin samar da tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan adawa a farkon shekara ta 2009. Kungiyar ta kunshi talakawan kasa da wasu makusantan gwamnati. An kaddamar da wannan yunkuri ne a wani taro na kwanaki biyu a birnin Landan, bayan yunkurin tattaunawa da aka yi a baya ya ci tura. Freedom House An dauki Eritrea "ba 'yanci ba" bisa ga Freedom House Freedom a cikin rahoton 2022 na Duniya, wanda ya yi scoring 1/40 akan 'yancin siyasa da 2/60 akan 'yancin jama'a. Yanayin Tarihi Mai zuwa shine ginshiƙi na ƙimar Eritrea tun a shekarar 1993 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1 Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Eritiriya game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka: Duba kuma 'Yancin aikin jarida a Eritrea 'Yancin addini a Eritrea Fataucin mutane a Eritrea Refoule na 'yan gudun hijirar Eritrea Hakkin LGBT a Eritrea Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Kan Eritrea Siyasar Eritrea Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
16447	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu%20Hashim	Banu Hashim	Banu Hashim babbar dangin kabilar Kuraishawa ce, ita kuma Kuraish, kabila ce babba ga larabawan Makkah da Madina, wanda annabin musulunci Muhammad S.A.W ya kasance dan kabilar ne, kakan shi shi ne Hashim bn Abd Manaf, wanda aka laƙaba sunan dangin daga gareshi, Ana kiran yayan Abdu Manaf wannan dangin a matsayin HasheM ko Al-hashimi. Zuriyar Muhammad yawanci suna daukar lakabin Sayyid, Syed, Hashimi, Al-Hashmi Sayed da Sharif, ko kuma dangin Ashraf (wanda yayi daidai da Ahl al-Bayt Tarihi Daga cikin Larabawan da suka gabaci Islama, mutane suna sanya kansu bisa ga kabilan su, dangin su, sannan gidan su dangin su. Akwai manyan nau'ikan kabila guda biyu: Adnanites (waɗanda suka fito daga dAN ADAM, kakannin kakannin larabawan arewa, tsakiya da yammacin Larabawa) da kuma Qahtanites (waɗanda suka samo asali daga Qahtan, kakannin gargajiyar Larabawan kudu da gabashin Larabawa). Banu Hashim daya ne daga cikin dangin kabilar kuraishawa, kuma kabilar Adnan ce. Ya samo sunan ne daga Hashim bn Abd Manaf, kakan-kakan Muhammad, kuma tare da Banu Abd Shams, Banu Al-Muttalib, da dangin Banu Nawfal sun hada da Banu Abd al-Manaf na Kuraishawa. Gidan Abdul-Muttalib na Banu Hashim ya kunshi manyan mutane a Makka kafin musulinci Wannan ya samo asali ne daga aikinsu na gado don zama a matsayin wakilai da masu kula da mahajjatan da ke zuwa [[Makkah] don yin sujada a Kaaba, gidan ibada mai alfarma wanda a al'adar Musulunci Ibda ɗansa na fari kuma magajinsa Ismail ne suka gina shi. ya kasance wurin bautar Tauhidi. Da lokaci, ɗaruruwan gumaka sun mamaye Ka'aba. Ziyartar wadannan gumakan ta hanyar kabilu daban-daban ya haifar da zirga-zirgar kasuwanci wacce ta kara yawan dukiyar 'yan kasuwar Makka, wanda kuma ya ci gajiyar matsayinta wanda ke sa hanyoyin safarar daga yama (Arabia Felix) har zuwa kasuwannin Bahar Rum. A cikin gidan 'Abd al-Muttalib na Banu Hashim na Kuraishawa aka haifi Muhammad. Tun yana dan shekara 40, kafuwar addinin Musulunci ya sanya shi fada da manyan kasashen da ke Makka. Kasancewarsa na 'gidan sama, na babban dangi' (dangane da martaba da iko) wani al'amari ne (kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya tanada) ta inda Allah ya tsare shi daga kisan gilla a farkon shekarun aikinsa, kamar yadda 'yan uwan mahaifinsa ba za su ga irin wannan cin fuska ga abin da ake kira girmama dangi ba. Bayan shekaru 13, al'ummar Musulmin Makka suka yi hijira (suka yi Hijrah zuwa garin Yathrib (wanda daga baya aka san shi da suna Madina) don guje wa fitinar kisan gillar da marasa imani na Makka ke musu. Tare da mamayan Makka, sojojin Musulunci sun kame garin. An tsarkake Kaabah daga gumaka kuma ya zama cibiyar hajji ga musulmai, ya sake zama cibiyar tsarkakakken tauhidi na Ibrahim. (Haramtacce ne ga wadanda ba musulmi ba su shiga yankin da aka sanya shi kusa da garin Makka). Manyan layukan zuriyar Muhammad su ne na jikokinsa guda biyu, Al-Hasan da waɗanda aka haifa ta haɗin kan 'yarsa [\|Fatimah]] da dan uwansa kuma surukin Ali Muhammad ya roki kaunar musulmai akan jikokinsa, saboda haka zuriyarsu sun zama masu kishin addini a tsakanin musulmai. An san zuriyar Banu Hashim da laƙibin Sayyid, Syed da Sharif. A cikin 19th Century CE, don kokarin warware rikice rikicen da ke tattare da zuriyar Muhammadu, \|Khalifofin]] Ottoman sun yi ƙoƙari don yin irin na Almanach de Gotha (jerin sunayen manyan gidajen Turai) don nuna sanannun layukan zuriya. Kodayake ba a cika 100% cikakke ba a cikin tasirin sakamakon Kitab al-Ashraf (Littafin Sharifai), wanda aka ajiye a Fadar Topkapı da ke Istanbul shine ɗayan mafi kyawun tushen shaidar zuriyar Muhammad. Alids (kalmar da aka ba zuriyar Muhammadu ta hanyar 'yarsa Fatima da Ali) layin zuriyar sun samar sau da yawa, daulolin da ke mulki na yanzu (da masu zuwa) a duk faɗin mulkin Islama, daga cikin waɗannan tsayuwa: Dauloli Wadannan Royal da na mallaka dauloli da'awar Saukowarsa daga Hashim: Daular Hummudid (ta hannun Idris ibn Abdullah Arabiya Daular Hashemite (ta hanyar Qatadah ibn Idris Daular Abbasawa ta Daular Abbasiyya (ta hannun Abbas bn Muttalib Daular Fatimid na daular Fatimid da suka hada da Agha Khans na gaba. (ta hannun Ismail ibn Jafar Daular Rassid ta Yemen (ta hanyar Ibrahim al Jamr bin Hassan al Muthanna Daular Mutawakkilite ta Yemen (ta hanyar Ibrahim al Jamr bin Hassan al Muthanna a matsayin 'yan leken asiri na Daular Rassid) Afirka Daular Aluoite ta Maroko (ta hanyar Muhammad Nafs az zakiyah bin Abdullah al Kamal) Daular Idrisid ta Afirka ta Yamma (ta hannun Idris ibn Abdullah Daular Senussi ta Libya (ta hannun Idris ibn Abdullah a matsayin manyan hafsoshin daular Idrisid) Safavid na Daular Farisa (ta hanyar Abul Qasim Humza bin Musa al Kadhim Alid na Tabaristan (ta hannun Zayd bin Hassan al Muthana Daular Zaydi ta Tabarstan (ta hannun Zayd bn Ali Daular Barha Ciki har da Nawabs na baya daga Samballhera (ta hanyar Zayd ibn Ali Daular Rohilla da ta hada da Nawabs na Rampur daga baya (ta hanyar Zayd bn Ali a matsayin Cadets na Daular Barha) Agha Khans (Ta hannun Isma'il bn Jafar a matsayin daliban da ke daular Fatimid) Daudpota daular gami da Nawabs na Bhawalpur da Sindh Kalhora daga baya (ta hannun Abbas bn Muttalib Sarakunan Mysore (ta hanyar Qatadah ibn Idris a matsayin 'yan sanda na daular Hashemite) Daular Sabzwari (ta hanyar Ali al Reza Daular Najafi ta Bengal Ciki har da Nawabs na Murshidabad na baya da dangin Tabatabai na Iran (ta hannun Ibrahim Tabataba ibn Ismail al Dibaj) Gabashin Asiya Sarakunan Siak (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin su na 'yan bautan Ba alawai) Bendahara daular Pahang da Terengannu (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin ɗaliban makarantar Ba alawai) Daular Bolkiah ta Brunei (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin ɗaliban makarantar Ba alawai) Gidan sarautar Jamal al layl na Perak da Perlis (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin cadets na Ba alawai) Sarakunan Pontianak (ta hanyar Ahmad al Muhajir a matsayin su na 'yan bautan Ba alawai) Iyalin gida Lura cewa alamar jinsi kai tsaye alama ce mai ƙarfi Duba nan kasa Wadanda ba Musulmi ba wadanda suka yi hulda da Musulmai a zamanin Muhammadu Banu Abbas Hashmi Sayyid Awan (kabilar) Husseini Halifancin Abbasawa Iyalin gidan Muhammadu Kuraishawa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ba'Alawi (Al Husayni Al Hashimi Al Qurayshi) Sadah na Hadhramaut Banu Hashim Kafin Haihuwar Musulunci Tarihin zuriyar Hashemite Banu Abbas https://bani-alabbas.com/ Kuraishawa Larabawa Kabilun
25467	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Disaster%20Artist%20%28film%29	The Disaster Artist (film)	The Disaster Artist fim ne wanda akayi a shekara ta 2017 American sada comedy-drama fim mai bada umurni James Franco Scott Neustadter da Michael H. Weber ne suka rubuta shi, dangane da littafin Greg Sestero da Tom Bissell na shekarar 2013 wanda ba almara ba ne na wannan take Fim ɗin ya bada labarin abotar da baza a iya mantawa ba tsakanin jaruman da suka yi fice Tommy Wiseau da Sestero wanda ke haifar da samar da fim ɗin Wiseau na shekarar 2003 The Room, wanda aka ɗauka ɗayan ɗayan mafi munin fina -finai da aka taɓa yi The Artist Artist taurari 'yan'uwa James da Dave Franco a matsayin Wiseau da Sestero, bi da bi, tare da goyan bayan da ke nuna Alison Brie, Ari Graynor, Josh Hutcherson, Jacki Weaver, da Seth Rogen Babban hoton ya fara ne ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2015. Yanke aikin cigaba na fim ɗin da aka fara nunaww a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2017; daga baya an nuna shi a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Toronto na 2017 a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, kuma ya taka rawa a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na San Sebastián na 2017, inda ya zama fim ɗin Amurka na farko daya lashe babban kyautar sa, Golden Shell, tun Shekaru Dubu na Kyau. Sallah a shekarar 2007. Rarraba ta A24 a Arewacin Amurka da Warner Bros. Hotuna a kasuwannin duniya, Mawaƙin Bala'i ya fara iyakantaccen saki a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2017, kafin buɗewa a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2017. Ya sami ingantattun bita daga masu sukar, tare da ilimin sunadarai na Francos da hotunan su na Wiseau da Sestero, har ma da barkwancin fim da wasan kwaikwayo, yana samun yabo, kuma Kwamitin Nazarin Ƙasa ya zaɓi shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan fina-finai goma na shekarar 2017. A lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Awards na 75, James Franco ya lashe lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Jarumi Musical ko Comedy an kuma zabi fim ɗin don Mafi Kyawun Hoto Musical ko Comedy Franco kuma ya karɓi nadin Kyakkyawar Ayyuka ta wani Mawallafi a Matsayin Jagora a Lambobin Guild Awards na 24, kuma fim ɗin ya sami lambar yabo don Mafi Kyawun Fuskar allo a lambar yabo ta 90th Academy Makirci A San Francisco a cikin shekarar 1998, Greg Sestero ɗan shekara 19 yayi abokantaka da Tommy Wiseau a cikin aji na wasan kwaikwayo na Jean Shelton bayan Tommy ya bada tsayayyen fassarar abin da ya faru daga A Streetcar mai suna Desire Greg yaji daɗin rashin tsoro na Tommy, koda yake Tommy kuma yana nuna halaye da ɗabi'un da ba'a saba gani ba; alal misali, yana iya siyan gidaje a San Francisco da Los Angeles, amma ba zai tattauna rayuwarsa ta sirri ko tushen arzikinsa ba, kuma ya nace daga New Orleans yake, duk da lafazin sa na Turai. A shawarar Tommy, su biyun suna ƙaura zuwa Los Angeles don cigaba da aiki. Greg ya rattaba hannu tare da wakilin baiwa Iris Burton kuma yana halartar sauraron karar a kai a kai, yayin da hukumomi, masu rikon mukamin, daraktoci da masu shirya fina-finai suka ki yarda da Tommy, kuma da alama yana tunanin Amber, sabuwar budurwar Greg, tana lalata abokantakarsa da Greg. Lokacin da binciken Greg ya fara bushewa, yana raba abubuwan takaici tare da Tommy, wanda ya yanke shawarar yin fim don su shiga. Tommy ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayon na The Room, melodrama game da soyayyar triangle tsakanin bankin Johnny (wanda Tommy ya buga), budurwarsa Lisa, da babban abokinsa Mark (wanda Greg ya buga, wanda kuma aka bashi lambar mai samar da layi Suna hayarbsararin samarwa daga Birns and Sawyer, daga wanda Tommy ya nace kan siye, maimakon yin hayar, duk kayan aikin samarwa da zai buƙaci. Ya kuma yanke shawarar harba fim ɗin akan fim ɗin 35mm da HD Digital lokaci guda, wanda shine wani ma'auni mai tsada kuma ba dole ba. Ma'aikatan gidan samarwa sun gabatar da Tommy ga Raphael Smagja da Sandy Schklair, waɗanda aka yi hayar su a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai da mai lura da rubutun bi da bi. Jarumar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Juliette Danielle ta fito azaman budurwa mai suna Lisa. Farawa yana farawa cikin sauƙi, amma halin sarrafa Tommy da rashin ƙwarewa suna sa yanayin ya lalace. Yana manta layukansa, yana isowa da wuri, kuma ya ƙi wadata ma'aikatansa da buƙatun yau da kullun, kamar ruwan sha da kwandishan. Babu wanda ya karɓi cikakken rubutun, kuma masu jefa ƙuri'a da matukan jirgin sun ruɗe saboda makircin fim ɗin da zaɓin jagora da zaɓin da ba a bayyana Tommy ba. Yayin shirye -shiryen yanayin jima'i, wanda ake yin fim jim kaɗan bayan Greg ya gaya wa Tommy cewa yana shiga tare da Amber, Tommy ya ƙi yin fim a kan rufaffiyar saiti, baya sanya riguna tsakanin al'amuran, kuma yana wulaƙanta Juliette ta hanyar nuna. kurajen da ke kafadarta ga daukacin ma'aikatan. Lokacin da aka fuskance shi game da wannan, Tommy ya ba da amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa a koyaushe yana kallon manyan abubuwan da aka samar a bayan fage, don haka ya san abin da masu jefa ƙuri'a da membobin jirgin ke faɗi game da shi a bayan bayan sa, kuma yana zargin kowa, ciki har da Greg, bai goyi bayan hangen nesan sa ba. Yayin da The Room har yanzu yana yin fim, Greg da Amber sun shiga Bryan Cranston, wanda yake ajin Pilates iri ɗaya kamar Amber, a wani cafe. Ya ce yana jagorantar wani shiri mai zuwa na shirin talabijin da yake, Malcolm a Tsakiya, kuma yana gayyatar Greg don yin wasan katako, galibi saboda Greg yana da gemu. An shirya Greg zai aske gemun sa nan ba da jimawa ba don The Room, don haka ya roki Tommy da ya jinkirta harbe wadancan al'amuran, amma Tommy ya ki. Greg da son ya zaɓi ya gama fim ɗin kuma ya bar damar kasancewa kan Malcolm A ranar ƙarshe ta harbi, wanda ke kan dawo a San Francisco, Greg yana zargin Tommy da son kai da saukin kai a duk abotarsu kuma yana tambayar ainihin shekarun sa da asalin sa. Yaƙin biyu da Greg sun tashi. Zuwa watan Yuni 2003, Amber da Greg sun rabu kuma Greg ya fara aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Tommy ya gama aiki akan The Room a cikin watanni takwas tun bayan faduwar su, kuma ya gayyaci Greg zuwa farkon. Greg da farko yana da jinkiri, amma Tommy ya gamsar da shi ya zo kuma, ga mamakin sa, duk simintin da matukan jirgin suma suna halarta. Masu sauraro masu iyawa suna amsawa tare da yin shiru sannan kuma, ƙara, tare da raha ga ƙarancin aikin Tommy, rubutun, da dabarun yin fim. Tashin hankali Tommy ya fito daga gidan wasan kwaikwayon, amma Greg ya dawo da shi kuma ya nuna lokacin da masu sauraro ke jin daɗi, yayin da yake sulhunta abota da shi. Tare da sabon fatan alheri, Tommy ya ɗauki matakin yayin da endsakin ya ƙare kuma ya nuna godiyarsa ga kyakkyawar tarbar fim ɗin "comedic". Ya gayyaci Greg don ya kasance tare da shi, kuma ma'auratan sun sami tsayin daka. A cikin abubuwan da aka ba da lambar yabo, Tommy ya sadu da Henry, ɗan biki (wanda ainihin Tommy Wiseau ya buga) wanda ya tambayi Tommy idan yana son yin waje. Ya ƙi, duk da cewa ya san sanannen lafazin “New Orleans” na Henry. Jefa Kristen Bell, Ike Barinholtz, Adam Scott, Kevin Smith, Keegan-Michael Key, Lizzy Caplan, Danny McBride, Zach Braff da JJ Abrams sun bayyana da kansu a cikin gabatarwar tattaunawa akan The Room da suna. Sauran matsayin sun haɗa da John Early a matsayin babban mai taimakawa Burton Chris Snyder, Joe Mande a matsayin DP Todd Barron, Charlyne Yi a matsayin mai ƙera kayan safowa Bright-Asare, Kelly Oxford a matsayin mai zane-zane Amy Von Brock, Tom Franco a matsayin Karl, Zoey Deutch a matsayin abokin aikin Tommy Bobbi Bobbi, Sugar Lyn Beard a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na binciken Lisa, Brian Huskey a matsayin mai ba da banki, Randall Park a matsayin abokin aikin Greg na Rob, Jerrod Carmichael a matsayin abokin wasan Greg na, Casey Wilson a matsayin darektan simintin, Lauren Ash a matsayin mai sayad da furanni a cikin Dakin Hi, doggie jerin, da Angelyne a matsayin kanta. Bryan Cranston yana yin kamannin da ba a san shi ba kamar kansa. Greg Sestero ya bayyana a matsayin mataimakiyar darektan simintin gyare-gyare, yayin da Tommy Wiseau ya bayyana a fagen ba da lamuni a matsayin hali mai suna Henry. Shiryawa Ci gaba A watan Fabrairu 2014, kamfanin samar da Seth Rogen Point Gray Pictures ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya sami littafin da haƙƙin fim ga The Artist Artist An saita James Franco don yin jagora da wasa Wiseau, kuma an jefa ɗan'uwansa Dave Franco a matsayin Sestero. James Franco ya bayyana Mawakin Bala'i shine "haɗin Boogie Nights da The Master A cewar Franco, da farko Wiseau ya yi fatan Johnny Depp zai taka shi. A cikin Afrilu 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa taken ya canza daga Mai Bala'in Bala'i zuwa Babban Jagora, kodayake An tabbatar da Mawaƙin Bala'i a matsayin taken hukuma lokacin da aka sanar da farkon fim ɗin SXSW. Jefa A cikin Yuni 2014, ƙanin James Franco, Dave Franco, ya ba da sanarwar ba da izini ba a tsakar dare yana nuna The Room cewa an jefa shi cikin rawar haɗin gwiwa na Greg Sestero. Wiseau ya yaba da shawarar a zaman Tambaya da Amsa. Fim ɗin shine haɗin gwiwa na farko na James da ɗan'uwan Dave, kamar yadda ƙaramin Franco ya ce ya nemi ayyukan daban -daban da gangan, a cikin hirar da aka yi da shi a Fim ɗin Fina -Finan Duniya na Toronto, "Ba na son mutane su yi tunanin cewa ni nake hawa coattails. Kamar yadda New Line Cinema nemi a saya The Bala'i Artist a watan Oktoba 2015, daya daga cikin film ta kera, kuma m Franco collaborator, Shitu Rogen, da ke cikin tattaunawar yi wasa The Room rubutun duba, Sandy Schklair. An bayyana ragowar manyan fitattun a cikin kwanaki kafin fara yin fim, a farkon Disamba 2015: Josh Hutcherson a matsayin Philip Haldiman, Ari Graynor a matsayin Juliette Danielle, Jacki Weaver a matsayin Carolyn Minnott, Hannibal Buress a matsayin Bill Meur, Andrew Santino a matsayin Scott Holmes, da Zac Efron a matsayin Dan Janjigian Matar Dave Franco, Alison Brie, ta shiga simintin a matsayin budurwar Sestero na lokacin, Amber, kuma daga baya aka sanar da cewa an jefa Sharon Stone a matsayin wakilin baiwa na Hollywood Iris Burton. Sestero ya bayyana a cikin Janairu 2016 cewa an saka Bryan Cranston a cikin fim ɗin a cikin rawar da ba a bayyana ba. A cikin Nuwamba 2016, an bayyana shi yana wasa da kansa yayin lokacin aikinsa akan Malcolm a Tsakiya Kiɗa Dave Porter ne ya tsara ƙimar fim ɗin. Yin fim Babban hoto ya fara ne a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2015, a Los Angeles, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2016. Daga cikin wuraren da aka yi amfani da su akwai The Ojai Apartments akan Whitley Terrace a Hollywood Saki Fim ɗin yana da farkon sa, a cikin wani tsari na ci gaba, a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2017. A watan Mayu 2017, A24 ta sami haƙƙin rarraba fim, kuma ta saita fim ɗin don iyakancewar saki a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2017, kafin a fitar da shi a ranar 8 ga Disamba Warner Bros. Hotuna yana rarraba fim ɗin a duniya, kuma ya sami sakin IMAX a yankuna da aka zaɓa kuma. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2017, A24 ya ɗora allo a kan Highland Avenue a Los Angeles wanda ya kwafa ainihin allon The Room ɗin da Wiseau ya kiyaye daga 2003 zuwa 2008. An saki fim ɗin a kan Blu-ray, DVD da zazzage dijital a ranar 13 ga Maris, 2018. Tun daga ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2019, ƙididdigar tallace -tallace na gida na Amurka ya kai 1,288,213. Karɓar baki Ofishin tikitoci Mawaƙin Bala'i ya tara dala miliyan 21.1 a Amurka da Kanada, da dala miliyan 8.7 a wasu yankuna, don jimlar 29.8 miliyan a duk duniya, akan kasafin samarwa na dala miliyan 10. Fim ɗin ya ci dala miliyan 1.2 daga gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na 19 a cikin ƙarshen ƙarshen buɗewa, ya ƙare na 12 a ofishin akwatin kuma ya kai 64,254 a kowane wuri, ɗayan mafi girman matsakaita na 2017. Fim ɗin yana da faɗin faɗinsa a mako mai zuwa, tare da buɗe Farawa Kawai, kuma an yi hasashen zai kai kusan dala miliyan 5 daga gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na 840 a ƙarshen mako. Ya ƙare har ya sami dala miliyan 6.4, yana ƙare na 4 a ofishin akwatin. Mako mai zuwa, duk da cewa an ƙara shi zuwa ƙarin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 170, fim ɗin ya faɗi fiye da yadda ake tsammani 57% zuwa dala miliyan 2.7, ya ƙare a 8th. A karshen karshen mako na uku da aka saki mai yawa ya sami 884,576 1.2 miliyan a cikin tsarin Kirsimeti na kwana huɗu), yana faduwa zuwa 17th. Amsa mai mahimmanci Mawaƙin Bala'i ya sami farin jini a lokacin da aka fara tantance shi a Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma. A gidan yanar gizon tattara Rotten Tomatoes, fim ɗin yana da ƙimar yarda da kashi 91% dangane da sake dubawa 348 da matsakaicin darajar 7.80/10. Babban maƙasudin gidan yanar gizon ya karanta, "Oh, hai Mark. Mawaƙin Bala'i wani abin mamaki ne mai ban sha'awa kuma mai ban sha'awa game da fim wanda ke binciko tsarin ƙirƙirar tare da ƙoshin da ba a tsammani. Metacritic ya ba fim ɗin matsakaicin matsakaicin maki 76 cikin 100 bisa masu sukar 44, yana nuna "sake dubawa masu kyau". Masu sauraro da PostTrak suka gabatar sun ba fim ɗin kashi 81% na tabbataccen ci gaba da kashi 66% "tabbataccen shawara". Erik Childress na Jerin Waƙoƙin da aka yiwa lakabi da wasan James Franco "mafi kyawun tun lokacin da aka zaɓi Oscar a cikin sa'o'i 127. Bugu da ari, ya rubuta cewa "a matsayina na darakta yana da kyau a ƙarshe a gan shi ya rungumi yankin nishaɗi na wasan kwaikwayo tare da isasshen abubuwan da za su yi wa abokin hamayyar Robert Altman's Player Peter Debruge na Iri -iri ya ce yana da "ainihin ƙarfin yin farin ciki, ko masu sauraron da ake tambaya sun ga Dakin Da yake rubutu don Rolling Stone, Peter Travers ya ba fim ɗin 3.5 daga cikin taurari 4, yana mai cewa: “A matsayinta na darakta, Franco ya yi nasara da kyau wajen kawo haɗin kai ga hargitsi, kalmar da ta kwatanta daidai yadda aka yi wannan sabon fim ɗin tsakiyar dare. Kuna buƙatar ganin Roomakin don yabawa Mawaƙin Bala'i Ba da gaske ba. Justin Chang na jaridar Los Angeles Times ya kira fim din "wani abin ban dariya, mai ban sha'awa na rashin nasara". Manohla Dargis na Jaridar New York Times ya rubuta cewa "fim ne mai ban dariya daban -daban, amma haushin sa kuma na iya jin wuce gona da iri, a wasu lokutan yana birgewa kuma yana ɗan ɓoye". Peter Bradshaw na The Guardian ya ba fim ɗin taurari uku daga cikin taurari biyar, yana rubuta cewa yana kawo tambayoyin da ba a amsa ba, kuma "yana da damar ingantawa". Ignatiy Vishnevetsky na The AV Club ya ba fim ɗin ƙimar "C", yana kiran shi "abin ƙyama" kuma yana tambaya, "shin duk wanda bai taɓa ganin Dakin ba a zahiri zai iya haɗa kan wannan tunanin Z-grade daga kallon Mawaƙin Bala'i Amincewa Daidaitaccen tarihi Kodayake an dogara ne akan labarin gaskiya, fim ɗin yana yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana barin abubuwan da suka faru: A cikin fim ɗin Tommy yana samun wahayi don rubuta The Room kawai azaman fasalin fim ɗin fasali don shi da Greg; a rayuwa ta ainihi an fara shi azaman wasa kuma an yi wa Tommy wahayi bayan ya ga Mai Haƙƙin Mr. Ripley Mahaifiyar Greg 'yar asalin Faransanci ce don haka tana da lafazin da ya dace, wanda Greg ya yi amfani da shi don rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin tsoro mai suna Retro Puppet Master Siffar Megan Mullally ga mahaifiyarsa ba ta da lafazi na musamman. Yayin da aka nuna tashin hankali a cikin saiti a cikin fim ɗin, samar da rayuwa ta ainihi yana da ƙimar juzu'i mafi girma, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban guda uku (waɗanda ke adawa da kawai membobin biyu da aka kora a fim). A lokacin An saita Mawaƙin Bala'i, Greg bai taɓa saduwa da Bryan Cranston ba a rayuwa ta ainihi, kuma ba a tilasta shi zaɓi tsakanin The Room da harbi wani labarin Malcolm a Tsakiya Ya yi jinkirin aske gemunsa saboda son raba kansa da The Room Yayin da fim ɗin ke nuna farkon ɗakin da ake saduwa da dariya da tafi, an karɓi ainihin gwajin farko da talauci kuma yawancin masu sauraro sun fita cikin mintuna biyar na farko; ya dauki lokaci kafin matsayin addininsa ya bunkasa. Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin waje The Disaster Artist Mawaƙin Bala'i a Tarihi vs. Hollywood Pages with unreviewed
17741	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Hibban	Ibn Hibban	Muhammad dan Haban al-Busti (c. 270-354 884–965) Balarabe ne Musulmi ne masani, Muhaddith, masanin tarihi, marubucin sanannun ayyuka, "Shehun Khorasan "Dan Hibban yayi ma musulunci hiddima wanda a cikin hidiman da yayi yayi littattafe kaman ]kittab ]Tharik ]kittab ]Mauquf ma Rufi`a Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Ibn Hibban a shekara ta 270 AH (884 CE) a Bust ko Bost a kudancin Afghanistan na yanzu (tsohon sunan babban birnin lardin Helmand ya kasance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko bust, sabon sunan shi Lashkargah Ya karanci ilimin addinin Musulunci tare da fitattun masana kimiyya na lokacin, kamar su al-Nasa'i, al-Hasan ibn Sufyan, Abu al-Ya'la al-Mosuli, al-Husayn bin Idris al-Harawi, Abu al-Khalifa al- Jamhi, Imran bn Musa bn Madzhashi Ahmad bn al-Hasan al-Sufi, Ja'far bn Ahmad al-Dimashqi, Abu Bakr bn Khuzaymah dss Dalibansa sun hada da Muhammad bn Manda, Abū 'Abd-'Allāh al-Hakim da sauransu. Ibn Hibban mai aiki da Qadi a cikin Samarqand, masani ne kan fiqhu, hadisi da kuma ilmin taurari, magani da sauran fannoni da yawa. Ibn Faisal ya mutu a cikin Bust a daren Juma'a, kwanaki takwas kafin karshen watan Shawwal a shekara ta 354 bayan Hijira An binne shi a garinsa na asali Bost ko Bust (a halin yanzu Lashkargah a kudancin Afghanistan na yau Tiyoloji Lokacin da ya dawo zuwa Sijistan, bayan karatu a Nishapur da Ibn Khuzaymah, Ibin Haban aka yi tsayayya da wasu daga cikin Hanbalis kamar yadda ya sanar da cewa Allah ba shi da iyaka, alhãli kuwa sunã kãfirai su anthropomorphic imani a cikin al-Hadd Lillah haddi ga Allah Bugu da kari, wadannan Hanbalis na cikin gida sun zarge shi da Zandaqa (bidi'a) saboda kalamansa al-Nubuwwa 'ilmun wa' amal (annabci yana da ilimi da aiki). A dalilin wannan ya tashi zuwa Samarkand, inda ya zama Alkali. Daya daga cikin makiyansa, al-Sulaymani (d. 404/1014) ya yi iƙirarin cewa Ibn Hibban bashi da nadin nasa ga Samanid vizier Abu al-Tayyib al-Mu'sabi wanda ya rubuta musu ƙage na Karmatis Ayyuka Khatib al-Baghdadi ya ba da shawarar littattafai 40 na karatunsa. Yawancin ayyukansa sun lalace duk da cewa ya yi ƙoƙari ya kiyaye su ta barin gidansa da laburarensa a Nishapur a matsayin Wakafi don watsa littattafansa. Tarikh al-Thikat, aikin Ilm al-Rijal, masu amfani da hadisi sun yi amfani da shi kamar al-Dhahabi, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani da sauransu Gabaɗaya, Ibnu Hibban ya rubuta littattafai kusan 60 kan batutuwa daban-daban na Ilimin Islama amma babban littafinsa shi ne Sahih Ibn Hibban (wanda asalinsa ake wa lakabi da: Al-Musnad al-Sahih ala al-Takasim wa al-Anwa). An lasafta wasu daga cikinsu a kasa: Kitab al Sahaba (mujalladi biyar) itab al Tabi`yyun (mujalladi goma sha biyu) Kitab al-Atba` al Tabi`yeen (mujalladi goma sha biyar) Kitab Taba al-Atba` (mujalladi goma sha bakwai) Kitab Taba` al Taba` (mujalladi ashirin) Kitab `ala al Awham (mujalladi goma) Kitab al Rihla (mujalladi biyu) Kitab al Fasl Bayna Akhbarna wa Haddathana Tarikh al-Thiqat, Ilal wa Awham al-Mu'arrikhin Ilal Manaqib al-Zuhri (mujalladi ashirin) Ilal Hadith Malik (mujalladi goma) Ilal ma Asnada Abu Hanifah (mujalladi goma) Ghara'ib al-Kufiyeen (mujalladi goma) Ghara'ib ahl al-Basrah (mujalladi takwas) Mawquf ma Rufi`a (mujalladi goma) Al-Mu`jam `ala al-Mudun (mujalladi goma) Al-Hidayah ila al-`Ilm al-Sunan Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Biodata a
30468	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20zamanin%20Romawa	Sare dazuzzuka a zamanin Romawa	Sake sare dazuzzuka a zamanin Romawa ya samo asali ne sakamakon fadada yankin daular Rum, tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, da yawan noma, da bunkasar tattalin arziki da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. Faɗawar Romawa alama ce ta canji a cikin Bahar Rum daga tarihi (kusan 1,000 BC) zuwa lokacin tarihi wanda ya fara kusan 500 BC. Duniya ta ɗora mutane kimanin miliyan 8,000 a cikin shekaru da suka wuce kuma har yanzu tana da tsabta, amma Roma ta kori cigaban ɗan adam a Yammacin Turai kuma ta kasance jagorar mai ba da gudummawar sare daji a kusa da Bahar Rum. Dalilai Gidaje da gini Mafi mahimmancin samar da gine-gine a zamanin Romawa itace. Ana datse bishiya zuwa gidaje da ke ƙara yawan jama'a a cikin Daular Roma. Kuma a Yayin da aka gina wasu gidajen Bahar Rum da bulo da dutse, ginin rufin da aka lulluɓe da fale-falen fale-falen buraka, da kuma benaye a cikin gine-ginen gidaje da yawa ana yin su da itace. An kiyasta cewa a wani lokaci daular Roma tana da yawan mutane miliyan 56.8 kuma an kiyasta kimanin miliyan daya ko fiye a Roma kadai (yawan al'ummar da ba a kai girman girmansu ba a Turai sai London a ƙarni na 19). Tare da irin wannan karuwar yawan jama'a, haɗe tare da haɓaka salon rayuwa mai daɗi da kuma ɗabi'ar rayuwa ga Kuma al'ummomin da ke cikin birni na duniyar Romawa, amfani da albarkatu ya ƙaru. Mai Itace shine tushen farko na dumama kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a masana'antu. Man itace ya ƙunshi kashi 90 cikin ɗari na yawan amfanin ƙasa gabaɗaya, kuma ya kasance babban al'amari a cikin saran gandun daji na Romawa. Sannan Itace ta kasance mahimmin man fetur a masana'antu kamar hakar ma'adinai, narkewa, da yin tukwane. Itace da gawayi sune farkon daɗaɗɗen mai a wuraren jama'a, gidaje, wuraren wanka na jama'a da masana'antu waɗanda ke samar da haske da zafi. An fara sare dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da ke kusa da cibiyoyin hakar ma'adanai, tare da cinye duk wani albarkatun kasa da ke kewayen wurin aiki. Sannan Kuma Da zarar an cinye dukkan albarkatun kasa da ke kewaye da wuraren da ake nomawa, sai a yi jigilar itace a kai su don samar da tanderu da narke don cibiyoyin hakar ma'adinai. Kuma Daga ƙarshe, waɗannan cibiyoyin za su rufe kuma su ƙaura zuwa yankunan da ke cikin yankin na Romawa don sake maimaita tsarin sare dazuzzuka iri ɗaya, suna ba da karuwar yawan jama'a da buƙatun amfani. Noma Noma shi ne tushen tattalin arzikin daular Roma. Tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, share filayen don amfanin gona shine farkon dalilin sare dazuzzuka. Kuma Hannun mutane sun ba da damar garmar ƙarfe da kuma amfani da dabbobi don share dazuzzuka masu yawa don amfani da ƙasa mai albarka. Aikin noma ya samar da kayayyaki da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Romawa, waɗanda suka dogara da amfanin gona da ake samarwa daga bayi/masu ƙasa. A sakamakon haka, a shekara ta 111 K.Z., Dokar Romawa ta ba wa duk wanda ya mallaki ƙasar jama’a har ya kai don kiyaye shi, idan an kawo shi cikin noma. Irin wannan tsarin ya haifar da share fage kuma yana nuna mahimmancin aikin noma, ba kawai ga masu wadata ba, har ma ga 'yan ƙasa, kuma ga sojoji da 'yan kasuwa masu kasuwanci da sauran yankuna. A cikin Babi na 5 Ƙasashen Ƙasa na Roman na littafin ta hanyar Way of the Soil na Guy Theodore Wrench, marubucin ya bayyana mummunan tasirin da ya haifar da zubar da gandun daji da kuma yawan aiki na ƙasa don girma yawan hatsi don haɓakar daular Romawa. yawan jama'a a kasar: Dabbobi da kiwo Babban abin da ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da shingen sake farfado da gandun daji shine kiwo na dabbobin gida. Dabbobi sun yi kiwo tare da lalata wuraren da ba su dace da noma ba. Cin shuke-shuken tsaunin tuddai da ƙananan bishiyoyi ya haifar da zaizayar kasa, ya kawar da kasa daga tuddai, daga karshe kuma ya tona asirin dutse. Silt da tsakuwa za su wanke daga tsaunuka da tsaunuka suna haifar da wasu matsaloli kamar ambaliya, dazuzzuka, da cike da ciyayi. Soja Yayin da albarkatun ƙasa ke raguwa, kiyaye ƙarfin soja don cin sabbin ƙasashe yana da muhimmanci a zamanin Romawa. Kamfen na sojoji sun lalata yankunan karkara. Kuam An tilasta wa wasu manoma fada maimakon kula da filayen. Lokacin da albarkatun ƙasa suka ƙare a yankuna da aka riga aka mamaye na Daular Roma, Kuma an tura sojoji don ba kawai don kare ƙasashen Romawa ba, har ma don tara wasu wuraren da ke da sha'awa waɗanda ke da wadataccen katako don biyan bukatun Romawa. tattalin arziki. Julius Kaisar da kansa ya umurci sojoji da su sare dazuzzuka don hana kai hare-hare na sattara. Rage gandun daji ya tabbatar da cewa dazuzzukan ba za su iya ba wa maƙiyan Roma mafaka da kama su ba. Girman sojojin da ke tsaye ya kai kusan 300,000 kuma ya ƙaru zuwa 600,000 zuwa ƙarshen lokacin daular. Sojojin Romawa sun sare dazuzzuka inda suka yi sansani ko kuma su yi tattaki don su rage magabtan da abokan gābansu za su iya ɓuya ko kuma su kai farmaki a ɓoye. Sojoji sun yi amfani da waɗannan albarkatu kuma sun gina kagara, tare da kayan aiki da sufuri don ɗaukar kayayyaki a inda ake buƙata. Gina jirgin ruwa Ginin jirgin ruwa ya kasance babban mai ba da gudummawa ga sare dazuzzuka kuma yana da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da soja. Sannan kuma Ba za a iya ƙaryata mahimmancin da ke tattare da samar da katako don gina jiragen ruwa ba; jiragen ruwa suna da mahimmanci ga bunƙasar tattalin arziƙin tekun Bahar Rum, kuma ƙarfin teku yana da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa ikon siyasa. Jiragen ruwa na yaƙi suna da fifiko akan tasoshin ciniki a gasar kayan. An gina dubban jiragen ruwa a wannan zamanin na gargajiya. Kuma A lokutan yaƙi, ana iya gina ɗaruruwa a cikin wata ɗaya. Wannan ya sanya matsin lamba mai yawa akan samar da katako mai amfani. Sakamakon haka, wani tasiri na cibiyoyin gine-ginen jirgi shine ƙarancin katako a yankunansu. Sa'an nan, bayan yankunan da ke kusa sun ƙare na albarkatun itace, jigilar katako daga wasu wurare shine zaɓi na gaba. Sufuri yana da tsada, amma ana buƙatar ƙarin adadin jiragen ruwa don ci gaba da mamaye sojojin ruwa. Birane Farkon biranen Roma da kewaye an mayar da hankali ne kan ikon samun albarkatun ƙasa. Kuma Yankunan ƙananan ƙasa da wuraren da ke kusa da jigilar ruwa sun kasance cikin birni da farko, amma yayin da yawan jama'a ya karu tare da ciniki da masana'antu, ana buƙatar faɗaɗa daular da mulkin mallaka na yankunan da aka ci. Muhalli ya yi matukar lalacewa yayin da gurbacewar kona man fetur ya cika iska da masu narke da ke amfani da itace a matsayin mai ke watsa karafa masu nauyi zuwa sararin samaniya. Ƙirƙirar manyan garuruwa ya taimaka wajen sare dazuzzuka a duniyar gargajiya. cunkoson jama'a ya tilastawa 'yan kasar ƙaura zuwa tsaunin da dazuzzukan suka taɓa tsayawa don gina gidajensu. Sakamakon sare itatuwa Ƙasa Tare da karuwar bukatar albarkatu da abinci, an matsa lamba akai-akai akan ƙasa da ƙasa don samar da abinci da haɓakar tattalin arziki. Sannan Kuma Share da noma akai-akai ya gaji da ƙasa, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama marar haihuwa. Guduwar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa daga tsaunin da aka sare dazuzzuka na kara yawan dazuzzuka tare da hana kwararar ruwa zuwa yankunan noma. A ƙarshe, saboda yanayin tekun Bahar Rum da kuma ƙarar ƙarancin abinci na ƙasa daga ɗaruruwan shekaru na girbi, amfanin gona ya ragu. Ruwan ruwan sama da aka kulle a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar ciyayi da dazuzzuka a yanzu yana gudu da sauri, kuma kowace ɗigon ruwan sama ba ta da kariya daga tsiro ko ɗigon shara. Ambaliyar ruwa/ tashar jiragen ruwa da tashoshi Zaizayar kasa ta kara habaka har zuwa ninki ashirin a ƙarni na 3, inda ta haifar da kwararowar da ba za a iya amfani da su ba, wadanda ke yada cututtuka kamar zazzabin cizon sauro. Sannan Kuma Ambaliyar ruwa daga magudanar ruwa ya kawo cikas ga samar da ruwa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da koguna, amma kuma ya ƙara dazuka zuwa yankunan bakin teku da tashar jiragen ruwa a raƙuman kogi. Kuma Ruwan sama ya kawar da duniyar da ba ta da kariya kuma ya canza gaɓar teku sosai, a wasu lokuta, yana tura su mil da yawa zuwa teku kamar yadda ya faru a bakin kogin Po. Wanke ƙasan ƙasa da ajiyar ƙasa da tsakuwa na nufin cewa tashar jiragen ruwa da tashoshi suna buƙatar motsawa, yana haifar da ƙarin nauyi ga tattalin arzikin. Ko kuma a birnin Rome, ambaliya ta mamaye sassan birnin tare da tallafawa magudanar ruwa. An lura da irin wannan ambaliya ta farko a cikin 241 BC; bayanai sun nuna karuwar ambaliyar ruwa daga wannan lokacin. Waiwaye da fadakarwa Sharewa don buƙatun noma da zafi ya zama dole don rayuwa na dogon lokaci a zamanin Romawa, ko da yake akwai muhawara kan ko Romawa sun fahimci abubuwan da ke tattare da sare itatuwa. Richard Grove ya ce, "jihohi za su yi aiki don hana lalata muhalli ne kawai lokacin da aka nuna cewa ana fuskantar barazana kai tsaye ga muradun tattalin arzikinsu." Romawa suna da wasu nau'ikan kiyaye muhalli ko da yake. Sannan Kuma An sake yin amfani da kayan gilashin tare da ƙirar gine-gine waɗanda aka yi amfani da dumama hasken rana. Dazuzzuka kuma sun kasance ƙarƙashin dokokin gwamnati kuma an kiyaye su don albarkatu na gaba. Abin baƙin ciki, waɗannan yunƙurin na iya yin ɗan lokaci kaɗan. A ƙarni na 5 BC Plato ya yi korafin cewa "rashin katako ya lalata tsaunuka da filayen da ke kewaye da Athens kuma ya haifar da zaizayar kasa." Cicero kuma ya lura cewa "mu (mutane) ne masu mallakar abin da ƙasa ke samarwa," da "dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin wannan duniyar da mutane ke aiki an halicce su kuma an tanadar su domin mutane." Tafsiri Zato akan rushewar Rum Tainter yayi jayayya da cewa "sare gandun daji bai haifar da rugujewar Rum ba," amma wanda zai iya yin shari'ar zama wani ɓangare na shi. Sannan Kamar yadda Williams ya rubuta, yana iya yiwuwa a ce yaƙe-yaƙe na yau da kullun, annoba masu ɓarna, tawaye, mamayewa daga waje, raguwar yawan jama'a, da wuce gona da iri na birane daban-daban ko a hade, sun yi aiki a cikin ƙasa a cikin daular da ta fi ƙarfinta. A cikin littafin muhalli na shekarata 2011 Life Without Oil na Steve Hallett, marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa rugujewar Daular Roma na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da yanayin kololuwar itace a cikin tekun Bahar Rum. Ya ba da shawarar cewa, kamar yadda dole ne a fitar da itace daga nesa, dokar rage dawowa ta lalata ayyukan tattalin arzikin masana'antar Romawa, kuma ta bar Roma ta zama mai rauni ga ɗayan, an rubuta matsalolin mamayewa da rarraba cikin gida. Suna tattauna wannan a matsayin tatsuniya na taka tsantsan kwatanta shi da yiwuwar al'umma ta wannan zamani a karkashin yanayin mai bayan kololuwar yanayi. Madadin kallo Wasu suna jayayya cewa kusan duk abubuwan da ke sama sun dogara ne akan hasashe mara tarihi na abubuwan da ke damun yanzu, sannan a kan abubuwan da suka gabata. Wannan madadin ra'ayi yana ba da hujjar cewa akwai ɗimbin rikitattun lokaci, sararin samaniya, yanayi, ilimin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa waɗanda, idan aka haɗa su da cikakkun bayanan mu masu ɓarna, ke sa gama gari kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Noman bishiya, dabino, ɓaure, zaitun, ƙirji da sauransu, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin noma na Romawa. Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa hatsi da waɗannan amfanin gonakin bishiyar. Kusan dukkan nau'ikan bishiyoyi suna sake girma idan aka sare su. Yanke itace ba, da kansa, Kuma ya lalata gandun daji. Coppicing wata hanya ce da za a iya girbe itace bisa ga ɗorewar misali. An riga an yi amfani da na'ura don ƙona mai mara kyau kamar bambaro da kwal. Akwai dalili mai kyau na yarda cewa duka bambaro da gawayi sun kasance mahimmin makamashi a zamanin da, musamman a Birtaniya ta Roman inda gawayin ya cika a wurare da yawa. Babban kariya daga zaizayar ƙasa yana tasowa ne daga tsaunin tuddai. Ba mu san girman filaye ba a zamanin da, to amma da yawa na zaizayar ƙasa a nan da ake zaton Romawa ne suka haifar da su, na iya zuwa zamanin Duhu lokacin da kula da filayen ya lalace. Canje-canje a cikin murfin bishiyar na iya tasowa daga bambance-bambancen yanayi, Kuma waɗanda har yanzu ba a fahimce su sosai ba. Amma akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuna cewa raguwar ƙasashen Yammacin Roma na da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi. Slash da ƙona aikin noma, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙananan al'umma fiye da lokacin Romawa, na iya zama aƙalla alhakin sare bishiyoyi da zaizayar ƙasa kamar aikin noma na Romawa. Marshes na bakin teku na iya haifar da canje-canjen matakin teku kamar zaizayar ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Akwai dalilai da za a yi imani da cewa cututtukan bishiya tun a farkon shekaru 6,000 da suka gabata sun haifar da raguwar elm amma wannan raguwar bishiyar tana da alaƙa ta wata hanya mai rikitarwa ga ayyukan manoma Neolithic. Duba wasu abubuwan Alkaluman alƙaluma Adnin Farko: Duniyar Bahar Rum da Mutum Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29475	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher%20Wetterdienst	Deutscher Wetterdienst	furuci da jamusanci: ʧɐ nst] ko DWD a takaice, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Jamus, da ke Offenbach am Main, Germany, wacce ke sa ido kan yanayi da yanayin yanayi a kan Jamus kuma tana gudanar da ayyuka kan yanayi ga jama'a da na harkokin ruwa, jiragen sama, hydrometeorological ko don dalilai na noma. An haɗe shi da Ma'aikatar Tarayya don Digital da Sufuri. Manyan ayyuka na DWD sun hada da gargadi game da hatsarori masu alaka da yanayi da sa ido da kididdige canjin yanayi da ke shafar Jamus. Ƙungiyar tana gudanar da samfuran yanayi akan na'urar su ta supercomputer don madaidaicin hasashen yanayi. DWD kuma tana kula da tarihin yanayin kasar a kundi da ɗayan manyan ɗakunan karatu na musamman akan yanayi lokaci kan-kani da yanayin duniya baki daya. Tarihi An kafa DWD a shekara ta 1952 lokacin da aka haɗu da ayyukan yanayi na yankunan yammacin mamaya. A shekara ta 1954, Tarayyar Jamus ta shiga cikin Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO). A cikin 1975 an kafa Cibiyar Hasashe a European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) don hasashen yanayi na adadi har zuwa kwanaki goma gaba. A cikin 1990, bayan sake haɗewar, an haɗa ayyukan yanayi na Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus a cikin DWD. Tun daga shekarun 1990, DWD ta ci gaba da rage yawan tashoshin yanayi, wanda ya haifar da raguwar ma'aikata. DWD ba ta tsammanin raguwar ingancin hasashen, da aka ba da dabaru kamar radar yanayi ko tauraron dan adam, waɗanda suka inganta tarin bayanan yanayi sosai. Hasashen yanayi na adadi Ma'aikatar Yanayi ta Jamus tana gudanar da samfurin hydrostatic na duniya, GME (wanda ICON ke kulawa a cikin 2015), ta amfani da grid icosahedral hexagonal tun 2002. Sun ɓullo da Babban Tsarin Yanki na Ƙaddamarwa (HRM) a cikin 1999, wanda ke gudana a cikin aiki da bincike na al'ummomin yanayi kuma yana gudana tare da zato na ruwa. Lokal-Modell na Jamus ba na ruwa ba na Turai (LME) yana gudana tun daga 2002, kuma haɓaka yankin yanki ya fara aiki akan 28 Satumba 2005. Tun daga Maris 2009, DWD tana aiki da NEC SX-9 tare da mafi girman aiki na teraFLOPS 109 don taimakawa cikin aikin hasashen yanayi. Har ila yau, DWD tana aiki da wasu ayyuka na NWP guda biyu, COSMO-EU (yankin Turai) da COSMO-DE (yankin Jamus da kewaye), tare da ƙuduri mafi girma fiye da ICON. COSMO algorithm yana kiyaye shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar COSMO, haɗin gwiwar yawancin ƙasashen Turai. Yana amfani da bayanan ICON azaman shigarwa a saitin DWD. Ayyukan Jama'a Tun daga shekara ta 2005, DWD ke buga gargadin yankin game da zafi da nufin rage yawan mace-mace masu alaka da zafi. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda lokacin zafi nna shekara ta 2003, lokacin da aka kiyasta mutane 7000 suka mutu daga tasirin zafi kai tsaye ko kai tsaye. Hakanan yana aika rahotannin yanayin teku kamar radioteletype da fax. Tun daga 2006, ana iya yin rajistar gargaɗin pollen kyauta akan gidan yanar gizon DWD. A cikin aikinta na farko na bayanan yanayin yanayi, DWD tana ba da rahoton yanayi na yau da kullun kyauta ga Jamus wanda za'a iya biyan ku ta imel akan gidan yanar gizon su. DWD tana ba da damar yin amfani da bayanan yanayinta kyauta. Tsari yana haɗe da Ma'aikatar Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport don haka yana da alaƙa da Tarayyar Jamus, gwamnatocin yanki da ƙananan hukumomi, ga 'yan kasuwa, da masana'antu a cikin haɗin gwiwa da tuntuɓar juna. Ayyukanta sun dogara ne akan Dokar Ofishin Yanayi na Jamus A halin yanzu, DWD ta ƙunshi kusan mutane 2600. Bayan DWD ta tsakiya a Offenbach, akwai cibiyoyin yanki a Hamburg, Potsdam, Leipzig, Essen, Stuttgart, Freiburg da Munich Bugu da ƙari, tana gudanar da mafi girman cibiyar sadarwa na ma'aunin yanayi na Jamus tare da tashoshin meteorological na cikakken lokaci 183 (60 daga cikinsu suna aiki), da kuma kusan tashoshin yanayi na musamman 1784 waɗanda masu son sa kai ke gudanarwa (2014). DWD ta dauki nauyin cibiyoyin bayanan yanayi da dama na duniya daga cikinsu misali: The Global Precipitation Climatology Centre The Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring The Monitoring Centre (GSNMC) of the GCOS Surface Network (Global Climate Observing System) Manazarta Duba kuma Labari mai alaƙa NinJo wurin aiki wanda DWD ke amfani dashi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje DWD akan Top500.org Gine-Ginen 1952 na Jamus Ma'akatun kula da yanayi na Turai Offenbach am
13410	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmah%20yar%20Saud%20Al%20Saud	Basmah yar Saud Al Saud	Basmah bint Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Arabic; an haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da hudu(v1964)) yar Saudiyya ce kuma yar gidan Al Saud wanda shahararriyar yar'kasuwa ce. Ta share wani lokaci na yarinta a Beirut, Lebanon. Sakamakon Yakin Basasa na Lebanon, da ita da mahaifiyarta, Princess Jamila bint Asad Ibrahim Marei, sun ƙaura zama tsakanin London da Amurka. Gimbiya Basmah sananniya ce akan gabatar da Dokar Fourth Way. Gimbiya Basmah ita ce ƙaramar yarinya a wurin mahaifinta Sarki Saud. Mahaifiyarta Gimbiya Jamila ta yi ƙaura zuwa Saudi Arabiya daga birnin Latakia da ke tashar jirgin ruwa na Siriya. Ta kuma auri Abduan sarki Abdulaziz sarki kuma sarki Saud, wanda ya sami 'ya'ya bakwai. Part of Basmah's childhood was spent in Beirut, Lebanon. As a result of the Lebanese Civil War, she and her mother moved between London and the United States. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, maza dauke da makamai su 8 suka kama Basmah bint Saud lokacin da ta yi kokarin barin Saudi-Arabia don neman kulawar likita a Switzerland, kuma tun daga yanzu ba ta sake zama a gaban jama'a ba. An ba da rahoton cewa ana tsare da ita a gidan yarin Al-Hayer. Farkon Rayuwa An haife ta ne a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, shekarar alif 1964, a Riyad, Saudi Arabiya, Basmah (ko Basma) ita ce ta 115 kuma ƙarama daga cikin yaran Sarki Saud Mahaifiyarta wata mace ce ‘yar kasar Siriya ce, Jamila Merhi, wacce aka zaba don mijinta na gaba yayin da ta ziyarci Makka kan aikin hajji An haife Basmah ne a ƙarshen watanni na ƙarshen mahaifinta, a wannan watan aka hamɓare shi a matsayin mai mulki na ainihi a juyin mulkin. Ta gan shi sau biyu kawai lokacin da take shekaru biyar, shekarar mutuwarsa. Mahaifiyarta sun tafi da ita zuwa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya a lokacin, babban birnin Lebanon na Beirut Lokacin da yakin basasa na Lebanon ya barke a shekarar alif 1975, dangin sun gudu zuwa Biritaniya Karatu A Beirut, Basmah bint Saud ta halarci makarantar Faransa. A Burtaniya, ta halarci makarantar ‘yan mata ta Hertfordshire da kwaleji a Landan, kafin ta shafe shekaru biyu tana karatu a Switzerland Basmah ta yi karatun likitanci, ilimin halayyar dan adam da kuma adabin Turanci a jami’ar Beirut Arab. A shekarar alif 1979, ta kammala karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Shugabannin Amurka. Basmah ta yi tafiya tsakanin manyan biranen Turai da Amurka, inda ta yi karatu a jami’o’i daban-daban, kafin ta koma tare da mahaifiyarta zuwa Syria a shekarar alif 1983. Wadannan jami'o'in sun hada da Richmond a cikin Jami'ar Amurka a Lausanne, Switzerland, inda ta yi karatun kimiyyar zamantakewa. A shekarar alif 1984, ta sami Digiri na BSc (Hons) a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Amurka, sannan a shekarar alif 1986, ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki da kimiyyar siyasa. Rayuwar ta A shekarar alif 1988, Princess Basmah ta auri Shuja bin Nami bin Shahin Al Sharif, memba ne a gidan Al Sharif. Sun rabu a shekarar 2007. Ita ce mahaifiyar yara biyar. ‘Ya’yanta, mata uku da’ ya’ya maza biyu, Saud, Sara, Samahir, Sohood da Ahmad. Baƙi Gimbiya Basmah ta ce wata kungiya ce ta yi mata aika-aika don mayar da kudi 320,000 zuwa asusun banki a kasar Masar. Barazanar ta kasance ta buga kayan gani da ke nuna shan sigarin ta da kuma sumbata a gaban kyamarar PC ba tare da mayafi a kai ba. Basmah ta ce an sace kayan ne daga kwamfutarta na sirri. Ko yaya, ta buga rikodin tattaunawa tsakanin ta da mai baƙar fata a shafinta na yanar gizo na YouTube. Ta ce a Saudi Arabia ba daidai ba ne mata su fito ba tare da sanya hijabi ko sigari a cikin jama'a ba. Kasuwanci Bayan Basmah bint Saud ta sake maigidanta Saudiyya, ta kafa jerin gidajen abinci a Saudi Arabiya kuma tana shirin fadada wadannan zuwa Biritaniya. A shekara ta 2008, ita ma ta kafa kamfanin Media, ban da kamfanonin dillalai, wadanda kuma ke shirin fadada. Ra'ayoyi Basmah bint Saud mai gabatar da kara ne dan kawo sauyi. Ta kasance mai aiki a matakin kungiyoyi daban-daban na zamantakewa da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Ta fara bayyana ra'ayinta a kafafan yada labarai na larabawa da na kasa da kasa, suna rubuta kasidu kan mawuyacin halin rayuwar Saudis, musamman na mata. Ko yaya, sukar da take yi ba ta magana da dangin sarki kai tsaye sai dai gwamnonin Saudiyya da sauran masu rike da mukaman na tsakiya. Da take rubutawa ga jaridar Al Madina a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2010, Basmah bint Saud ta ce ba za ta iya samun tushen Kur'ani ko na Islama ba ga wata hukuma don inganta nagarta da hana mataimakin, sannan ta kara da cewa kama da harbin da byan sandan addini suka yi. ga ba daidai ba ra'ayi game da addinin musulunci Ta bayar da goyan baya ga yin garambawul a cikin dokokin musulinci na Saudiyya dangane da haramcin hada haduwa tsakanin maza da mata, da kuma yin zabin ga matan musulmai da za su rufe mai kyau ko a'a. Jarida da sanya hotonta a yanar gizo sun jawo zargi, sannan ta fada wa jaridar The Independent cewa jami'an Saudiyya sun fara wallafa labaran da take yadawa. A gefe guda, ta nace cewa matsayinta daga Jeddah zuwa Acton ba saboda matsin lamba bane daga masarautar Saudiyya. Basmah bint Saud ya tambaye cikin rashin amfani da musulunci fiqh a Saudi jama'a, jayayya cewa addini kafa bukatar a sauya domin cewa shi taka wata muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zamani al'umma da kuma inganta halin da ake ciki na mata a cikin mulkin. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2012, Basmah ya gaya wa BBC cewa akwai canje-canje da yawa da za ta so ta gani a Saudi Arabiya amma ba lokacin ne da za a ba mata damar tuƙi ba, An ba wa matan Saudiyya dama a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin Sarki. Salman da Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman Basmah ya yi kira ga sauye-sauye dangane da kundin tsarin mulki, dokokin kashe aure, tauye tsarin ilimi, an yi cikakken gyara ga aiyukan zamantakewa da canje-canje a aikin mahram (mai kula da maza, yawanci dangi ne, da ake son dukkan matan Saudiyya su kasance). Bayan cutar da dan kasar Saudiyya a matsayin hukuncin da Masarautar ta yanke, Princess Basmah ta yi Allah wadai da ita, tana mai cewa ba za a taba amincewa da dalilan jin kai ba. Dokar Fourth Way Ta hanyar cibiyar bincike, GURA, wanda ke a London, registeredungiyar Turai ta yi rajista da andungiyar Tarayyar Turai a cikin shekarar 2014. Gimbiya Basmah ta sami kyauta a cikin girmamawa ga kulawar ƙasa da ƙasa, canje-canje na yanki, ci gaba na ƙasa, kafa cibiyoyin horo a fannoni daban-daban da suka shafi al'adar Dokar Hanya Hanya ta huɗu a kan duniya, kamar tsaro, tattalin arziki da gudanarwa. An lura cewa kasashe da yawa, kamar Amurka da Biritaniya, suna daukar shawarwari daga Dokar Hanya Hanya yayin da suke yanke shawara kan batun hankali, muhalli da kuma tattalin arziki wanda sauran cibiyoyin bincike na kasa da kasa ba su tattauna ba. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan shawarwarin shi ne shawarar Shugaba Obama na Amurka a cikin shekarar 2014 don aiwatar da wata doka don sanya ido kan shafukan yanar gizo na zamantakewar jama'a da kuma haɓaka ƙa'idoji na musamman a kanta. Wannan ra'ayin ya tashi ne lokacin da Princess Basmah ta ba da shawararta a cibiyar bincike a Jami'ar Yale da ke New York a 2011. Shugabannin kwamitocin daga Google, Yahoo da Microsoft sun halarci karatun ta. An kuma amince da sashe da yawa daga Dokar Hanya Hudu wacce ta kware kan 'yancin ɗan adam a Biritaniya bayan da ta ba da wani laƙabin lacca a Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 2012. A watan Yuli na shekara ta 2015, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta karɓi duk shawarwarin da Princess Basmah ta bayar a cikin Hanya ta Hanya Hanya ta Hudu yayin zaman ta a Biritaniya. A shekarun (2011 da -2014). Manazarta Haɗin waje Official website Basmah bint Saud Al Saud on Twitter Pages with unreviewed
20204	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Mamman%20Nami	Muhammad Mamman Nami	Muhammad Mamman Nami (an haife shi a 2 ga Fabrairu a shekarar 1968), akawuntan Najeriya ne, kwararre ne kan harkokin gudanarwa, mai kula da haraji kuma jami'in gwamnati. Shine Shugaban Gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Tarayya ta FIRS a yanzu, hukumar da ke da alhakin tantancewa, tattarawa da kuma lissafin kuɗaɗen haraji da sauran kuɗaɗen shiga da ke shigowa Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya Yana da kusan shekaru uku (3) na kwarewar aiki a cikin (Auditing), Gudanar da Haraji da Ba da Shawara da Gudanar da Ayyuka ga abokan ciniki a Banki, Ayyukan Masana'antu da Ɓangarorin Jama'a da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Nami haifaffen kauyen Nami ne, da ke karamar hukumar Agaie a jihar Neja Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Jipo LEA sannan daga nan ya zarce zuwa Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Suleja. Nami ya samu digiri na farko a fannin ilimin zamantakewar dan Adam a Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano a 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a shekarar 2014. Ya kasance abokin aiki na Kwalejin Kasuwanci na Najeriya, Cibiyar Nazarin Bayar da Bashi a Najeriya kuma Mataimakin Memba na Cibiyar Gudanarwar Nijeriya (Chartered) da ƙungiyar Akawuntotci ta Nijeriya Ayyuka Nami ya fara aiki da (PKF International) a shekarar 1993 kuma ya hau kan muƙamin babban mai ba da shawara kan kula da haraji da kuma shawarwari. Ya shiga KEL ƙungiyar Kamfanoni a matsayin Babban Manaja daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2006; kuma daga baya tare da Mainstream Energy Solutions Ltd a matsayin shugaban Kula da Aiki. A cikin shekarar 2018, ya kafa Manam Professional Services (Chartered Tax Practitioners and Business Advisers) da ke Kaduna, Abuja, da Neja A shekarar 2017, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Nami a matsayin memba na kwamitin binciken kuɗi kan kuɗaɗen da aka kwato wani kwamiti da aka kafa domin kwato ganima a Najeriya Ya zuwa watan Satumban 2018, kwamitin ya ce ya gano kusan dala biliyan 2. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙwararren Cibiyar Haraji ta Nijeriya, Forewararrun nswararrun andwararru da Professionwararrun Nigeriawararrun na Nijeriya, Cibiyar Recoverywararrun Recoverywararrun Recoverywararrun twararrun andan Nijeriya da Memberan Memberungiyar Instituteungiyar Gudanar da Gudanarwar Nijeriya (Chartered) da ofungiyar Akawu na ofasa ta Nijeriya. Muhammad Nami ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitoci da yawa na kwamitocin da kwamitocin binciken kudi na Hukumar. An nada shi a matsayin memba, Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan binciken kudaden da aka kwato a watan Nuwamba, 2017 da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi Shugaban FIRS Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Nami a matsayin Shugaban zartarwa na Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Tarayya FIRS a shekarar 2019 bayan cikar wa’adin shekaru 5 na mulkin Babatunde Fowler Lokacin da ya bayyana a gaban majalisar dattijai, Nami ya fadawa sanatocin cewa cancantar sa sun sanya shi "a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi". Manazarta 1. https://www.tekedia.com/two-things-for-muhammad-nami-incoming-firs-chairman-in-nigeria/ 2. https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-50717879 3. https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2020/02/18/executive-chairman-of-firs-mr-muhammad-mamman-nami-and-his-team-pay-a-courtesy-visit-to-governor-sanwo-olu-on-tuesday-february-18-2020/ 4. https://nairametrics.com/2019/12/09/meet-muhammad-m-nami-firs-board-new-chairman/ 5. https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/11-things-you-should-know-about-muhammad-nami-buharis-nominee-to-head-firs.html 6. https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/buhari-president-inaugurates-audit-committee-for-recovered-loot/t0bgwde 7. https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/11/presidential-audit-committee-recovers-n769bn/ 8. https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-buhari-fails-to-renew-fowlers-tenure-names-muhammad-nami-as-successor 9. https://www.pulse.ng/bi/politics/fowler-out-muhammad-nami-in-here-are-few-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-firs/ryjrxgq 10. http://saharareporters.com/2019/12/18/just-senate-confirms-muhammad-nami-nigerias-federal-inland-revenue-service-boss Ƴan siyasan
30808	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20%C6%98ungiyoyin%20da%20ke%20Ya%C6%99i%20da%20Safarar%20mutane	Jerin Ƙungiyoyin da ke Yaƙi da Safarar mutane	Wannan jerin ƙungiyoyi ne masu mahimmanci, ko mahimmanci, sadaukarwa don kawo ƙarshen fataucin mutane Su ne kamar haka: Jerin 8th Day Center for Justice, a Roman Catholic organization based in Chicago, Illinois A21 Campaign, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works to fight human trafficking ACT Alberta, a Canadian coalition of Government of Alberta representatives, non-governmental organizations, community organisations, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police After Exploitation, a nonprofit organisation tracking hidden evidence on the mistreatment of slavery survivors based in the UK Agape International Missions, a nonprofit organization in Cambodia Anti-Slavery International, works at local, national and international levels to eliminate all forms of slavery around the world Arizona League to End Regional Trafficking, a coalition representing partnerships with law enforcement, faith-based communities, nonprofit organizations, social service agencies, attorneys and concerned citizens Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART), a non-governmental organization fighting against human trafficking in Kenya A Better World, based in Lacombe, Alberta, Canada British Red Cross, the United Kingdom body of the worldwide neutral and impartial humanitarian network California Against Slavery, a human rights organization directed at strengthening California state laws to protect victims of sex trafficking Chab Dai, a coalition founded by Helen Sworn that connects Christian organizations committed to ending sexual abuse and trafficking Challenging Heights, a grassroots, survivor-led NGO dedicated to ending child trafficking, reducing child slavery, and promoting children's rights in Ghana] Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, an international non-governmental organization opposing human trafficking, prostitution, and other forms of commercial sex Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking, a nonprofit Los Angeles-based anti-human trafficking organization DeliverFund, a nonprofit intelligence organization that leverages cutting-edge technology in the fight against human trafficking in the US. Devatop Centre for Africa Development, a nonprofit organization in Nigeria with focus on combating human trafficking, gender-based violence, and child abuse; and providing educational support to vulnerable children Development and Education Programme for Daughters and Communities Centre in the Greater Mekong Subregion (DEPDC/GMS), a non-profit NGO based in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand, that works to prevent and protect children and youth from being trafficked into exploitative labor conditions Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, a collective of 65,000 sex workers in West Bengal ECPAT, an international non-governmental organisation and network headquartered in Thailand which is designed to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children EVE, an advocacy group based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada The Exodus Road, a non-profit coalition of organizations specialized in the intervention component of human trafficking, training and funding partnerships with local authorities to actively rescue people trapped in human trafficking in India, southeast Asia, and the United States Face to Face Bulgaria, an organization whose primary mission is to prevent cases of forced prostitution and human trafficking in Bulgaria Free the Slaves, dedicated to ending slavery worldwide Freeset, whose primary mission is to provide sustainable employment and economic empowerment to victims of sex trafficking in South Asia GABRIELA, a leftist Filipino organization that advocates for women's issues Girls Educational and Mentoring Services, a nonprofit organization that provides services to commercially sexually exploited and domestically trafficked girls and young women, based in Harlem, New York Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, a network of more than 100 non-governmental organisations from all regions of the world, who share a deep concern for the women, children and men whose human rights have been violated by the criminal practice of trafficking in persons Global Centurion, an anti-trafficking organization fighting human trafficking by focusing on demand, based in Washington, D.C., United States Hope for Justice, which identifies and rescues victims, advocates on their behalf, provides restorative care which rebuilds lives and trains frontline professionals to tackle slavery Ing Makababaying Aksyon, a feminist service institution that seeks to empower women and work for a society that genuinely recognises and upholds women's rights International Justice Mission, a U.S.-based non-profit human rights organization that operates in countries all over the world to rescue victims of individual human rights abuse Love Justice International, a Christian nonprofit organization dedicated to helping orphaned and abandoned children and fighting sex trafficking in South Asia Love146, works to end child trafficking and exploitation through prevention education and survivor care. Maiti Nepal, a nonprofit organization in Nepal dedicated to helping victims of sex trafficking Mongolian Gender Equality Center, a non-governmental organization based in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia NASHI, a Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada-based organisation that opposes human trafficking by raising awareness through education Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons, a government agency responsible for coordinating efforts to address human trafficking in British Columbia, Canada Operation Underground Railroad Physicians for Human Rights Polaris, a nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works to combat and prevent modern day slavery and human trafficking PREDA Foundation, a charitable organization that was founded in Olongapo City, Philippines, in 1974 Prerana, a non-governmental organization (NGO) that works in the red-light districts of Mumbai, India, to protect children vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking. The organization runs three night care centers for children at risk, as well as shelter homes and a residential training center for girls rescued from the trafficking trade. Ratanak International, an organisation that rescues children from sexual slavery and then provides them with education, rehabilitation, and safety Reaching Out Romania, a non-governmental charitable organization in Romania that helps girls ages 13 to 22 exit the sex industry Redlight Children Campaign, a nonprofit organization created by New York lawyer and president of Priority Films Guy Jacobson and Israeli actress Adi Ezroni in 2002 to combat worldwide child sexual exploitation and human trafficking Renew Foundation, a Christian nonprofit non-government organization in the Philippines dedicated to empowering female survivors of human trafficking and prostitution in the Philippines Ricky Martin Foundation, an organization with the mission to advocate for the well-being of children around the world Ride for Refuge, a cycling event that raises awareness and funds for displaced persons, including human trafficking victims Run for Courage, a nonprofit organization that combats human trafficking Shared Hope International, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization which exists to rescue and restore women and children in crisis Slavery Footprint, a nonprofit organization based in Oakland, California, that works to end human trafficking and modern-day slavery Stop Child Trafficking Now, an organization founded by Lynette Lewis, an author and public speaker Stop the Traffik, a campaign coalition which aims to bring an end to human trafficking worldwide Third World Movement Against the Exploitation of Women, an organization directed towards the liberation of women from all kinds of oppression and exploitation based on sex, race or class Thorn, aka Digital Defenders of Children; Ashton Kutcher's organization driving tech innovation to fight child trafficking and the sexual exploitation of children Truckers Against Trafficking, a nonprofit organization that trains truck drivers to recognize and report instances of human trafficking Unlikely Heroes, a nonprofit that rescues and restores child victims of slavery worldwide and places them in their seven safe homes in the Philippines, Thailand, Mexico, and the United States Vital Voices, an international, nonprofit, non-governmental organization that works with women leaders in the areas of economic empowerment, women's political participation, and human rights Voice of the Free, a nonprofit, non-stock and tax-exempt non-government organization in the Philippines established in 1991 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jerin ƙungiyoyin Kanada ta hanyar gwamnatin British Columbia Ƙungiyoyi Ƙungiyoyin kare hakki Ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin
52782	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injin%20V8	Injin V8	Injin V8: Shine injin piston silinda takwas wanda bankuna biyu na silinda huɗu ke raba crankshaft na gama gari kuma an shirya su cikin tsarin V. Kuma yanada sitting har waje uku. Kamfanin Antoinette na Faransa ne ya kera injin V8 na farko a shekarar 1904, wanda ya kera shi kuma ya yi amfani da shi a cikin motoci da kwale-kwale masu sauri amma da farko jiragen sama; yayin da 1914-1935 na Amurka Cadillac L-Head injin ana ɗaukarsa injin V8, na farko da ke tafiya da yawa don samar da adadi mai yawa. Shahararriyar injin V8 a cikin motoci ya ƙaru sosai bayan gabatarwar 1932 na Ford Flathead V8 A farkon karni na 21st, amfani da injunan V8 a cikin motocin fasinja ya ragu yayin da masana'antun kera motoci suka zaɓi ƙarin ingantaccen mai, ƙananan injunan ƙarfi, ko matasan da motocin tuƙi na lantarki V-kwana Yawancin injunan V8 suna amfani da V-angle (kusurwar tsakanin bankunan silinda biyu) na digiri 90. Wannan kusurwa yana haifar da ma'aunin injin mai kyau, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan girgiza; duk da haka, gefen ƙasa ya fi girma fiye da injunan V8 waɗanda ke amfani da ƙaramin V-angle. An yi amfani da injunan V8 tare da kusurwar digiri 60 a cikin 1996–1999 Ford Taurus SHO, Volvo XC90 na 2005–2011, da Volvo S80 na 2006–2009. Injin na Ford yayi amfani da kusurwar V-angle 60-digiri saboda ya dogara ne akan injin V6 mai kusurwa V-digiri 60. Dukansu injunan Ford da Volvo an yi amfani da su ne a cikin chassis na injuna, waɗanda aka ƙera su don shimfidar tuƙi na gaba (tare da tsarin tuƙi akan buƙatu a yanayin Volvos). Don rage girgizar da ke haifar da kusurwar kusurwar digiri 60 mara daidaituwa, injunan Volvo sun yi amfani da ma'auni na ma'auni kuma suna daidaita crankpins Injin tankin na Rolls-Royce Meteorite shi ma ya yi amfani da na'urar V-angle mai nauyin digiri 60, tun da an samo shi daga V12 Rolls-Royce Meteor mai lamba 60 wanda shi kuma ya dogara ne akan shahararren injin Rolls-Royce Merlin V12. An yi amfani da wasu kusurwoyi na V lokaci-lokaci. Lancia Trikappa, Lancia Dilambda, da Lancia Astura, sun samar da 1922-1939, sun yi amfani da injunan V8 kunkuntar kusurwa (dangane da injin Lancia V4 tare da V-kusurwoyi na 14-24 digiri. Motocin tsere na 1932 Miller masu taya huɗu sun yi amfani da injin V8 tare da kusurwar V na digiri 45. Sifofin 8-Silinda na 1945-1966 EMD 567 dizal locomotive engine suma sun yi amfani da kusurwar V-angle na digiri 45. Yawancin injunan V8 masu dacewa da motocin titi suna amfani da crankshaft na jirgin sama, tunda wannan tsarin yana haifar da ƙarancin girgiza saboda ma'auni na farko da ma'auni na biyu. Gicciyen jirgin sama na crankshaft yana da nau'ikan ƙugiya guda huɗu (lambobi daga gaba) a kusurwoyi na 0, 90, 270, da 180, wanda ke haifar da siffar giciye don crankshaft lokacin da aka duba shi daga ƙarshen ɗaya. Ƙaƙƙarfan sautin ƙarar ƙarar sautin da injin jirgin sama na V8 na yau da kullun ya kera shi ne wani ɓangare saboda odar harbe-harbe mara daidaituwa tsakanin kowanne daga cikin bankunan biyu na silinda huɗu. Ainihin odar harbe-harbe na LRLLRLRR (ko RLRRLRLL) yana haifar da rashin daidaituwar ci da tazarar bugun bugun jini ga kowane banki. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da tsarin shaye-shaye daban-daban ga kowane banki na silinda, wannan bugun da bai dace ba yana haifar da ƙarar sautin da yawanci ke da alaƙa da injin V8. Koyaya, injunan tsere suna neman guje wa waɗannan matsi na matsa lamba marasa daidaituwa, don haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Injunan tseren jirgin sama V8 na shekarun 1960 sun yi amfani da dogon bututun shaye-shaye (kamar Ford GT40 na tseren tsere) ko kuma gano wuraren shaye-shaye a ciki na V-angle (kamar Lotus 38 IndyCar) don haɗa tsarin shaye-shaye daga kowane banki da samar da ko da fitar da iskar gas). A gefe guda kuma, injinan V8 da yawa suna amfani da crankshaft na jirgin sama Wannan tsari yana ba da fa'idodi biyu. A kan inji, ana iya yin aikin crankshaft daga billet ɗin lebur kuma baya buƙatar ma'auni don haka ya fi sauƙi. Koyaya, yana haifar da ƙarin girgiza saboda rashin daidaituwa na biyu. Daga yanayin haɓakar iskar gas, ƙwanƙolin jirgin sama mai fa'ida yana ba da damar ko da buƙatun iskar gas ɗin da za a iya samu tare da tsari mai sauƙi. Injin 1961-1965 Coventry Climax FWMV Formula One ya shahara da ƙira a cikin tseren motoci, kuma injin 1967-1985 Cosworth DFV ya sami nasara sosai a cikin Formula One. Motocin wasanni da yawa na samarwa sun yi amfani da injunan jirgin sama V8, kamar kowane samfurin Ferrari V8 (daga 1973 Ferrari 308 GT4 zuwa 2019-present Ferrari F8 Tributo da Lotus Esprit V8, da Porsche 918 Spyder, da McLaren MP4- 12C Yawancin injunan mota na farko na V8 kuma sun yi amfani da madaidaicin jirgin sama, tun da yake wannan ya fi sauƙi don ƙira da ginawa fiye da giciye-dangi. Injunan jirgin saman V8 na farko sun haɗa da injin De Dion-Bouton na 1910, injin Peerless na 1915, da injin Cadillac na 1915. Injin V8 na farko da aka sani shine injin Antoinette, wanda Léon Levavasseur ya kera, wanda aka fara gina shi a shekara ta 1904. An gina Antoinette a Faransa don amfani da shi a tseren kwale-kwale da kuma, daga baya, jiragen sama. Wani 1905 na injin Antoinette ya samar da da na nauyi (ciki har da ruwa mai sanyaya), yana haifar da rabon iko-zuwa nauyi wanda bai wuce shekaru 25 ba. Hakanan a cikin 1904, injunan V8 sun fara samar da ƙananan sikelin ta Renault da Buchet don amfani da su a cikin motocin tsere. A shekara ta 1905, injin V8 na farko da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin motar da ke kan hanya ita ce Rolls-Royce V-8 da aka gina a Burtaniya. An fara samar da wannan samfurin tare da Injin V8, duk da haka motoci uku ne aka kera kafin Rolls-Royce ya koma amfani da injina kai tsaye-shida. A 1907, Hewitt Touring Car ta zama mota ta farko da aka gina a Amurka tare da injin V8. De Dion-Bouton na 1910 wanda aka gina a Faransa ana ɗaukarsa shine injin V8 na farko da aka samar da yawa. Injin 1914 Cadillac L-head V8 ana ɗaukarsa shine injin V8 na farko da ya samar da taro. An gina wannan injin a cikin Amurka kuma an taimaka sosai ta hanyar farko ta Cadillac ta yin amfani da injina na kunna wutar lantarki Jiragen sama na farko sun ci gaba da amfani da injin V8, kamar injin Hispano-Suiza 8 SOHC na 1915 da aka kera a Switzerland. Jirgin sojojin Amurka, Faransa, da Birtaniya ne suka yi amfani da wannan injin a yakin duniya na daya. An kiyasta cewa kusan rabin dukkan jiragen Allied suna aiki da injin Hispano-Suiza 8. Saboda girman girmansa na waje, yawancin injunan V8 ana amfani da su a cikin motocin da ke amfani da shimfidar injuna mai tsayi da tuƙi na baya (ko duk abin hawa). Koyaya, an kuma yi amfani da injunan V8 lokaci-lokaci a cikin motocin tuƙi na gaba, wani lokaci suna amfani da tazarar da ke kusa da silinda da kusurwoyin banki na Silinda don rage buƙatun sararinsu. Mota ta farko da Australiya ta kera don amfani da injin V8 ita ce 1965 Chrysler Valiant (AP6), wacce ke akwai tare da na Amurka. Injin Chrysler. V8 Ford na farko a cikin gida shine 1966 Ford Falcon (XR) kuma V8 Holden na farko shine 1968 Holden HK, dukansu suna amfani da injunan da kamfanonin iyayensu ke bayarwa a Amurka. Injin V8 na farko da aka samar da yawa a Ostiraliya shine injin 1969–2000 Holden V8 Wannan simintin ƙarfe da ke kan bawul ɗin bawul ɗin ya yi amfani da kusurwar V na digiri 90 kuma an gina shi a matsuguni na da kuma na karshen ana yanke shi zuwa 1985. An yi amfani da injin Holden V8 a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da Kingswood, Monaro, Torana, Commodore, da Stateman. An siyar da nau'ikan da aka kunna don babban aiki ta Holden Dila Team da Holden Special Vehicles, gami da nau'ikan da aka buga har zuwa An kuma yi amfani da injin Holden V8 wajen yawon shakatawa na tseren mota kuma ya kafa tushen injin Repco-Holden da aka yi amfani da shi a tseren Formula 5000 A cikin 1999, injin na Holden V8 ya fara maye gurbin injin General Motors LS1 V8 da aka shigo da shi. A cikin 1971, Ford Ostiraliya ya fara samar da gida na Ford 'Cleveland' V8, injin simintin ƙarfe na sama. An samar da injin a cikin ƙaura na da don amfani a cikin Ford Falcon na Australiya da Ford Fairlane. An kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin motocin wasanni na DeTomaso masu ƙarancin girma da kuma manyan sedans da aka gina a Italiya. Aikin Ostiraliya ya ƙare a cikin 1982 lokacin da Ford Ostiraliya ta daina kera motocin V8 na ɗan lokaci. Daga 1991 zuwa 2016, Ford Falcon yana samuwa tare da shigo da Ford Windsor, Ford Barra ko Ford Modular V8 injuna; An sayar da na biyun a matsayin "Boss" kuma an haɗa su a cikin gida daga cakuda kayan da aka shigo da su da na gida. A sigar injin Rover V8 an kera shi a Ostiraliya don rashin lafiyar 1973–1975 Leyland P76 sedan. Injin ɗin ƙirar bawul ɗin sama ne kuma injin aluminum ne kawai da aka samar a Ostiraliya. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
43497	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agboola%20Ajayi	Agboola Ajayi	Alfred Agboola Ajayi (an haife shi 24 Satumba 1968) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, lauya, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo ne kuma aka zaɓe shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba 2016 a matsayin mataimakin gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu (SAN) a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC). Wanda ya gaje shi Hon. Lucky Orimisan Aiyedatiwa bayan nasarar da gwamna Akeredolu ya samu a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Ondo na 2020. A ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 2020, Ajayi ya yi murabus daga jam’iyyar APC mai mulki ya koma jam’iyyar adawa ta People’s Democratic Party (PDP), saboda rashin jituwa tsakaninsa da Gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu (SAN) da kuma cewa APC jam'iyyar 'ya zama wuri mai guba'. Daga nan ya koma Zenith Labour Party bayan ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na gwamna a PDP a hannun Eyitayo Jegede. Ya kasance ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar Ondo a shekarar 2020 a jam’iyyar Labour ta Zenith ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon gwamna Olusegun Mimiko. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Ajayi a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1968 ga Chief Newton Ajayi da Mrs Rebecca Ogunjinte (née Olubusade). Ya fito ne daga garin Kiribo na ƙabilar Western Apoi a ƙaramar hukumar Ese Odo (LGA) ta jihar Ondo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren Community a garin Kiribo sannan ya koma makarantar Methodist a ƙaramar hukumar Okitipupa. Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir a Jami’ar Igbinedion da ke Okada a Jihar Edo inda ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin shari’a (LL. B) a 2nd Class Upper division; Kuma daga baya ya samu Kiran sa zuwa mashaya a shekarar 2010 bayan kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Shari'a ta Najeriya da ke Abuja. Rayuwa ta sirri Ajayi ya auri Chief (Mrs) Ajewole Agboola Ajayi JP kuma sun sami ƴaƴa. Rayuwar Siyasa Ajayi ya fara siyasa ne a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP) kuma ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar SDP a Old Opoi Ward 1 daga 1988 zuwa 1998. Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) a shekarar 1998 kuma ya zama sakataren jam’iyyar PDP a ƙaramar hukumar Ilaje/Ese Odo tsakanin 1998 zuwa 1999. Daga baya aka naɗa shi mai kula da harkokin noma na ƙaramar hukumar Ese-odo daga 1999 zuwa 2001 sannan aka naɗa shi mai kula da ayyuka da sufuri na ƙaramar hukumar Ese-odo daga 2001 zuwa 2003. Daga nan ya zama shugaban riƙo na ƙaramar hukumar Ese Odo tsakanin 2003 zuwa 2004 kafin daga bisani a zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Ese-Odo daga 2004 zuwa 2007. Ya kuma taɓa zama tsohon ɗan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya kuma ya wakilci Mazaɓar Ilaje/Ese Odo na tarayya a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar PDP. A lokacin da yake zama a majalisar wakilai, Ajayi ya zama shugaban kwamitin majalisar a NDDC daga 2007 zuwa 2010. Daga baya Ajayi ya sauya sheƙa daga PDP zuwa APC kuma ya tsaya takara a matsayin abokin takarar Rotimi Akeredolu (SAN) a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Ondo a watan Nuwamba 2016 a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar APC. Ma'auratan sun lashe zaɓen kuma an rantsar da su a matsayin gwamna da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2017. A ranar Lahadi 11 ga Oktoba 2020, Akeredolu da Lucky Orimisan Aiyedatiwa sun sake zama Gwamna da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo kamar yadda ya sanar. hukumar zaɓe ta ƙasa mai zaman kanta. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2021, an rantsar da Akeredolu da Aiyedatiwa a matsayin gwamna da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo. Rigingimu Ajayi dai ba baƙo ba ne ga cece-kuce, domin a shekarar 2019 an zarge shi da yin ƙarya don samun gurbin shiga makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya a lokacin da yake ci gaba da aiki da gwamnatin Najeriya. Ya kuma shafe watanni yana fafatawa a siyasance da maigidan sa, Gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu, wanda ya zarge shi da yunƙurin murɗe burinsa na siyasa; Yana mai nuni da wannan mummunan yanayi a matsayin babban dalilin da yasa ya fice daga APC ya koma PDP. A baya Ajayi ya musanta cewa yana da wata matsala kwata-kwata da gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu SAN, ya kuma yi watsi da irin waɗannan jita-jita a baya a matsayin “farfagandar siyasa” da wasu ƴan siyasa da suka himmatu wajen haddasa rikici. Amma a ranar Asabar 20 ga watan Yuni 2020, biyo bayan umarnin Gwamnan, kwamishinan ƴan sandan jihar Ondo (CP Bolaji Salami) da ƴan sandan sa ɗauke da makamai sun hana Ajayi fita daga gidansa na gidan gwamnati na sama da sa’o’i huɗu; kuma da ya samu ƴanci kai tsaye ya nufi unguwar sa ta Apoi 2 dake ƙaramar hukumar Ese-Odo domin miƙa takardar ficewa daga jam’iyyar APC sannan ya wuce ofishin jam’iyyar PDP mai unguwa domin yin rijistar sabon mamba. Tun bayan sauya sheƙarsa Gwamna da jam'iyyar APC suka yi kira ga Ajayi da ya yi murabus daga muƙaminsa na mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo. Sai dai Ajayi ya ƙi yin murabus kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu shi ne zaɓaɓɓen mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo duk da ya koma jam’iyyar adawa ta PDP. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2020, kwanaki biyu bayan sauya sheƙa zuwa PDP, Gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu ya ba da umarnin a janye dukkan mataimakan Ajayi guda bakwai, ciki har da mataimakan biyu da aka baiwa matar mataimakin gwamnan. Ana ci gaba da samun labarin yiwuwar tsige shi tare da raɗe-raɗin cewa ƴan majalisar dokokin jihar Ondo na shirin tsige shi ko kuma suna shirin tsige shi daga muƙaminsa. Ya tsaya takarar Gwamna a watan Oktoba na 2020 a zaɓen Ondo tare da Gboye Adegbenro a matsayin abokin takararsa. Manazarta Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1968 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
14465	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madatsar%20ruwan%20Akosombo	Madatsar ruwan Akosombo	Madatsar ruwan Akosombo, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Volta (da Turanci Akosombo Dam ko Volta Dam), madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan Kogin Volta da ke kudu maso gabashin Ghana a cikin kwazazzabar Akosombo da wani bangare na hukumar Kogin Volta. Gina madatsar ruwan ya mamaye wani ɓangare na Kogin Volta, kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Tafkin Volta mai zuwa. Ambaliyar da ta haifar da tafkin Volta ya raba mutane da dama da muhallansu kuma ya yi matukar tasiri ga yanayin yankin. Tafkin Volta shine babban tafki da mutum yayi a duniya ta hanyar yanki. Tana ɗaukar wanda shine 3.6% na yankin ƙasar Ghana. Tare da girman kilomita dubu dari da arba'in da takwas, Tafkin Volta shine tafki na uku mafi girma a duniya da mutum yayi da girma, mafi girma shine Tafkin Kariba wanda yake tsakanin Zimbabwe da Zambiya a Kudancin Afirka kuma yana da ruwa mai tsawon cubic kilomita 185. Manufa ta farko na Akosombo Dam ya zuwa samar da wutar lantarki ga aluminum masana'antu. An kira Dam din Akosombo "mafi girman jari guda cikin tsare-tsaren bunkasa tattalin arzikin Ghana." Dam din yana da mahimmanci don samar da yawancin wutar lantarki ta Togo da Benin, duk da cewa gina Dam din Adjarala na fatan rage dogaro da wadannan kasashe kan wutar lantarki da ake shigowa da su. Asalin wutar lantarki da madatsar ta samu ya kai wanda aka inganta zuwa a cikin aikin retrofit wanda aka kammala a 2006. Tarihi Masanin kimiyya Albert Ernest Kitson ne ya ɗauki dam ɗin a cikin 1915, amma ba a shirya wani shiri ba har zuwa 1940s. An gabatar da cigaban Kogin na Volta a cikin 1949, amma saboda kudaden basu isa ba, kamfanin Amurka Volta Aluminium Company (Valco) ya ba Ghana rance don a gina madatsar ruwan. Kwame Nkrumah ya amince da aikin samar da wutar lantarki daga Kogin Volta. A karshe tsari kayyade ginin wani aluminum smelter a Tema, a dam gina a Akosombo iko da smelter, da kuma wani cibiyar sadarwa na ikon Lines shigar ta kudancin kasar Ghana. Daga baya ana tsammanin mai narkar da karafa na aluminium zai samar da kudaden shigar da suka dace don kafa hakar ma'adanin bauxite da tace shi, wanda zai ba da damar samar da aluminium ba tare da shigo da alumina ta waje ba. Bunkasar masana'antar aluminium a cikin Ghana ya dogara ne akan samarda wutar lantarki. Kamfanin ba'amurke mai suna Kaiser Aluminium ne ya sa ido kan aikin narkar da narkon alminium din, kuma kamfanin na Valco ne ke kula da shi. Mai narkar da karafan ya sami jarinsa na kudi daga hannun masu hannun jari na Valco, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Export-Import na Washington, DC. Koyaya, Valco bai saka hannun jari ba tare da farko ya buƙaci inshora daga gwamnatin Ghana ba, kamar keɓewar kamfanoni daga haraji akan kasuwanci da ragin siyan wutar lantarki. Kimanin kudin aikin, gabaɗaya, an kiyasta dala 258 miliyan. A watan Mayu 1960, gwamnatin Ghana ta yi kira da a bayar da tayin takara don gina madatsar ruwan. A cikin 1961, wani kamfanin Italia, Impregilo wanda ya kammala Dam din Kariba, ya sami kwangilar. Sun gudanar da aikin hako gadon kogin da kuma lalata tashar, kuma suka kammala madatsar wata daya kafin lokacin da aka tsara duk da ambaliyar kogin Volta a 1963 wanda ya jinkirta aiki sama da watanni uku. Tsakanin 1961 da 1966, ma'aikatan Impregilo 28 suka mutu yayin gina madatsar ruwan. Tunawa da tunawa a garin Akosombo da St. Barbara Cocin Katolika an sanya su don girmama su. A cikin 1961, Majalisar Dokokin Ghana ta kafa Hukumar Kogin Volta (VRA) ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Bunkasa Kogin Volta. Sabbin ayyukan VRA mambobi shida ne suka tsara kuma Kwame Nkrumah a matsayin shugaba. Babban aikin VRA shine gudanar da bunkasar Kogin Volta, wanda ya hada da ginawa da kuma lura da madatsar ruwan, tashar wuta da kuma hanyar sadarwar wutar. Kungiyar VRA ce ke da alhakin tafkin da madatsar ruwan ta mamaye, kamun kifi a cikin tabkin, safarar tabki da sadarwa, da jin dadin wadanda ke kewaye da tabkin. An gina madatsar ruwan ne tsakanin 1961 da 1965. Gwamnatin Ghana ce ta aiwatar da ci gabanta kuma ta biya kuɗaɗen 25% daga Bankin Duniya don sake ginawa da haɓaka Bankin Duniya, Amurka, da Ingila Gina madatsar ruwan na Akosombo ya haifar da ambaliyar wani ɓangare na Kogin Volta da filayen da ke gefen ta, da kuma ƙirƙirar Tafkin Volta wanda ya rufe kashi 3.6% na ƙasar Ghana baki ɗaya. An kirkiro Lake Volta tsakanin 1962 da 1966, kuma ya zama dole a canza wurin kusan 80,000 mutane, waɗanda suka wakilci 1% na yawan jama'a. Mutanen 700 kauyuka sun koma cikin 52 kauyukan sake tsugunar da shekaru biyu kafin cikar tafkin; shirin sake matsuguni yana karkashin jagorancin VRA. Kashi biyu cikin ɗari na mutanen da aka sake tsugunar da su masunta ne kuma galibi manoma ne da ke cin abinci. Yankin Gabashin Ghana da yawan mutanen da aka haɗu a cikin gundumominta, sun kasance mafi yawan tasirin aikin. A farkon shekara ta 2007, an nuna damuwa kan wutar lantarki da ake samu daga madatsar saboda ƙarancin ruwa a tafkin Volta. Wasu majiyoyi sun ce hakan ya samo asali ne daga matsaloli na fari wadanda sakamakon dumamar yanayi ya haifar. A ƙarshen rabin shekarar 2007, yawancin wannan damuwar sun ragu lokacin da ruwan sama mai karfi ya faɗo a yankin ruwan Kogin Volta. A cikin 2010, an rubuta matakin ruwa mafi girma a madatsar ruwan. Wannan ya haifar da buɗe ƙofofin ambaliyar a tsaunukan tafki na kuma tsawon makonni da yawa, ruwa ya malala daga tabkin, wanda ya haifar da wasu ambaliyar zuwa can kasa. Zane Dam din doguwa kuma mai girma, wanda ya ƙunshi babban dam mai cike dutsen. Tana da fadin tushe na da kuma tsarin tsari na Ruwan da madatsar ruwa ta kirkira, tafkin Volta, yana da damar da kuma fadin fili na Tekun dogo Matsakaicin tafki shine kuma mafi ƙarancin shine A gefen gabashin madatsar ruwan akwai wasu magudanan ruwa guda biyu wadanda zasu iya sauke kimanin na ruwa Kowace kwararar ruwa ta ƙunshi shida -a ko'ina kuma -kullun karfen ambaliyar karfe. Tashar wutar lantarki ta Akosombo Cibiyar samar da wutar ta madatsar ruwan ta ƙunshi shida na Francis. Ana kawo kowace turbine da ruwa ta hanyar tsayi da pencil tare da matsakaicin na kan mai karfin ruwa. Rarraba wutar lantarki Dam din ya samar da wutar lantarki ga Ghana da makwabtan ta na kasashen Afirka ta Yamma, ciki har da Togo da Benin. Da farko an samar da kashi 20% na wutar lantarki ta Akosombo Dam (wanda yakai kashi 70% na bukatar kasa) ga 'yan Ghana ta hanyar wutar lantarki, sauran kashi 80% an samar dasu ne ga Kamfanin Volta Aluminium na Volta (VALCO) mallakar Amurka. An tilasta Gwamnatin Gana, ta hanyar kwangila, ta biya sama da kashi 50% na kudin ginin Akosombo, amma an yarda da kasar ne kawai 20% na wutar da aka samar. Wasu masu sharhi suna da damuwa cewa wannan misali ne na mulkin mallaka. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan samarwa daga kamfanin VALCO ya ragu tare da mafi yawan ƙarin ƙarfin aiki a cikin Akosombo wanda aka yi amfani da shi don haɓaka buƙatun cikin gida. Tasiri Dam din Akosombo ya sami fa'idodin wasu masana'antu da tattalin arziki daga ƙari na safarar tafki, ƙarar kamun kifi, sabbin ayyukan noma a gabar teku, da yawon buɗe ido. wutar da aka samar ya samar da buƙatu na farko a cikin Ghana, yayin da ya samar da wutar ga ƙasashe maƙwabta na Togo da Benin. Haɓaka masana'antu da tattalin arziƙin Ghana ya haifar da buƙatar buƙata mai ƙarfi, fiye da ƙarfin tashar wutar lantarki ta Akosombo. Zuwa 1981, an gina ƙaramar madatsar ruwa a garin Kpong, daga ƙasan Akosombo kuma ƙarin haɓakawa zuwa Akosombo ya zama dole don kiyaye samar da wutar lantarki. Da farko, karfin samar da wutar dam din ya wuce ainihin bukatun; yayin da, bukatar tunda aka fara madatsar ta haifar da noman samar da wutar lantarki sau biyu. Demandsara yawan buƙata don iko ya wuce abin da za a iya bayarwa ta hanyoyin yau da kullun. Bukatun wutar lantarki, tare da yanayin muhalli da ba a zata ba, sun haifar da juyawa da manyan katsewar wutar lantarki. An lura da yanayin yanayin ƙananan tafkin gaba ɗaya, wani lokacin ƙasa da abin da ake buƙata don aikin Dam Akosombo. Mahalli mazauninsu A lokacin da aka gina madatsar ruwan a Akosombo, an sami raguwar cigaba a yawan amfanin gona a gefen tabkin da kuma rarar. Kasar da ke kewaye da Tafkin Volta ba ta da dausayi kamar yadda ƙasar da take noman da take zaune a ƙasan tafkin, kuma aikin noma mai yawa ya riga ya gajiyar da ƙarancin ƙasa. Tsarin aikin gona na kasa yana rasa wadatar kasa ba tare da ambaliyar lokaci-lokaci da ke kawo abinci mai gina jiki ga kasar ba kafin ambaliyar ruwan ta dakatar da ita. Bunkasar aikin noma mai karfin gaske ya haifar da hauhawar takin zamani da ke guduwa cikin kogi. Wannan, tare da gudu daga hannayen shanu da ke kusa da gurɓatar ruwan najasa, sun haifar da eutrophication na ruwan kogin. Ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, a haɗe da ƙarancin motsi na ruwa, ya ba da izinin mamaye ciyawar ruwa (Ceratophyllum). Wadannan ciyawar sun zama babban kalubale ga zirga-zirgar ruwa da sufuri. Lafiyar Jama'a Kasancewar ciyawar cikin ruwa a bakin tafki da kuma cikin rafuka ya haifar da ma illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam na gari. Ciyawar tana samar da mazaunin da ya dace don ƙwarin baƙi, sauro da katantanwa, waɗanda sune magudanar cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa kamar su bilharzia, makantar kogi da malaria. Tun da aka sanya dam din, wadannan cututtukan sun karu sosai. Musamman, kauyukan sake tsugunne sun nuna karuwar yaduwar cututtuka tun bayan kafuwar tafkin Volta, kuma yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta ya yi daidai da kusancin ta da tabkin. Yara da masunta sun kasance cikin mawuyacin hali sakamakon wannan kamuwa da cutar. Bugu da kari, lalatar da yanayin ruwa ya haifar da raguwar yawan jatan lande da na clam. Lafiyar jikin al'ummomin gida ta ragu daga wannan asarar da aka yi na yawan kifin kifin, kamar yadda suka samar da tushen asalin furotin na abinci. Hakanan, tattalin arziƙin ƙauyuka da na masana'antu sun sami asarar kuɗaɗe da ke tattare da lalata noman rafin kogi. Tattalin arziki Rashin ƙasar da mutane 80,000 suka fuskanta ta hanyar tilasta musu matsuguni ya zama sanadin asarar ayyukan tattalin arzikinsu na farko daga kamun kifi da noma, asarar gidajensu, asarar wuraren kabarin danginsu, rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin al'umma, da kuma rasa muhimman dabi'u na zamantakewar al'umma. Shirin sake matsugunin ya nuna irin rikitarwa da zamantakewar da ke tattare da kafa al'ummomin "masu zaman tare da hadewa". Rashin isasshen tsari ya haifar da ƙaurar al'ummomin zuwa yankunan da ba su da ikon wadatar da rayuwarsu da al'adunsu na da. Rashin ƙasa mai dausayi a ƙasan Tafkin Volta da gaske ya haifar da asarar ayyukan noman gargajiya. Yanayin talaucin rayuwa da aka bayar a cikin ƙauyukan matsuguni ya nuna ta hanyar rage yawan jama'a tun lokacin sake matsuguni. Daga cikin ƙauyukan tsugunar musamman sun sami raguwar yawan mutane sama da 50% a cikin shekaru 23 bayan ƙaura. Akasarin haɗarin tattalin arziki da ƙwarewar talauci suna haɗuwa da waɗancan al'ummomin da cigaban Kogin Volta ya fi shafa. Yawan ƙaurawar ɗan adam da lalacewar albarkatun ƙasa a cikin yankin yankin Volta-basin, sune kayan talauci hade da matsin lamba. Cuta Yawan ƙaura na 'yan adam a cikin yankin ya haifar da talauci da yanayin sake tsugunar da marasa kyau. Wannan ƙaura ya ba da damar rage ƙwayar cutar ta HIV kuma tun daga lokacin ya haifar da ƙaruwa sosai tsakanin al'ummomin Basin na Volta. Gundumomin Manya Krobo da Yilo Krobo, waɗanda ke tsakanin kudu maso yammacin yankin Volta Basin, galibi 'yan asalin al'ummomin ne da suka sami yaduwar kwayar cutar HIV. Halin da ake ciki ya nuna ƙarfin abubuwan cikin gida akan waɗannan gundumomin. An kafa aikin yin jima'i ta hanyar mayar da martani ga dubban ma'aikata maza waɗanda ke yankin don gina madatsar. Kashi goma na mata masu haihuwa daga wadannan gundumomi biyu sun yi ƙaura daga gundumominsu a wannan lokacin. A 1986, "90% na wadanda ke fama da cutar kanjamau a Ghana mata ne, kuma kashi 96% daga cikinsu ba su dade da zama a wajen kasar ba". Dam din Akosombo da sauran madatsun ruwa na Volta River Hydro Development Project sun karu sosai da yaduwar cututtukan schistosomiasis. Yanayi na zahiri An yi rikodin girgizar kasa da ke haifar da tafki saboda gyare-gyaren ɓawon daga ƙarin ruwan da ke cikin tafkin Volta. Akwai canjin gabas na bakin kogin daga canje-canjen zuwa yankin kogin kuma wannan ya haifar da cigaba da zaizayar bakin ruwa. Canje-canjen da aka samu a cikin kogin hydrology sun canza kasafin kudin zafi na cikin gida wanda ya haifar da sauyin yanayin sauyin yanayi kamar rage ruwan sama da matsakaicin yanayi na wata-wata. Duk waɗannan tasirin tasirin muhalli mafi girma duka zasu ƙara haɓaka matsalolin da ke tattare da rikice-rikice ga ayyukan tattalin arziƙin cikin gida da alaƙa, mawuyacin yanayin jin daɗin ɗan adam. Wani bincike na harka da Kungiyar Malaman Kasa da Kasa ta nuna cewa madatsar ruwan ta yi tasiri matuka kan zaizayar gabar tekun da ke raba shingen Keta da teku. Dokta Isaac Boateng ya kirga raguwar danshi mai gudana kamar daga miliyan 71 m3/a zuwa kadan kamar miliyan 7 m3/a. Duba kuma Gadar Adomi Bui Dam Bayani
61644	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwancin%20Larabawa%20kafin%20Musulunci	Kasuwancin Larabawa kafin Musulunci	Kasuwancin Larabawa kafin Musulunci yana nufin hanyoyin sadarwar ƙasa da na teku da ƙasashen Larabawa da 'yan kasuwa kafin Musulunci ke amfani da su. Wasu yankuna kuma ana kiransu da hanyar cinikin turare An rubuta kasuwanci tun farkon karni na biyu KZ Wani rubutu daga zamanin Sargon na Akkad (rc 2334-2284 KZ) ya ambaci masana'antar jigilar kayayyaki a Magan, a Oman ta yau. Binciken da aka yi a garuruwan Ur da Kish da kuma Bahrain da sauran wurare a gabar tekun gabas na Jahar Larabawa sun gano kayayyaki na asalin Indiya (ciki har da hatimai). Dukansu suna nuna cewa hanyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci ta teku ta kasance ta yau da kullun, tana da ban tsoro, kuma sananne tun farkon 3000 BC. Suna ba da shawarar cewa Bahrain da sauran wuraren da ke kusa da Tekun Fasha sun kasance sanannen tashar jiragen ruwa waɗanda ke maraba da jiragen ruwa da ke isowa daga Iraki a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Indiya A cewar wani ɗan tarihin Girka na ƙarni na 2 K.Z., Agatharchides, “Ba a bayyana cewa akwai mutanen da suka fi na Sabawa da mutanen Gerrha wadata ba, waɗanda su ne wakilan duk abin da ya faɗo a ƙarƙashin sunan jigilar kayayyaki tsakanin Asiya da Turai, sun yi Ptolemaic. Siriya mai arziki kuma ta sa kasuwancin Finisiya ya sami riba ban da ɗaruruwan sauran abubuwa." Ya siffanta su a matsayin mayaka da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma’aikatan ruwa, waɗanda suka yi jigilar manyan jiragen ruwa don kai wa yankunansu. Daular Palmyrene ta gina filin jirgin ruwa a Characene, wanda ya sauƙaƙa jigilar kayayyaki ta tashar jiragen ruwa na Euphrates na Dura-Europos da Sura ƙauyen Al-Hamam na yanzu, gabashin Dam al-Thawra a Siriya Wasu daga cikin mutanen Palmyrene da suka mallaki jiragen ruwa a Tekun Fasha da Tekun Indiya, ma’aikatan ruwa na kasar Sin da suka ziyarci yankin a shekara ta 97 AZ, sun tabbatar da cewa sun ambaci tashar tashar Characene ta Charax Spasinu Characene ya zarce Gerrha a cinikin turare. Duk da rashin iko kai tsaye daga Masarautar Nabataean a Tekun Fasha, ana iya isa gare ta ta ƙasa (inda za a loda kayayyaki a kan jiragen ruwa). An gano rubuce-rubucen nabataean da kayayyaki da aka kera (ciki har da fararen rini na Nabataean na yau da kullun) a ƙauyen Thaj kusa da Tekun Fasha, kusa da gabar tekun gabashin Larabawa kusa da Bahrain har zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Yemen da Oman. Hakanan an same su a wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da ke kan Hanyar Turare, kamar Qaryat al-Faw An gano tukwane na Nabataean a Indiya; Rubutun Nabataean sun warwatse ko'ina cikin yankin Bahar Rum, daga Tunisiya zuwa Rhodes, Kos, Delos, Miletus a Tekun Aegean da Pozzuoli da Roma Late Antique zuwa Amphorae na zamani ya ƙunshi nau'o'in abinci daban-daban ciki har da giya da man zaitun, watakila mafi sanannun su ne abubuwan da ake kira Aqaba Ayla daga Bahar Maliya zuwa Kudancin Asiya. Mutanen Sabawa suna da dogon tarihin safarar teku da kasuwanci. An lura da kasancewar Sabae a Afirka a zamanin da lokacin da aka kafa daular D'mt a Habasha a karni na 8 KZ. Masanin tarihi na karni na 1 CE Periplus na Tekun Erythraean ya bayyana yadda Larabawa ke sarrafa bakin tekun "Ezana" (Gabashin Gabashin Afirka a arewacin Somaliya Alqur'ani ya ambaci kasuwanci da Saba "Kuma Muka sanya a tsakãninsu da wasu garuruwa waɗanda Muka sanya albarka a cikin garuruwa bayyane, kuma Muka ƙaddara tafiya a tsakãninsu, "Ku yi tafiya a tsakãninsu da dare ko yini. cikin aminci. Littafi Mai Tsarki na Tsohon Alkawari na Ezekiyel ya karanta, "Dedan ta yi ciniki da ku. Arabiya da dukan sarakunan Kedar, abokan cinikinki ne. Sun yi ciniki da ku da raguna, da raguna, da awaki. 'Yan kasuwan Sheba da na Ra'ama sun yi ciniki da ku. An sayar da kayan ka da kayan yaji, da na duwatsu masu daraja, da zinariya. Wani mai bincike na kasar Sin Faxian, wanda ya ratsa ta Sri Lanka a shekara ta 414 AZ, ya ba da rahoton cewa 'yan kasuwa na Saebaean da Larabawa daga Oman da Hadramaut suna zaune a cikin gidaje masu ado a ƙauyuka a tsibirin. kuma ana ciniki da katako. Lakhmids kuma sun yi ciniki da jiragen ruwa na kasar Sin wadanda ke tafiya a kan kogin Furat da ke wuce kauyen al-Hirah A cikin daular Lakhmid ta arewa Gwamnatin Al Anbar na yanzu yana gudana kogin Isa, wanda ya haɗu da Tigris da Furat Don isa Tekun Fasha daga al-Hirah, Lakhmids sun yi tafiya a cikin ƙananan kwale-kwale zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a al. -Ubulla (inda akwai jiragen ruwa na teku da ke zuwa Indiya da China). Daga nan za su tashi zuwa kasar Sin ta hanyar Bahrain da Aden Zamanin Jahiliyyah Alkur'ani ya ambaci tafiye-tafiyen hunturu da bazara da kabilar Kuraishawa za su yi, tun da Makka tana kan hanyar Turare. Hashim bn Abd Manaf, kakan Muhammadu, fitaccen dan kasuwa ne wanda wurin kasuwancinsa yake a Gaza (inda ya rasu aka binne shi). Shi ne ya assasa “’ilāf,” (ƙaunar zumunci), jerin yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci tsakaninsa da qabilar Kuraishawa da sauran ɓangarori da suka yi ciniki da su. Kabarinsa yana cikin Masallacin Sayed al-Hashim Majiyoyin Islama sun kuma ambaci sana'ar fataucin Muhammad a Levant, wanda ya fara da tafiya zuwa yankin tare da kawunsa Abu Talib A Bosra, limamin Nestorian Bahira ya annabta rayuwar Muhammad. Daga baya ya dauki Khadija bint Khuwaylid, matar da ta zama matarsa. A cewar majiyoyin Kirista daga 660 da 692 AZ, "Mohammad zai tafi [ƙasar] Palestine, Arabia, Syria, da Fenisiya don kasuwanci." Bosra yana da Masallacin Albarkar Rakumi (wanda rakumin Muhammad ya albarkace shi a cikin ayarin baffansa Abu Talib) da kuma gidan sufi na Bahira. Bosra birni ne na Nabatean, wanda ya zama babban birni bayan Petra. Bayan faduwar daular Nabatean, Romawa sun mai da Bosra babban birnin lardin Larabawa. Majiyar Byzantine ta ƙarni na huɗu ta lura da yawan kasuwancin Larabawa a Bosra. Kasuwancin Maritime Tarihin kewayawa na kudancin Larabawa Gus van Beek ya ba da shawarar cewa an haɓaka su ta hanyar tuntuɓar su na yau da kullun tare da ci gaban wayewar teku. Bisa ga binciken tarihi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Charles Henry Stanley Davis ya yi, wani wayewar ruwa mai suna Phenicia wanda ya kasance daga 1100 da 200 BC ya dade da dasa yankunan yan kasuwa a Yemen Wadatar Gerrhan ta haifar da Yemen da Phoenician a buɗe kasuwancin hanyoyin Indiya. Kasashen Finisiya da suke mulkin mallaka a Yaman sun yi jigilar jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa daga Indiya suka sauke kayansu a gabar tekun Yaman tare da kai su hamadar Larabawa zuwa garinsu na Levant Har ila yau, ’yan kasuwar Phoenician sun zauna a tekun Farisa a ƙoƙarinsu na jigilar kayayyaki daga Indiya zuwa garinsu. Don haka ayyukan kasuwanci tsakanin Yamaniyawa na gida da na Phoenician sun kafa tsohuwar daular Larabawa mai wadata, Gerrha Kayayyakin da Phoenician ya kawo daga Yaman da gabar tekun Farisa ana jigilar su tare da ayarin Larabawa suna tsallaka hamada zuwa Levant. Girkawa sun yi hamayya da cinikin jiragen ruwa na Larabawa, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙalubalantar ikon Larabawa game da cinikin teku tsakanin Indiya da Masar a farkon zamanai na tsakiya Kasuwancin Larabawa ya ci gaba a lokacin, kuma cinikin jiragen ruwa na Girka ya ragu. Akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa da dama a yankin Larabawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun ci gaba da aiki. Mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa a yankin Gabashin Larabawa sune Al-Ubulla, Gerrha da Sohar (Oman). Mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kudu sune Mocha, Qanī (yanzu Bi'r `Ali, Yemen), Aden, da Muska (Samharam). Mahimman tashoshin jiragen ruwa na yamma sun haɗa da al-Sha'ibah, Aylah Aqaba da Luwikat Kuma (al-Hawra'). Hanyar teku da Larabawa ke amfani da ita don isa yankin Indiya ya tashi daga "Euphrates na Maysan" zuwa Debal a kan kogin Indus Za su kuma tashi daga al-Ubulla, su wuce Oman zuwa Indiya. Wadanda suka yi tafiya daga tashar jiragen ruwa na Yaman, irin su Qanī da "Muza" na Gerrha, za su yi tafiya kai tsaye zuwa Indiya ba tare da buƙatar tsayawa su sake ba. Kasuwancin ƙasa Kasuwancin filaye na Larabawa, wanda ya taso daga garinsu na kudancin kasar Yemen ya tabo sana’o’in hanyar siliki da kasuwancin tekun Indiya musamman wadanda masana tarihi na zamani suka kirkiri ka’idar “Frankinse and myrrh” wadda ta yada ta hanyar ayarin rakumi. Wannan ayyukan kasuwancin mutanen kudancin Larabawa ya wanzu tun daga zamanin Sarauniyar Sheba bisa ga tarihin tarihi na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kasuwancin filaye ya kai har zuwa tsaunukan Caucasus. ne a cikin garin Qanī a cikin Hadramaut, kuma ta rabu zuwa hanyoyi biyu masu nisan ban jagoranci gabas, tare da Wadi Mayfa'a zuwa Shabwa na biyu kuma ya jagoranci daga Qani zuwa Wadi Hajar ya wuce ta Wadi Armah, tushen ruwan Shabwa. Daga Shabwa hanya ta nufi Aden ta nufi Najran. Hanyar ta ci gaba da tafiya arewa maso gabas daga Najdan zuwa Wadī Al-Dawasir, ta wuce ƙauyukan al-Faw da al-Aflaj (inda ta bi ta hanyoyi biyu). Na farko ya jagoranci gabas zuwa Tekun Fasha, ɗayan kuma ya jagoranci arewa zuwa Levant.
40894	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Edison	Thomas Edison	Thomas Alva Edison (11 ga watan Fabrairu, 1847Oktoba 18, 1931) ɗan Amurka ne kuma inventor kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ya ƙera na'urori da yawa a fannoni kamar samar da wutar lantarki, sadarwar jama'a, rikodin sauti, da hotuna masu motsi (motion pictures). Waɗannan abubuwan ƙirƙira waɗanda suka haɗa da phonograph, kyamarar hoto mai motsi, da farkon nau'ikan kwan fitilar lantarki, sun yi tasiri sosai a duniyar masana'antu ta zamani. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ƙirƙira na farko don yin amfani da ka'idodin kimiyyar da aka tsara da haɗin gwiwa zuwa tsarin ƙirƙira, aiki tare da masu bincike da ma'aikata da yawa. Ya kafa dakin bincike na masana'antu na farko. Edison ya girma a Midwest Amurka. A farkon aikinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin telegraph, wanda ya ƙarfafa wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya fara ƙirƙira. A cikin shekarar 1876, ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwajensa na farko a Menlo Park, New Jersey, inda aka ɓullo da yawancin abubuwan ƙirƙira na farko. Daga baya ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na kayan lambu a Fort Myers, Florida, tare da haɗin gwiwar 'yan kasuwa Henry Ford da Harvey S. Firestone, da dakin gwaje-gwaje a West Orange, New Jersey, wanda ya nuna gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na duniya, Black Maria. Tare da haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka 1,093 a cikin sunansa, da kuma haƙƙin mallaka a wasu ƙasashe, ana ɗaukar Edison a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa ƙirƙira a tarihin Amurka. Edison ya yi aure sau biyu kuma ya haifi ‘ya’ya shida. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1931 saboda matsalolin ciwon sukari. Ƙuruciya An haifi Thomas Edison a cikin shekarar 1847 a Milan, Ohio, amma ya girma a Port Huron, Michigan, bayan dangi ya ƙaura a 1854. Shi ne ɗa na bakwai kuma na ƙarshe na Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. (1804-1896, an haife shi a Marshalltown, Nova Scotia) da Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810-1871, an haife shi a gundumar Chenango, New York). Layin danginsa na mahaifa shine Yaren mutanen Holland ta hanyar New Jersey; sunan farko shine "Edeson". Kakansa John Edeson ya gudu daga New Jersey zuwa Nova Scotia a 1784, mahaifinsa ya koma Vienna, Ontario kuma ya gudu bayan ya shiga cikin tawayen 1837. Edison ya kasance mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya masa karatu da rubutu da lissafi. Ya yi makarantar 'yan watanni kawai. Duk da haka, wani marubucin tarihin rayuwa ya kwatanta shi a matsayin yaro mai son sani wanda ya koyi abubuwa da yawa ta wurin karatu da kansa. Lokacin yana yaro, ya zama abin sha'awar fasaha kuma ya shafe sa'o'i yana aiki a kan gwaji a gida. Edison ya sami matsala ta ji yana da shekaru 12. An alakanta dalilin kurmarsa da bullar scarlet fever a lokacin yana yaro da kuma ciwon middle ear infection da ke taruwa akai-akai. Daga baya ya shirya fitattun labarai na ƙagaggun labarai game da musabbabin kurmarsa. Yayin da ya kasance kurma gaba daya a kunne daya kuma da kyar yake ji a daya, ana zargin Edison zai saurari mai kunna kiɗa ko piano ta hanyar cusa haƙoransa a cikin itace don ɗaukar raƙuman sauti a cikin kwanyarsa. Yayin da ya girma, Edison ya yi imanin cewa rashin jinsa ya ba shi damar kauce wa damuwa kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan aikinsa. Masana tarihi na zamani da ƙwararrun likita sun nuna cewa yana iya samun ADHD. An san cewa a farkon aikinsa ya shiga cikin kwas din sunadarai a The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art don tallafawa aikinsa akan sabon tsarin telegraphy tare da Charles Batchelor. Wannan da alama ita ce kawai rajistar da ya yi a kwasa-kwasan a wata babbar jami'a. Farkon aiki Thomas Edison ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mahautan labarai, yana sayar da jaridu, alewa da kayan lambu a kan jiragen da ke gudana daga Port Huron zuwa Detroit. Ya juya ribar dala 50 a mako tun yana dan shekara 13, yawancinsu sun je siyan kayan aikin gwajin lantarki da na sinadarai. Yana da shekaru 15, a cikin shekarar 1862, ya ceci Jimmie MacKenzie mai shekaru 3 daga wani jirgin da ya gudu. Mahaifin Jimmie, wakilin tashar JU MacKenzie na Dutsen Clemens, Michigan, ya yi godiya sosai cewa ya horar da Edison a matsayin ma'aikacin telegraph. Aikin farko na Edison na wayar tarho daga Port Huron ya kasance a Stratford Junction, Ontario, akan Grand Trunk Railway. Ya kuma yi nazarin qualitative analysis kuma ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen sinadarai har sai da ya bar aikin maimakon a kore shi bayan an kama shi da laifin wani karo kusa da jiragen kasa biyu. Edison ya sami keɓantaccen haƙƙin sayar da jaridu akan hanya, kuma, tare da taimakon mataimaka huɗu, ya saita nau'in kuma ya buga Grand Trunk Herald, wanda ya sayar da sauran takaddunsa. Wannan ya fara dogon zango na ayyukan kasuwanci na Edison, yayin da ya gano hazakarsa a matsayinsa na dan kasuwa. A ƙarshe, kasuwancinsa ya kasance tsakiyar kafa wasu kamfanoni 14, ciki har da General Electric, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kasuwanci a duniya. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
14606	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Akufo-Addo	Rebecca Akufo-Addo	Rebecca Naa Okaikor Akufo-Addo (née Griffiths-Randolph; an haife ta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da daya 1951A.C) ƴar asalin kasar Ghana ce kuma Uwargidan Shugaban ƙasar Ghana a yanzu a matsayin matar Shugaban kasa Nana Akufo-Addo, Shugaba na 5 na Jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. Rayuwar Farko Akufo-Addo ta halarci sashen firamare na makarantar Achimota. Tsohuwar dalibi ce a makarantar Wesley Grammar a Dansoman a yankin Greater Accra na Ghana. Ita 'yar alkali ce, Jacob Hackenburg Griffiths-Randolph wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Ghana a Jamhuriya ta Uku da Frances Phillipina Griffiths-Randolph (née Mann). Ayyuka Rebecca Akufo-Addo ta cigaba da karatunta a Makarantar Sakatariyar Gwamnati inda ta cancanci zama sakatare. Ta yi aiki a Bankin Kasuwanci da ke Ghana daga baya ta koma Ingila. Sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar shari'a ga Clifford Chance Ashurst Morris Crisp dukkan kamfanonin lauyoyi na kasashe daban-daban a Ingila. Rayuwar Kai An haifi Rebecca Akufo-Addo a ranar 12 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 1951. Ita mamba ce kuma shugabar kungiyar ba da agaji, Gidauniyar Rigakafin Cutar Malaria ta Infanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2005, don tallafawa kokarin kasa na rage kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro ga jarirai da kananan yara. Rebecca da Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo sun yi aure tsawon shekaru 22 kuma a shekarar 2017 sun yi bikin cika shekaru 20 da kafuwa. Suna da yara mata biyar da jikoki biyar. An nada Rebecca Akufo-Addo a matsayin sarauniyar ci gaban uwar Sarautar Gargajiya ta Ada a wajen bikin cika shekaru 82 da bikin Ada Asafotufiami a watan Agustan shekara ta 2019 kuma ana kiranta da suna Naana Ode Opeor Kabukie I. Akufo-Addo memba ne na Cocin Accra Ridge kuma mai kula da Infanta Malaria, wata kungiyar agaji da ta himmatu ga rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro a yara. Gidauniyar Rebecca Akufo-Addo A shekarar 2017, ta kafa gidauniyar Rebecca Akufo-Addo, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don bunkasa kokarin gwamnati tsakanin mata da kananan yara 'yan Ghana. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, gidauniyar Rebecca ta kulla yarjejeniya da makarantar gwaji ta gundumar Licang a Qingdao, China. Wannan don shirin musayar ne wanda kowace shekara zai bawa ɗalibai goma daga ƙasashen biyu damar ziyartar ɗayan. Wannan wani yunkuri ne wanda zai haɓaka ilimin ilimi, wasanni da haɗin kan al'adu tsakanin ɗaliban ƙasashen biyu. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2018, Gidauniyar Rebecca ta fitar da shirin Koyon karatu, karatu don koyo Wannan shi ne domin cusa al'adun koyo a cikin yara don haɓaka karatu da rubutu. Wasu daga cikin manufofin aikin sun hada da gina dakunan karatu a faɗin ƙasar tare da kuma gabatar da shirye-shirye na makaranta da yara don baiwa yara damar koyon karatu. A watan Nuwamban shekarata 2018, Gidauniyar ta ƙaddamar da aikin 'Saboda ina son in zama'. Yana bayar da matashi ga yara mata marasa galihu a cikin alumma kuma yana ba da tabbacin ci gaba da ilimi da horo na ƙwarewa ga ɗaliban mata da suka daina zuwa makaranta. Gidauniyar ta gina kuma ta ba da sabon sashin kula da lafiyar yara da kulawa mai karfi (PICU) a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu a shekarar 2019. A watan Janairun shekarar 2019, ta ƙaddamar da kamfen na Kyauta zuwa Haske. Wannan ya kasance ne don dakatar da yaduwar cutar kanjamau daga uwa zuwa jaririnta kuma ya yi daidai da tsarin kungiyar matan shugabannin kasashen Afirka masu yaki da cutar kanjamau (OAFLA). A watan Yunin shekarata 2019, gidauniyar ta gabatar da motocin daukar marasa lafiya guda shida ga wasu kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya domin bunkasa isar da ayyukansu. Aikin Ajiye Yaro, Ajiye Mahaifiya ya samar da bangaren Uwa da Jarirai (MBU) da kuma sashen kula da lafiyar yara (PICU) a Asibitin Koyarwa na Komfo Anokye. Gidauniyar ce ta dauki nauyinta tare da Multimedia Group da The Komfo Anokye Koyarwar Hopital kuma Fadar Manhyia da Gwamnatin Japan sun tallafawa. An tsara aikin ne domin rage mace-macen mata masu juna biyu da jarirai. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2019, ta yi roƙo don ƙarfafa mata, a Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wannan zai ba su damar yin tasiri sosai kan rayuwar danginsu da al'ummominsu. Ta kuma kasance ne a wani taron taron da Kungiyar Matan Shugabannin Afirka na Raya Gabatarwa (OAFLAD) suka gabatar tare da taken "Sabunta sadaukarwa don bunkasa daidaiton jinsi da karfafa mata a Afirka". A watan Janairun shekarar 2020, shirin tallafawa mata na gidauniyar, shirin karfafawa mata na Terema, tare da hadin gwiwar Hukumar Kula da Masana'antu, sun horar da mata kan yin sabulu. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2020, Gidauniyar Rebecca, ta hanyar ‘Inganta Matasa ta hanyar Ilimi da Lafiya (EYEH) Miyan Kitchen’, ta ba da gudummawar kayayyakin abinci iri-iri na kimanin GH¢15,000 ga wasu yara kan titi a Accra. A watan Afrilu na 2020, gidauniyar ta ba da gudummawar abubuwa daban-daban ta hanyar 'Kalubalen Taimakon Akwatinan' zuwa Kauyen SOS. Wannan shirin ya kasance tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati don taimakawa ƙungiyoyi suyi aiki ta hanyar ɓangaren ɓangare mafi kyau. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun
30202	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kididdigar%20masu%20fitar%20da%20hayaki	Kididdigar masu fitar da hayaki	ƙididdigar (ko ƙididdiga masu fitar da hayaki lissafin adadin gurɓataccen abu ne da aka fitar a cikin yanayi Ƙirar ƙira yawanci tana ƙunshe da jimillar hayaki ɗaya ko fiye da ƙayyadaddun iskar gas ko gurɓataccen iska, Kuma wanda ya samo asali daga duk nau'ikan tushe a cikin wani yanki na yanki da cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci, yawanci shekara ta musamman. Gaba ɗaya ƙididdige ƙirƙira ana siffanta shi da abubuwa masu zuwa: Me yasa Nau'in ayyukan da ke haifar da hayaki Abin da Sinadari ko ainihin zahiri na gurɓatattun abubuwan da aka haɗa, da adadinsu Inda Yankin yanki da aka rufe Lokacin Lokacin lokacin da ake ƙididdige fitar da hayaki Ta yaya Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita An tattara abubuwan ƙirƙira don aikace-aikacen kimiyya duka da kuma amfani da su a cikin tsarin manufofin. Amfani Fitowar hayaki da sakewa ga muhalli sune farkon kowace matsala ta gurɓacewar muhalli. Don haka bayani kan hayaki babban buƙatu ne wajen fahimtar matsalolin muhalli da kuma lura da ci gaban da ake samu wajen magance waɗannan. Kuma Kayayyakin ƙira suna ba da irin wannan bayanin. An ƙirƙira abubuwan ƙirƙira don dalilai daban-daban: Amfani da manufofin: ta masu tsara manufofin zuwa bibiyar ci gaban da aka samu zuwa ga maƙasudin rage fitar da iska inganta dabaru da manufofi ko Amfani da Kimiyya Masana kimiyya suna amfani da abubuwan ƙirƙira na abubuwan da ke fitar da iskar dabi'a a matsayin abubuwan shigar da samfuran ingancin iska. Amfani da manufofin An ɓullo da fiye ko žasa nau'ikan tsare-tsaren bayar da rahoton masu zaman kansu: Rahoton shekara-shekara na jimillar fitar da iskar gas da gurɓataccen iska na ƙasa don amsa wajibai a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa; irin wannan nau'in rahoton fitar da hayaki yana da nufin sa ido kan ci gaban da aka amince da shi wajen rage yawan hayaki na kasa; Rahoto na yau da kullun ta wuraren masana'antu guda ɗaya don amsa wajibai na doka; irin wannan nau'in rahotannin fitar da hayaki an haɓaka shi ne don tallafawa sa hannun jama'a wajen yanke shawara. Misalai na farko su ne abubuwan da ake fitar da hayaki na shekara-shekara kamar yadda aka bayar da rahoto ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC) don iskar gas da kuma Yarjejeniyar UNECE kan gurbatar iska mai nisa mai tsayi (LRTAP) don gurbatar iska. A cikin Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta ƙasae Amurka ce ke buga ƙididdiga ta ƙasa kowace shekara. Ana kiran wannan kirga “National Emissions Inventory”, kuma ana iya samun shi a nan: Misalai na biyu su ne abin da ake kira Fitar da Rajistar Ƙira da Canja wurin Masu amfani da manufofin yawanci suna sha'awar jimillar hayaƙin shekara-shekara kawai. Amfanin kimiyya Samfuran ingancin iska suna buƙatar shigarwa don bayyana duk tushen gurɓataccen iska a yankin binciken. Abubuwan da ke fitar da iska suna ba da irin wannan bayanin. Sanna Kuma Dangane da ƙudirin sararin samaniya da na ɗan lokaci na ƙirar, ƙudirin sararin samaniya da na ɗan lokaci na abubuwan ƙirƙira akai-akai dole ne a ƙaru fiye da abin da ake samu daga abubuwan ƙirƙira na ƙasa kamar yadda aka ruwaito ga yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Tari Ga kowane ɗayan gurɓataccen abu a cikin abubuwan da ake fitarwa ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar ninka ƙarfin kowane aikin da ya dace ('ƙimar aiki') a cikin yanki na yanki da tsawon lokaci tare da ƙarancin dogaro mai ƙazanta akai-akai sabawar fitarwa Me ya sa: tushen nau'ikan Don tattara kaya mai fitar da hayaki, dole ne a gano da ƙididdige duk tushen abubuwan da suka gurbata. Sanna Kuma Abubuwan da ake yawan amfani da su akai-akai sune waɗanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun IPCC ta bayyana a cikin 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories kuma mafi kwanan nan 2006 Jagoran IPCC don Kayayyakin Gas na Greenhouse na ƙasa waɗanda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar UNECE kan gurɓacewar iska mai iyaka (LRTAP); kwanan nan Yarjejeniyar LRTAP ta amince da rarrabuwar tushe wanda ya yi daidai da na IPCC, don maye gurbin ƙarin fasahar da aka daidaita daidaitattun Nomenclature for Air Pollutants (SNAP) da aka yi amfani da shi har zuwa shekarata 2005. Dukansu nau'ikan tushe suna bayyani sarai tsakanin hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da konewar (burbushin man fetur) da waɗanda ba konewa ke haifar da su ba. Kuma A mafi yawan lokuta takamaiman man da aka ƙone a cikin tsohon ana ƙara shi zuwa ma'anar tushe. Rukunin tushen sun haɗa da: Makamashi Konewar mai Konewa a tsaye Konewar masana'antu dumama wurin zama Konewar wayar hannu (transport) Fitowar da ake fitarwa daga (burbushin) amfani mai Hanyoyin Masana'antu Solvent da sauran amfani da samfur Noma LULUCF (Amfani da Kasa, Canjin Amfani da Kasa da Dazuka) Sharar gida Yawancin masu bincike da ayyukan bincike suna amfani da rarrabuwar tushen tushen kansu, wani lokacin bisa ko dai IPCC ko nau'ikan tushen SNAP, amma a mafi yawan lokuta za a haɗa nau'ikan tushen da aka jera a sama. Abin da: gurɓatacce An ƙirƙira abubuwan ƙirƙira kuma har yanzu ana haɓaka su don manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na gurɓataccen abu: Gas na Greenhouse Carbon dioxide (CO 2 Methane (CH 4 Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) da Yawan mahaɗan gaseous masu kyalli (HFCs, PFCs, SF 6 Sauran iskar gas, ba a haɗa su a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi UNFCCC Gurbacewar iska Acidifying gurbatawa sulfur dioxide (SO 2 nitrogen oxides (NO x, hade da nitrogen monoxide, NO da nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 da kuma ammonia (NH 3 Photochemical smog precursors sake nitrogen oxides da wadanda ba methane maras tabbas Organic mahadi (NMVOCs) Ƙarfafawa da ɓarna masu ƙima Guda masu guba kamar karafa masu nauyi da kuma gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin halitta Carbon monoxide (CO) Inda: ƙudurin yanki Yawanci kayan ƙirƙira na ƙasa suna ba da bayanai da aka taƙaita a cikin ƙasa kawai. A wasu lokuta ana samun ƙarin bayani akan manyan rijiyoyin masana'antu ('spoint source'). Har ila yau, ana kiran tambura maki, shiyasa saboda ba duk hayaki ke fitowa daga tari ba. Sauran hanyoyin masana'antu sun haɗa da hayaƙi mai gudu, waɗanda ba za a iya danganta su da kowane wurin sakin ba. An tattara wasu kayan ƙirƙira daga ƙananan hukumomi kamar jihohi da gundumomi (a cikin Amurka), waɗanda zasu iya samar da ƙarin ƙudurin sararin samaniya. A cikin aikace-aikacen kimiyya, inda ake buƙatar ƙuduri mafi girma, bayanan yanki kamar yawan yawan jama'a, amfani da ƙasa ko wasu bayanai na iya samar da kayan aiki don rarraba fitar da matakin ƙasa zuwa ƙudurin da ake buƙata, Kuma daidai da ƙudurin yanki na samfurin. Lokacin: ƙuduri na ɗan lokaci Hakazalika, masana'antun fitar da hayaki na kasa suna samar da jimillar hayaki a cikin wata takamaiman shekara, bisa kididdigar kasa. A wasu aikace-aikacen ƙirar ana buƙatar mafi girman ƙuduri na ɗan lokaci, misali lokacin yin ƙirar matsalolin ingancin iska mai alaƙa da jigilar hanya. A irin waɗannan lokuta ana iya amfani da bayanai akan ƙarfin zirga-zirga masu dogaro da lokaci (awanni gaggawa, sannnan ƙarshen mako da kwanakin aiki, yanayin tuƙi na lokacin rani da lokacin sanyi, da sauransu) don kafa ƙudurin ɗan lokaci mai girma da ake buƙata. Abubuwan ƙirƙira da aka haɗa daga Ci gaba da saka idanu masu sakawa (CEMs) na iya samar da bayanan fitar da hayaki na sa'a. Ta yaya: dabarar tattara kayan da ake fitarwa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai ta sabunta bugu na uku na littafin jagora a cikin shekarar 2007. Kwamitin UNECE/EMEP ne ya shirya littafin jagora akan Kayayyakin Kayayyaki da Hasashe kuma yana ba da cikakken jagora ga hanyoyin ƙirƙira hayaki na yanayi. Musamman don Sufurin Hanya Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai tana ba da kuɗin COPERT 4, shirin software don ƙididdige hayaki wanda za a haɗa shi cikin kayan ƙirƙira na ƙasa na shekara-shekara. inganci Ingancin kayan da ake fitarwa ya dogara da amfani da shi. A cikin aikace-aikacen manufofin, Kuma ƙididdiga ya kamata ya bi duk abin da aka yanke shawara a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar da ta dace. Duka UNFCCC da LRTAP yarjejeniya suna buƙatar ƙira don bin ƙa'idodin ingancin da ke ƙasa (duba Ya kamata ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun ƙira ya haɗa da isassun takardu da sauran bayanai don baiwa masu karatu da masu amfani damar fahimtar zato da kuma tantance amfanin sa a cikin aikace-aikacen da aka yi niyya. Duba wasu abubuwan Fasali na fitarwa Haɗakarwa & Haɗin Bayanan Bayanai Kayayyakin gas na Greenhouse Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abubuwan ƙirƙira na ƙasa na GhG da aka fitar a cikin 2019 (UNFCCC ta karɓa a cikin 2021) Sources da ƙarin karatu Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin yanayi Kwamitin Tsakanin gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka: Gidan Tsara don Kayayyaki da Abubuwan Haɓakawa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka: Bayanan Haɓaka Iskar Gas na Ƙasa Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka: Kayayyakin Saki na Guba Hukumar Muhalli ta Turai EMEP/CORINAIR Littafin Jagorar Inventory Inventory 2009 Taswirar Iskar Iska mai Guba ta Amurka COPERT 4 Shirin Kwamfuta don ƙididdige fitar da hayaki daga sufurin hanya Hanyar da za a ƙididdige fitar da hayaki Hanyoyin sufuri Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
41198	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiodun%20Faleke	Abiodun Faleke	Abiodun James Faleke (An haifeshi ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, 1959). Mai kula da kasuwanci ne kuma mai ba da shawara kan dabaru. Dan siyasa ne kuma dan majalisar wakilan Najeriya daga cibiyar kasuwanci ta Legas. A farkon aikinsa Faleke ya yi aiki a manyan mukamai na gudanarwa tare da manyan kamfanoni da dama. Ya kasance tare da Aluminum Manufacturing Company of Nigeria (ALUMCO) PLC a matsayin Manajan Siyayya kuma a farkon 2000 ya koma Crown Agents Ltd a matsayin Manajan Kasuwanci. Faleke ya shiga harkar siyasa ne a shekarar 2003 bayan Ahmed Bola Tinibu, gwamnan jihar Legas a lokacin ya nada shi babban sakataren zartarwa na farko na sabuwar karamar hukumar Ojodu (LCDA) ta jihar Legas. A shekarar 2011 Faleke ya lashe zaben wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ikeja na jihar Legas a majalisar wakilai ta tarayyar Najeriya. A shekarar 2015, ya tsaya takarar mataimakin gwamna Abubakar Audu a jiharsa ta Kogi. Sun samu rinjayen kuri'un da aka kada a zaben da aka yi kaca-kaca da jam'iyyar PDP a karon farko cikin fiye da shekaru goma tare da samun rata mai gamsarwa. Amma Abubakar Audu ya rasu jim kadan kafin a bayyana sakamakon a hukumance. Daga nan sai jam’iyyarsu ta All Progressives Congress (APC) ta mika kuri’u ga Yahaya Bello wanda ya zo na biyu a zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. Faleke ya kalubalanci hukuncin da jam’iyyar ta yanke har zuwa kotun koli amma ya sha kaye. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Faleke a Ekinrin Adde a karamar hukumar Ijumu a tsohuwar lardin Kabba. Da aka kafa jihar Kogi a shekarar 1991, karamar hukumar Ijumu ta zama yankin Kogi ta Yamma. Faleke ya yi karatunsa na farko a Ijumu. Tsohon dalibin Abdulazeez Atta Memorial College, Ijumu. A shekarar 1986, ya kammala a Kaduna Polytechnic da Higher National Diploma (HND) a fannin Siyayya da Kula da Supply tare da lambar yabo na dalibin da ya fi kowa daraja a ajinsa da Upper Credit. Ya yi digirinsa na biyu (MBA) a fannin harkokin kasuwanci tare da gudanarwa a matsayin babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a jami'ar jihar Imo, Owerri a 2003. Shi ɗan'uwa ne na Cibiyar Sayayya ta Kasuwanci (CIPS), London, da Fellow, Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a (IPA). Tsakanin 1986 zuwa 2003, Faleke ya yi aiki a wurare da dama na gudanarwa a cikin sayayya, sharewa da turawa, ajiyar kaya, rarrabawa da gini. A shekarar 1986, a lokacin hidimar matasa na kasa (NYSC), Faleke yana Siyan Expediter a Asibitin Orthopedic na kasa, Legas. Ya kasance Manajan Material a Kayo Foods Limited, Ilupeju, Legas kafin ya koma Tate Industries PLC a matsayin Manajan Siyayya, Clearing, Distribution da Commercial Manager. Faleke ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Siyayya a Kamfanin Air Liquid PLC, da Aluminum Manufacturing Company of Nigeria (ALUMCO) PLC inda ya kare aikin sa da sarrafa kayayyaki da Kamfanin Crown Agents Ltd a matsayin Manajan Kasuwanci a shekarar 2003. Siyasa Aikin siyasar Faleke ya fara ne a shekarar 2003 inda aka nada shi a matsayin babban sakataren zartarwa na karamar hukumar Ojudu (LCDA) ta jihar Legas. Ya kasance a wannan matsayi na wucin gadi tsakanin Nuwamba 2003 zuwa Afrilu 2004, lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban karamar hukuma. Ya rike wannan ofishin na wa'adi biyu wanda ya kare a shekarar 2011. A shekarar 2006, ya samu kuri'ar zama shugaban Conference 57, kungiyar shugabannin kananan hukumomi) a jihar Legas har zuwa 2011, lokacin da wa'adinsa na Ojodu LCDA ya kare. Faleke a wannan lokaci ya gudanar da ayyuka a kwamitin gyara zabe na jihar Legas da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara ga gwamnan jihar Legas. Zaben majalisar wakilai An zabi Faleke a matsayin dan majalisar wakilan tarayyar Najeriya a shekarar 2011, domin wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ikeja a jihar Legas. An san shi da kyakkyawar gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga muhawara a cikin majalisar. Ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da'a da kimar kasa, kuma memba na kwamitocin majalisar wakilai kan sayan gwamnati, MDGs, cikin gida, asusun gwamnati, kimiya da fasaha, da kwamitin majalisar kan binciken tallafin man fetur. Tallafin Kudi Faleke ya dauki nauyin kudirori da dama da suka hada da dokar yiwa masu yi wa kasa hidima na NYSC gyaran fuska, wadda ta gabatar da tsarin inshorar rai ga ‘yan NYSC, da kudirin haramta sayarwa da amfani da kakin soja saboda hadurran da jami’an tsaro ke fuskanta, kuma har yanzu yana mai da hankali kan kalubalen tsaron kasa. ya dauki nauyin wani kudiri kan bukatar rufe hanyoyin kan iyaka sama da 1,400 domin dakile tashe-tashen hankula. Zaben gwamna na 2015 a jihar Kogi Faleke ya kasance mataimakin dan takarar gwamna ga Abubakar Audu a zaben gwamna da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba 2015 a jihar Kogi. Sun yi takara ne a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa da jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress, APC ta dauki nauyin yi. Audu da Faleke sun yi yakin neman zabe a fadin kananan hukumomi 21 na jihar da tsarin jama’a da kuma alkawarin inganta rayuwar al’umma. Audu da Faleke sun kasance kan gaba a sakamakon sakamakon zaben kananan hukumomi 21 na jihar. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bukukuwan nasarar zaben Abubakar Audu. Daga nan sai Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ta ayyana zaben a matsayin wanda ya kunshi. Bisa lafazin Sakamakon da jami’in kula da masu kada kuri’a, Emmanuel Kucha (Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Aikin Gona ta Makurdi), Abubakar Audu/James Abiodum Faleke ya bayyana na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ya samu 240,867 yayin da Idris Wada wanda shi ne gwamna mai ci a karo na biyu ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na biyu. Jam'iyyar PDP ta samu kuri'u 199,514. Mista Kucha ya ce tazarar kuri’u tsakanin Messrs Audu da Wada shine 41,353. Kuma cewa zaben bai kammalu ba saboda jimillar wadanda suka yi rajista a rumfunan zabe 91, a kananan hukumomi 18, inda aka soke zaben ya kai 49,953. Wannan adadi ya haura kuri’u 41,353 da Mista Audu ke gaban Mista Wada. APC ta mayarwa Audu/Faleke kuri'u zuwa Yahaya Bello Bayan rasuwar Audu da ayyana zaben ya hada da APC ta tsayar da Yahaya Bello wanda shi ne ya zo na farko a zaben fidda gwani na APC. domin ya gaji kuri'un da Audu/Faleke ya samu a babban zaben kasar inda ya nemi Faleke ya ci gaba da zama mataimakinsa na gwamna. Sai dai faleke ya yi watsi da matakin da APC ta dauka inda ya ce an kammala tattara sakamakon zaben kuma ana jiran a bayyana wanda ya lashe zaben a hukumance kafin rasuwar Audu ba zato ba tsammani kuma a matsayinsa na dan takara daya tilo da ya rage a kan tikitin hadin gwiwa ya kamata a ayyana shi a matsayin zababben gwamna. Faleke ya rubuta INEC yana bayyana kansa a matsayin zababben gwamna. Amma APC ta yi watsi da gardamar nasa inda ta shiga zaben cike gurbin tare da Yahaya Bello a matsayin dan takararta na gwamna. Kamar yadda karin sakamakon zaben da Mista Kucha, mataimakin shugaban jami’ar noma ta Makurdi ya bayyana, jam’iyyar APC ta samu kuri’u 6,885, wanda ya kai jimillar kuri’u 247,752, inda ta samu kuri’u 240,857 a zaben da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba. Wanda ya zo na biyu, jam’iyyar PDP da dan takararta, Idris Wada, wanda shi ne gwamna mai ci, ya samu kuri’u 5,363 a karin zaben. Don haka, PDP ta samu kuri’u 204, 877, inda ta samu 199,514 a zaben da aka yi a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba. Faleke ya kalubalanci hukuncin da APC ta yanke a kotu Faleke ya garzaya kotun sauraron kararrakin zabe yana kalubalantar sahihancin hukuncin da APC ta yanke na mayar da shi mataimakin Yahaya Bello. ba a zaben ranar 21 ga Nuwamba lokacin da aka kada kuri'u masu yawa a zaben. Ya shaida wa jam’iyyarsa cewa ba zai halarci bikin rantsar da shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamna Yahaya Bello ba. “Ba zan ba wa Yarima Abubakar Audu kunya ba. Ni James Abiodun Faleke, ba zan halarci rantsuwar ba idan ba mu gama shari’ar ba kafin ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2016”. “Ba wanda ya tuntube ni kafin ya sanya ni mataimakin Bello. Bello ma bai tuntube ni ba. Na bayyana matsayina ga shugabannin jam’iyyar kan haka. Ban shirya cin amana da bata wa Yarima Abubakar Audu kunya ba.” Dangane da wannan alwashi, Faleke bai gabatar da kansa a matsayin mataimakin Yahaya Bello ba. Manazarta Haihuwan 1959 Rayayyun mutane Articles with hAudio microformats Yarbawa yan siyasa Yan majalisan wakilai Yan jam'iyyar APC Yan siyasan Najeriya Mutane daga jihar kogi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32598	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria%20Hooper%2C%20Baroness%20Hooper	Gloria Hooper, Baroness Hooper	Gloria Dorothy Hooper, Baroness Hooper, CMG, DSG, FRSA, FRGS (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da tara 1939A.C) lauya ce a kasar Burtaniya kuma ma'abociyar ra'ayin mazan jiya a majalisar House of Lords. 'Yar Frederick da Frances (née Maloney) Hooper ce, ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta La Sainte Union Convent, Southampton, sannan kuma Makarantar Ballet ta Royal. Ta halarci Jami'ar Southampton, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a cikin 1960 kuma a Universidad Central del Ecuador, inda ta kasance Fellow Foundation na Rotary Baroness Hooper ya buɗe Makarantar Quito ta Burtaniya a cikin watan Satumban 1995. Asalinta a shari'a Hooper ta kasance mataimakiya ga babban magatakarda na haɗin gwiwar John Lewis tsakanin 1960-1961 kuma edita a cikin dokar yanzu ta Sweet & Maxwell, Masu Buga Shari'a tsakanin 1961-1962. Daga 1962 1967, ta kasance jami’ar yada labarai, zuwa majalisar birnin Winchester kuma daga 1967 –1972, mataimakiyar lauya tare da Taylor da Humbert. A cikin 1972–1973, Hooper ta kasance mai bada shawara shari'a ga Slater Walker France SA Tsakanin 1974-1984, ta kasance abokiyar tarayya tare da Taylor da Humbert (yanzu Taylor, Wessing). Siyasa Ta kasance cikakkiyar memba ta jam'iyyar Conservative, Hooper ta kasance yar takarar jam'iyyar Liverpool a zaben majalisar Turai na shekarar 1979. Ko da yake ana tunanin kujerar ba ta da tsaro, amma Hooper ya lashe ta da 7,227 a kan Terry Harrison na Labour, memba na kungiyar 'yan bindiga. Idan aka kwatanta zaben da jimillar kuri'un da aka kada a babban zaben shekarar 1979 makonni biyar da suka gabata, yawan kuri'un da aka kada a jam'iyyar Conservative ya kai kashi 11% a Liverpool, sabanin kashi 5% na kasa baki daya. An kayar da Hooper a zaben 1984 a mazabar Merseyside West. Alakoki Anguilla All Party Parliamentary Group, co-shugaban Law Society of England and Wales, memba Memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari, Bincike na Polar da Ƙaddamar Siyasa Shugaban Kungiyar Masu Bayar da Ilimi ta Biritaniya Mataimakin Shugaban Gidan Canning (Majalisar Hispanic da Luso Brazilian) Shugaban Waste Watch Shugaban Gidauniyar Turai don Ƙwarewar Tarihi Cibiyar Nazarin Amirka Jami'ar London mamba Shugaban Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru Shugaban Gidauniyar Anglo Latin-American Foundation Shugaban Friends of Colombia for Social Aid Shugaban Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka ta Tsakiya (CABC) Aminci da Zumunci Dogara, Royal Academy of Dance Amintaccen, Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Duniya Amintacce, Gidajen tarihi na ƙasa da Hotuna na Merseyside Development Trust Amintaccen Abokin Hulɗa Abokin Hulɗa, Masana'antu da Amincewar Majalisa (da ɗan'uwanmu) Amintaccen, The Tablet Fellow, Royal Society of Arts Fellow, Royal Geographical Society Tsari An saka ta a matsayin Ma'abociya odar St Michael da St George (CMG) a cikin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2002 kuma a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1985, an ƙirƙiri ta abokiyar rayuwa tare da taken Baroness Hooper, na Liverpool da St James's a cikin birnin Westminster An halicce ta Dame na Order of St Gregory Mai Girma Manazarta Sources Rayayyun
14753	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawan%20jama%27a%20na%20Ghana	Yawan jama'a na Ghana	Yawan al 'ummar Ghana ya bayyana yanayi da bayyanin yawan mutanen Ghana. Wannan labarin yana magana ne game da yanayin alƙaluman kasar Ghana, gami da yawan jama'a, ƙabila, matakin ilimi, lafiyar jama'a, alaƙar addini da sauran fannoni na jama'a. Yawan jama'ar Ghana 31,072,940 (ƙididdigar Janairu 2020). Harsuna Kasar Ghana kasa ce mai amfani da harsuna da yawa inda ake magana da kusan yare tamanin. Ingilishi shine harshen hukuma da yare. Daga cikin yarukan asalin Ghana, Akan ne akafi amfani dashi. Kasar Ghana tana da kabilu sama da saba'in, kowannensu yana da nasa harshen na daban. Harsunan da ke cikin kabila ɗaya yawanci ana iya fahimtar juna. Harsuna goma sha ɗaya suna da matsayin yarukan da gwamnati ke tallafawa: yarukan Akan guda huɗu (Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Fante da Nzema) da yarukan kabilu biyu na Mole-Dagbani (Dagaare da Dagbanli). Sauran sune Ewe, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, da Kasem, Hausa. Kungiyoyin kabilu Kasar Ghana tana da kabilu sama da saba'in. Manyan kabilun kasar Ghana sun hada da Akan da kashi 47.5% na yawan jama'ar, Mole-Dagbon da 16.6%, Ewe a 13.9%, Ga-Dangme da 7.4%, Gurma da 5.7%, Guang na 3.7%, da Grusi a kashi 2.5%, Kusaasi na kashi 1.2%, sannan mutanen Bikpakpaam da aka fi sani da Konkomba suna da kashi 3.5%. 4.3% na yawan jama'a fararen fata ne. Suna daga Burtaniya, Dutch, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci, Fotigal, Polish, Scandinavia, Amurka, Latin Amurka ko asalin Australiya. Suna zaune a Accra, Cape Coast, Elmina, Saltpond, Sekondi-Takoradi, da Tema da Kumasi, Koforidua, Sunyani da garuruwa kamar Ho da Nkawkaw. Har ila yau, akwai 'yan asalin ƙasar Gana masu fata na asalin Afirka baƙon da ke da dangi waɗanda ke tsere wa wariyar launin fata waɗanda suka auri kakanninsu. 2.4% na yawan jama'ar kasar Sin ne. Ilimi Ilimin firamare da ƙaramar sakandare ba shi da kuɗin karatu kuma tilas ne. Tun daga 1987, Gwamnatin Ghana ta kara kasafin kudin ilimi da kashi 700%. Rabon ilimi na asali ya girma daga 45% zuwa 60% na wannan jimillar. Dalibai suna fara karatun firamare na shekaru 6 suna da shekaru shida. Sun wuce zuwa karamar makarantar sakandare na shekaru 3 na karatun ilimi hade da horon fasaha da sana'a. Wadanda ke ci gaba da komawa cikin shirin makarantar sakandare na shekaru 3. Kofar shiga ɗayan mafi kyawun jami'o'in ƙasar Ghana shine ta hanyar jarabawa bayan kammala babbar makarantar sakandare tare da alamar wucewa. Yanayin jama'a Kidayar jama'ar Ghana da ta dogara da dogaro da juna a shekarar 1961 ta ƙidaya kusan mazauna miliyan 6.7. Tsakanin 1965 da 1989, yawanci kaso 45 cikin ɗari na yawan mata na ƙasar Ghana sun kasance cikin shekarun haihuwa. Adadin danyen mutuwa na 18 daga cikin mutane 1,000 a shekarar 1965 ya fadi zuwa 13 cikin 1,000 na mutane a 1992. Tsammani na rayuwa ya tashi daga matsakaicin shekarar 1992 na shekaru arba'in da biyu ga maza da kuma shekaru arba'in da biyar ga mata zuwa shekaru hamsin da biyu da hamsin da shida a shekarar 2002. Yawan haihuwa ya kai kimanin yara biyu ga mace baligi a shekarar 2013. Haihuwa da Haihuwa dangane da Nazarin Lafiyar Jama'a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR.) Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a: Haihuwa da Haihuwa (Kidaya 2000 2010) Total Fertility Rate (TFR) da Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Haihuwa da mutuwa Bayanin haihuwa kamar na shekarar 2014 (Shirin DHS): Tsawon rai Sauran ƙididdigar alƙaluma Kididdigar jama'a bisa ga Nazarin Yawan Jama'a na Duniya a cikin 2019. Haihuwa daya kowane dakika 36 Mutuwa daya kowane minti 2 Netaya daga cikin ƙaura zuwa kowane minti 26 Samun riba na mutum daya kowane dakika 50 Yawan alƙaluman masu zuwa daga Ma'aikatar Kididdigar kasar Ghana ce mai zaman kanta da kuma daga CIA World Factbook sai dai in an nuna wani abu. Yawan jama'a 30,802,793 (Fabrairu 2020) 25,009,153 (Disamba 2013 est. [17] [18]) Mata- 50.5% Namiji- 49.5% Tsarin shekaru 0-14 shekaru: 37.83% (namiji 5,344,146 mace 5,286,383) Shekaru 15-24: 18.61% (namiji 2,600,390 mace 2,629,660) Shekaru 25-54: 34.21% (namiji 4,663,234 mace 4,950,888) Shekaru 55-64: 5.05% (namiji 690,327 mace 727,957) Shekaru 65 zuwa sama: 4.3% (namiji 557,155 mace 652,331) (shekarar 2018). 0-14 shekaru: 22.8% (namiji 2,362,094 mace 2,208,178) Shekaru 15-24: 23.7% (namiji 2,360,293 mace 2,382,573) Shekaru 25-54: 42.4% (namiji 4,120,921 mace 4,363,889) Shekaru 55-64: 5.9% (namiji 577,431 mace 610,716) Shekaru 65 zuwa sama: 5.1% (namiji 476,297 mace 546,765) (shekarar 2013.) Yawan karuwar jama'a 2.16% (2018 est.) Kwatanta ƙasa da duniya: 40th 2.1% (shekarar 2013). Yawan haihuwa Haihuwar 30.2 yawan jama'a 1,000 (shekarar 2018). Kwatanta ƙasa da duniya: 35th Haihuwar 16.03 yawan jama'a 1,000 (shekarar 2013). Yawan mutuwa Mutuwar 6.8 yawan mutane 1,000 (shekarar 2018). Kwatanta ƙasa da duniya: 134th Mutuwar 7.53 yawan mutane 1,000 (shekarar 2013). Jimlar yawan haihuwa An haifi yara mata 3.96 (shekarar 2018.) Kwatanta ƙasa da duniya: na 34 Yawan haihuwa ya ragu daga 3.99 (2000) zuwa 3.28 (2010) tare da 2.78 a yankin Urban da 3.94 a yankin karkara. Matsakaicin shekaru duka: shekaru 21.2. Kwatanta ƙasa da duniya: 185th namiji: shekara 20.7 mace: shekara 21.7 (shekarar 2018). Matsayin mahaifiya a farkon haihuwa Shekaru 22.3 (2017 est.) bayanin kula: shekarun haihuwa a farkon haihuwa tsakanin mata 25-29 Yawan yaduwar cutar hana haihuwa 33% (2017) Tsabar Adadin Hijira -1.8 bakin haure (s) yawan jama'a 1,000 (2017 est.) Kwatanta ƙasa da duniya: 154th -1.85 baƙi (s) yawan 1,020 (2013 est.) Yawan mutuwar jarirai Mutuwar 39.01 haihuwar haihuwa 1,000 (2013 est.) Yanayin dogara jimlar yawan dogaro: 73 (2015 est.) rabo na dogaro ga matasa: 67.1 (2015 est.) rabo na tsofaffi: 5.9 (2015 est.) rabo na tallafi mai yiwuwa: 17.1 (2015 est.) Tsarin birni yawan birane: 56.1% na yawan jama'a (2018) ƙimar birni: 3.34% canjin canjin shekara (2015-20 est.) Tsammani a lokacin haihuwa Jimlar yawan jama'a: shekaru 67.4 (kimanin shekara ta 2018). namiji: Shekaru 64.9 (shekarar 2018). mace: shekara 70 (shekarar 2018). jimlar yawan jama'a: shekaru 65.46 (shekarar 2013). Shekaru 66 namiji: Shekaru 64.48 (2013 est.); Shekaru 66 mace: shekara 66.48 (shekarar 2013). Shekaru 67 (2013 est.) Asar suna: Dan Ghana siffa: Gana Zama ɗan ƙasa 'Yan ƙasar Ghana (miliyan 20,000,000) Jama'ar Ghana Addinai Kirista 71.2% Pentikostal/Kwarewa 28.3% Furotesta 18.4% Roman Catolika 13.1% Musulunci 17.6% Gargajiya 5.2% Babu 5.2% Sauran 0.8% Harsuna Asante 16%, Ewe 14%, Fante 11.6%, Brong (Brong) 4.9%, Dagomba 4.4%, Dangme 4.2%, Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.9%, Likpakpaanl a.k.a. yaren Konkomba 3.5%, Akyem 3.2%, Ga 3.1%, Sauran 31.2% Ilimi ma'anar: shekaru 15 zuwa sama na iya karatu da rubutu (2015 est.) jimlar yawan jama'a: 76.6% (2015 est.) namiji: 82% (2015 est.) mace: 71.4% (2015 est.) Tsaran rayuwar makaranta (firamare zuwa manyan makarantu) total: shekaru 12 (2017) namiji: shekaru 12 (2017) mace: shekaru 11 (2017) jimlar yawan: 71.5% namiji: 78.3% mace: 65.3% (ƙidayar 2010) Rashin aikin yi, matasa masu shekaru 15-24 jimla: 15.2% (2015 est.) namiji: 15.8% (2015 est.) mace: 14.6% (2015 est.) Tarihin alƙaluma Rarraba yawan jama'a Yawan jama'a ya karu a hankali daga talatin da shida a kowace murabba'in kilomita a shekarar 1970 zuwa hamsin da biyu a kowace kilomita kilomita murabba'i a shekarar 1984. A shekarar 1990 mutane sittin da uku a kowace kilomita kilomita murabba'i shine kimanta yawan yawan mutanen Ghana. Waɗannan matsakaita ba su nuna bambancin ra'ayi game da rarraba yawan jama'a ba. Misali, yayin da yankin Arewa, daya daga cikin yankuna goma na gudanarwar, ya nuna yawan mutane goma sha bakwai a kowane murabba'in kilomita a shekarar 1984, a cikin wannan shekarar Babban yankin Accra ya sami sau tara matsakaita na ƙasa na hamsin da biyu a kowace murabba'in kilomita. Kamar yadda lamarin yake a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970, mafi yawan mutanen da suka fi yawa a shekarar 1984 sun kasance a kudancin Kwahu Plateau. Matsakaicin matsuguni ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin alwatika na Accra-Kumasi-Takoradi, galibi saboda haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yankin. Duk cibiyoyin hakar ma'adanai na kasar Ghana, da ke samarda dazuzzuka na katako, da filayen noman koko suna kudu da yankin Kwahu Plateau. Ginin triangle na Accra-Kumasi-Takoradi yana da alaƙa da bakin teku ta hanyar layin dogo da hanyoyin-yin wannan yanki muhimmin maganadisu don saka hannun jari da kuma kwadago. Babban ɓangare na Bashin Volta ba shi da yawa. Yankin arewa mai nisa yana da yawan jama'a. Yawan jama'a na Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya ya dara matsakaita na ƙasa. Ana iya bayanin wannan ta ɓangaren ƙasa mafi kyau da aka samo a wasu yankuna. Bambancin birane da karkara Yankunan mutane 5,000 da sama sun kasance a cikin birane tun daga 1960. Yawan mutanen biranen 1960 ya kai mutum 1,551,174, ko kuma kashi 23.1 na yawan mutanen. Zuwa shekarar 1970 yawan birane ya karu zuwa kashi 28. Wannan adadin ya tashi zuwa 32 a shekarar 1984 kuma an kiyasta shi da kashi 33 cikin 100 na 1992. Yankunan birane a cikin Ghana a al'adance ana wadata su da abubuwan more rayuwa fiye da yankunan karkara. Sakamakon haka, Kumasi, Accra, da ƙauyuka da yawa a cikin ƙasan tattalin arziƙin kudu sun fi jawo hankalin mutane fiye da yankunan savanna na arewa; kawai Tamale a arewa ya kasance banda. Haɗin layin wutar lantarki na ƙasa zuwa yankunan arewacin ƙasar a ƙarshen 1980s na iya taimakawa wajen daidaita tafiyar arewa zuwa kudu na ƙaura ta cikin gida. Ghana na da yawan mutanen karkara wadanda suka dogara da noma. Ghana ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙasa mai al'ummomin karkara. An kiyasta mazaunin karkara ya kai kashi 67 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar a shekarar 1992. A cikin shekarun 1970s, kashi 72 cikin ɗari na yawan jama'ar Gana suna zaune a yankunan karkara. "Manifesto na Karkara," wanda aka tantance musabbabin rashin bunkasa karkara, an gabatar da shi a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1984. An kimanta dabarun ci gaba, wasu kuma an aiwatar da su don sanya mazaunan karkara su zama masu jan hankali. Bankin na Ghana ya kafa bankunan karkara sama da 120 don tallafawa 'yan kasuwar karkara, kuma shirin samar da lantarki a yankunan karkara ya karfafa a karshen shekarun 1980. Gwamnati ta gabatar da tsare-tsaren ta ga majalisun gundumomi a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ta na inganta karkara ta hanyar gudanar da mulki ba kakkauta.
15222	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasheedat%20Ajibade	Rasheedat Ajibade	Rasheedat Ajibade (an haife ta ne a ranar 8 ga watan Disamban, shekara ta alif 1999), ƙwararriyar ’yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Nijeriya da ke buga wa ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Atletico Madrid wadda ke kasar ta andalus a cikin Toppserien da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta kasar Najeriya. Ajibade ta wakilci Najeriya a wasannin shekaru masu yawa, kafin ta fara buga wa babbar kungiyarta gasar cin Kofin WAFU na shekarar 2018, a Côte d'Ivoire. A shekarar 2017, shafin Goal.com ne ya st ta yi suna sosai, saboda saka ta a ciki a jerin 'yan kwallon mata masu hazaka na farko a cikin jerin manyan 'yan kwallo 10 da suka yi fice a Nahiyar Afirka. Kariyan kwallo Ajibade ta wakilci Najeriya a matakin buga kwallon mata na kasa da shekera 17 kuma ta buga wa Najeriya wasa a matakin shekara 0 da kuma manyan ‘yan wasan kasar. Tana taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Robo tun a kakar wasannin shekarar 2013, ta Nigeria Premier League. A cikin shekarar 2014, an lissafa ta a cikin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƙwararrun matasa a gasar.A watan Satumbar 2018, ta lashe gasar mata ta 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ta mata a karo na biyu a jere. Klub din A yayin wasannin Firimiya Matan Najeriya na shekarar 2015, sati na 2, Ajibade ta kasance cikin kungiyar mako, wanda Soccerladuma Afirka ta Kudu ta haɗa, duk da cewa kungiyarta ta sha kashi a hannun Confluence Queens yayin wasan zagayen.A kakar wasanni ta 2017 Nigeria Premier League, Ajibade ta zama kyaftin na kungiyar FC Robo Ajibade tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka ci kwallaye a gidan Robos da Ibom Mala'iku a lokacin kakar. A ranar 13 ga Yulin 2017, bayan shan kaye a hannun maziyarta Rivers Angels, SuperSport ta nakalto Ajibade don ta murkushe damar kungiyar ta na samun cancantar zuwa Super 4, saboda bambancin maki da karancin wasannin da suka rage. Ajibade ta lashe gasar farko ta gasar cinikin 'yanci ta kasa ta Najeriya, wadda gasa ce don bunkasa harkar wasan kwallon kafa A shekarar 2017, duk da cewa Robo ba ta cikin kungiyoyin da suka kammala, Ajibade ta zama gwarzuwar 'yar wasa ta bana bayan da ta ci kwallaye takwas don tserar da kungiyar ta daga faduwa. A watan Mayu 2018, an zaba ta a matsayin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a gasar Firimiyar Mata ta Najeriya ta 2017, a Kyaututtukan Najeriyar A cikin Disamba 2018, Ajibade ta ba da rahoton sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da ƙungiyar Norway, Avaldsnes IL, ƙungiyar da ke wasa a Toppserien.A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021, Atletico Madrid ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da Rasheedat Ajibade na tsawon shekaru biyu Ayyukan duniya A wasannin share fage na Afirka, a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekaru 17, Ajibade ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan farko da Najeriya ta doke Namibia. A gasar da ta dace, Ajibade ce ta ci kwallon farko a wasan farko da Najeriya ta buga da China A wasan karshe na rukuni da Mexico, Ajibade ta ci kwallo wa Najeriya, ci biyu da nema don buga wasan kwata fainal da Spain. Ajibade ta kasance cikin Koci Bala Nikiyu mutum 21 da za su fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Duniya ta FIFA U-17 na 2016, sanye da riga mai lamba 10. A gasar, Ajibade ita ce kyaftin din Najeriya, kuma ta yi magana da FIFA.com a kan kudurin kungiyar na yin abinda ya fi na kwata fainal da suka yi a shekarar 2014. Ajibade ita ma tana daga cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na shekarar 2016, an ba ta suna-wanda ya fi dacewa a wasan rukuni na biyu da Canada A karawar farko domin tantance wakilin Afirka a FIFA FIFA U-20 World Cup na Mata, Ajibade ta zura kwallaye biyu a wasan farko da suka kara da Tanzania, wanda ya ba Najeriya damar cin kwallaye uku kafin karawa ta biyu a Dar e Sallam. A karawa ta biyu, wanda aka buga a watan Oktoba 2017, Ajibade ta ci kwallaye biyu a Najeriya ci 6 da nema a kan gida-gida. A ranar 27 ga Janairun 2018, Ajibade ta zura kwallaye biyu a raga a wasan da Najeriya ta doke Afirka ta Kudu da ci shida, nasarar ta tabbatar da cancantar Najeriya ta shiga Gasar Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta U-20 ta 2018 a Faransa. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Ajibade tare da Joy Jegede, Osarenoma Igbinovia da sauran 'yan wasa 18 ne babban koci, Thomas Dennerby ya zaba don su wakilci Najeriya a gasar WAFU ta farko a Côte d'Ivoire. A wasa na biyu na rukuni-rukuni na gasar yanki, Ajibade ta ci kwallaye uku wanda ya kai Najeriya wasan dab da na karshe yayinda ya rage wasa. Ajibade tana daya daga cikin 'yan kungiyar kwallon kafar mata ta Afirka ta 2018, inda ta lashe gasar tare da kungiyar. Lamban girma Kowanne mutum Gwarzon Bloggers na League 2017 Matan Mata ta Premier ta Premier na Zamanin Lambobin yabo na Nijeriya 2017 Matan Firimiya Lig na gasar Premier ta bana Firimiyan Mata na Najeriya na 2017 Wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye (wanda aka hada shi tare da Reuben Charity Kwallon Najeriya NFF 2018 Sun Player ta shekara Kofin mata na WAFU 2018 na biyu mafi yawan kwallaye a raga (wanda aka hada shi da Ines Nrehy da Janet Egyir Kungiyar kwallan kafa 2014 FIFA U-17 Kofin Duniya na Mata Kwata kusa da na karshe Kofin mata na WAFU 2018 na uku Manazarta Diddigin bayanai na waje Rasheedat Ajibade at Soccerway Mata Mata yan Najeriya Yan kwallan kafa Ƴan Najeriya Haihuwan 1999 Mata yan kwallon kafa Rayayyun
59887	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine%20Smith	Nadine Smith	Nadine Smith yar gwagwarmaya ce ta LGBT kuma ta kasance babban darektan Daidaita Florida tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1997 kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka na majalisa, tana zaune a Tallahassee yayin zaman. A shekarar 1986, Smith ya yi aiki a kan kafa sansanin Gay da na Lesbian An amince da Smith a matsayin jagora na kasa ta kungiyoyi da suka hada da: Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun (NCLR) da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun na Ƙasa Wani tsohon ɗan jarida, Smith ya rubuta ginshiƙai masu haɗaka don wallafe-wallafe daban-daban na gayu da na yau da kullun. Smith ya kasance ɗan jarida mai bincike mai nasara ga WUSF, ƙungiyar Rediyon Jama'a ta ƙasa a Tampa, kuma daga baya ya zama mai ba da rahoto ga Tampa gwagwalada Tribune. Smith kuma ya kasance mai zaman kansa don littattafan ƙasa da na gida. In shekarar 1991, Smith was the first openly lesbian African-American to run for Tampa City Council, earning the most votes in the primary and garnering 42% in the run-off. A cikin shekarar 1993, Smith ya kasance wani ɓangare na taron ofis na tarihi tsakanin shugaban Amurka mai ci Bill Clinton da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin jama'a na LGBT. Smith ya kasance mataimakin shugaban shekarar 1993 Maris akan Washington, yana daidaita kafofin watsa labarai na kasa da na duniya. Ta kuma yi wa'adi huɗu a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Shawarwari ta LGBT a faɗin Jiha. Smith ya halarci Makarantar Sojan Sama ta Amurka bayan ya kammala makarantar sakandare a birnin Panama. Ta tafi ne bayan wucewar littafin Kada ku Tambayi Kar a Fada a shekarar 1993. Ta sami digiri na Mass Communication a Jami'ar South Florida A cikin shekarar 1995, Smith ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Jama'a don Fair Tampa, ƙoƙarin da ya yi nasara don hana soke dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam na birni, wanda ya haɗa da yanayin jima'i Smith ya kasance mai fafutuka mai fafutuka kan laifuffukan kyama da kuma dokar cin zarafi. A cikin shekarar 2008, Ƙoƙarin daidaitawa na Florida ya haifar da zartar da dokar hana cin zarafi a faɗin jihar wadda ta zaburar da gundumomin makarantu a duk faɗin jihar don haɗa yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi a cikin manufofinsu na adawa da cin zarafi da cin zarafi. Daga shekarar 2006 shekara ta 2009, Smith ya yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Adalci ga Duk Iyalai, yunƙurin kare dangi na LGBT a gaban wani ma'aunin zaɓe wanda ya haramta amincewa da aure tsakanin ma'aurata guda ɗaya. Matakin da ya zartar da kusan kashi 62% na kuri'un ya kuma haramta kariyar da ke "daidai da aure". A cikin shekarar 2007, an kama Smith a wata ƙarar ƙarar ƙaramar hukumar birnin Largo bayan ya ba wa wani fom ɗin da aka buga kalmomin "Kada ku Wariya" a kai. Majalisar tana muhawara kan ko za ta kori Susan Stanton, manajan birnin da ya sauya sheka daga namiji zuwa mace. Daga baya aka yi watsi da tuhumar. Shugaban ‘yan sanda da majalisar birnin sun bayar da hakuri a hukumance. A cikin shekarar 2010 Smith ya kawo dokar karɓo luwaɗi ta Florida wadda ta haramtawa duk wani ɗan luwaɗi riko da hankalin shugaba Obama. A yayin wani taron Fadar White House, ta mika wa shugaban kasar hoton wasu yara maza biyu da jihar Florida ke kokarin hana dan luwadi da ya kasance uban renon su sama da shekaru 5. Smith ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Equality Florida yana yin Allah wadai da haramcin karbewa, musamman ma kalubalantar jihar da yin amfani da makudan kudade na daloli masu biyan haraji don ba da tallafi ga wani mai fafutukar yaki da luwadi a matsayin tauraruwar shaida. Magana "George W. Bush da Al Gore bai kamata su yi magana game da wanda zai fara kiftawa ba. Ya kamata su yi magana game da yadda za mu maido da imani ga dimokuradiyya a cikin jama'ar Amurka, saboda an gwada shi sosai a yanzu." "Ba sa tambaya, ba mu fada ba kuma da kyar ake bukatar su gani da idanunsu babban cutarwa da radadin gaske da dokokin da ke nuna mana cewa mun kasa da makwabta." "Lokacin da Floridians masu adalci suka fahimci irin illar da wannan shirin ke da shi ga iyalai da yawa na Florida, za su yi watsi da wannan gyara. Bai kamata dokoki su sanya shi da wahala wajen kula da mutanen da kuke so ba." “Sa’ad da nake yarinya an gaya mini cewa Rosa Parks ta gaji kuma ta gaji wata rana mai tsanani kuma ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta bar kujerar ta ba. Jajircewarta ya burge ni. Daga baya, lokacin da na sami labarin cewa an yi la'akari da zanga-zangar ta na dogon lokaci tare da cikakken auna sakamakon, an ƙarfafa ni sosai da niyyarta ta sadaukar da 'yancinta da amincinta da gangan don sa ƙasar ta fuskanci munin Jim Crow." “Muna tattaki, muna harabar gida, muna ilmantarwa, muna zanga-zangar kuma ya kamata mu kuma dole. Amma ga alama yana ƙara bayyana a gare ni cewa a yanzu dole ne mu yi abin da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a suke yi: tare da yin tunani da tunani, sanya kanmu a fili cikin saɓani da doka ta rashin adalci don haifar da sakamakon da zai iya lalata lamirin ƙasarmu." “Kowace fafutukar kare hakkin jama’a a kasar nan ta bukaci mutane su sadaukar da kansu da kuma nuna wariya ga hukumomi ta yadda babu wanda zai iya kawar da idanunsa. Mutane sun ci gaba da sanin za su iya rasa gidajensu, rasa ayyukansu, da amincin su. Suna tafiya da son rai zuwa ga gungun ’yan bangar ƙiyayya da ’yan sanda tare da karnuka masu zage-zage. Sun mayar da shawarar kauracewa bas wata rana zuwa kwanaki 381 na hadin kai. Sun yi sadaukarwa kuma kasar ta duba ta canza. Duk gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a a kasar nan ya bukaci mutane su sadaukar da kansu. Kasar tana kallo. Shin a shirye muke mu yi haka?” Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Daidaiton Florida IGLYO Smith ya ba da wasiƙa ga Shugaba Obama Black LGBT tarihin kowane zamani Muhawarar Aure Florida Magajin gari ya shigo Babu Uzuri? Da gaske Muke Nufi Mai tasiri Nadine Smith Nadine Smith mai suna Co-Chair na girmamawa Co-Chair of National Equality for Unity and Pride Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
23177	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Ogoou%C3%A9	Kogin Ogooué	Kogin Ogooué (ko Ogowe), wanda kuma aka fi sani da kogin Nazarat, kimanin kilomita 1,200 (tsawon mi mil 750), shine babban kogin Gabon da ke yammacin Afirka ta tsakiya kuma shine kogi na biyar mafi girma a Afirka ta hanyar yawan ruwa, wanda ke bin Kongo kawai, Kasai, Niger da Zambezi. Ruwan ruwanta ya malale kusan duk ƙasar Gabon, tare da wasu mashigan ruwa zuwa Jamhuriyar Kongo, Kamaru, da Equatorial Guinea. Hanya Kogin Ogooué ya hau arewa maso yamma na Bateke Plateaux kusa da Kengue, Jamhuriyar Kongo. Yana gudana arewa maso yamma, kuma ya shiga Gabon kusa da Boumango. Poubara Falls na kusa da Maulongo. Daga Lastoursville har zuwa Ndjole, Ogooué ba mai iya kewaya shi saboda saurin gudu. Daga garin na ƙarshe, ya yi yamma, kuma ya shiga Tekun Gini kusa da Ozouri, kudu da Port Gentil. Yankin Ogowe Delta yana da girma sosai, kusan tsawon kilomita 100 kuma faɗi kilomita 100. Basin Kogin Ogooué yana da murabba'in kilomita 223,856 (sq mi 86,000), wanda daga ciki murabba'in kilomita 173,000 (67,000 sq mi) ko kuma kashi 73 cikin 100 yana cikin Gabon. Yawanci ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka mara dadi tare da wasu ciyawar savanna inda rani na tsakiyar shekara ya fi tsawo. Gida ne na manyan halittu masu yawa. Misali, dukkan nau'o'in kada guda uku na Afirka, alal misali, suna faruwa ne a cikin kogin: kada da Nile, dodanni, kada, da siririn kada. Hakanan yanki ne irin na kifin kifi na Synodontis acanthoperca. Kogin Mpassa yanki ne na Kogin Ogooué. Kogin Ndjoumou shi ne babban rafin kogin Mpassa. Tattalin arziki Jirgin Ogooué yana iya tafiya daga Ndjole zuwa teku. Ana kuma amfani da shi don kawo itace zuwa Port Gentil Harbor. Kogin Ogowe ya hada da manyan wuraren adana abubuwa, gami da Filin shakatawa na Lope. Yankin kamawa yana da matsakaicin yawan mutane 4 a kowace Garuruwan da ke bakin kogin sun hada da Ayem, Adané, Loanda, Lambaréné, Ndjole, Booué, Kankan, Maulongo, Mboungou-Mbadouma, Ndoro, Lastoursville, Moanda, da Franceville kusa da iyakar Kongo. Garuruwa a Kongo sun hada da Zanaga. Bature mai bincike na farko da ya gano asalin kogin zuwa asalin sa shine Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, wanda yayi tafiya a yankin a cikin shekarun 1870. Igiyoyin ruwa Kogin Ogowe yana karɓar ruwa mai yawa daga rafuka ciki har da: Abanga, wanda ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Cristal, kusa da Medouneu Baniaka Dilo Iyinda, mafi mahimmancin haraji Letili Lassio Lebombi Lekabi Lekedi Lekoni, wanda ke gudana a fadin Akieni da Leconi Letili Leyou Lolo Mbine Ngolo Ngounie Nke Offoue Okano wanda babban harajin sa shine Kogin Lara Mpassa, wanda ke gudana ko'ina cikin Faransaville Sebe, wanda ke ratsa Okondja Wagny Manazarta Perusset André. 1983. Oro-Hydrographie (Le Relief) in Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 10-13. Paris, France: Edicef. Petringa, Maria. Brazza, A Life for Africa. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN 9781-4259-11980. Describes Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza's extensive explorations of the Ogoué River basin. National Geographic. 2003. African Adventure Atlas Pg 24,72. led by Sean Fraser. Gardinier David. 1994. Historical Dictionary of Gabon 2nd Edition. USA: The Scarercrow Press, Inc. Direction General de L'Environnement.1999. Stratégie nationale et Plan D'action sur la biodiversité biologique du Gabon. The Atlas of Africa. Pg 201. by Regine Van Chi-Bonnardel. Jeune Afrique Editions. Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydrologie. in Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 14-15. Paris, France:
57515	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Dworkin	Andrea Dworkin	Biography with signature Articles with hCards Andrea Rita Dworkin(Satumba 26,1946- Afrilu 9,2005)marubuciya ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Ba'amurke kuma mai fafutuka wacce aka fi sani da bincikenta na batsa.Rubuce-rubucenta na mata,tun daga 1974,sun kai shekaru 30.Ana samun su a cikin ayyukan solo guda goma sha biyu:littattafai tara na almara,litattafai biyu,da tarin gajerun labarai.An kuma rubuta wasu littattafai guda uku tare da farfesa a tsarin mulkin Amurka kuma mai fafutukar mata,Catharine A.MacKinnon. Babban makasudin aikin Dworkin shine nazarin al'ummar Yamma,al'adu,da siyasa ta hanyar ginshiƙan cin zarafin maza da mata ke yi a cikin mahallin uba.Ta rubuta a kan batutuwa masu yawa ciki har da rayuwar Joan na Arc, Margaret Papandreou, da Nicole Brown Simpson ta yi nazarin wallafe-wallafen Charlotte Brontë, Jean Rhys, Leo Tolstoy, Marquis de Sade, Kobo Abe, Tennessee Williams, James Baldwin, da Isaac Bashevis Singer ta kawo nata hangen nesa na mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi don nazarin batutuwan da aka rubuta a tarihi ko aka bayyana su daga mahangar maza, gami da tatsuniyoyi, luwadi, madigo, budurci, antisemitism, Jihar Isra'ila., Holocaust, fifikon ilimin halitta, da wariyar launin fata. Ta yi tambayoyi game da abubuwan da ke da tushe kamar 'yancin ɗan jarida da 'yancin ɗan adam Ta tsara siyasar jima'i na hankali, tsoro, ƙarfin hali, da mutunci. Ta bayyana wani akidar siyasa mai kishin maza da ke bayyana a ciki kuma ta ƙunshi fyade, baturi, karuwanci, da batsa. Almara Waka Labarai Pdf Page 1 of 4 Page 2 of 4. Page 3 of 4 Page 4 of 4 Pdf. Page 1 of 2 Page 2 of 2 Pdf Page 1 of 2. Page 2 of 2 Excerpt with Note from John Stoltenberg, May 25, 2007 A review of Lucky, by Alice Sebold, A review of Normal: transsexual CEOs, cross-dressing cops and hermaphrodites with attitude, by Amy Bloom, Jawabai Shaidar Babban Lauyan Hukumar Andrea Dworkin akan Batsa da Karuwanci "Yanci Yanzu: Ƙarshen Cin Hanci da Mata" "Magana daga Jami'ar Duke, Janairu 1985" Rikodin kalmar magana Taped Phone Interview Andrea Dworkin interviewed by Nikki Craft on Allen Ginsberg,May 9,1990. (Audio File,20 min,128 kbit/s,mp3) Dworkin on Dworkin, Sharhi Ice da Wuta, na Andrea Dworkin; Jima'i,na Andrea Dworkin. "Namiji da Namiji,Maza da Mata".Carol Sternhell ne ya sake dubawa don The New York Times (Mayu 3,1987). Jima'i, na Andrea Dworkin; Feminism Unmodified, na Catharine MacKinnon. "Batsa a Amurka, Sashe na I" .Maureen Mullarkey ya sake dubawa don The Nation(Mayu 30,1987) Intercourse, na Andrea Dworkin (Bugu na Shekaru Goma 1997) Giney Villar ya sake dubawa don Mata a Ayyukan(3:1998) Pornography:Men Possessing Women."Rarraba mayya:Sake karanta Andrea Dworkin".Jed Brandt ya sake dubawa don Indypendent na NYC(Fabrairu 7,2005) A cikin shahararrun al'adu A cikin rayuwar Dworkin,littattafai guda biyu sun yi la'akari da nazarin jikin aikinta: Andrea Dworkin na Jeremy Mark Robinson,wanda aka fara bugawa a 1994, da Ba tare da gafara:Andrea Dworkin's Art and Politics by Cindy Jenefsky a 1998. Tasirin Dworkin ya ci gaba bayan mutuwarta.John Stoltenberg ne ya samar da wasan kwaikwayon Aftermath a cikin 2015,bisa ga rubutun Dworkin da ba a buga ba.An buga tarihin Dworkin Kwanaki na Ƙarshe a Hot Slit a cikin 2019. Siffar shirin shirin sunana Andrea ta Pratibha Parmar an sake shi a cikin 2020; tarihin Andrea Dworkin:The Feminist as Revolutionary by Martin Duberman an buga shi a wannan shekarar.Shawarar littafin Dworkin don Rubutun Amurka: Yadda Mawallafin Novels suka Ƙirƙira da Samar da Ƙasa ta Jama'a a tsakiyar 2022. Ta fito a cikin Season 3 Episode 4 of The Deuce a matsayin memba na Mata da ke Yaƙin Batsa. Nassoshi Sources Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Portal don gidajen yanar gizon Andrea Dworkin wanda Nikki Craft ke kula da shi Babban ɗakin karatu na kan layi na Andrea Dworkin wanda Nikki Craft ke kula da shi Shafin Tunawa da Andrea Dworkin wanda Nikki Craft ke kula da shi Takardu, 1914–2007 (haɗe), 1973–2000 (yawan): Taimakon Neman., Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard. Tarin faifan bidiyo na Andrea Dworkin, 1981–1998 (haɗe): Taimakon Neman., Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard Tarin faifan sauti na Andrea Dworkin, 1975–1997 (haɗe): Taimakon Neman., Cibiyar Radcliffe, Jami'ar Harvard Appearances Haifaffun
50583	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria%20%28manga%29	Aria (manga)	Aria (mai salo kamar ARIA)jerin manga ne na Jafananci wanda Kozue Amano ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta.Asalin jerin an yi wa lakabi da Aqua (mai salo kamar AQUA)Lokacin da aka buga shi a cikin mujallar Enix 's Monthly Stencil daga 2001 zuwa 2002,kuma an sake masa suna lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa Mag Garden 's Comic Blade,inda ya ci gaba da yin jerin gwano daga Nuwamban shekarar 2002 zuwa Afrilu. 2008.An tattara Aqua a cikin juzu'i na tankobon guda biyu,kuma an tattara Aria cikin juzu'i goma sha biyu. Hal Film Maker ya daidaita manga zuwa jerin talabijin na anime da yawa.An watsa kakar farko a cikin 2005,kakar wasa ta biyu a cikin 2006,OVA ta saki Satumba 2007,da kuma kakar wasa ta uku a cikin 2008 wanda ya ƙare kusan lokaci guda da jerin abubuwan manga.An fitar da wani OVA,mai suna Aria the Avvenire,a cikin jerin animekwatin bikin cika shekaru 10 na Blu-ray tsakanin Disamba 2015 da Yuni 2016.Fim don murnar cika shekaru 15 na jerin anime mai taken Aria the Crepusscolo wanda aka fara ranar 5 ga Maris 2021.Fim ɗin anime na biyu mai suna Aria the Benedizone wanda aka fara ranar 3 ga Disamba 2021. ADV Manga ya fitar da fassarorin Turanci na litattafai uku na farko na Aria a cikin 2004 kafin barin lasisi. Daga nan Tokyopop ya sami haƙƙin Ingilishi zuwa Aqua da Aria.Tokyopop ya fitar da juzu'i biyu na Aqua a cikin Oktoba 2007 da Fabrairu 2008 da juzu'i shida na Aria tsakanin Janairu 2008 da Disamba 2010.An ba da lasisin anime a Arewacin Amurka ta The Right Stuf International,wanda ya fito da duk yanayi uku a cikin akwatin akwatin a ƙarƙashin tambarin Nishaɗi na Nozomi tsakanin 30 Satumba 2008 da 2 Maris 2010. Labari Aqua da Aria faruwa a farkon karni na 24th,farawa a 2301 AD,a cikin birnin Neo-Venezia Neo Venetia,a zahiri "New Venice")a kan duniyar Aqua wani lokacin Akusized.a cikin manga tare da rubutun tushe na "Mars" yana aiki azaman mai sheki ),wanda aka sake masa suna bayan an mai da shi duniyar da za ta iya zama wacce aka rufe a cikin teku a kusa da shekaru 150 kafin. Neo-Venezia,wanda ya dogara da Venice a duka gine-gine da yanayi, birni ne mai tashar jiragen ruwa mai kunkuntar magudanar ruwa maimakon tituna, wanda gondola marasa motsi ke tafiya. A farkon Aqua,wata budurwa mai suna Akari ta zo daga Manhome Manhomu,a da Duniya,wani lokacin ana salo kamar tare da rubutun tushe don"Duniya"yana aiki azaman mai sheki)don zama gondolier gondolier tare da Kamfanin Aria,ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni uku masu jagorar ruwa a cikin birni.Burinta shine ta zama Undine,gondolier wanda ke aiki azaman jagorar yawon shakatawa (duba Sharuɗɗan da ke ƙasa).Yayin da take atisaye,Akari yana abokantaka da mai ba ta shawara Alicia,masu horarwa da kuma manya daga kamfanonin kishiya-Aika,Alice,Akira,da Athena—da sauran su a Neo-Venezia. Aqua ta ba da labarin zuwan Akari kan Aqua da horon da ta fara a matsayin Ma'aurata ko almajiri.Aria ta ci gaba da horar da ita a matsayin Single, ko mai tafiya,wanda ya ƙare a lokacin kammala karatun ta,Aika,da Alice a matsayin cikakkiyar Prima Undines. Kowane babi yanki ne na rayuwa na binciken Akari na duniyar gondoliers,Neo-Venezia,da Aqua kanta. Amano akai-akai yana amfani da shafuka da yawa na zane-zane masu ban sha'awa don nuna yanayi,yana nuna al'ajabin abubuwan yau da kullun da abubuwan da suka faru na iri ɗaya.Masu bita sun bayyana shi da kamanceceniya a cikin sauti da tasiri ga Yokohama Kaidashi Kiko. Halaye Kamfanin Aria Kamfanin Aria karamin kamfani ne na jagorar ruwa wanda ya fara da ma'aikata biyu kawai.Tufafin sa suna sanye da shuɗi,kuma shugabanta (da sunan sa) shine Aria Pokoteng. Voiced by: Erino Hazuki[11] (Japanese); Veronica Taylor[12] (English) A native of Japan on Manhome (Earth) who immigrates to Aqua when she is 15 to become an Undine. While not as skillful at rowing a gondola as Alice nor as familiar with the history of her adopted city as Aika, Akari makes friends quickly and easily converses with customers and other strangers. She is depicted as optimistic and cheerful, finding enjoyment in things or events that others think humdrum and mundane, for which Aika and Alice call her "mysterious"; in the anime, Aika and Alice separately comment that Akari seems to attract mysterious phenomena to her. Akari often says Hohe or Hahi, which is her short version of "wow". When Akari used gondola simulations on Manhome, she accidentally learned how to row backwards and has to relearn the proper method when she starts at Aria Company; however, as Alicia puts it, "When rowing backward, Akari-chan is unrivaled!" Most chapters of the manga and episodes of the anime are framed with narration taken from e-mails written by Akari. In the anime, the recipient is a young girl named Ai, a customer in the first episode who becomes Akari's pen pal, but in the manga the recipient is someone she does not name and is referred to as zenryaku but has never seen. At the start of Aqua, Akari arrives on Aqua as a new Pair (apprentice) at Aria Company. In chapter 5 of Aqua, when Aika is promoted to Single (journeyman), Alicia tests and promotes Akari as well. Later, in chapter 58 of Aria and episode 12 of Aria the Origination, after Aika is promoted to Prima (full Undine), Alicia gives Akari the test for Prima. When Akari passes, she is given the title "Aquamarine" Harukanaru Ao, lit. "Distant Blue"). Voiced by: Sayaka Ohara[11] (Japanese); Marissa Lenti[16] (English) The only other Undine with Aria Company, Alicia is one of the Three Water Fairies of Neo-Venezia, known by the title "Snow White" Shiroki Yōsei, lit. "White Fairy"). At the start of the series, she is 19 years old and the most popular Undine in the city, noted especially for her graceful rowing style. She was promoted to Prima at 15, the youngest ever to do so. Like Akari, she is relaxed and easy-going, but she also likes to tease others, especially her childhood friend Akira. Her favorite phrase is "My, my" (ara ara; "Well Well") and she frequently giggles, to Akira's annoyance. According to Grandma Akino, she is an excellent Undine because of her ability to enjoy everything. At the end of the series, Alicia announces her upcoming marriage and retirement to take an administrative position with the Gondola Association. She tells Akari she had put off her Prima exam because she had been planning to retire after that and did not want to leave her student and friend. According to issue No. 6 of Monthly Undine, after her retirement, "Snow White" is designated the 8th "honored appellation" by the Gondola Association, as an Undine who made great contributions to the industry. Voiced by: Yoshiko Matsuo[20] (Japanese); Karen Smith[21] (English) A famous and long-serving Prima Undine, who started Aria Company with Aria Pokoteng after realizing she was missing too much of life as Himeya's top ace. She was Prima Undine for 30 years and mentor to Alicia, her last disciple, to whom she left the company on her retirement. She is highly respected by younger Undines, who call her "Grandma". Voiced by: Kaori Mizuhashi[11] (Japanese); Lisa Oritz[16] (English) A girl from Manhome. In the anime, she befriends Akari in episode 1 and becomes Akari's e-mail correspondent, while visiting Aqua whenever she can. In the manga, she first appears in chapter 60 as Aria Company's newest employee. In both versions, at the end of the series she becomes a Pair under Akari after Alicia's marriage and retirement. At some point before the start in the OVA Aria the Avvenire, she becomes a Single. Anna Anna) Voiced by: Risa Hayamizu[24] (Japanese); Erica Schroeder[21] (English) A retired Undine who trained under Grandma Akino, becoming a Prima before Alicia. She left Aria Company shortly after Alicia was promoted to Prima to marry a fisherman named Alberto. She has a son named Ahito, and lives with her family on Neo-Burano
50505	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique%20Bosco	Monique Bosco	Monique Bosco (watan Yuni ranar 8, shekara ta 1927 watan Mayu ranar 17, shekara ta 2007) 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Kanada haifaffiyar Austria Fage An haifeta a Vienna acikin dangin Yahudawa-Austriya kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Faransa inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara ta 1931. Acikin 1940, Bosco tayi shekara guda a Saint-Brieuc, sannan ta nemi mafaka a Marseilles, inda ta ɓoye kuma ta daina zuwa makaranta. A shekara ta 1948 tayi hijira zuwa Montreal don shiga mahaifinta. Nan ta cigaba da karatun ta. Bosco tayi rajista a Jami'ar Montreal a Faculty of Arts kuma ta sami Masters dinta a shekara ta 1951 da PhD a shekara ta 1953. Acikin shekara ta 1961 ta buga Ƙaunar Ƙauna, littafinta na farko, kuma bayan shekara guda annada ta Farfesa na Adabin Faransanci da Rubutun Ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Montreal. Ana ɗaukar Bosco ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na karatun Québécois na zamani. Tayi aiki da Radio Canada International daga shekara ta 1949 zuwa 1952, a matsayin mai bincike na Hukumar Fina-Finai ta Kanada daga 1960 zuwa 1962 kuma a matsayin mawallafin La Presse, Le Devoir da Maclean's Sanannen ayyuka An kwatanta aikin Bosco a matsayin guda ɗaya, mai tsanani, kuma cike da haruffa waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin rayuwarsu. Yawancin ayyukanta sun nuna ƙididdiga na al'ada daga bala'in Girkanci zuwa yanayin Quebec na zamani (kamar New Medea, shekara ta 1974). da Portrait de Zeus peint par Minerve, shekara ta 1982). Jigogi na kadaici da sadarwa suna da yawa kuma Monique Bosco ta gabatar dashi cikin tsari, a cikin ayyukan da suka haɗu da litattafai da shayari, "rarraba halittu na duniya" bisa ga furcin mawallafin Paulette Collet fama dajin zafi na keɓewa, kin amincewa, tawaye da kuma laifi. Jigogi .Litattafan Bosco suna raba jigogi iri ɗaya de racination, jikin mace da aka keɓe, kaɗaici da haushi amma suna ƙaruwa cikin tsananin baƙin ciki da fushi daga maƙarƙashiyar Un amour maladroit (1961) da Les infusoires (1965) zuwa La femme de Loth (1970) Wannan labari jiremiad ne maiƙarfi da ɗaci, kukan macen da aka ƙi wanda har yanzu bata fasa sha'awarta da wani allahn mutum ba. Sabuwar Medea ashek ashekara ta (1974) tana ɗaukar wannan fushin zuwa matsayi mafi girma, bata sami dama sosai wajen tabbatar da Medea ko babban aikinta ba, amma tana ƙarfafa girmamawa ga ƙarfin sha'awarta. Charles Lévy MD shekara ta (1977), duk da banality na take da kuma sanin halin da akeciki (shi ne monologue na mutum mai mutuwa), aiki ne mai tausayi da dabara, ikirari na mai rauni wanda ke daure da nasa. mata da al'ada ta wasu asali rashin kuzari. Littattafai masu zuwa, Portrait de Zeus peinte par Minerve (1982) da Sara Sage (1986), suna amfani da tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya da na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, amma sun fi ɓullo da tsari da harshe. A cikin Portrait de Zeus salon waka-prose na raƙuman kalmomi da jumloli akai-akai tana haɗuwa tare da cakuɗar tatsuniyoyi da tarihin tarihi, adabi, da nassoshi na zamani don haifar da ɓarna daga darajar magabata. Sara Sage ta ɗauki labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Sarah, tajefa shi a Faransa alokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma ta gabatar dashi daga hangen nesa na mutum na farko acikin waƙa, salon Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda ke nuna fushi mai tsanani a kan dabi'un jinsin maza. Bosco ta juya zuwa tsarin gajeren labari a ƙarshen 1980s da 1990s. Ta buga ƴan tarin jigogi: Boomerang (1987), Clichés (1988), Remémoration (1991), da Éphémères (1993). Hakanan, Bosco ta buga labari Le jeu des sept familles (1995). Labarun suna da yanayi kuma galibi suna gabatar da haruffan ciki sosai amma masu jan hankali. A cikin Éphémères haruffan sun fi tsayi. Le jeu de sept familles yana kwatanta raƙuman ra'ayoyin halayensa a yayin taron dangi-rabin su bourgeois Québécois ne sauran kuma ƴan ƙasar Kanada ne masu aiki. Littafi Mai Tsarki waka: Jeriko (1971) Shekaru 77-90 (1991) Lamento 90-97 (1997) Mai Girma (1998) gajerun labarai: Boomerang (1987) Clichés (1988) Tunatarwa (1991) Ephémères (1993) da novels: Amour maladroit (1961) Babban Shafi (1965) New Media (1974) Charles Levy (1977) Shabbat 70-77 (1978) Portrait de Zeus peint par Minerve (1982) Sara Sage (1986) Le jeu des sept familles (1995) Eh bin! da gure. 2005 Kyautattuka Monique Bosco ta sami lambar yabo tafarko a Amurka a shekara tacikin 1961 don littafinta na farko Un amour maladroit Ta sami lambar yabo ta Gwamna Janar don almara na harshen Faransanci a cikin shekara ta 1970 don littafinta mai suna La femme de Loth kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Alain-Grandbois don aikinta Miserere Anba Bosco Prix Athanase-David a cikin shekara ta 1996 kuma ta karɓi Prix Alain-Grandbois don waƙar ta acikin shekara ta 1992. Tarasu a Montreal tana da shekaru 79. Nassoshi Matattun 2007 Haifaffun
19576	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed%20Ahmad%20Khan	Syed Ahmad Khan	Sir Syed Ahmad Taqvi bin Syed Muhammad Muttaqi KCSI An haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta alif 1817 ya mutu a ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta alif 1898), wanda aka sani a matsayin Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (kuma Sayyid Ahmad Khan), an Musulunci pragmatist, Musulunci kawo canji, Falsafa, da kuma educationist a cikin karni na sha tara a Birtaniya Indiya Kodayake da farko yana nuna hadin kan Hindu-Musulmai, ya zama farkon dan kishin kasa na Musulmai a Kasar Indiya kuma ana yada shi a matsayin mahaifin Ka'idar Kasashe Biyu wanda ya kafa tushen harkar Pakistan Ahmad wanda aka haife shi cikin dangi mai tsananin bashi a kotun ta Mughal ya karanci Alqur'ani da Kimiyya a cikin kotun. An ba shi lambar girmamawa ta LLD daga Jami'ar Edinburgh a cikin shekara ta alif 1889. A cikin shekara ta alif 1838, Syed Ahmad ya shiga aikin Kamfanin Indiya na Gabas kuma ya ci gaba da zama alƙali a Kotun a shekara ta alif 1867, yana ritaya daga shekara ta alif 1876. A lokacin Tawayen Kasar Indiya na shekara ta alif 1857, ya kasance mai aminci ga Raj Raj na Burtaniya kuma an san shi saboda ayyukansa na ceton rayukan Turawa. Bayan tawayen, ya rubuta ƙaramin littafin Abin da ke Haddasa Mutumcin Indiya suka mai karfi, a lokacin, game da manufofin Burtaniya daban-daban da ya zarga da haddasa tawayen. Saboda imanin cewa tsananin rayuwar ɗabi'unsu na fuskantar barazana ga makomar musulmai, Sir Ahmad ya fara inganta ilimin Yammacin Turai ta hanyar kafa makarantu da mujallu na zamani da kuma shirya 'yan kasuwar Islama. A cikin shekara ta alif 1859, Syed ya kafa makarantar Gulshan a Muradabad, Makarantar Victoria a Ghazipur a shekara ta alif 1863, da kuma ƙungiyar kimiyya ga musulmai a shekara ta alif 1864. A cikin shekara ta alif 1875, ya kafa kwalejin Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental, jami'ar musulmi ta farko a Kudancin Asiya. A lokacin aikinsa, Syed ya yi kira ga Musulmai akai-akai da su yi hidimar Raj Raj tare da inganta daukar Urdu a matsayin yaren da duk musulmin Indiya ke yi Syed ya soki Majalisar Dokokin Indiya Syed yana da kyakkyawan gado a cikin Pakistan da tsakanin Musulman Indiya Ya rinjayi sauran shugabannin musulmai da suka hada da Allama Iqbal da Muhammad Ali Jinnah Da'awarsa ga al'adun Musulunci tazila kuma mafi girma, fassara fassarar Kur'ani don ya dace da kimiyya da zamani, yana ci gaba da tasiri ga sake fasalin Islama a duniya. Yawancin jami'o'i da gine-ginen jama'a a Pakistan suna ɗaukar sunan Sir Syed. Jami'ar Musulmai ta Aligarh ta yi bikin cika shekaru 200 da haihuwar Sir Syed tare da ɗoki a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2017. Tsohon Shugaban Indiya Pranab Mukherjee shi ne babban bako. Rayuwar farko An haifi Syed Ahmad Taqvi 'Khan Bahadur' a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta alif 1817 a Delhi, wanda shi ne babban birnin daular Mughal a lokacin mulkin Mughal Emperor Akbar II Yawancin zuriyarsa da yawa sun kasance suna da alaƙa sosai da matsayin gudanarwa a Daular Mughal Kakan mahaifiyarsa Khwaja Fariduddin ya kasance Wazir (lit. Minista) a kotun Emperor Akbar Shah II Kakan mahaifinsa Syed Hadi Jawwad bin Imaduddin ya riƙe mansab (lit. Janar babban matsayi na gudanarwa da sunan girmamawa na "Mir Jawwad Ali Khan" a kotun Emperor Alamgir II Mahaifin Sir Syed, Syed Muhammad Muttaqi, kasance kusa da Sarki Akbar Shah II kuma ya kasance mai ba shi shawara. Koyaya, an haifi Syed Ahmad ne a lokacin da mahaifinsa ke fama da tawayen yanki tare da taimakon kamfanin East India, wanda ya maye gurbin ikon da mulkin Mughal ya saba da shi, wanda ya rage masarautarta zuwa mai kan gaba Tare da babban wansa Syed Muhammad bin Muttaqi Khan, Sir Syed ya tashi a cikin wani babban gida a wani yanki mai arzikin birnin. An tashe su bisa ƙa'idodi masu kyau na Mughal kuma an fallasa su da siyasa. Mahaifiyarsu Aziz-un-Nisa ta taka rawar gani a rayuwar Sir Syed tun tana ƙuruciya, tana ɗaga shi da horo mai tsauri tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin zamani. Sir Syed ce ta koyar da karatun Alkur'ani da fahimtarta daga wata mace mai koyar da ita, wacce ba ta saba a lokacin ba. Ya sami ilimin gargajiya ga masarautar musulmai a Delhi A karkashin kulawar Lord Wellesley, Sir Syed ya sami horo a cikin yaren Farisanci, Larabci, Urdu da darussan addinan gargajiya. Ya karanta ayyukan masana musulmai da marubuta kamar Sahabbai, Rumi da Ghalib Wasu tutors umurci shi a ilmin lissafi, taurari da kuma Musulunci fikihu Sir Syed ya kuma kware a wasan ninkaya, kokawa da sauran wasanni. Ya taka rawa sosai a ayyukan al'adu na kotun Mughal. Babban wan Syed Ahmad ya kafa kamfanin buga takardu na farko a cikin yaren Urdu tare da mujallar Sayyad-ul-Akbar Sir Syed ya bi karatun likitanci tsawon shekaru amma bai kammala karatun ba. Har zuwa lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekara ta alif 1838, Sir Syed ya kasance yana da al'adar rayuwa ga ƙwararren saurayi Musulmi mai daraja. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, ya gaji lakabin kakansa da mahaifinsa kuma sarki Bahadur Shah Zafar ya ba shi mukamin Arif Jung Matsalolin kuɗi sun kawo ƙarshen karatun Sir, kodayake ya ci gaba da karatu a keɓe, yana amfani da littattafai kan fannoni daban-daban. Sir Syed ya zama editan jaridar dan uwansa kuma ya yi watsi da tayin aiki daga kotun Mughal. Duba kuma Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri Jami'ar musulin ta Aligarh Harkar Aligarh Duk Taron Ilimin Muhammadan Indiya Ka'idar kasashe biyu Kishin kasa na Musulmi a Kudancin Asiya Duk Kungiyar Musulman Indiya Zamanin Musulunci Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Cikakken bayani game da Harkar Aligarh "Sir Seyyed Ahmad, Khan Bahadur, LLD, KCSI" Na Afzal Usmani Arzikin Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (Labarin Gulf) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Rayuwarsa da Gudummawar sa (NewAgeIslam) Majagaba na Kasa (Mai Nahi Manta) Jawabin Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan a Meerut, 16 Maris 1888 Pages with unreviewed
50429	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charizard	Charizard	Charizard rd ),wanda aka sani a Japan kamar Lizardon,Pokémon ne a cikin Nintendo da kuma Game Freak 's Pokémon ik1pon amfani da sunan kamfani.Atsuko Nishida ne ya ƙirƙira, Charizard ya fara fitowa a cikin wasannin bidiyo <i id="mwIA">Pokémon Red</i> and <i id="mwIQ">Blue</i>( <i id="mwIw">Pokémon Red</i> da <i id="mwJA">Green</i> a Japan) da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo baya.Daga baya sun bayyana a cikin kayayyaki daban-daban,taken spinoff da raye-raye da bugu na karbuwar ikon ikon amfani da sunan kamfani.An san shi da Pokémon Flame. Shin-ichiro Miki,ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya yi magana da James a cikin asalin Jafananci na Pokémon anime,ya yi muryar Charizard a cikin nau'ikan Jafananci da Ingilishi na anime.Lemu, Pokémon mai ɗorewa,Charizard shine asalin halittar Charmeleon kuma juyin halitta na ƙarshe na Charmander. Hakanan yana da nau'ikan Mega Evolved guda biyu,Mega Charizard X da Y, waɗanda wataƙila duka biyun suka tsara su ta hanyar Tomohiro Kitakaze, wanda ya tsara Mega Charizard X,kuma ba su dawwama kuma koyaushe suna komawa ga tsarin Charizard na yau da kullun da zarar yaƙi ya cika.Hakanan yana da nau'in Gigantamax a cikin Takobin Pokémon da Garkuwa,wanda ke canza kamanni da girmansa don juyawa 3,har sai an buga shi,har sai an dawo,ko kuma har sai an gama yaƙin. An nuna Charizard a cikin jerin anime <i id="mwLw">Pokémon</i> tare da mafi yawan maimaita kasancewa daga babban hali Ash Ketchum.An nuna shi a cikin gyare-gyaren da aka buga irin su Pokémon Adventures,a cikin mallakar Blue,ɗaya daga cikin manyan haruffa.Charizard ya bayyana a cikin Pokémon Origins tare da babban hali Red a matsayin mai horar da shi.A cikin wannan jerin,Charizard shine wurin hutawa,saboda shine farkon Pokémon zuwa Mega Evolve cikin Mega Charizard X kuma ya taimaka doke Mewtwo. Charizard ya sami kyakkyawar liyafar daga kafofin watsa labarai,tare da GamesRadar yana kwatanta shi a matsayin"hannaye ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun Pokémon a can".Charizard shine nau'in mascot na Pokémon Red da nau'ikan FireRed,kuma yana bayyanuwa akan wasan dambe na Pokémon Stadium, Pokémon Ranger,Pokémon Mystery Dungeon:Red Rescue Team,Pokémon Mystery Kurkuku:Masu bincike na sama,da Pokémon Super Mystery Kurkuku.Ya bayyana a cikin kowane shigarwa na Super Smash Bros.jerin,a cikin ƙarfin da ba za a iya bugawa ba a cikin wasanni biyu na farko kafin ya zama hali mai iya wasa daga Super Smash Bros.Fada a gaba. Charizard kuma ya bayyana a cikin fim ɗin mai rai-aiki mai raye-raye Detective Pikachu Ra'ayi da halaye Atsuko Nishida ne ya tsara Charizard don ƙarni na farko na wasannin dodanni na Pocket Red da Green,waɗanda aka keɓe a waje da Japan azaman <i id="mwUw">Pokémon Red</i> da <i id="mwVA">Blue</i>.An tsara Charizard kafin Charmander,na karshen yana dogara ne akan tsohon.Asalin da ake kira "Lizardon"a cikin Jafananci,Nintendo ya yanke shawarar bai wa nau'in Pokémon daban-daban"sunaye masu wayo da kwatance"masu alaƙa da kamanninsu ko fasalinsu lokacin fassara wasan ga masu sauraron yammacin duniya a matsayin hanyar sanya haruffan su kasance masu dacewa da yaran Amurka.A sakamakon haka,an canza musu suna"Charizard",hoton hoton kalmomin"gawai"ko "char"da"kadan zuma".A yayin wata hira,Shugaban Kamfanin Pokémon Tsunekazu Ishihara ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran Charizard ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron Arewacin Amurka saboda fifikon su ga masu ƙarfi,masu ƙarfi. Bayanin jiki zanen Charizard yana da wahayi daga dodanni,musamman dodanni na Turai Ko da yake Charizard ya sami nau'in na biyu na Flying maimakon nau'in Dragon a kan haɓakawa,yana cikin rukunin Dragon Egg Group,yana koyon motsin Dragon kamar Dragon Claw,kuma yana da nau'in Flying ɗinsa wanda Dragon ya maye gurbinsa a cikin sigar"Mega Charizard X". Wasannin bidiyo sun bayyana Charizard a matsayin mai fuka-fuki da zai iya ɗaukar su kusa da tsayin 4,600.ƙafa (1,400 m), yana shawagi da girman kai a sararin sama kuma koyaushe yana neman abokan adawa masu ƙarfi don yin yaƙi da su.Suna iya hura wuta mai tsanani wanda zai iya narkar da kowane abu, amma ba za su taɓa kunna maƙiyi mafi rauni ba. Idan Charizard ya fusata, harshen wuta a ƙarshen wutsiya zai iya tashi da launin fari-shuɗi.Saboda halin rashin kulawa,Charizard an san su da haifar da gobarar daji ba da gangan ba. Duk da yake Mega Charizard X sananne ne da baƙar fata,jiki mai launi, zafi mai zafi da kuma nau'in Dragon, Mega Charizard Y ana ɗaukarsa gabaɗaya saboda bajintar tashi,tare da zargin yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 10,000.yayin tashi. A cikin Pokémon Go, Charizard ya kasance a cikin nau'i biyu, nau'i na asali tare da jikin orange da faci mai launin kirim a cikinsa,da siffarsa mai sheki, wanda shine jiki mai launin toka mai launi iri ɗaya a cikin cikinsa.Siffa mai kyalli na Charizard ya fara fitowa a cikin Pokémon Zinare da Azurfa,yayin taron Ranar Al'umma'Pokémon Go wanda ke nuna Charmander.A yayin taron Ranar Jama'a, ana iya saduwa da Charmander mai sheki, wanda za'a iya samunsa zuwa Charmeleon mai sheki,kuma bi da bi, ya zama Charizard mai sheki. A cikin Generation VIII,Charizard yana da ikon Gigantamaxing,wani nau'in Dynamaxing na musamman wanda ke canza fasalin Charizard gaba ɗaya.Lokacin da Gigantamaxed,cikin Charizard duk yana haskakawa,fuka-fukansa suna lullube da wuta,kuma wutar wutsiya ta girma. Idan Charizard ya san duk wani motsi na lalata nau'in Wuta,za a canza su zuwa G-Max Wildfire,wanda ke magance lalacewa har sau biyar.Gigantamax Charizard an fi gani a lokacin fadace-fadace tare da Galarian Champion Leon.Mai kunnawa zai iya samun Gigantamax Charizard ta hanyar samun Charmander a cikin Poke Ball a gidan Leon (Poke Ball yana cikin ɗakin kwanansa) kuma ya canza shi zuwa Charizard. Yaƙin gasa Daga fitowar sa a cikin ƙarni na farko zuwa ƙarni na biyar,Charizard ya kasa yin babban tasiri a fagen gasa,har zuwa lokacin da"ba a gan shi a cikin wasan gasa mai tsanani ba"kuma ya kasance"halaka.a manta."Wannan rashin iyawa na dangi,haɗe tare da shahararsa mara ƙarfi,ya ba shi"sunan Pokémon wanda ke wakiltar fanboys" mara kyau.A cikin VGC (Gasar Wasan Bidiyo) tsarin gasa na hukuma na Pokémon tsari ne na ninki biyu wanda ya fara a cikin Generation IV,kuma Charizard bai fara kasancewa da yawa ba har sai ya sami nau'in Mega Charizard Y a cikin 2014 da 2015 inda ikonsa ya kafa Fari. Rana wanda zai iya tallafawa membobin ƙungiyar ta hanyar kunna iyawa kamar Solar Power da Chlorophyll da raguwar lalacewa daga hare-haren ruwa yayin da kuma ke haɓaka motsin nau'in Wuta mai ƙarfi, yayin da kuma ba shi damar yin amfani da motsin Solar Beam a lokaci ɗaya, lokacin da ya saba ɗauka.biyu,zai iya taimakawa ƙungiyarsa har ma da Tailwind. Koyaya, a cikin 2016 ya faɗi daga amfani kamar yadda Primal Groudon ya zarce shi azaman madaidaicin rana da nau'in wuta. A cikin 2017 mega juyin halitta ba a ba da izini ba kuma a cikin 2018 ya sake samun amfani da yawa har sai Primal Groudon ya sake zaɓe shi a cikin 2019. A cikin juyin halittar mega na 2020 bai kasance a cikin sabbin wasanni ba, Pokémon Sword da Garkuwa,kuma ya zuwa yanzu ya kasance mai ban mamaki tare da fasalin Gigantamax mai ban mamaki tare da motsi G-max Wildfire wanda ke ba shi babban tasiri mai lalacewa, har ma da cin nasarar Yankunan Dallas Ya sami ma fi kyau tare da ɓoye ikonsa da aka ba da izini tare da tsarin Gigantamax yana sa shi yin 50% ƙarin lalacewa lokacin da rana ta tashi wanda ya fi sauƙi tare da Torkoal don sa Charizard ya kara lalacewa. Mega Charizard X bai kusan zama mai kyau a cikin VGC tsawon shekaru tare da ikonsa ba shi da amfani kuma yana da rauni ga iyawar gama gari Tsoro duk da haka har yanzu ya ga wasu nasara tare da mutane kamar Jamie Boyt ya lashe yanki tare da wannan. A cikin marasa aure,lokaci-lokaci yana samun abubuwan more rayuwa, kamar tare da haɓaka motsi Belly Drum, amma haɗarin shigar ƙarni na huɗu Stealth Rock ya gurgunta shi,wanda ya cire rabin lafiyar sa yayin shiga yaƙi yayin da yake aiki. Ƙarni na shida sun ceci matsayin gasa na Charizard ta hanyar gabatar da siffofin Mega Charizard X da Mega Charizard Y,suna mai da shi "barazana babba"na daidaitaccen matakin Smogon.Tare da fitowar Generation VIII da Pokémon Sword da Garkuwa a cikin 2019,Charizard ya sami ƙarin shahara tare da sabon abu"Takalma mai nauyi",wanda ya yi watsi da tasirin Stealth Rock,a baya an ambaci babban batun. Bayyanuwa A cikin wasannin bidiyo Charizard ya fara wasansa na bidiyo a cikin 1996 tare da sakin Jafananci na <i id="mwrA">Pokémon Red</i> and <i id="mwrQ">Blue</i>. Yana samuwa ne kawai ta hanyar juyin halittar Pokémon daga mai farawa Pokémon Charmander .A cikin <i id="mwtw">Pokémon Zinariya</i>, <i id="mwuA">Azurfa</i>,da <i id="mwug">Crystal</i>,da kuma sake yin su <i id="mwvA">Pokémon HeartGold</i> da <i id="mwvQ">SoulSilver</i>, Charizard yana amfani da Red,wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban karshe na wasanni.Charizard yana ɗaya daga cikin Pokémon da yawa a cikin <i id="mwwg">Pokémon X</i> da <i id="mwww">Y</i> wanda ke iya amfani da sabon makanikin juyin halitta na Mega,ya zama ko dai Mega Charizard X ko Mega Charizard Y. An ba shi Mega Juyin Juyin Halin kusan shekaru ɗaya da rabi cikin haɓakawa.Pokémon X da Y. Charmander (tare da Bulbasaur da Squirtle) an ƙara su zuwa wasan a cikin muhimmiyar rawa don ba da damar 'yan wasa su fuskanci Juyin Halitta na Charizard's Mega. Hakanan yana iya samun sabon nau'i <i id="mwyw">Pokémon Sword</i> da <i id="mwzA">Garkuwa</i> mai suna Gigantamax form. Champion Leon yana da shi a matsayin babban Pokémon a cikin waɗannan wasannin kuma. Charizard ya fito a cikin sauran wasannin Pokémon da yawa.Ya bayyana a cikin <i id="mwzw">Pokémon Mystery Dungeon:Blue Rescue Team</i> da <i id="mw0A">Red Rescue Team</i> a kan wata ƙungiya tare da Alakazam da Tyranitar, waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin labarin.A cikin Pokémon Ranger, Charizard shine maigidan Pokémon wanda ya zama mai haɗe da halayen ɗan wasan kuma yana taimaka masa ko ta duk lokacin wasan. Charizard ya dawo a cikin Pokémon Ranger:Alamomin tsaro a matsayin wani hali na shugaba, da Pokémon Rumble.Har ila yau yana daya daga cikin Pokémon mai daukar hoto a cikin Pokémon Snap,da kuma halin da ba a iya wasa ba a cikin PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure da mabiyinsa, PokéPark 2:Abubuwan Al'ajabi Bayan. Charizard ya bayyana sau da yawa a cikin jerin Super Smash Bros.Charizard ya fara bayyana azaman hali mara wasa a cikin Super Smash Bros.da Super Smash Bros. Melee,a matsayin daya daga cikin Pokémon wanda zai iya bayyana idan mai kunnawa ya jefa Poké Ball.A cikin Super Smash Bros.Brawl,Charizard ana iya kunnawa yayin da yake ƙarƙashin umarnin mai horar da Pokémon.Mai Koyarwa yana da Squirtle da Ivysaur,duka ukun da za a iya canzawa tsakanin;ba kamar sauran mayakan ba,waɗannan Pokémon sun gaji kuma saboda haka sun yi rauni, kuma dole ne a canza su tsawon lokaci don murmurewa.Matakan Charizard sun haɗa da Rock Smash,Flamethrower,da Fly. Charizard ne playable a matsayin standalone hali a cikin <i id="mw-A">Super Smash Bros. ga Nintendo 3DS</i> da <i id="mw-Q">Wii U</i>,inda ya sami motsi Flare Blitz da sabon Final Smash nasa yana canzawa zuwa Mega Charizard X. Charizard ya dawo a Super Smash Bros.Ultimate,inda yake kuma yana ƙarƙashin umarnin Mai horar da Pokémon tare da Squirtle da Ivysaur. Charizard kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mayaki mai iya wasa a gasar Pokén. da Pokémon Unite. A cikin anime A cikin wasan anime,sanannen Charizard shine Ash Ketchum wanda yake da shi tun yana Charmander wanda tsohon mai shi Damian ya watsar. Ash's Charmander ya samo asali zuwa Charmeleon bayan yaki da sojojin Exeggutor,kuma halinsa ya canza gaba daya,ya zama Pokémon mai rashin biyayya da girman kai da fada lokacin da yadda ya yarda.Charmeleon ya samo asali ne lokacin da Ash ya kira shi don kariya daga Pokémon prehistoric; Lokacin da Aerodactyl ya kai masa hari kuma ya dauke Ash,Charmeleon ya samo asali don yakar Aerodactyl kuma ya ceci Ash.Charizard har yanzu bai yi biyayya ga Ash ba,ya fi son yin barci,kuma kawai ya yi yaƙi da Pokémon wanda zai haifar da ƙalubale,amma Charizard ya taimaka wa Ash ya kai ga burinsa, musamman a kan Shugaban Gym Blaine.Rashin biyayyar da Charizard ya yi wa Ash ya jawo masa hasarar Indigo League saboda Charizard ya zabi barci maimakon fada. Charizard ya zama mai aminci a lokacin tsibirin Orange bayan Ash ya yi yaƙi da mai horo tare da Poliwrath kuma Charizard ya daskare sosai.Saboda Ash ya taimaka wa Charizard ya narke,ya fara biyayya ga Ash kuma ya ci Poliwrath a karawar.Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar Ash kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga nasarorin da ya samu a gasar Orange League.da sassan Johto.A ƙarshe ya zauna a baya a cikin kwarin Charizific,wurin ajiyar inda Charizard daji ke yaƙi da horarwa don samun ƙarfi.Wataƙila hakan ya faru ne saboda saduwa da Charla,mace Charizard wacce ya sami sha'awarta. Charizard,kamar wasu Pokémon na Ash, yana dawowa kan ɗan lokaci don yin yaƙi a gefen Ash yawanci lokacin da Ash yana fuskantar Pokémon mai ƙarfi. Charizard ya ceci rayuwar Ash fiye da sau daya,kamar yadda aka gani a cikin fim din Spell of the Unown,inda ya fafata da Entei bayan da ya isa da wuri don hana Ash da Pikachu fadawa cikin mutuwarsu, bayan da ya taso daga Charizific.Valley bayan da ya fara ganin watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na Ash yana gudana bayan Entei wanda ya yi garkuwa da mahaifiyar Ash, Delia Ketchum. Charizard ya dawo a lokacin Johto Pokémon League kuma ya ci Gary's Blastoise,wanda ke da fa'ida iri ɗaya akan Charizard.Charizard kuma ya dawo don yaƙin farko na Ash's Battle Frontier,inda ya ɗauki Articuno a masana'antar yaƙi kuma ya ci nasara saboda dabarun da ba na al'ada ba. A lokacin jerin <i id="mwATQ">Mafi kyawun Fata</i>, Charizard a hukumance ya koma ƙungiyar Ash (maye gurbin Ash's Unfezant,wanda aka aika zuwa Lab ɗin Farfesa Oak a cikin tsari),yayin da Ash ke binciken Unova. Bayan ya sake haduwa da Ash,ya baiwa mai horar da shi Flamethrower a fuska sosai ga mamakin kowa.Har ila yau Charizard ya ci gaba da hamayya mai tsanani tare da Iris's Dragonite har duka Ash da Iris sun yarda su yi yaƙi.A lokacin yakin wanda aka fara a kasa amma daga baya ya haura sama lokacin da Pokémon biyu suka hau sama,an nuna cewa Charizard ya koyi Wing Attack,Slash,da Dragon Tail amma duk da Pokémon guda biyu suna da wani abu mai tsananin hamayya da daya.wani,N kuma nan da nan ya kira yakin bayan ya fahimci cewa Dragonite ya ji rauni a hannun dama. Charizard ya zauna tare da duk Pokémon na Ash ba tare da Pikachu ba a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Farfesa Oak lokacin da Ash ya sake barin Kanto zuwa yankin Kalos mai nisa. A cikin Generation VIII,Charizard yana da ikon Gigantamaxing,nau'in Dynamaxing na musamman wanda ke canza fasalin Charizard gaba ɗaya.Lokacin da Gigantamaxed,cikin Charizard duk yana haskakawa,fuka-fukansa suna lullube da wuta,kuma wutar wutsiya ta girma.Idan Charizard ya san duk wani motsi na lalata nau'in Wuta,za a canza su zuwa G-Max Wildfire,wanda ke magance lalacewa na juyawa biyar.Gigantamax Charizard an fi gani a lokacin fadace-fadace tare da Galarian Champion Leon. A cikin gyare-gyaren da aka buga A cikin Pokémon:Pikachu Shocks Back, wanda ya yi daidai da layin labarin anime, Ash ya kama Charmander,kuma a ƙarshe ya zama Charizard kuma ya yi yaƙi a gasar Pokémon League.Duk da kama shi,yana da matsala wajen sarrafa shi.Ash yana kawo Charizard zuwa tsibirin Orange kuma yana horar da shi sosai tun lokacin bala'i.Daga nan sai ya yi amfani da shi don yaƙar Dragonite a wasan karshe tare da shugaban ƙungiyar motsa jiki na Orange Crew Drake. A cikin Pokémon Adventures manga,Blue yana karɓar Charmander daga kakansa Farfesa Oak.Yana tasowa zuwa Charmeleon,kuma lokacin da Gastly ya mallaki Blue a cikin Hasumiyar Lavender, haka ma Charmeleon.Daga karshe an sako Blue's Charmeleon daga mallakarsa sai kawai wani Arbok,mallakar Koga ya fuskanci.Charmeleon ya yaudari Koga ta hanyar amfani da aljan Psyduck don karkatar da Acid Arbok kafin a zahiri ya yanka Arbok rabin da wutsiya.Blue daga baya ya bayyana tare da ingantaccen Charizard kuma ya sami damar zuwa Saffron City ta hanyar taimakawa wajen kashe shingen da Mista Mime ya kirkira. Daga baya, Red da Blue suna fuskantar Koga's Articuno kuma Ice Beam sun daskare su,amma a ƙarshe sun ci nasara da Ƙungiyar Rukunin Rukunin tare da Charizard's Flamethrower.Sannan ya haɗu tare da Red's newly evolved Venusaur,Saur,and Green's Blastoise, Blasty,don kayar da dodo na Sabrina Pokémon.Sun kawo karshen ikon Team Rocket na Saffron City,suna raba tsuntsaye uku a cikin tsari. Blue's Charizard ya sake bayyana yayin wasan karshe na gasar Pokémon na tara, da abokin hamayyarsa Red.Duk da irin fa'idar,Charizard ya yi yaƙi da Saur kuma an kusa fidda shi.Yayin da yaƙin ke ci gaba,masu horarwar biyu sun aika da Pokémon na farko don yin yaƙi kuma, lokacin da Saur ya ɗaure Charizard daga kai hari.Nan da nan,tsawa ta tashi daga hare-haren Poli da Pika,kuma Saur ya nutsar da itacen inabi a cikin gajimare, ya girgiza Charizard kuma ya buga shi. Lokacin da ƙarar"FireRed da LeafGreen" na manga ya fara manyan jarumai na asali Red,Blue,da Green sun dawo don yaƙar sabuwar ƙungiyar Rocket da Deoxys a ƙarƙashin ikonsu.Masu horo uku sun zama tarko a cikin Hasumiyar Trainer a cikin Sevii Islands,suna fafatawa da babbar kwamfutar ginin da Deoxys Divides.Bayan gwagwarmaya don daidaitawa Blasty,Saur,da Charizard,masu horarwa guda uku suna gudanar da mayar da hankali kan kusurwar hare-hare uku masu karfi- Blast Burn,Hydro Cannon,da Frenzy Plant- don 'yantar da Mewtwo, wanda kuma ya lalata Hasumiyar Trainer. Charizard ya bayyana a matsayin babban Pokémon a cikin ɗan gajeren labari, Charizard Go!Tracey West ya daidaita shi, sabon littafin ya sake ba da labarin tafiyar Ash tare da Charmander,kuma ya kai kololuwa yayin da Ash da Charizard ke fafatawa a Pokémon League a Indigo Plateau da abokinsa nagari Ritchie. Labarin ya shafi Ash da sahabbansa sun gano Charmander da aka watsar,yakin da Charmeleon bai saurari Ash ba,da yakin Charizard da Blaine's Magmar.Charizard Go!shine labari na shida a cikin jerin Littattafan Babi na Pokémon. Wani babi labari,All Fired Up:Pokémon Johto Journeys,wanda Jennifer Johnson ya daidaita, ya ƙunshi ɓangaren tafiyar Ash kusa da Violet City da kuma Kwarin Characific.A cikin littafin,Ash yana mamakin ko Charizard ya bar tawagarsa har abada;ya ƙunshi kama Ash's Cyndaquil,sabuwar wuta Pokémon. liyafar An nuna Charizard a cikin layi na kayan wasan kwaikwayo masu laushi da adadi na aiki a cikin ikon amfani da sunan Pokémon,wanda Hasbro ya yi,da Tomy. A shekara ta 2004,"Charizard Medium Plush"ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban abin tunawa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo 13 masu kyau saboda kuskuren masana'antu inda aka samo tukwici na allura tare da shaƙewa. Wannan ya ba Tomy damar maye gurbin kayan wasan yara tare da diyya ko maye gurbinsu.Charizard yana bayyana sau da yawa a cikin Wasan Kasuwancin Pokémon,musamman a cikin jerin'sakin farko.Katunan da ke nuna halayen an bayyana su sune mafi yawan abubuwan da ake so a cikin jerin,suna tashi cikin sauri zuwa farashi mai yawa tsakanin masu tarawa da dillalai. A cikin 2005,injin bincike Yahoo!ya ruwaito Charizard a matsayin"daya daga cikin manyan binciken yanar gizo masu alaka da Pokémon".David Caballero na Screen Rant ya jera Charizard a matsayin mafi kyawun Pokémon na Ash Ketchum daga kowane yanki.Kevin Slackie na Manna ya lissafa Charizard a matsayin na huɗu na mafi kyawun Pokemon,kuma ya ƙara da cewa Charizard na iya zama kamar babban dodo mai ban tsoro,amma ga mutane da yawa wannan shine Pokémon na farko da suka taɓa ƙauna. Dale Bishir na IGN ya bayyana Charizard a matsayin Pokémon mafi mahimmanci wanda ya shafi tarihin ikon amfani da sunan kamfani,sannan ya kara da cewa Charizard ya yi nasara sosai a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata,yana bayyanuwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, bayyanuwa a cikin wasannin Smash daban-daban guda uku,har ma da kowane iri.na siffofin,daga Gigantamax zuwa Mega Juyin Halitta. Steven Bogos na The Escapist ya jera Charizard a matsayin na biyu na Pokémon da suka fi so,yana kwatanta shi a matsayin"mai ban sha'awa a all kaddarorin ikon ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani". Kafofin watsa labaru sun bayyana shi a matsayin"dogon rago,mai zafin rai,mai hura wuta sumul,mai ƙarfi,da ɓarna,an lura Charizard a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mafi shaharar"haruffan ikon amfani da sunan kamfani.Dillalai sun danganta yawan tallace-tallacen kayayyaki da suka shafi halayen ga shaharar ƙirar dodo mai kama da yara. Yaran da aka zanta da su sun bayyana irin haka;sun danganta abin da ya burge shi da kamanninsa mai “kyau”da kuma danganta hali da“ka’idojin taurin kai da mulki”. Littafin Rebuilding Attachments With Traumatized Children ya ce likitocin masu tabin hankali sun yi amfani da wannan hali a matsayin abin da ya dace da yara wadanda suka kasance magoya bayan jerin Pokémon za su iya danganta su. Littafin Pikachu's Global Adventure:The Rise and Fall of Pokémon ya ambaci Charizard a matsayin "sanannen"tare da tsofaffin yara maza waɗanda suke da sha'awar sha'awar haruffan"tauri ko ban tsoro",kuma idan aka kwatanta da juyin halitta daga Charmander zuwa Charizard tare da asarar.na"cuteness"kamar yadda mutum ya bar ƙuruciya. Editan IGN"Pokémon of the Day Chick"da ake kira Charizard"tabbas shine mafi mashahuri kuma watakila mafi daidaituwa na kowane Pokemon farawa na yanzu". GamesRadarBrett Elston ya bayyana Charizard a matsayin"hannaye ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun Pokémon a can",yana yaba ƙirar halayensa tare da kiransa "ɗayan mafi kyawun"ƙira na gabaɗayan jerin. Editan GamesRadar Raymond Padilla ya ce"Charizard ya kasance babban Pokemon a zamanin da kuma har yanzu kyakkyawan zaɓi ne fiye da shekaru goma bayan an gabatar da shi." UGO.com ya bayyana Charizard a matsayin"mai fuka-fuki,mai kama da dodo"wanda ke iya"iya hura wuta kuma ya farfasa abokan adawar a cikin ja-gefen ja", amma ya bayyana cewa a cikin Brawl, yana da"hankali kamar Bowser" kuma "rashi ne.yanayin sanyi na Mario's arch-nemesis". Ben Skipper na International Business Times ya yaba da zane-zane na Charizard,kuma ya kira shi babban zane, amma ba shi da kyau kamar Blastoise. Charizard ya kasance matsayi na 19 a cikin Complexs"Mafi kyawun Pokemon Har zuwa Pokemon Crystal", tare da Iliya Watson yana cewa Charizard yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun waje. Masu karatun IGN sun zabi Charizard a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun dodon aljihu,yana karbar kashi 86.3% na kashi na nasara. Marubuta Tracey West da Katherine Noll sun kira Charizard"mafi kyawun nau'in Pokémon na Wuta"da"Pokémon na uku mafi kyau".Sun rubuta cewa"babu wani abu da ya fi dacewa da wannan wuri" kuma "ya lashe zukatansu kuma ya sa [su] su yi farin ciki don ƙarin." Editan 1UP Kat Bailey ya nuna damuwa game da abin da Pokémon zai iya bi mai kunnawa a cikin <i id="mwAdY">Pokémon HeartGold</i> da <i id="mwAdc">SoulSilver</i>, yana mai cewa"ba da izinin shahararrun mashahuran kamar Charizard zai wuce da kyau". Editan Cardinal na Daily Kyle Sparks ya kira Charizard"mafi rinjaye Pokémon a cikin dukan sararin samaniya, karfi mai karfi". A cikin zaben da IGN ya gudanar,an zabe shi a matsayin"mafi kyawun Pokémon",inda ma'aikatan suka yi sharhi game da tunawa da tsagewa tsakanin zabar Blastoise da Charizard a farkon wasan. A zaben da Official Nintendo Magazine,Charizard aka zabe a matsayin"mafi kyau Fire-type Pokémon". Sun ce,"Ba wai kawai Charizard shine Pokémon da kuka fi so ba,amma yana iya zama ɗayan shahararrun'mon na kowane lokaci". Editan Kotaku Patricia Hernandez ya soki Juyin Juyin Halitta na Charizard na Y Mega saboda bai bambanta sosai da ainihin ƙirar Charizard ba, yayin da yake yabon Mega Charizard X don canza launi,da kuma juya Charizard zuwa nau'in dragon. Game Informer ya sanya Charizard a matsayin"Pokémon mafi kyau a cikin 151 na asali",yana siffanta shi a matsayin"Mai ƙarfi,gigantic, kuma mai girma".Sun kara da cewa "Pikachu na iya zama wanda kuka gane, amma Charizard shine kuke so." Laura Grey na Screen Rant ta bayyana cewa Charizard ya yi yawa a kan ikon amfani da sunan kamfani,kuma ya haifar da matsaloli daga magoya baya, shahararriyar kuma ta hana sauran Pokémon samun damar tabo. Charizard ya kasance sanannen hali a tsakanin masu karɓar katin Pokémon.A cewar eBay,katin Pokémon na Charizard shine wanda ake siyar da shi galibi, musamman lokacin da aka siyar da tambarin holographic na 1st na 1999 na Charizard akan $350,100.A cikin Oktoba 2020,mashahurin YouTuber kuma mai tasiri Logan Paul ya sayi katin saiti na Charizard akan $150,000.Daga baya a cikin Disamba 2020,wani tushe saitin katin Charizard wanda aka sayar akan rikodin $369,000.A cikin 2021,An siyar da katin da ba na hukuma ba wanda ake kira"thicc Charizard"azaman NFT akan $30,000. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
19287	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih%20Muslim	Sahih Muslim	Wanda aka tara Sahih Muslim, Muslim bn al-Hajjaj, an haife shi a 204 AH (817/18 CE) a Nishapur (a cikin Iran ta zamani) kuma ya mutu a 261 AH (874/75 CE) a garin haihuwarsa. Ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa don tattara tarin ahadith (jam'in hadisi), gami da zuwa yankuna yanzu a Iraki, Larabawan Larabawa, Syria da Misira Daga cikin hadisai 300,000 da ya tantance, kimanin 12,000 aka ciro don shigar da su cikin tarin larurar karɓa mai ƙarfi. An kuma bincika kowane rahoto a cikin tarinsa kuma an tabbatar da gaskiyar jerin labaran. Sunni Musulmi la'akari da shi na biyu mafi ingantaccen hadisi tarin, bayan Sahih al-Bukhari. Sahih Muslim ya kuma kasu zuwa littattafai 43, wadanda suka kunshi jimlar ruwayoyi 9200. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa Muslim bn al-Hajjaj bai taba da'awar tattara dukkanin hadisai ingantattu ba kamar yadda hadafinsa shi ne tara hadisai kawai da ya kamata dukkan musulmai su yarda dashi akan daidaito. A cewar Munthiri, akwai adadin hadisai 2,200 (ba tare da maimaitawa) a cikin Sahih Muslim ba A cewar Muhammad Amin, akwai ingantattun hadisai 1,400 da aka ruwaito a cikin wasu litattafai, galibi manyan tarin hadisai shida. Ra'ayoyi Musulmai da yawa suna daukar wannan tarin a matsayin na biyu mafi inganci daga cikin manyan hadisai shida, wanda ke kunshe da hadisin sahih kawai, girmamawar da ta kebanta da Sahih al-Bukhari kawai, duka ana kiransu Sahihai Biyu. Musulmin Shia suna yin watsi da wasu abubuwan da ke ciki a matsayin kage ko kuma ba za a amince da su ba saboda amincin wasu maruwaitan. Duk da girman littafin, da kuma ijma'in malamai a kan cewa shi ne na biyu mafi inganci ingantaccen littafin Hadisi, bayan Sahih al-Bukhari, an yarda cewa wannan ba ya nufin cewa kowane abu a ciki gaskiya ne, a kwatanta da sauran littattafan Hadisi, amma yana nufin littafin baki daya ya inganta. Kamar fifikon Sahih al-Bukhari a kan Sahih Muslim, wanda ba ya nuna cewa kowane Hadisi a cikin Sahih al-Bukhari ya fi kowane Hadisi a cikin Sahih Muslim inganci, amma cewa jimlar abin da ke cikin Sahih al-Bukhari ya fi inganci. fiye da jimillar abin da ke cikin Sahih Muslim, haka kuma, ingancin wani Hadisi shi ne littattafan Hadisi biyu, a kan Hadisi daga wasu littattafan Sahih, ba za a iya gabatar da su ba sai bayan an nuna daidaiton wancan Hadisin na musamman. Siffofin rarrabe Amin Ahsan Islahi, mashahurin malamin addinin Islama, ya taƙaita wasu siffofin Musamman na Sahih Muslim Musulmi ibn al-Hajjaj ya rubuce kawai irin waɗannan labaru kamar yadda aka ruwaito ta hanyar biyu m mãsu mayẽwa daga biyu Sahabah (Sahabban Muhammad) wanda baya tafiya biyu m tsinke isnāds kunshi sauti Hadisi. Muhammad al-Bukhari bai bi irin wannan ma'aunin mai tsananin gaske ba. Tsarin kimiyya na jigogi da surori. Marubucin, alal misali, ya zaɓi wurin da ya dace don ba da labari kuma, kusa da shi, ya sanya dukkan sigar. Muhammad al-Bukhari bai bi wannan hanyar ba (yana watsa fassarori daban-daban na labari da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa a babi daban-daban). Muslim bn al-Hajjaj ya sanar da mu wanda kalmominsa a cikin masu riwayar ya yi amfani da su. Misali, yana cewa: haddathanā fulān wa fulān wallafz lifulān (A da B sun ruwaito mana wannan hadisin kuma lafazin da aka yi amfani da shi anan A). Hakanan ya ambaci ko, a cikin wani hadīth, maruwaitan sun banbanta kan lafazin ko da akan harafi ɗaya na mahimmancin ma'anar sifili. Ya kuma sanar da masu karatu idan masu riwaya sun banbanta kan takamaiman inganci, sunan mahaifi, dangi ko wata hujja game da mai riwaya a cikin sarkar. Abubuwan da ke ciki Littafin ya kasu kashi 43 ne. Imani (Kitab Al Iman) Tsarkakewa (Kitab Al-Taharah) Haila (Kitab Al-Haid) Sallah (Kitabut Salat) Zakka (Kitab Al-zakka) Azumi (Kitab Al-Sawm) Aikin Hajji (Kitarhb Al-Hajj) Aure (Kitab Al-Nikah) Saki (Kitab Al-Talaq) Dangane da Ma'amalar Kasuwanci (Kitab Al-Buyu) Dangane da Dokokin Gado (Kitab Al-Faraid) Kyauta (Kitab Al-Hibat) Wasiyya (Kitab Al-Wasiyya) Alwashi (Kitab Al-Nadhr) Rantsuwa (Kitab Al-Iman) Dangane Da Rantsuwa, Domin Tabbatar Da Nauyin Kisan Kai, Fada, Bukatar A Dangane da Hukunce-hukuncen Da Musulunci Ya Rubuta (Kitab Al-Hudud) Dangane da Hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a (Kitab Al-Aqdiyya) Jihadi Da Balaguro (Kitab Al-Jihad Wal-Siyar) Akan Gwamnati (Kitab Al-Imara) Wasanni Da Dabbobin da Za'a Iya yanka da Dabbobin da Za'a Ci (Kitab-Us-S Hadaya (Kitab Al-Adahi) Abin sha (Kitab Al-Ashriba) Dangane da Tufafi da Kwalliya (Kitab Al-Libas Wa'L-Zinah) Akan Halayyar Gabaɗaya (Kitab Al-Adab) Kan Gaisuwa Da Gaisuwa (Kitab As-Salam) Game da Amfani Da Ingantattun Kalmomi (Kitab Al-Alfaz Min Al-Adab Wa Ghairiha) Shayari (Kitab Al-Shi'r) Gani (Kitab Al-Ruya) Dangane Da Kyawawan Halayen Manzon Allah (saw) da C Dangane da Falalar Sahabbai (Allah Ya yarda da su) na Annabi mai tsira da amincin Allah Virabi'a, Kyawawan nersabi'u da Haɗuwa da iesawancen Abokai Inyaddara (Kitab-Ul-Qadr) Ilimi (Kitab Al-'Ilm) Dangane da Zikirin Allah, Addu'a, Tuba da Neman gafara Hadisai masu narkewar Zuciya (Kitab Al-Riqaq) Neman Tuba Da Nasihar Tuba (Kitab Al-Tauba) Dangane Da Halayen Munafukai Da Kuma Umarninsu (Kitab Sifat) Bayar da Bayanin Ranar Sakamako, Aljanna Da Wuta (Kitab Sifat Al-Qiyama Wa'L J Dangane da Aljanna, da bayaninta, da falalolinta da makusantanta (Kitab Al-Jannat Wa Abinda Ya Shafi Tashin hankali da Alamar tashin Alkiyama (Kitab Al-Fitan Wa Ashrat As-Sa'Ah) Lazimtar Taqwa da tausasa zukata (Kitab Al-Zuhd Wa Al-Raqa'iq) Sharhi (Kitab Al-Tafsir) Sharhi da fassara Siyanah Sahih Muslim na Ibn al-Salah, wanda kawai farkon sashinsa ya rage Al Minhaj Be Sharh Sahih Muslim na Al-Nawawi Fath al-Mulhim na Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Takmilat Fath al-Mulhim na Muhammad Taqi Usmani Takaita Sahih Muslim na Abd-al-Hamid Siddiqui Ana amfani da rubutu a cikin USC MSA Compendium na Rubutun Muslmi. Sharh Sahih Muslim na Allama Ghulam Rasool Saeedi Tafsir al-gharib ma fi al-Sahihayn na Al-Humaydī Akwai fassarar tafsirin Musulman Sahih a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da Ingilishi, Urdu, Bangla, Tamil, da Bosniya. Duba kuma Kutub al-Sittah Sahih al-Bukhari Jami al-Tirmidhi Sunan al-Sughra Ko dai: Sunan bn Majah, Muwatta Malik Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sahih Muslim kan layi akan Sunnah.com Rayuwar Imam Muslim na Navaid Aziz (Youtube video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsMxmp3GSjY Fassarar Ingilishi tare da rubutun larabci Fassarar Turanci Fassarar Ingilishi tare da littattafan larabci pdf Fassarar Ingilishi Na Ingantaccen Sahih Muslim Fassarar Ingilishi tare da rubutun
52783	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Holm	Babban Holm	Steep Holm Welsh Old English kuma daga baya tsibiri ne na Ingilishi kwance a tashar Bristol Tsibirin ya rufe a babban tudu, yana faɗaɗa zuwa a ma'anar ƙananan ruwa. A mafi girman matsayi shine sama da matsakaicin matakin teku. Gudanarwa ya zama wani ɓangare na ikon yanki na North Somerset a cikin gundumar bikin Somerset tsakanin 1 Afrilun shekarar 1974 da 1 Afrilun Shekarar 1996, an kuma gudanar da shi azaman ɓangare na Avon Kusa da tsibirin Flat Holm Welsh wani yanki na Wales Tsibirin Carboniferous Limestone ya tashi zuwa kusan kuma yana aiki azaman guguwar iska da raƙuman ruwa, yana ba da kariya ta sama ta tashar Bristol. Tsibirin yanzu babu mazauna, in ban da masu gadi. An kiyaye shi azaman wurin ajiyar yanayi da Wurin Sha'awar Kimiyya ta Musamman (SSSI) tare da yawan tsuntsaye da tsirrai gami da peonies na daji Akwai tashar sigina ko hasumiya a tsibirin a zamanin Romawa, amma wataƙila an sami wurin zama na ɗan adam tun farkon zamanin ƙarfe A cikin karni na 6 gida ne ga St Gildas kuma ga ƙaramin Augustinian priory a cikin ƙarni na 12th da 13th. An gina masauki a cikin shekara ta 1832 kuma an yi amfani da shi don hutu a karni na 19. An kafa mafakar tsuntsaye a cikin 1931 kuma tun 1951 an yi hayar ga amintattun amintattu. Yanzu mallakar Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ne. A cikin shekarar 1860s tsibirin ya kasance mai ƙarfi tare da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 guda goma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Forts na Palmerston don tsaron bakin teku na tashar Bristol har sai an yi watsi da shi a cikin shekarar 1898. An sake amfani da kayan aikin a yakin duniya na daya da na biyu lokacin Mark<span about="#mwt43" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwNw" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>VII<span about="#mwt44" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwOA" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>An shigar da bindigogi masu saukar ungulu mai inci 6 da fitilun bincike. Don ba da damar motsin kayan, sojoji daga Rundunar Sojojin Indiya sun fara amfani da alfadarai sannan suka shigar da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai juyawa da ke aiki da kebul. Geology da muhalli An kafa tsibirin na Carboniferous Limestone kuma ana kwatanta shi sau da yawa a matsayin ci gaba da tudun Mendip a Brean Down duk da haka, tsoma yana a wani kusurwa daban zuwa wancan akan Brean Down. A kan Steep Holm tsomawa kusan digiri 30 ne zuwa arewa yayin da a Brean Down yana da digiri 30 zuwa kudu. Akwai wasu folds da karaya tare da kusurwoyi dip har zuwa digiri 75 da aka kirkira a lokutan karshe na Variscan orogeny kusa da ƙarshen lokacin Carboniferous, 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Tsibirin ya kai kusan daga tekun da ke kewaye kuma ya rufe a babban igiyar ruwa, yayin da a ƙananan igiyar ruwa ya faɗaɗa zuwa saboda kewayon tidal na na biyu kawai zuwa Bay of Fundy a Gabashin Kanada Akwai kogo da yawa a tsibirin, da ramukan tukunya har zuwa zurfi a cikin kewayen gadon teku wanda aka yi imanin cewa ragowar tsarin kogo ne. Kogon da ke kan tsaunukan tsibiran sun kasance a matakai biyu daban-daban: kogon da ke cikin yankin inter-tidal na yanzu wanda ke ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa kuma suna samar da stalactites, da sauran mutane da yawa a kan dutsen da ke kan layin ruwa da yawa. dubban shekaru da suka wuce. An kiyaye Steep Holm azaman ajiyar yanayi da kuma Shafin Sha'awar Kimiyya na Musamman (SSSI), sanarwar da ta faru a cikin 1952. Akwai babban yawan tsuntsaye, musamman na Turai herring gulls (Larus argentatus) da ƙananan gulls masu baƙar fata (Larus fuscus) Hakanan an sami ƙaramin barewa na muntjac Filin da ke saman tsibirin yana da shimfidar ƙasa tsakanin da zurfi. Yana da launin ja daga jijiyoyin ƙarfe a cikin dutsen kuma ya zo azaman yashi ƙasa da a diamita. Tsibirin ita ce kawai wurin da ke cikin Burtaniya wanda peonies daji (Paeonia mascula) ke tsiro, ko da yake waɗannan sun lalace ta hanyar botrytis naman gwari. An gabatar da peony na daji zuwa tsibirin Steep Holm, mai yiwuwa ta wurin sufaye, ko kuma Romawa suka kawo daga Bahar Rum. Alexanders Smyrnium olusatrum kuma na kowa tare da zinariya samphire, buck's-horn plantain Plantago coronopus da kuma daji leek Allium ampeloprasum Kadai dabbobi masu rarrafe a tsibirin su ne slowworms Anguis fragilis Tarihi Prehistoric zuwa Roman Alamar farko ta ayyukan ɗan adam a tsibirin ita ce kashin baya na jajayen barewa da gano a cikin kogon biyar na Johns yayin bincike a cikin 1975 tsakanin 1977 da 1992. Ragowar Roman, mai yiwuwa tashar sigina ko hasumiya, an gano su a tsibirin ta hanyar binciken juriya na lantarki Ingantacciyar bincike da fassarar wurin yana da wahala kamar yadda magina suka sake yin amfani da shi a zamanin Victoria da lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Wani shugaban dutse da aka sassaka da aka samu a tsibirin a cikin shekarar 1991 mai yiwuwa ya zama shugaban Celtic daga zamanin Romano-British, amma yana iya kasancewa daga zamanin Iron Baya ga tukwane na tukwane daga zamanin Romawa, an gano wasu kayan alatu ciki har da Arretine ware, La Tène style brooches, da amphora da ke tsakanin 90 zuwa 140. AD wanda aka yi a kudancin Spain. Hakanan an sami shards na Castor ware An gano gutsuttsuran rufin tukwane da fale-falen bututun hayaƙi da ke nuna kasancewar tsarin dumama da yuwuwar gidan wanka. Hakanan an samo tsabar Roman daga mulkin Claudius Gothicus (268-270) da Tetricus I (271-273). Tushen addini Bisa ga almara, wanda John Leland ya fara rubutawa a cikin karni na 16, Saint Gildas, marubucin De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, ya rayu a Steep Holm a lokacin karni na 6. Ya isa a Steep Holm bayan ya ziyarci abokinsa Saint Cadoc, wanda ya rayu a Flat Holm a matsayin hermit. Ana tsammanin Gildas ya bar tsibirin, bayan da 'yan fashin teku daga Orkney suka kwashe baransa da kayan daki, suka zama Abbot na Glastonbury Sauran tsarkakan almara kuma suna da alaƙa da tsibirin; a cikin John Rous's Historia Regum Angliae (c. 1480), Rous yayi iƙirarin cewa Saint Dubricius, saint ya ce ya nada Arthur, ya yi ritaya zuwa wani hermitage a tsibirin 'Stepeholm' a cikin kogin Severn. Vikings sun fake a Steep Holm a lokacin bazara na 914 sannan suka kai farmaki a gabar tekun Somerset a Watchet da Porlock, a cewar Anglo-Saxon Chronicle A ƙarshen karni na 12, akwai ƙaramin fifiko na Canons Regular na St Michael a tsibirin. Ginin da aka tono cikakke kawai ya auna tsayi da fadi, tare da ƙulli da sauran gine-gine har yanzu ba a gano su ba. Ba a san kwanan wata asalin kafuwar farko ba; duk da haka, a farkon ƙarni na 13 majiɓinci shine William I de Cantilupe Iyalinsa kuma sun kasance majiɓintan Studley Priory a Warwickshire Jikansa ta auri Ubangiji Robert de Tregoz wanda ya sami 'yanci na dukan tsibirin; duk da haka, abubuwan ba da kyauta don kiyaye abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci sun ragu, wanda ya haifar da watsi da shi tsakanin 1260 zuwa 1265, sufaye sun koma Studley Priory. Wani dutse mai tunawa da Blue Lias daga abbey, wanda ke da Cross of Lorraine, an samo shi a cikin 1867 a lokacin katangar tsibirin. An shigar da shi cikin ma'ajiyar makamai da ke kaiwa ga sunan "batir dutsen kabari". Manufofin mallaka Tsibirin da alama an gudanar da shi, tare da haɗin gwiwar gida na Uphill da Christon, ta dangin Bek, waɗanda suka ba da shi ga Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl na Lincoln Kodayake tsarin ba a san shi ba, ya wuce zuwa dangin Berkeley tare da Maurice de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na biyu, yana riƙe da shi a cikin 1315. Warreners sun sake amfani da wurin a ƙarni na 14 da 15. Sun zauna a daya daga cikin rusassun gine-ginen da aka sake ginawa. A shekara ta 1453 James Butler, na 5th Earl na Ormond ya rike ikon mallakar tsibirin, kuma a cikin 1460 Margaret Talbot, Countess na Shrewsbury ta yi amfani da advowson Margaret Talbot (née de Beauchamp) ɗan uwan James Butler ne mai nisa kamar yadda dukansu suka fito daga 'ya'yan Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl na Warwick A wasu kalmomi, James Butler (ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa Joan Butler, Countess na Ormond (née Beauchamp) da kakansa William Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny, yayin da Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth de Beauchamp (née Berkeley) da kuma jikanyar Thomas de Beauchamp., 12th Earl na Warwick A takaice, kakannin James Butler da Margaret Talbot's de Beauchamp 'yan'uwa ne. Abin lura shi ne, Margaret Talbot 'yar Elizabeth Berkeley, Countess na Warwick (da mijinta Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl na Warwick daga abin da rikici a cikin Berkeley iyali ya fito (duba ƙasa). Bugu da ƙari kuma, Elizabeth Berkeley ita ce kawai 'yar Thomas de Berkeley, Baron Berkeley na 5, yana nuna cewa ikon mallakar har yanzu yana zama a cikin dangin Berkeley tun lokacin da Maurice de Berkeley ya karbi tsibirin a 1315 Margaret Talbot ita ce babbar, babba, babbar jika. Maurice de Berkeley. Koyaya, a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an yi gardama kan mallakar mallakar gidaje iri-iri, gami da Norton Beauchamp, wanda Steep Holm ke tare da shi. A tsakiyar wannan shi ne takaddama daga yadda aka ba da Barony daga Thomas Berkeley, Baron na 5. Waɗannan rigingimu sun kasance a gefe ɗaya James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, wanda kuma aka sani da 'James the Just' (kada a ruɗe shi da sauran 1st Baron Berkeley Thomas de Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley wanda ya riga ya cika shekaru 150). Amma duk da haka ga James wanda Barony ya koma ƙarƙashin sabon halitta ta rubuce-rubuce tun daga kawunsa, wanda aka ambata Thomas de Berkeley (Baron na biyar) ba shi da magada maza duk da cewa ya sanya wa 'yarsa tilo (Elizabeth Berkeley) a matsayin magajinsa. Wannan zai zama farkon takaddamar shari'a da aka dade ana yi. A gefe guda na takaddamar da ta samo asali ta hanyar layin James, sabon Baron na farko, ya ci gaba ta hanyar dansa (Sir) William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess na Berkeley a 1463, wanda shine batu na farko na namiji daga aurensa na 3 da Lady Isabel de. Mowbray Hakan ya biyo bayan aure biyu da aka yi a baya da ba a samu ‘ya’ya ba. A gefe guda na jayayya akwai zuriyar Elizabeth Berkeley da aka ambata (James' the 1st Baron's, 1st cousin) musamman ta hanyar 'yarta Margaret (de Beauchamp) wanda ke nuna wasu makirci masu ban sha'awa. Ɗayan irin wannan shirin yana tare da John Talbot, 1st Earl na Shrewsbury wanda ya ɗauki Margaret de Beauchamp a matsayin matarsa ta 2. Aurensa na farko, ga Maud Neville ('yar ubansa Thomas Neville, Baron Furnivall kuma wanda ya haifar da Lady Joan Talbot, daga cikin yara 6 duk da haka sananne ne. Haka John Talbot da alama an sace shi kuma an daure su har zuwa mutuwarsu a 1452, matar James Berkeley na 3 (Baron na farko) kuma mahaifiyar Baron Berkeley na 2 da aka ambata (Sir William de Berkeley). Duk da haka, wannan James Berkeley, ya ɗauki mata ta 4, Lady Joan Talbot (watau 'yar John Talbot wanda ya sace matarsa ta 3! Wani ƙarin shirin, ko tsawaita na baya, ya sake komawa kusa da John Talbot amma wannan lokacin sakamakon aurensa da Margaret de Beauchamp. Babban ɗansu, John Talbot, 1st Baron na Lisle da 1st Viscount Lisle, shine mahaifin Thomas Talbot, Baron na 2 na Lisle da 2nd Viscount Lisle Wannan Thomas Talbot ya nemi yin da'awarsa a kan ƙasashen Baron Berkeley a kan mutuwar kakarsa Margaret de Beauchamp ('yar Elizabeth Berkeley da ba a ba da izini ba), wanda a cikin wucin gadi ya ci gaba da matsawa da'awarta ga ƙasar Baron Berkeley a kan James Berkeley Baron 1. Ya kawo shi cikin adawa kai tsaye tare da Sir William de Berkeley (Baron na biyu kuma dan James Berkeley kuma ya zo kan gaba a yakin Nibley Green (1470), biyo bayan abin da aka kwatanta da ƙalubalen da Thomas Talbot ya yi wa Sir William, wanda ya yi nasara. ya ƙare a ƙarshen rana mai zuwa tare da mutuwar Thomas Talbot da kuma korar Manor na gaba a Wotton-under-Edge A cikin karni na 16 Edward Seymour, Duke na Somerset na 1 kuma ɗan'uwan Jane Seymour (mata ta uku Henry VIII ya karɓi mulki, sannan ya ɓace, manyan gidaje ciki har da Brean, wanda Steep Holm ya haɗu. Auren 'yar uwarsa Jane da Henry na VIII a cikin 1536 ya zo daidai lokacin da aka sanya shi Viscount Beauchamp, mai yiwuwa ya danganta da auren kakanni tsakanin Sir Roger Seymour (c.1308 Kafin 1366), wanda ya auri Cicely, babbar 'yar'uwa kuma magajin John de. Beauchamp, Baron Beauchamp na 3 Wannan yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Barony na Hatch Beauchamp, Somerset, wanda mahaifinsa Sir John Seymour ya yi a baya. The Seymour descendants recovered the estates, owning them into the 17th century, although the only activity on Steep Holm seems to have been the employment of gull watchers and fishermen. In 1684 the Norton Beauchamp estate (possibly in Kewstoke, Somerset, near Sand Bay, north of Weston-Super-Mare) was sold to Edward Ryder. It appears to have been auctioned by decree of the Court of Chancery 11 years later in 1695, possibly because of difficulties in maintaining sea defenses along the Somerset coast; however, this seems to have been disputed in the light of outstanding mortgages. In 1699 the estates, including Steep Holm, were sold to Philip Freke of Bristol, whose descendants held it for the next 130 years. Freke's granddaughter married into the family of John Willes, who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Member of Parliament. During their ownership, probably around 1776, a new cottage was built on Steep Holm for fishermen. It was built using stones from the ruined priory. In 1830 the island was sold again, according to some sources this was to a cousin of John Freke Willes named William Willes; however, other sources suggest it was to a solicitor in Weston-super-Mare named John Baker. A cikin 1832 an ba da hayar tsibirin ga Kanar Tynte na Gidan Halswell, wanda ya kafa masauki don masu jirgin ruwa. Iyalin Harris ne ke tafiyar da masaukin, ta hanyar amfani da rum da taba da aka siyo daga jiragen ruwa. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsibirin ya kasance a waje da ikon mutanen da aka ba da izini har sai da shari'ar kotu a 1884. Bayan dangin Harris, Mr W. L. Davies, wanda ya ba da kamun kifi, harbi da hutun kwale-kwale. Domin saukakawa tsibirin cikin sauƙi, an gina wani sabon rami kusa da masauki. A cikin 1835 limamin coci John Ashley daga Clevedon ya yi hidima ga jama'ar tsibirin da makwabciyar Flat Holm. Ashley ya ƙirƙiri Ofishin Jakadancin na Bristol don yin hidima ga masu aikin teku a kan jiragen ruwa 400 waɗanda ke amfani da tashar Bristol. Daga baya aikin zai zama Ofishin Jakadancin zuwa Tekun Ruwa, wanda har yanzu yana ba da sabis na hidima ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin tashoshin jiragen ruwa sama da 300. Palmerston Fort Dukansu Steep Holm da Flat Holm an ƙarfafa su a cikin 1860s azaman kariya daga mamayewa. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na layin tsaro, wanda aka sani da Palmerston Forts, wanda aka gina a fadin tashar don kare hanyoyin zuwa Bristol da Cardiff An gina tsibirin ne bayan ziyarar da Sarauniya Victoria da Yarima Albert suka kai Faransa, inda suka damu da karfin sojojin ruwan Faransa. The Royal Commission on Defence of the United Kingdom, a karkashin jagorancin Lord Palmerston, ya ba da shawarar ƙarfafa gaɓar teku, kuma tsibirin ya zama wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin tsaro na bakin teku. An fara ginin a cikin 1865 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1869 ta John Perry na Weston-super-Mare. Aikin ya hada da samar da hanyar da ke kewaye da tudun dutsen da tulin lemun tsami don kera turmi na lemun tsami don gina bariki da wuraren ajiye bindigogi tare da shagunan harsasai. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su ana kiran su Summit Battery, Batirin Laboratory, Batirin Lambun da Batirin Kabari. Tare da bariki an sanya su a matsayin Grade II da aka jera gine-gine Wuraren da aka girka sun haɗa da gidan master-gunners, ƙaramin masauki, da tankin ruwa mai ɗauke da na ruwan sama. Tankin ruwa yana ƙarƙashin bariki yana tattara ruwan sama daga rufin sa. Tankin bulo shine tsayi, fadi da mai tsayi tare da rufaffiyar rufi. Makamai sun haɗa da masu ɗaukar makamai masu girman inci 7 goma Mk III yada tsakanin batura shida. Daga baya, an maye gurbinsu da bindigogin RML na Armstrong 6-inch. Wasu daga cikin batir na bindiga an tsara su ne abubuwan tarihi, kuma akwai ragowar rukunin rukunin shingen da aka gina tubali. A cikin 1898 gwajin harbi da HMS Arrogant, wani jirgin ruwa mai <i id="mwAYw">girman kai</i>, a kan batirin Rudder Rock ya nuna cewa tsayayyen bindigogin da aka yi amfani da su a kan Steep Holm da sauran rukunin yanar gizon sun kasance masu saurin kai hari ta jiragen ruwan yaki na zamani, kuma shafin ba ya aiki. An kiyaye ikon soja a tsibirin har zuwa 1908 lokacin da aka ba da hayar James Sleeman da danginsa. A cikin 1927 gwajin farko na RAE Larynx (daga "Long Range Gun tare da injin Lynx") wani jirgin sama mara matuki na farko, wanda za a yi amfani da shi azaman makamin yaƙin jiragen ruwa jagora, ya faru kusa da Steep Holm. Yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya An sabunta waɗannan wurare a yakin duniya na ɗaya da na biyu Daga 1915 zuwa 1919 Admiralty ya bukaci tsibirin a matsayin tashar gadin bakin teku. Bayan yakin, Sleemans sun dawo don gudanar da aikin noma da kamun kifi kuma suna karbar bakuncin masu yawon bude ido lokaci-lokaci. A yakin duniya na biyu, an gina batura masu haske a kan Steep Holm. A cikin 1940 mai kula da tsibirin, Harry Cox, wanda ya haɓaka tsibirin ya zama wuri mai tsarki tun 1931, an nada shi a matsayin mai gadin bakin teku kuma ƴan sa kai na Local Defence daga Weston-super-Mare sun sami goyan bayansu. A cikin 1940 da 1941 sojoji daga Rundunar Sojan Indiya sun yi amfani da alfadarai don jigilar bindigogi da kayan aiki sama da tsaunin dutse. Makamin ya hada da Mark<span about="#mwt365" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAak" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>VII<span about="#mwt366" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Spaces","href":"./Template:Spaces"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAao" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span>Bindigogi masu girman inci 6 da aka karbo daga jiragen ruwa na yakin duniya na daya da aka soke, kuma sun hada da bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu na Lewis a kan harin da aka kai ta sama. An gina batirin Lambun sama da na'urori biyu na dutsen Victoria. Injiniyoyin Royal Pioneer Corps sun inganta abubuwan more rayuwa ciki har da shigo da tumaki don ciyar da sojoji da kuma, bayan kamuwa da zazzabin typhoid, jigilar ruwan sha daga kudancin Wales. Don ba da damar motsi na kayan aiki, injiniyoyi sun gina sabon jetty. Wannan an haɗa shi da filin jirgin ƙasa tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa mai jujjuyawar wutar lantarki da ke aiki da kebul ta hanyar amfani da riga-kafi layukan ma'auni waɗanda aka kama daga hannun Jamusawa a yakin duniya na 1. Hakanan an haɗa batirin Steep Holm, ta hanyar kebul na telegraph na karkashin ruwa, zuwa batir ɗin Brean Down Fort, amma an sace sassan na USB don tarkace bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu. Bayan yaki A cikin 1953 Steep Holm Trust ta ba da hayar tsibirin da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gida: Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Bristol Naturalists Society, Mid-Somerset Naturalists da Bristol Folk House Archaeological Club. Sun gyara wasu gine-gine tare da kafa shirin ringing na tsuntsaye. A cikin 1974 hayar su ta ƙare kuma Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust ta karɓe shi, wata ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista da aka kafa don tunawa da mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma masanin halitta Kenneth Allsop The Trust ya sayi tsibirin a cikin 1976. Sanarwar manufa ta Amintacciyar ita ce: "Don karewa, adanawa da haɓaka don amfanin jama'a shimfidar wuri, kayan tarihi, flora, fauna, kyawawan dabi'a da sha'awar kimiyya na tsibirin tsibirin. Steep Holm a cikin gundumar North Somerset da haɓaka ilimin jama'a a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halitta. Ana iya ziyartar tsibirin. Amincewar tana gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen jirgin ruwa na tsawon yini daga Weston-super-Mare. Ana amfani da shinge guda ɗaya don samar da wuraren baƙo. A cikin 1980 an shirya fim ɗin Bollywood na Shaan kuma an yi fim a wani ɓangare a tsibirin. Tsibirin ita ce wurin da aka fi sani da 2018 mai ban tsoro Arcam, na Jason Minick. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tsibirin Steep Holm da Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust Bayanan Bayani na Victorian Forts Tsibiri Holm Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
21203	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27adun%20Najeriya%20na%20gargajiya	Al'adun Najeriya na gargajiya	Al'adar Najeriya, Ta samo asali ne daga ƙabilun Najeriya da yawa. Ƙasar tana da yaruka (harsuna) 527, bakwai daga cikinsu sun ɓace. Najeriya kuma tana da yaruka da ƙabilu sama da guda ɗari da hamsin (1150). Manyan ƙabilun guda uku sune: hausawa galibinsu a arewa, yarbawa sun fi yawa a kudu maso yamma, da kuma Igbo inyamurai galibinsu a kudu maso gabas. Akwai wasu kabilun da yawa da ke da yawan mutane a fadin sassa daban-daban na kasar. Mutanen Kanuri suna yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, mutanen Tiv na arewa ta tsakiya da kuma Efik Ibibio. Mutanen Edo sun fi yawa a yankin tsakanin yankin Yarbawa da ƙasar Igbo. Yawancin Edo suna da Krista. Ana bin wannan rukuni daga mutanen Ibibio Annang Efik na kudu maso kudancin Najeriya da Ijaw na Neja Delta. Sauran kabilun Najeriya, wasu lokuta ana kiransu 'marasa rinjaye', ana samun su a duk faɗin ƙasar amma musamman a arewa ta tsakiya da kuma ɓangaren midul belt (Middle belt). A bisa ga al'ada matasa basu cika zama waje ɗaya ba (Nomadic) saboda haka Fulani za a iya samunsu a duk faɗin yammaci da tsakiyar Afirka. Fulani da Hausawa galibinsu Musulmi ne yayin da Ibo mafi yawansu kirista ne kuma haka ma mutanen Efik, Ibibio, da Annang. Yarabawa daidai suke da yuwuwar zama Krista ne ko Musulmi amma Yarbawa Musulmi sunfi kirista yawa amma ba sosai ba. Ayyukan addini na asali suna da mahimmanci ga dukkan kabilun Najeriya, kuma sau da kiristoci sunfi al'adar da ake kira (syncretism). Manyan al'adun ƙabilun Najeriya Al'adun Efik-Ibibio Al’adun Efik-Ibibio na gabar kudu maso gabashin Najeriya sun bayar da gagarumar gudummawa ga al’adun Najeriya, musamman al’adun yankin kudu. A takaice dai kamar haka: Harshen Efik-Ibibio Ana yin wannan yaren a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom da kuma jihar Cross River. Tana da yarurruka daban-daban kamar yaren Annang, yaren Oron, da sauran su. Harshen Efik-Ibibio yana da tasiri sosai a kan harsuna da sunayen mutanen kudancin Najeriya. Masu Kare Al'adun Efik-Ibibio sun samu karbuwa daga kungiyar asiri, Ekpe, wanda ya kasance dan asalin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. "Ekpe", ma'ana 'Damisa', ya zama sanannen alama a al'adun Efik-Ibibio wanda daga baya ya zama sananne a sauran al'adun kabilun Najeriya. Rubutawa Nsibidi sanannen rubutun asalin yan asalin mutanen Efik ne wanda Ekpe ya kirkireshi ta mutanen Efik-Ibibio. Abinci Ana zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya kusa da Tekun Atlantika, mutanen Efik-Ibibio suna da albarkatu da kayan lambu iri iri. Abincinsu sananne ne a duk faɗin Najeriya ciki har da sanannen miyar Afañg, Edikang Ikong miyan, miyar barkono, Ukwoho, Atama, Eritañ, shinkafa dafa-duka (jollof-rice), da sauransu. Bini Bini suna cikin yankin Kudu maso Kudu na zamani a Nijeriya. Wani lokacin ana kiransu Edos kuma suna kewaye da wasu al'adun kabilu kamar Urhobos, Itsekiri, Ishan, Yarabawa da sauransu. Al'adar Yarbawa Yarbawa suna cikin yankin yammacin Najeriya kuma shugabancinsu yana da masarauta. Suna da sarakuna waɗanda aka yarda su auri mata kamar yadda suke so da shugabanni da mutane masu taken. Suna kuma yin bautar gargajiya, suna girmama gumaka kamar Sango; allahn tsawa, Oya, Ogun; allahn ƙarfe da dai sauransu. Yarbawa suna da fara'a sosai kuma suna maraba da mutanen wasu ƙabilu da ƙasashe. Al'adar Igbo Gabashin Najeriya gida ne na ƙabilar inyamurai, waɗanda akasarinsu kiristoci ne. Addininsu na gargajiya an san shi da Omenani Ta fuskar zamantakewar al'umma sarakunan da aka fi sani da Eze Igwes ke jagorantar su Waɗannan alkaluman kuma ana sa ran za su ba da taken ga maza da mata waɗanda suka cika sosai. An san wannan da suna taken Nze na Ozo. Mutane masu taken yawanci ana magana dasu sosai, ana girmama su sosai kuma ana san su sosai a cikin al'ummomin su. Al'adar Hausa-Fulani Hausawa da Fulani suna zaune a yankin arewacin Najeriya. Najeriya ta kunshi kabilu da al'adu da dama, hausa fulani itace mafi girma ko kuma mafi yawan al'umma a nigeria kuma suna daga cikin mutane masu karrama baƙi da fara'a da son baƙi suna girmama juna musamman shuwagabannin su. Dukda cewa hausawa da fulani kabilu ne daban amma ana daukar su a matsayin kabila daya saboda kusancin dake akwai tsakanin kabilun biyu da kuma yadda Addinin su ya zamo ɗaya shine Addinin Musulunci. Hausa A kasar Hausa akwai al'adu daya wanda Hausawa ke amfani da su kowace shekara wadanda ake kira Hawan Sallah. Al'adun Fulanin kuma suna daukar "Shaɗi" a matsayin abubuwan bikinsu na shekara shekara. Haka kuma Auratayya ta ƙara danƙon dangantaka tsakanin Fulani da Hausawa. Adabin Najeriya Najeriya ta shahara da adabin turanci Abubuwa Faɗa Baya, na Chinua Achebe, littafi ne mai mahimmanci a adabin Afirka. Tare da sayar da kofi sama da miliyan takwas a duniya, an fassara shi zuwa harsuna 50, yana mai da Achebe marubucin Afirka mafi fassara a kowane lokaci. Wani dan Najeriya da ya taba lashe kyautar Nobel Wole Soyinka ya bayyana aikin a matsayin "littafi na farko a Turanci wanda ya yi magana daga ciki da dabi'un Afirka, maimakon nuna dan Afirka a matsayin na bako, kamar yadda farin mutum zai ganshi." Najeriya tana da wasu fitattun marubutan adabin turanci. Wadannan sun hada da Femi Osofisan wanda ya fara buga wani littafin Kolera Kolej a 1975; Ben Okri wanda aikinsa na farko, (The Famished Road) aka buga shi a cikin 1991 da (Buchi Emecheta) wanda ya rubuta labaran da aka samo daga abubuwan da ta samu na rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata wanda ke inganta kallon mata ta hanyar iya yin aure da samun yara. Helon Habila, Sefi Atta, Flora Nwapa, Iquo DianaAbasi Eke, Zaynab Alkali da Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie da sauransu su ne mashahuran marubutan Nijeriya waɗanda ake karanta ayyukansu a ciki da wajen ƙasar. Baya ga masu magana da Ingilishi na yau da kullun, yawancin mutane, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku, suna magana da pidgin na Najeriya, wanda yake da mahimman ƙamus na Turanci. Hakan ya zama yaren da ya zama ruwan dare sakamakon hakan. Ingilishi Pidgin wani nau'i ne na yare. Misali, "Yaya kake yana nufin" Yaya kake Palm Wine Drinkard, sanannen labari ne da Amos Tutuola ya rubuta a ciki. Sai dai kuma a ƙarƙashin haka akwai Yaren Hausa wanda, kusan ko wane yare a Najeriya yana sha'awar yinshi saboda haka ne ma Yaren yafi ko wane yare yawa da watsuwa da kuma sauƙin fahimta. Masana'antun finafinai ta kudancin Najeriya Tun daga shekarun 1990 masana'antar fina-finai ta kudancin Nijeriya, wani lokaci ana kiranta Nollywood ta zama ƙungiya mai saurin haɓaka al'adu a duk kudancin Najeriya. Saboda fina-finai, tasirin yamma kamar kiɗa, suturar yau da kullun da hanyoyin magana ana samun su a duk faɗin Nijeriya, har ma da arewacin sai dai ba sosai ba saboda akwai tsananin ra'ayin mazan jiya wato ra'ayin bin Dokokin Addinin Musulunci. Mai jarida Wasanni Magoya bayan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Ingila kamar Manchester United, Arsenal, Manchester City, Liverpool da Chelsea galibi suna rarrabewa fiye da kabilanci har ma da bambancin addini don raba abin da ya dace a kungiyoyin Premier. Football ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar, da ake yi wa laƙabi da "Super Eagles", ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijeriya ce, wanda Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ke gudanarwa. A cewar FIFA World Rankings, Najeriya tana matsayi na 31 kuma tana matsayi na biyu mafi girma a tsakanin kasashen Afirka bayan Senegal (na 20). Matsayi mafi girma da Nijeriya ta taɓa kaiwa a kan matsayin shi ne na 5, a cikin Afrilu 1994. Abinci Abincin Najeriya yana ba da dunƙulen gargajiyar carbohydrates na gargajiya irin su doya da rogo da kuma kayan miya na kayan lambu waɗanda ake yawan amfani da su. Masara wani irin shuka ne da ake yawan noma shi a Nijeriya. Abinda 'yan Najeriya suka yaba dashi saboda karfin da yake bayarwa, garri shine "abu na farko a abinci a kudancin Najeriya" hatsi na rogo wanda za'a iya cin sa da shi azaman abinci kuma bashi da tsada sosai. Doya ake akai-akai soyayyen ko dai soyayyen dankalin turawa. Waken Najeriya, ya sha bamban da koren wake, ya shahara sosai. Nama kuma mashahuri ne kuma suya ta Nijeriya —kamar nama mai wanda yake gasasshe ne— sanannen ɗanɗano ne. Naman daji, nama daga namun daji kamar ɓaure da rakumin dawa, shima ya shahara. Kayan dabinon da aka tatsa suna yin giyar gargajiya sai dai ita giya ba'a cika samunta a yakin arewa ba saboda Musulmai sune a yankin kuma giya haramun ce a Musulunci, hasalima ƴan Arewa sun kyamaci duk wani mai shanta, ruwan inabi, da kuma rogo mai yisti. Abincin Najeriya yana da yaji, galibi a yamma da kudancin ƙasar, har ma fiye da na Indiya Wasu karin misalan kayan abincin su na gargajiya sune eba. Da kuma tuwo da Miyan kuka sakwara (pounded yam), iyan, fufu da miyan kamar okra, ogbono da egusi Fufu alama ce ta Najeriya don haka take a Chinua Achebe's Abubuwa Fada Baya, misali. Achebe's magnum opus littafi ne da aka fi karantawa a cikin adabin Afirka na zamani. Waƙa LafiyaKiɗan Nijeriya ya haɗa da nau'ikan mutane da yawa da mashahuran kiɗa, wasu daga cikinsu an san su a duniya. Mawaki kuma mai rajin kare zamantakewar mata Fela Kuti ya taka rawa sosai wajen bunkasa kide-kide a Najeriya. Mawaƙan gargajiya suna amfani da kayan kida iri-iri, kamar su gangunan Gongon Kora da kakaki ma suna da mahimmanci. Sauran maganganun al'adu na gargajiya ana samun su a masquerades daban-daban na Najeriya, kamar Eyo dodonni, Ekpe da Ekpo na Dodanni na mutanen Efik Ibibio Annang Igbo na kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, da Arewacin Edo dodo. Bayyanannun Yarabawa na wannan al'ada sune Gelede na Dodanni. Albarkatun kasa Babban mahimmin tushe na bayanai game da fasahar zamani ta Najeriya shine Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani da Zamani wanda Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic dake Lagos ke gudanarwa. Bugu da kari, Hukumar Inganta Zuba Jarin Nijeriya, da kuma Naija (Investway Gateway), suna ba da cikakken bayani kan al’adun kasuwancin Najeriya. Tufafi Mata suna sanya dogayen riguna masu gudana da mayafai da aka yi daga kasuwannin gida waɗanda suke rini da saƙar masana'anta a cikin gida. Matan Kudancin Najeriya sun zabi sanya tufafi irin na yamma. Saɓanin yankin Arewacin Najeriya su suna sanya tufafi yadda Addinin Musulunci ya tsara musu mata da lulluɓi wanda yake rufe dukkan jikin su maza kuma da babbar riga Malum-Malum da kuma hula wani lokacin hadda Rawani. Mutane a yankuna na biranen Najeriya suna yin ado irin na yamma, matasa galibi sanye da wando da T-shirt. Sauran maza da mata na Najeriya galibi suna sanya salon gargajiya da ake kira Buba Ga maza rigar da ke kwance a kasa zuwa rabin cinya. Don mata, sutturar rigar ta ɗan sauka ƙasa da kugu. Sauran kayan suturar sun hada da gele, wanda shine kwalliyar mata. Ga maza ana kiran nasu kwalliyar gargajiya fila A tarihi, Kwalliya a Najeriya shine sanya nau'ikan yadudduka daban-daban. Auduga an shafe sama da shekaru 500 ana yin kwalliya a Najeriya. Hakanan ana amfani da siliki (ana kiransa tsamiya a Hausa, sannan a Yarbanci, akpa-obubu a Igbo, da sapar ubele a Edo Wataƙila shahararriyar kwalliyar da ake amfani da ita a cikin tufafin Najeriyar ita ce ɗab'in Dutchan (Dutch), wanda aka samar a cikin (Netherlands). Kasuwar shigo da wannan masana'antar ta mamaye kamfanin Holland na Vlisco, wanda ke siyar da masana'antarsa ta Dutch wax din tun daga ƙarshen 1800s, lokacin da aka siyar da masana'anta a hanyar kasuwancin kamfanin na cikin teku zuwa Indonesia. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an sanya sifofin Najeriya da Afirka, tsarin launi, da zane a cikin zane na Vlisco don zama babban bin sa alama. Najeriya tana da kabilu sama da 250 kuma a sakamakon haka, akwai nau'ikan salon tufafi na gargajiya. A al'adar Yarbawa, mata suna sanya iro (wrapper), buba (sakakkiyar riga) da gele (nade kai). Maza suna sanya buba (babbar riga), sokoto (wando mai ɗaurin jaka), agbada (riga mai yawo tare da manyan hannaye) da fila (hula). A al’adar kabilar Ibo, kayan al’adun maza su ne Isiagu (babbar riga), wacce ake sawa da wando da hular gargajiya ta ’yan kabilar Ibo da ake kira Okpu Agwu Al'adar Hausawa Matan suna sanye da rigar atamfa mai lullubi, mayafai biyu da mayafin hannu. Mazan Hausawa suna sanya barna ko kaftans (doguwar riga) tare da dogayen hular kwalliya. Matan suna sanya mayafi da riga kuma suna rufe kawunansu da hijabi (mayafi). Duba kuma Gine-ginen Najeriya Waƙar Najeriya Al'adun Nok Bukukuwa a Najeriya Jerin gidajen tarihi a Najeriya Manazarta Ross, Zai. Fagen fasaha da waka a Najeriya Taskar labarai BBC. 20 Nuwamba 2013.1. http://www.ethnologue.com/ 2. https://allafrica.com/stories/200810130780.html 3. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2678893 4. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-534099821/contemporary-african-poetry-a-postcolonial-reading 5. https://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/from-achebe-to-adichie-top-ten-nigerian-authors/ 6. http://answersafrica.com/nigerian-people-culture.html Pages with unreviewed
35832	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abun%20Rufe%20Fuska%20Na%20Gargajiya	Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya	Abubuwan rufe fuska na gargajiya na Afirka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu al'adu da bukukuwan gargajiya na Afirka. Masks suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adu ko bukukuwa tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar tabbatar da gurbi mai kyau, magance bukatun kabilanci a lokutan zaman lafiya ko yaƙi, ko isar da kasancewar ruhaniya a cikin al'adar dake faraway ko bikin binnewa. Wasu abin rufe fuska suna wakiltar ruhin kakanni da suka mutu. Wasu suna wakiltar dabbobin totem, halittu masu mahimmanci ga wani dangi ko rukuni. A wasu al'adu, kamar wasu al'adun kuba na Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, abin rufe fuska na wakiltar takamaiman mutane a tatsuniyar kabilanci, kamar sarki ko kishiya ga mai mulki. An yi imanin wanda ya sa abin rufe fuska sau da yawa zai iya yin magana da wanda aka kwatanta da shi, ko kuma ya mallaki wanda ko abin da abin rufe fuska yake wakilta. Al'adu da abin rufe fuska wani muhimmin fasali ne na al'adun gargajiya na al'ummar wani yanki na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, misali tsakanin Sahara da hamadar Kalahari Sannan kuma Yayin da kuma takamaiman abubuwan da ke tattare da abin rufe fuska na al'ada sun bambanta a cikin al'adu daban-daban, wasu halaye sun zama ruwan dare ga yawancin al'adun Afirka Misali, abin rufe fuska yawanci yana da ma’ana ta ruhaniya da ta addini kuma ana amfani da su a cikin raye-rayen al’ada da al’amuran zamantakewa da na addini, kuma ana danganta matsayi na musamman ga masu fasaha da ke yin abin rufe fuska ga masu sanya su a cikin bukukuwa. Kuma A mafi yawan lokuta, yin abin rufe fuska wata fasaha ce da ake yadawa daga uba zuwa ɗa, tare da sanin ma'anar ma'anar da waɗannan masks ɗin ke bayarwa. Sannan Masks na Afirka sun zo cikin kowane launi daban-daban, kamar ja, baƙar fata, orange, da launin ruwan kasa. A yawancin al'adun Afirka na gargajiya, mutumin da ya sa abin rufe fuska a zahiri ya rasa ransa na ɗan adam kuma ya koma ruhun da abin rufe fuska yake wakilta. Wannan canji na mai abin rufe fuska zuwa ruhi yawanci yakan dogara ne da wasu ayyuka, kamar takamaiman nau'ikan kiɗa da raye-raye, ko kuma kayan ado na al'ada waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga zubar da ainihin ɗan adam mai rufe fuska. Don haka mai sanya abin rufe fuska ya zama wani nau'in matsakaici wanda ke ba da damar tattaunawa tsakanin al'umma da ruhohi (yawanci na matattu ko ruhohin da ke da alaƙa). Kuma raye-rayen da aka rufe fuska wani bangare ne na yawancin bukukuwan gargajiya na Afirka da ke da alaka da bukukuwan aure, jana'izar, bukukuwan qaddamarwa, da kuma sauransu. Wasu daga cikin mafi sarkakiya da masana suka yi nazari a kansu, ana samun su a al’adun Nijeriya irin na Yarabawa da na Edo, al’adun da ke da kamanceceniya da ra’ayin wasan kwaikwayo na yammacin Turai. Tunda kowane abin rufe fuska yana da takamaiman ma'ana ta ruhaniya, yawancin al'adun sun ƙunshi masarukan gargajiya daban-daban. Addinin gargajiya na mutanen Dogon na Mali, alal misali, ya ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyin asiri guda uku Awa ko ƙungiyar matattu, Bini ko ƙungiyar sadarwa da ruhohi, da Lebe ko ɗabi'a); kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana da ruhohin ruhohi, wanda ya dace da nau'ikan masks guda 78 gabaɗaya. Kuma Sau da yawa yakan faru cewa ingancin zane-zane da rikitarwa na abin rufe fuska yana nuna mahimmancin dangi na ruhun da aka kwatanta a cikin tsarin imani na wasu mutane; alal misali, abin rufe fuska mafi sauƙi kamar su kple kple mutanen Baoulé na Cote d’Ivoire (ainihin da’irar da ke da ƙananan idanu, baki da ƙaho) suna da alaƙa da ƙananan ruhohi. Masks na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan manyan fasahar Afirka waɗanda a bayyane suka yi tasiri ga fasahar Turai da Yammacin Turai gabaɗaya kuma a cikin karni na ashirin, ƙungiyoyin fasaha irin su cubism, fauvism da kuma expressionism sau da yawa sun ɗauki wahayi daga ɗimbin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Hakanan ana iya samun tasirin wannan gadon a cikin wasu al'adu kamar su Kudu- da Amurka ta tsakiya da abin rufe fuska na Carnival Maudu'i da salo Masks na Afirka galibi ana yin su ne da siffar fuskar mutum ko wani lankwasa na dabba, duk da cewa ana yin su ta wani nau'i na musamman. Kuma Rashin hakikanin gaskiya a cikin abin rufe fuska na Afirka (da fasahar Afirka gabaɗaya) ya cancanta ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa yawancin al'adun Afirka sun bambanta ainihin batun a fili daga kamanninsa, na farko, maimakon na ƙarshe, sannan kasancewar ainihin batun wakilcin fasaha. Kuma An ba da misali mai matuƙar ƙaƙƙarfan abin rufe fuska na nwantantay na mutanen Bwa Burkina Faso waɗanda ke wakiltar ruhohin dajin; tun da ana ganin waɗannan ruhohin ba za su iya gani ba, mashin ɗin da ya dace suna da siffa bayan m, siffofi na geometric zalla. Abubuwa masu salo a cikin kamannin abin rufe fuska an tsara su ta al'adar kuma suna iya gano takamaiman al'umma ko kuma su ba da takamaiman ma'ana. Misali, mutanen Bwa da Buna na Burkina Faso duka suna da abin rufe fuska na shaho, tare da kuma siffar baki da ke nuna abin rufe fuska kamar Bwa ko Buna. Kuma A cikin duka biyun, an ƙawata fikafikan shaho da sifofi na geometric waɗanda ke da ma'anar ɗabi'a; Layukan da aka yi da gani suna wakiltar tafarki mai wuyar da kuma kakanni ke bi, yayin da sifofi da aka duba suna wakiltar mu'amalar abokan gaba (namiji-mace, daren dare, da sauransu) Ana samun halaye masu wakiltar ɗabi'u a cikin al'adu da yawa. Masks daga mutanen Senufo na Ivory Coast, alal misali, idanunsu sun rufe rabin rabi, suna nuna halin zaman lafiya, kamun kai, da haƙuri. A Saliyo da sauran wurare, ƙananan idanu da baki suna wakiltar tawali'u, kuma faffadan gaban goshi mai faɗi yana wakiltar hikima. Kuma A Gabon, manyan haɓɓaka da baki suna wakiltar iko da ƙarfi. Grebo na Ivory Coast ya sassaƙa abin rufe fuska tare da zagaye idanu don wakiltar faɗakarwa da fushi, tare da madaidaiciyar hanci yana wakiltar rashin son ja da baya. Dabbobi Dabbobi batutuwa ne na gama gari a cikin abin rufe fuska na Afirka. Abin rufe fuska na dabba yana iya wakiltar ruhin dabbobi, ta yadda mai saka abin rufe fuska ya zama mai magana da dabbobi da kansu (misali don neman namomin daji su nisanci ƙauyen); kuma a yawancin lokuta, duk da haka, dabba ma (wani lokaci galibi) alama ce ta takamaiman kyawawan halaye. Sannan kuma Abubuwan dabbobi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da buffalo (yawanci yana wakiltar ƙarfi, kamar yadda yake a cikin al'adun Baoulé), kada, shaho, hyena, warthog da tururuwa Antelopes suna da muhimmiyar rawa a yawancin al'adu na yankin Mali (misali a cikin al'adun Dogon da Bambara a matsayin wakilan noma Dogon tururuwa masks ne sosai m, tare da gaba ɗaya siffar rectangular da yawa ƙaho (wakilta mai yawa girbi. Mashin bambara (wanda ake kira chiwara suna da dogayen ƙahoni da ke wakiltar bunƙasar gero, ƙafafu (suna wakiltar tushen), dogayen kunnuwa (waɗanda ke wakiltar waƙoƙin da mata masu aiki suka rera a lokacin girbi), da kuma layi mai siffa wanda ke wakiltar hanyar da aka bi. by Rana tsakanin solstices Wani bangon bango na karni na 12/13 daga Old Dongola, babban birnin masarautar Nubian na Makuria, sannan kuma yana nuna abin rufe fuska na raye-raye da aka yi wa ado da harsashi na cowrie suna kwaikwayon wasu dabbobi masu dogon hanci da manyan kunnuwa. Bambance-bambancen gama gari akan jigon abin rufe fuska shine nau'in halayen dabbobi daban-daban a cikin abin rufe fuska guda ɗaya, wani lokacin tare da halayen ɗan adam. Sannan Haɗa nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban tare wani lokaci hanya ce ta wakiltar wani sabon abu, kyawawan halaye na musamman ko babban matsayi. Alal misali, ƙungiyoyin asirin Poro na mutanen Senufo na Ivory Coast suna da abin rufe fuska waɗanda ke nuna kyakkyawan ikon al'umma ta hanyar haɗa alamomin "haɗari" daban-daban guda uku: ƙahonin tururuwa, haƙoran kada, da kuma ɓangarorin warthog. Wani sanannen misali shi ne na kifwebe masks na mutanen Songye Kongo basin waɗanda ke haɗa ratsi na zebra (ko okapi haƙoran kada, idanun hawainiya, bakin aardvark, bakin zakara, gashin mujiya da sauransu. Kyawun mata Wani batu na yau da kullun na abin rufe fuska na Afirka shine fuskar mace, yawanci bisa ƙayyadaddun al'ada na kyawawan mata Kuma Makullin mata na mutanen Punu na Gabon, alal misali, suna da dogon gashin idanu masu lanƙwasa, idanu masu siffar almond, siraran haɓɓaka, da kayan ado na gargajiya a kumatunsu, domin duk waɗannan ana ɗaukarsu halaye masu kyau. Makullin mata na mutanen Baga suna da tabo na ado da nono. A yawancin lokuta, sanya abin rufe fuska da ke wakiltar kyawun mata an keɓe shi sosai ga maza. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wakilcin kyawawan mata shine Idia mask na Benin Kuma An yi imanin cewa Sarkin Benin Esigie ne ya ba da umarnin tunawa da mahaifiyarsa. Domin girmama mahaifiyarsa da ta mutu, sarki ya sanya abin rufe fuska a kugunsa a lokacin bukukuwa na musamman. Masks na matattu (mask na matattu) Da yake girmama kakanni da suka mutu wani muhimmin abu ne na yawancin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, kuma ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa matattu kuma batun gama gari ne na abin rufe fuska. Masks da ke magana game da matattun kakanni ana yin su ne da siffar kwanyar mutum Wani sanannen misali shi ne mwana pwo (a zahiri, "mace mace") na mutanen Chokwe Angola wanda ke haɗuwa da abubuwa masu magana da kyau na mace (daidaitaccen fuska mai kyau, ƙananan hanci da chin) da sauran suna nufin mutuwa dusar ƙanƙara na idanu, fashewar fata, da hawaye; yana wakiltar kakanin mace da ya mutu yana ƙarami, wanda aka girmama a cikin ayyukan ibada kamar kaciya da bukukuwan da ke da alaƙa da sabunta rayuwa. Kamar yadda ake danganta girmama matattu da haihuwa da kuma haifuwa, kuma yawancin abin rufe fuska na kakanni ma suna da alamun jima'i; abin rufe fuska na ndeemba na mutanen Yaka (Angola da DR Congo alal misali, kuma ana yin su ne bayan kwanyar da aka cika da hanci mai siffar fata. Wani nau'i na musamman na abin rufe fuska na kakanni sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sanannun mutane, tarihi ko almara. Mashin mwaash amboy na mutanen Kuba (DR Congo), alal misali, yana wakiltar almara wanda ya kafa Masarautar Kuba, Woot, yayin da mgady amwaash mask ke wakiltar matarsa Mweel. Kayan aiki da tsari Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su don masks shine itace, ko da yake ana iya amfani da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na sauran abubuwa, ciki har da dutse mai haske kamar steatite, karafa irin su jan karfe ko tagulla, nau'in masana'anta daban-daban, tukwane, da kuma sauransu. Ana fentin wasu abin rufe fuska (misali ta amfani da ocher ko wasu masu launin halitta). Kuma Za a iya amfani da abubuwa masu yawa na kayan ado a saman abin rufe fuska; misalan sun haɗa da gashin dabba, ƙaho, ko hakora, bawo na teku, tsaba, bambaro, harsashi kwai, da fuka-fukan. Sannan kuma Ana yawan amfani da gashin dabba ko bambaro don gashin abin rufe fuska ko gemu. Tsarin gaba ɗaya na abin rufe fuska ya bambanta dangane da yadda ake son sawa. Kuma Nau'in da aka fi sani da shi ya shafi fuskar mai sawa, kamar yawancin abin rufe fuska na yamma (misali, carnival). Wasu kuma ana sawa kamar hula a saman kan mai sawa; Misalai sun hada da na mutanen Ekhoi na Najeriya da na Bwa na Burkina Faso, da kuma shahararrun mashin chiwara na mutanen Bambara. Wasu abin rufe fuska (misali na al'ummar Sande na Laberiya da na Mende na Saliyo, waɗanda aka yi da kututturen bishiya) ana sawa kamar kwalkwali da ke rufe kai da fuska. Wasu al'adun Afirka suna da kayan ado masu kama da abin rufe fuska waɗanda ake sawa a ƙirji maimakon kan fuska; kuma sannan wannan ya hada da wadanda mutanen Makonde na Gabashin Afirka ke amfani da su wajen bukukuwan ndimu Masks da aka samar da kasuwanci Kamar yadda Turawa ke amfani da abin rufe fuska na Afirka, ana sayar da su sosai kuma ana sayar da su a mafi yawan kasuwanni da shagunan yawon buɗe ido a Afirka (da kuma shagunan "ƙabilanci" a Yammacin duniya Kuma Sakamakon haka, fasahar yin abin rufe fuska ta gargajiya a hankali ta daina zama gata, al'adar da ke da alaƙa, kuma yawan samar da abin rufe fuska ya yaɗu. Duk da yake, a mafi yawan lokuta, masks na kasuwanci sune (mafi ko žasa da aminci) haifuwa na kayan masarufi na gargajiya, wannan haɗin yana raguwa a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda dabaru na samar da taro ya sa ya fi wuya a gano ainihin asalin yanki da al'adu na masks da aka samu a ciki. wurare kamar shagunan curio da kasuwannin yawon bude ido. Misali, kasuwar Okahandja a Namibiya galibi tana sayar da abin rufe fuska da ake samarwa a Zimbabwe (saboda suna da rahusa da sauki fiye da abin rufe fuska na gida), kuma, bi da bi, kuma masu yin abin rufe fuska na Zimbabwe suna haifar da abin rufe fuska daga kusan ko'ina a Afirka maimakon daga nasu. nasu gadon gida. Duba wasu abubuwan Fasahar kabilanci Fasahar Afirka sassaken Afirka Zaman Picasso na Afirka FESTIMA, biki ne na bikin al'adun gargajiya Toloy Manazarta Manazartai Alamar Masks na Afirka The Art of the African Mask, Jami'ar Virginia Fuskokin Ruhu, Jami'ar Virginia Icons of Power, Jami'ar Virginia Hotunan Magabata, Jami'ar Virginia Hotunan Masu Mulki, Jami'ar Virginia Halayen jiki na Masks na Kabilanci na Afirka, Haihuwar Gidan Batsa na Afirka Bortolot, Alexander Ives, Idia: Uwar Sarauniya ta Farko ta Benin A cikin Timeline of Art History New York: Gidan Tarihi na Art, Oktoba 2003. An dawo da Maris 25, 2007. Lommel, Andreas Masks, Ma'anarsu da Aiki, Ferndale Editions, London, Orig. Atlantis Verlag Zurich 1970 Gabatarwa, bayan Himmelheber Afrikanische Masken Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Farawa: ra'ayoyin asali a cikin sassaka na Afirka, kundin nunin nuni daga Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi (cikakken samuwa a kan layi kamar PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa a kan masks na Afirka. Ga ruhohi da sarakuna: fasahar Afirka daga tarin Paul da Ruth Tishman, kundin nuni Gidan kayan tarihi na Laburaren Fasaha (cikakken samuwa akan layi azaman PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa akan abin rufe fuska na
47348	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogbonnaya%20Onu	Ogbonnaya Onu	Ogbonnaya Onu CON (an haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, 1951) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, marubuci kuma injiniya. Shi ne gwamnan farar hula na farko a jihar Abia kuma ya kasance ministan kimiyya, fasaha da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire na Najeriya daga watan Nuwamba 2015 har ya yi murabus a shekarar 2022. Ya kasance Ministan Ma'aikatar da ya fi daɗewa. Rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Ogbonnaya Onu a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1951, ga dangin Eze David Aba Onu a Amata, Uburu, ƙaramar hukumar Ohaozara ta yankin gabas, daga baya jihar Imo, sai jihar Abia, yanzu kuma jihar Ebonyi Najeriya. Ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar sakandare ta Izzi da ke Abakaliki, babban birnin jihar Ebonyi a yanzu. Anan, ya sami sakamako da matakin (distinction) a Jarrabawar Sakandare ta Makarantar Yammacin Afirka. Ya kuma zana jarrabawar Sakandare a College of Immaculate Conception (CIC) Enugu, inda ya kammala a matsayin ɗalibi mafi kwazo gaba ɗaya daga cikin daliban. Ya wuce Jami'ar Legas kuma ya kammala digiri na farko a fannin Injiniya na Kimiyya a shekarar 1976. Ya tafi karatun digirinsa na uku a Jami'ar California, Berkeley kuma ya sami digiri na digiri na Falsafa a Injin Kimiyya a 1980. Sana'a Aikin koyarwa Bayan kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Legas, Ogbonnaya Onu ya zama malami a makarantar St. Augustine's Seminary, Ezzamgbo, jihar Ebonyi. Bayan kammala karatunsa na digiri na uku a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, Onu ya zama malami a Sashen Injiniya na Kimiyya a Jami'ar Fatakwal, kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban Sashen na farko. Ya kuma kasance shugaban riƙo na tsangayar Injiniya sannan kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin memba a majalisar gudanarwa ta jami’ar. Siyasa Ogbonnaya Onu ya fara harkar siyasa ne a matsayin ɗan takarar Sanata a tsohuwar Jihar Imo a ƙarƙashin Jam’iyyar National Party of Nigeria (NPN). Ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Abia a shekarar 1991 a ƙarƙashin inuwar jam’iyyar Republican Convention kuma ya yi nasara. An rantsar da shi a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar na farko a watan Janairun shekarar 1992. Shi ne shugaban farko, a taron gwamnonin Najeriya. A shekarar 1999, ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a jam'iyyar All People's Party amma ya bar muƙamin a hannun Olu Falae bayan haɗewar jam'iyyarsa da Alliance for Democracy wanda ya sha kaye a hannun Olusegun Obasanjo na jamiyyar PDP. Ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar All Nigerian People's Party a shekara ta 2010. A shekarar 2013, jam’iyyarsa ta ANPP ta yi nasarar hadewa da Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), Democratic People’s Party (DPP) da wasu ‘ya’yan jam’iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) suka kafa jam’iyyar. Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC). A watan Nuwambar 2015 ne shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa shi ministan kimiyya da fasaha. A ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya sake rantsar da shi a matsayin Ministan Kimiyya da Fasaha. Kyaututtuka da nasarori Onu ƙwararren memba ne na Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria, ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Injiniya ta Najeriya, ɗan'uwa na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kimiyya da Fasaha, ya fara bikin makon kimiyya da fasaha na ƙasa wanda aka gudanar da bugu na farko a ranakun 13 zuwa 17 ga Afrilu 2017 a Abuja sannan a watan Maris na 2018 don baje kolin masu ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire da ƙere-ƙere. Ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya (MOU) tare da kamfanoni uku na ƙasa da ƙasa don fitar da fasahohin asali da abinci. Ya kuma rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da NASCO don fara kasuwanci na samar da biscuits masu yawan gaske. A shekarar 2016, ya bullo da wani shiri mai taken “774 YOUNG SCENTISTS NIGERIA Award PRESIDENTIAL Award (774-YONSPA)” da nufin ƙarfafawa da bunƙasa sha’awar matasan Najeriya a fannin kimiyya, fasaha, da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire (STI). A watan Oktoban 2022, shugaban ƙasa Muhammadu Buhari ya ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Najeriya mai suna Kwamandan Hukumar Neja (CON). Rigingimu Onu ya ce Najeriya za ta fara samar da fensir a cikin gida Najeriya a shekarar 2018 wanda ya ce za ta samar da guraben ayyukan yi dubu ɗari huɗu/400,000. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ba a fara samar da fensiran ba. A shekarar 1999, kafin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kawancen jam'iyyar All People's Party da Alliance for Democracy, Onu ya shiga cikin rikici inda jam'iyyar APP/AD ta zaɓi Olu Falae a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na hadin gwiwa. Duba kuma Jerin mutanen jihar Ebonyi Ma'aikatar Kimiyya, Fasaha da kere-kere ta Tarayya Majalisar ministocin Najeriya Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1951 Gwamnonin Jihar Abia Mutanen Jihar Ebonyi Marubuta daga Jihar
29322	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif%20Sheikh%20Ahmed	Sharif Sheikh Ahmed	Sharif Sheikh Ahmed Somali An haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif 1964,ɗan siyasan ƙasar Somaliya ne wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasar Somaliya daga shekarar 2009 zuwa shekarar 2012. Shi ne wanda ya assasa kuma shugaban jam'iyyar siyasa ta Himilo Qaran sannan kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban dandalin jam'iyyun na kasa Somali Somaliya. Shi ne shugaban majalisar 'yan takarar shugaban kasar Somaliya Rayuwar farko da aiki Ilimi An haife shi a ranar 25 ga Yulin 1964 a garin Mahaday da ke kudancin yankin Shabel ta tsakiya inda ya sami ilimin koyarwar addinin Musulunci da harshen Larabci da kuma haddar kur'ani tun yana yaro. Ya fara karatunsa a Cibiyar Sheikh Sufi, wacce ke da alaka da Jami'ar Azhar ta Masar Ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Libya da Sudan a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a da shari'ar Musulunci Saboda haka, addini tarbiyyar da kuma ilimi a yarda da shi ya yi nasara da mahaifinsa a matsayin ruhaniya shugaban na Idrisiyya Order of masu zumunci a Somalia. Sharif ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Boston a cikin Janairu 2012. Aikin doka A shekara ta 2000 ne Sharif ya tafi Somalia a daidai lokacin da Somalia ke karkashin ikon shugabannin yaki, kuma abokai ba za su iya ziyartar juna a Mogadishu saboda rarrabuwar kawuna da rashin yarda da juna. Rikicin yakin basasa ya bayyana a ko'ina a Somaliya kuma Sharif yana da burin ceto kasarsa da al'ummarsa. Ya kafa Hukumar Al Shuruuq, cibiyar al'adu da al'adu da kuma kungiyar samari a Mogadishu wanda ya sauƙaƙa hulɗar zamantakewa ga matasan Somaliya waɗanda ba su taɓa ketare iyakokin da sarakunan yaƙi suka yi ba. A sakamakon haka, mazauna Mogadishu sun fara ketare layi inda abokai, abokan makaranta, da dattawa za su iya haduwa su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a hanya mai kyau. Sharif ya zama lauyan yanki na lardinsa na tsakiyar Shabelle, inda aka zabe shi shugaban wata kotun lardi a Jawhar tsakanin 2001 da 2002. Kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai a babban birnin Somaliya wadanda suka yi amfani da wargajewar gwamnatin tsakiyar kasar ne ke da alhakin yin garkuwa da mutane marasa adadi. An kafa kotun ne ta hanyar yakin neman zabe wanda Sharif ya jagoranci ganin an sako wani yaro da aka sace. Kotun ta samu nasarar ganin an sako yaron da wasu da aka sace da kuma motocin da aka sace. Kotun ta ci gaba da murkushe ta'addancin gungun 'yan bindiga da masu fada a ji wanda ya zama ruwan dare a babban birnin kasar. Bayan haka, dukkanin kotunan Islama guda biyar suka hade, aka zabi Sharif wanda a kodayaushe ake ganinsa a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi na kungiyar kotunan Musulunci, ya zama shugaba. Somaliya ta riga ta fara samun sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki cikin gaggawa a karkashin watanni shida na farko na shugabancin kasar. An kawar da sarakunan yaƙi da tasirinsu daga birnin tare da taimakon jama'a wanda ya sa a karon farko cikin shekaru goma sha shida aka sake buɗe filin jirgin saman Mogadishu da tashar jiragen ruwa na Mogadishu Manyan jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kira wannan lokaci a matsayin 'Zaman Zinare' a tarihin siyasar Somaliya. A lokacin gwamnatin rikon kwarya da aka kafa a Mbagathi, na Nairobi a shekara ta 2004, ta kasance kasa mai rauni wadda ta rabu kuma tana da rauni. Sojojin Habasha sun mamaye Somaliya suna ikirarin cewa suna kokarin taimakawa gwamnatin rikon kwarya ne tare da hambarar da kungiyar hadin kan kotunan Islama. Sharif ya gana da jakadan Amurka a Kenya domin tattaunawa game da hadin gwiwa da gwamnatin rikon kwarya, inda daga nan sai ya tafi kasar Yemen inda ya gana da wasu tsoffin mambobin kotunan Islama. Sana'ar siyasa kafin shugaban kasa A matsayinsa na jagoran 'yan adawa Shariff, tsohon shugaban kotunan Islama, yana neman hedkwatar kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa, Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia A cikin watan Satumban 2007 kusan wakilai 500 ne suka taru a birnin Asmara na kasar Eritriya, ciki har da masu kishin Islama, da 'yan majalisar dokoki, da kungiyoyin farar hula da na kasashen waje, suka kuma amince da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2008 ne jam'iyyar Sharif ta Alliance for 'yan kwato Somaliya ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin rikon kwarya a kasar Djibouti mai suna Yarjejeniyar Djibouti Shugaban kasar Somaliya Gwamnatin Sharif ta yi nasarar kawo gwamnatin tarayyar Somaliya ta hanyar rikon kwarya bayan rugujewar gwamnatin da ta shude a shekara ta 1991. An yaba wa gwamnatinsa wajen inganta kundin tsarin mulkin Somaliya da kuma kafa muhimman cibiyoyi kamar ‘yan sanda da sojoji da kuma bangaren shari’a Ya kafa rundunar sojojin kasar Somaliya, ya bude babbar tashar ruwa ta Mogadishu sannan ya sake bude babban bankin kasar A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sharif, gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta yi nasarar fatattakar kungiyar Al Shabaab daga babban birnin ƙasar da kewaye, inda ta samar da tsaro, zaman lafiya da sulhu a cikin tsaka mai wuya. Zaben Shugaban Kasa 2009 Bayan lashe zaɓen da aka yi a safiyar ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, an rantsar da shugaba Sharif a safiyar yau a otal din Kempinski da ke Djibouti Sharif ya lashi takobin kafa gwamnati mai fa'ida, sannan kuma ya gayyaci dukkanin kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai a cikin wannan kasa ta kahon Afirka da ke fama da yaki da su shiga yunkurin sulhu da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke daukar nauyi. Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman a Somaliya, ya yaba da zaben shugaban kasa da aka yi cikin gaskiya. A cikin wata sanarwa da Ould-Abdallah ya fitar, ya ce "A karshe muna ganin ci gaba daga aiki tukuru da dukkan bangarorin ke yi na samar da majalisar dokoki mai hade da juna." Taron kungiyar kasashen Larabawa A watan Maris din shekarar 2009, Sharif ya halarci taron kasashen Larabawa a Bagdad, domin samun goyon bayan yaki da kungiyar Al-Shabaab, da samar da tsaro, zaman lafiya da sulhu. Taron manema labarai tare da Hillary Clinton A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2009, Sharif da Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton, sun gudanar da taron manema labarai na hadin gwiwa a birnin Nairobi na kasar Kenya, inda suka tattauna kan kalubalen da Somaliya ke fuskanta, da kuma yiwuwar samun zaman lafiya, da kwanciyar hankali da sulhu ga Somaliyawa. Cibiyar Dabaru da Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2009, Cibiyar Dabaru da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa (CSIS) a Washington ta dauki nauyin taron shugabanni tare da Sharif kan Somaliya don inganta zaman lafiya ta hanyar hada kai tsakanin kasa da kasa. Jawabin da aka yi a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2009, Sharif ya gabatar da jawabi a wajen babban taron majalisar dinkin duniya karo na 64 a hedkwatar MDD dake birnin New York, kan inganta zaman lafiya, da tsaro, da sulhu da kuma isar da kayayyakin jin kai. Taron Istanbul na Somaliya na 2010 A watan Mayun shekara ta 2010, a taron Istanbul kan Somaliya, babban sakataren MDD Ban Ki-moon ya bayyana cewa, dama ce kawai ta samar da zaman lafiya a Somaliya, ita ce goyon bayan gwamnatin Shariff. Ya bayyana goyon bayansa na musamman ga Sharif da kansa, yana mai cewa yana bukatar ya hau mulki da kuma karfafa shugabancinsa. Jawabin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A ranar 25 ga Satumban shekara ta 2010, jawabin Sharif a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya shafi inganta zaman lafiyar yanki, tsaro da sake gina kasar Somaliya. Nada Farmajo a matsayin Firayim Minista Sharif ya nada tsohon sakataren farko na ofishin jakadancin Somaliya a Washington, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, a matsayin sabon firaministan Somaliya a watan Oktoban 2010 bayan murabus din Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon ya fitar da wata sanarwa inda ya yaba wa shugabannin Somaliyan kan yadda suka cimma matsaya kan tsare-tsare da suka taimaka wajen tabbatar da sabon firaministan na gaskiya da tuntubar juna. Ƙungiyar Al-Shabaab ta janye daga Mogadishu A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, Sharif ya sanar da cewa sojojinsa sun fatattaki 'yan tawaye masu kishin Islama da ke fafutukar hambarar da gwamnatinsa da ke samun goyon bayan kasashen yammacin Turai bayan da kungiyar Al Shabaab ta fara janye mayakan daga Mogadishu babban birnin ƙasar. Kampala Accord Yarjejeniyar Kampala ta kasance yarjejeniya ce da aka yi a Kampala, Uganda bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin rikon kwarya na Jamhuriyar Somaliya don kawowa da kawo karshen rikon gwamnatin rikon kwarya a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan 2011. Shugaban gwamnatin rikon kwarya Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, Hon Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden, shugaban majalisar rikon kwarya, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, shugaban kasar Uganda, da Dr Augustine Mahiga, ne suka sanya hannu a ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2011. Wakilin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ziyarar AMISOM A watan Satumban 2011, Sharif ya ziyarci dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Burundi da ke aiki a kasarsa domin nuna goyon bayansu ga rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Tarayyar Afirka a Somaliya (AMISOM). "Na zo ne domin in kai ziyara ga dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na AMISOM da kuma sojojin Somaliya," shugaban ya fadawa manema labarai kafin ya koma Villa Somalia bayan kammala tarurruka. “Manufar ita ce gano yadda sojoji ke aiki da kuma yadda suke a shirye don taimakawa al’ummar Somaliya da gwamnati. Kamar yadda kuke gani a shirye suke da gaske kuma suna da kwarin gwiwa wajen kawo karshen matsalolin da suka shafi al'ummar Somaliya. Sojojin biyu suna da kyakkyawar alaka ta aiki, kuma muna fatan hadin gwiwarsu zai haifar da nasara ga kasarmu da kawar da makiya." Operation Linda Nchi Operation Linda Nchi ("Kare ƙasar"; Swahili: Linda Nchi) shine sunan aikin haɗin gwiwa na soja tsakanin sojojin Kenya da na Somaliya wanda aka fara a ranar 16 ga Watan Oktoban shekara ta 2011, lokacin da sojoji daga Kenya suka tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa rikici. yankunan kudancin Somaliya. Tattaunawar Kampala A watan Nuwamban 2011, Sharif ya gana da takwaransa na Uganda Yoweri Museveni, inda suka tattauna batun tsaro a Somaliya da kuma yankin gabashin Afirka. Sharif ya samu rakiyar ministoci da ‘yan majalisa da dama. Taron Garoowe A watan Fabrairun 2012, Sharif da wasu jami'an gwamnatin Somaliya sun gana a garin Garowe da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar, domin tattaunawa kan shirye-shiryen siyasa bayan mika mulki. Bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi da ya samu halartar masu ruwa da tsaki na yankin da kuma masu sa ido na kasa da kasa, taron ya kare ne da wata yarjejeniya tsakanin shugaban kasa, firaminista Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, shugaban majalisar dokoki Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan, shugaban Puntland Abdirahman Mohamed Farole, shugaban Galmudug Mohamed Ahmed Alin da Ahlu Sunna Wakilin Waljama’a, Khalif Abdulkadir Noor ya tanadi cewa: a) za a kafa sabuwar majalisar wakilai mai wakilai 225, wadda za ta zama ‘yar majalisa da ta sama mai wakilai 54; b) Kashi 30% na Majalisar Zartarwar Kasa (NCA) an ware mata ne; c) Za a nada shugaban kasa ta hanyar zaben tsarin mulki; d) Shugaban kasa ne ke zabar Firayim Minista sannan ya nada majalisar ministocinsa. Taron London kan Somaliya Sharif yayi magana a taron London kan Somalia a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2012. Sharif ya ce: "Ga dukkan ku da kuka yi iya kokarinku don ganin an kawo karshen wahalhalun da al'ummar Somalia ke ciki, muna so mu ce mun yaba da wannan gagarumin kokari." Sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton, da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon da wakilai daga gwamnatoci sama da 40 sun halarci taron London kan Somaliya, domin tattauna batun sake gina Somaliya da magance matsalar fashin teku, ta'addanci da yunwa. Taron Istanbul na 2012 kan Somaliya A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2012, Sharif da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon sun halarci taron Istanbul kan Somaliya don inganta kokarin sake gina duniya da kuma mara baya ga kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya. Sabon tsarin mulki A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2012, gwamnatin tarayyar Somaliya da shugabannin yankuna sun sake yin taro inda suka amince da daftarin tsarin mulki bayan kwanaki da dama na tattaunawa. A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta ne majalisar dokokin kasar ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, inda kashi 96% suka kada kuri'a, kashi 2% suka ki amincewa da shi, sannan kashi 2% suka ki kada kuri'a. Dubai Charter An gudanar da taron yaki da fashi da makami a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa na biyu a Madinat Jumeirah a Dubai a ranakun 27-28 ga watan Yuni. Ta samu halartar wakilai sama da 400 da suka haɗa da ministocin harkokin waje, hukumar kula da ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da shugabannin masana'antu, kungiyoyin jin kai da masana ilimi. Sharif na gwamnatin rikon kwaryar Somaliya ne ya gabatar da jawabi mai mahimmanci a taron. An kammala taron tare da kira mai karfi na "sakamakon hanya" kan 'yan fashin teku da suka hada da gwamnatocin kasashe, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da kuma masana'antar ruwa ta duniya. A ranar 28 ga watan Yunin 2012, Sharif ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Ahmed Mahamoud Siilaanyo, shugaban yankin 'yan awaren Somaliland a arewa maso yammacin Somaliya. Yarjejeniyar wadda ake yiwa lakabi da Yarjejeniya ta Dubai, ta bukaci a kara samun hadin kai tsakanin sassan siyasa daban-daban na Somalia, kuma wani bangare ne na kokarin sulhuntawa na kasa da kasa baki daya a tsakanin dukkan bangarorin Somaliyan. Shuwagabannin yankunan Puntland da Galmudug masu cin gashin kansu da kuma karamin ministan harkokin wajen Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun halarci rattaba hannun. Zaɓen Shugaban Ƙasa na 2012 Shigar da Sharif ya yi a zaben shugaban kasa da kuma amincewa da sakamakon shan kaye da aka yi masa na nuni da zuwan dimokradiyyar Somalia. An yaba masa bisa yadda aka mika mulki cikin lumana. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka shaida irin wannan aika aika a Somaliya cikin shekaru arba'in. Bayan shugaban ƙasa (2012 yanzu) Ana kiran Sharif da sunan 'Uban Somalia na Zamani' saboda nasarorin da ya samu a wa'adin shugabancinsa. Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2017 A zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 2017, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, wanda Sharif ya nada a matsayin firaminista, ya gaji Hassan Sheikh Mohamud a matsayin shugaban Somaliya A zagaye na biyu kuma na karshe na kuri'un 'yan majalisar, Sharif ya samu kuri'u 45 yayin da Mohamed ya samu kuri'u 185. Himilo Qaran Sharif ya kafa jam'iyyar Himilo Qaran ne a watan Disambar shekara ta 2018 gabanin zaben 2020. A cikin shekara ta 2019 Himilo Qaran ya shiga dandalin jam'iyyun kasa kawancen jam'iyyun siyasar Somaliya. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2019 Himilo Qaran ya shiga kawancen jam'iyyun siyasar Somaliya, dandalin jam'iyyun ƙasa. Dandalin Jam'iyyun Kasa A watan Satumban 2019 Sharif ya kafa Forum for National Parties kawance na jam'iyyun siyasa shida da suka hada da nasa jam'iyyar Himilo Qaran da UPD wadda ita ce jam'iyyar magajinsa Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Kawancen FNP ya hada kan shugabannin kasar domin yin aiki tare domin warware matsalolin siyasa da tsaro na Somaliya. Tun da aka kafa FNP ta yi yakin neman zabe kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka hada da taimakon jin kai, tattaunawa da FGS da kuma tsarin zaben Somaliya Majalisar 'Yan Takarar Shugaban Ƙasa A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2020 aka zabi Sharif a matsayin shugaban majalisar 'yan takarar shugaban kasa, wadda ta taka rawar gani wajen rike gwamnatin Somalia kan yadda za a gudanar da zabe mai zuwa. Jam’iyyar CPC ta dukufa wajen warware batutuwan da suka hada da batun tsaro da tabarbarewar zabe a zaben 2021. Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2021 A watan Janairun shekara ta 2019 Sharif ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a 2021 bisa tikitin jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa Himilo Qaran A yayin da gungun 'yan takarar shugaban kasa 14 suka hadu a Mogadishu don taron kwanaki shida a watan Nuwamba 2020 Majalisar 'Yan takarar Shugaban kasa ta kasance. aka kafa kuma aka zabi Sharif a matsayin shugaba. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Fellowship, Jami'ar Boston Sharif ya ci moriyar haɗin gwiwar tsohon-Shugabannin-In-Residence wanda Jami'ar Boston da ke Massachusetts, Amurka ta fara. Cibiyar Archives da Cibiyar Nazarin Shugabancin Afirka (APARC) ce ke gudanar da karatun. Tana daukar nauyin shirye-shirye da suka hada da muhawara kan manufofin jama'a don fadada ilimin sarkakiya da albarkatu a Afirka. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sharif Sheikh Ahmed shafin Twitter Sharif Sheikh Ahmad Facebook'ta Yarjejeniyar Djibouti Kampala Accord Haifaffun 1966 Rayyayun Mutane Somaliya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30323	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20bauta%20ko%20ibada	Ƴancin bauta ko ibada	'Yancin Bauta ko 'Yancin Ibada shi ne na biyu na Haƙƙin mai 'Yanci Hudu da ɗan wasan Amurka Norman Rockwell ya yi. Jerin ya dogara ne akan manufofin da aka fi sani da 'Yanci Hudu wanda Shugaban Amurka na 32, Franklin D. Roosevelt ya bayyana a cikin Jawabinsa na Ƙungiyar Tarayyar da aka gabatar a ranar 6 ga Janairu, shekarata 1941. Rockwell ya ɗauki wannan zanen da 'Yancin Magana a matsayin mafi nasara a cikin jerin. An buga 'Yancin Bauta a cikin fitowar Fabrairu 27, shekarar 1943 na The Saturday Evening Post tare da wani muqala na masanin falsafa Will Durant Fage 'Yancin Bauta shi ne na biyu na jerin zanen mai guda hudu na Norman Rockwell mai suna Hudu 'Yanci Jawabin Shugaban kasa Franklin D. Roosevelt na Tarayyar ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Majalisar Amurka ta 77 a ranar 6 ga Janairu, shekarata 1941, wanda aka sani da 'Yanci Hudu Daga cikin 'Yanci huɗu, biyu kawai da aka kwatanta a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka su ne 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin yin addini Daga baya an shigar da taken 'Yanci Hudu a cikin sanarwar manufofin Allies Yaƙin Duniya na II, Yarjejeniyar Atlantika, kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Jerin zane-zane ya gudana a kan makonni hudu a jere a cikin Asabar Maraice Post, tare da rubutun daga marubuta masu mahimmanci: 'Yancin Magana (Fabrairu 20), 'Yancin Bauta (Fabrairu 27), 'Yanci daga So (Maris 6) da 'Yanci daga Tsoro (Maris 6). Maris 13). Don rubutun da ke tare da 'Yancin Bauta, Editan Post Ben Hibbs ya zaɓi Durant, wanda ya kasance marubuci mafi kyawun sayar da shi a kololuwar shahararsa. Kuma A lokacin, Durant ya kasance a tsakiyar yin aiki a kan juzu'insa guda goma Labarin Wayewa, wanda aka ba da labarin tare da matarsa, Ariel Durant Will Durant kuma yayi lacca akan tarihi da falsafa. Daga ƙarshe, jerin zane-zanen ya zama yaɗuwa a cikin fosta kuma ya zama kayan aiki a Tushen Yakin Gwamnatin Amurka Bayani Zanen yana nuna bayanan martaba na kawuna takwas a cikin ƙaramin sarari. Adadin mabambantan suna wakiltar mutanen addinai daban-daban a lokacin addu'a. Kuma Musamman ma, adadi uku a jere na ƙasa (dama zuwa hagu): wani mutum da kansa a rufe yana ɗauke da wani littafi na addini wanda Bayahude ne, wata tsohuwar mace mai Furotesta, da wata ƙaramar mace da fuskarta mai haske tana riƙe da beads na rosary wanda yake Katolika A cikin shekarata 1966, Rockwell ya yi amfani da 'Yancin Bauta don nuna sha'awarsa ga John F. Kennedy a cikin wani hoto mai suna JFK's Bold Legacy Aikin yana kwatanta Kennedy a cikin bayanin martaba a cikin wani abu mai kama da 'Yancin Bauta tare da masu sa kai na Peace Corps Production Asalin sigar zanen an saita shi ne a wani shagon aski tare da ma'abota addinai daban-daban da kabilanci duk suna jiran lokacinsu a kan kujerar aski. Ayyukansa na farko shine mai a kan zane mai nuna juriya a matsayin "tushen bambancin addini na dimokuradiyya". Ya hada da wani Bayahude da wani wanzami na Furotesta ke yi masa hidima a matsayin bakar fata da wani limamin cocin Roman Katolika yana jiran hidimar wanzami. Matsalar ita ce zana hotunan addinai da kabilanci da za a iya gane su cikin sauƙi domin an yi yarjejeniya kaɗan a kan yadda ya kamata mai wani addini ya kasance. Duk da haka kuma, yayin da yake ƙoƙari ya fayyace hotunan haruffan ya sami kansa yana yin amfani da wuce gona da iri, musamman ma wadanda ba malamai ba. Sanya mutumin Bayahude ya zama kamar Semitic, yin farar fata abokin ciniki da kuma mayar da baƙar fata zuwa rigar ma'aikacin gona ya rushe aikin ba tare da yin magana a madadin gwamnati ba kamar yadda ya kamata. Taken da Rockwell ya nufa shine juriyar addini, amma yana jin ainihin abin da aka tsara bai yi nasarar yin wannan batu ba. A cikin Yuni Shekarata 1942, Editan Post Ben Hibbs ya zama mai goyan bayan Rockwell's Four Freedom sketches, kuma ya ba Rockwell watanni biyu don kammala ayyukan. A watan Oktoba, Post ɗin ya damu game da ci gaban Rockwell akan 'Yanci huɗu kuma ya aika editan fasahar su zuwa Arlington don kimantawa. A wannan lokacin Rockwell yana aiki akan 'Yancin Bauta, zanensa na biyu a cikin jerin. Rockwell ya shafe watanni biyu (Oktoba da mafi yawan Nuwamba shekarata 1942) akan wannan aikin, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga kalmar "Kowane bisa ga lamirinsa." Maƙwabtansa Arlington, Vermont sun yi aiki a matsayin samfuransa: Watanni uku masu ciki tare da gashinta da aka soke, Rose Hoyt ta fito a matsayin Katolika tare da rosary, ko da yake ta kasance ainihin Furotesta na Cocin Episcopal Sauran samfuran sun kasance Mrs. Harrington, maƙerin Rockwell Walter Squires, matar Squire Clara Squires (a gefen dama), Winfield Secoy, da Jim Martin (tsakiya). Sigarsa ta ƙarshe ta dogara da wasu alamu na gani, gami da rosary da littafin addini. Kuma Aikin ya kasance masu bautar baƙi masu launin fata sun juye a gefuna. Wannan jeri bai girgiza kwale-kwalen da The Post ba wanda har yanzu bai fito da bakar fata a shafukansa ba. Rockwell ya ce ya sanya wa annan kabilun dadi ta hanyar "fasa zanta" fuskar bakar fata a saman; mutumin da ke kasa, tare da fez dinsa, ya kasance bakon baki da zai iya yin laifi." Hoton yana yawan haɓakawa kuma galibi yana yin duhu a cikin haifuwa saboda yana amfani da haɗin launi na launin toka mai laushi, beige da launin ruwan kasa. An yi amfani da fenti a hankali, wanda ke ba da damar saƙa na zane don ba da gudummawa ga hoton. Rockwell ya bayyana cewa yana jin hannu ne na biyu kawai ga shugabanni wajen bayyana labari. Ya ce game da 'Yancin Bauta, "Na dogara ga hannaye kawai don isar da kusan rabin sakon da nake so in rufe." Ƙoƙarin da Rockwell ya yi a kan wannan aikin ya kasance saboda imaninsa cewa addini “batu ne mai matuƙar girma da daɗi. Yana da sauƙi don cutar da mutane da yawa." Mahimman bita Editan bugawa Ben Hibbs ya ce game da Magana da Bauta, "A gare ni su ne manyan takardun ɗan adam a cikin nau'i na fenti da zane. Kyakkyawan hoto, sannan ina tsammanin shine wanda ke motsawa kuma yana ƙarfafa miliyoyin mutane. Hudu 'Yanci yayi kuma ku yi." Walt Disney ya rubuta, "Na yi tunanin [Rockwell's] 'Yanci hudu suna da kyau. Na fi son ‘Yancin Ibada da abin da aka rubuta da kuma alamar da aka bayyana a cikinsa.” Rockwell ya yi imanin cewa 'Yancin Bauta da 'Yancin Magana sune mafi kyawun sakamakonsa a cikin jerin. Laura Claridge ya rubuta cewa kalmar zurfafawa "Kowane bisa ga lamirinsa" shine "launi ne wanda ke nuna yawancin tunanin Rockwell game da addini: mai yiwuwa tushen sa jumla ce da aka haɗa a cikin Sharuɗɗan bangaskiya goma sha uku na Joseph Smith A gaskiya ma, Rockwell ya tambayi abokan aiki akai-akai game da yiwuwar hanyoyin da aka ambata kuma ba a fada ba game da rubuce-rubucen Smith sai bayan an buga jerin. An yi amfani da furcin “bisa ga ra’ayin lamirinsa” (ko kuma makamancin haka) a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihohin Amurka da yawa a ƙarni na sha takwas. Nazari mai mahimmanci na zanen ya nuna cewa wasu masu yin wasu addinai na musamman sun ji takaici saboda karbuwar dukan addinai da aka bayyana a cikin 'Yancin Addini Claridge yana jin hakamatse fuska har ma da crepey fata a kan tsofaffi hannuwa, wanda ya zama abubuwan ibada, tura jigo a kan gefen daga manufa haƙuri cikin gooey jin, inda bambance-bambancen mutum ze fyauce a cikin wani lokacin sihiri na dispensation daga Haske. Ƙuntataccen da ake buƙata ta fasaha wanda ke hulɗa da haɓakar motsin rai ya rasa. Claridge ya bayyana cewa sigar da ta gabata ta kasance "tsabtace, mai ban sha'awa ba ta da kyau, ba tare da la'akari da babban abun ciki ba. Kuma An yi fenti mai kyau har ma a matakin zanen mai na farko." Murray da McCabe sun lura cewa aikin ya bambanta daga "salon labarun" wanda aka san Rockwell da shi. Deborah Sulemanu ta ɗauki zanen a matsayin mafi ƙarancin gamsarwa a cikin jerin saboda tana jin yana cike da cunkoso kuma yana ɗan “dawafi”. Maureen Hart Hennessey, sannan babban mai kula da Gidan Tarihi na Norman Rockwell, da mai kula da Anne Knutson sunyi la'akari da sikelin hoton wanda kawai ke nuna kawunansu da hannayensu a cikin addu'a a matsayin mai rushewa. Bruce Cole na Jaridar Wall Street Journal ya lura cewa “hoton da Rockwell ya yi na fuskokin kusa-kusa da hannaye da aka ɗaga cikin addu’a ba laifi ba ne, ba tare da wani saƙo na gaske game da ’yancin addini ba—kuma, ba zato ba tsammani. Domin kuwa imani, sannan kamar rashin tsoro da rashin buqata, shi ne ainihin sirri, wani abu ne na sirri, wanda ba shi da ma’ana kuma maras misali.” Sauran A cikin 2018 Sharon Brous, da sauransu, ya kasance a kan murfin Lokaci murfin ya dogara ne akan wannan zanen. Bayanan kula
33020	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%20Fox	Ashley Fox	Sir Ashley Fox (an haife shine a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, 1969). ɗan siyasa ne na Jam'iyyar Conservative daga Biritaniya. Ya kasance memba ne na Majalisar Turai (MEP) na Kudu West England Gibraltar. Ya kasance shugaban masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a majalisar Turai daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2019. Yana shugabantar hukumar sa ido mai zaman kanta kan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. Rayuwa da tarihi Yayi karatu a The King's School, Worcester, Fox ya yi karatun shari'a a Bristol Polytechnic kafin ya yi aiki na tsawon shekara guda a matsayin mataimakiyar Turanci a Faransa. Ya dauki wasan karshe na lauyoyinsa a Chester College of Law. Bayan kammala labaransa, ya cancanci zama lauya a 1994. Kafin a zabe shi a matsayin MEP, Fox ya yi aiki na shekaru 15 a matsayin lauya a Bristol, wanda ya ƙware a shari'ar da ta shafi inshora. Ya kasance abokin kasuwancin Badhams Thompson nekuma abokin kasuwancin Morgan Cole. Daga 1998 zuwa 2000 Fox ya kasance shugaban Bristol West Conservative Association. Ya tsaya a matsayin dan takara karkashin jam'iyyar Conservative a yankin Bath a babban zabe a 2001. A shekara ta 2002 an zabe shi a matsayin kansilan Westbury-on-Trym a majalisar birnin Bristol, mukamin da ya rike tsawon shekaru 8. An nada shi matsayin Knight Bachelor a karramawar murabus na Theresa May a kan 10 Satumba 2019. Fox yana rayuwa a Bristol tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa biyu. A Majalisar Tarayyar Turai An fara zaben Fox a matsayin dan Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2009 kuma an sake zabe shi a shekara ta 2014 kafin ya rasa matsayinsa a 2019. Fox ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami’in Kungiyar Masu Ra’ayin rikau da Sauyi ta Turai (ECR) 2010-2014 kafin a zabe shi Jagoran Wakilan Conservative na Burtaniya daga watan Nuwamba 2014 mukamin da ya rike har zuwa karshen wa’adinsa. A wa'adinsa na farko ne (2009-14) Fox ya yi aiki a kan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki Kuɗi, Kasuwar Cikin Gida da Kwamitocin Al'amuran Tsarin Mulki. A cikin wa'adinsa na biyu (2014-19) ya yi aiki a kan Masana'antu, Bincike Makamashi, Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi, da kwamitocin Al'amuran tsare-tsaren Mulki. Shi ne jagoran kamfen na Burtaniya a Kamfe na ‘One Seat Campaign’. Wannan wani yunƙuri ne na Jam'iyyar don kawar da tsadar al'adar Majalisar Turai ta ƙaura daga Brussels zuwa Strasbourg kowane wata. A wani bangare na wannan kamfen ya hada hannu da rubuta rahoton Fox-Hafner wanda ya samu goyon baya da yawa kuma ya canza matsayin majalisar ya amince da samun kujera daya a Brussels. Wannan zai buƙaci canji ga Yarjejeniyar Turai a lokacin da za su sake dubawa. A tsakanin 2011/2012 Fox ya kasance mai ba da rahoto kan Gudanar da Kamfanoni a Cibiyoyin Kuɗi. A shekarar 2016 ya kasance mai ba da rahoto na inuwa don Lakabi Ingantaccen Makamashi. A shekara ta 2018 Fox shine mai ba da rahoto kan Rahoton Crowdfunding. Rahotonsa na ƙarshe a watab Janairu 2019 ya kasance kan buƙatu don Cikakken Tsarin Masana'antu na Turai akan Haƙiƙanin Fasaha da Robotics. A lokacin zamansa a majalisar Fox ya yi yakin neman zabe kan batutuwa da dama kuma ya taimaka wajen tafiyar da dokokin majalisar. Ya goyi bayan ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa haɓaka sabbin fasahohin kuɗi kamar sarkar block da fintech. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan ciniki cikin 'yanci, inda ya kada kuri'ar amincewa da yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tsakanin Tarayyar Turai da sauran hukumomi kamar Canada, Koriya ta Kudu da Japan. Ya yi adawa da yunkurin kara kasafin kudin Tarayyar Turai yana mai imani cewa EU na bukatar nuna alhakin kasafin kudi maimakon ci gaba da neman karin kudade daga kasashe mambobin kungiyar. Ya yi adawa da yadda kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ke ci gaba da kutsawa a hankali, musamman ma ya nuna adawa da kokarin da Tarayyar Turai ke yi na ba da ikon kafa haraji. Ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan dalilai na jindadin dabbobi da yawa kamar yaƙi da safarar ɗan kwikwiyo kuma ya goyi bayan Dogs Trust UK da BirdLife Malta a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na farautar tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. Ya kasance Jagoran Kungiyar Innovation na Majalisar Turai 2017-19. A Kudu maso Yamma Gibraltar Fox yayi ayyuka da dam a duk faɗin Kudu maso Yamma akan batutuwa masu yawa daga noma da muhalli zuwa masana'antu da kasuwanci. Ya goyi bayan masu sana'ar sarrafa cider na yankin a kan yunƙurin da Tarayyar Turai ke yi na sanya ƙarin haraji kan masu sana'ar. Hakazalika ya goyi bayan mazauna Arewacin Somerset a kan tsare-tsaren da Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta yi na matsar da barikin kula da teku nisan mil mil zuwa cikin ƙasa don haifar da ramukan gishiri da laka tsakanin Clevedon da Kewstoke. Wannan da zai haifar da ambaliya da gangan na filayen noma. Ya nuna adawa da shirin gina wata tashar iska daga gabar tekun Jurassic a Dorset bisa hujjar cewa zai lalata masana'antar yawon bude ido na cikin gida. Daga karshe gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi watsi da shawarar. Fox ya kasance daya daga cikin masu adawa kwarai da hakan. Ya yi yunƙurin kawo sauyi game da Dokokin Kamun Kifi na tare da tallafawa ƙoƙarin taimakawa masana'antar sarrafa kifi a yankin. Bugu da kari Fox ya ziyarci Gibraltar akai-akai don ganawa da wakilan Gwamnati, 'yan kasuwa da jama'a. Ya kasance mai cikakken yarda ga haƙƙin Gibraltarians don ƙayyade makomarsu. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na Ashley Fox Yanar Gizo na Ashley Fox MEP Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29973	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99i%20da%20dan%27adam	Haƙƙoƙi da dan'adam	Hakkoki da Dan Adam Farfesa Julia Häusermann MBE ne ya kafa ko assasa haƙƙoƙi da Ɗan Adam a cikin shekara ta 1986. Tarihi An kafa shi a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙarƙashin dokar Switzerland, Haƙƙoƙi da Bil'adama imani ne da yawa da al'adu da yawa ta hanyar falsafa, tsari da aiki. Jigon sa shine dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa da ka'idodin ɗan adam-dabi'un da aka raba tsakanin addinai da al'adu tare suna ba da tsarin doka da ƙa'idar ɗabi'a don ayyukan duniya don ci gaba. Tsari An bayyana tsarinsa a matsayin cikakke da haɗin kai, neman ci gaba maimakon zargi, tare da da'a na haɗin gwiwa. A cikin shekarata 2003, majibincin ƙungiyar da wasu shugabannin duniya sun rattaba hannu kan 'Hakkoki da Ka'idodin Nauyin Dan Adam'. inganta tattalin arziki da adalci ta hanyar tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a aikace a matsayin ginshiƙi na zaman lafiya[clarify\| date=Satumba shekarata 2021}}, maimakon lura da take haƙƙin ɗan adam haɓaka ilimi a cikin haƙƙin ɗan adam da alhakin, zaman lafiya da dorewa a manufofin jama'a, kamfanoni, ƙwararru da rayuwar yau da kullun. Hakkoki da Bil'adama suna da tashar YouTube tare da gajerun bidiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ke bayyana nasarorin da suka samu. Nasarorin da aka samu A cikin shekaru a ƙalla 30 da suka gabata, Hakkoki da Bil Adama, a cewar wanda ya kafa ta, sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara manufofi da ayyuka na duniya, ta hanyar haɗe da "hanyar haƙƙin ɗan adam". An zabi mayar da hankali kan batutuwa daban-daban na ranar, ciki har da HIV/AIDS, talauci, lafiya, ruwa da tsafta, dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani, 'yancin al'adu, hadaddun gaggawa da rikicin kuɗi na duniya. Ga kowane batu Hakki da Dan Adam: ya tara masu ruwa da tsaki na jama'a, masu zaman kansu da na jama'a don nazarin batutuwa, gano sauye-sauyen da suka dace da kuma daukar dabaru na bai daya yana ƙarfafa aiwatar da dabarun da aka amince da su ta hanyar shawarwarin manufofi ga hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ayyukan gwaji, ilimi, da horar da kwararru. Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a duniya sun amince da "hanyar kare hakkin bil'adama don ci gaba" wanda haƙƙin haƙƙin bil'adama da 'yan Adam suka fara. Kungiyar ta nuna yadda nuna wariya da wariya ke daga cikin tushen talauci da rashin lafiya da za a iya hanawa. Kuma Ƙididdiga sun tabbatar da cewa wannan hanyar tana ceto da inganta miliyoyin rayuka a duniya. Hakkoki da Bil Adama sun warware matsalar da ke tsakanin gwamnatoci kan wasu batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar waɗanda ke tsakanin: Jihohin Yamma/Arewaci da Gabas/Kudu kafin taron Duniya kan Haqqoqin Dan Adam, Vienna, shekarata 1993, don samar da yarjejeniya ta duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan Adam na[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> duniya. Jihohin Musulunci da na Yamma a wajen taron mata na duniya karo na hudu, da aka yi a nan birnin Beijing, a shekarar 1995, don tabbatar da cewa 'yan mata masu tasowa sun samu bayanai da ayyukan kiwo[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]n lafiya. Wakilan Isra'ila da Larabawa a gaban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan wariyar launin fata, Durban, a shekarata 2001, don cimma yarjejeniya tare da duka ta'addanci na Holocaust da wahalar da al'ummar <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]Palasdinu. Misalai Wasu misalan Jagorancin Hakki da Tunanin Dan Adam sun haɗa da: bisa bukatar Firayim Minista na Burtaniya na lokacin, yana ɗaukar shawarwari don Adalci kuma Mai Dorewa Tattalin Arzikin Duniya a taron Shugabannin Duniya na shirye-shiryen taron G20 na London (2009) cimma yarjejeniya kan Kira don Aiki a Babban Taron Shugabannin Duniya na 2 mai taken "Maganin Duniya ga Kalubalen Duniya: Yi tunani, Haɗin kai, Dokar" (2011)[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Ma'aikata da ma'aikata Kasashen duniya sun hada da: Dalai Lama, Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu, Prince Hassan bin Talal, Dadi Janki Convenor na Brahma Kumaris World Ruha University, Sir Sigmund Sternberg Majiɓincin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Mata da Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa: Misis Cherie Blair Shugaba: Farfesa Julia Häusermann MBE
57865	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba%20of%20Benin	Oba of Benin	Oba na Benin shi ne sarkin gargajiya kuma mai kula da al'adun mutanen Edo da dukkan mutanen Edoid.Masarautar Benin ta wancan lokacin(kada a ruɗe da Jamhuriyar Benin ta zamani kuma ba ta da alaƙa,wadda a lokacin ake kira Dahomey )ta ci gaba da zama mafi yawan mutanen Edo(wanda aka sani da kabilar Benin). A cikin shekarar 1897,rundunar sojan Burtaniya mai kimanin mutane 1,200 karkashin jagorancin Sir Harry Rawson suka hau balaguron azabtarwa na Benin.An aike da rundunar ne a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga wani harin kwantan bauna da wata jam’iyyar Birtaniya ta yi,a kauyen Ugbine da ke kusa da Gwato a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 1897 da wasu gungun sojojin Benin da ke aiki ba tare da umarnin Oba ba;harin kwanton bauna ya yi sanadin mutuwar dukkan ‘yan jam’iyyar ta Burtaniya in ban da biyu.Dakarun Burtaniya sun kwace babban birnin kasar Benin,inda suka kori tare da kona birnin yayin da suka tilasta wa Oba na Benin, Ovonramwen gudun hijira na watanni shida.Rundunar ta kunshi sojojin kasar da kuma jami'an Birtaniya da ke da sansani a lokacin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya.An siyar da kayayyakin fasaha da yawa(wanda aka fi sani da Benin Bronzes )da aka wawashe daga fadar birnin don karya farashin balaguron. Ovonramwen ya mutu a cikin 1914, ba a sake mayar masa da kursiyinsa ba. Amma dansa,jikansa da kuma jikansa, duk da haka,sun kiyaye kambunsu da matsayinsu na sarakunan gargajiya a Najeriya ta zamani. Jerin sunayen Obas na Masarautar Benin Pre-Daular Benin (1180-1440) Eweka I (1180 1246) Uwuakhuahen (1246 1250) Henmihen (1250 1260) Ewedo (1260 1274) Oguola (1274 1287) Edoni (1287 1292) Akang Udagbedo (1296 1329) Ohen Egbeka (1366 1397) Orobiru (1397 1434) Uwaifiokun (1434 1440) Source: Daular Benin (1440 1897) Akwai rashin tabbas a zamanin mulkin wasu daga cikin sarakunan mayaka na farko Ewuare I (1440 1473) Ezoti (1473 1474) Olua (1475 1480) Ozolua (1480 1504) Esigie (1504 1547) Orhogbua (1547 1580) Ehengbuda (1580 1602) Ohuan (1602 1656) Ohenzae (1656-1675) Akenkpaye (1675 1684) Akengbedo (1684 1689) Ore-Oghene (1689 1701) Ewuapen (1701 1712) Ozuere (1712 1713) Akenzua I (1713 1740) Eresoyen (1740 1750) Akengbuda (1750 1804) Obanosa (1804 1816) Ogbe (1816) Osemwende (1816 1848) Adolo (1848 1888) Ovonramwen Nogbaisi (1888 1897) Source: Bayan daular Benin Eweka II (1914 1933) Akenzua II (1933 1978) Erediauwa (1979 2016) Ewuare II (2016 yanzu) Source: Duba kuma Iyoba of Benin Ogiso Akinzuwa II Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Harkar Raya Afirka Kamfen na dawowar tagulla na Benin Labarun sarauta a cikin tagulla Tarin Multimedia Tsarin Samun Jama'a, Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, 2000. An shiga 6 Satumba 2006. "Obas da ya mulki Benin bayan daular Ogiso" Edofolks Jerin Obas na Benin Benin Kingdom Obas 1200AD Kwanan wata (tare da hotuna) {source Edoworld} Tsarin sarautar Benin {source Edoworld} Benin Traditional Temple and Cultural Center ga duniya Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection, wani kundin nuni daga The Metropolitan Museum of Art (cikakken samuwa a kan layi kamar PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa a kan Obas na Benin da
15794	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oludamola%20Osayomi	Oludamola Osayomi	Oludamola Bolanle ("Damola") Osayomi (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1986 a garin Ilesha, jihar Osun ƴar tseren Najeriya ce wanda ta ƙware a tseren mita (100) da mita (200) Ta ci lambar zinare sau hudu a Gasar Afirka a Wasannin motsa jiki kuma ta lashe lambar azurfa tare da Najeriya a tseren mita (4 100) a Gasar Olympics ta Beijing a shekarar (2008). Ta kuma lashe (100) da (200 m )tsere a Wasannin All-Africa na shekarar (2007). Mafi kyawun nasarar ta na( 100 m ne 10.99) an saita shi a São Paulo a cikin shekarar (2011). Ta yi karatun harkokin kasuwanci a jami'ar Texas da ke El Paso kuma ta wakilci makarantar a wasannin guje-guje a shekara ta 2006). Ita ce asalin nasarar( 100 m) a Wasannin Commonwealth na shekarar( 2010 am ma an cire sunan ta kuma aka dakatar da ita bayan gwajin da akayi mata na ta'ammali da miyagun ƙwayoyi ya nuna tabbacin cewa tana yi. Ayyuka Wasan Osayomi na farko da ta buga wa Najeriya wasa ya zo ne a Gasar Matasa ta Duniya a shekarar (2003 inda ta kasance wasan kusa da na karshe a duka( 100 m da 200 mita). Ta fara shiga manyan gasanni a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Nigeria na wasan gudun ba da gudun mita (4 100 na Najeriya. A karon farko da ta fara wasannin Olympics, kungiyar ta zo ta bakwai a wasan karshe na mata a gasar Olympics ta Athens na shekarar( 2004) kuma kungiyar ta maimaita wancan matsayin a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta shekarar (2005) a shekara mai zuwa. Osayomi ta nuna kanta daban-daban a Wasannin All-Africa na( 2007 ta hanyar daukar (100/200 m) lambar zinare ninki biyu kafin taimakawa kungiyar wasan nishadi zuwa lambar azurfa A duniyarta 100 m na farko a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta shekarar (2007) a guje-guje, ta yi nasarar zuwa zagayen karshe (wanda ya kare na takwas) kuma ya zama zakara na( 11).15 dakika a cikin heats. Matan Najeriya ba su kai ga wasan karshe ba a wannan karon. Ta buɗe lokacin cikin gida na shekarata (2008) tare da mafi kyawun mutum na( 7.19) dakika a cikin mita (60) kuma ta kare a matsayi na shida a wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin cikin gida ta duniya IAAF na shekarar( 2008). A Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka a shekarar (2008) ta zama zakara na biyu a Nahiyar, inda ta ci zinare a cikin (100 m mutum da tsere gudun, tare da karɓar lambar tagulla a cikin (200 m). Gwanaye biyu na kanka sun zo a Gasar Najeriya ta waccan shekarar, kamar yadda tayi iƙirarin 100 m suna a cikin (11.08) dakika (kuma rikodin haɗuwa) kuma ya ci (200 m a cikin( 22.74) sakan (rabin sakan gaba da Gloria Kemasuode wacce ta zo ta biyu Wannan ya ba ta damar wakiltar Najeriya a gasar wasannin bazara ta shekarar (2008) a Beijing Ta kasance (100 m) kusa da karshe kuma( 200 m kwata fainal Tare da Kemasuode, Agnes Osazuwa da Ene Franca Idoko ita ma ta shiga cikin( 4 100 m) gudun ba da sanda A zagayen farko na zafinsu sun sanya na huɗu kuma sun kai ga ƙarshe a matsayin waɗanda basu cancanta ba cikin sauri. Osazuwa ta maye gurbinsa tare da Halimat Ismaila don kungiyar ta karshe kuma sun tsere zuwa lokacin (43.04) akan, inda ta ɗauki matsayi na uku da lambar tagulla a bayan Rasha da Belgium. A shekarar( 2016), kungiyar ta Rasha ba ta cancanta ba kuma ta kwace lambar zinare saboda keta haddin doping da daya daga cikin 'yan tseren na Rasha, Yuliya Chermoshanskaya ya yi, wanda hakan ya inganta Najeriya ga matsayin lambar azurfa. Ba ta kasance cikin tsari iri ɗaya ba a cikin kakar shekarar( 2009): an kawar da ita a matakin zafi na tsere da kuma ba da gudunmawa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta shekarar( 2009) a gasar da kuma mafi kyaun lokutanta na (11.31) da( 23.41) dakikoki, duka an saita su a Wasannin FBK, sun yi jinkiri sosai fiye da shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin shekara ta (2011) lokutan da suka fi sauri a cikin shekara sun zo ne a Gasar Afirka ta Wasanni a shekarar (2010) inda ta ci (200 m) ta ɗauki (100 m) tagulla, kuma ta kafa tarihin Championship a cikin relay tare da Blessing Okagbare An zaɓe ta ne don wakiltar Afirka a gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afirka na shekarar (2010) da kuma bin matsayi na biyar a cikin (200 m) ta ci lambar yabo ta tagulla a cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi manyan mutane( 100 m) masu tsere daga Gasar Afirka Ruddy Zang Milama ta Gabon da 'yan uwanta Osazuwa da Okagbare). A Wasannin Commonwealth na shekarar (2010) a New Delhi, Osayomi ta lashe tseren mita (100 )na mata amma ta rasa lambar zinare bayan samfurin B da ta yi gwajin tabbatacce na methylhexanamine, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya shi cikin jerin haramtattun Agencyan Hukumar hana Antiarfafa pingarfafa pingwayoyi Abin ban haushi, kafin a dakatar da ita ta ce: "Ban san dalilin da ya sa suke barin mutane su shiga gasar ba idan ba za su iya bin ka'idoji ba." Nasarori Mafi nasarorin ta Mita 60 7.19 s (2008, cikin gida) Mita 100 10.99 s (2011, São Paulo (IDCM)) Mita 200 22.74 s (2008, Abuja) Manazarta Ƴan tsere a
26888	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Libya	Sinima a Libya	Sinimar Libya ta kasance tana da tarihi daban daban. Ko da yake an sami ƙarancin samar da fina-finai na gida a Italiyar Libya da Masarautar Libya, wasan cinema ya zama sanannen wurin nishaɗi. Tun daga shekarar 1973 Muammar Gaddafi ya yi ƙoƙarin sarrafa fina-finai. Ko da yake ya karfafa gwiwar yin fim na cikin gida, toshewar da ya yi na cin fina-finan kasashen waje ya sa an rufe gidajen sinima. A cikin rashin zaman lafiya bayan shekara ta 2011 a Libya, fatan sake dawowa da cinema na Libya tare da rashin kayan aiki. Sinima kafin 1967 Fim na farko da aka fara dauka a kasar Libya shi ne shirin da Faransa ta yi a 1910, Les habitants du desert de Lybie. Italiya, a matsayinta na mulkin mallaka, ta yi wasu gajerun shirye-shirye game da Libya. Libya faɗace-faɗace a lokacin yakin duniya na II aka rufe a Birtaniya, Jamus da kuma Italian newsreels Bayan yakin, kamfanonin mai da hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa sun yi fim ɗin lokaci-lokaci. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1951, Masarautar Libiya ta yi wasu gajerun fina-finai game da Leptis Magna don karfafa yawon shakatawa. Amma duk da haka Libya ta kasance matalauta kuma an sami karancin shirya fina-finai a kasar. A shekarar 1959 Ma’aikatar Labarai da Guildance ta kafa sashen fina-finai, inda ta zagaya kasar da faifan bidiyo da labarai na milimita 16, kuma ma’aikatar ilimi da ilmantarwa ta shirya wasu fina-finai na ilimi. Duk da ƙarancin samar da fina-finai, cin fim ya shahara sosai a matsayin nishaɗi. An kafa fim ɗin farko na ƙasar tun a shekara ta 1908, ko da yake an ba da rahoton rugujewa bayan mamayar Italiya a Libiya a 1911. Italiyanci sun kafa gidajen sinima, galibi amma ba don masu sauraron Italiya kawai ba, a cikin manyan biranen Libya. Daga shekarun 1940 har zuwa tsakiyar 1960s, Libya tana alfahari da yawan gidajen sinima: a kusa da 14 ko 20 a Tripoli, kuma kusan 10 a Benghazi. Cinema a Tripoli sun hada da filin wasa na Arena Giardino da kuma gidan sinima na Royal, wanda Gaddafi zai canza sunan Al-Shaab (The People). Sinima ƙarƙashin Gaddafi Gaddafi ya hau mulki a shekarar 1969. Ya ɗauki fina-finan waje tare da tuhuma, game da su a matsayin mulkin mallaka na al'adun Amurka. A baya fina-finan da aka yi a Libya su ne na masu shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje fina-finai kamar Albert Herman 's 1942 A Yank in Libya ko Guy Green ta 1958 Tekun Yashi Fim ɗin farko na Libya, Abdella Zarok na baki-da-fari Lokacin da Fate Hardens Destiny is Hard ya fito a 1972. A cikin 1973 aka kafa Babban Majalisar Cinema, don ɗaukar ikon yin fim da ginin sinima a Libya. An mayar da fina-finan ƙasashen waje zuwa Larabci, kuma ana bukatar su bi tsarin al'adun gwamnati, hade da dokokin addini da kishin ƙasa. Yawancin fina-finai da aka yi a gida sun kasance raye-raye, kuma an inganta yanayin zamantakewa a matsayin manufa don fina-finai na almara. Babban Majalisar Cinema ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa shekarar 2010. Ya yi rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce, a kusa da gajerun fina-finai 20-25, kuma ya taimaka tallafawa ƴan fina-finan fasalin da aka yi a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980. Gaddafi ya yi amfani da ikon kai tsaye kan shirya fina-finai. Misali, ya sanya ido kan sakin wani fim da Kasem Hwel, mai neman Layla al-Amiriya ya yi Gaddafi ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finan Masar. A tsakiyar shekarun 1970 ne gwamnati ta kara daukar nauyin duk gidajen sinima kai tsaye, tare da hana shigo da fina-finai, sannan aka fara rufe gidajen sinima. Tare da Kuwait da Maroko, gwamnatin Gadaffi ta ɗauki nauyin labarin fim na shekarar 1976 da Mustafa Akkad ya yi game da haihuwar Musulunci, Saƙo Duk da haka, yawancin ƙasashen Larabawa ba za su nuna fim ɗin ba, kuma ya haifar da Ƙungiyar Islama ta kewaye gine-ginen ofisoshin uku a Washington, DC Akkad's Lion of the Desert (1981), wanda gwamnatin Gadaffi ta ba da kuɗi, wani fim ne na tarihi wanda ya nuna. da makiyayi shugaban Omar Mukhtar juriya a kan Italian mulkin mallaka na Libya An tace fim ɗin a Italiya har zuwa 2009. A cikin shekarata 2009 an sanar da cewa ɗan Gaddafi, al-Saadi Gaddafi, yana ba da kuɗin tallafin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke da hannu wajen tallafawa fina -finan Hollywood kamar The Experiment (2010) da Warewa (2011). A cikin shekarar 2009-2010 kamfanonin ƙasashen waje sun amince su sake gyara da bude gidajen sinima da gidajen sinima na Libya. Duk da haka, juyin juya halin 2011 ya haifar da wannan aikin ya tsaya, kuma an sace yawancin kayan aiki. Sinima daga 2011 Bayan faduwar Gaddafi, an yi sha'awar sake tabbatuwar fina-finan Libiya na kanta. Duk da haka, an kawo cikas ga sake dawo da gidajen sinima ta hanyar fada da adawar Islama. Matasan masu yin fina-finai na Libya sun fara yin gajeren fina-finai, tare da goyon baya daga Majalisar Biritaniya da Cibiyar Nazarin Labaran Scotland. Bukukuwan fina-finai a Tripoli da Benghazi sun shahara amma masu kishin Islama sun kai hari. An kafa bikin Fim na Bahar Rum na Duniya don Takardun Takaddun Takaddun Takaddun Takaddun da Gajerun Fina-finai a cikin shekarar 2012. A cikin 2013 an kafa kulob na cinema cikin basira a cikin ginshiƙi na gidan kayan fasaha na Tripoli. A shekara ta 2015 gidan fim guda ne kawai ya rage a Tripoli, wurin da maza kawai ke ba da fina-finai ga ƴan bindigar da ke iko da birnin. A watan Disamba na shekarata 2017 Erato Festival, an kaddamar da bikin fina-finai na fina-finai na kare hakkin bil'adama a Tripoli An bude shi da Docudrama Jasmine na Almohannad Kalthoum. Manazarta Sinima a Afrika
27490	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Talabijin%20ta%20Najeriya	Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya	Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) mallakin gwamnatin Najeriya ce kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryenta ne na kasuwanci. Asali anfi saninshi da Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya (NTV), an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin shekarar 1977 tare da mallakin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ƙasa, bayan karɓar gidajen telebijin na yanki da hukumomin gwamnatin soja suka yi a shekara ta 1976. Bayan raguwar sha'awa daga jama'a a cikin shirye-shiryen da gwamnati ke tasiri, sai aka rasa mallakar shi ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a cikin 1990s. NTA ita ce ke gudanar da gidan talabijin mafi girma a Najeriya tare da tashoshi a yankuna da dama na ƙasar. Ana kallon sa a matsayin "sahihiyar murya" ta gwamnatin Najeriya. Tarihi Tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye na farko a Najeriya Gidan talabijin na farko a Najeriya, Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gwamnatin Yammacin Najeriya (WNTV) ya fara watsa labarai a ranar 31 ga Oktoba shekara ta 1959. Shugabanta na farko shi ne Olapade Obisesan, wani lauya da aka horar a Burtaniya kuma dan Akinpelu Obisesan, wani dan kishin zamantakewar Ibadan kuma shugaban farko na Bankin Hadin Kan Najeriya. Vincent Maduka, tsohon injiniya, ya kasance Babban Manaja. An kafa shi ne a Ibadan, yana mai da shi tashar watsa shirye-shirye ta farko a Afirka mai zafi, kodayake yawancin sassan arewacin Afirka suna da tashoshin telebijin. A watan Maris na na shekara ta1962, aka kafa Rediyo-Talabijin Kaduna Rediyon Kaduna (RKTV). An kafa shi ne a Kaduna kuma Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewacin Najeriya ne ke aiki da shi. RKTV ya kuma bayar da labarai ga jihohin arewa ta tsakiya; ta bude sababbin tashoshi a Zariya a watan Yulin 1962 da kuma kano a watan Fabrairun 1963. Daga baya a shekarar 1977, an sake sanya masa suna zuwa NTV-Kaduna. A watan Afrilun a shekara ta 1962, aka kafa Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya (NBC) a matsayin sabis na mallakar gwamnatin tarayya wanda ke da cibiya a cikin garin Legas, yana watsa shirye-shirye zuwa jihohin kudu maso yamma. An kafa MidWest TV a cikin 1972 a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen TV na Fatakwal Gwamnatin jihar ce ke gudanar da shi a Benin Tashar Talabijin ta haɗin gwiwa Benuwai da Filato (BPTV) an kafa ta a 1974 tare da hedkwata a Jos Ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ta fara watsa labaran launi na dindindin dindindin a Afirka. Rarraba gwajin launi ta fara ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1975. Daga baya aka sake sanya BPTV a matsayin NTV-Jos. An kafa NTA a 1977. Zuwa watan Mayu 1977 dukkan masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin a jihar da aka lissafa a sama sun kasance haɗe kuma an sake sanya su a matsayin Talbijin na Najeriya (NTV) kuma mallakar Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya ce. Obisesan da Makuda sun ci gaba a matsayin shugaba da Janar Manaja na NTA. Ya zuwa shekarar 1979, NTA ta kai kusan kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Nijeriya. Shirye-shiryen farko 1977-1990: Sadarwar da aka samar a cikin gida Shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo kamar silsilar da jerin abubuwan tarihi sun kasance da wuya a gidajen telebijin na yanki kafin a kafa NTA a 1977. Shirye-shiryen TV kamar su Musa Olaiya na Alawada a WNTV (daga baya NTA Ibadan), Shugaban Kauyen da Hotel de Jordan akan NTA Benin sun samu yaɗuwa sosai bayan hadewar. Baya ga waɗannan sanannun wasan kwaikwayon, akwai ƙaramin abun asali na asali a cikin jerin shirye-shirye masu ban mamaki yayin ƙarni na 1970s. Zuwa 1980, lokacin da sabuwar hanyar sadarwa ta NTA ta karɓe tashoshin watsa labarai mallakar ƙasar a cikin ƙasar, an yi wani ƙoƙarin haɗa ƙarfi don kara ingancin abubuwan da ake samarwa a cikin gida. NTA ta fara bayar da tallafi ga samar da sanannun shirye-shiryen sadarwar kasar gaba ɗaya kamar su Tales da Moonlight, Cockcrow at Dawn, da Mirror in the Sun a farkon shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1982, wasan kwaikwayo da gidan talbijin na NTA Sakkwato suka samar, Moment of Truth ce ta sami kyauta a bikin na biyar na URTNA da aka gudanar a Algiers Don haɓaka sha'awa ga abubuwan watsa shirye-shirye na asali daga masana'antun Najeriya, cibiyar sadarwar ta sanya rufin watsa shirye-shirye na 20% don warewa ga shirye-shiryen ƙasashen waje, a lokacin lokacin da kuɗin sayan waɗannan shirye-shiryen ya yi ƙasa da waɗanda ake samarwa a cikin gida. Cockcrow at Dawn, wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na tallata harkar noma wanda UBA ta dauki nauyinsa kuma Peter Igho ne ya shirya shi, wanda ya jagoranci kyautar lambar yabo ta Moment of Truth, ta zama daya daga cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo na farko da aka watsa a kasa baki daya a Najeriya. Koyaya, an ɗan gajarta saboda "cututtukan tsarin gwamnati". Acada Campus, wani shiri da Bode Sowande ya shirya, shima bai daɗe ba. Wadannan jerin an same su sosai saboda albarkatun NTA akan watsa labarai. A cikin 1980s, an inganta jerin shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu a kan hanyar sadarwar. Na farko shi ne Iskar Laolu Ogunniyi a kan Rana, sai kuma Mai Kyau ko Mummuna da kuma Madarar Lola Fani Kayode a Rana Na baya-bayan nan, wanda aka samar a shekarar 1983, ya samu karbuwa daga masu suka, amma an katse watsa shirye-shiryensa bayan shekaru biyu saboda rashin tallafin kudi. A tsakiyar 1980s, wani rukuni na wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu ya mamaye iska, gami da gajeren gajere Bayan Giza-gizai da Juyawa A cikin shekara ta 1984, NTA ta fara watsa Labarai/Tatsuniya a (Moonlight), shirin yara wanda ke ba da labarun al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar tana watsa shirye-shiryen Adelia Onyedibia na Chinua Achebe 's Things Fall Apart a 1986. Har ila yau, hanyar sadarwar ta haɓaka fitattun jerin abubuwan barkwanci a wannan lokacin kamar Sabon Masquerade da Ken Saro Wiwa 's Basi and Company Ɗaya daga cikin farkon wasan kwaikwayo na cibiyar sadarwar shine gida mai no. 13 (1984) tare da Wale Ogunyemi wani gidan zama mai gamsar da zamantakewa da zamantakewar 'ƴan Najeriya. Basi and Company, wani jerin wasan barkwanci da aka yaba da wanda ke nuna Albert Egbe an watsa shi a cikin 1985. Shugaban Kauye, Koko Close da Samanja, jerin shirye-shirye uku da ake magana da su a cikin Pidgin Nigerian, an watsa su a duk faɗin ƙasar. 1990s: Sashe na kasuwanci A karkashin shirin na gyara tsarin da gwamnatin Ibrahim Babangida ta kaddamar, an bukaci NTA ta rika tallata wasu lokutan ta a wani yunƙuri na nisantar watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a zuwa wani ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye na kasuwanci. Hakan ya haifar da kara shirye-shiryen addini da ake ɗaukar nauyi da kuma dillalan labarai da watsa shirye-shiryen bikin aure da jana'iza kai tsaye a kan hanyar sadarwar. NTA ta kuma ci gaba da nuna fitattun wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu irin su Mind Bending na Lola Fani-Kayode, Ripples na Zeb Ejiro da Checkmate na Amaka Igwe Ripples, wanda ya fara a 1988, ya zama wasan opera na sabulu mafi dadewa na hanyar sadarwa, wanda ya ƙare a 1993. Checkmate by Amaka Igwe, tare da Richard Mofe Damijo, Bob-Manuel Udokwu, Ego Boyo, Kunle Bamtefa da Mildred Iweka, sun kaddamar da aikin. daga cikin fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da dama. Bayan ƙarshen Ripples da Checkmate, NTA ya inganta nunin Blossom da Fortunes, amma waɗannan jerin sun sha wahala daga raguwar kallo. A wannan lokacin NTA, wacce a baya tana da ikon watsa shirye-shirye, ta fuskanci gasa daga sabbin masu shiga irin su Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka. Don gasa, da cibiyar sadarwa gabatar Firayim lokaci Latin American telenovelas kamar The Rich Also Cry, Asirin da Sand kuma Wild Rose Shirye-shiryen yara ko na ilimi yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin 06:30karfe 07:00 na yammapm. Nunin sun haɗa da lokacin Nishaɗi, Ƙwallon Karatu, Yi aiki da shi, da Ɗauki Mataki A cikin 1999, cibiyar sadarwar ta gabatar da talabijin na karin kumallo tare da AM Express Labarai Shirye-shiryen labarai sun kasance jigon NTA da ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da haɗin kan ƙasa. Cibiyar sadarwa ta tabbatar da cewa masu gabatar da labarai ba kawai karanta shirye-shiryen rubutun ba amma sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar tattara labarai. Kamar yadda yawancin marubutansu na farko suka fito daga aikin jarida, NTA ta tabbatar da cewa marubuta sun fahimci mahimmancin rubutu don gabatar da gani. NTA ta gabatar da sabon layi na masu ba da labarai da masu ba da rahoto kamar Ronke Ayuba, John Momoh, Cyril Stober, Bimbo Oloyede, Ruth Opia, Sienne Allwell-Brown da Sola Omole. An kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen labarai na musamman kamar Frank Olise's Newsline. Manyan shirye-shiryen labarai sune Labaran Sadarwa a Tara, Labarai na mintuna 5 a Taƙaice da ƙarfe 5:00pm, da kuma labarai na mintuna 15 a 11:00pm. A cikin shekarun 1990, NTA ta shiga cikin wasu tashoshin tashoshi na gwamnati wajen tallata wasu abubuwan da suka shafi rahotannin labarai ta hanyar hada bukukuwa, al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu da kasuwanci a cikin labarai ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin labarai don biyan kuɗi. Shirye-shiryen Ƙarni na 21 Tun daga 2013, shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa na tilas sun mamaye lokacin isar yawancin tashoshin NTA na gida. An ba da tashoshin gida zaɓi na lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen gida daga takamaiman lokaci. A lokacin rana, mujallar tana nunawa kamar AM Express, daga baya aka sake masa suna Good Morning Nigeria, ana watsa shi na awanni daga 6:30na zuwa 9:00na safe da kuma daga Litinin zuwa Juma'a, amma sauran shirye-shiryen suna zuwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a kowane mako. Wasan kwaikwayo na hanyar sadarwa kamar Super Story da Stand Up Nigeria yawanci ana watsa su a ranakun Talata da Alhamis 8:00ramin pm. Fitattun shirye-shiryen wasanni sun haɗa da A filin wasa a ranar Litinin. NTA, wacce a baya tana da wasu shirye-shiryen yara na asali, sun kulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Viacom don watsa shirye-shiryen Nickelodeon yayin 5-7. lokacin pm ga yara da talabijin na koyarwa. Labaran Sadarwa Yawancin labaran NTA sun ba da rahoton ayyukan gwamnati. Babban samar da labarai shine Labaran Sadarwa, shirin na tsawon sa'o'i wanda ke zuwa da karfe 9:00 pm Litinin-Jumma'a sai ranar Laraba, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da Ƙarin Labarai Labaran Sadarwa galibi suna farawa ne da labarai daga fadar shugaban kasa, sannan labarai daga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, sannan kuma ma'aikatu da gwamnatocin jihohi. Sauran abubuwan samar da labarai sun haɗa da Labarai a 7 da Labaran ƙasa a 4 pm. Rahoton bincike da labarun ɗan adam yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ayyukan gwamnati, ban da Newsline da ke fitowa a yammacin Lahadi. Na 9Shirin labarai na pm yana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙimar tallan hanyar sadarwar don tallace-tallace na daƙiƙa 30. An saka sassan labarai da aka biya kamar 'Labaran Sha'awa ta Musamman' a cikin labaran watsa shirye-shiryen hanyar sadarwa kamar Newsline ko 9labaran sadarwar pm. Sauran abubuwan da aka fi sani da labarai sun hada da Panorama, Ƙarfe ɗaya Live, A cikin Majalisar Dattijai, da Kai da Wakilinku Shirye-shiryen da ake shigo da su Tsoho Mai rairayi Kasadar Teddy Ruxpin Kasadar Karamin Yarima Atom Ant Yakin Duniya Bear, Tiger da sauran su Bertha Biker Mice Daga Mars Birdman da kuma Galaxy Trio Hasken Wuta Kyaftin Planet da Planeteers Casper the Friendly Ghost Hatsarin linzamin kwamfuta Dennis the Menace Dino-Mahaya DoDo, The Kid from Outer Space Dungeons & Dodanni Tatsuniya na Green Forest Groovie Goolies G-Force Harlem Globetrotters Shi-Man da Malaman Duniya Hulk Mai Girma Inspector Gadget Jimbo da Jet-Set Johnny Bravo Sarki Rollo Ƙananan Mayu Bus Makarantar Magic Muppet Babies Sabon Shmoo Ovide da Gang Titin Tattabara Pingu Pinky da Brain Samurai Jack Samurai X Sirrin Kunkuru SilverHawks Gudun tsere Wasanni Billy SuperTed Matashi Mutant Ninja Kunkuru ThunderCats Subsauki Tom dan Jerry Towser Victor & Hugo: Bunglers a cikin Laifuka Voltron: Mai kare Duniya Shirye-shiryen Yara 3-2-1 Tuntuɓi Dabbobin Kwackers ChuckleHounds Fraggle Rock Wutar Wuta Rentaghost Titin Sesame Terrahawks Ƙungiyar Waterville Wasan kwaikwayo Charlie's Mala'iku Likitan Wane Wani Mala'ika ya taɓa shi Yawon shakatawa Abin ban dariya Kula da Harshen ku Muppet Show Guma Mai Riga! Wasu Iyayen Suna Yi 'Ave'em Wasanni Telematch NTA rassan da cibiyoyin sadarwa Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, NTA tana da tashoshi 101 a cikin manyan jihohin Najeriya da garuruwa, tara daga cikinsu cibiyoyin sadarwa ne. Cibiyoyin sadarwar galibi sun samo asali ne daga tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen farko na Najeriya, kuma suna Ibadan, Jos, Enugu, Kaduna, Legas, Benin, Makurdi, Maiduguri da Sokoto. Suka NTA wani bangare na samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar tsarin ƙasa. NTA dai ta fuskanci suka kan cewa abubuwan da ta shafi gwamnati da 'yan siyasa ne ke da tasiri. An ce wannan tsangwama yana rage ƙwararrun masu watsa labarai a kan NTA. Hukumar ta NTA ta sha suka daga ’yan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Becky Umeh bisa zarginta da matsa mata da sauran masu fasaha don daidaita maganarsu da manufofin farfagandar gwamnati. A cikin edita a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2009, jaridar Legas The Guardian ta bayyana cewa "Kamfanin Talabijin mallakin gwamnatin tarayya, Hukumar Gidan Talabijin ta Najeriya, (NTA), za a iya cewa ita ce mafi girma a cikin nau'in ta a Afirka, amma har yanzu ba ta fara aiki ba. 'yancin da ake buƙata don haɓaka ƙarfinsa." An bayyana cewa yawaitar gidajen rediyon NTA a kowace babban birnin jihar ba su da amfani wajen yada labarai sai dai dalilai na siyasa. Hakanan an soki hanyar sadarwar saboda amfani da tsohuwar fasahar zamani. Ayyuka masu alaƙa An kafa sabis ɗin TV na dijital na NTA, Startimes, a cikin 2010 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da fasahar sadarwa ta Star Communications na China. Karin tashoshi na NTA sun hada da NTA Yoruba, NTA Ibo, NTA Hausa, NTA Sports 24 da NTA Parliamentary Channel. Watsa shirye-shiryen duniya Ana iya kallon shirye-shiryen NTA da yawa akan layi ta (Afirkast) da TelAfric Television a Amurka da Kanada. Ana yawan watsa labaran NTA a gidan Talabijin mai zaman kansa na Afirka da gidan talabijin na BEN da ke Burtaniya, inda kuma aka kaddamar da gidan talabijin a Sky a tashar 213 a shekarar 2008. Ya koma tashar 202 akan 1 Satumba 2008 don ba da sarari ga sabbin tashoshi. A farkon Maris na 2010, NTA ta ƙi watsa shirye-shirye a matsayin tashar biyan kuɗi akan Sky, kuma an cire ta daga Sky EPG a rana mai zuwa. Tashar ta dawo kan Sky a Burtaniya akan 20 Yuni 2018 akan tashar 781. Hakanan ana samun NTA akan dandamalin IPTV SuncasTV, kuma ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kyauta zuwa iska akan Galaxy 19, Intelsat 905 da Intelsat 507. Sanannun ma'aikata Muhammad Kudu Abubakar Newsreader Network News NTA Network Chris Anyanwu Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Aba Ben Murray-Bruce Darakta-Janar na NTA (1999-2003) Julie Coker Sabuwar mai karatu kuma mai gabatarwa Julie's World NTA Legas Sadiq Daba Furodusa kuma edita, NTA Sokoto and NTA Jos Funmi Iyanda Wakilin Wasanni kuma mai gabatarwa New Dawn On Ten NTA Lagos Chuka Momah Mai Gabatarwa Wasannin NTA, Babban Yaki na Shekaru Goma, Wasannin ban sha'awa NTA Network John Momoh Mai karanta Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa da Daren Yau A Tara NTA Network Tade Ogidan Producer/Director, NTA 2 Channel 5 Onyeka Onwenu Mai karanta labarai kuma dan jarida, NTA Legas; mai gabatarwa Contact and Wanene Ke kunne? NTA Network Nkem Owoh Furodusa kuma mai karanta labarai, NTA Enugu Bimbo Roberts Mai karanta Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA Cyril Stober Mai karanta Labarai (Labaran Sadarwa Cibiyar sadarwa ta NTA Alex Usifo Mataimakin furodusa ayyuka, NTA Benin Fatima Abbas Hassan Newsreader News Extra NTA Network Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin hukuma Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
43320	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamo%20Wolde	Mamo Wolde	Degaga "Mamo" Wolde (an haife shi 12 ga watan Yunin 1932 26 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2002), ɗan tseren gudu ne na Habasha wanda ya yi gasa a tseren guje-guje da tsalle -tsalle, da wasannin guje-guje na titi Ya kasance wanda ya lashe tseren marathon a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1968 Rayuwar farko An haifi Degaga a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1932 a Ada'a ga dangin Oromo Ƙanensa, Demissie Wolde (b. 8 ga Maris ɗin 1937), shi ma ya zama tauraro mai tsere na duniya. A shekarar 1951, Degaga ya koma Addis Ababa Aikin wasanni A bayyanarsa ta farko a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1956, Degaga ya yi gasar tseren mita 800 da 1,500 da kuma gudun gudun hijira 4x400 Bai yi takara ba a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1960, lokacin da Abebe Bikila ya zama ɗan Habasha na farko da ya ci lambar zinare. Degaga ya yi iƙirarin rashin zuwan nasa ne saboda burin gwamnati na tura shi aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya zuwa Kongo a lokacin rikicin Kongo A cewarsa, a rikicin da gwamnati ta yi da kwamitin Olympics na Habasha, wanda ke son ya shiga gasar, bai kai shi ko wane irin yanayi ba. Sai dai dan wasa Said Moussa Osman, wanda ya wakilci Habasha a tseren mita 800 a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1960, ya bayyana cewa Degaga ya sha kashi a gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, kuma bai samu shiga ƙungiyar ba. Tun daga shekarar 1960, hankalin Degaga ya canza daga tseren nesa zuwa nesa mai nisa. Ya yi wa Habasha alama ta farko a gasar tseren ƙasa da ƙasa lokacin da ya ɗauki gasar ƙasa da ƙasa Juan Muguerza a Elgoibar, Spain, inda ya yi nasara a shekarar 1963 da shekarar 1964, da kuma Cross de San Donostin a San Sebastian, Spain, a cikin shekarun guda. Ya sanya na huɗu a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1964, wanda Billy Mills na Amurka ya lashe a ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tayar da hankali a tarihin gasar Olympics. Demissie kuma ya zama dan tseren gudun fanfalaki. Dukkansu 'yan'uwan sun fafata a Tokyo, a gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Olympics na shekarar 1964 A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1964, a gasar Olympics ta Habasha, gasar da aka gudanar a gudun mita 8,000, Degaga ya yi nasara da gudu 2:16:19.2, daƙiƙa 4/10 na dakika kacal bayan Abebe Bikela, inda Demissie ya ƙare da 2:19:30, a matsayi na uku. Ko da yake Degaga ya fice da wuri, Demessie, bayan ya kasance cikin jagororin da suka fi yawa a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 1964, ya kare a matsayi na goma a 2:21:25.2. A ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1965, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa na karo na biyu na shekarun1964-1965 na Baje kolin Duniya na New York, Abebe da Degaga sun halarci wani gagarumin biki na rabin gudun marathon. Sun gudu daga Arsenal a Central Park a 64th Street Fifth Avenue a Manhattan zuwa Singer Bowl a wurin baje kolin. Suna ɗauke da littafin rubutu mai ɗauke da gaisuwa daga Haile Selassie A cikin shekarar 1967, ya maimaita nasararsa a San Sebastian da Elgiobar, kuma ya sake yin nasara a taron na ƙarshe a shekarar 1968. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1968, Degaga ya zama dan Habasha na biyu da ya lashe zinari a tseren gudun fanfalaƙi. Tun da farko a gasar Olympics, ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 10,000. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, Degaga ya ci lambar yabo ta uku a gasar Olympics inda ya zama na uku a cikin 2:15:08 a gasar gudun fanfalaƙi ta 1972, yayin da Demissie ya zo na 18 a 2:20:44.0. Degaga kuma ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaƙi a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1973 Ya zargi matsayinsa na uku a gasar Olympic da aka nuna a shekarar 1972 kan takalma mara kyau da jami'an Habasha suka tilasta masa. Ya zama mutum na biyu kacal a tarihin Olympics (Bikila shi ne na farko) da ya samu lambar yabo a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na Olympics. Duka waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo a gaban Degaga, Frank Shorter daga Amurka, da kuma dan ƙasar Belgium Karel Lismont za su maimaita abin da Degaga ya yi a shekarar 1976 yayin da suka zo na biyu da na uku a bayan Waldemar Cierpinski na Gabashin Jamus. Cierpinski ya maimaita nasararsa a shekarar 1980. Erick Wainaina shi ne na baya-bayan nan kuma shi ne kawai sauran wanda ya yi gudun hijira don cim ma wannan nasarar, ya kare na uku a Atlanta a shekarar 1996 da na biyu a Sydney a shekarar 2000. Degaga kuma ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaƙi a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1973 Aikin soja A shekarar 1951, Degaga ya shiga cikin Imperial Guard Daga baya ya yi aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya a Koriya daga shekarar 1953 zuwa ta 1955. Kamawa A shekarar 1993, an kama Degaga bisa zarginsa da hannu a wani kisa na Red Terror a lokacin mulkin kama-karya Mengistu Haile Mariam Ya ƙara da cewa, duk da cewa yana nan a wajen kisan, shi ba shi ne dan takara kai tsaye ba. IOC ta yi kamfen ne ga gwamnatin Habasha domin a sake shi. A farkon shekara ta 2002 an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru shida a gidan yari. Saboda haka, an sake shi ne saboda ya shafe shekaru tara a tsare yana jiran shari'arsa. Mutuwa A ranar 26 ga watan Mayun 2002, Degaga ya mutu daga ciwon hanta yana da shekaru 69, 'yan watanni bayan sakinsa. Ya yi aure sau biyu kuma yana da ‘ya’ya uku; ɗa, Samuel, tare da matarsa ta farko, da yara biyu, Addis Alem da Tabor, tare da matarsa ta biyu. An kama Degaga a maƙabartar cocin Saint Joseph a Addis Ababa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun 1932 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
39513	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Pa%C3%B1os	Sandra Paños	Sandra Paños García-Villamil (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba a shekarar, 1992) ƙwararriyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Sipaniya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Barcelona da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain. A halin yanzu Paños yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin na uku na Barcelona. A Barcelona, Paños ta lashe kofunan lig guda biyu, Copas de la Reina guda uku, da kuma gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA, wanda karshensa ya ci a kakar shekara ta 2020 ,uwa 2021 a matsayin wani bangare na gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai na farko na Barcelona. Bangaren kasa da kasa, ta wakilci Spain a manyan gasa guda uku- Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA a shekarar, 2015, Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta shekarar, 2017 UEFA, da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA na shekarar, 2019. Kai guda ɗaya, Paños ta sami rikodi na Zamora Trophies guda huɗu, kyautar da aka ba mai tsaron gida wanda ya zura mafi ƙarancin kwallaye a kakar wasannin Primera Division. Rayuwar farko An haifi Sandra Paños García-Villamil a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba shekara ta, 1992, ga Luis Ernesto Paños da Gemma García-Villamil. Paños ta fara taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida lokacin da babu kowa a raga a raga ga ƙungiyar ta futsal. Daga baya ta buga wasan kwallon kafa na 7-a-side kafin ta yi wasa a kulob dinta na farko, Sporting Plaza de Argel (wanda aka fi sani da Hércules), lokacin tana da shekaru 10. Mahaifinta ya taba bugawa Hércules wasa a cikin shekarar, 1980s. Aikin kulob Levante (2010–2015) A cikin shekara ta, 2010, Paños ta yi tsalle zuwa rukunin farko na Sipaniya lokacin da ta rattaba hannu kan Levante. Duk da tayi daga Atlético Madrid, ta zabi Levante saboda kusancin kungiyar da garinsu na Alicante. Bayan nasarar kakar wasan farko, ta sabunta kwantiraginta da kulob din a shekara ta, 2011 har zuwa 2012. A ranar 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2015, Paños ta zira kwallo ta farko kuma kawai burinta na aikinta tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Espanyol. Barcelona (2015-yanzu) Tana da shekaru 22, Paños ta ƙaura daga Levante zuwa Barcelona bayan gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar, 2015, lokacin bazara da ƙungiyar Catalan ta ba da ƙwararrun mata. A kakar wasanta na farko na gasar zakarun Turai, Panos ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan UEFA Champions League na mata na kakar wasa, wanda shine dan wasan Barcelona na farko da ya taba yin hakan. Ita kuma ita ce wadda ta samu kyautar Zamora na farko. A cikin kakar shekara 2017 zuwa 2018, a Barcelona, ta sami nasarar cin Kofin Zamora na biyu saboda cin kwallaye 12 kacal a wasannin 26 na gasar. Paños ta raba ayyukan tsaron gida tare da Laura Ràfols har zuwa lokacin da Ràfols ya yi ritaya a cikin shekarar, 2018. Lokacin da ya biyo bayan tafiyar Ràfols, ta dauki matsayin kyaftin a karon farko a blaugrana kuma an nada shi kyaftin na uku na kulob din. A cikin shekara ta, 2019, an ba Paños lambar yabo ta Zamora Trophy ta uku, inda ta ba da mafi kyawun kwallaye 11 a cikin kakar wasannin shekarar, 2018 zuwa 2019. Domin kakar shekara, 2019 zuwa 2020, an rage matsayinta na kyaftin zuwa kyaftin na hudu yayin da Alexia Putellas ta yi tsalle zuwa kyaftin na biyu. A cikin shekarar 2020, biyo bayan ƙarshen kakar gasar shekarar, 2019 zuwa 2020 saboda cutar ta COVID-19, an ba Paños lambar yabo ta Zamora Trophy ta huɗu, lambar rikodi. A wannan kakar, ta ci mafi kyawun kwallaye 0.26 a kowane wasa. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta UEFA, Paños ya ceci bugun fanariti daga Chloe Kelly ta Manchester City kuma ya yi nasara da ci 3-0. A cikin watan Mayu a shekara ta, 2021, Paños ta tsawaita kwantiragin Barcelona zuwa watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2024. Kwanaki bayan da ta sanar da tsawaita kwantiragin nata, ta fara wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai na biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai kuma ta yi nasara a kan Chelsea, yayin da kungiyar ta ci wasan da ci 4-0. An nada Paños a cikin Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA Champions League ta shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021, kuma daga baya ya lashe lambar yabo ta shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021 Goalkeeper na gasar zakarun Turai. A karshen kakar wasanni ta shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021, ta zura kwallaye 12 mafi kyau a gasar. Paños ba ta cancanci lashe Kofin Zamora ba, yayin da ta sami rauni a cinya a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2020 wanda ya hana ta buga wasa tsawon watanni uku, kuma ba ta kammala aƙalla wasanni 28 ba. Paños ta koma matsayinta na kyaftin na uku na Barcelona kafin kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2021 zuwa 2022, bayan kyaftin din na yau da kullun Vicky Losada ya koma Manchester City. A cikin watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2021, an nada ta a matsayin wanda za a zaba don Ballon d'or na shekarar, 2021. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Paños ta buga wasanta na 200 a Barcelona a dukkan gasa yayin da kungiyarta ta ci Real Sociedad da ci 8-1. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ita ce mai tsaron gida ta farko a shekara ta, 2009 U-17 yuro na shekara ta, 2010 da 2011 U-19 Yuro. A watan Satumba na shekarar, 2011, an kira ta zuwa babbar tawagar kasar Spain a karon farko, inda ta maye gurbin María José Pons da ta ji rauni. Bayan watanni biyar ta fara buga wasan sada zumunci da kasar Austriya. Ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan Spain a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA a shekara ta, 2015, inda ta kasance mai tsaron gida na uku na Spain. Tun lokacin da Jorge Vilda ya karbi ragamar tawagar kasar a cikin shekarar, 2017, Paños ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullum tare da Spain. Ta fara kowanne daga cikin wasanni hudu da Spain ta buga a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta mata ta UEFA a shekara ta, 2017, inda ta jagoranci kungiyar a wasan karshe na rukunin D da Scotland. Spain ta tsallake zuwa zagayen kwata fainal amma an fitar da ita a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Austriya, wacce ta zura dukkanin bugun fenareti 5 da ta yi. Duk da cewa ta yi zagaye da Lola Gallardo a raga a lokacin wasannin motsa jiki na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a shekara ta, 2019, Paños ta fara dukkan wasanni hudu na Spain na gasar karshe. Spain ta tsallake zuwa zagayen gaba na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata a karon farko a tarihinta, inda za ta kara da Amurka a zagaye na 16. Paños ta fuskanci bugun fanariti biyu, wanda Megan Rapinoe ta ci, kuma Amurka ce ta lashe wasan. 2–1. Rayuwa ta sirri Dan uwanta, Javi, shi ma dan kwallon kafa ne. Girmamawa Barcelona Primera División: 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22 Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA: 2020–21; Copa de la Reina: 2017, 2018, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22 Supercopa de España Femenina: 2019-20, 2021-22 Copa Catalunya: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Spain U17 Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17: 2010 Spain Kofin Algarve: 2017 Kofin Cyprus: 2018 Guda ɗaya Kofin Zamora: 2015-16, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20 Ƙungiyar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Mata na kakar wasa: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21 Gwarzon Matan Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai: 2020–21 Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
18565	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasilla%20High%20School	Wasilla High School	Wasilla High School WHS Wata makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a a Wasilla, Alaska, Amurka, tana yiwa ɗalibai aji 9 12 aji. Makarantar tana daga cikin Yankin Matanuska-Susitna Borough District, tare da shigarwa bisa tushen wuraren gidajen daliban. A makaranta sanã'anta tartsatsi kafofin watsa labarai da hankali a cikin shekara ta 2008 wadannan tsohon almajiri Gwamna Sarah Palin 's gabatarwa a matsayin Republican mataimakin shugaban Gudun mate to John McCain a cikin shekara ta 2008 United States zaben shugaban kasar Masu ilimi Tun daga ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2018, akwai azuzuwan AP goma sha biyar da aka bayar. WHS kuma tana shiga cikin shirin na Prep na Jami'ar Alaska Anchorage, wanda ke bawa ɗalibai damar karɓar darajar kwaleji don azuzuwan fasahar kera motoci. Wasannin motsa jiki WHS memba ce ta 4A memba na Activungiyar Ayyukan Makarantar Alaska (ASAA), hukumar da ke kula da wasannin guje-guje a makarantar sakandare a Alaska. Wasannin faduwa da aka bayar a WHS sune tseren ƙetare, ƙwallon ƙafa, farin ciki (ƙwallon ƙafa), iyo da kwallon raga Wasannin hunturu da ake bayarwa sune kwallon kwando, hockey, Wasannin Wasannin Matasa na ativeasar, wasan tseren ƙetare na ketare, farin ciki (kwando), da kokawa Wasannin bazara da aka bayar sune wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan ƙwallo mai laushi, da waƙa da filin Mascot Wasilla wata makarantar sakandare ce, Jarumi ne, Ba'amurke ɗan Asalin. Bayan kisan George Floyd, wani tsohon dalibi ya yada takardar neman a canza mascot din wanda ya kira mascot din "kyamar launin fata". Gwamnatin Wasilla High ta sanar da cewa za ta yi aiki tare da Majalisar Kabilar Knik don "tsara wani gwarzo na WHS Alaskan wanda ya dace da al'ada don nuna asalin 'yan asalin yankinmu. Ayyukan muhalli t. Ayyuka na ƙari Kusa-kusa shiri ne wanda ke ɗaukar ɗalibai suyi karatu a Washington DC na sati ɗaya. Shirin Yarjejeniyar Makarantar Sister shiri ne na musayar ɗalibai na mako guda tsakanin ɗalibai a cikin birane da ƙauyukan Alaska. Yawan karatun Wani binciken Jami'ar Johns Hopkins mai suna Wasilla High School a matsayin "masana'antar faduwa". Wasilla ta dropout kudi ya 6.5 bisa dari a shekara ta 2006, wani adadin da ya da ya fi yadda mafi yawan makarantu a Mat-Su gundumar. A binciken da aka gudanar ta gano bambanci tsakanin wani aji da 400 farin shiga dalibai wanda ya ƙare har da 260 tsofaffi shekaru hudu daga baya. Koyaya, binciken Johns Hopkins bai bi takamaiman ɗalibai ba. Idan ɗalibi ya fara makaranta a Wasilla High sannan ya kammala daga wata makarantar sakandare, nazarin zai ɗauke shi ko ita. Matanuska-Susitna Borough School District tana da manufar buɗe rajista kuma yana da kyau gama gari ɗalibai su canza daga wannan makaranta zuwa waccan idan iyayensu sun sami sabon aiki a wasu yankuna. Shugabar Hukumar Makaranta Sarah Welton ta ce binciken bai yi daidai ba kuma ra'ayin na karya da aka yi wa wasu a kasar zai zama abin takaici. Kashi 58 cikin ɗari na ɗaliban sabbin ɗalibai ne suka kammala karatu a matsayin tsofaffi. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2009, ɗaliban makarantar sakandaren Wasilla sun ɗauki jarabawar share fagen samun digiri Abubuwan da aka gwada sune lissafi, rubutu, da kuma karatu A lissafi, kaso 87 na ɗaliban Wasilla sun sami ƙwarewar ci. A duk faɗin jihar, kashi 80.2 na ɗaliban goma sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. A rubuce, kashi 78.1 na ɗaliban Wasilla sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. A duk faɗin jihar, kashi 78.8 na ɗaliban goma sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. A cikin karatu, kashi 94.1 na ɗaliban Wasilla sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. A duk faɗin ƙasar, kashi 90.0 na ɗaliban goma sun sami ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. Ya zuwa shekarar makaranta ta shekara ta 2008-2009, Digirin-digirgir din Wasilla ya kai kaso 77.8, sama da na digirin-digirgir a duk fadin jihar da kaso 67.6. A watan Satumba na shekara 2008, Wasilla High tana da kimanin ɗalibai 1300. Sanannun ɗalibai da malamai John Gourley, jagoran mawaƙa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Portugal. Mutumin Levi Johnston, tsohon saurayin Bristol Palin; ya bar bayan ƙaramin shekararsa, bai taɓa kammala karatun sakandare ba daga Wasilla High Alfred Ose, shugaban makarantar sakandare ta Wasilla kuma memba na majalisar wakilai ta Alaska daga 1973 zuwa 1979 Bristol Palin, ɗiyar Sarah Palin Sarah Palin, tsohon gwamnan Alaska kuma tsohon dan takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa na Republican Todd Palin, mijin Sarah Palin kuma tsohon zakara a tseren kankara Richard Russell, ma'aikacin Horizon Air a Filin jirgin saman Seattle-Tacoma wanda ya sata kuma ya fadi a jirgin sama zuwa Tsibirin Ketron, Washington wanda yayi sanadiyyar mutuwarsa a shekarar 2018. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar gizo Wasilla High School Wasila, Alaska Makaranta Makarantu Ma'aikatun gwamnati Pages with unreviewed
51445	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Elior	Rachel Elior	Rachel Elior(an haife ta 28 Disamba 1949) farfesa ce ta Isra'ila a falsafar Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima a Urushalima,Isra'ila.Manyan batutuwan bincikenta sune Hasidism da tarihin sufancin Yahudawa na farko. Aikin ilimi Elior ita ce John da Golda Cohen Farfesa na Falsafar Yahudawa da Tunanin Sufanci na Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci,inda ta koyar tun 1978.A halin yanzu ita ce shugabar Sashen Tunanin Yahudawa.Ta sami PhD Summa cum laude a 1976. Kwarewarta sune Sufancin Yahudawa na farko,Littattafan Tekun Matattu, Littattafan Hekhalot,Almasihu, Sabbatianism,Hasidism,Chabad, Frankism da kuma rawar mata a al'adun Yahudawa. Ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Princeton,UCL,Jami'ar Yeshiva,Jami'ar Tokyo,Jami'ar Doshisha a Kyoto,Case Western Reserve University.a Cleveland,a Jami'ar Chicago da Jami'ar Michigan-Ann Arbor Ita mamba ce a kwamitin majalisar kasa da kasa na Asusun Sabon Isra'ila Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin 2006,Elior ya sami lambar yabo ta Gershom Scholem don Bincike a Kabbalah daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bil'adama ta Isra'ila. Suka da jayayya A fannin ƙwarenta na farko,Hasidism, Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern,Farfesa a Arewa maso Yamma,ya ce"Elior yana amfani da wani tsohon ra'ayi na motsi [hasidic]don tabbatar da labarinta.Ta bar ra'ayi,ra'ayoyi,fahimta da bayanan da masana suka tattara waɗanda suka daɗe sun rabu da tsarin tunanin Dinur ko Scholem."Kuma cewa Elior,da sauransu,"ya kamata ya sake duba tsarin ra'ayi na[marubuta na farko na labarun hasidic'],wanda kafofin suka kasance tare a cikin yanayin da ba na zamani ba kuma suna magana da juna cikin yardar kaina,a matsayin ra'ayoyi a cikin duniyar Platonic." Rubutun Tekun Matattu Ka'idarta ta tushen sufanci a cikin ajin firist ta fuskanci kalubale daga Prof. Yehuda Liebes na Jami'ar Ibrananci, kuma fahimtarta game da tsohuwar kalandar Sacha Stern ta ƙi.Eibert Tigchelaar ta lura cewa misalan nata suna da"rashin ƙayyadaddun tarihi waɗanda ke da damuwa da takaici."Yusuf Dan ya kare ta.Farfesan Princeton Peter Schaefer ya ce ta ɓata bambance-bambance tsakanin rubutu da lokuta,kuma ba ta kula da mahimman abubuwan da ke faruwa.Ya kuma lura cewa ra’ayinta game da mala’iku a Qumran da kalandar ba daidai ba ne.Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb ta ga aikin Elior"ba zai yuwu ba".Himmelfarb ya ce Elior ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin haɗin kai, alaƙar tarihi ba tare da tushe ba,kuma yana ganin abubuwan da kawai"ba a can." Elior yayi iƙirarin cewa Essenes, waɗanda ake zaton marubutan Littafin Tekun Matattu ba su taɓa wanzuwa ba.Ta yi jayayya(kamar yadda Lawrence Schiffman,Moshe Goshen-Gottstein,Chaim Menachem Rabin,da sauransu suka yi) cewa Essene da gaske ’ya’yan Zadok ne masu tawaye,wani rukunin firist da sarakunan Girka suka kore daga Haikali na Urushalima a ƙarni na biyu BC.Ta yi zato cewa an ɗauke littattafan da aka kore su."A Qumran,an sami ragowar babban ɗakin karatu,"in ji Elior,tare da wasu nassosin Ibrananci na farko tun daga ƙarni na 2 BC.Har sai an gano Littafin naɗaɗɗen Tekun Matattu,farkon sanannen sigar Tsohon Alkawari tun daga ƙarni na 9 AD.“Littattafai sun tabbatar da gadon firistoci na Littafi Mai Tsarki,”in ji Elior,wanda ya yi hasashen cewa an ɓoye littattafan a Qumran don adanawa. James Charlesworth,darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidin Tekun Matattu kuma farfesa a Makarantar tauhidin tauhidin Princeton,ya ce akwai"babban shaida game da wanzuwar Essenes"kuma"Ba shi yiwuwa Josephus ya kirkiro ƙungiyar da Philo ya riga ya ambata,wanda ya ziyarci Urushalima."Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb, farfesa a addinin Princeton,ta ce ba ta tunanin aikin Elior ya kasance kamar "sanarwa ta tarihi"kamar yadda sauran bincike kan Littattafai,tana mai cewa,"[Elior] ba ya son yin amfani da tarihin tarihi wanda aikin sauran malamai ke yi." Duba kuma Moshe Idel Ada Rapoport-Albert Nassoshi Littafi Mai Tsarki Isra'ila Ba'al Shem Tov da mutanen zamaninsa,Kabbalists,Sabbatians, Hasidim da Mithnagdim, Urushalima Karmel Publication House 2014 Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa da Mantuwa:Sirrin Rubuce-rubucen Tekun Matattu,Cibiyar Van Leer da Hakibutz haMeuchad,2009 Dybbuk da matan Yahudawa, Urushalima da New York,Urim Publications,2008 Littattafan Heikhalot da Al'adar Merkavah Tsohuwar Sufancin Yahudawa da Tushensa,Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronot;Sifrei Hemed:2004 (Ibrananci) Herut al Haluhot-Nazari a cikin Tushen Sufi na Hasidism,Tel Aviv: Jami'ar Cast mai Yadawa: Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Press 1999. Paneiah ha-Shonot shel ha-Herut -Iyunim be-Mistika Yehudit(Alpayim 15,Am Oved 1998) Torat HaElohut BaDor haSheni shel Hasidut Habad,Jerusalem:Jami'ar Hebrew:Magnes Press 1982 (Ibrananci) Heikhalot Zutarti:Rubutun Sufi na Farko na Lokacin Talmudic Mishnaic, Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci: Magnes Press 1982(Ibrananci) Galia Raza:Rubutun Kabbalistic na Karni na 16,Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci 1981(Ibrananci) Judah Liebes,"Yaran Rana vs.Yaran wata"Haaretz 4/6/2003 Sacha Stern,"Rachel Elior akan Kalandar Yahudawa na Tsohuwa: Ƙwarai"Aleph:Nazarin Tarihi a Kimiyya da Yahudanci-Volume 5, 2005,shafi. 287-292 Peter Schaffer,Critical edition na Heikhalot Zutarti,Tarbiz 54 (1985)Ibrananci,nazari mai mahimmanci na aikinta David Tamar,Mahimman bita na bugunta na Galia Razia Nazarin Jerusalem a Tunanin Yahudawa 2 Ibrananci(1983) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Facebook Prof. Shafin gidan Elior a Jami'ar Hebrew Asalin Rubutun Tekun Matattu ya haifar da muhawara Bayahuden Isra'ila Rayayyun
58359	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20of%20Duty	Call of Duty	Call of Duty jerin wasan bidiyo ne da ikon amfani da ikon watsa labarai wanda Activision ya buga, farawa a cikin 2003. Infinity Ward ne ya fara haɓaka wasannin, sannan ta Treyarch da Sledgehammer Games Wasu masu haɓakawa sun yi wasu wasannin juye-juye da na hannu. Taken kwanan nan, Kira na Layi: Yaƙin Zamani II, an sake shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2022. Take na gaba, Kira na Layi: Yakin Zamani III, za a sake shi ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2023. Jerin ya fara mayar da hankali kan saitin Yaƙin Duniya na II, tare da Infinity Ward yana haɓaka Kira na Layi (2003) da Kira na Layi 2 (2005) da Treyarch haɓaka Kira na Layi 3 (2006). Kira na Layi na 4: Yakin Zamani (2007) ya gabatar da tsarin zamani, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shine ci gaban taken ga jerin, samar da jerin jerin Yakin Zamani wani sabon salo <i id="mwKA">na Yakin Zamani</i> wanda aka sake shi a cikin 2016. Wasu shigarwar guda biyu, Yakin Zamani 2 (2009) da Yaƙin Zamani 3 (2011), an yi su. Sub-jerin ya sami sake yin aiki tare da Yaƙin Zamani a cikin 2019, Yaƙin Zamani na II a cikin 2022, da Yaƙin Zamani na III a 2023. Har ila yau Infinity Ward sun haɓaka wasanni biyu a waje da jerin shirye-shiryen Yakin Zamani, Ghosts (2013) da Ƙarshen Yaƙi (2016). Treyarch ya yi wasa ɗaya na tushen Yaƙin Duniya na II na ƙarshe, Duniya a Yaƙin (2008), kafin ya saki Black Ops (2010) kuma daga baya ya ƙirƙiri ƙaramin jerin Black Ops Wasu shigarwar guda hudu, Black Ops II (2012), Black Ops III (2015), Black Ops 4 (2018), da Cold War (2020) an yi su, na karshen tare da Raven Software Wasannin Sledgehammer, waɗanda suka kasance masu haɓakawa don Yakin Zamani 3, sun kuma haɓaka lakabi uku, Advanced Warfare (2014), Call of Duty: WWII (2017), da Vanguard (2021). Su ne kuma jagorar haɓaka don Yakin Zamani III (2023), shigarwa na uku a cikin jerin sake yi na Yakin Zamani the series has sold over 400 million copies. Meanwhile, the games in the series have consistently released annually to blockbuster-level sales, the series is verified by the Guinness World Records as the best-selling first-person shooter game series. It is also the most successful video game franchise created in the United States and the fourth best-selling video game franchise of all time. Other products in the franchise include a line of action figures designed by Plan B Toys, a card game created by Upper Deck Company, Mega Bloks sets by Mega Brands, and a comic book miniseries published by WildStorm Productions, and a feature film in development. Babban jerin Call of Duty wasan bidiyo ne mai harbi mutum na farko bisa id Tech 3, kuma an sake shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2003. Infinity Ward ne ya haɓaka wasan kuma Activision ya buga shi. Wasan yana kwaikwayi sojojin ƙasa da yaƙin yaƙin yaƙin duniya na biyu Fakitin faɗaɗawa, Kira na Layi: United Offensive, Gray Matter Studios ne ya haɓaka tare da gudummawa daga Pi Studios kuma Activision ya samar. Wasan ya biyo bayan sojojin Amurka da Birtaniya da kuma Red Army. Aspyr Media ne ya kawo sigar Mac OS X na wasan. A ƙarshen 2004, Nokia ta ƙirƙira sigar N-Gage kuma Activision ta buga. An sake fitar da wasu nau'ikan don PC, gami da Ɗabi'ar Mai tarawa (tare da sautin sauti da jagorar dabarun), Ɗabi'ar Wasan Shekara (ya haɗa da sabuntawar wasa), da Tsarin Deluxe (wanda ya ƙunshi faɗaɗa haɓaka da sauti na United Offensive a Turai ba a haɗa sautin sautin ba. A kan Satumba 22, 2006, Call of Duty, United Offensive, and Call of Duty 2 aka saki tare a matsayin Kira na Layi: War Chest for PC. Tun daga Nuwamba 12, 2007, Call of Duty wasanni suna samuwa don siye ta hanyar dandalin isar da abun ciki na Valve Steam Call of Duty 2 Kira na Layi 2 wasan bidiyo ne mai harbi mutum na farko da kuma ci gaba zuwa Kira na Layi Infinity Ward ne ya haɓaka shi kuma Activision ne ya buga shi. An saita wasan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ana samun gogewa ta hanyar ra'ayoyin sojoji a cikin Red Army, Sojojin Burtaniya, da Sojojin Amurka An sake shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2005, don Windows, Nuwamba 15, 2005, don Xbox 360, da Yuni 13, 2006, don Mac OS X. An yi wasu nau'ikan don wayoyin hannu, PCs Pocket, da wayoyi Call of Duty 3 Kira na Layi: WWII Kira na Layi: WWII shine wasa na goma sha huɗu a cikin jerin kuma Wasannin Sledgehammer ne suka haɓaka. An sake shi a duk duniya a kan Nuwamba 3, 2017, don Windows, PlayStation 4 da Xbox One An saita wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, kuma yana kewaye da tawagar a cikin 1st Infantry Division, bin fadace-fadacen da suka yi a yammacin Front, kuma an saita shi a cikin abubuwan tarihi na Operation Overlord Call of Duty:
53654	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness%20World%20Records	Guinness World Records	Guinness World Records, wanda aka sani tun farkonsa a 1955. Har zuwa 1999 a matsayin Guinness Book of Records, Da kuma a cikin bugu na baya-bayan nan na Amurka a matsayin The Guinness Book of Records. littafi ne na Biritaniya da ake bugawa a kowace shekara, littafi ne da ya ke taskance muhimman al'amuran da suka faru a duniya, yana jera bayanan duniya duka nasarorin ɗan adam da iyakar duniya. Masanin Sir Hugh Beaver,, littafin ya kasance tare da 'yan'uwa tagwaye Norris da Ross McWhirter a Fleet Street, London, a watan Agusta 1955. Buga na farko ya kasance kan gaba a jerin masu siyarwa a Burtaniya ta Kirsimeti 1955. A shekara mai zuwa aka kaddamar da littafin a duniya, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yanzu ya cika shekara ta 67 da bugawa, wanda aka buga a kasashe 100 da harsuna 23, kuma yana adana sama da bayanai 53,000 a cikin bayanansa. Ƙimar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar duniya ta tsawaita fiye da bugawa don haɗa jerin talabijin da gidajen tarihi. Shahararriyar ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ya haifar da Guinness World Records. Ta zama tushen farko na kasa da kasa don tantancewa da tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan duniya. Ƙungiyar tana ɗaukar alkalan rikodin don tabbatar da sahihancin saitin da karya bayanai. Bayan jerin masu mallakar, ikon mallakar ƙungiyar, Jim Pattison tun daga 2008, tare da hedkwatarta ta koma South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf, London a cikin 2017. Tun daga 2008, Guinness World Records ya daidaita tsarin kasuwancinsa don ƙirƙira sabbin bayanan duniya a matsayin tallan tallace-tallace ga kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane, wanda ya jawo zargi. Tarihi A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, sannan manajan darekta na Guinness Breweries, ya tafi bikin harbi a Arewacin Slob, ta Kogin Slaney a County Wexford, Ireland. Bayan ya rasa harbi a kan wani plover na zinariya, ya shiga cikin muhawara game da wane ne tsuntsu mafi sauri a Turai, mai tsalle-tsalle na zinari ko kuma ja (shine plover). A wannan maraice a Castlebridge House, ya gane cewa ba zai yiwu a iya tabbatarwa a cikin littattafan tunani ba ko plover na zinare shine tsuntsu mafi sauri a Turai. Beaver ya san cewa dole ne a sami wasu tambayoyi da yawa da aka yi ta muhawara a cikin dare a tsakanin jama'a, amma babu wani littafi a duniya da za a sasanta muhawara game da bayanai. Sai ya gane cewa littafin da ke ba da amsoshin irin wannan tambayar zai iya yin nasara. Tunanin Beaver ya zama gaskiya lokacin da ma'aikacin Guinness Christopher Chataway ya ba da shawarar abokan jami'a Norris da Ross McWhirter, waɗanda ke gudanar da hukumar gano gaskiya a London. An umurci ’yan’uwan tagwayen su tattara abin da ya zama Littafin Guinness na (Mafi Girma da Yanzu) Records, a watan Agusta 1954. Kwafi dubu aka buga aka ba su. Bayan kafa Ofishin Guinness Book of Records a saman Ludgate House, 107 Fleet Street, London, an ɗaure bugu na farko mai shafi 198 a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1955 kuma ya tafi saman jerin masu siyar da Birtaniyya ta Kirsimeti. A shekara ta gaba, mai shela David Boehm na New York ya shigar da shi cikin Amurka kuma ya sayar da kwafi 70,000. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Guinness World Records ya sayar da fiye da 100 kwafi miliyan a cikin ƙasashe 100 da harsuna 37. Domin littafin ya zama abin mamaki, an buga ƙarin bugu da yawa, daga ƙarshe ya daidaita zuwa tsarin bita guda ɗaya a shekara, wanda aka buga a watan Satumba/Oktoba, a lokacin Kirsimeti. McWhirters sun ci gaba da tattara shi shekaru da yawa. Dukansu 'yan'uwa suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar encyclopedic; a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na BBC Record Breakers, bisa ga littafin, za su dauki tambayoyin da yara a cikin masu sauraro suka yi a kan labaran duniya daban-daban kuma suna iya ba da amsa daidai. An kashe Ross McWhirter da wasu mambobi biyu na Sojojin Rikicin Irish na Republican a cikin 1975, a matsayin martani ga bayar da tukuicin fan 50,000 ga bayanan da za su kai ga kama mambobin kungiyar. Bayan kashe Ross, fasalin da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayon inda aka amsa tambayoyi game da bayanan da yara suka yi an kira Norris akan Spot Norris ya ci gaba da zama babban editan littafin. Guinness Superlatives, daga baya Guinness World Records Limited, an kafa shi a cikin 1954 don buga littafi na farko. Mawallafin Sterling ya mallaki haƙƙin littafin Guinness a Amurka shekaru da yawa har sai da Guinness ya sake siye shi a cikin 1989 bayan wata 18 da ta yi shari'a. Kungiyar ta Guinness PLC ce kuma daga baya Diageo har zuwa 2001, lokacin da Gullane Entertainment ya siye ta akan $65. miliyan. HIT Entertainment ta siya Gullane da kanta a cikin 2002. A cikin 2006, Abokan hulɗa na Apax sun sayi HIT kuma daga baya sun sayar da Guinness World Records a farkon 2008 zuwa Jim Pattison Group, kamfanin iyaye na Ripley Entertainment, wanda ke da lasisi don yin aiki da Guinness World Records' Attractions. Tare da ofisoshi a cikin New York City da Tokyo, Guinness World Records hedkwatar duniya ta kasance a London, musamman South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf, yayin da abubuwan jan hankali na gidan kayan gargajiya, suna dogara ne a hedkwatar Ripley a Orlando, Florida, Amurka. Juyin Halitta Buga na baya-bayan nan sun mayar da hankali kan ayyukan rikodin da daidaikun mutane suka yi. Gasar ta fito ne daga na zahiri kamar dagawa na Olympics zuwa mafi tsayin kwai mai nisa, ko kuma tsawon lokacin da aka kashe ana wasa Grand Sata Auto IV ko adadin karnuka masu zafi waɗanda za a iya cinye su cikin mintuna uku. Bayan bayanan game da gasa, yana ɗauke da bayanai irin su ƙwayar cuta mafi nauyi, mafi yawan naman gwari mai guba, wasan opera mafi tsayi da manufofin inshorar rayuwa mafi mahimmanci, da sauransu. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen kuma sun danganta ga mafi ƙanƙanta waɗanda suka sami wani abu, kamar ƙaramin mutum don ziyarci duk al'ummomin duniya, wanda Maurizio Giuliano ke riƙe a halin yanzu. Kowane bugu ya ƙunshi zaɓi na bayanan daga bayanan Guinness World Records, da kuma zaɓi sabbin bayanai, tare da ƙa'idodin haɗawa suna canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara. Ritaya Norris McWhirter daga matsayinsa na tuntuɓar a 1995 da shawarar da Diageo Plc ta yanke na siyar da alamar Littattafan Guinness na Rikodi sun mayar da hankalin littattafan daga madaidaitan rubutu zuwa madaidaicin misali. An tsara zaɓaɓɓun bayanan don littafin daga cikakken tarihin amma duk taken Guinness World Records ana iya samun dama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shiga a gidan yanar gizon kamfanin. Aikace-aikacen da mutane suka yi don nau'ikan rikodin da ke akwai kyauta ne. Akwai kuɗin gudanarwa na $5 don ba da shawarar sabon taken rikodin. An kuma samar da adadin littafai da yawa da jerin talabijin. Guinness World Records ya ba da tarihin "Mutumin da ya fi kowa rikodin" akan Ashrita Furman na Queens, NY, a cikin Afrilu 2009; a lokacin, ya rike rikodin 100, yayin da yake a halin yanzu yana riƙe da sama da 220. A shekara ta 2005, Guinness ta ware ranar 9 ga Nuwamba a matsayin ranar rikodin rikodin duniya ta Guinness don ƙarfafa karya tarihin duniya. A cikin 2006, kimanin mutane 100,000 ne suka shiga cikin fiye da kasashe 10. Guinness ya ba da rahoton sabbin rikodi 2,244 a cikin watanni 12, wanda ya karu da kashi 173% sama da shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin Fabrairun 2008, NBC ta watsa manyan 100 Guinness World Records na Duk Lokaci da Guinness World Records sanya cikakken jerin samuwa a kan gidan yanar gizon su. Shahararriyar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ya haifar da Guinness World Records ta zama babbar hukuma ta kasa da kasa kan kididdigewa da tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan duniya. Ma'anar rukodin Don yawancin bayanan, Guinness World Records shine ikon da ya dace akan ainihin buƙatun su kuma tare da wanda bayanan ke zaune, kamfanin yana ba da alkalai ga abubuwan da suka faru don sanin gaskiyar ƙoƙarin rikodin. Jerin bayanan da Guinness World Records ba a kayyade ba, ana iya ƙara bayanan kuma a cire su saboda wasu dalilai. Ana gayyatar jama'a don ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen rikodin, wanda zai iya kasancewa ko dai inganta bayanan da ake da su ko kuma manyan nasarori waɗanda za su iya zama sabon rikodin. Har ila yau, kamfanin yana ba da sabis na kamfanoni don kamfanoni don "amfani da ikon rikodin rikodin don sadar da kyakkyawar nasara ga kasuwancin su." Matsalolin da'a da aminci Guinness World Records ya bayyana nau'ikan bayanan da ba za su karɓa ba saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, kamar waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kisa ko cutar da dabbobi. A cikin 2006 Guinness Book of Records, Colombian serial kisan Pedro López aka jera a matsayin "mafi yawan kisa serial", inda ya kashe a kalla mutane 110 (tare da Lopez da kansa da'awar ya kashe sama da mutane 300) a Colombia, Ecuador da kuma Peru a karshen 1960s zuwa 1980s. An cire wannan ne bayan korafe-korafen cewa jeri da nau'in sun yi gasa ta hanyar kisan kai kuma ba kawai rashin da'a ba ne har ma da lalata. An cire rubuce-rubucen duniya da yawa waɗanda aka taɓa haɗa su cikin littafin saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, gami da damuwa don jin daɗin yuwuwar masu fasa rikodin. Misali, bayan buga rikodin "kifi mafi nauyi", yawancin masu kifin sun wuce gona da iri fiye da iyakokin abin da ke da lafiya, don haka an cire irin waɗannan shigarwar.Littafin Guinness ya kuma jefar da bayanai a cikin sashin "littattafan cin abinci da sha" na nasarorin ɗan adam a cikin 1991 saboda damuwa cewa iya cutar da kansu kuma su fallasa mawallafin ga yuwuwar ƙara Waɗannan canje-canjen sun haɗa da kawar da duk ruhohi, ruwan inabi da bayanan shan giya, tare da wasu bayanan da ba a saba gani ba don cinye abubuwan da ba su yiwuwa kamar kekuna da bishiyoyi. Sauran bayanan, irin su hadiye takobi da tuƙi (a kan titunan jama'a), an rufe su daga ci gaba da shiga kamar yadda masu riƙe da na yanzu suka yi fiye da abin da ake ɗaukar matakan haƙuri na ɗan adam. An sami misalan rufaffiyar rufaffiyar da aka sake buɗewa. Misali, an jera rukunin hadiye takobi a matsayin rufe a cikin littafin Guinness na duniya na 1990, amma tun lokacin da aka sake bude shi tare da Johnny Strange ya karya tarihin hadiye takobi a Guinness World Records Live. Hakazalika, rikodin shan giya mai sauri wanda aka sauke daga littafin a cikin 1991, ya sake bayyana shekaru 17 daga baya a cikin bugu na 2008, amma an ɗauke shi daga sashin "Nasarar Dan Adam" na tsohon littafin zuwa sashin "Modern Society" na sabon bugu. it is required in the guidelines of all "large food" type records that the item be fully edible, and distributed to the public for consumption, to prevent food wastage. Har ila yau, ba a yarda da haruffan sarkar "Guinness World Records ba ta yarda da duk wani bayanan da suka shafi sarkar haruffa, aika ta hanyar aikawa ko imel." A buƙatun Mint na Amurka, a cikin 1984, littafin ya daina karɓar iƙirarin manyan ɗimbin kuɗi na pennies ko wasu kuɗi. Bayanan da ba su dace da muhalli ba (kamar sakin fitilun sama da balloon jam'iyya ba a daina karɓa ko sa ido, baya ga bayanan da suka shafi taba ko shan wiwi ko shiri. Wahala wajen ayyana bayanai Ga wasu nau'o'i masu yuwuwa, Guinness World Records ya ƙi yin lissafin wasu bayanan da ke da wahala ko kuma ba za a iya tantancewa ba. Misali, gidan yanar gizon sa ya ce: "Ba mu yarda da duk wani da'awar kyakkyawa ba saboda ba a iya aunawa da gaske Koyaya, wasu nau'ikan fasaha na ɗan adam da suka shafi saurin aunawa kamar "Mafi Saurin Ƙwaƙwalwar Duniya" an shigar da su. A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2010, Connor May (NSW, Ostiraliya) ya kafa rikodin tafawa, tare da 743 a cikin minti 1. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2010, Guinness World Records ya daina karɓar gabatarwa ga nau'in dreadlock bayan binciken mace ta farko kuma tilo mai suna Asha Mandela, tare da tabbatar da cewa ba zai yiwu a yi hukunci da wannan rikodin daidai ba. Jerin Talabijan Guinness World Records ya ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban waɗanda ke tattara yunƙurin karya rikodin rikodin duniya, gami da: Musamman: Guinness World Records: Shekaru 50, Rikodi 50 akan ITV (Birtaniya), 11 Satumba 2004 Tare da shaharar gidan talabijin na gaskiya, Guinness World Records ya fara tallata kansa a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro nau'in talabijin, tare da taken kamar "mun rubuta littafin akan Reality TV." Bugawa na gamer A cikin 2008, Guinness World Records ya fito da bugu na gamer, reshe wanda ke adana rikodin don shahararren wasan bidiyo da maki mai yawa, lambobi da fa'idodi cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Twin Galaxies Ɗabi'ar Gamer ta ƙunshi shafuka 258, sama da 1,236 game da wasan bidiyo da ke da alaƙa da bayanan duniya da tambayoyi huɗu ciki har da ɗaya tare da Twin Galaxies wanda ya kafa Walter Day Buga na baya-bayan nan shine Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2020, wanda aka saki 5 ga Satumba 2019. Littafin Guinness na Burtaniya Hit Singles Littafin Guinness na British Hit Singles littafi ne na tuntuɓar kiɗa da aka fara bugawa a cikin 1977. BBC Radio 1 DJs Paul Gambaccini da Mike Read tare da 'yan'uwa Tim Rice da Jonathan Rice ne suka hada shi. Ita ce ta farko a cikin adadin littattafan nunin kiɗan da Guinness Publishing za ta buga tare da buga littafin 'yar'uwar The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums yana zuwa a cikin 1983. Bayan an sayar da shi zuwa Hit Entertainment, an haɗa bayanan da suka shafi Official Chart Company's singles and album charts a ƙarƙashin taken British Hit Singles Albums, tare da Hit Entertainment buga littafin daga 2003 zuwa 2006 (a ƙarƙashin alamar Guinness World Records). Bayan an sayar da Records na Duniya na Guinness ga The Jim Pattison Group, an maye gurbinsa da kyau da jerin littattafan da Ebury Publishing/Random House ya buga tare da littafin Budurwa na Bugawar Bugawa na Burtaniya da aka fara bugawa a cikin 2007 kuma tare da littafin Hit Albums bayan shekaru biyu bayan shekaru biyu. Sauran kafofin watsa labarai da samfurori Wasan allo A cikin 1975, Parker Brothers ya sayar da wasan jirgi, Wasan Guinness na Records na Duniya, bisa littafin. ’Yan wasa suna gasa ta hanyar saitawa da kuma karya bayanai don ayyuka irin su mafi tsayin dice na birgima kafin yin mirgina ninki biyu, tara kayan filastik, da bouncing a madadin katin, da kuma amsa tambayoyin da ba su dace ba dangane da jeri a cikin Littafin Guinness na Records na Duniya Wasanin bidiyo Wasan bidiyo, Guinness World Records: Wasan Bidiyo, TT Fusion ne ya haɓaka kuma aka sake shi don Nintendo DS, Wii da iOS a watan Nuwamba 2008. Fim A cikin 2012, Warner Bros. ya sanar da ci gaba da aikin fim na rayuwa na Guinness Records tare da Daniel Chun a matsayin marubucin rubutun. Sigar fim ɗin da alama za ta yi amfani da nasarorin jarumtaka na masu rikodi. a matsayin tushen labarin da ya kamata ya zama abin sha'awa a duniya. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarihi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
61747	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsah%20Mala	Nsah Mala	Nsah Mala (an haife shi Kenneth Toah Nsah mawaƙin Kamaru ne, marubuci, marubucin littattafan yara kuma masanin bincike. Turanci, Faransanci, da Iteanghe-a-Mbesa (harshen Mbasa). Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a Mbesa (kuma Mbessa), Nsah Mala ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar CBC Mbesa. Ya rubuta wasansa na farko a aji na Biyu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati (GSS) Mbessa, sannan ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na yau da kullun (GCE) a 2007. Ya yi karatun sakandire a CCAST Bambili inda ya samu GCE Advanced Level a shekarar 2009, inda ya zama dan takara na kasa baki daya a fannin adabi a Turanci wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo daga kungiyar ‘yan jarida ta Kamaru (CAMASEJ). A shekara ta 2012 ya sauke karatu daga École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Yaoundé da Jami'ar Yaoundé I. Daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2018, tare da Erasmus Mundus Scholarship, ya yi karatu don Erasmus Mundus Masters Crossways in Cultural Narratives a Jami'ar Perpignan Via Domitia (Faransa), Jami'ar St Andrews (UK), da Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (Spain). A cikin Satumba 2018, ya shiga cikin shirin PhD a cikin Adabin Kwatancen a Jami'ar Aarhus (Denmark). A ranar goma sha ɗaya ga Maris 2022, ya yi nasarar kare karatunsa na PhD mai taken: "Shin Adabi Za Su Ceci Basin Kwango? Bayan Mulkin Mallaka da Ayyukan Adabin Muhalli Farfesa Mads Rosendahl Thomsen, Sashen Adabi na Kwatanta, da Mataimakin Farfesa Peter Mortensen, Sashen Turanci, duka a Jami'ar Aarhus ne suka kula da karatunsa. Kwamitin tantance digiri na Nsah ya ƙunshi Farfesa Scott Slovic, Sashen Turanci, Jami'ar Idaho (Amurka), Mataimakin Farfesa Étienne-Marie Lassi, Sashen Faransanci, Jami'ar Manitoba (Kanada), da Mataimakin Farfesa Marianne Ping Huang, Adabin Kwatancen, Jami'ar Aarhus Shugaban kwamitin). Likitan karatunsa na digiri ya sami lambar yabo ta Prix de thèses francophones en Prospective 2022 (Prize for Francophone Theses in Foresight and Futures Studies) daga la Fondation 2100 da l'Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF). Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike na gaba da digiri a Jami'ar Radboud Netherlands Nsah an dauki shi a matsayin malamin koyarwa da bincike a Jami'ar De Lille (Faransa). An zaɓi Nsah Mala a matsayin 2023 na masu hange ƙarni na gaba (NGFP) mabiyin makarantar ƙasa da ƙasa na hangen gobe ta United Kingdom don wani aiki a kan Kongo Basin. Labarai Tarin wakoki (fr) Les Pleurs du mal, 2019, (ha) Constimocrazy: Malafricanising Democracy, 2017, (ha) Idan Dole ne ku fadi Bush, 2016, (ha) Cizon Hauka, 2015, (ha) Yanci Chaining, 2012, Littattafan yara (ha) Binciko Sautin Dabbobi tare da Ƙananan Nain (Ilimin NMI, 2022) (ha) Andolo: Zabiya mai Hazaka, 2020, (fr) Andolo: albinos talentueux, 2020, (fr) Le petit Gabriel ya fara a lire, 2020, (ha) Karamin Jibril Ya Fara Karatu, 2020, ISBN 978-1-942876-71-7 Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
30321	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20yin%20%C6%99orafe-%C6%99orafe%20na%20amurka	Ƴancin yin ƙorafe-ƙorafe na amurka	A Amurka an lissafta yancin yin koke a cikin Gyaran Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ƙasar Amurka, wanda musamman ya haramtawa Majalisa dage "yancin jama'a a cikin lumana na hallara, da kuma shigar da kara ga Gwamnati don gyara koke-koke". Ko da yake sau da yawa ba a manta da su ba don neman wasu shahararrun ƴancin yanci, kuma wani lokaci ana ɗaukar su ba tare da izini ba, yawancin sauran 'yancin ɗan adam ana aiwatar da su a kan gwamnati kawai ta hanyar amfani da wannan ainihin haƙƙin. A cewar Sabis na Bincike na Majalisa, tun lokacin da aka rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulki, haƙƙin neman koke ya faɗaɗa. Ba a taƙaice kawai ga buƙatun "gyara korafe-korafe" a kowace ma'anar waɗannan kalmomi ba, amma yana fahimtar buƙatun na yin aiki da gwamnati na ikonta don ci gaban sha'awa da wadata ga masu kora da kuma ra'ayoyinsu a kan. Kuma al'amuran siyasa masu rikitarwa. Haƙƙin ya shafi “kusantar ƴan ƙasa ko ƙungiyoyin su ga hukumomin gudanarwa (waɗanda duka halittu ne na majalisa, da kuma hannun zartarwa) da kuma kotuna, sashe na uku na Gwamnati. Lallai ‘yancin yin koke ya shafi dukkan sassan gwamnati. Haƙƙin shiga kotuna hakika wani bangare ne na ‘yancin kai ƙara”. Tushen tarihi A cikin <i id="mwIw">Sharhin</i> Blackstone, Amurkawa a cikin Mallaka goma sha uku sun karanta cewa "haƙƙin neman koke GA sarki, ko kuma ko dai majalisar dokoki, don magance korafe-korafe" ya kasance "haƙƙin da ya shafi kowane mutum". A cikin shekarata 1776, Bayanin Independence ya ambaci gazawar Sarki George don magance korafe-korafen da aka jera a cikin koke-koke na mulkin mallaka, kamar Bukatun Reshen Zaitun na shekarata 1775, a matsayin hujjar ayyana 'yancin kai:A kowane mataki na waɗannan Zaluncin Mun Koka don gyarawa cikin mafi ƙasƙanci: Koke-kokenmu da aka maimaita an amsa su ne kawai ta maimaita rauni. Basarake, wanda halinsa ke da alamar kowane irin aiki da zai iya ayyana Azzalumi, bai dace ya zama shugaban mutane masu 'yanci ba. A tarihi, ana iya gano haƙƙin a baya zuwa takaddun Ingilishi kamar Magna Carta, wanda, ta hanyar karɓuwa daga masarauta, ya tabbatar da haƙƙin a fakaice. 14 Dokar Edw III 1 Babi na 5 (1340) ya sanya koke a kan ƙa'idar doka. Sannan kumaYa bukaci a samar da wata Hukuma a kowace Majalissar da za ta “ji karar da aka kai musu, korafe-korafen duk wadanda za su yi korafin irin wannan jinkiri ko korafin da aka yi musu”. Sa'an nan kuma daga baya, Mataki na ashirin da 5 Bill of Rights 1689, wanda ya bayyana a fili cewa "Hakkin wadanda ake zargi da kai karar Sarki ne kuma duk alkawurra da kararrakin da ake yi na irin wannan karar ba bisa ka'ida ba ne." "Maganin korafe-korafe", da aka samu a cikin sashe na gabatar da gyare-gyare na farko na ƙasar Amurka yana samuwa a cikin Mataki na 13 na Dokar Hakki na 1689 "Kuma don Gyara dukkan Korafe-korafe da inganta ƙarfafawa da kiyaye Dokokin da ya kamata a gudanar da su. akai-akai." wanda ke nuni da cewa ‘yancin gabatar da kara yana hade da ‘yancin gyara koke-koke a majalisar. Ana samun irin wannan magana a cikin Ƙoƙarin Haƙƙin Scotland. Yarima William na Orange (Sarki na gaba William III) ya bayyana a cikin Sanarwar Dalili na korafe-korafen da zai haifar da Dokar Haƙƙin a shekarata 1688. Game da 'yancin yin koke ya yi tsokaci game da gwaji na Bishops Bakwai inda Ubangijin Ruhaniya ciki har da Arch Bishop na Canterbury suka sadaukar da Hasumiyar kuma suka yi ƙoƙari don Seditious Libel don ƙin bin umarnin karanta sanarwar Indulgence. alkalai sun yi musu shari'a kuma suka wanke su. An gano cewa ba za a iya hukunta Bishops da laifin Seditious Libel ba saboda suna yin haƙƙin neman koke da ke ƙunshe a wancan lokacin a cikin Dokar Ta'addanci ta 1661. Wannan halin da ake ciki kuma yana da alaƙa da Art.1 Bill of Rights (1688) inda irin wannan dakatar da dokoki ba tare da izinin majalisar ba, ba tare da la'akari da "lalacewar hujja" an gane shi ba bisa doka ba "Cewa ikon da aka yi na dakatar da dokoki ko zartar da dokoki. ta Hukumar Gudanarwa ba tare da amincewar Majalisa ba haramun ne." Amfani na farko Babban motsa jiki na farko da kare haƙƙin koke a cikin ƙasar Amurka shi ne bayar da shawarar kawo ƙarshen bauta ta hanyar aika Majalisar da koke fiye da dubu kan batun, wanda wasu 'yan ƙasa 130,000 suka sa hannu. Tun daga shekara ta 1836, Majalisar Wakilai ta amince da jerin ka'idoji na gag wanda kai tsaye ya gabatar da duk irin wadannan koke-koke na yaki da bautar ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma suka haramta tattaunawarsu. Majalisar dattawa ta dauki irin wannan mataki. Kuma Tsohon shugaban kasa John Quincy Adams da sauran Wakilai daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar soke waɗannan dokoki a cikin 1844 bisa ga cewa ya saba wa yancin Tsarin Mulki (a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko don "koken gwamnati don magance koke- koke Iyakar Yayin da haramcin tauye haƙƙin neman koke a asali ana magana ne kawai ga majalisar tarayya Majalisar dokoki da kotuna, koyarwar haɗakarwa daga baya ta faɗaɗa kare haƙƙin da yake da shi a halin yanzu, kuma a kan dukkan kotunan jihohi da tarayya da majalisun dokoki da zartarwa. rassan jaha da gwamnatocin tarayya. Haƙƙin shigar da ƙara ya haɗa da a ƙarƙashin inuwarta haƙƙin doka na gurfanar da gwamnati, da haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyi da yuwuwar ƙungiyoyi don shigar da gwamnati. Wasu masu shigar da kara sun ce ‘yancin kai karar gwamnati ya hada da wata bukata da gwamnati ta saurara ko kuma ta mayar da martani ga jama’a. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ƙi wannan ra'ayi a cikin shekarata 1984:Babu wani abu a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko ko kuma a cikin dokar shari'ar wannan Kotun da ke fassara cewa 'yancin yin magana, tarayya, da koke ya buƙaci masu tsara manufofin gwamnati su saurara ko mayar da martani ga hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a kan al'amuran jama'a. Duba kuma Smith v. Ma'aikatan Babban Titin Jihar Arkansas, inda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa ƙin yin la'akari da korafe-korafen ma'aikata lokacin da ƙungiyar ta shigar da su, sannan maimakon ma'aikacin Ma'aikatar Babban Titin ta Jiha, bai keta gyare-gyaren farko ga Amurka ba. Tsarin Mulki. Kotun Koli ta fi fassara Faɗin Ƙoƙarin a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da Maganar Magana ta Kyauta na Gyaran Farko, amma a cikin yanke shawara na shekarata 2010 a Borough na Duryea v. Guarnieri (2010) ya yarda cewa za a iya samun bambance-bambance tsakanin su biyun: Ƙuntatawa Dokar South Dakota ta hana masu laifin yin lalata da su yada koke, suna da hukuncin daurin shekara daya a gidan yari da tarar dala 2,000. Bayar da koke na wani fursuna a Ofishin Gidan Yari na Tarayya (BOP) haramun ne a ƙarƙashin 28 CFR 541.3, kuma ana azabtar da shi ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku Kalmar “Koke” kamar yadda aka yi amfani da ita a cikin waɗannan ka’idoji guda biyu ta taƙaita ne ga waɗannan korafe-korafen da ke gudana a ɓangaren zartarwa ko na majalisu na gwamnati, kuma ba ta haɗa da takaddun da aka shigar a gaban kotu ba, waɗanda kuma ake kira da “koke”, kamar koke-koke na coram nobis, mandamus, habeas corpus, haramci, da certiorari, da sauransu. Kuma A yayin da aka fi kiran wadannan a matsayin "koke" nau'i ne na karan-tsaye ga gwamnati wanda zai iya sa kotuna ta fitar da wata takarda ta umurci gwamnati ta yi aiki, ko kuma ta daina aiki, ta hanyar da aka kayyade. ‘Yancin ma’aikatan gwamnati na magance korafe-korafe da ma’aikatansu kan al’amuran da suka shafi aiki za a iya takaita shi ga tsarin gudanarwa a karkashin tsarin kotun koli. Sannan A cikin Pickering v. Hukumar Ilimi, Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa dole ne kotu ta daidaita 'yancin ma'aikaci na yin magana a kan sha'awar gwamnati na kasancewa mai inganci da tasiri a ayyukan jama'a da take yi. Daga baya Kotun Koli Connick v. Myers, Garcetti v. Ceballos, da Gundumar Duryea v. Guarnieri ya kafa cewa dole ne ma'aikatan gwamnati su nuna cewa sun yi magana a matsayinsu na ɗan ƙasa a kan abin da ya shafi jama'a lokacin da suke tuhumar ma'aikacin su a ƙarƙashin Magana na Farko ko Ƙa'idar Ƙorafi. Duba wasu abubuwan Mu Jama'a (tsarin shigar da kara) Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
47886	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Bilot	Robert Bilot	Robert Bilott (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1965) lauyan muhalli ne na Amurka daga Cincinnati, Ohio. Anfi sanin Bilott da ƙarar da aka yi wa DuPont a madadin masu shigar da kara da suka ji rauni ta hanyar sharar da aka zubar a yankunan karkara a West Virginia. Bilott ya shafe sama da shekaru ashirin yana yin shari'ar zubar da sinadarai na perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) da perfluoroectanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Shari'ar Bilott ita ce tushe ga wani abin tunawa mai taken Exposure: Ruwa mai guba, Kayan Kasuwanci, da Yaƙin Shekaru ashirin na Lauyan Ɗaya da DuPont Ya zama mai ƙaruwar hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarshen shekarun 2010 kuma ya zama mafi ganuwa ta hanyar fim ɗin 2019 Dark Waters (fim na 2019) da kuma shirin fim na 2018 The Devil We Know wanda ya rubuta yaƙe-yaƙe na shari'a tare da Dupont. Wannan kulawar jama'a ta haifar da kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Rayuwa ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa. Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Bilott a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 1965, a Albany, New York. Mahaifin Bilott ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Sama na Amurka, kuma Bilott ya kasance yaro a sansanonin sojan sama da yawa. Saboda iyalin sa suna ƙaura akai-akai, Bilott ta halarci makarantu daban-daban guda takwas kafin ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Fairborn a Fairborn, Ohio. Daga nan ya sami digirin sa na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da nazarin birane daga Kwajelin New College of Florida. Daga nan ya sami Juris Doctor daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio Moritz College of Law a shekarar 1990. Ayyuka An shigar da Bilott a cikin mashaya a cikin 1990 kuma ya fara aikin lauya a Taft Stettinius Hollister LLP a Cincinnati, Ohio Shekaru takwas ya yi aiki kusan kawai ga manyan abokan ciniki na kamfanoni kuma ƙwarewarsa tana kare kamfanonin sinadarai. Ya zama abokin haɗaka a kamfanin a shekarar 1998. Ayyuka na farko akan DuPont Bilott ya wakilci Wilbur Tennant na Parkersburg, West Virginia wanda shanu ke mutuwa. Ginin ya kasance a ƙasa daga wani wuri inda DuPont ke zubar da ɗaruruwan tan na perfluorooctanoic acid. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1999, Bilott ya shigar da ƙarar tarayya a kan DuPont a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Kudancin Yammacin Virginia. A mayar da martani, DuPont ya ba da shawarar cewa DuPont da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka za su ba da umarnin nazarin dukiyar manomi, wanda likitocin dabbobi uku da DuPont suka zaɓa da uku da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta zaba. Lokacin da aka saki rahoton, ya zargi Tennants da shanu masu mutuwa suna da'awar cewa rashin kiwon dabbobi ne ke da alhakin: "rashin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin isasshen kula da dabbobi da rashin kula da tsuntsaye". Bayan Bilott ya gano cewa dubban tan-tan na PFOA na DuPont an zubar da su a cikin shara kusa da dukiyar Tennants kuma cewa PFOA ta DuPont tana gurɓata ruwan da ke kewaye da al'umma, DuPont ya warware batun Tennants. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2001, Bilott ya shigar da ƙarar da aka shigar a kan DuPont a madadin kimanin mutane 70,000 a Yammacin Virginia da Ohio tare da ruwan sha mai gurbataccen PFOA, wanda aka daidaita a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2004, tare da fa'idodin aji da suka kai sama da dala miliyan 300, gami da DuPont sun amince da shigar da tsire-tsire masu tacewa a cikin gundumomin ruwa guda shida da suka shafi da yawa masu zaman kansu masu tasiri, kyautar kuɗi na dala miliyan 70, da kuma tanadi domin kula da lafiyar lafiyar mutum ta biya har zuwa dala miliyan 235, idan kwamitin shan ruwa mai zaman kansa ya tabbatar da cutar PFO mai yiwuwa. Bayan kwamitin kimiyya mai zaman kansa da jam'iyyun suka zaɓa tare (amma ana buƙatar a ƙarƙashin sulhu da DuPont zai biya) ya gano cewa akwai yiwuwar alaƙa tsakanin shan PFOA da ciwon daji na ƙoda, cutar daji, cutar thyroid, babban cholesterol, pre-eclampsia, da cututtukan cututtukani, Bilott ya fara buɗe ƙarar mutum-mutumi na mutum a madadin masu amfani da ruwa na Ohio da Yammacin Virginia, wanda a shekarar 2015 ya kai sama da 3,500. Bayan ya rasa uku na farko don dala miliyan 19.7, a cikin 2017 DuPont ya amince da daidaita sauran shari'o'in da ke jiran lokacin domin dala miliyan 671.7. Yawancin ƙarin shari'o'in da aka gabatar bayan sasantawar 2017 an warware su a cikin 2021 don ƙarin dala miliyan 83 (an sanar tare da sasantawar dala biliyan 4 tsakanin DuPont da ta, Chemours, akan nauyin PFAS), wanda ya kawo jimlar ƙimar sasantawa a cikin in rauni ko kasawar mutum ga waɗanda suka fallasa PFOA a cikin ruwan sha zuwa sama da dala miliyan 753. Ayyuka na gaba A cikin 2018, Bilott ya gabatar da sabon shari'ar neman sabbin karatu da gwaji na babbar ƙungiyar sunadarai na PFAS a madadin wani aji na ƙasa da aka tsara na kowa a Amurka wanda ke da sunadarai da PFAS a cikin jinin su, a kan masana'antun PFAS da yawa, gami da 3M, DuPont, da Chemours. Wannan sabon shari'ar yana gudana tun daga Mayu 2020. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, kotun tarayya da ke kula da shari'ar ta tabbatar da shari'in don ci gaba a matsayin mataki na aji a madadin miliyoyin mutane da ke da PFAS a cikin jinin su. Sanarwar kafofin watsa labarai A cikin 2016, labarin Bilott ya kasance mai mayar da hankali ga labarin da Nathaniel Rich ya nuna a cikin New York Times Magazine, mai taken, "The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare. "Daga baya aka buga labarin Rich a cikin littafinsa, Second Nature (2021). An kuma nuna aikin Bilott a cikin manyan labarai a cikin The Huffington Post ("Barka da zuwa Beautiful Parkersburg") da The Intercept (multi-part The Teflon Toxin series). Robert Bilott shine marubucin sanannen littafin tunawa Exposure: Ruwa mai guba, Ƙaunar Kamfanin, da Yakin Shekaru ashirin na Lauyan Ɗaya da DuPont, wanda aka fara buga shi a Turanci a cikin 2019 ta Atria Books, kuma daga baya aka fassara shi zuwa Sinanci (2022) da Jafananci (2023). Jeremy Bobb ne ya ba da labarin littafin sauti tare da babi na farko wanda Mark Ruffalo ya ba da labari. Labarin Bilott ya kuma zama tushen Dark Waters, fim na 2019 wanda Mark Ruffalo ya fito a matsayin Bilott, da Anne Hathaway a matsayin matar Bilott, Sarah Barlage Har ila yau, labarin ya fito ne a cikin shirin fim mai tsawo mai suna The Devil We Know; shirin fim na Sweden, The Toxic Compromise; shi ne batun waka, Watershed ta mawaki mai suna Tracy K. Smith; shi ne taken "Toxic Waters" na shirin fim mai sashi da yawa, Parched, wanda aka watsa a tashar talabijin ta National Geographic a cikin 2017. Har ila yau, shi ne batun waƙar da bidiyon "Deep in the Water" na The Gary Douglas Band, da kuma waƙar "Blank" "Worker" ta ƙungiyar farfado da emo The World Is a Beautiful Place I Am No Longer Afraid to Die. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin Devil Put The Coal In The Ground, wani shirin fim na 2022 game da wahala da lalacewa da masana'antar kwal ta kawo da raguwarta. Bilott kuma ya rubuta gabatarwar littafin Forever Chemicals Environmental, Economic, and Social Equity Concerns with PFAS in the Environment, wanda CRC Press ta buga a 2021. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin fim din da aka fitar a 2023 mai taken, Burned: Protecting the Protectors, wanda ke mai da hankali kan fallasa PFAS tsakanin masu kashe gobara. Godiya gaisuwa A cikin 2017, Bilott ya sami lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa ta Right Livelihood, wanda aka fi sani da "Alternative Nobel Prize," saboda shekaru da yawa na aikinsa kan batutuwan gurɓataccen sinadarai na PFAS, kuma an nuna shi a kan hatimi da aka bayar a Austria, don tunawa da kyautar. A cikin 2020, Bilott ya kasance wani ɓangare na wani Yaki na Har abada Chemicals na kafofin sada zumunta da kuma kamfen ɗin yawon shakatawa wanda ya kasance mai cin nasara a cikin Nishaɗi da kuma Finalist a Kamfen ɗin Duniya, Hadin gwiwar Media don Shorty Awards na kafofin sadaukarwa. Har ila yau, sun sami lambar yabo ta zinariya a cikin Muhalli da Ci gaba. Bilott yana aiki a cikin kwamitin daraktoci na Less Cancer, kwamitin amintattu na Green Umbrella, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin kwamiti na tsofaffi na New College of Florida daga 2018-2021. A cikin 2021, Bilott ya sami Digiri na Dokta na Dokta daga New College of Florida da Digiri na Doctor na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Jihar Ohio ta Jami'ar Jami'ar Ohio ta Nazarin Kimiyya ta Muhalli. Har ila yau, ɗan'uwa ne a Kwalejin Rayuwa ta Dama, Farfesa mai daraja a Jami'ar Kasa ta Cordoba a Argentina, kuma malami ne a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Yale, Sashen Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya na Muhalli. Kyaututtuka da karɓuwa 2005Trial Lawyer of the Year. Presented by The Trial Lawyers For Public Justice Foundation. 2006Super Lawyer Rising Star. Selected by Cincinnati Magazine. 2008100 Top Trial Lawyers from Ohio. Named by American Trial Lawyers Association. 2008Present Leading Lawyer Honoree. Name by Cincy Magazine Environmental Law. 2010Present Honoree, Environmental Law, Litigation. Named by Best Lawyers in America. 2011Present Top Local Plaintiff Litigation Star Honoree. Presented by Benchmark Plaintiff. 2014Clarence Darrow Award Honoree. Presented by Mass Tort Bar. 2016Giraffe Hero Commendation Honoree. Presented by Giraffe Heroes Project. 2016Joined the board of the Next Generation Choices Foundation (a.k.a. Less Cancer) "to support its mission in championing education and policy that will help prevent cancer." 2017Present Class Action Honoree. Presented by Kentucky Super Lawyers. 2017Right Livelihood Award. Presented by The Right Livelihood Foundation (December 1, 2017). 2017MVP for Class Action Honoree. Named by Law360. 2019Lawyer of the Year in LitigationEnvironmental. Named by Best Lawyers. 2020Public Interest Environmental Law David Brower Lifetime Achievement Award. 2020Kentucky Bar Association Distinguished Lawyer Award. 2020Big Fish Award. Presented by Riverkeeper Fishermen's Ball. 2020Consumer Safety Award. Presented by the Kentucky Justice Association. 2021Lawyer of the Year in LitigationEnvironmental. Named by Best Lawyers. 2021Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from New College of Florida. 2022Lawyer of the Year in Environmental LawCincinnati. Named by Best Lawyers. 2023Lawyer of the Year in LitigationEnvironmentalCincinnati. Named by Best Lawyers. 2023Environmental Working Group's Changemaker Award. 2023Multicultural Health Institute's Community Champion Award. Rayuwar mutum A shekara ta 1996, Bilott ya auri Sarah Barlage Suna da ƴaƴa uku, Teddy, Charlie da Tony. Manazarta Haɗin waje Bayyanawa a simonandschuster.com Bayyanawa a kirkusreviews.com Robert Bilott a osu.edu Robert Bilott a theintercept.com Haihuwan 1965 Rayayyun
13273	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emna%20Mizouni	Emna Mizouni	Emna Mizouni larabci an haife ta a shekarata alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da bakwai (1987) yar asalin Tunisia ce mai gwagwarmaya ta yanar gizo da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, yar Jarida ce mai zaman kanta, masaniyar sadarwa da kuma zartarwar a kasuwanci. Bayan samun nasarar taimako wajan shirya RightCon Tunis, a watan Yulin 2019 an nada ta tayi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na duniya na Kungiyar International Now, kungiyar kare hakkin bil-adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar intanet A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, Mizouni ya kafa Carthagina, wani yunƙuri da aka ƙaddamar don ƙirƙirar sha'awar al'adun Tunusiya a gida da waje. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2019, a Taron Wikimedia a Stockholm, an karrama ta a matsayin Wikimedian na Shekarar 2019 sakamakon rawar da ta taka a ci gaban al’ummomin kasashen larabawa da na Afirka da kuma nasarorin da ta samu wajen bunkasa tarihi da al'adun gargajiya. Tunisiya. Farkon rayuwa da ilimi An tayar da shi a Tunis babban birnin Tunisiya, Mizouni ya takaita ne daga Lycée Khaznadar a gundumar Le Bardo a cikin 2006. Daga nan sai ta halarci École supérieure de commerce (ESCT) a Tunis inda ta fara digiri na biyu a cikin gudanarwa (2009) sannan ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a cikin kasuwanci, tattaunawar kasuwanci, da sadarwa (2011). Bayan karatun ta, ta yi aiki a cikin tallata kuma a matsayinta na 'yar jarida kuma mai gabatar da radiyo. A watan Yuni na shekarar 2012, an ba ta mukamin Jami'in Kula da Sadarwa da Sadarwa na Majalisar Burtaniya. Aiki Bayan sufirin ta larabawa, Mizouni ta fahimci cewa ilimin game da tarihin kasarta da al'adun su sun takaita. Sakamakon haka, tare da sauran masu haɗin gwiwar, ta kafa Carthagina (dangane da Carthage, tsohuwar sunan Tunis) wanda aka tsara don inganta al'adun al'adun Tunusiya. Pr Safwan Masri, wanda aka ambata a cikin littafinsa «Tunisiya an an Analyaly» cewa yayin ganawa da Emna, ta ba shi labarin "mahimmancin bayan juyin juya halin Jasmine na Tunisiyanci game da bambance bambancen da tarihin rayuwar Bahar Rum yayin da suke tsara makomar su". A shekara ta 2017, a matsayinta na shugabar shirin, ta yi bayani: “Bayan juyin juya halin, mutane da yawa sun yi mamakin asalin kasar. Bambancin gabatarwa game da tarihinmu da al'adunmu sun nuna ƙarancin iliminmu sosai. Tare da Wikipedia da Wikimedia Commons, ta shirya gasawar hoto da ta mayar da hankali kan rukunin al'adun kasar Tunusiya, tare da samun nasarar mahalarta su gabatar da daruruwan hotunan tare da hadin gwiwar aikin GLAM na Wikimedia. Wannan ya haifar da aikin Carthagina "MedinaPedia", yana ba da damar samun bayanai game da shafukan Tunis Medina a kan wayoyin hannu ta lambobin QR. Wani aikin GLAM ne ya jagoranci ta hanyar Mizouni; Wikimedian a Gida a cikin Diocesan Library of Tunis, tare da haɗin gwiwar Library da Archdiocese na Tunis wanda Archbishop na Ilario Antoniazzi ya sanya hannu kuma ɗayan membobin Carthagina da Wikimedian Zeineb Takouti ne suka sanya hannu Mizouni ya kuma ga Carthagina a matsayin wani abin ƙarfafawa ga matasa don nuna sha'awar kasarsu ta hanya mai ƙarfi, maimakon bin kawai abubuwan darussan tarihi a makaranta. Emna Mizouni kuma wakilin kungiyar karama ce ta kare hakkin mata na Tunisiya. kuma, tare da Leila Ben-Gacem da Zeineb Takouti, sune suka kafa kungiyar ba da riba ta Digital Digiri wacce ke ba da damar samun bayanai game da ilimin boko na dijital don karancinsu. kungiyoyi. Har ila yau ita ce mai ba da izini ta Duniya Shapers, Tunis, wanda ke mayar da hankali kan kasuwancin zamantakewa, 'yan ƙasa da al'adu.. Bayan samun nasarar taimaka wajan shirya RightCon Tunis, a watan Yuli na 2019 an nada ta ta yi aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na duniya na Kungiyar International Now, kungiyar kare hakkin bil-adama ta kasa da kasa ta hanyar intanet A watan Agusta na 2019, a Taron Wikimedia a Stockholm, an karrama ta a matsayin Wikimedian na Shekarar 2019 sakamakon rawar da ta taka a ci gaban al’ummomin kasashen larabawa da na Afirka da kuma nasarorin da ta samu wajen bunkasa tarihi da al'adun gargajiya. Tunisiya. Katherine Maher, Babban Darakta na Wikimedia Foundation, ta yaba wa Mizouni kan kokarin da ta yi: "Emna ita ce mai ba da gajiya da kuma gwarzo don neman ilimi kyauta. Aikinta, haɗin gwiwa, da sha’awarta don kiyaye al'adun Tunisiya ya buɗe al'adun Tunisiya, mutane, da tarihin sauran ƙasashen duniya," Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe 2018: Mizouni, Emna: kimantawa de la stratégie de sadarwa d'un nouveau kafofin watsa labarai, Editions universitaires européennes, ISBN\|978-3-639-50786-7 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Emna Mizouni game da.me Emna Mizouni Emna Mizouni Emna Mizouni Bidiyo na Zaman rufewa a Wikimania 2019: Kyautar Mizouni daga karfe 24:00 Editocin Wikimedia na
57713	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi%20Bel%20Abb%C3%A8s	Sidi Bel Abbès	Tarihi Birnin na yanzu,a kan kogin Wadi Sig, ya haɓaka a kusa da sansanin Faransanci da aka gina a 1843.A cikin 1849 an kafa wani garin noma da aka tsara a kusa da wurin aikin soja.Daga 1830s har zuwa 1962 birnin yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Waje ta Faransa, kasancewar wurin sansanin horo na asali, da kuma hedkwatar runduna ta farko ta Harkokin Waje.A ƙarshen 1890s garin, wanda aka kwatanta shi da kamannin Mutanen Espanya,yana da farar hula kusan 30,000.Manyan gine-ginen sun kasance a gundumar sojojin Faransa na Quartier Vienot.Cibiyar horar da Gendarmerie ta Aljeriya ta zamani tana cikin Sidi Bel Abbès. A cikin shekarun 1930 da yawa daga cikin tsoffin ganuwar birnin an rushe.Fad'i na boulevards da murabba'ai sun maye gurbin wuraren gargajiya,wanda ya sa garin ya rasa yawancin halayensa. Geography Garin yana zaune a gefen kogin Sig,da tafkin Sidi Mohamed Benali.Tafkin yana ba da babban tanadin ruwa ga yankin. Yanayi Sidi Bel Abbès yana da yanayin zafi-lokacin rani na Bahar Rum(Köppen weather classification Csa). Unguwannin Sidi Bel Abbès yana da yankuna 26. Waɗannan su ne:Campus,Ben Hamouda, American Village,Rocher,Sidi Djilali, Environment,Gambetta,Maconi,Soricor, La Brimer,Londeau,Sidi Yacine,Saqia Hamra,Village Perrin,Village Bira, Adda boudjelal,El Makam,El madina el Mounaouara,Bab Eddaya, Boumlik (Campo),Downtown,Grebah,Cimitiere Houria,Cite 20 Aout,Village Tierre,Village de Gaulle. Al'adu Kiɗa Waƙar Rai ita ce shahararriyar kiɗan a cikin birni kuma an san ta da yawancin rai chebs Kamar Djilali Amarna. Wasanni Ƙwallon ƙafar ƙungiyoyi shine wasanni mafi shahara a cikin birni.Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta gida ita ce USM Bel Abbés,wadda ke taka leda a filin wasa na Fevrier 24.Ƙwallon kwando,ƙwallon hannu,da wasan volleyball suma shahararru ne kuma ana buga su a makarantun tsakiya da sakandare ko wuraren wasanni,kamar Adda Boudjelal Sportive Complex.Garin kuma yana da kulob ɗin rugby,MC Sidi Bel Abbés. Tattalin Arziki Tattalin arzikin ya ta'allaka ne kan noma, musamman samar da hatsi irin su alkama da sha'ir da kuma sana'ar inabi.Wani rukunin kera injinan gona yana wurin. Akwai yankin masana'antu wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin birni. Kasuwanni Akwai kasuwanni da yawa a Sidi Bel Abbes.Souk el Felah da Souk el Lile sune manyan kasuwanni biyu na 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari. Sufuri Hanya Sidi Bel Abbès yana da alaƙa sosai da sauran biranen Aljeriya ta hanyoyi.Oran yana da nisan kilomita 70 arewa kuma Tlemcen yana da kilomita 90 yamma. Hanyar Yamma- Gabas ta wuce kusa da birnin. Filin jirgin sama Filin jirgin saman kasa da kasa mafi kusa shine Oran Es Sénia,amma birni yana aiki da na gida:Filin jirgin saman Sidi Bel Abbès( amma ba don amfanin jama'a ba. Tramway An buɗe layin tram na Sidi Bel Abbès a ranar 25 ga Yuli,2017.Layin layin dogo na tsawon kilomita 14.7,tare da tashoshi 22 da suka mamaye mafi yawan manyan wuraren da ke cikin birni kamar Busstations 3,Daira,harabar jami'a,Garin Down,Lambun Jama'a.Ko da yake Ba ya hidima ga yammacin birnin da kuma kudu. Jirgin kasa Sidi Bel Abbés yana da tashar jirgin ƙasa wanda jiragen kasa ke tafiya zuwa Oran, Tlemcen,Bechar da Saïda.Hanyar dogo tsakanin Aljeriya da Maroko ta bi ta cikin birnin amma an katse wannan hanyar saboda dalilai na siyasa.. Yawon shakatawa Alamomin ƙasa Sidi Bel Abbès yana da alamomin tarihi da yawa.Waɗannan sun haɗa da Place Carnot wanda aka sake masa suna Place 1er Novembre bayan 'yancin kai.Wannan fili ne dake cikin tsakiyar birni.Katanga na Perrin wani kagara ne da ke tsakanin Sidi Bel Abbés da Sidi Lahcene kuma an gina shi cikin salon gine-gine na Faransa, zauren garin,wanda kuma aka gina a cikin tsarin Faransanci na tarihi ya kasance babban coci.Ofishin jam'iyyar FLN a zamanin mulkin mallaka ginin soja ne. Otal-otal Sidi Bel Abbés yana da otal biyar, ciki har da Beni tella da Eden,"Metropole I", "Metropole II","Quods". Fitattun mutane René Raphaël Viviani(Nuwamba 8, 1863 Satumba 7, 1925),ɗan siyasan Faransa na Jamhuriyya ta Uku, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na shekarar farko na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya. Marco Torrès(Janairu 22, 1888 Janairu 15, 1963),dan wasan motsa jiki na Olympics,zakaran Duniya na Duniya sau biyu. Gaston Maurice Julia(3 ga Fabrairu, 1893 Maris 19, 1978),masanin lissafi wanda ya shahara ga Julia wanda aka kafa a ka'idar hargitsi Marcel Cerdan (1916-49),ɗan damben Faransa,wanda aka sani da Le Bombardier Marocain("Bam ɗin Moroko") Mohammed Bedjaoui(an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1929), ministan harkokin waje, tsohon ministan shari'a(1964-70),jakadan Faransa(1970-79)da wakilin dindindin na Aljeriya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya(1979-82).Ya kasance alkali a Kotun Duniya ta Hague (1982-2001). Jean Boyer(1948 2004),masanin halittar Faransa Brigitte Giraud(an haife shi a shekara ta 1960),marubucin Faransa Kad Merad(1964),ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya na Faransa na 2008 Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis Éric Delétang(an haife shi a shekara ta 1966)shi ne tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Faransa Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sidi Bel Abbès on Facebook Biranen
57582	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep%20CJ	Jeep CJ	Gabatarwa Jeep CJ jeri ne da kewayon ƙananan motocin buɗaɗɗen kashe hanya da ƙananan motoci masu ɗaukar hoto, waɗanda aka gina da kuma sayar da su ta hanyar incarnations da yawa na alamar motar Jeep daga 1945 zuwa 1986. 1945 Willys "Universal Jeep" ita ce motar farar hula ta farko da aka kera a duniya. A cikin 1944, Willys-Overland, babban masana'anta na Jeep na Yaƙin Duniya na II, ya gina samfuran farko don sigar kasuwanci CJ, gajere don "Jeep farar hula". Zane-zanen juyin halitta ne kai tsaye daga jif ɗin yaƙi, amma mafi bayyananniyar canjin shine ƙara ƙofofin wutsiya, da kuma sake mayar da motar da ke gefe. Hakanan, ban da ƙara kayan more rayuwa na farar hula da zaɓuɓɓuka, gami da hasken doka, CJ yana buƙatar madaidaicin tuƙi fiye da na jeep ɗin yaƙi, saboda masu siyan karkara da aka yi niyya za su yi aiki tuƙuru da motocin, kuma suna tsammanin dorewa na shekaru, maimakon makonni kawai a lokacin. WW II. Tun daga nan, duk CJ Jeeps a koyaushe suna da keɓaɓɓen jiki da firam, madaidaiciyar rayayyun ganyaye tare da maɓuɓɓugan ganye duka gaba da baya, ƙirar hanci mai murɗawa tare da fenders, da gilashin iska mai ninke, kuma ana iya tuka su ba tare da ƙofofi ba. Har ila yau, tare da ƴan bangaranci, suna da tsarin tuƙi mai ƙafa huɗu na ɗan lokaci, tare da zaɓi na babba da ƙananan gearing, da buɗaɗɗen jikin jiki tare da filaye masu wuya ko taushi. Canje-canje kaɗan a cikin shekarun ƙira na 42 sune gabatarwar da aka yi na zagaye-fendered vs. faifan fendered jikin (1955 CJ-5), madaidaiciya-6 da injuna V8, akwatunan gear atomatik, da kuma tsarin tuƙi na 4 daban-daban. 1976 CJ-7 ya shimfiɗa ƙafar ƙafa ta inci 10 (25 cm), kuma an yi ƙofofi da abubuwan gama gari masu wuyar cirewa. Bayan ci gaba da samarwa ta hanyar kewayon samfuran ƙira, da iyayen kamfanoni da yawa, layin Jeep CJ ya ƙare bisa hukuma bayan 1986. An gina fiye da miliyan 1.5 na CJ Jeeps, bayan sun ci gaba da irin salon jikinsu na tsawon shekaru 45 tun lokacin da Jeep ya fara bayyana. Ana ɗauka da yawa a matsayin "Dokin Aiki na Amurka", an kwatanta CJs a matsayin "watakila abin hawa mai nasara mafi nasara da aka taɓa yi." VP Joseph Cappy na Amurka Motors ya ce ƙarshen "samar da CJ zai nuna ƙarshen wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Jeep." A cikin 1987, Jeep CJ-7 ya maye gurbin Jeep Wrangler na farko. Da yake kama da kama da hawa akan ƙafar ƙafa ɗaya kamar CJ-7, ya ɗauki wasu mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, gami da amfani da maɓuɓɓugan ganye Irin wannan samfurin DJ "Dispatcher" an gabatar dashi a cikin 1956 a matsayin sigar tuƙi mai ƙafa biyu tare da buɗaɗɗe, masana'anta, ko rufaffiyar jikin ƙarfe a duka hagu-da-dama na tuƙi don otal, wurin shakatawa, 'yan sanda, kuma daga baya Amurka Postal. Kasuwannin sabis CJ-1 A cikin 1942, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta gwada MB. A shekara ta 1944, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin sun kasance da tabbaci cewa za a ci nasara a yakin, kuma yakin basasa ya yi kama da raguwa. Wannan ya ba Willys damar yin la'akari da kera Jeep don kasuwar farar hula bayan yakin. Takaddun bayanai ba su da yawa, amma a farkon 1944, Willys ya zama kamar ya sami lokaci don fara zana tsare-tsare, kuma samfura ɗaya ko biyu da aka yiwa lakabi da CJ (-1), na "Jeep farar hula", suna gudana a watan Mayu na waccan shekarar. Da alama an ƙirƙiri CJ na farko ta hanyar gyaggyarawa da sauri na MB na soja na yau da kullun, ƙara ƙofofin wutsiya, ƙaramin gearing, mashaya, da saman zane irin na farar hula. CJ na farko ya yi aiki azaman gwaji mai sauri-na-ra'ayi, kuma lokacin da ƙarin ƙirar ƙira ta samo asali, mai yiwuwa ya zama CJ-1 ta tsohuwa. An kera su har sai da CJ-2s suka bayyana, kuma su ne Jeep na farko da aka gina tun daga tushe har zuwa farar hula. Babu CJ-1 da aka gina da ya tsira, kuma ba a san adadin nawa aka yi ba. CJ-2 Kodayake an gina aƙalla 40, Willys-Overland CJ-2 bai kasance don siyar da siyarwa ba. CJ-2s, wanda kuma aka fi sani da "AgriJeeps", sune samfuran ƙarni na biyu don samarwa farar hula Jeep na farko, kuma an yi amfani da su kawai don dalilai na gwaji. Kodayake ƙirar su ta dogara ne akan sojojin Willys MB kai tsaye, ta yin amfani da injin Willys Go Iblis iri ɗaya ba wai kawai an cire su daga duk fasalulluka na soja ba, musamman hasken baƙar fata, amma kuma CJ-2s suna da bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin sifofin jiki da gini. da Jeep na soja. Suna da ƙofofin wutsiya, kashe wutar lantarki, gwamnonin injin ($28.65), ginshiƙi-shift T90 watsawa, 5.38 gears, 2.43: 1 ƙananan ƙararrakin canja wuri, da bayanan kayan aikin direba. An sake fasalin rijiyoyin na baya ta yadda za a iya faɗaɗa kujeru, ingantawa, da matsar da su a baya, kuma an gwada sabbin ƙira mafi ƙarancin yanayi. Rabin saman zane tare da ƙofofin da aka yi birgima ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ƙira da aka gwada kafin samarwa. Injin L-head CJ-2 Go-Devil ya kasance iri ɗaya da na Jeep na lokacin yaƙi, amma ya yi amfani da tsarin carburetor na daban da kuma kunna wuta. The CJ-2s were built in two main batches, but even within the two groups, each was a little different, as they evolved and were modified for various types of work. For instance a number of experimental combinations of powertrain components were tested. Earlier models were dubbed “pilot models” because they still had so many differences from the production Jeeps. They were painted olive-drab, and had brass “JEEP” badges on the windshield base, the hood sides, and the rear. Some CJ-2s also had an "AgriJeep" plaque fixed to the dash.[citation needed] Later models were stamped "JEEP" and were painted in a few civilian colors that translated into the "WILLYS" stamping and the colors that appeared on the first production CJ-2A Jeeps built from 1945. The spare tire was mounted forward of the passenger-side rear wheel on the earlier models and aft of the rear wheel on later ones. The CJ-2s were likely distributed to "agricultural stations" for evaluation purposes. Daga cikin 40-45 CJ-2s da aka gina, jerin lambobin CJ2-03, CJ2-04, CJ2-06 (X30), CJ2-09 (X33), CJ2-11, CJ2-12, CJ2-14, CJ2-16, CJ2-26, CJ2-29, CJ2-32 (X56), CJ2-37 (X61), da CJ2-38 (X62) sun tsira, kodayake wasu suna cikin mawuyacin hali.An da CJ2-09. CJ-2A Darussan da aka koya tare da CJ-2 sun haifar da haɓaka na farko na CJ mai cikakken samarwa, 1945-1949 Willys-Overland CJ-2A, ko Universal Jeep An ba da alamar kasuwanci don "AGRIJEEP" a cikin Disamba 1944, amma ba a yi amfani da shi ba. CJ-2A yayi kama da MB na wayewa tare da ƙofofin wutsiya da ƙafar ƙafa. Bambancin bambanci tsakanin MB da CJ-2A yana kwance a cikin grille na motocin biyu. Inda MB ɗin ke da fitilolin mota da grille mai ramuka tara, CJ-2A tana da fitilun fitilun fitillu masu girman gaske, wanda aka saka a cikin gasa mai ramuka bakwai. Duk da yake har yanzu ana ƙarfafa ta ta ingin L-134 Go-Devil abin dogaro, CJ-2A ya maye gurbin watsa T-84 na MB tare da naman sa T-90 mai sauri uku. An fara samar da CJ-2A a ranar 17 ga Yuli 1945, tare da raba lokacin samarwa tare da MB kusan 9000 ƙarin MBs an samar da su har zuwa Satumba 1945. Yawancin farkon CJ-2As an samar dasu ta amfani da ragowar kayan aikin jeep na soja kamar tubalan injin, kuma a wasu lokuta, firam ɗin da aka gyara. Har zuwa serial no. 13453, an ɗora madaidaicin gatari na MB-style. Da zarar an yi amfani da su, CJ ya sami mafi ƙarfi samfurin Dana Spicer 41. Wani lokaci amfani da sassan MB ya kasance saboda yajin aiki a masu kaya, kamar Autolite. Tun da Willys ya samar da ƴan sassa a cikin gida kuma ya dogara kacokan akan masu kaya, yana da rauni ga yajin aiki. Abin baƙin ciki ga Willys, yajin ya kasance na kowa bayan yakin, kuma wannan yana iya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin samarwa a cikin 1945 da farkon 1946. Tun da CJ-2A an yi niyya da farko don noma, kiwo, da aikace-aikacen masana'antu, hannun jari CJ-2As kawai ya zo tare da wurin zama direba da madubin gefen direba, kuma akwai zaɓi iri-iri iri-iri, kamar: wurin zama na fasinja na gaba, kujerar baya., madubi na duba baya na tsakiya, saman zane, gaban wutar lantarki (PTO), baya PTO, bel ɗin bel ɗin motar, capstan winch, gwamna, daga baya na ruwa, garmar dusar ƙanƙara, walda, janareta, injin yanka, diski, gaba nauyi mai nauyi, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu nauyi, masu goge gilashin iska guda biyu (hannun CJ-2As an sanye su da injin goge hannu a gefen fasinja da injin goge goge a gefen direba), fitilolin wutsiya biyu (hannun CJ-2As yana da fitilar wutsiya akan direban. Gefe da mai haskakawa a gefen fasinja), radiyo mai zafi, masu gadin mota, hita, matakan gefe, da gadin goge goge. An samar da CJ-2As a cikin haɗe-haɗe masu launi waɗanda a wasu hanyoyi ke wakiltar bege da alƙawarin Amurka bayan yaƙi. Dangane da manufar da aka yi niyya, haɗe-haɗe kuma sun yi kama da waɗanda shahararrun masana'antun kayan aikin gona suka yi amfani da su a lokacin. Daga 1945 zuwa tsakiyar 1946, CJ-2As suna samuwa ne kawai a cikin haɗin launi guda biyu: Pasture Green tare da ƙafafun rawaya na kaka da Harvest Tan tare da ƙafafun Rana. Ƙarin haɗin launi da aka ƙara a tsakiyar 1946 sune: Princeton Black tare da Harvard Red ko Sunset Red wheels, Michigan Yellow with Pasture Green, Sunset Red ko American Black wheels, Normandy Blue tare da Rawaya Rawaya ko Faɗuwar Rana, da Harvard Red tare da Rawaya na Autumn ko Amurka Black wheels. Abubuwan da ake kira Pasture Green da Harvest Tan an bar su daga baya a cikin 1946. An jefar da haɗin gwiwar Harvard Red a cikin 1947 kuma an maye gurbinsu da Picket Gray tare da ƙafafun Harvard Red, da Luzon Red tare da ƙafafun Universal Beige. A cikin 1948, an ƙara waɗannan haɗin launi: Emerald Green tare da ƙafafun Beige na Universal, Potomac Grey tare da Harvard Red ko American Black wheels. Domin 1949, an jefar da Picket Grey, Michigan Yellow, da Normandy Blue haɗuwa. Hakanan ana samun dam ɗin zaitun don samfuran fitarwa. A farkon CJ-2As, an rufe kujerun gaba da vinyl zaitun-drab. Kusan tsakiyar 1947, Slate Grey vinyl ya zama samuwa don wasu haɗin launi. Daga baya, Barcelona Red aka kara zuwa ga mix. An samar da jimlar 214,760 CJ-2As. Saboda amfani da sassan samar da sojoji akan farkon CJ-2As, da kuma sauye-sauye da yawa da aka yi yayin samar da farkon sa, masu dawo da masu tattarawa suna komawa zuwa CJ-2As har zuwa kusan serial no. 34,530 a matsayin "Farkon farar hula" kuma daga tsakiyar 1946 zuwa kusan tsakiyar 1947 a matsayin "Farkon farar hula". An yi ƙananan canje-canje ne kawai bayan ƙirar tsakiyar 1947. CJ-3A An ƙaddamar da Willys-Overland CJ-3A a cikin 1949, kuma yana kan samarwa har zuwa 1953, lokacin da CJ-3B ya maye gurbinsa. Willys' ne ya ƙarfafa shi L-134 Go-Iblis engine hudu-Silinda, tare da T-90 watsa da Dana 18 canja wurin akwati, Dana 25 gaban axle da Dana 41 ko 44 raya axle. Ya ƙunshi gilashin iska guda ɗaya tare da huɗa, da goge goge a ƙasa. CJ-3A ta dakatad da dakatarwar (leaf 10) don ɗaukar kayan aikin noma iri-iri da aka gina don abin hawa. Wani bambanci kuma shine guntuwar rijiyar baya wheelwell daga saman gaban gaba zuwa bayan jikin shine akan 3A idan aka kwatanta da akan 2A) da kuma matsar da kujerar direba a baya. Kamar yadda na 1951, an ba da Farm Jeep da Jeep Tractor version; na karshen ya kasance babu-kashi-kashi, don amfanin filin kawai, kuma yana dauke da tashin wuta Gabaɗaya, an samar da 131,843 CJ-3As kafin jerin ya ƙare a 1953. Kimanin 550 na CJ3-As ne Mitsubishi ya tara a matsayin J1/J2 a ƙarshen 1952 da farkon 1953, na musamman ga hukumar 'yan sanda da gandun daji ta Japan. Jirgin sojan da aka samo daga CJ-3A shine Willys MC (ko M38), kuma ya fara haɗa motocin Ford da Willys na Yaƙin Duniya na II wanda ya fara a 1949. CJ-4 Willys-Overland CJ-4 ko "X-151" an gina shi ne kawai azaman ra'ayi na gwaji a cikin 1950 ko 1951. Ya yi amfani da sabon injin Hurricane na Willys kuma yana da wheelbase Bakin jikin CJ-4 ya kasance tsaka-tsaki zane tsakanin madaidaicin murfi daga CJ-3B da duk sabon salon jikin mai lankwasa na CJ-5. An ƙi ƙirar ƙirar kuma daga ƙarshe an sayar da motar ga wani ma'aikacin masana'anta. Shaidu sun bayyana, an yi la'akari da samfuran da aka samu da ake kira CJ-4M da CJ-4MA (XM170), a matsayin mafarin 1951 M38A1 da M170 na Jeeps na soja. Kodayake samfurin CJ-4M bazai kasance da gaske an gina shi ba, samfurin motar motar asibiti mai shimfiɗa tare da rajista "CJ-4MA-01" ya kasance a cikin 2005. Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
35340	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn%2C%20Missouri	Linn, Missouri	Linn birni ne, da ke a gundumar Osage, Missouri, a ƙasar Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kasance 1,350 a ƙidayar 2020. Ita ce kujerar gundumar Osage County. Linn wani yanki ne na garin Jefferson, Yankin Ƙididdiga na Babban Birni na Missouri. Tarihi An ƙirƙiri Linn a cikin 1843. An sanya sunan al'ummar ga Sanata Lewis F. Linn. Wani gidan waya da ake kira Linn yana aiki tun 1844. Gidan Poorhouse na Osage County da Dr. Enoch T. da Amy Zewicki House an jera su a kan National Register of Historic Places. Linn ya kasance yanki ne na gundumar Gasconade da ke makwabtaka har zuwa Janairu 29, 1841. Geography Linn yana nan a (38.482958, -91.846908). A cewar Ofishin Kidayar Amurka, birnin yana da jimlar duk kasa. Alƙaluma ƙidayar 2010 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 1,459, gidaje 629, da iyalai 345 da ke zaune a cikin birni. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance Akwai rukunin gidaje 758 a matsakaicin yawa na Jaridar wariyar launin fata ta garin ya kasance 97.3% na Afirka, kashi 1.0% na Asiya 0.1% na tsibirin, 0.1% daga wasu tsere, 0.8% daga tsere biyu ko sama da haka. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.0% na yawan jama'a. Magidanta 629 ne, kashi 33.7% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 37.5% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 13.5% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 3.8% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 45.2% ba dangi bane. Kashi 38.2% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 12.2% na da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.32 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.07. Tsakanin shekarun garin ya kai shekaru 30. 27.6% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 13.6% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 26.7% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 19.7% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 12.5% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na birni ya kasance 51.2% na maza da 48.8% mata. Ƙididdigar 2000 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 1,354, gidaje 533, da iyalai 300 da ke zaune a cikin birni. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 1,543.3 a kowace murabba'in mil (594.1/km 2 Akwai rukunin gidaje 616 a matsakaicin yawa na 702.1 a kowace murabba'in mil (270.3/km 2 Tsarin launin fata na birnin ya kasance 97.86% Fari, 0.22% Ba'amurke, 0.52% Ba'amurke, 0.44% Asiya, 0.22% daga sauran jinsi, da 0.74% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.96% na yawan jama'a. Akwai gidaje 533, daga cikinsu kashi 30.6% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 42.4% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 9.8% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 43.7% kuma ba na iyali ba ne. Kashi 34.3% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 17.6% na da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.32 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.01. A cikin birni, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 23.9% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 15.9% daga 18 zuwa 24, 23.3% daga 25 zuwa 44, 15.4% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 21.4% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko kuma mazan. Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 33. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 96.5. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 95.4. Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin birni shine $27,656, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $38,854. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $30,259 sabanin $20,703 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na birni shine $13,840. Kimanin kashi 9.5% na iyalai da 17.1% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 16.2% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 16.3% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Ilimi Linn gida ce ga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha, kwalejin fasaha da fasaha. An kafa fasahar jihar a cikin 1961 a matsayin wani yanki na gundumar makaranta kuma an canza shi zuwa Jihar Missouri a cikin 1996. A cikin 2013, an yanke shawarar cewa kwalejin za ta canza sunanta zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Missouri Canjin suna ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2014. Linn kuma gida ne ga gundumar. Gundumar ta ƙunshi Osage County R-II Elementary School (PK-06) da Linn High School (07-12), wanda ke kusa da Linn Tech a wani yanki a bayan garin da aka sani da Gabashin Linn Makaranta mai zaman kanta,<ref></ref> Makarantar Katolika ta St. George, tana cikin tsakiyar garin Linn tare da Linn yana da ɗakin karatu na jama'a, reshe na Laburaren Branch County Osage. Yanayi Nau'in Rarraba Yanayi na Köppen na wannan yanayin shine Cfa (Yanayin zafi na yankin Humid). Manazarta Birane a Osage County, Missouri Birane a
32739	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid%20Aucho	Khalid Aucho	Khalid Aucho (an haife shi ranar 8 ga watan Agustan, 1993). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Uganda wanda ke taka leda a Matasan Afirka a gasar Premier ta Tanzaniya da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Uganda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaro. Rayuwar farko An haifi Aucho a Jinja,a kasar Uganda. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Namagabi-Kayunga, St Thudus (O-level), Iganga Mixed School (A-level). Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Aucho ya taɓa buga kwallo a kungiyoyi daban-daban, irin su Jinja Municipal Council FC daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010,Water FC Uganda daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2012, Simba FC daga Uganda, Tusker daga Kenya, Gor Mahia daga Kenya, Baroka daga gasar firimiya ta Afrika ta Kudu. League. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Uganda da ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a karon farko cikin shekaru 38. Gor Mahia FC Aucho ya buga wasa a kungiyar Gor Mahia FC ta kasar Kenya daga 2015 zuwa Mayu 2016. Ya koma GorMahia daga Tusker kuma an bayyana shi a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2015 a filin wasa na Nyayo. Ya ci wa GorMahia kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 22 ga Maris 2015 a minti na 41 da Chemilli Sugars FC inda GorMahia ya ci 3–1. Aucho ya buga wasansa na karshe ne a GorMahia a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun 2016 a filin wasa na Moi Kisumu da kungiyar Sofapaka FC, inda ya zura kwallon farko a ragar zakarun Kenya a minti na shida, inda GorMahia ya kammala wasan farko a saman teburi da maki 29. A cikin watan Yuli 2016, Aucho ya ci gaba da shari'a a kungiyar Aberdeen Premiership ta Scotland. Komawar zuwa Aberdeen ya ruguje, duk da haka, bayan da aka yi takun saka tsakanin kungiyoyin. Bayan gwaje-gwajen da ba a yi nasara ba a Scotland, Baroka FC ta sa hannu a Aucho a kan kudi Rands 200,000 (kimanin KSh1.6million). Baroka FC A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2016, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier Baroka FC ce ta sanya wa Aucho Ya fara halarta a ranar 15 Oktoba 2016 a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Premier da aka buga a filin wasa na Cape Town a minti na 50 ya maye gurbin Chauke Mfundhisii. Serbia A cikin watan Fabrairu 2017, a cikin kwanakin ƙarshe na lokacin canja wuri na hunturu, Aucho ya tafi Red Star Belgrade bin shawarar da kocin tawagar Uganda Milutin Sredojević ya bayar. Nan take Red Star ta tura shi zuwa OFK Beograd a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Sakamakon matsalolin gudanarwa tare da bacewar biza, Aucho a hukumance ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida tare da OFK Beograd. Daga baya kulob din ya koma Serbian League Belgrade, Aucho ya horar da Red Star Belgrade na wani lokaci a cikin 2017, bayan haka ya bar kulob din a watan Yunin wannan shekarar. Indiya Aucho ya shiga Gabashin Bengal a watan Fabrairu a wasannin karshe na 2017–18 I-league da Super Cup na Indiya. Ya buga dukkan wasanni hudu na kulob din a gasar cin kofin Indiya na 2018. An sake shi bayan gasar. A cikin watan Satumba 2018 ya shiga wani kulob na Indiya a Churchill Brothers. Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar a kulob din a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2018, yana wasa duk mintuna casa'in a cikin 0-0 da aka tashi tare da Minerva Punjab. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba 2018 a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 4–1 a Aizawl FC Kwallon tasa, wanda Israil Gurung ya taimaka, ya zura kwallo a minti na 23 kuma ya ci 1-0 zuwa Churchill Brothers. Makkasa SC A watan Yulin 2019 Aucho ya koma Misr Lel Makkasa SC akan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. A kakarsa ta farko a kulob din ya buga wasanni 21 inda ya zura kwallaye biyu, a kakarsa ta biyu ya buga wasanni 13. Young Afirka SC Aucho ya koma kulob din Young Africans SC na Tanzaniya a watan Agusta 2021. Ayyukan kasa Aucho ya fara buga wasansa na farko a tawagar kasar Uganda ("Cranes") da Rwanda a ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin CECAFA ta 2013. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a karawar da suka yi da Sudan inda ya baiwa kungiyarsa nasara da ci 1-0 a matakin rukuni na gasar daya. A watan Yunin 2016, Aucho ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Botswana da ci 2-1 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2017. Aucho yana cikin tawagar Uganda da ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a karon farko cikin shekaru 38 a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2016. Babban kociyan kungiyar Milutin Sredojević ne ya kira Aucho zuwa tawagar kwallon kafar Uganda domin buga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta 2017. Bai buga wasan farko da Ghana a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2017 ba saboda dakatarwar da aka yi masa. Ƙididdigar sana'a/Aiki Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera kididdigar kwallayen Uganda na farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna ci bayan kowace ƙwallon Aucho. Girmamawa Gormahia Gasar Premier ta Kenya 2015 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32251	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley%20Moghalu	Kingsley Moghalu	Kingsley Chiedu Moghalu masanin tattalin arzikin Najeriya ne. Nasarori Ya riƙe muƙamin mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin Najeriya, wanda shugaba Umaru Musa Ƴar'adua ya naɗa daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2014. Daga baya ya koyar a Jami'ar Tufts a matsayin Farfesa na Kwarewa a Kasuwancin Duniya da Manufofin Jama'a a Makarantar Shari'a da Diflomasiya ta Fletcher daga 2015 zuwa 2017. Ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyyar Young Progressives Party (YPP) a babban zaɓen ƙasar da za a yi a watan Fabrairun 2019. Moghalu shi ne wanda ya kafa Sogato Strategies LLC, kamfani mai ba da shawara kan saka hannun jari a duniya, kuma shugaban Cibiyar Mulki da Canjin Tattalin Arziƙi (IGET), cibiyar nazarin manufofin jama'a. Shi babban ɗan'uwa ne wanda ba mazaunin gida ba a Majalisar Kan Kasuwa ta Haɓaka Kasuwa a Makarantar Fletcher a Jami'ar Tufts kuma shi ne Jakadan Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) na Musamman kan Kuɗin Ci Gaban Ci Gaba na Afirka. Moghalu memba ne na Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari ta Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi da Kuɗi (OMFIF). A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2021, ya bayyana cewa ya shirya tsayawa takarar shugabancin Najeriya a 2023. organizationKingsley Moghalu Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Moghalu a Legas a shekarar 1963 ga Isaac Moghalu, jami’in ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Najeriya da Vidah Moghalu, malamin makaranta. Moghalu ya yi ƙuruciyarsa a Switzerland da Washington, DC, inda aka aika mahaifinsa. Isaac Moghalu ya mayar da aikinsa zuwa yankin Gabashin Najeriya yayin da ƙasar ke fama da rikicin siyasa da na jin ƙai, kuma dangin sun dawo Najeriya a watan Afrilun 1967. A watan Mayu ne yankin Gabashin ƙasar ya sanar da ɓallewa daga Najeriya, kuma Moghalu da iyalansa sun zauna a mahaifarsa ta Nnewi, da kuma Umuahia, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Biafra na gajeren lokaci, a lokacin yaƙin basasar da ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru biyu ana gwabzawa. da rabin shekara. A shekarun 1970 Kingsley ya samu karatunsa na sakandare a Eziama High School, Aba, Government College Umuahia, da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Enugu. Ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Najeriya a shekarar 1986, sannan ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a daga makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya da ke Legas. Moghalu ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha a shekarar 1992, a makarantar Fletcher ta fannin shari'a da diflomasiyya a jami'ar Tufts, inda ya kasance Joan Gillespie Fellow kuma mataimakin bincike a shirin tattalin arzikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Daga baya Moghalu ya sami digirinsa na digirin digirgir a fannin huɗɗar ƙasa da ƙasa a Makarantar Koyon Tattalin Arziƙi da Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Landan a shekarar 2005 tare da wani ƙasida mai taken "Justice as Policy and Strategy: A binciken da ake yi na tashin hankali tsakanin martanin siyasa da shari'a game da keta dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa". Ya kuma sami takardar shedar ƙasa da ƙasa a fannin sarrafa kasada daga Cibiyar Kula da Haɗarin da ke Landan. Ya sami babban ilimin zartarwa a cikin macroeconomics da sarrafa sassan hada-hadar kudi, gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci, da jagoranci dabarun duniya a Cibiyar Bayar da Lamuni ta Duniya, Makarantar Gwamnati ta Kennedy ta Jami'ar Harvard, Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard, da Makarantar Wharton a Jami'ar Pennsylvania Sana'a Moghalu ya shiga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekarar 1992. Aikin farko da ya yi shi ne a Cambodia a matsayin jami’in kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam da zaɓe na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Hukumar Riƙon ƙwarya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Cambodia. Bayan shekara guda, an naɗa shi jami'in harkokin siyasa a sashen ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a hedkwatar MDD dake New York. Daga 1996 zuwa 1997, ya yi aiki a tsohuwar Yugoslavia a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa ga wakilin musamman na babban sakataren MDD a Croatia. Daga nan aka naɗa Kingsley a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari’a ga Kotun Hukunta Laifukan Ruwanda ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICTR) da ke Arusha, Tanzaniya, a cikin 1997, kuma daga baya aka ɗaukaka matsayin mai magana da yawun kotun ƙasa da ƙasa. A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara da mai magana da yawunsa, shi ne ke da alhakin raya manufofi, tsare-tsare da kuma dangantakar waje. Hukumar UNICTR ta yanke hukunci na farko da wata kotun ƙasa da ƙasa ta yanke kan kisan kiyashi. A cikin 2002, an naɗa Moghalu a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland, a matsayin shugaban haɗin gwiwar duniya da tattara albarkatu a Asusun Global Fund to Fight AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro (GFATM), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da jama'a da masu zaman kansu na ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa na kuɗi da zuba jari da zamantakewa. asusu tare da ƙadarori na dala biliyan 20 da zuba jari a ƙasashe 140 masu tasowa da masu matsakaici ra'ayi. Ya kasance memba na babban kwamitin gudanarwa na Asusun Global Fund wanda ya tsara dabarun kamfanoni, memba na kwamitin kula da haɗari, kuma an ƙara masa girma zuwa matsayi na darekta a 2006. A shekara ta 2006, Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kofi Annan ya naɗa Moghalu a matsayin mamba a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da aka ba da umarnin sake fasalin tsarin shari'a na cikin gida na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Aiki a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke New York na tsawon watanni shida a farkon rabin shekarar 2006, kwamitin sake fasalin ya yi nazari tare da ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a inganta tsarin gudanar da adalci a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Babban taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan ciniki da ci gaba (UNCTAD) da ke birnin Geneva na ƙasar Switzerland ya naɗa Kingsley Moghalu, a shekarar 2017, a matsayin mamba na ƙungiyar kwararru mai zaman kanta kan harkokin kuɗi don raya ƙasa. Ƙungiyar ƙwararru ta yi nazari tare da ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a samu ci gaba mai ɗorewa da kuma samar da ingantacciyar hanyar tattara albarkatun cikin gida don ci gaba a kasashe masu tasowa. Moghalu ya yi murabus daga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a watan Disambar 2008. Sannan ya kafa Sogato Strategies SA, dabarun duniya da tuntuɓar haɗari, a Geneva. Umaru Yar’adua, Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya (2007-2010), ya naɗa Moghalu mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin Najeriya a watan Nuwamba 2009. Moghalu shi ne mataimakin gwamna a fannin daidaita tsarin kuɗi. Ya kuma riƙe muƙamin mataimakin gwamna mai kula da ayyuka, tare da kula da harkokin kuɗi da ayyukan reshe, tsarin biyan kudi, da kula da asusun ajiyar Najeriya na ƙasashen waje na dala biliyan 37. Ya jagoranci ƙaddamar da sauye-sauyen tsarin biyan kuɗi da suka haɗa da ingantawa da kuma gabatar da lambar tantancewa ta musamman ta Bank Verification Number (BVN). Moghalu ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyoyin Samar da Masana'antu na ƙasa da ƙasa a Philadelphia, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta ci gaban kasuwanci ta duniya wacce marigayi shugaban 'yancin jama'a na Amurka Reverend Leon Sullivan ya kafa. Moghalu ya kasance mamba a kwamitin manufofin kuɗi (MPC), kwamitin gwamnoni (CoG), da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa na CBN, sannan ya taɓa zama mamba kuma wakilin CBN a cikin tawagar shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan. Ya taɓa riƙe muƙamin shugaban hukumar gudanarwar bankin shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) da cibiyar horar da cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi, sannan kuma mamba a kwamitin kula da ƙadarori na Najeriya, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). da Kuala Lumpur-based Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI). Ya kuma wakilci babban bankin ƙasa CBN a matsayin mamba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Liquidity Management Corporation ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai hedkwata a Kuala Lumpur. Rigingimu Zaman Moghalu a CBN ya haɗa da ɓullo da harkokin banki marasa riba (na Musulunci). Wannan manufar ta haifar da cece-kuce mai ƙarfi na siyasa. Moghalu ya kare matakin gabatar da bankin Musulunci yana mai bayanin cewa wannan na ɗaya daga cikin matakai da dama na faɗaɗa hada-hadar kuɗi ba kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin kiristoci a ƙasar da ke da tashe-tashen hankula masu nasaba da addini suka yi imani da shi ba, ajandar Musulunci ce. A farkon shekarar 2014, rashin jituwar ka’ida ta kai ga tabarbarewar dangantaka ta wucin gadi a dangantakar Moghalu da tsohon ubangidansa Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, wanda shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya dakatar. Sanusi ya yi zargin damfarar dala biliyan 20 a kamfanin mai na kasar. Moghalu dai bai amince da yadda tsohon shugaban nasa ya bi ta kan wannan takaddamar ba. Ya bayyana rashin jin dadinsa kan yadda Sanusi ya wuce matsayinsa na shugaban babban bankin kasar, ya kuma tsallaka harkar siyasa, amma ya jaddada goyon bayansa ga shugabancin Sanusi a fannin kudi. Mutanen biyu sun yi sulhu ne a lokacin da bayan shekaru uku Sanusi, wanda yanzu shi ne Sarkin Kano, ya karbi Moghalu cikin farin ciki, tare da daukacin Majalisar Masarautar Kano, a lokacin da Moghalu ya ziyarce shi a fadarsa ta Kano a watan Nuwamba 2017. Sarkin ya yaba da irin gudunmawar da Moghalu ya bayar a nasarorin da tawagar Sanusi ta samu a babban bankin kasar CBN, ya kuma bayyana cewa bai yi nadama ba na ba da shawarar Farfesa Moghalu ga shugaba ‘Yar’aduwa domin a nada shi mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin kasa. Sana'ar siyasa A watan Fabrairun 2018, Moghalu ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin Najeriya Daga baya ya zabi tsayawa takara a dandalin jam'iyyar ta Young Progressive Party Yayin da yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa ya kaure a watan Fabrairun 2019, Wole Soyinka, wanda haifaffen Najeriya ne wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya bayar da gagarumin goyon baya ga Kingsley Moghalu a zabe shi a matsayin shugaban Najeriya. Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Sarkin Kano a lokacin, shi ma ya amince da Moghalu a matsayin shugaban kasa. Moghalu ya kuma sami babban goyon baya na Ooni na Ife, Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Duk da cewa a ƙarshe Moghalu ya sha kaye a hannun Buhari, takararsa ta tsaya kan tsarinsa na “Build, Innovate and Grow” (BIG), ya yi matuƙar jan hankali, kuma ya haifar da sauyi a tarihin siyasar Najeriya kan buƙatar gyara siyasa da zaɓe. A watan Oktoban 2019, Moghalu ya yi murabus daga matsayinsa na jam’iyyar YPP, inda ya bayyana cewa zai mayar da hankali nan gaba kaɗan wajen bayar da shawarar sake fasalin zaɓe ta hanyar ‘yan ƙasa mai fafutukar gina ƙasa (TBAN). Labarai Moghalu, Kingsley Chiedu (Fabrairu 2018). Gina, Ƙirƙira da Girma: Hanyoyi na don Ƙasarmu, Littattafai. 9780141979465 9780275992972 9781403970817 Ya rubuta maƙala a cikin littafin Bretton Woods: Shekaru 70 na gaba (2015). A cikin 2014 Moghalu ya gabatar da lakcar tunawa da Thomas Hodgkin a Jami'ar Oxford. Girmamawa An yi wa Moghalu ado da lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa ta Najeriya mai suna Officer of the Order of the Nigerian (OON) ta Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan An ba shi digiri na Doctor of Laws (LL. D.) Honoris Causa na Jami'ar Jihar Anambra, kuma ɗan'uwa ne na Cibiyar Ma'aikatan Banki na Najeriya (FCIB). Shi ne wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Rotary International Distinguished Service Award, da kuma lambar yabo ta "Against All Odds" na Gamayyar Tattalin Arzikin Mata na Afirka. A shekarar 2019, bayan babban zaɓukan da aka gudanar a Najeriya, ƙungiyar 'yan jarida masu zaman kan ta a yammacin Afirka ta sanyawa Moghalu sunan "Gwarzon Ɗan Siyasar Najeriya" a wani abin da ƙungiyar ta kira "Zauren Manyan Nasarar Siyasa ta Najeriya". A ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2020, an karrama Moghalu da sarautar gargajiya ta Nnewi na Ifekaego na Masarautar Nnewi ta HRH Igwe Kenneth Onyeneke Orizu III Rayuwa ta sirri Moghalu ya auri Maryanne Onyinyechi Moghalu a shekarar 1994. Suna da yara huɗu. Manazarta Marubutan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
58965	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo%20S60	Volvo S60	Small text Silsilar Volvo S60 ƙaƙƙarfan mota ce ta zartaswa wadda Volvo ta kera kuma ta sayar dashi tun 2000. An ƙaddamar da ƙarni na farko (2000-2009) a cikin kaka na 2000 don maye gurbin S70 kuma ya dogara ne akan dandalin P2 Yana da nau'in ƙera makamancin haka da ake kira Volvo V70 da injin aiki mai girma da sigar dakatarwar da ta dace da wasanni mai suna S60 R. An ɗauki alamun salo daga motar ra'ayi na ECC da S80 An saki ƙarni na biyu (2010-2018) a cikin 2010 don shekarar ƙirar 2011 kuma yana da nau'in mallakarsa, wanda aka sani da Volvo V60 Ƙarni na uku sun shiga layin Volvo a cikin 2018 don shekarar ƙirar 2019. An gina shi akan gajeriyar sigar dandali na Scalable Product Architecture, a cikin masana'antar Volvo ta farko ta Amurka a Ridgeville, South Carolina. Amurka ta zama kadai tushen duniya na S60 sedan bayan da aka daina samarwa a China a farkon 2019. An gina S60 akan dandalin Volvo's P2, wanda aka raba tare da sauran nau'ikan Volvo kamar S80, V70, XC70 kuma a ƙarshe XC90 An saki Volvo S60 a cikin 2000 (shekara ta 2001) kasancewar sabon tsarin wasanni na kamfanin. S60 yana nufin ya fi dacewa gasa a Turai tare da BMW 3 Series (E46), Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W203) da Alfa Romeo 156 Ba kamar abokan hamayyarsa ba, Volvo S60 ya ci gaba da samarwa har tsawon shekaru 9 tare da gyaran fuska da yawa. Lokacin da aka gabatar da bayyanar ba kamar motocin murabba'in da aka bayar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ba, kuma ya ci gaba da sabon al'adar ƙira da S80 mafi girma ya gabatar, ta yin amfani da hanyar gaba ta taksi kuma ya kasance mafi kyawun bayyanar halitta tare da shelar bayyananne tare da belline wanda ke gudana tsawon abin hawa, samun C d ja coefficient Volvo ya ci gaba da al'adarsa na aminci, yana ba da haɗin kai na gaba da na baya, jakunkunan iska na direba da fasinja na gaba tare da ginshiƙan tuƙi mai hawa uku mai yuwuwa, Tsarin Kariyar Tasirin Side (SIPS) wanda aka haɓaka da jakunkunan iska don direba da fasinja na gaba, tare da jakar iska ta gefen gefe don fasinjoji na gaba da na baya, kujerun anti-submarine, madaidaicin madaurin kai guda biyar tare da Tsarin Kariya na Whiplash WHIPS da bel ɗin kujeru ta atomatik yayin da belts na gaba kuma suna da daidaitawar tsayi. A cikin 2004 an gabatar da PremAir a matsayin madaidaicin siffa zuwa saman radiyo na waje wanda ke jujjuya zuwa kashi 75 na matakin ozone a cikin iska mai sanyaya iska zuwa oxygen, yayin da Tsarin Ingantacciyar iska na cikin gida yana tsaftace iska a ciki, gano abubuwan gurɓatawa kuma ta sake sakewa ta atomatik. a kwatanta da iskar waje. Ana samun kayan ado a cikin taupe, yashi mai haske ko graphite tare da abubuwan saka indigo kuma an tanned fata ta amfani da kayan shuka na halitta. Ana iya sake yin amfani da abun ciki na takarda na S60, tare da wasu karafa waɗanda suka sami kashi 85 gaba ɗaya. Kula da yanayin sauyin yanki biyu da kujerun gaba masu zafi tare da saitin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na matsayi uku ba na zaɓi ba, kuma ana samun tagogi na gefe da aka lalata. Biyu uku da kuma aluminium alloy dabaran zažužžukan sun kasance. S60 ya zo daidai da naúrar rediyo ta Volvo, HU-613, HU-803 kuma daga baya an inganta shi zuwa HU-650 da ƙarin HU-850 na zaɓi. Naúrar HU-850 tana fasalta fitowar wutar lantarki ta 225 ko 335-watt (dangane da zaɓi na amplifier waje) tare da saiti uku: 2CH, 3CH da Dolby Digital Pro Logic II Surround Sound. Hudu-C chassis daga S60 R ya zama zaɓi akan wasu S60s. A shekara ta 2004, an sake sabunta injin T5 daga lita 2.3 zuwa 2.4, yana ci gaba da canza yanayin bawul ɗin bawul kuma ya sami karuwar 10 hp (7 kW), yayin da injin 2.5 lita aka ba da takardar shedar Ultra-low-emission abin hawa (ULEV), kuma turbo da aka gyara a cikin tsarin D5 kuma ya ƙara ƙarfin da'awar daga 163. PS zuwa 185 PS, yayin da aka shigar da rarraba wutar lantarki don yanayin birki na gaggawa. The Haldex -sourced kwamfuta mai sarrafa tsarin AWD, wanda shine daidaitaccen kayan aiki a cikin S60R, yana da zaɓin da ya dace da injin lita 2.5. An ba da watsawa guda uku, Geartronic atomatik wanda ya ba da gudu biyar wanda ya dace da salon tuki ko kuma "Auto-Stick" yana ba da yanayin jagora wanda ke ba da damar zaɓar kayan aiki ta hanyar motsa gearstick gaba ko baya. Ana samun watsawar sauri ta atomatik ta biyu ba tare da fasalin yanayin jagora ba. A mafi gargajiya manual biyar gudun watsa shi ne na uku zaɓi miƙa. An sabunta S60 a cikin 2005. An sabunta na waje tare da gyare-gyaren gefe masu launin jiki da masu bumpers tare da rufin chrome, da kuma sabbin fitilun fitilun da ke maye gurbin na asali tare da gidaje baƙi, tare da fitilolin HID na zaɓi. Ciki ya sami wasu sabuntawa kuma, tare da sabbin kujeru, datsa, da sabunta kayan wasan bidiyo na tsakiya. S60 ya tafi ta hanyar gyara fuska ta ƙarshe a cikin 2008 tare da cikakkun kayan kwalliyar jiki da abubuwan shigar kofa da manyan tambari a gaba kuma ya fi girma a sarari haruffa "VOLVO" a baya. Ciki ya fito da sabon kayan kwalliya wanda ya bambanta da ainihin tsarin
47782	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Ajiba	Tafsir Ibn Ajiba	Al-Bahr al-Madeed fi Tafsirul Qur'an al-Majeed Teku Mai Fadi A cikin Tafsirin Alqur'ani Mai Girma ko kuma ba da jimawa ba mai suna al-Baḥr al-Madīd English: wanda aka fi sani da Tafsiri Ibn 'Ajiba aiki ne na tafsirin Sufanci na Sunna, wanda Malikiyya malamin Ash'ari Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1224/1809), wanda ya kasance yana bin umarnin Shadhili Darqawi Articles containing Arabic-language text Ita ce kawai tafsirin Ƙur'ani na gargajiya wanda ya ba da tafsirin tsattsauran ra'ayi da na sufanci, ishara ta ruhi ga kowace aya ta Kur'ani, tana haɗa tafsirin gargajiya tare da tunani na ruhaniya, da bincika ma'anar zahiri da ɓoye na nassi mai tsarki. Mai karatu zai sami tafsiri mai ban sha'awa da na esoteric a kan mafi yawan ayoyin Ƙur'ani, sannan zai gano zurfafan da Sufaye suka fahimci maganar Ƙur'ani tsawon shekaru aru-aru har zuwa zamanin marubuci. An rubuta tafsirin Ibn Ajiba a cikin kimanin shekaru biyar. Fage Ibn Ajiba ya dogara da tafsirinsa da madogara da dama, kamar yadda shi da kansa ya ambata a ƙarshen tafsirinsa, daga cikinsu akwai: Anwar al-Tanzil wa Asrar al-Ta'wil na NasirulDin al-Baydawi (d. 685/1286). Irshad al-Aql al-Salim ila Mazaya al-Kitab al-Karim na Ebussuud Efendi (d. 982/1574). Hashiya (labari) akan Tafsir al-Jalalayn na Abu Zayd 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi (d. 1096/1685). Al-Tashil li-Ulum al-Tanzil na Ibn Juzayy (d. 741/1340). Al-Kashf wa al-Bayan na Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi (d. 427/1035). Lata'if al-Isharat na Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri (d. 465/1074). Amma mabubbugar Hadisinsa, su ne manyan tarin Hadisai guda shida al-Kutub al-Sittah na Musulunci Ahlus Sunna da tafsirinsu masu daraja. Madogararsa na harshe su ne: Al-Alfiyya, al-Kafiyya al-Shafiyya na Ibn Malik, al-Tasheel na Ibn Hisham da littafan ma’anoni na Alkur’ani, kamar Ma’ani al-Qur’an na al-Farra’ da al-Zajjaj da kuma littattafan ƙamus/kamus, kamar al-Sihah na al-Jawhari, da Asas al-Balagha na al-Zamakhshari Yawancin mabubbugar Sufaye na tafsirinsa sun fito ne daga Arewacin Afirka, Andalus, ko Masar Ya kawo daga malamai kamar al-Junayd, al-Qushayri, al-Ghazali, al-Shadhili, al-Mursi, al-Sakandari, al-Darqawi, Muhammad al-Buzidi, al-Jili, al-Shushtari, al-Bistami, Zarruq ɗan Ruzbihan al-Baqli Har yanzu dai abin da Ibn Ajiba ya kawo daga Ruzbihan ba a kula da shi ba, domin Ibn Ajiba ya ambace shi da “al-Wartajbi” [Note 1] Game da marubucin Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba Shadhili ne Shaihin Darqawi wanda ya rubuta littafan Sufanci sama da 30. An haife shi a wani ƙauye kusa da Tetouan ga dangin sharifian, waɗanda suka samo asali daga ƙauyen tsaunin Andalusia da ake kira 'Ayn al-Rumman ("Baƙin Ruman"). Tun yana ƙarami ya nuna basirar ilimin addini kuma ya zama almajiri na gargajiya Hankalinsa ya canza lokacin da ya karanta (hikimomi ko aphoriss na Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Sakandari tare da sharhin Ibn 'Abbad al-Rundi (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 792 AH/1390 miladiyya), wanda ya ba da gudunmawa wajen yaduwar ɗa'ar Shadiliyya a Magrib (arewa maso yammacin Afirka). Bayanan kula Duba kuma Tafsirin Nisaburi Jerin ayyukan tafsiri Jerin littafan Sunna Manazarta Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tafsir Ibn Ajiba Esoteric Hermeneutic na Ibn 'Ajiba Suratul Kausar: Sufi Tafsir: ibn 'Ajiba Abin lura Daga Mai Fassara: Tafsirin Ibn Ajiba na Aya ta 1-5 ta Suratul Kahf. Soyayyar Allah a cikin Al'adun Sufaye na Moroko: Ibn 'Ajība (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1224/1809) da tafsirinsa na Alkur'ani a cikin teku. Hanyar Falsafa a Tafsirin Kur'ani
48774	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Pooley	Tony Pooley	Tony Charles (Mashesha) Pooley' (1938 2004) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ɗan ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire ne, mai ba da lambar yabo mai kiyayewa kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin duniya akan kadawar Nilu An haife shi a Amanzimtoti, KwaZulu-Natal, Pooley ya kasance ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙaho tun yana matashi. Ya fara horon sa a matsayin mai kula da wasan na hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na Natal a Maputaland (yanzu arewacin KwaZulu-Natal, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Tongaland a cikin 1957, yana samun yawancin horon sa a matsayin masanin halitta daga masu gadin wasan Zulu da Thonga Masu gadin sun nuna masa wani kwai na kada, suka tambaye shi ya tantance wane tsuntsu ne ya ajiye shi, don yin nishadi, wanda ya fara sha’awar kada. An rubuta aikinsa na farko a kan ilimin halittu da kiyayewa, tare da jin daɗinsa na al'ada, a cikin littafinsa na farko, Ganewar Mutumin Kadai (Collins, 1982). Pooley ya buga takardu da surori da yawa a cikin littattafai kan halayen kada, ya yi bincike na farko kan kula da mata masu juna biyu, da dabarun renon kada (duba Ƙarin Karatu, a ƙasa). Ya taimaka wajen tsara sabbin ka'idoji da ke canza matsayin kadarorin Nile daga vermin zuwa 'kare', kuma ya kasance memba na kungiyar kwararrun Crocodile IUCN Ya tafi Italiya, Ostiraliya, Amurka, Papua New Guinea, Zambia da Zimbabwe yana ba da shawara kan kiyaye kada da noma. An yi fina-finai da yawa game da aikinsa, ciki har da The Ndumu Story, da kuma kyautar BBC ta lashe kyautar Gently Smiling Jaws, wanda Sir David Attenborough ya ruwaito. Pooley ya kafa wuraren bincike guda biyu na kada, daya a Ndumo Game Reserve, da Cibiyar Bincike ta St Lucia Crocodile, inda ya kuma tsara game da ilmantar da baƙi game da crocodiles da matsayinsu a cikin yanayin halittu. Ya sami digirinsa na MSc, a kan "Ecology of the Nile Crocodile in Zululand", daga Jami'ar Natal a 1982, duk da cewa bai kammala karatun sakandare ba. Bayan ya bar Natal Parks Board, ya kafa babbar gonar kada mai zaman kanta a kudancin Afirka, Crocworld, kusa da Scottburgh a kudancin gabar tekun KwaZulu-Natal, wanda ya hada noman kasuwanci da ilimi. Bayan haka ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga namun daji kuma ya yi lacca a Mangosuthu Technikon A matsayin mai ba da shawara, Pooley ya yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan fim da yawa daga Amurka, Birtaniya, Faransa, Jamus, Afirka ta Kudu da sauran wurare, ciki har da Sashen Tarihin Halitta na BBC da Channel Discovery Waɗannan shirye-shirye da fina-finai sun haɗa da abubuwa na musamman akan kada, fim ɗin hulɗar ɗan adam da birai masu tsini, da rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan kiyayewa. Fim ɗinsa na ƙarshe da ya yi wa BBC shi ne Bacewar Presumed Eaten, wanda ke nuna nasarar da ya samu na kare martabar kada ta Nilu daga zamba ta inshorar rayuwa. Ya kuma yi kuma ya buga rikodin sauti na namun daji, da kundin kiɗan Thonga An yi la'akari da Pooley a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu kare dunes a Lake St. Lucia, yanzu wani ɓangare na Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO Ya kasance shugaban kamfen na St Lucia, wanda ya taimaka wajen kare wurin dajin daga shirin hakar ma'adinan dune da aka tsara da kuma bayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na gado, sannan kuma ya hada kai da wani kamfen na hana shelanta wani bangare na gandun daji na Ndumo. Ana ci gaba da wannan kamfen. Ƙoƙarin Tony a matsayin mai kiyayewa ya sami karbuwa ta hanyar kyaututtuka daga The Wildlife Society da Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (tsohon Hukumar Natal Parks). Shahararriyar littafin Pooley tabbas ita ce Mashesha The Making of a Game Ranger, wanda Mawallafin Littattafai na Kudancin suka fara bugawa a cikin 1992. "Mashesha" ana iya fassara shi da asali daga Zulu a matsayin "Wanda yayi gaggawar ɗauka", mai nuni ga aikin Pooley wajen neman mafarauta Pooley ya mutu a ƙarshen 2004. Matarsa Elsa ya bar shi, mai zane wanda ya kwatanta Mashesha kuma ya buga takamaiman jagorori game da rayuwar shukar Afirka ta Kudu da ’ya’ya uku: Simon (wanda kuma ke aiki a cikin kiyaye kada; musamman rikicin namun daji da zaman tare da ɗan adam. Justin (babban muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa na kamfanoni (ESG) tare da IFC) da Thomas (masanin kida: ethnomusicology da cognition music). Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tsohon Tony Pooley, David Blake, Jaridar Ƙungiya ta Ƙwararru, Vol 23 No.4, Oktoba 2004-Disamba 2004 Gano Wani Dan Kada Buga na biyu Kara karantawa Pooley, Tony, Ganowar Mutumin kada (1982) da bugu na 2 2018 Pooley, Tony, Mashesha Yin Ranger Game (1992) Babi a cikin Ross, CA da Garnett, S. (eds. Kadawa da Alligators, (Gaskiya Kan Fayil, Inc., New York) Baya ga takardun kimiyya da yawa, labarai a cikin shahararrun mujallu da jaridu, da fosta The Tony Pooley Guide to the Nile Crocodile da sauran African Crocodiles (tare da John Visser) Tony kuma ya rubuta Kwazulu/Natal Wildlife Destinations (Jagora zuwa Game Reserves,) Wuraren shakatawa, Wuraren Halitta masu zaman kansu, wuraren kiwon kiwo da namun daji na Kwazulu/Natal)'' tare da gabatarwa ta Ian Player, (Masu Buga Littafin Kudancin, 1995). Haifaffun
21383	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodaabe	Wodaabe	Wodaabe Adlam Kuma aka sani da Mbororo ko Borôro (Adlam: karamin rukuni ne na kabilar Fulani A al'adance su makiyaya ne masu kiwo da 'yan kasuwa a yankin Sahel, tare da kaura daga Nijar ta kudu, zuwa arewacin Najeriya, arewa maso gabashin Kamaru, kudu maso yammacin Chadi, yankin yammacin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da arewa maso gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo Adadin Wodaabe an kiyasta shi a 2001 ya zama 100,000. An san su da tufafi masu kyau da kuma al'adun gargajiyar. Wodaabe suna magana da yaren Fula kuma basa amfani da rubutaccen yare. A cikin yaren Fula, woɗa na nufin taboo kuma Woɗaaɓe na nufin "mutanen taboo". Wannan wani lokacin ana fassara shi a matsayin "waɗanda ke girmama tabo", wanda yake nuni ga keɓewar Wodaabe daga al'adun Fulbe, da kuma hujjarsu cewa suna riƙe da al'adun "tsofaffi" fiye da maƙwabtansu na Fulbe. Saɓanin haka, wasu Fulbe da sauran ƙabilun wasu lokuta suna kiran Wodaabe da Mbororo wani suna mara daɗi, fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin "Fulanin Shanu", kuma ma'ana "waɗanda ke zaune a sansanonin shanu". A karni na 17, 'yan Fula a duk fadin Afirka ta Yamma suna daga cikin kabilu na farko da suka musulunta, galibi kuma shugabannin rundunonin da ke yada addinin Islama ne, kuma a al'adance suna alfahari da rayuwar birane, da ilimi, da kuma ibada wanda wannan ya kasance mai alaƙa. Duk Wodaabe da sauran Fulbe suna ganin cikin Wodaabe amo na tsarin rayuwar makiyaya na farko, wanda Wodaabe ke alfahari da shi kuma wanda Fulɓe na cikin gari ke da mahimmanci a wasu lokuta. Al'adar Wodaabe tana daga cikin al'adu 186 na daidaitattun al'adun gargajiyar da masana halayyar dan adam ke amfani da su don kwatanta halayen al'adu. An zabi wata mata ‘yar Wodaabe, Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, da ta wakilci ƙungiyoyin farar hula na duniya kan tattaɓa hannu kan yarjejeniyar ta Paris a ranar 22 ga Afrilun shekarar 2016. Rayuwar yau da kullun Wodaabe suna kiwon garken shanun Zebu da suka daɗe da ƙaho. Lokacin rani ya faɗaɗa daga Oktoba zuwa Mayu. Balaguronsu na shekara-shekara a lokacin damina ya biyo ruwan sama daga kudu zuwa arewa. Ƙungiyoyi na dangi dozin da yawa, galibi 'yan'uwa da yawa tare da matansu, yara da dattawa, suna tafiya a ƙafa, jaki ko raƙumi, kuma suna tsayawa a kowane wurin kiwo na' yan kwanaki. Babban gadon katako shine mafi girman mallakar kowane iyali; lokacin yin zango yana kewaye da wasu allo. Matan kuma suna ɗaukar kwando a matsayin alamar matsayi. Wadannan kullun suna wucewa ta tsararraki, kuma galibi suna haifar da kishi tsakanin mata. Wodaabe galibi suna rayuwa akan madara da gero da ƙasa, da yogurt, shayi mai zaki da kuma lokaci-lokaci naman akuya ko tunkiya. Addini, ɗabi'a da al'adu Addinin Wodaabe galibi na Islama ne (wanda aka cakuɗe shi da imani na lokacin jahiliyya). Kodayake akwai nau'ikan digiri daban-daban da ake nunawa na al'ada, mafi yawansu suna bin aƙalla wasu daga cikin abubuwan buƙatun addini. Addinin Islama ya zama addinin da ke da muhimmanci a tsakanin mutanen Wodaabe a lokacin ƙarni na 16 lokacin da malamin nan al-Maghili ya yi wa'azin koyarwar Muhammadu ga manya-manyan arewacin Najeriya. Al-Maghili ne ke da alhakin sauya azuzuwan masu mulki tsakanin Hausawa, Fulani, da Abzinawa a yankin. Dokar halayyar Wodaabe ta jaddada tanadi da filako (shekara goma sha huɗu haƙuri da ƙarfin hali munyal kulawa da tunani hakkilo da aminci amana Hakanan suna ba da fifiko sosai kan kyau da fara'a. Ba a ba wa iyaye damar yin magana kai tsaye da yaransu na farko, waɗanda galibi kakanninsu za su kula da su. Da rana, mata da miji ba za su iya riƙe hannu ba ko kuma su yi magana da juna ta hanyar da ta dace ba. Kyakkyawan kyakkyawa da bikin Gerewol A karshen damana, a watan Satumba, Wodaabe iyalan tattara a dama gargajiya wurare kafin farkon su rani transhumance hijirarsa. Mafi shaharar su shine kasuwar gishirin In-Gall ta Salure buzayen Anan samarin Wodaabe, tare da kayan kwalliya, fuka-fukai da sauran kayan ado, suna yin Yaake raye-raye da waƙoƙi don burge matan aure. Kyakkyawan kyakkyawan namiji na Wodaabe yana ƙarfafa tsayi, fararen idanu da haƙori; maza sau da yawa za su rintse idanuwansu kuma su nuna haƙoransu don jaddada waɗannan halaye. Daga nan dangin Wodaabe za su hadu don saura na mako guda Gerewol jerin gidajen tarihi game da aure da kuma gasa inda 'yan mata za su yi hukunci da kyau da kwarewar samari. Takardun labarai da al'adun gargajiya Takaddun tarihin Wodaabe Makiyayan Rana na Werner Herzog a 1989 ya bayyana Wodaabe. A cikin shirin fim na 1999 Zwischen 2 Welten (tsakanin duniyoyi biyu) darekta Bettina Haasen ta yi fina-finan tattaunawarta da membobin Wodaabe. Takaddun bayanan tarihin ƙabilar 2010 tare da Wodaabes ta Sandrine Loncke ta bincika, daga mahangar mahalarta, mahimmancin al'adun gargajiya na ban mamaki amma sau da yawa rashin fahimta da kuma fahimtar abubuwan bikin Wodaabe wanda ake kira "Geerewol". Kungiyar Etran Finatawa da ke Jamhuriyar Nijar ta kunshi membobin Wodaabe da Abzinawa kuma sun ƙirƙiro salonsu na musamman na "Nomad Blues" ta hanyar hada shirye-shiryen zamani da garatukan lantarki da kayan gargajiya da na gargajiya da kuma rera wakar Wodaabe. A cikin 2005 sun yi rikodin kundi kuma suka zagaya Turai. "Ƴan rawar Wodaabe m" sunan waƙa ce ta kayan kiɗa a waƙan jita. Jennifer Batten ta kundi na 1997, Jennifer Batten's Tribal Rage: Momentum Hanyoyin haɗin waje Manazarta Yanar gizo na Djingo, Wodaabe tarin kaya a Nijar Labari game da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar Wodaabe Rahoto kan tafiya ta 2001 tare da ƙungiyar Wodaabe zuwa Cure Salée, daga Sahara tare da Michael Palin Shirin radiyo akan Fulbe Wodaabe da Fulbe Jelgoobe suna raira waƙa da rawa Cor ps à à et et à à ix vo ix uls uls uls uls et uls uls uls uls uls uls uls uls ps ps ps ps ps ps ps ps uls uls Rukunin tarihin kiɗa na yau da kullun da aka keɓe waƙoƙin Fulbe Wodaabe (Telemeta, CREM-CNRS). Hotuna da bidiyo Guerewol na Mutanen Wodaabe Hotunan Gerewol na mai daukar hoto na BBC Human Planet Bidiyon rawar Wodaabe Bidiyon bikin Gerewol, National Geographic Wodaabe dancer hotuna: part 1 part 2 Mr Sahara 2004 The Wodaabe's Cure Salée ta Christine Nesbitt Bikin Nomaye Cure Salée Tattaunawa tare da memba na Woodabe game da aure (Kwarewa daga bikin Cure Salée da hotunan Wodaabé) Geerewol, na Sandrine Loncke (Yanar Gizo game da bikin al'ada na Wodaabe, tare da rikodin rikodin kiɗa da gajerun bidiyo da ke nuna rawa da al'adun al'ada. Plementarin zuwa littafin marubucin ɗaya Rawa tare da Wodaabes, shirin shirin fim wanda Sandrine Loncke ta shirya, Berkeley Media, 90 2010 Wodaabe, Rawa maimakon Yaƙi, fasalin shirin wanda Sandrine Loncke ta rubuta kuma ta bada umarni, Point du Jour International, 52 2013 Ƙabilun Nijar Mutanen Nijar Al'ada Al'umma Al'ummomi Pages with unreviewed
48467	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laingsburg%2C%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu	Laingsburg, Afirka ta Kudu	Laingsburg birni ne, da ke a lardin Western Cape a ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu Gari ne mai girman gaske na noma a cikin Babban Karoo mai ƙarancin ruwa. An lalata wani ɓangare a cikin wata ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 1981. Tarihi Bayan zuwan farkon mutanen Dutch, Jamusanci da Huguenot majagaba a cikin shekarun 1727-1728, dangin 18 Trekboer manoma suka zauna a yankin da suka tashi daga Still Bay da Swellendam, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Meiring, Bezuidenhout, Botha, van Rooyen, van Heerden., Holtzhausen, Eksteen, Du Plouuy, Roussouw, Joubert da iyalan Viljoen, waɗanda suka kafa gonakin tumaki da orange a yankin. A cikin shekarar 1738 matsugunin ya tayar da wani rukunin 'yan bindiga na Commando na 20 Riflemen, 5 Mounted Riflemen, bindigogin fili 2 da masu bindiga 8. Kwamandan Cornelius Steyn da Field Cornet Petrus Holtzhausen ne suka jagorance shi har zuwa shekarun 1760s. A cikin shekarun 1760s kwamandojin ya shirya dogon zango na ladabtarwa da bincike a cikin Beaufort West da Nelspoort don dawo da shanu da tumaki. A shekara ta 1774 matsugunin sun aika da wani rukunin kwamandoji na gaba a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Veldkornet Bronkhorst na 30 Mounted Riflemen tare da 'yan bindigar Mounted ɗauke da 80 guda biyu. mm filin cannons don leƙo asirin yankin da ke kusa da Graaff Reinet inda suka yi artabu da ƙabilu 500 na asali kuma suka ci su. Sun kuma yi arangama a taƙaice da wani kwamandan kwamitin VOC mai irin wannan ƙarfi ƙarƙashin jagorancin Field Cornet Arnoldus van der Merwe da Kapitein Gerhardus Swanepoel da suka taso daga Oudtshoorn Daga ƙarshe iyalai 15 daga Laingsburg, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai su 162 Whites, suna cikin manoman majagaba na farko da suka zauna a Graaff Reinet a shekarar 1778, ciki har da van der Westhuizen, van Heerden, van Zyl, Bronkhorst, Blignaut, Steyn, Holtzhausen, Reynecke, Eksteen, Engelbrecht., Viljoen, Rousouw da Terre Blanche iyalai. Asalin layin dogo A cikin shekarun 1870s, gwamnatin Firayim Minista John Molteno ta lura da wani gagarumin faɗaɗa tsarin layin dogo na Cape Colony Hanyar (wanda firaministan ya zaɓa tare da taswira, alƙalami da mai mulki) ya bi ta wata gona mai suna Vischkuil-aan-de-Buffelsrivier (tafkin kamun kifi a kan kogin Buffalo) wanda wani mutum mai suna Stephanus Greeff ya saya don manufar ci gaba. Canje-canje suna An kammala layin a cikin shekarar 1878 kuma an gina ƙaramin siding mai suna Buffelsrivier a gonar. Tare da hanyar jirgin ƙasa, ba da daɗewa ba wani gari ya fara haɓaka. Ba da daɗewa ba aka sake masa suna Nassau don guje wa ruɗani da Kogin Buffalo a Gabashin London, kuma a ƙarshe ya canza zuwa sunan Laingsburg, bayan John Laing wanda shi ne Kwamishinan Ƙasar Crown a lokacin. Tun da farko ana kiran garin Laing's Town, amma ba da dadewa ba 'yan Afirkan da ke magana da mazauna yankin suka fara kiransa da "Links Toon", wanda ke nufin yatsan hannu na hagu, don haka aka canza wa garin suna "Laingsburg". Municipal An kafa garin a cikin 1881 kuma ya zama gunduma a cikin shekarar 1904. Tun daga lokacin an faɗaɗa ƙaramar Laingsburg zuwa Bergsig, Goldnerville da Matjiesfontein Ambaliyar Flash ta 1981 A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu, 1981, a cikin shekara ɗari na Laingsburg, mafi girman ɓangaren garin ya shafe cikin mintuna kaɗan ta hanyar ambaliya mafi ƙarfi da aka taɓa samu a Babban Karoo. Bayan da wani gajimare ya fashe zuwa yankin arewa maso gabas da ke kudu da Komsberg, wata katafariyar katangar ruwa ta gangaro zuwa kogin Buffes tare da share duk wani abu da ya ci karo da shi a hanyarsa. Dabbobi, mutane da dukiyoyinsu an share su tare da jefar da su a ƙarƙashin ƙasa na mita. Masana kimiyyar ruwa sun ƙiyasta cewa ambaliya a Laingsburg mai girman wannan girman tana da tazarar maimaita sau ɗaya, a matsakaita, kowace shekara 100 Kafin ambaliyar ruwan, da farko ya fara da wani ruwa mai haske wanda manoman yankin suka yi maraba da shi, tun da ba a yawan samun ruwan sama. Amma, kasan yankin yana da irin yanayin da ba zai iya sha ruwan sama da yawa ba. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa ruwa yana malalawa kai tsaye zuwa cikin koguna. Ruwa da aka gina a cikin Baviaans, Wilgerhout da Buffels Rivers da haɗuwarsu a ƙaramin gari. Kogunan sun girma cikin sauri daga ƙananan ƙoramai zuwa ga bangon ruwa mai ruri kusan 6 m girma. A cikin sa'o'i kaɗan garin ya kasance karkashin ruwa kuma mazauna garin sun yi yaki domin tsira da rayukansu. A lokacin ambaliya 'The Great Trek Monument', wanda aka gina a Laingsburg a babban titi a shekarar 1938 don girmama bikin cika shekaru 100 na Babban Trek, an wanke. Bayan ambaliya an gano babban ɓangare na abin tunawa amma tudun abin tunawa ya bace. A cikin watan Yunin 2015 Andries Gertse ya murmure kwatsam a kan titin Buffelsriver a gadar Railroad. Bayan ambaliya an sake gina wani abin tunawa ba tare da asalin tudu ba, amma tare da wani sabon tudu akan Buffesriver kusa da N1. Tare da dawo da tushe na asali an kammala tarihin abin tunawa. Gundumar ta yanke shawarar sanya matattara a gidan kayan tarihi na Ambaliyar ruwa. Babban abin tunatarwa ne kan yadda ruwan ke da ƙarfi, don samun damar karya abin tunawa gida biyu, da ɗaukar guntuwar kilomitoci a cikin kogin. Mutane guda 104 ne suka mutu a ambaliyar Laingsburg, kuma gawarwaki su 32 ne kawai aka taɓa ganowa. A cikin gidaje 184 da ke garin, guda 21 ne kawai ruwan bai shafe su ba, sauran ko dai sun lalace gaba ɗaya, ko kuma sun lalace sosai har sai an sake gina su. Source Ronny Van den Hoeck Tafiya ta Pongoa Jagoran Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu Hartbeespoortdam) (Madogararsa Gidan Tarihi na Ruwa na Laingsburg) Yanayin Ƙasa Laingsburg yana kan hanyar N1, a Lat: -33.20, Dogon: 20.85, a lardin Western Cape na Afirka ta Kudu. Garin yana cikin Babban Karoo, yanki mai matsakaicin hamada na Afirka ta Kudu. Jimlar ruwan sama na garin ya kai kusan 150mm a kowace shekara. Babban ruwa shine maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a yankin Moordenaars Karoo. Kodayake kogin Buffels yana bi ta cikin garin, kogin da wuya ya sami ruwa. Lokacin bazara yana da zafi da bushewa, tare da yanayin zafi yawanci ya wuce 30 °C. Lokacin sanyi yana da ɗanɗano zuwa wani lokacin sanyi sosai, tare da dusar ƙanƙara lokaci-lokaci yana faruwa a yankin da ke kewaye. Hanyar Seweweekspoort tana kusa da R323 zuwa kudu na garin. Tattalin Arziki Tattalin arzikin Laingsburg ya dogara ne a kan noma da kiwon awaki, tumaki, lucerne (Alfalfa), ya'yan itace da kayan marmari Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Karamar Hukumar Laingsburg Yawon shakatawa na Laingsburg Ambaliyar
20861	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Dagbani	Harshen Dagbani	Dagbani (ko Dagbane), wanda aka fi sani da Dagbanli da Dagbanle, yare ne na Gur da ake amfani da shi a Ghana An ƙiyasta masu magana da asalin ta kusan 3,160,000. Matsala ce ta tilas a makarantar firamare da ƙaramar sakandare a Masarautar Dagbon, wacce ta shafi gabashin yankin. Dagbani shine yaren da aka fi amfani dashi a arewacin Ghana, musamman a cikin ƙabilu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda Sarkin Dagbon, Ya-Na ke kulawa. Yana da kusanci da fahimtar juna tare da harshen Mampelle, ana kuma magana da shi a Yankin Arewa, Ghana Dagbani shima yayi kama da sauran yarukan wannan karamin rukuni da ake magana da su a wannan Yankin, da Dagaare da kuma harshen Wala, ana magana da su a Yankin Yammacin Kasar Ghana, da kuma harshen Frafra, da ake magana da shi a Yankin Gabas ta Gabas na Ghana. Yaruka Dagbani yana da babban yare tsakanin Dagbani na Gabas, wanda ya danganci garin Yendi babban birnin gargajiyar, da Yammacin Dagbani, wanda ya shafi cibiyar mulkin yankin Arewa, Tamale Yaruka suna, duk da haka, ana iya fahimtar juna, kuma galibi sun ƙunshi wasula daban-daban a cikin wasu kalmomin da nau'uka daban-daban ko lafazin wasu sunaye, musamman waɗanda ke magana game da fure na gari. Kalmomin Dagbani da Dagbanli da aka bayar a sama don sunan yaren suna bi da bi ne na yaren Gabas da Yamma, amma Kwamitin Ilimin Tarihin Dagbani ya warware cewa “An yanke shawarar cewa a cikin tsarin rubutun <Dagbani> ana amfani da shi don Harshe, da <Dagbanli> zuwa rayuwa da al'ada a cikin yaren da ake magana, kowane yare yana amfani da sigar sunan ga duka ayyukan biyu. Fasaha Wasula Dagbani yana da wasula guda goma sha ɗaya gajeren wasali da dogaye wasula biyar: Olawsky (1999) ya sanya schwa (ə) a maimakon saɓanin sauran masu bincike kan yaren waɗanda ke amfani da mafi girman magana Bambance -bambancen dangane da ci gaban harshe an tabbatar dashi sosai ga 4 daga waɗannan wasula: da Bakandamiya Sautin Dagbani yare ne na tonal wanda a cikinsa ake amfani da muryar don rarrabe kalmomi, kamar yadda a cikin gballi (high-high) 'kabari' vs. gballi (high-low) 'zana mat'. Tsarin sautin na Dagbani yana da alamun sauti iri biyu da ƙasa (sakamako mai raguwa da ke faruwa tsakanin jerin sauti iri ɗaya). Tsarin rubutu Ana rubuta Dagbani a cikin haruffan Boko tare da ƙarin haruffa ɛ, ɣ, ŋ, ɔ, da ʒ, da na haɗin ch, gb, kp, ŋm, sh da ny Adadin karatu ya kasance 2-3% ne kawai. Ana sa ran wannan kaso ya tashi tunda Dagbani yanzu ya zama tilas a makarantar firamare da ƙaramar sakandare a duk faɗin Dagbon Tsarin rubutun yanzu ana amfani dashi (Kwamitin ilimin rubutun gargajiya d (1998)) yana wakiltar yawan rarrabuwar alofonik. Alamar sauti ba. Nahawu Dagbani yana da mahimmanci, amma tare da wasu haɗin fuskoki. Tsarin doka a cikin jumlar Dagbani yawanci abu ne na wakilci Littafin kalmomi Akwai fahimta game da matakin tarihin harshe a cikin takardu na Rudolf Fisch wanda ke nuna bayanan da aka tattara yayin aikin mishan a cikin mulkin mallaka na ƙasar Togo na Jamusanci a ƙarshen kwata na ƙarshen karni na sha tara, musamman mahimman kalmomin lafazi, duk da cewa akwai kuma wasu bayanai na nahawu da matani samfurin. Wani sabon ƙamus na zamani ya buga a cikin 1934 ta wani jami'in Kudancin Ghana na gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, E. Foster Tamakloe, a cikin 1934, tare da bugu na Burtaniya Harold Blair. Editoci daban-daban sun kara zuwa jerin kalmomin kuma an samar da cikakken littafin a 2003 daga wani malamin Dagomba, Ibrahim Mahama. A cewar masanin ilimin harshe Salifu Nantogma Alhassan, akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa akwai matakan ma'aurata masu nasaba da jinsi a cikin harshen Dagbani tare da "ƙarin Laƙabin da ke raina mata fiye da na maza." A halin yanzu, John Miller Chernoff da Roger Blench (waɗanda aka buga sigar su ta yanar gizo) kuma suka canza su zuwa hanyar tattara bayanai ta hanyar Tony Naden, a kan hakan ne ake samun cikakken ƙamus na ƙamus ɗin kuma ana iya duba shi kan layi Malaman harshen Dagbani Fusheini Hudu Knut Olawsky Roger Blench Tony Naden Manazarta Shafin Farko na Knut Olawsky Taskar Labaran Kundin Tsarin Siyasa na UCLA Dagbani Dagbani kasahorow dictionary Kamus din Dagbane (PDF) Harsuna Mutanen Gana Al'ummomi
23813	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Orange%20Bowl	2008 Orange Bowl	2008 FedEx Orange kwano wani post-kakar kwaleji kwallon kafa tasa wasan tsakanin Virginia Tech Hokies da Kansas Jayhawks a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2008, at Dolphin Stadium a Miami gidãjen Aljanna, Florida Masu yada cin amana sun fifita Virginia Tech da maki uku, amma a wasan da aka mamaye da kariya da kungiyoyi na musamman, Kansas ta doke Virginia Tech 24 21. Wasan ya kasance wani ɓangare na shekarar 2007 08 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) na 2007 NCAA Division I FBS lokacin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma shi ne wasan kam'mala kakar na duka ƙungiyoyin biyu. Wan'nan tallan na Orange Bowl karo na 74 an watsa shi a Amurka akan FOX kuma sama da masu kallo miliyan takwas ne suka kalla. Wasan da ya gudana tsakanin zakaran ACC na Virginia Tech Hokies na biyar da Kansas Jayhawks na takwas daga Bab'ban taron 12 (Big 12) an kuma buga shi ne a filin wasa na Dolphins tsaka tsaki. Tech yayi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar gida a cikin gasar. Virginia Tech ta atomatik ta cancanci zuwa Orange Bowl ta hanyar haɗin ACC tare da kwano, yayin da Orange Bowl ta zaɓi Kansas a kan West Virginia, wanda ya ɓata rai a lokacin 4 7 Pittsburgh, da abokin hamayyar taron Missouri Makon'ni biyu bayan zaɓin Kansas, rikice-rikice sun ɓarke lokacin da aka bayyana yarjejeniya don sanya Oklahoma mai lamba 4 akan Virginia Tech. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance kwamitocin BCS sun yi fatali da yarjejeniyar, kuma an zabi zabar Kansas. Wasan ya nuna a karo na farko da Jayhawks ya je Orange Bowl tun daga 1969 Orange Bowl kuma shi ne wasan su na farko da suka fara tun bayan 2005 Fort Worth Bowl, lokacin da suka ci Houston 41 13. Virginia Tech ta buga wasan karshe a wasan Orange Bowl a watan Disambar 1996, inda ta sha kashi a han'nun Nebraska 21 41. Kwancen Orange Bowl na 2008 shine lokacin fasaha na Virginia Tech na 15th a jere tare da wasan kwano, wata hanyar da ta dace da Kwancin 'Yancin kai na 1993. Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing ya kam'mala 20 na 37 ya wuce don 227 yadud'duka, daya tabawa, kuma daya tsangwama A gefe guda na ball, Virginia Tech quarterback Sean Glennon ya gama wasan 13 na 28 wucewa, yana samun 160 yadud'duka, daya tabawa da biyu tsangwama. Kansib cornerback Aqib Talib, wanda dawowarsa ta 60 yadi don tabawa ya baiwa Kansas jagorarta ta farko a wasan, ta lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Dan wasa Bayan wasan, Talib ya kasance ɗayan 'yan wasa da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin biyu don sanar da niyyar shiga Tsarin NFL na 2008 A matsayinta na zakarun taron Yankin Tekun Atlantika, an baiwa Virginia Tech kyautar ta atomatik zuwa wasan Orange Bowl Takad'dun ACC na atomatik sakamakon yarjejeniyar bazata ne bayan fara wasan ACC Championship Game wanda ya baiwa wanda ya lashe ACC Championship Game kyautar kai tsaye zuwa Orange Bowl sai dai idan yana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Bowl don taka leda a ciki wasan Gasar Kasa. Virginia Tech Virginia Tech Hokies sun fara 2007 lokacin ƙwallon ƙafa tare da so da tunani. Kamar yadda Virginia Tech ta murmure daga mummunan harbin makaranta a tarihin Amurka, ƙwallon ƙafa ya zama wata hanya don taimaka wa jami'ar ta warke cikin haushi. Wasan bude kakar, a ranar 1 ga Satumbar, 2007, ya sabawa Jami'ar East Carolina kuma ya gabatar da bukukuwa da yawa na tunawa da bikin. Da yake cike da motsin rai na yau, Hokies sun sami nasarar 17 7. Wasan su na gaba ba zai zama da sauki ba. Mako guda baya, Virginia Tech tayi tafiya zuwa Baton Rouge, Louisiana don fuskantar A'a. 2 Tigers na Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana An yi la'akari da Tigers sosai a lokacin zaɓe kafin lokacin kakar wasa a matsayin waɗanda aka fi so su taka leda a Gasar Cin Kofin Nationalasar kuma sun mamaye Hokies a gaban taron jama'ar gida, 48 7. Dangane da shan kayen Hokies, Virginia Tech ta zaɓi fara sabon juyi da sabon shiri na cin fuska. Bayan sabon ɗan wasa Tyrod Taylor, 'yan Hokies sun sami nasarori biyar kai tsaye, gami da nasara akan A'a. 22 Clemson ta 18 maki. Yayin nasarar nasara, Sean Glennon, wanda ya fara buga wasan baya ga Hokies a lokacin wasannin farko biyu na kakar, ya koma wasu abubuwan mallaka tare da Taylor a cikin wani tsarin da ba na biyun ba. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Hokies suna da damar da za su iya rama asarar farkon lokacinsu ga LSU lokacin da suka fuskanci A'a. 2 Kwalejin Boston a daren Alhamis a Blacksburg, Virginia Kodayake Hokies sun mamaye yawancin wasan, Kwalejin Koleji ta Boston Matt Ryan ya yi nasarar dawowar ƙarshen wasan don lashe wasan 14 10 tare da 11 sakan da suka rage. Tare da cin nasara sau huɗu a jere bayan asarar, gami da nasara akan sannan-A'a. 16 Virginia, Hokies sun sami nasarar Yankin Yankin gabar teku kuma sun sami damar zuwa 2007 ACC Championship Game a Jacksonville, Florida A can, sun sake fuskantar sakewa tare da Kwalejin Boston, zakarun rukunin Atlantic. Kamar yadda yake a cikin wasan da ya gabata, tsaro ya mamaye, am'ma ba kamar a farkon wasan ba, Matt Ryan bai sami damar cin nasarar ba. Biyu huɗu-kwata interceptions ta Virginia Tech shãfe haske da Hokie nasara da kuma wani atomatik karo da Orange kwano game. Kansas Kansas ya fara 2007 lokacin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa bai kula ba kuma ba tare da la'akari da yawa ba daga kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa. A cikin buɗe ƙwallon ƙafa na Associated Press na 2007 kakar, Kansas ba ta sami kuri'a ɗaya ba. Daga wasan su na farko na shekara, Jayhawks sun fara burge masu jefa kuri'a da ingancin aiki. Da Kungiyar Ba -Amurke na Amurka a tsakanin Babban Jami’ar Michigan, Kansas ta ci 52 maki yayin ba da izinin taɓawa ɗaya kawai. A cikin wasanni uku masu zuwa, Kansas ya rinjayi abokan hamayyarsa 162-16. Kamar yadda jadawalin Big 12 na Kansas ya fara, hanyoyin nasara na Jayhawks sun ci gaba, yayin da suka tabbatar da kansu game da halattacciyar gasar. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, Kansas ta yi tafiya zuwa Manhattan, Kansas, gidan mai lambar A-lokacin. 24 Jami'ar Jihar Kansas don wasan buɗewa na Babban 12 jadawalin. A gaban 50,924 magoya baya masu adawa, Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing sun yi gwagwarmaya a karon farko a kakar. Late a cikin kwata na huɗu, Reesing ya jefa ƙwallo wanda ya tashi daga facemask na mai karɓar mai karɓar Dexton Fields kafin a kama shi. Sakawar ta kafa wata matsala ta jihar Kansas wacce ta sanya Kansas cikin 21 saura mintuna bakwai da rabi. Reesing da Jayhawks sun buge da sauri, duk da haka, kuma sun zira kwallaye tazara 30 don ɗaukar jagora zuwa kyakkyawa. Tare da nasarar, Kansas ta shiga cikin martabar saman Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kwaleji 25 a kasar a karon farko tun 1996, shiga cikin AP Poll a lamba 20. A cikin makonni shida masu zuwa, Kansas ya ci gaba da nemo hanyoyin cin nasara. Abokan hamayyar Jayhawk na gargajiya kamar su Nebraska, Oklahoma State, da Texas A&M sun sha kaye a lokacin kakar, kuma Kansas ta hau kan matsayin ƙasa. Ta 13th mako na kakar, an saita filin don wasan kwaikwayo game da kishiyar gargajiya ta Kansas, Missouri. Saboda yarjejeniya da aka riga aka yi, an buga bugun kan iyaka na 2007 a Kansas City, Missouri, a Filin wasa na Arrowhead, gidan Footballungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kasa ta Kansas City Chiefs A gaban sama da 80,000 magoya baya, A'a. 4 Missouri ta kayar da No. 2 Kansas 36 28 don baiwa Jayhawks asararsu ta farko a kakar. Missouri, tare da nasara, ya sami tafiya zuwa Big 12 Championship Game. A cikin wannan wasan, Oklahoma ya ci Missouri 38 17 don samun kyautar kai tsaye ga 2008 Fiesta Bowl Saboda asarar ta ba Missouri karo na biyu na shekara, Kansas, wanda ya sha kashi ga Tigers, an zaɓi shi a matsayin babban zaɓi ta hanyar BCS kuma ya sami tafiya zuwa Orange Bowl. Rigima Kodayake zaɓin Virginia Tech ta hanyar tayin atomatik ba shi da nutsuwa, zaɓin Kansas ya haifar da rikici mai yawa. Kansas ta sha kashi a hannun Big 12 wanda ya zo na biyu a Missouri kuma yana da ƙarancin Matsayi na Bowwallon Bowl fiye da Tigers. Wasu sun gaskata cewa ya kamata a zaɓi Missouri a gaban Kansas saboda sun kayar da Kansas kuma saboda sun taka rawa a cikin Big Wasan Gasar 12. A cewar jami'an BCS, duk da haka, asarar Missouri guda biyu ta kasance mafi lahani fiye da asarar Kansas daya da rashin wasan gasar gaba. Pundits da magoya baya waɗanda suka yi adawa da zaɓin Kansas sun nuna ƙarfin jadawalin Jayhawks, wanda a wani lokaci a lokacin lokacin ya yi ƙasa da 109 daga 119 Iungiyoyin Division I. A lokacin zaɓin BCS, duk da haka, ƙarfin jadawalin Kansas ya hau da ɗan kaɗan, ya kai 88th a cikin martabar Sagarin da 74th a cikin darajar CBS. Matsayi na ƙarshe ya ƙididdige jadawalin Kansas kamar yadda ya fi Hawaii wuya, wanda kuma aka zaɓa don wasa a cikin BCS. Tsananta halin da ake ciki shine gaskiyar cewa Kansas da Missouri suna da ɗayan mafi girman hamayya a cikin kwalejin kwallon kafa. An san shi da Yakin Ballaka, asalin hamayyar ya samo asali ne tun shekarun da suka gabata kafin yakin basasar Amurka Makonni biyu bayan zaɓin Kansas, har yanzu wani rikici ya sake faruwa lokacin da aka bayyana cewa Babban 12 da jami'an ACC sun yi yarjejeniya don fasalin wasan kwaikwayon Oklahoma Virginia Tech a cikin Orange Bowl a cikin awannin da suka kai ga zaɓin ƙarshe. Oklahoma, wanda ya fara ba da shawarar, ya nemi da ya fuskanci babban abokin hamayyar BCS sannan akwai, wanda zai kasance Virginia Tech (wanda ya zo na 3 a cikin BCS). A yadda aka saba, Oklahoma, 2007 Babba 12 Gwarzo, da an yi wasa a cikin Fiesta Bowl, wanda ke riƙe da haƙƙin atomatik na Big 12 Gasar ta BCS ta Gasar. Aarin sanannen magana a cikin kwangilar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Bowl, duk da haka, yana ba da izini ga kwamishinoni na BCS su yi watsi da wannan tayin idan ƙungiyar da aka zaɓa ta atomatik ta buga wasan a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, ko don ƙirƙirar wasan da ya fi ban sha'awa. Oklahoma ya taka leda a 2007 Fiesta Bowl kuma ya zama cikakke ɗan takara don aiwatar da sashin. An bayar da rahoton cewa wakilai daga tasoshin Orange da Fiesta sun yi yarjejeniyar musayar Oklahoma da Kansas da Dan Beebe, kwamishina daga Babban 12, ya gabatar da shirin ga kwamitin BCS. Sauran kwamishinonin BCS da suka rage sun yi watsi da bukatar (tare da manyan kwamishinonin Big 12, ACC da Big East kawai) kuma suka girmama ainihin zabin Kansas na Orange Bowl kuma ya tilasta Oklahoma ya karbi Fiesta Bowl Bid na atomatik. Fitar da wannan shirin ya hargitsa magoya baya da yawa a makarantun biyu da kuma duk fadin kasar, wadanda suka fahimci cewa wasan (4) Oklahoma- (3) Virginia Tech zai dace da wasan (8) Kansas- (3) Virginia Tech. Abin mamaki, yayin da ake ganin Oklahoma-Virginia Tech a matsayin mafi kyawun wasa saboda matsayinsu mai girma, ƙungiyoyin biyu sun ci gaba da damuwa da ƙananan ƙungiya tare da Oklahoma sun rasa 48-28 zuwa (9) West Virginia. Most pre-game media and popular coverage of the 2008 Orange Bowl focused on the matchup between Kansas's No. 2 scoring offense and Virginia Tech's No. 2 scoring defense. Outside factors, such as coaching, previous experience, and fan support were also considered in pre-game analysis of the matchup. Outside story lines included Virginia Tech's recovery from the Virginia Tech Massacre, recovery from late-season losses suffered by each team (against Missouri for Kansas and against Boston College for Virginia Tech). Wasan wasa masu ban tsoro Kansas Shiga cikin Bowl Bowl, Kansas ya kasance na biyu a cikin ƙasar da ke cin ƙwallo (44.3) kuma na shida a yadi a kowane wasa (491). Kansas ta ci 40 ko sama da maki takwas sau a lokacin 2007 kakar kuma ya ci 50 maki sau biyar. Kansas ta kasa wasan An jagorancin guje baya Brandon McAnderson, wanda a kaddarance 87,5 yadudduka a kowane wasa yayin 2007 kakar kuma ya sami 1,050 yadudduka da 16 taɓawa a cikin kakar da ke kaiwa ga Bowl Bowl. Ta hanyar iska, Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing ya sami daraja ta 11 mafi girma a cikin ƙasar, yana ɗaukar kimanin 152.41 kimar kwata-kwata a 2007. Reesing ya kammala 62.6% na fasinjojin sa yayin 2007 kakar, yana samun 3,259 yadud'duka, 32 taɓawa, kuma kawai shida tsangwama. Reesing wanda aka fi so karba shi ne Marcus Henry, wanda ya kasance A'a. 29 a kasar don wucewar yadin, matsakaita ya wuce 82 karɓar yadudduka a kowane wasa. A lokacin 2007, Henry ya sami 994 yadudduka da tara tabawa. A kan layin da aka yi, Jayhawks ya jagoranci jagorancin Amurka na hagu Anthony Collins, wanda ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya kai wasan karshe na Outland Trophy, wanda aka ba shi mafi kyawun dan wasan kwallon kafa na kwaleji. Saboda tasirin Jayhawks akan laifi, sun zura kwallon kawai 46 sau a lokacin 2007 kakar, ta bakwai mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Rukunin I. Virginia Tech Virginia Tech ta ba da sabon tsarin kwata-kwata biyu akan laifi, kamar yadda masu biyun Sean Glennon da Tyrod Taylor suka raba lokaci a bayan cibiyar Kodayake baƙon abu, tsarin ya sami nasarar jagorantar Hokies zuwa Gasar ACC ta biyu a cikin huɗu shekaru. A lokacin 2007 lokacin yau da kullun, Glennon ya jefa don 1,636 yadudduka da 11 taɓawa, kammala 63 kashi na wucewarsa. Taylor, yayin, ya wuce don 916 yadud'duka da biyar taɓawa yayin kuma da hanzari don 431 yadud'duka. Wasu masana sun yi hasashen Kansas na iya samun matsala tare da motsawar Taylor, saboda salon wasan sa ya yi kama da na Missouri na Chase Daniel, wanda ya ba Kansas asarar asarar 2007 kawai. kakar. A ɗaya gefen ƙarshen laifin na Virginia Tech ƙungiyar masu karɓar karɓa ne, waɗanda manyan masu karɓar Eddie Royal da Josh Morgan suka jagoranta. Morgan shine mai karɓar matsayi na biyar a tarihin Virginia Tech, bayan da ya samu 1,787 karbar yadudduka. Royal shi ne na shida, bayan da ya samu 1,767 yadudduka. Biyu daga sauran masu karɓar Tech, Josh Hyman da Justin Harper, sun yi rajista 1,138 da 1,274 karɓar yadudduka kowan'nensu, alama ce ta farko a tarihin Fasaha ta Virginia cewa Hokies suna da masu karɓar yadi huɗu daban-daban a cikin ƙungiya ɗaya. A ƙasa, Hokies sun jagoranci jagorancin Branden Ore, wanda ya ruga don 876 yadud'duka da takwas taɓawa yayin lokacin yau da kullun. Mako guda kafin Orange Bowl, masu horar da fasaha sun bayyana cewa za a dakatar da Ore a farkon kwata na wasan da Kansas a matsayin azaba saboda nunawa a ƙarshen wasan Hokies na wasan farko. An maye gurbin Ore da ɗan shekara biyu Kenny Lewis Jr. Wasannin tsaro Virginia Tech Virginia Tech ta gama kakar a matsayi na biyu na kasa a maki da aka ba da izinin wasa (15.5) kuma na huɗu a cikin ƙasa a cikin yadin da aka yarda (293). Hokies ba su ba da izinin kashi na huɗu cikin biyar ba wasanni bayan bada 14 maki huɗu zuwa huɗu zuwa Kwalejin Boston a Blacksburg Wani dan wasa mai mahim'manci a tsaron Virginia Tech shine dan wasan baya Xavier Adibi, wanda ya ci kwallonsa ta uku a wasan ACC Championship Game da Boston College. Adibi, tare da dan wasan baya na Vince Hall, sun kasance "mafi kyaun 'yan wasan biyu na kasar a cikin kasar," a cewar mai sharhin ESPN Chris Spielman. Tasirin Hall yana da, duk da haka, an iyakance shi a cikin 2007 kakar ta karye wuyan hannu ya sha wahala akan Clemson. Hall ya rasa wasanni hudu tare da raunin, am'ma ya dawo don buga wasanni uku na ƙarshe na kakar don Virginia Tech kuma ya yi alkawarin za a nuna shi sosai a cikin 2008 Orange Bowl. Ajiye wa masu amfani da layin Virginia Tech babbar filin baya ne, wanda ya samar da 12 NFL zaba zaba a cikin shekaru tara kafin 2007 kakar. Primary daga cikin backfield 'yan wasa sun cornerbacks Victor Harris da Brandon Flowers, wanda Sports kwatanta .com kira "watakila mafi kyau cornerback Duo a cikin kasar". Kansas Kansas, a halin yanzu, ba a girmama shi sosai a kan tsaro ba kuma ya zo cikin 2008 Orange Bowl yana cikin 57th na ƙasa a cikin kariya ta tsaro. A ƙasa, duk da haka, Kansas ya kasance mafi girma, na shida a cikin ƙasar. Bugu da kari, Kansas ya ba da izinin 16 kawai maki a kowane wasa, mai kyau isa don zama na huɗu a cikin ƙasa. Babban ɓangare na wan'nan gudu shine tsaron kare James McClinton, wanda aka laƙaba mai Babban 12 na Tsaron Lineman na Shekarar kuma ya sami daraja ta ƙungiyar All-America ta biyu. McClinton ya gama kakar wasanni ta 2007 da 10.5 tackles ga asarar da kuma yi musu wa'adi fiye na wannan ga Orange kwano. Kyaftin din tawagar tsaron Jayhawk, a halin yanzu, ya kasance dan Amurka ne mai kusurwa da baya Aqib Talib Talib kuma ya kasance mai barazanar aikata laifi, inda ya kama takwas ya wuce, ciki har da huɗu taɓawa, yayin lokacin yau da kullun. Takaita wasa Kwancen Orange Bowl na 2008 ya fara aiki a 8:30 na maraice EST a filin wasa na Dolphin a cikin Miami Gardens, Florida An jera halarta ga wasan a matsayin 74,111 (karo na takwas a jere na Orange Bowl sellout), am'ma ainihin halartar ya bayyana ya zama ƙasa, kuma yawancin ɓangarorin bene na filin wasan ba su cika. Kimanin 15 miliyoyin masu kallo sun kalli wasan, suna samun damar watsa shirye-shiryen Nielsen da 7.4. Watsa shirye-shiryen Orange Bowl na 2008 shine wasan kwano kawai na BCS don nuna tashi a cikin masu kallon talabijin akan watsawar lokacin da ta gabata, saboda 2007 Orange Bowl kawai ta sami darajar Nielsen ta 7.0. Katharine McPhee wacce ta zo ta biyu a bautar Amurka Idol ce ta rera taken. Kyautar tsabar kudin ta nuna tsoffin tauraruwar tauraruwa a makarantun biyu, Bruce Smith na Virginia Tech da Gale Sayers na Kansas. Kansas ta ci nasara kuma aka zaba don jinkirta zabinta har zuwa rabi na biyu. Virginia Tech ta zaɓi karɓar ƙwallo don fara wasan. Kansas za ta karɓi ƙwallo don fara rabi na biyu. A kickoff, yanayin yanayin iska ya kasance mai sanyi ga Miami a kuma sararin samaniya yayi hadari da ruwan sama mai tsawa. Na farko kwata Eddie Royal na Virginia Tech ya gabatar da bude wasan daga Kansas kicker Scott Webb, ya dawo dashi 59 yadudduka zuwa layin yadi-41 na Kansas. Dawowar ta baiwa Virginia Tech laifi mai kyau a fagen fara wasan. Tech quarterback Sean Glennon da alaka a kan wani 11-yadi da izinin zuwa Justin Harper ga wata na farko saukar a kan bude play na wasan, amma Kansas tsaron fāriya a kan m plays. Bayan Tyrod Taylor na Virginia Tech ya shiga wasan ne a wasan baya, Kansas ta kori Taylor sau biyu, tana turawa Virginia Tech 19 yadudduka baya, daga filin burin filin. Saboda sacks, Virginia Tech aka tilasta punt da ball tafi ba tare da ya zura kwallo a wani maki. An saukar da puntin a yankin ƙarshe don taɓawa, kuma Kansas ta fara mallakar wasan farko na cin mutunci a layinta na 20-yard. Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing ya tabbatar da tasiri sosai, ya kam'mala shida daga cikin takwas ya wuce yayin tuƙi kuma yana hanzari don biyar yadudduka a kan kwata-kwata kwata-kwata Reesing ya kori laifin Kansas zuwa yankin Virginia Tech, amma bayan da Orion Martin na Tech ya kori Reesing, Kansas ta kasa samun damar farko sannan aka tura Scott Webb cikin wasan don kokarin burin filin 44-yadi. Kwallon Webb ya tashi cikin faifai masu fa'ida, duk da haka, wasan bai ci nasara ba tare da 6:44 ya rage a farkon kwata. Bayan makasudin filin da aka rasa, Virginia Tech ta karɓi laifi a layinta na 27-nasa. Komawa baya Kenny Lewis, Jr., wanda ya maye gurbin Branden Ore da aka dakatar, ya gudu ne karo na farko, kuma Tyrod Taylor ya haɗu a kan hanyar yadi 11 zuwa Eddie Royal don wani farkon sauka. Yanzu a cikin yankin Kansas, Taylor yayi ƙoƙari ya sake wucewa. Kansib All-American corner Aqib Talib ya yi tsalle tsakanin jifan Taylor da mai karba, yana kutse kwallon. Talib ya dawo da sakon'nin 60 yadudduka zuwa yankin ƙarshe don taɓawa ta Kansas, maki na farko na wasan. Arin bugun dagawa da Scott Webb ya yi ya ci 7 0 Kansas tare da 5:15 saura a cikin kwata. Da yake takawa zuwa ƙarshen yankin, Aqib Talib ya aikata azabtar da yadi-yadi na 15 ba tare da wasa ba, wanda aka tilasta akan wasan bayan ci nasara. Fanaritin, haɗe tare da kyakkyawar bugun daga Virginia Tech, ya ba wa Hokies kyakkyawan filin wasa don mallakar mallakarsu karo na uku. Quanterback Sean Glennon ya sami fa'ida a wan'nan matsayin filin, yana haɗuwa a kan hanyar 24-yard zuwa babban mai karɓar Justin Harper. Kamawa ya tura Virginia Tech a cikin yankin Kansas kuma da alama sun kafa laifin Hokie don farkon cin wasan. Bayan biyu wasa don rashin riba da asarar yadi biyar lokacin da aka kori Glennon daga James Holt, Virginia Tech ta tilasta yin ƙoƙari na burin filin 49-yadi. Kwallon Jud Dunlevy bai taka kara ya karya ba, am'ma, kuma an hana Virginia Tech ci. Kansas ta dawo da gajeren bugun, wanda ya faɗi a yankin ƙarshe, kuma ya dawo da ƙwallon 39 yadudduka. Duk da karfin da aka samu na bugun da aka rasa, Kansas ya buga wasanni uku ba tare da samun nasara ba kuma an tilasta shi buga kwallon. Virginia Tech ta dawo da kwallon a layin ta na yadi 15 kuma ta buga wasanni biyu kafin lokaci ya kure a zangon farko. A ƙarshen kwata na farko, Kansas ta riƙe Virginia Tech ba tare da ƙima ba yayin da take cin gajiyar dawo da yadin 60 da Aqib Talib don kawai maki kawai na wasan, jagoran 7 0. Na biyu kwata Virginia Tech ta fara kwata na biyu wajen mallake kwallon kuma suna fuskantar na uku da biyar daga layinta na yadi 20. A wasan farko na kwata, dan wasan baya Sean Glennon ya jefa na farko, am'ma an kama shi a layin 37 na Kansas Chris Harris Bayan katsewa, Kansas ta sami kwallon a layin Virginia Tech 31-yadi. Todd Reesing ya haɗu a kan hanyar hawa zuwa ƙasa zuwa Derek Fine, kuma mai gudu Brandon McAnderson ya ba da gudummawar gajerun hanyoyi da yawa. Laifin na Kansas ya kasa samun karo na biyu na farko bayan da aka kama shi, amma, kuma an sake kiran Scott Webb mai ƙwallon ƙafa don yunƙurin burin filin, wan'nan lokacin daga 32 yadudduka nesa Ba kamar bugun sa na farko ba, na biyun ya bi ta kan hanyoyin maki uku. Tare da 12 mintuna da suka rage a zango na biyu, Kansas ya ƙara jagora zuwa 10 0. Virginia Tech ta dawo da kwallayen bayan fage a layin ta na 31, kuma Branden Ore, bayan ya shiga wasan bayan dakatarwarsa da kwata kwata, ya ci kwallon uku yadudduka. Quarterback Tyrod Taylor shima yaci kwallon biyar yadudduka a kan takaddama, amma bai sami nasarar farko ba. An tilasta wa Hokies buga kwallon, kuma Kansas ta dawo da bugun daga layinta na 41. Tare da kyakkyawan yanayin filin da ƙarfin da aka samu ta hanyar kutse da burin filin, Kansas ya motsa ƙwallon da sauri. Nekos Brown da Xavier Adibi sun kori Todd Reesing, amma sun haɗa Jake Sharp na 20 yadudduka akan biyu wucewa, ciyar da ƙwallon ƙafa cikin yankin Virginia Tech. Ya wuce zuwa Marcus Henry da Dezmon Briscoe sun ci gaba Kansas 21 karin yadudduka cikin yankin Hokie, kuma Brandon McAnderson ya ruga don biyar yadudduka a ƙasa. Sanya motar Kansas ya kasance yadi-yadi na 13 wanda Reesing ya yiwa Henry don kashewa. Sakamakon, wanda ya zo tare da 7:03 ya rage a farkon rabin, ya ba Kansas jagorancin 17 0, mafi girma a wasan. Virginia Tech ta dawo da bugun bayan wasan da ake matukar bukatar cin kwallaye kafin rabin lokaci. Kansas ta taka leda sosai a kan tsaro a duk rabin rabin farko, kuma rawar da wasan ya taka a bayan Jayhawks, wanda ya ci nasara a wasan'ni biyu Virginia Tech turnovers Sean Glennon ya kam'mala wucewar yadi uku zuwa Josh Morgan don fara tuki, amma yana komawa baya Branden Ore wanda ya yi yawancin aiki a lokacin wasan karshe na karshe na Hokies. Bayan wucewar Glennon, Ore ya ruga ƙwallo a kan wasannin kai tsaye shida, ya ɗauki 33 yadudduka da biyu farko sauka a hanya. Bayan haka, Glennon gudummawar wani biyar-yadi da gudu da kansa, wanda aka taimaka da wani 15-yadi facemask azãba da Kansas. Branden Ore ya sake karɓar ƙwallo, yana tafe a kan wasanni biyar a jere, wanda ya ƙare a cikin yadi guda ɗaya don taɓawa. Sakamakon ya zo ne da ya rage saura 1:03 a rabi, ya ba Virginia Tech maki na farko na wasan kuma ya rage ragamar Kansas zuwa 17 7. Kansas ta karbi Virginia Tech's kickoff, kuma Hokies sun yi ƙoƙari su ba kansu wata dama ta yin laifi ta hanyar kiran lokaci bayan Kansas ta ruga ƙwallo. Lokaci ya dakatar da agogo, amma Kansas ya sami nasarar fara aiki da gudu daga agogo bayan Tech yayi amfani da abubuwan da aka ba shi uku lokacin aiki Komawa zuwa rabin lokaci, Kansas har yanzu yana da jagora da ƙarfi, am'ma Virginia Tech taɓawa ya yanke jagorancin Jayhawks zuwa kawai 10 maki, 17 7. Nunin rabin lokaci Nunin rabin lokacin wasan Orange Bowl na shekarar 2008 ya kasance ne daga rukunin dutsen Blues na Zlu Top, wanda ya rera wakar su mai suna Sharp Dressed Man Ungiyar ta fi so daga Kansas mai suna Todd Reesing, wanda ya nuna nadama kafin wasan cewa ba zai iya sauraron wasan kwaikwayon ba. Har ila yau, an nuna shi a yayin wasan kwaikwayon rabin rukuni na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar sakandare, waɗanda suka buga wa Stevie Ray Vaughan 's Crossfire yayin da matakin ZZ Top ya warwatse. Bayan nunin rabin lokacin, motar FOX da ke watsa wasan ta sami matsalar katsewar lantarki. Kamar yadda ma'aikatan Fox suka yi aiki don dawo da wutar, rabi na biyu ya jinkirta da minti uku. Na uku kwata Kansas, wacce ta lashe wasan farko na wasan, ta karɓi ƙwallo don buɗe rabi na biyu. Todd Reesing da farko ya fara daga inda ya tsaya a farkon rabin, ya kammala fasalin zuwa Dexton Fields na 12 yadudduka da farkon sauka. A wasannin da suka biyo baya, duk da haka, Virginia Tech ta nuna wasu ƙwarewar kariya waɗanda aka inganta su sosai zuwa cikin wasan. Aqib Talib an magance shi saboda asarar shida yadudduka bayan kamawa wucewa. An kori Reesing daga matsin lamba mai yawa daga tsaron Tech. A karo na uku ya sauka, Cody Grim'm ya kusan kama hanyar Reesing, wanda ya buge shi don tilasta wa Kansas punt. A dawowar da ta biyo baya, Virginia Tech ta sami babban wasan ta na farko. Eddie Royal, wanda ya koma kowane daya daga Virginia Tech ta farko-rabin Kicks, samu da ball da kuma lateraled shi zuwa Justin Harper, wanda ya koma da shi 84 yadudduka don taɓawa. Sakamakon ya yanke jagorancin Kansas zuwa maki uku kawai tare da 11: 35 ya rage a cikin kwata na uku. Tare da saurin wasan a yanzu da tabbaci a cikin ni'imar su, tsaron Virginia Tech ya dakatar da laifin Kansas akan wasanni uku madaidaiciya, yana tilasta wani Kansas punt. Kwallon ya yi tafiya 62 yadudduka kuma an dawo dashi a layin Virginia Tech 18-yadi. Laifin Virginia Tech, duk da matsakaicin filin, ya motsa da sauri, wani ɓangare saboda azabtar da tsangwama na yadi 15 akan Kansas. Sean Glennon ya kammala hanyar wuce gona da iri na 37 don kawo ƙarshen Greg Boone don tuƙa Hokies cikin zurfin yankin Kansas. Da farko, da alama mai tsaron baya na Kansas ne ya katse fasinjan, am'ma sake buga wasan da aka yi ya nuna Boone ya kwace kwallon daga mai tsaron baya. Sau uku suna zurfafawa a cikin yankin ja na Kansas sun mamaye Hokies kawai yadi tara, suna kafa yanayi na huɗu da ɗaya don laifin Virginia Tech. Maimakon fuskantar haɗarin sauya fasalin ƙasa na huɗu, babban kocin Virginia Tech Frank Beamer ya aika da kicker Jud Dunlevy don yunƙurin burin filin 25-yadi. A lokacin da harbi, duk da haka, Kansas wakĩli a kansu Joe Mortensen garzaya ta hanyar da Virginia Tech layi da kuma katange da harbi, da musun da Hokies uku da maki kuma tsare wani 17 14 Kansas gubar da 6:31 rage a cikin kwata. Ginin ya tsayar da duk ƙarfin Virginia Tech wanda aka samu tare da sake dawowa da dawo da Kansas a gaba. Bayan toshewar, kodayake, Kansas ya kasa samun nasara akan laifi. Kodayake tilasta tilasta kwallon, bugun Kyle Tucker na bugun yadi na 42 ya taimaka ta hanyar yadin 10 na haramtacciyar haramtacciyar doka kan Virginia Tech wanda ya sanya Hokies a layin 25-yard nasu. Branden Ore ya ɗauki farkon sauka tare da rush biyu, amma laifin Tech ya kasa samun wani na farko kuma an tilastawa Hokies sake buga kwallon. Kansas ta mallaki layinta na yadi na 12 bayan punt. A wasan farko na tuki, Reesing ya kammala wucewar yadi 37 zuwa filin Dexton, yana sanya ƙwallo kusa da tsakiyar fili. Sau uku cikakke ba su cika ba daga baya, Kansas ya fuskanci na huɗu da-goma da punt. Maimakon yin kwalliya, amma, Kansas an zaɓa don gwada fasfon ɓarna mai haɗari. Maimakon zura kwallon zuwa naushi, sai aka fasa kwallon don gudu Brandon McAnderson, wanda ya jefa kwallon 22 yadudduka downfield zuwa Micah Brown don farkon sauka. A wasan gaba na gaba, Reesing, bayan ya dawo filin, an haɗa shi a kan layin 28 zuwa Dexton Fields, wanda aka tura daga iyakokin da ke kusa da layin makasudin Tare da burin farko da manufa daga cikin layin yadi ɗaya, ƙaddamarwar Kansas kamar babu makawa. A wasan farko a cikin yankin jan, duk da haka, Kansas ya fidda kwallon. Kodayake dan wasan Kansas ya dawo da kwallon, wasan ya rasa hudu yadudduka. A wasa na gaba, Kansas ya aikata mum'munan laifi na mutum 15. Laifin na mutum ya biyo bayan yadi na 10 mai riƙe da hukunci, kuma an tura Kansas gaba ɗaya a wajen yankin janjan na Virginia Tech. A cikin yunƙurin turawa baya, Reesing ya jefa ƙetaren zurfin ƙasa. Maimakon a kammala, duk da haka, dan wasan Virginia Tech na DJ Parker ne ya katse kwallon. Tare da 39 sakan da suka rage a cikin kwata, Virginia Tech ta tsayar da Kansas daga samun maki duk da Jayhawks sun kutsa cikin layin yadi na Virginia Tech. Yayin da kwata-kwata suka ƙare, Hokies sun sami saurin saurin saurin biyu kuma sun haɓaka ƙwallon 26 yadudduka, da alama sun dawo da ƙarfin da aka rasa tare da toshe ƙwallon. Tare da daya kwata kwata saura a wasan, duk da haka, Kansas har yanzu tana da maki uku, 17 14. Na huɗu kwata Wasan'nin farko da aka fara na kwata na huɗu sun kasa rayuwa har zuwa alƙawarin da aka nuna a cikin na uku don Hokies. Biyu ba su cika ba kuma ɗayan da ya sami biyu kawai yadudduka sun tilasta Virginia Tech ta fidda kwallon tare da 13:49 da suka rage a cikin kwata. Bayan da aka hau kan layinta na 33, Kansas ba ta sami nasara a kan laifi ba kamar Virginia Tech. Bayan wasanni uku madaidaiciya ba tare da fa'ida ba, an tilasta Kansas fitar da kwallon har ila yau. Wani bugun yadi 58 wanda Kyle Tucker ya bugawa Virginia Tech a cikin layin yadi-10, kuma Hokies sun kasa ci gaba da kwallon sosai fiye da layin yadi goma. Wurin da bai cika ba da kuma yadi biyu da Branden Ore ya gudanar duk laifukan an gudanar dasu kafin Sean Glennon ya jefa wata yadi ta 20 zuwa ga Jayhawks 'Justin Thornton. Thornton ya dawo da kwallon 30 yadudduka zuwa layin yadi na biyu na Tech Tech, kuma a wasan farko na Kansas bayan tsinkayar, Todd Reesing ya gudu biyu yadudduka don taɓawa. Sakamakon ya ba Jayhawks nasara 24 14 tare da saura 10:57. Bayan Kansas kickoff, Virginia Tech ta karɓi ragamar layin ta na 33. Da yake buƙatar ci, 'yan Hokies sun yi kuskuren farawa na farko na yadi biyar kafin dan wasan baya Sean Glennon ya kori Kansas' Mike Rivera. Wasan kwaikwayo biyu sun tura laifin Virginia Tech, kuma ya hana su samun nasara. An tilasta shi buga kwallon, Virginia Tech dole ne ta buga tsaro yayin da Kansas ta karbi layinta na 28-yard. Tabbatar da jagorancin su, Kansas an zaɓa don gudanar da ƙwallo a cikin ƙoƙari na kiyaye agogo da kawo ƙarshen wasan da sauri. Brandon McAnderson ya sami 'yanci 28 yadudduka a wasan farko na tuki, kuma Jake Sharp ya ba da gudum'mawar farko a ƙasa kafin tsaron Hokie ya tsayar da Kansas a kan yunƙurin samun farko a kan na huɗu da biyu a cikin yankin Virginia Tech. Bayan ya dakatar da Kansas a karo na huɗu, Virginia Tech ta ɗauki laifi a layinta na 22-yard. Tare da sauran 5:51 da suka rage a wasan, 'yan Hokies suna matukar bukatar zira kwallaye cikin sauri da kuma samun hanyar karewa don samun damar yin nasara. Hokies sun ci gaba a ɓangaren farko na wannan buƙata kamar yadda Sean Glen'non ya sauya farkon saukarwa ta iska. Kansas ba ta da izinin wasa sama da tara yadudduka har zuwa ƙarshen tukin, yana tilasta Virginia Tech don amfani da lokaci mai mahimmanci. A wasan karshe na tuki, Sean Glennon ya haɗu a yajin yadi 20 zuwa Justin Harper don taɓawa. Sakamakon ya yanke jagorancin Kansas zuwa maki uku kawai, amma tare da mintuna uku kawai ya rage a wasan, dawowar Virginia Tech za ta kasance cikakke ne kawai idan Hokies za su iya murmure wani bugun da ke kan wuya. Jud Dunlevy ta kori ƙwallon, wanda ke tafiya akan ƙa'idar 10 yadudduka, amma Kansas ya dawo da shi. Hokies, duk da rashin murmurewa harbin da aka yi, amma har yanzu suna da damar samun wani mummunan abu idan suka dakatar da laifin Kansas ba tare da na farko ba. Saboda Hokies suna da ragowar lokaci biyu, zasu iya tsayar da agogo bayan wasan Kansas guda biyu, don haka adana lokaci don wasan tsere na Virginia Tech. Hanyar 11 ta wuce ta Todd Reesing ta sanya Kansas a farkon ƙasa, duk da haka, kuma abubuwan da Jayhawks suka biyo baya sun ba Kansas damar fitar da agogo duk da lokacin da ake amfani da Virginia Tech. Kansas ta kiyaye jagoranta ta durƙusa a kan ball a cikin layin Virginia Tech 5-yadi a wasan karshe na wasan, kuma 21 yayin da lokaci ya ƙure. Statisticsididdigar ƙarshe Kansas Aqib Talib an lasafta shi a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Dan wasa Talib ta 60-yadi interception koma ga wani touchdown ya Orange kwano ta farko tun cikin shekarar 1968, Orange kwano, a lokacin da Oklahoma 's Bob Stephenson ya yi wan'nan feat. Lokacin da ya bayyana a filin wasa bayan wasan don karɓar kyautar sa, Talib ya ce, "Na ji kamar Deion!", Abin da ake nufi da tsohon tauraron NFL Deion Sanders Teamsungiyoyin biyu sun gama da jimillar ƙididdiga irinta, kamar yadda ya dace da wasan kusa. Kungiyoyin biyu sun kasance tsakanin 38 jimlar yadudduka na juna; Kansas tana da 344 yadudduka da Virginia Tech suna da 306. Wannan kusancin kusancin ya bayyana a cikin jimlar farko ta ƙungiyoyi kuma. Virginia Tech ta samu 20 farkon kasa: 10 gaggawa, takwas wucewa, kuma biyu ta hanyar hukunci. Kansas, yayin, ta sami 19 farkon sauka: biyar gaggawa, 13 wucewa, kuma daya ta hanyar hukunci. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na laifin Kansas ya zo ta iska yayin da Jayhawks suka kori 249 net yadudduka wucewa. Hokies, a halin yanzu, sun sami kusan rabin laifin su a ƙasa. Sakamakon ƙarshen dabarun mabanbanta ya kasance iri ɗaya, kodayake. Kansas ta sami nasarar sauya shida daga cikin 17 ƙoƙari na uku, yayin da Virginia Tech ta sauya bakwai daga cikin 17 yunkurin. Lokacin mallaka muhimmiyar hanya ce wacce take goyon bayan Kansas, kamar yadda Kansas ke sarrafa ƙwallo na 33:47, sama da minti 7 fiye da lokacin mallakar Virginia Tech na 26:13. Bambancin wasan ya fito ne daga ƙungiyoyi na musamman da masu sauyawa Virginia Tech ta juya kwallon sau uku, yayin da Kansas ta juya kwallon sau daya tak. Kansas ta sauya abubuwanda take ɗauka uku zuwa 17 maki, ba wa Jayhawks babbar fa'ida a kan allo. Kamfanin Virginia Tech ya kasa canza ikonsa na dawowa cikin kowane maki. Sanarwa na ilimin lissafi na Virginia Tech A kan laifi, Hokies sun ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Jayhawks, duk da rashin nasara. Tsarin kwata-kwata biyu wanda aka gabatar dashi sosai zuwa wasan ya watsar da yawa a farkon kwata bayan da aka kori ɗan wasa Tyrod Taylor a farkon biyun sa yana wasa kuma ya jefa kutse wanda aka dawo dashi don taɓawa yayin karo na biyu akan filin. Bayan wadancan bayyanannun wasannin biyu na farko-kwata, da wasa daya a farkon kwata na biyu, Taylor bai sake shiga wasan ba har sai da wasa daya ya yi rabin rabin zuwa na hudu. Tare da cire Taylor da yawa daga wasan, an bar ƙaramin Sean Glennon don cike gibin. Glennon yana da cikakkiyar nasara, idan ba mai ban mamaki ba, ya kammala 13 na 28 ya wuce na 160 yadudduka da taɓawa. Glennon yayi gwagwarmaya a wasu lokuta akan kariyar Jayhawks, amma, ya jefa maganganu guda biyu wanda ya haifar da 10 Kansas maki. Tare da Glennon a bayan cibiyar, laifin Virginia Tech yayi amfani da masu karɓa daban-daban da yawa a cikin wasan wucewa. 'Yan wasa takwas daban-daban sun kama aƙalla sau ɗaya, kuma babban mai karɓar, Justin Harper, ya shigo cikin huɗu kama 64 yadudduka da taɓawa. Mai karɓar Josh Morgan, a halin yanzu, ya kama uku ya wuce, ya kawo shi 122 tarba don aikinsa, wucewa Antonio Freeman don matsayi na biyu duk lokaci a Virginia Tech. Ernest Wilford ya kasance na farko a cikin littafin rikodin Virginia Tech, tare da 126 liyafar Hokies sun ɗan fi ƙarfin saurin ƙwallon. A cikin wasan ƙasa, 'yan wasa daban-daban guda bakwai sun ɗauki ƙwallo aƙalla sau ɗaya, ragar 135 gudu yadi. Branden Ore ya gama wasan da 116 yadudduka, yana jagorantar dukkan masu hanzari a duka ƙungiyoyin biyu. Wannan jimlar ta sanya shi takwas kawai yadudduka gajere na lokacin yadi-yadi 1,000 na madaidaici. Jimlar Ore ta fi ban sha'awa yayin da mutum ya ɗauka an dakatar da shi a duk farkon zangon wasan, wurin da ya samu ta hanyar rusher rusher Kenny Lewis, Jr. Lewis ya gama wasan tare da ɗaukar kaya huɗu don 22 yadudduka, kuma bai ga aiki da yawa ba bayan Ore ya shiga wasan a farkon na biyu kwata. A kan ƙungiyoyi na musamman, Hokies suna da manyan matsayi da ƙasa. Justin Harper's 84-yard punt-back touchdown ya haifar da zanga-zangar Virginia Tech wanda ya kawo Hokies a cikin nesa mai nisa, amma rashin nasara a kan ƙungiyoyi na musam'man ma ya ƙare taron kuma ya juya yanayin wasan da Virginia Tech. Kicker Jud Dunlevy ya kasance dan wasa na uku mafi dacewa a cikin kasar da ke shiga cikin Orange Bowl, bayan ya buge 21 daga cikin 24 yunƙurin burin filin a lokacin kakar Ya kawai buƙatar ƙwallaye biyu a filin ne don karya tarihin Tech na mafi yawan burin a fagen kakar, wanda Shayne Graham ya kafa a 22 a 1998. Kodayake Dunlevy ta sami dama biyu a raga, ɗayan ya faɗi ƙasa kuma ɗayar ta toshe. A kan tsaro, 'yan Hokies sun kasance masu jagorancin layin Vince Hall, wanda ya yi rikodin gwagwarmaya guda bakwai, daya ya taimaka wajan shawo kan matsalar, da fasinja guda daya. Mai tsaron bayan Hokies Orion Martin shima yana da babban wasa, yana yin rikodin wasanni guda shida, daya ya taimaka, kuma biyu buhunan Kansas quarterback Todd Reesing. Sauran 'yan wasan tsaron biyu sun yi rikodin buhu ɗaya, kuma DJ Parker ya rubuta rikodin Hokies kawai a kan tsaro. Sake dawo da ilimin lissafi na Kansas A kan laifi, Jayhawks ya rubuta jimlar 344 yadudduka, 249 na abin da ya zo ta cikin iska. Quarterback Todd Reesing shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga harin saman Kansas, ya kammala 20 na 37 ya wuce don 227 yadudduka da kuma kawai tsoma baki. Kadai sauran dan wasan Kansas da ke yin rikodin yadudduka yana gudu baya Brandon McAnderson, wanda ya jefa fasalin farko na 22 a lokacin da ake buga karya. Kodayake yana cikin matsin lamba saboda yawancin wasan, an kori Reesing sau huɗu, Kansas ta ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da kai hari cikin wasan. Masu karɓa daban-daban guda takwas sun kama aƙalla sau ɗaya, tare da Dexton Fields ke jagorantar duk masu karɓar a cikin wasan tare da bakwai kama 101 yadudduka. Dukkan jumullar sune alamun da aka samu a cikin wasan daga kowace ƙungiya. Eldsungiyoyi kuma sun kasance masu karɓar wasan da aka ɗaura don wasan mafi tsayi na wasan, yadi-yadi na 37 ya tashi daga Reesing rabi zuwa zango na uku. Cornerback da wasan MVP Aqib Talib sun shigo wasan a matsayin mai karba sau da yawa, amma saboda fitowar sa a wasan irin wannan lamari ne da ba a saba gani ba, tsaron Virginia Tech ya sami damar zubewa a kansa kuma ya hana shi kama kwallon. Wasannin Jayhawks na ƙasa ba shi da tasiri fiye da laifinsu, amma har yanzu suna samun nasara a kan tsauraran matakan tsaro na Virginia Tech. Gudun baya Brandon McAnderson, Kansas mai saurin gudu, ya gama wasan tare da 15 daukawa na 75 yadudduka. Jake Sharp yana dawo da sauri sau tara don 33 yadudduka, gami da manyan maɓallan farko-ƙasa. Kamar yadda nasara kamar yadda laifin Kansas ya kasance, ƙungiyar Jayhawks ce ta musamman (ta doke kocin Virginia Tech Frank Beamer a nasa wasan) wanda ya basu nasarar. Kansas ta toshe wata manufa ta Virginia Tech, kuma ta sa dan wasan kwallon kafa Jud Dunlevy ya rasa wani gajeren. Kansas punter Kyle Tucker ya yi aiki mai kyau wanda ya sanya Virginia Tech a cikin ƙarshen filin, yana buga ƙwallo sau biyar don jimlar 250 yadudduka, matsakaita 50 yadudduka punt. Kwancen da ya fi tsayi, bugun yadi-62, na ɗaya daga cikin fati uku da aka saukar a cikin layin 20-Tech. Kariyar Kansas, wacce ba a san tana cikin wasa ba, ta yi rawar gani, yayin da MVP Aqib Talib ya kam'mala wasan da biyar magance abubuwa ban da tsangwama ya dawo don taɓawa. Jayhawks wanda ya jagoranci fafatawa shine Mike Rivera, wanda ya sami 12 magance, ciki har da ɗaya buan na baya Sean Glennon. Gabaɗaya, Jayhawks ya kori Virginia Tech's kwata-kwata sau biyar, gami da buhu biyu akan buɗe wasan. Tasirin Postgame Nasarar Kansas a cikin 2008 Orange Bowl tana da tasiri mai yawa ga Virginia Tech da Kansas da kuma kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kwaleji a duk faɗin ƙasar. Nasarar ta ba Kansas damar kammala lokacin 2007 tare da rikodin ƙarshe na 12 1, yayin da asarar ta kawo Virginia Tech zuwa rikodin ƙarshe na 11 3. Wasan kansa ya ba da dubunnan miliyoyin dal oli na tasirin tattalin arziki ga yankin Kudancin Florida, wanda ya jawo dubun dubatar baƙi daga Virginia da Kansas. A Kansas, sanduna da wuraren sayar da giya sun ci gajiyar wasan, yayin da magoya bayan Jayhawks suka tara abinci da barasa don wasan. Fada a kan wasa tsakanin gwamnonin Kansas da Virginia an warware shi lokacin da Gwamnan Virginia Tim Kaine ya aika wata Virginia ta sha sigari zuwa babban birnin jihar Kansas. Idan da ace Virginia Tech tayi nasara, gwamnan Kansas Kathleen Sebelius zai aikawa Kaine da sankarar naman sa na Kansas. Virginia Tech The Hokies' loss to Kansas lowered its bowl winning percentage since 1993 to 40 percent. In the 15 bowl games played between the 1993 Independence Bowl and the 2008 Orange Bowl, the Hokies amassed a record of six wins and nine losses. Despite the loss to the Jayhawks and the loss of several graduating players, Virginia Tech was a popular pick to repeat as ACC champions heading into the off-season. The seniors who graduated following the Orange Bowl game were the winningest team in Virginia Tech history, becoming one of just three teams in Division I to win at least 10 games each of the previous four years. Junior Sean Glennon's second consecutive failure to win a bowl game, however, re-opened the question of whether he or Tyrod Taylor would be the Hokies' starter at quarterback in 2008. Kansas Nasarar Kansas akan Virginia Tech shine nasarar Jayhawks karo na biyar kuma shine na 11 wasan kwano a tarihin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kansas Jayhawks. Saboda yanayin da ba tsam'mani na nasarar Jayhawks, wasu masanan sun yi shelar 2008 Orange Bowl a matsayin matsayi a cikin manyan nasarorin wasanni na Kansas kowane lokaci. Wasan ya biya 17 miliyan zuwa Babban Taron na 12 kuma ya taimaka wajen haɓaka matsayin teamungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kansas da martaba ta ƙasa tsakanin masu son ɗaukar sabbin ma'aikata. Bugu da kari, shirin ya ga karuwar sayar da tikiti a cikin shekarun kai tsaye bayan bayyanar kwano. Watanni biyu bayan nasarar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Orange Bowl, kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta lashe Gasar Kasa inda ta zama makaranta ta biyu da ta ci wasan BCS Bowl da kuma Gasar Kasa a wasan kwallon kwando a shekarar makaranta guda. Bugu da ƙari nasara 49 da aka haɗo daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando sun kasance mafi nasarar da aka samu a tarihin NCAA daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa da ta kwando ta maza. 2008 NFL Draft The 2008 Orange Bowl provided an excellent national platform for players from both Kansas and Virginia Tech to impress National Football League scouts prior to the 2008 NFL Draft, held April 26 and April 27, 2008. Virginia Tech cornerback Brandon Flowers was one of the first Orange Bowl participants to announce his intent to enter the draft following the game. Flowers, a redshirt junior, finished the season with five interceptions. Two Kansas players announced that they would leave early for the NFL. Aqib Talib, the game's MVP, and All-American Anthony Collins announced they would enter the 2008 draft, capitalizing on their successful season. In total, twelve players from that game were drafted, eight from Virginia Tech and four from Kansas. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
30078	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20muhalli%20a%20%28Swansea%29	Cibiyar muhalli a (Swansea)	opened byEnvironment Centre (Swansea) Cibiyar Muhalli a Swansea, Wales, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta agaji don bayanin muhalli, ilimi da ayyuka. Cibiyar Muhalli kuma na iya komawa zuwa ginin da ƙungiyar agaji ke ciki. Manufar Cibiyar Muhalli ita ce ta wayar da kan mutane game da al'amuran muhalli, don ƙara yawan shiga ayyukan muhalli da kuma yin aiki don samun makoma mai dorewa Kuma Yana haɓaka, alal misali, manufar Rs guda uku (rage, sake amfani da, sake yin fa'ida) Cibiyar tana ba da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ƙungiyoyi, bayanai kan batutuwan muhalli da ayyukan ilimi. Duka ƙungiyar agaji da gininta suna aiki azaman tsakiyar wurin musanya da haɗin kai don ƙungiyoyin muhalli a duk kewayen Swansea da South Wales. Ƙungiyoyi da kasuwanci za su iya hayar ɗakuna a Cibiyar don tarurruka, horo, tattaunawa, taro, tambayoyi da Kuma abubuwan da suka faru. Cibiyar kuma tana da filin ofis mai rahusa don ƙungiyoyin sa kai na gida. Tarihi Cibiyar Muhalli ta Swansea ce ta kafa Cibiyar Muhalli (SEF) a watan Mayu shekarata 1994 tare da Majalisar City of Swansea, Majalisar Ƙarƙara don Wales da Kwamitin Yariman Wales. SEF kanta yanzu tana cikin Cibiyar Muhalli. A cikin shekarar 1995 Yariman Wales ya buɗe ginin. Located in Pier Street, wani bangare ne na sake farfado da kwata- kwata na Maritime Quarter na Swansea. Ginin Kafin Cibiyar Muhalli ta zo don amfani da tsohuwar ginin bulo mai ja a cikin Quarter Maritime, an yi amfani da shi azaman ɗaya daga cikin musayar tarho na Swansea (yanzu yana cikin BT Tower Lokacin sabunta Musanya Tsohuwar Waya don tsara Cibiyar Muhalli, sake amfani da tsoffin kayan ya rage buƙatun sababbi. Yankin yammacin zamani na ginin, Cibiyar Albarkatu ko annexe, Air Architecture ne ya gina shi a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma ya buɗe a 2001. An gina shi a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙirar yanayi, sake amfani da sake yin amfani da tsohuwar abu da dacewa da ginin tare da fasahohi masu ɗorewa. Cibiyar Muhalli don haka tana nuna matakan ingantaccen makamashi. An ba da lambar yabo ta Annexe tare da kyaututtukan ƙira na Lord Mayor's shekarata 2000 a cikin Rukunin Mafi kyawun sabon gini mara zamanai da ingantaccen makamashi Ana amfani da na'urar hasken rana akan rufin cibiyar don dumama ruwan annexe da ma na'urar dumama ƙasa. Rufin turf da lambun halitta a bayan gida suna ba da yanayi mai dacewa ga ma'aikata da baƙi na cibiyar. Kayayyakin muhalli, kwayoyin halitta da gaskiya Annexe yana ɗaukar bakuncin gidan kafe na intanet na gaskiya da kantin kore, yana ba da samfuran waɗanda aka yi ciniki da su daidai, na halitta ko samarwa ta hanyar muhalli. Daga cikin kewayon samfuran akwai Ecoleaf (ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Suma Doy Bags da samfuran tsaftacewa na Ecover, waɗanda ake da'awar suna da inganci kuma gabaɗaya Don dalilai na rage sharar gida, shagon yana ba da damar sake cika tsoffin tasoshin kayayyakin tsaftacewa. Ƙungiyoyin muhalli masu zaman kansu na amfani da dakunan da yawa na Cibiyar Muhalli, a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin Cibiyar Muhalli na tallafawa ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Bayani a Cibiyar Bayan amsoshi na sirri daga mutane a Cibiyar, akwai bayanan masu zuwa: Labari mai kyau, jaridar kwata-kwata da aka buga a Burtaniya Green Light, Cibiyar ta kansa na wata-wata labarai, dauke da 'yan al'amurran da suka shafi, dacewa labarai da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a kusa da Swansea littattafai, ƙasidu, fastoci, ƙasidu, katunan rubutu da sauran abubuwa da yawa kan batutuwan muhalli da jin kai EC a matsayin ƙungiyar laima Ɗaya daga cikin manufofi uku na Cibiyar Muhalli shine don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin muhalli na gida. Kuma Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar samar da fili ga wasu. Don haka Cibiyar Muhalli tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar laima ga sauran ƙungiyoyi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Undercurrents, ƙungiyar gwagwarmayar bidiyo da ke ba da madadin labarai Abokan Duniya, Ƙungiya na gida na Swansea na Abokan Duniya na Ingila, Wales Ireland ta Arewa, ƙungiyar matsa lamba na muhalli Sustainable Swansea Initiative wani aikin da nufin kara matakin dorewa a duk matakan da mutum mataki a Swansea. Ɗayan ayyukanta shine Green Map na Swansea. Swansea Environmental Education Forum (SEEF) ƙungiya ce ta haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a da ingancin ilimin muhalli a cikin Swansea, samar da bayanai, albarkatu da lambobin sadarwa More Green Project ƙungiyar tattarawa da rarraba kayan daki don sake amfani da su da sake amfani da su OnePeople Productions, ƙungiyar shirya fina-finai da ke nuna rashin ƙarfi BTCV Wales, Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Wales BikeAbility Wales, ƙungiya ce da ke haɓaka hawan keke ga mutane masu iyawa duka Dandalin Matasa na Welsh akan Ci gaba mai dorewa (wyfsd) Amintaccen Tsaro na Jet Abokin Hulɗar Sake Amfani da Al'umma na Swansea (SCRAP), aikin da ke nufin rage yawan sharar gida a Swansea DJ Transport Consultants Swansea Fair Trade Forum, don bayani da aiki akan Fairtrade Groundwork, ƙungiyar da ke taimakawa tare da canje-canje don rayuwa a cikin mafi kyawun unguwannin Undercurrents, Mutane Daya da Sustainable Swansea duka suna samar da bidiyo da hotuna da aka raba akan Swansea Telly, tashar bidiyo ta gida mai kama da YouTube.
59658	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20Alpine	Yanayin Alpine	Sauyin yanayi mai tsayi shine yanayi na yau da kullum don hawa sama da layin bishiyar,inda bishiyoyi suka kasa girma saboda sanyi. Ana kuma kiran wannan yanayi da yanayin tsaunuka ko yanayin tsaunuka. Ma'anarsa Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na yanayi mai tsayi. Acikin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen,yanayin tsaunuka da tsaunuka suna cikin rukuni na E,tare da yanayin polar,inda babu wata yana da ma'anar zafin jiki sama da Dangane da tsarin yankin rayuwa na Holdridge,akwai yanayin tsaunuka guda biyu waɗanda ke hana haɓɓakar bishiyoyi a) yanayi mai tsayi,wanda ke faruwa a lokacin da ma'anar yanayin yanayin yanayi ya kasance tsakanin Yanayin tsayin daka acikin tsarin Holdridge yayi kusan dai-dai da yanayin tundra mafi zafi (ET) acikin tsarin Köppen. b) yanayin alvar, yanayin tsaunuka mafi sanyi tun lokacin da yanayin zafin jiki ke tsakanin 0 °C da 1.5 °C (biotemperature bazai taɓa zama ƙasa da 0 ba °C). Yayi dai-dai fiye ko žasa da yanayin tundra mafi sanyi da kuma yanayin ƙanƙara(EF) kuma. Holdrige yayi tunanin cewa shuke-shuken kayan aikin farko sun daina aiki tare da tsire-tsire suna barci a yanayin zafi ƙasa da sama da Saboda haka, ya ayyana biotemperature a matsayin ma'anar duk yanayin zafi amma tare da duk yanayin da ke ƙasa da daskarewa kuma sama da 30. °C ya dai-daita zuwa 0 °C; wato jimlar yanayin zafi da ba a daidaita ba an raba ta da adadin duk yanayin zafi(ciki har da waɗanda aka dai-daita da waɗanda ba a dai-daita su ba). Bambance-bambancen yanayi mai tsayi a duk shekara ya dogara da latitude na wurin.Don wurare masu zafi na teku, irin su koli na Mauna Loa, zafin jiki yana da tsayi a cikin shekara.Don wuraren tsakiyar latitude, irin su Dutsen Washington a New Hampshire, zafin jiki yana bambanta lokaci-lokaci, amma baya samun ɗumi sosai. Dalili Bayanin yanayi shine sakamakon hulɗa tsakanin radiation da convection. Hasken rana acikin bakan da ake iya gani yana bugi ƙasa yana ɗumama shi. Sannan ƙasa tana ɗumama iska a saman. Idan radiation ita ce hanya daya tilo don canja wurin zafi daga ƙasa zulwa sararin samaniya, tasirin iskar gas a cikin yanayi zai kiyaye ƙasa a kusan kuma zafin jiki zai lalace sosai tare da tsayi. Duk da haka, lokacin da iska ya yi zafi,yakan yi girma, wanda ya rage yawan nauyinsa.Don haka,iska mai zafi tana ƙoƙarin tashi da canja zafi zuwa sama. Wannan shine tsarin convection. Convection yana zuwa ga dai-daito lokacin da gunkin iska a wani tsayin da aka ba shi yana da yawa iri ɗaya da kewayensa.Iskar zafi ce mara kyau,don haka gunkin iska zai tashi ya faɗi ba tare da musayar zafi ba. Ansan wannan a matsayin tsarin adiabatic,wanda ke da yanayin yanayin matsa lamba-zazzabi.Yayin da matsa lamba ya ragu,zafin jiki yana raguwa.Adadin raguwar zafin jiki tare da haɓɓaka ana san shi da ƙimar lapse adiabatic,wanda shine kusan 9.8 °C a kowace kilomita (ko 5.4 °F akan 1000 ƙafa) na tsayi. Kasancewar ruwa a cikin yanayi yana rikitar da tsarin convection. Turin ruwa yana ƙunshe da latent zafi na vaporization Yayin da iska ke tashi da sanyi, a ƙarshe ya zama cikakke kuma ba zai iya ɗaukar yawan tururin ruwa ba. Turin ruwa yana takushe (farar gajimare kuma yana fitar da zafi, wanda ke canza adadin lapse daga busasshen adadin adiabatic busasshen zuwa madaidaicin ƙarancin adiabatic (5.5). °C a kowace kilomita ko 3 °F akan 1000 ƙafa). Matsakaicin raguwa na ainihi, wanda ake kira ƙimar ƙarancin muhalli, ba koyaushe ba ne (zai iya canzawa cikin yini ko yanayi da kuma yanki), amma ƙimar al'ada ita ce 5.5. °C da 1,000 m (3.57 °F akan 1,000 ft). Don haka, motsi sama da akan dutse yayi daidai da motsi 80 kilomita (50 mil ko 0.75 na latitude zuwa sandar sanda. Wannan dangantakar kusan kusan ce kawai, duk da haka, tunda abubuwan gida, kamar kusancin tekuna, na iya canza yanayin sosai. Yayin da tsayin daka ya karu, babban nau'i na hazo ya zama dusar ƙanƙara kuma iskoki suna karuwa. Zazzabi yana ci gaba da faɗuwa har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe, a inda ba ya kara raguwa. Wannan ya fi koli mafi girma Rarrabawa Ko da yake wannan rarrabuwar yanayi ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙaramin yanki na saman duniya, yanayin tsaunukan tsaunuka suna yaduwa sosai. Sun kasance a cikin Himalayas, Tibet Plateau, Gansu, Qinghai, Alps, Pyrenees, Cantabrian tsaunin da Saliyo Nevada a cikin Eurasia, Andes a Kudancin Amirka, Saliyo Nevada, Cascade Mountains, Dutsen Rocky, da arewacin Appalachian Mountains (Adirondacks da White Mountains), da kuma Trans-Mexican volcanic bel a Arewacin Amirka, Kudancin Alps a New Zealand, dusar ƙanƙara a Ostiraliya, manyan tuddai a cikin tsaunukan Atlas da Gabashin tsaunukan Afirka, da tsakiyar tsakiyar Afirka. sassa na Borneo da New Guinea da koli na Dutsen Pico a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Mauna Loa a cikin Pacific Mafi ƙanƙancin tsayin yanayin tsaunuka ya bambanta sosai ta wurin latitude. Idan an ayyana yanayin yanayi mai tsayi ta layin bishiyar, to yana faruwa a ƙasan a 68°N a Sweden, yayin da yake kan Dutsen Kilimanjaro a Tanzaniya, layin bishiyar yana kan Duba kuma Alpine shuka Yanayi na Alps Jerin wuraren yanayi mai tsayi
50132	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lela%20Lee	Lela Lee	Lela Lee (an haife ta a Los Angeles, California yar wasan kwaikwayo ce Ba'amurkiya kuma mai zane-zane, marubuciyar shirye shiryen talabijin, kuma mahallaciyar wasan kwaikwayo mai raye-rayen Angry Little Asian Girl da kuma wasan ban dariya mai alaƙa Angry Little Girls. Aiki Aiki sana'a Lela Lee 'yar fim ce kuma har ila yau mai wasan kwaikwayo ce a talabijin,tare da rawa a cikin fim ɗin 1998 Yellow da fim ɗin 2002 Better Luck Tomorrow.Ta kasance jeri na yau da kullun a cikin jerin gajerun hanyoyin Sci Fi Channel Tremors, kuma tana da rawar baƙo akai-akai akan Scrubs na NBC.Lee ta fito baƙo a cikin kashi na farko na Season Four na HBO's Curb Your Haɗin kai,tana wasa da wata mata 'yar Asiya mai fushi,wacce ta kai hari ta zahiri da ta baki a kan tauraruwar Larry David bayan ta nuna Tang sunan Sinanci ne gama gari. Lee kuma tana cikin shirin"Animal Pragmatism" na Charmed a matsayin Tessa,dalibin kwaleji. Fusatattun ƴan matan da ƴar Asiya ta fusata Angry Little Girls an haɓaka su azaman halayen da ta haɓaka a cikin 1994 lokacin da take digiri na biyu a UC Berkeley.Ta haɓaka halin bayan halartar Spike da Mike's Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation tare da aboki. A wannan dare,Lee ta tsaya a zane tare da buga takarda da alamar Crayola,da kyamarar bidiyo kuma ta sanya kashi na farko "Yarinyar Asiya tayi Fushi,Ranar Farko na Makaranta." Shekaru uku bayan ƙirƙirar kashi na farko na Yarinyar 'Yar Asiya tayi Fushi,ta ƙirƙiri ƙarin huɗu, kuma ta aika da sassa biyar masu taken Angry Little Asian Girl, Five Angry Episodes zuwa bukukuwa inda masu sukar LA Times da LA Weekly suka yi nazari sosai. Wadannan filaye,kamar na farko,suna amfani da munanan kalamai da hotuna masu ban tsoro don jawo hankali ga batutuwan da suka shafi mahadar Asiya da mace. Masu sauraro sun zo wurinta bayan an tantance su suna cewa ALAG ta yi magana da su kuma su ma sun sami irin wannan kwarewa a girma a Amurka.Lee sai ta yi batch na T-shirts bisa nunin. Lee ta faɗaɗa ALAG don haɗawa da sauran'yan mata na asali da halaye daban-daban. Ta dauki shekara biyu tana koya wa kanta yadda ake zana wasan ban dariya da littattafan da aka duba daga ɗakin karatu.Tare da sababbin haruffan da aka ƙirƙira,da sunan laima na"Angry Little Girls"Lee ta mayar da aikinta zuwa wasan ban dariya na mako-mako wanda ta buga da kanta akan yanar gizon ta www.angrylittlegirls.com. Lee ta ƙara haruffa na ƙabilu daban-daban da asalinsu don ƙara sha'awar jama'arta da kasuwanci. A shekara ta 2005,Harry N. Abrams ta buga littafin farko na tara 'yan mata Angry Little Girls tube. Bayan wannan,an buga wasu tarin jigogi na ban dariya na Lee ta tambarin mawallafin, Abrams Comic Arts. Filmography Talabijin Fim Rubutun ƙididdiga Yarinyar Asiya tayi Fushi (2014) mahalicci, marubuci, mai gabatarwa. Ranar Farko na Makaranta (2014) marubuci Dinner Party (2014) marubuci Kwanan Kim (2014) marubuci Ka'idodin Uwar Lee (2014) marubuci Sistahood (2014) marubuci Abincin Deborah (2014) marubuci Occupy Placentia (2014) marubuci Chuy, Chicken mara izini (2014) marubuci Kim's Twinkie Defence (2014) marubuci Rashin abinci mai sauri (2014) marubuci Xyla's Therapy (2014) marubuci Gudanar da fushi (2014) marubuci Littafi Mai Tsarki ’Yan mata masu fushi (2005) Har yanzu Yara Kanana Suna Fushi (2006) Fushi Ƙananan Yan Mata a Soyayya (2008) Yara 'Yan Mata Masu Fushi: Ƙananan Littafin Soyayya (2008) Tatsuniyoyi don ƴan matan Fushi (2011) 'Yan Mata masu fushi: ƙaramin Kit don Abokai (2013) Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Fushi Ƙananan Yan Mata A fusace Yar Asiya Lela Lee 1998 A Fushi Yar Asiya Sharhin LA Times 1998 Hira da AsianWeek Tambayoyin IndieRag 2001 2001 Washington Post "Tsarin Barkwanci na Daban Daban" 2003 Hira da Cibiyar Asiya ta UCLA 2003 Seattle Times 'Little Girls' sun gabatar da manyan ra'ayoyi ba tare da manta da asalin fushi ba" Tambayoyi na 2004 akan Neman PBS na Amurkan Asiya 2004 Cincinnati Enquirer "Jakunkunan yarinya masu fushi suna ɗaukar hali" 2004 Sacramento Bee "Mad World" 2004 Matsar, Sannu Kitty: Sabbin haruffa suna ɗaukar mulkin kyawawan abubuwa" 2008 Lela Lee LA mako-mako 2013 LA Times "Yarinyar Asiya ta Fushi tana musayar ra'ayoyinta" Lela Lee YouTube Yarinyar Asiya Fushi Rayayyun
21030	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amad%20Diallo	Amad Diallo	Amad Diallo (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2002) a kasar Ivory Coast sana'a kwallon da suka taka a matsayin winger ga Premier League kulob din Manchester United da kuma Ivory Coast tawagar kasar Haihuwar Ivory Coast, Diallo ya koma Italiya tun yana yaro. Ya shiga tsarin matasa na Atalanta a shekara ta 2015, inda ya ci taken Campionato Primavera 1 su biyu. A cikin shekarar 2019 ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekarar 2002 don zira kwallaye a gasar Serie A, a wasansa na ƙwararru na farko ga babbar ƙungiyar. A watan Janairun shekarar 2021, Diallo ya koma kulob din Manchester United na Ingila. Diallo ya fara buga wa Ivory Coast wasa na farko a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar Kofin Afirka a shekarar 2021. Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Bab ban birnin kasar Abidjan, Ivory Coast, Diallo ya yi ƙaura zuwa Italiya tun yana ƙarami. Ya fara aiki a kungiyar matasa ta Boca Barco a watan Satumbar shekarar 2014, inda ya burge a gasar Kirsimeti a wannan shekarar; shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga yayin da yake karami a filin wasa. An kuma yi wa Diallo rajista a hukumance ga kungiyar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015. Aiki Atalanta 2015–2020: Matasa With a number of Serie A clubs being interested in him while at Boca Barco, Diallo moved to Atalanta in 2015. While initially starting out in the Campionato Giovanissimi Regionali Professionisti the under-14 championship of Italy during the 2015–16 season, Diallo quickly moved to the the under-15 championship. With the Atalanta Primavera, Diallo played in the Final Eight, scoring against Roma in the final and helping his side win the league title. A lokacin kakar 2016-17 ya buga wasa a kungiyar matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 15, kafin ya koma kungiyar ta' yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekarar 2017-18 inda ya ci kwallaye 12 a wasanni 27 da ya buga a A cikin shekarar 2018–19, Diallo ya ci kwallaye 12 kuma ya taimaka sau bakwai a wasanni 16 na ‘yan kasa da shekaru 17, da kuma kwallaye shida da shida a wasanni 26 a Campionato Primavera 1, zakaran‘ yan kasa da shekaru 19. Ya lashe tare da Atalanta. A shekarar Diallo ya lashe Supercoppa Primavera, yana ba da taimako biyu a wasan da suka doke Fiorentina da ci 2-1. Ya ci kwallaye shida kuma ya taimaka sau shida a wasanni 25, inda ya taimakawa Atalanta ta lashe Campionato Primavera 1 a shekarar a karo na biyu a jere. 2019–2021: Babba Da yake zuwa ta tsarin matasa, Diallo ya fara buga wasa a Serie A a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2019, yana zuwa daga benci a minti na 79 akan Udinese ya zura kwallon sa ta farko a Atalanta mintina hudu tsakani a wasan gida da ci 7-1. Diallo ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekarar 2002 don zira kwallaye a cikin jirgin saman Italiya. Kiransa na farko na Gasar Zakarun Turai ya zo ne a ranar 11 ga watan Disambar shekarar 2019, a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a cikin wasan da aka doke Shakhtar Donetsk da ci 3-0. Wasan farko na Diallo a shekarar 2020 21 ya kasance ne a ranar 28 watan Nuwamba Nuwamba shekarar 2020, a matsayin sauyawa minti 77 da Hellas Verona Atalanta ta sha kashi 2-0 a gida. Diallo ya fara buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba, bayan da aka saka shi a minti na 68 a kan Midtjylland a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. Manchester United A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2020, Manchester United ta amince ta rattaba hannu kan Diallo a watan Janairun 2021, har sai yarjejeniyar yarjejeniyar mutum, ta wuce likita da batun izinin aiki. Kudin da aka ruwaito ya kasance of 25 miliyan 40 miliyan gami da kari. A hukumance Diallo ya shiga aiki a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2021, a kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da zabin karin shekara. Diallo ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasansa na farko na yan kasa da shekaru 23, a wasan da suka doke Liverpool da ci 6-3 a ranar 30 ga Janairu. An fara kiransa ne zuwa ga babbar kungiyar a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, a matsayin wanda ba shi da amfani a wasan FA Cup zagaye na biyar da West Ham United, wanda ya kare a wasan da Manchester United ta buga kunnen doki 1-1 bayan karin lokaci A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, Diallo ya fara buga wa kungiyar wasa ta farko a United a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Mason Greenwood a wasan da suka doke Real Sociedad da ci 4-0 a wasan farko na gasar Europa League zagaye na 32 Burinsa na farko a United ya zo ne a ranar 11 ga Maris, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Milan a wasan farko na gasar Europa League zagaye na 16 A ranar 13 ga watan Maris, IFFHS ya zaɓi Diallo a cikin CAungiyar Matasan CAF na 2020 (U20). Ya buga wasan farko na gasar cin kofin FA a ranar 21 ga Maris, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya sauya minti na 84 a wasan da suka sha kashi ci 1-1 a hannun Leicester City a wasan kusa da na karshe A ranar 11 ga watan Mayu, Diallo ya fara buga wasan Firimiya da Leicester City, inda ya taimakawa kwallon Mason Greenwood a wasan da aka doke su 2-1; burin shi ne karo na farko a cikin shekaru 15 matashi ya taimaka wani don burin Premier. Ayyukan duniya An fara kiran Diallo ne zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ivory Coast a ranar 18 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, domin wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka a 2021 da Niger da Habasha a ranar 26 da 30 ga watan Maris, bi da bi. Ya buga wasan farko ne a karawar da suka yi da Niger, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya sauya minti na 86. A ranar 5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021, Diallo ya sha ta farko da na kasa da kasa manufa a wani wasan sada zumunci tsakanin Burkina Faso, ta hanyar wani 97th-minti free harbi, don taimaka da tawagar ta lashe da ci 2-1 a gida. Salon wasa Dan wasan gefe wanda kuma yake iya taka leda a matsayin mezzala, Diallo dan wasa ne mai sauri da sauri tare da karfin fasaha da hangen nesa game da wasan. Girman kansa ya sanya shi zama ɗan wasa mai fa'ida. Rigima A watan Yulin shekarar 2020, ofishin mai gabatar da kara na Parma ya fara binciken cinikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa. Daga cikin wadanda lamarin ya shafa har da Hamed Mamadou Traorè, dan uwan Amad da dan uwansa da ake zargi Hamed Traorè, wanda aka zarga da nuna kansa a matsayin mahaifinsu don saukaka shige da ficensu zuwa Italiya. Binciken ya kuma nuna shakku kan alakar Amad da Hamed. A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2021, an sami Diallo da laifin keta Dokar Adalci ta Wasanni ta Italiya don shiga kungiyar kwallon kafa "ASD Boca Barco" a shekarar 2015 da sunan "Diallo Amad Traorè". An zarge shi da yin amfani da takardu don yin karya ga dangantaka da Hamed Mamadou Traorè, wani ɗan asalin Ivory Coast da ke zaune a Italiya, kuma ya nemi sake haɗa dangi Diallo ya nemi sasantawa, tare da Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara na Tarayya ya sanya tarar 48,000. Rayuwar mutum Diallo Musulmi ne. A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2020, ranar da ya cika shekaru 18 da haihuwa, dan wasan ya sauya sunansa na Instagram daga "Amad Traoré" zuwa "Amad Diallo", tare da rubutun da ke cewa "kar ka kara kira na Traoré". A watan Satumba na shekarar 2020, an canza sunansa bisa doka zuwa Amad Diallo. A ƙarshen watan Disamba shekarar 2020, ya karɓi fasfo ɗin Italiyanci Kididdigar aiki Kulab Na duniya Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan kwallayen da Ivory Coast ta zira a farko, rukunin maki ya nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin Diallo Daraja Atalanta Campionato Primavera 1 Supercoppa Primavera 2015-16 Manchester United UEFA Europa League wacce ta zo ta biyu: Kowane mutum IFFHS CAF Youth Team of the Year: 2020 Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Manchester United FC (wasanni 1-24 da suka buga) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Amad Diallo at Global Sports Archive 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Côte d'Ivoire Pages with unreviewed
50203	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuma%20Monou	Fuma Monou	fuma monou(Japanese: Hepburn),ankuma rbuta Fuma monou,Mai zane ya ƙirƙiro halin juzu'i a clamp aka bayyanar alokacin manga gim X.Fuma yafitu ayaro matashi da abokinsa protagonist kamui shiro.Duk dahaka,yawan haduwarsa da kamui da karfin fawa yasa shi sannan yasa shi habaka chanjin- jini Mai sanyi,wanene yashiga dragons na duniya,kawar da dan Adam a duniya Ƙirƙira da haɓakawa Ƙungiyar Mangaka Clamp ta ƙirƙiri manga X bayan editan su, Aoki, sun ga wani zane da ya shafi Fuma Monou da babban hali Kamui Shiro Fuma ya sha bamban da sigarsa ta ƙarshe: matashi mai fara'a wanda daga baya ya bayyana a cikin manga a matsayin Keiichi Segawa, ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban manyan makarantu na Kamui. A farkon silsilar, Marubuciya ta Clamp Nanase Ohkawa ta gaya wa ƴan uwanta masu fasaha game da canjin Fuma a nan gaba ya zama ɗan iska. Ohkawa ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyin Kamui da Fuma da take da su a lokacin makarantar sakandare, kamar yanayin mutum biyu da yadda za a iya ɗaukar mutane nagari ko mugu.Kamui ya sadu da babban jarumin Babila na Tokyo Subaru Sumeragi, wanda kishiyoyinsa da Seishiro Sakurazuka yayi daidai da kishiyar Kamui da Fuma. Clamp da ake kira Kamui da Subaru a matsayin 'yan'uwa;Ya kamata Kamui ya koyi darasi daga yakin karshe da Subaru ya yi da Seishiro, don haka kuma yakinsa na karshe da Fuma ba shi da irin wannan mummunan karshe. Canji na Fuma daga hali mai goyan baya zuwa babban mugu yana da wahala ga Clamp, tunda 'yar uwarsa Kotori Monou za ta mutu yayin wannan canji. Sun gabatar da Fuma da Kotori sama da juzu'i takwas saboda ta'addancin labarin,har ma masu karatu da ba su son Kotori sun nuna alhinin mutuwarta. Tun da jerin suna da haruffa masu magana da yawa, Fuma zai zama matashi mai shiru; yawancin maganganunsa sun shafi Kamui.A farkon bayyanarsa Fuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin halayen shiru kamar yadda marubutan da kansu suka faɗa saboda da kyar yake tattaunawa kawai lokacin da ya shafi 'yar uwarsa da Kamui,wanda hakan ya sa su sa ido ga canjin sa zuwa mugu. Fuma ya kashe 'yar uwarsa wanna yana daya daga cikin mafi munin al'amuran Clamp.Sun dage,duk da adawar edita, domin sun riga sun hango hakan a daya daga cikin mafarkin Kamui.Kisan Fuma na Daisuke Saiki shima ya sha adawa saboda tashin hankalinsa, amma editocin sun yanke shawara tare dogaro da martanin masu karatu. Mawallafin mawaƙa Mokona yana jin cewa Fuma shine hali mafi wuyar zanawa, tun da sun sanya shi kama da wasu haruffa kamar Kusanagi Shiyū lokacin da Yuzuriha Nekoi ya gan shi. Clamp ya kauce wa ra'ayin Seiichiro Aoki (wani hali bisa ga editan su) haduwa da Fuma, tun da za a tilasta musu yin Fuma androgynous. Mawaƙin nan Satsuki Igarashi ya sami zana Dodanni na sama da ƙasa a lokaci guda da wahala saboda suturar ɗaiɗaikun da suke da ita, wanda hakan ya sa ta yi fatan su sa kaya iri ɗaya A cikin fim ɗin Jafananci X, Ken Narita ya bayyana Fuma a cikin Jafananci da Adam Henderson a Turanci; Junichi Suwabe ne ya bayyana wannan hali a cikin jerin talabijin. Suwabe ya samu furucin Fuma Wanda ya ke da wuya saboda halinsa guda biyu: iri daya, dayan kuma mai sanyin zuciya.Ya kuma lura cewa manga X ya shahara sosai a Japan, kuma yana so ya cika tsammanin masu sauraro. Suwabe ya yi abota da jarumin Kamui, Kenichi Suzumura,a lokacin da yake nadar anime. Crispin Freeman ya maye gurbin Suwabe don Turanci dub na jerin talabijin. A cikin Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle OVAs, Yuji Kishi ne ya furta Fuma a cikin Jafananci da kuma Joel McDonald a Turanci. Kishi ya auri yar wasan murya Mika Kikuchi, wacce ta buga Mokona Modoki a Tsubasa, a cikin shekara ta 2009;An yi shagali tare da misalan Fuma ta auri Mokona. Halaye da jigogi Fuma dalibin sakandire ne kuma shine wanda ya yi abota da Kamui tare da yayarsa Kotori lokacin suna yara. Duk da rashin nuna wata baiwa kamar fitattun jarumai na jerin,Fuma ya tsallake shingen sihiri wanda Sorata Arisugawa ya kirkira don mamakin kansa. Ba da daɗewa ba asirin abubuwan da ke cikin rawar Fuma a cikin Armageddon mai zuwa sun bayyana a fili lokacin da Nataku ya kashe mahaifinsa kuma ya yi amfani da dakarunsa na ƙarshe don gaya masa shi "tauraron tagwaye" na Kamui ne, yayin da mace mai iya ganin nan gaba ta umurce shi da kashe shi idan yana so ya ceci 'yar uwarsa. Fuma yana da sabani game da waɗannan saƙonnin yayin da har yanzu yana riƙe da haɗin gwiwa ga abokinsa har lokacin ƙuruciyarsu inda ya kasance yana ganin Kamui a matsayin yaro marar laifi. Koyaya,Fuma yana haɓaka kudadensa sa loka Fuma ya canza ba zato ba tsammani ya zama mutum mai bakin ciki wanda ya azabtar da Kamui kuma ya kashe 'yar uwarsa. Wannan sabon Fuma yana tare da Kanoe da Dodanni na Duniya domin cimma manufar halaka bil'adama. Kamar yadda Kamui ya ɓoye, Fuma yana haɓaka sha'awar biyan bukatun wasu.Duk da tashin hankalin da ya aikata,Fuma yana yin murmushi mai daɗi. A lokacin da ya aikata kisan kare dangi, Fuma mai tausayine har yanzu ya kasance a ɓoye yayin da ya sadu da wata yarinya kuma ya gargade ta da ta bar garin tare da mahaifiyarta yayin da yake shirin haifar da girgizar kasa da za ta lalata birnin. Ita kanta Kanoe tana tsoron Fuma ta kasa gane mene ne sha'awarsa ko kuma ainihin sonsa. Bayan mutuwar daya daga cikin abokansa, Seishiro Sakurazuka, Fuma ya bayyana nasa falsafa game da sha'awarsa; Idan mutum ya rasa nufinsa na rayuwa,da kansa zai kashe shi da ya kasance da muhimmanci a gare shi ya nuna yadda dangantakar da ke tsakanin su biyu take da muhimmanci. A cikin surori na gaba,halin Fuma ya zama abin ruɗawa ga abokan gabansa yayin da ya kashe abokinsa Nataku wanda ya ƙaunace shi sosai ga Fuma. A sakamakon haka, an lura cewa Fuma's alterego da kansa ba ya jin dadin ayyukansa na tashin hankali ko burin Dodanni na Duniya na kawar da bil'adama. Bayyanuwa A cikin manga X An gabatar da Fuma a cikin X manga a matsayin matashi mai kirki, mai taushin haline sanan yanada nutsuwa mai tsoratar da takwarorinsa. Yana taimakon mahaifinsa, Kyogo; dotes akan kanwarsa, Kotori, kuma ya yi fice a wasannin manyan makarantu. Fuma da Kotori sun kasance abokai na yara na Kamui Shiro, wanda ya so ya auri Kotori. Kamar yadda matashin Kamui ya yi alkawarin kare Kotori, Fuma ya yi alkawarin kare shi. Daga baya Kamui ya bar Tokyo ya zama mai laifi; Mahaifiyar Fuma da Kotori ta mutu, inda suka kera makamin da aka fi sani da Takobin Tsarkaka wanda Kyogo ke boyewa Lokacin da Kamui ya koma birni yana matashi, cyborg Nataku ya kai hari Kyogo kuma ya sace Takobin Tsarkakewa; Mahaifin Fuma da ke mutuwa ya gaya masa cewa tauraruwar Kamui ce. Bayan haka, innar Kamui ta mutu, ta ƙirƙiri wani takobi mai tsarki kamar mahaifiyar Fuma. Bayan haka,an zaɓi Kamui a matsayin memba na Dodanni na Sama, ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin ceton ɗan adam. Wannan ta atomatik yana haifar da tilasta Fuma ya zama Dragon na Duniya, yana kai hari kan Kamui kuma ya kashe Kotori tare da sababbin iko da Takobin Tsarkakewa na biyu. Yayin da Dodanni na Duniya suka sake haduwa da Fuma, Nataku ya dawo da Takobin Tsarkakewa. Dukansu Fuma da Kamui suna rufe takuba masu tsarki har zuwa ranar da Armageddon ya fara. Sabuwar Fuma ta lalata yankunan birnin tare da sauran Dodanni na Duniya, kuma yana tunatar da duk wanda ya gan shi mutumin da ya fi damuwa da shi. Bayan ya canza shi zuwa Dragon na Duniya, Fuma yana nufin kansa a matsayin "Kamui"Fuma,a matsayin Kamui na Dodanni na Duniya, yana iya fahimtar tunanin wasu. Duk da haka, yana ba da karfingwiwa ga jaruman da yake hulɗa da su, wanda sau da yawa yakan kai ga mutuwarsu ko na ƙaunatattunsu. Yayin da yake kashe abokan gabansa, Fuma ya yi baƙin ciki don gaskiyar cewa ’yan Adam suna son su mutu domin wasu maimakon su rayu. Bayan lalata yawancin Tokyo tare da katanga guda ɗaya da har yanzu ba ta ƙare ba, Kamui ya sake cin karo da shi. Fuma ta gaya masa cewa Kamui ba zai taba kayar da shi ba, sai dai in ya gano ainihin burinsa, kuma ya gaya wa Kakyo da Subaru cewa Kamui ne kawai zai iya biyan bukatarsa. Yasake dawo da ɗayan Takobin Tsarkaka, Fuma yasake fuskantar Kamui a karo na ƙarshe yayin da jerin ke ci gaba da tsayawa. Sauran bayyanar A cikin fim ɗin 1996, halin Fuma ya bambanta. Lokacin da Kamui ya dawo Tokyo, Fuma yana bin Dodanni na Duniya lokacin da suka sace Kotori. Ya hadu da wata mata mai suna Kanoe tana son daukar shi zuwa Dodanni na Duniya. Daga Kanoe, Fuma ya fahimci cewa shi kishiyar Kamui ne kuma dole ne ya fuskance shi don ya lalata bil'adama, Fuma ya canza zuwa mummunan halinsa.Duk da haka, Fuma kuma yana kashe Kotori da yawancin dodanni na Duniya don ɗaukar takobinsa mai tsarki.Kamui ya fille kansa da takobinsa mai alfarma a kusa da karshen fim din; aKuka ya ke kan gawar Fuma ya dafe kansa da ya yanke yana mamakin dalilin da ya sa bala'i ya same shi. A cikin jerin talabijin na anime, Fuma ya zama Kamui kamar a cikin manga amma ayyukansa na ƙarshe sun bambanta;Ya dauki Arashi Kishū a cikin dodanni na Duniya don ya kashe Kamui kamar yadda masoyinta, Dragon of Heaven Sorata Arisugawa, an ƙaddara ya mutu yana kare Kamui.A ƙarshe, Sorata ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don kare Arashi daga Fuma kuma ya ƙone yawancin jikinsa. Wanda aka ji masa rauni, Fuma ya sha neman Nataku domin ya warke daga raunukan da ya samu.Ya tsira a wasansa da Kamui,kuma ya doke shi. Wani Kamui da ya ji rauni ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don ƙirƙirar shinge wanda zai dawo da tsohon halin abokinsa. Bugu da ƙari ga manga da anime, Fuma wani hali ne mai kunnawa a cikin X: Unmei no Sentaku, wasanni na bidiyo dangane da jerin. Madadin Fuma yana bayyana a cikin Tsubasa: Tafsirin Tarihi Fuma ƙani ne na Seishiro, mafarauci kuma shugaban mutane ne a Hasumiyar Tokyo Ya isa Tokyo shekaru hudu da suka gabata tare da gashin tsuntsu daga wata yarinya, Sakura Fuma ya kan yi fada da Kamui a Tokyo, kuma su ne manyan mayaka a yankin. Aboki ne na mayya Yuko Ichihara, wanda ya dawo da abubuwa lokacin da yake tafiya zuwa wasu nau'i. Fuma ya bayyana a cikin Kasar Japan don ba abokin Sakura, Kurogane, hannu na robot yayin aiki ga Yūko. Fuma ya ci karo da jerin protagonist Syaoran, sanin cewa ya fi ƙarfin Seishiro ya horar da shi; sai dai ba a san sakamakon yakin ba. Ya sake bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Tsubasa World Chronicle akan manufa don isar da maye gurbin hannun Kurogane. liyafa Mahimman martani ga Fuma an fara gauraya shi, tare da Mike Krandol Anime News Network ya kira shi "mai ban tsoro". Mike Crandol ya ji cewa Fuma ba shi da fara'a ko da a matsayin mai adawa, musamman lokacin da sauran jerin abubuwan suka fi jan hankali. Andy Hanley na Birtaniya Anime Network ya ce Fuma ya lura cewa farkon yanayin a cikin jerin shine babban abin da zai iya hango shi wanda zai haɗa shi da Kamui duk da cewa ba shi da mahimmanci a farko don jin daɗin labarin. Idan aka kwatanta da fim ɗin X na farko, Zac Bertschy na ANN ya ce sauyin da Fuma ya yi a cikin jerin 'muguwar dabi'a ya fi dacewa a cikin jerin talabijin. A cikin wani bayyani,Carl Kimlinger ya yarda game da sauye-sauyen Fuma zuwa cikin mugu wanda aka sani da "Shadow Kamui". Game da manga, Shaenon K. Garrity na ANN ya kira canjin Fuma zuwa Kamui na Duniya ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rubutattun lokacin Clamp a cikin wuraren aiki da shojo manga gabaɗaya. Garrity ya kira shi "Sample Badass Moment" da kuma kisan da Fuma ya yi wa 'yar uwarsa "ya rikice". Jason Thompson ya sami sauyin Fuma ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun makircin maƙarƙashiya, kama da waɗanda ke cikin RG Veda da Tokyo Babylon Wani mai bitar labarai na Manga ya ji daɗin hulɗar halayyar da Seishiro yayin da suka zama abokai sannan da suke haddasa girgizar ƙasa. Crispin Freeman ya yaba da Anime News Network a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan muryar Ingilishi na X, kamar yadda Junichi Suwabe ya yi kyau. Baya ga halayen Fuma, sauran masu suka sun mayar da hankali kan dangantakarsa da Kamui.A cikin CLMP a cikin Ma'anar: Nazarin Mahimmanci na Manga da Anime, Dani Cavallaro yayi nazarin yadda ake tafiyar da ayyukan Fuma da Kamui. Duk da cewa su biyun suna daukar irin wannan hanya a yakin da ake yi tsakanin Dodanni, Fuma ya dauki makaminsa ta karfin tuwo kuma danginsa ne suka ba Kamui.An lura da abin da Fuma ya yi a matsayin abin bakin ciki, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban cikas ga Kamui. A yakinsu na karshe a fim din, Fuma ya sha kashi amma har yanzu Kamui yana kula da abokinsa. Masu karatun silsila sun yi mamakin ko Clamp yana nuni ga dangantakar soyayya tsakanin Kamui da Fuma;bisa ga SequentalArt, yawancin hulɗar Fuma tare da Kamui suna da alamun homoerotic. A cikin littafin Understanding Manga da Anime,Robin E.Brenner ya ce Clamp ba shi da irin wannan niyya idan aka kwatanta da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Subaru da Seishiro. A cikin komawa baya na anime X, Beverdige ya yaba dangantakar Kamui da Fuma;ko da yake sauran simintin ya kasance kamar su, kaɗan ne za su sa masu sauraro su yi watsi da rikicin da ke tsakanin manyan jaruman biyu. Masu suka da yawa sun sami alaƙar su ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi a cikin fim ɗin Rintaro na 1996. Chris Beveridge na Mania Entertainment ya yaba yakin karshe na Kamui da Fuma a cikin jerin talabijin, tare da "matakin nasa na bakin ciki da bala'i." A waje da jerin X, ANN ya kira kula da sabis na fan haruffa X. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25462	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/GA	GA	GA, Ga, ko ga na iya nufin to: Ƙungiyoyi Garuda Indonesia (lambar jirgin kamfanin IATA GA) Babban Taro, kamfanin horar da siffar lambobi da fasaha General Atlantic, kamfani mai zaman kansa Janar Atomics (tsohon GA Technologies Inc.), dan kwangilar tsaron Amurka General Automation, tsohon mai ƙera kwamfuta Kamfanin Railroad na Georgia da Kamfanin Banki (AAR mark) Sauran ƙungiyoyi Gamblers Anonymous, ƙungiyar tallafi don dawo da masu caca ko Young Patriots, ƙungiyar matasa ta Eusko Alkartasuna Babban taro (disambiguation) Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, babban sashin shawara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Geographical Association, ƙungiya ce ta Burtaniya da aka sadaukar don koyar da ilimin ƙasa Associationungiyar Masana ilimin ƙasa, ƙungiya ta Burtaniya da aka sadaukar don nazarin ilimin ƙasa Geoscience Australia, ƙungiyar Australiya ce da aka sadaukar don binciken ilimin ƙasa Germantown Academy, makaranta ce mai zaman kanta a Fort Washington, Amurka Gwamnatin Arsenal, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Philippine a karkashin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa Harsuna da yaruka Ga harshe Yaren Irish (lambar ISO 639-1 "ga") Janar Amurka, lafazin Midwestern US Halaye Ga (Indic), glyph a cikin dangin Brahmic na rubutun Ga (Javanese) wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese Ga (kana), in Japanese Afirka Gundumar Ga, Ghana, tsohon gundumar kudancin Ghana Jihar Gã, jihar gargajiya ce a kudancin Ghana karkashin jagorancin Gã Mantse Ga-Rankuwa, wani gari a Afirka ta Kudu Gabon (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code) Gambiya (FIPS 10-4 lambar ƙasa) Sauran wurare Goa, a Indiya (ISO 3166-2 lambar yanki na ƙasa GA) Georgia (jihar Amurka) (taƙaicewar wasiƙar GA) Kimiyya da fasaha Biology da magani Janar maganin sa barci, sarrafa magunguna don jawo rashin sani kafin tiyata Lokacin haihuwa, shekarun tayi/tayi Gibberellin, hormone girma hormone Tabun (wakilin jijiya) (sunan NATO na GA) Kwamfuta Kasancewar gabaɗaya, mataki na ƙarshe a cikin rayuwar haɓaka software Algorithm na kwayoyin halitta, dabarar ingantawa a kimiyyar kwamfuta Google Analytics, sabis na nazarin yanar gizo da Google ke bayarwa Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Gallium (alamar Ga), wani sinadarin sinadarai Jiragen sama na sama, rukunin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama wanda ya ƙunshi duk jiragen da ba a tsara su ba Algebra na Geometric, algebra na Clifford wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin mahallin lissafi Gigaampere (GA), siginar SI na wutar lantarki daidai yake da ampops,000,000,000 (biliyan ɗaya) Gigaannum (Ga), naúrar lokaci daidai da 1,000,000,000 (biliyan ɗaya). Go Gaba, a cikin na'urar sadarwa don kurame Wasanni Harin hari, matsayi a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Manufofi akan, ƙididdiga a wasan ƙanƙara da sauran wasanni Sauran amfani Class Design Design na GA Geijutsuka, jerin manga na 2004 mai gudana ta Satoko Kiyuzuki Gandhara ko Ga, ainihin bayanin ma'auni a cikin kiɗan Indiya, ko Svara Ga mutane, ƙabilar Ghana Janar na Soja, mukamin soja Harkokin duniya, gajarta GA, madadin lokaci don dangantakar ƙasa da ƙasa, nazarin siyasa, tattalin arziki da doka a matakin duniya Mataimakin mataimaki na biyu, rawar rawa a fagen ilimi da kuma wasannin kwaleji na
51442	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviva%20Cantor	Aviva Cantor	Aviva Cantor (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940) yar jaridar Amurka ce,malami kuma marubuci.Mai ba da shawara na mata da dimokiraɗiyya na rayuwar jama'ar Yahudawa,Cantor ya kasance mai himma wajen haɓaka abubuwan Yahudawa masu ci gaba sama da shekaru 40.Ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1968 na Yancin Yahudawa a New York,ƙungiyar Sihiyoniya ta Socialist,kuma ta kasance editan kafa editan Jaridar Yancin Yahudanci.JLP tana daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa na farko da suka ba da shawarar mafita ta ƙasashe biyu (1968). Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Aviva Cantor a cikin 1940 kuma ya girma a Gabashin Bronx ta hanyar gargajiya amma iyayen Orthodox waɗanda suka yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amirka daga Rasha bayan yakin duniya na farko.Ta halarci Makarantar Ramaz,makarantar Yahudawa ta Orthodox, ta kammala karatun sakandare a matsayin Valedictorian.1957.Ta shafe shekaru biyu tana karatun tarihi a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Kudus,kuma ta sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Barnard a 1961 kuma daga Makarantar Graduate na Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia a 1963.A karshen shekarun 1969 ta shiga harkar fafutukar neman yancin kasar Biafra,ta kuma zama mataimakiyar shugabar kwamitin mawaka da marubuta na Biafra. A cikin 1976,ta ƙaddamar kuma ta kafa Lilithmujallar mata ta Yahudawa mai zaman kanta ta kwata-kwata,wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin editan haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar 1987,kuma don abin da ta rubuta akai-akai.Labarinta sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa,ciki har da Ms.,Muryar Ƙauyen,da Isra'ila Horizons,da kuma a cikin litattafai da dama.Rahotonta ga Hukumar Kula da Watsa Labarun Yahudawa (JTA) kan al'ummar Yahudawan Amurka,Isra'ila,jerin sassanta da yawa kan al'ummomin Yahudawa na waje-ciki har da Cuba,Argentina, Ostiriya,Turai ta Tsakiya da Kenya-da kuma hirar da ta yi da mutane kamar Gerhard Riegner,Carl Sagan,David Wyman,da Renee Epelbaum,an haɗa su a duniya. After teaching the first Jewish feminist course in the Jewish Free High School in 1972, she compiled, edited and annotated several editions of The Jewish Woman, 1900–1985: A Bibliography, the 4th of which was published by BiblioPress in 1986 and 1987. Her children's book manuscript, Tamar's Cat: A Story of the Exodus, won first prize in the Sydney Taylor Children's Book Manuscript Contest of the Association of Jewish Libraries in 1991. She is also the author of several plays, including Esther and the Three Fools: A Feminist Purimshpiel; Moses and Tziporah with the Pesky Ex-Slaves in the Desert; and Hamlet's Secrets, a comedy. A cikin 1995,Harper San Francisco ta buga babban aikinta na 548,Matan Yahudawa/Mazajen Yahudawa:Legacy of Patriarchy in Jewish Life,binciken mata na tarihin Yahudawa,al'adu da ilimin halin dan Adam (wanda ke da shafuka 100 na ƙarshen bayanin).Aikin yana sanya rayuwar Yahudawa ta gargajiya da ta zamani a ƙarƙashin na'urar duban mata. Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwanta na tsakiya shine cewa buƙatun rayuwar Yahudawa a cikin "gaggawa na kasa" na shekaru 2,000 na gudun hijira a ƙarƙashin yanayi na zalunci da haɗari ya zama dole a canza al'ummomin gida zuwa milieus da aka sanar da dabi'un mata na rashin tashin hankali,aɗin kai,dogara da juna,tausayi,da ijma'i.Mutumin Bayahude mai manufa ya canza "daga macho zuwa mentsch" ta hanyar haramtacciyar ta'addanci iri-iri da sake fasalin namiji a matsayin koyo da ilimi.A lokaci guda kuma,an ba wa mata damar damawa da yawa don tabbatarwa,amma idan ya kasance cikin muradun rayuwar jama'a.An horar da ta don zama "mai ba da tabbacin altruistic-mai tabbatarwa" (a cikin gamayya,ma'anar gargajiya ta kalmar "mai kunnawa" watau, mai gudanarwa).Hakika mazaje ba su gushe suna mallake al’umma ba,sun yanke shawara a kan manufofinta da dokokinta,da zabar shugabancinta (aji sun taka rawa a nan). Cantor ya yi imanin cewa wannan nasarar da aka samu na sauyi na matsayi da rayuwar jama'a ya tabbatar da cewa tunanin maza na tashin hankali,ko da kuwa ya zama kwayoyin halitta,za a iya shawo kan su idan maza da mata suna da isasshen kuzari kuma suna sane da adalci na duniya mai zaman lafiya,daidaito,a cikin ruhun wahayin annabi Ishaya. Other activities Cantor kuma yana aiki a cikin ƙungiyar kare dabba kuma shine Mataimakin Shugaban "CHAI:Damuwa don Taimakawa Dabbobi a Isra'ila,"wanda Nina Natelson ya kafa a 1984 don taimakawa al'ummar jin dadin dabbobi na Isra'ila don inganta yanayin dabbobin gida a cikin ƙasa mai kawai.ƴan SPCAs da yawancin al'ummomin baƙi waɗanda ba su da al'adar kariyar dabbobi da yanayin yaƙi mai gudana. Ya tsara dokar kare dabbobi ta Isra'ila;gudanar da shirye-shiryen ilimi na ɗan adam da yawa (ciki har da ɗaya don yaran Yahudawa da Larabawa a Tel Aviv SPCA),wurin IB.Cibiyar Ilimi ta Singer Humane wadda ta gina;kuma sun gudanar da muhimman taruka,ciki har da na malamai kan alakar cin zarafin dabbobi,cin zarafi a cikin gidada kuma laifukan manya wadanda suka azabtar da dabbobi tun suna yara,da kuma wani kan hanyoyin da za a bi wajen amfani da dabbobi wajen gwaji. CHAI ta gina matsuguni a Tiberias,tana kula da shirin spay-neuter na wayar hannu da shirin gyaran doki.Ita da kungiyar 'yar uwarta ta Isra'ila,HAKOL Chai,sun ceci karnuka da kuliyoyi da dama da aka ji rauni ko aka yi watsi da su a harin da aka kai wa Sderot.Marigayi Rep. Tom Lantos,wanda ya yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta CHAI,ya kasance mai goyon bayan aikin da ya dace,kamar yadda wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Isaac Bashevis Singer.Cantor ya rubuta rukunin Ilimin Dan Adam mai darasi 10 yana zana gabaɗaya akan tushen Yahudawa,wanda ya hana zalunci ga dabbobi (ko da yake Yahudanci ya ba da izinin yanka don abinci,dokar Yahudawa ta buƙaci tsarin ya kasance kusa da mara zafi sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu;wannan yanayin ba ya samun yawa sosai.A yau,musamman a Kudancin Amirka In the 1980s, she initiated an ultimately successful Women's Appeal for the release of Soviet Prisoner of Conscience Ida Nudel. Cantor kuma memba ne na hukumar ba da shawara ta Tuna Cibiyar Mata Rayuwa ta sirri Cantor ya yi aure na tsawon shekaru 38 ga dan jarida Murray Zuckoff,wanda ya bayyana kansa "mai juyin juya hali,"Sihiyoniya dan gurguzu kuma dan jarida mai bincike (mai ba da rahoto na Paterson Morning Call kuma editan JTA),wanda ya yi gwagwarmayar tabbatar da gaskiya da adalci da alkalami.Ya kuma kasance malami mai kwazo a CUNY.Zuckoff yana son Isra'ila,Yiddish,kuliyoyi.littattafai,kiɗa,fasahar jama'a da Star Trek.Ya rasu a shekara ta 2004. Cantor kuma yana tsara kiɗan liturgical kuma yana ɗaukar hoton cat ɗinta azaman abin sha'awa. Littafi Mai Tsarki Cantor, Aviva. Matar Bayahude, 1900-1985: Littafin Rubutu New York, NY: Biblio Press, 1985, 1986. Cantor, Aviva: "The Egalitarian Hagada." New York: Littattafan Beruriah, 1991, 1992, 1994. Cantor, Aviva. Mata Yahudawa/Mazajen Yahudawa: Gadon sarauta a rayuwar Yahudawa San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1995. Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
33202	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwaeke%20Emezi	Akwaeke Emezi	Akwaeke Emezi, marubuciyar ce mai almara ce ta Najeriya kuma mai yin bidiyo, wancce aka fi sani da novels Freshwater, Pet da kuma littafinsu na New York Times</i> bestselling novel The Death of Vivek Oji. Emezi marubuciya ce na gama-gari wacce ke rubuta almara, soyayya, memoirs da wakoki ga matasa manya da manya masu yawancin jigogi na LGBT. Ayyukansu sun ba su lambar yabo da yawa da nadi ciki har da Kyautar In ba haka ba da Kyautar Gajerun Labarai na Commonwealth. A cikin shekarar 2021, Lokaci ta nuna su azaman Jagoran Ƙira na gaba. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Akwaeke Emezi a Umuahia a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari tara 1987 mahaifinsa dan kabilar Ibo dan Najeriya, kuma uwarta wacce diya ce ga bakin haure 'yan kasar Sri Lanka da ke zaune a Malaysia, Emezi ta girma a Aba. Emezi ta fara karanta litattafai masu ban sha'awa kuma tare da 'yar'uwarsu Yagazie sun yi amfani da labarun labarai don guje wa tarzoma, mulkin kama-karya, da gaskiya mai haɗari na yarinta. Emezi ta kasance “mai son karatu” tun suna yara kuma sun fara rubuta gajerun labarai tun suna da shekara biyar. Emezi ta ƙaura zuwa Appalachia, Amurka lokacin da suke 'yan shekara 16 don halartar koleji kuma sun sami rabuwar halinsu na farko. Bayan karatun koleji, sun shiga makarantar likitan dabbobi kuma sun daina kafin su sami MPA daga Jami'ar New York. Emezi ta fara wani ɗan gajeren lokaci na na jima'i wanda ba a san su ba da kuma shafin yanar gizo na gashin gashi wanda ya ba su ƙarancin fahimta. A cikin 2014, sun shiga shirin MFA na rubuce-rubucen ƙirƙira a Syracuse inda suka fara daftarin littafinsu na farko Freshwater bayan sun halarci taron bitar rubuce-rubucen Najeriya a Legas. Sana'a/Aiki Littafin novel na farko na Emezi Freshwater ya ba da labarin cikakken ɗan adam na jarumin, Ada, wanda shi ne ogbanje (mugun ruhun Igbo). Emezi ta binciko ruhi da jinsin al'adun kabilar Ibo tare da na gine-ginen yammacin duniya kuma ta gayyaci masu sauraronsu su yi tunani mai zurfi game da wannan ruhi/jiki. Freshwater ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an yi shi da yawa don manyan lambobin yabo. An kuma amince da Emezi a matsayin 2018 National Book Foundation "5 Under 35" mai girma. A cikin shekarar 2019, an zaɓi Freshwater a Kyautar Mata don Fiction-karo na farko da aka zaɓi marubucin transgender wanda ba na binary ba don kyautar. Alkaliyar kyautar mata Farfesa Kate Williams ta ce kwamitin bai san Emezi ba ba a lokacin da aka zabi littafin ba, amma ta ce Emezi ta yi farin ciki da zaben. Wani mai sharhi wanda ba na binary ba Vic Parsons ya rubuta cewa nadin ya haifar da tambayoyi marasa dadi, yana tambaya: "Shin ba za a sanya mawallafin da ba na binary ba wanda aka sanya namiji a lokacin haihuwa? Ina shakku sosai." Bayan nadin, an sanar da cewa Amintacciyar Kyautar Mata tana aiki akan sabbin ka'idoji don masu canza jinsi, waɗanda ba na binary ba, da mawallafin jinsi. Kyautar Mata daga baya ta nemi Emezi's "jima'i kamar yadda doka ta ayyana" lokacin gabatar da Mutuwar Vivek Oji don haɗawa, kuma Emezi ta zaɓi ya janye, yana kiran buƙatun transphobic kuma musamman keɓance ga mata masu canzawa. Littafin novel na biyu na Emezi kuma farkon matashin novel Pet, wanda aka saki a ranar 10 ga watan Satumban 2019, game da wani matashi mai canza jinsi mai suna Jam yana rayuwa a cikin duniyar da manya suka ƙi amincewa da wanzuwar dodanni. An fitar da Bitter prequel a cikin Fabrairu 2022. Emezi ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar littafi biyu tare da Littattafan Riverhead. Na farko, Mutuwar Vivek Oji, ta fito a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2020 kuma shine mafi kyawun siyarwar "mweA"New York Times. Na biyu memoir ne mai suna Dear Senthuran: A Black Spirit Memoir. Tarin waqoqin farko na Emezi Gargaɗi na Abun ciki: An buga komai a cikin watan Afrilu 2022. A cikin watan Afrilun 2021, Deadline Hollywood ta ba da sanarwar cewa Amazon Studios sun sami 'yancin daidaita littafin soyayyar su mai zuwa Ka yi wawa ta Mutuwa tare da kyawun ku zuwa fim ɗin fasali. An saya shi a cikin babban yarjejeniyar adadi shida wanda Deadline ya kira yarjejeniyar littafi mafi girma na shekara zuwa yanzu. Michael B. Jordan 's Outlier Society zai haɓaka shi tare da Elizabeth Raposo. Emezi zai yi aiki a matsayin babban furodusa. Sauran ayyuka Emezi zata rubuta kuma zartarwa ya samar da karbuwar jerin shirye-shiryen TV na littafin su Freshwater don FX tare da Tamara P. Carter. Za a samar da shi ta FX Productions tare da Kevin Wandell da Lindsey Donahue. Rayuwa ta sirri Emezi ta bayyana azaman transgender mara binary. Suna amfani da karin magana su/su/nasu. Suna fuskantar yawa kuma suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin oganje Sun rubuta game da kwarewarsu na yin tiyatar tabbatar da jinsi. Kyaututtuka da naɗi Bibliography Littattafai Manyan litattafan matasa Labarin karya Waka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29636	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinimar%20kasar%20Ukrain%20tun%20daga%20samun%20%27yancin%20kai	Sinimar kasar Ukrain tun daga samun 'yancin kai	Cinema na Ukrain a zamanin samun 'yancin kai yana da alaƙa da durkushewar masana'antar fim a cikin shekara ta 1990s da ƙoƙarin sake gina ta a cikin shekarun 2000s da 2010s tun bayan ayyana 'yancin kai na Ukraine bayan ƙuri'ar raba gardama ta 'yancin kai na 1991. Duk da cewa masana'antar fina-finai ta tsakiya tana raguwa, ɗakunan fina -finai masu zaman kansu, kamfanonin rarrabawa da kuma hanyar sadarwar silima suna haɓaka. A cikin 2010s, adadin gajeren fina-finai a Ukraine yana girma da sauri saboda haɓaka fasahar dijital da rage farashin samarwa. Ko da yake masana’antar fina-finai ta yi asara a wancan lokacin, fina-finan Ukraine da dama sun yi nasara a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya. Manufofin jihar na Ukraine a fagen shirye-shiryen sinima A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1988, Verkhovna Rada na Ukrainian SSR ya rushe kwamitin Jiha don shirye-shiryen sinima, wanda ya bar Ukraine ba tare da wata hukuma mai alhakin ci gaban cinema ba. Bayan da Ukraine ta sami 'yancin kai, Yuriy Illyenko yayi ƙoƙari ya maido da irin wannan tsarin ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Asusun Jiha na Cinematography na Ukrainian a watan Agusta 1991, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa Mayu 1993. Derzhkino ya ci gaba da ayyukansa ne kawai a cikin 2005 bayan umarnin majalisar ministocin Ukraine na 22 ga Nuwamba 2005. Hanna Chmil ta zama shugaban farko na sabon Derzhkino An amince da tsarin manufofin jihar na Ukraine a kan batun sinima a ranar 13 ga Janairu 1998, lokacin da Verkhovna Rada na Ukraine ya karbi Dokar Ukraine "A Cinematography". A cikin Maris 2017, sabuwar Dokar Ukraine "A kan goyon bayan jihar don cinematography a Ukraine" da aka karɓa, bisa ga abin da Ukrainian takardun shaida, ilimi, mai rai, yara, auteur da na farko fina-finai na iya neman cikakken jihar kudade na samarwa. Tarihi na sinimar Ukrain a lokacin samun 'yancin kai Siniman Ukrain a 1990s A cikin 1990s, saboda rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da rikicin tattalin arziki, Ukrainian cinema ya fara raguwa. Yawan ’yan kallo a sinima ya ragu daga miliyan 552 a shekara ta 1990 zuwa 5. miliyan a 1999. A lokaci guda kuma, masu sauraron tashoshin TV suna karuwa a hankali. Adadin masu zanga-zangar ya ragu daga 27 a 1990 zuwa 8 a 1999. Yawan fina-finan da aka yi a Ukraine a kowace shekara ya ragu daga 45 a 1992 zuwa 4 a 2000. Daga cikin fina-finai 136 da aka yi a Ukraine a cikin 1990s, 82 an yi su cikin Rashanci A cikin 1990s, an yi ƙoƙarin sayar da sinimar Ukrainian. Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci ne suka ba da izini da daukar nauyin shirya fina-finai. Wannan al'amari ya shafi abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finai kuma ya sa su zama mafi kyawun hali. Wasan kwaikwayo na laifuka, kasada da fina-finan batsa sun samu karbuwa. Manyan daraktoci na 1990s sun hada da Radomyr Vasylevsky, Mykola Zasieiev-Rudenko, Anatoliy Ivanov, Hryhoriy Kokhan, Oleksandr Muratov, Borys Nebiieridze, Alexander Polynnikov, da Dmytro Tomashpolskyi. Kira Muratova ya samar da kusan fina-finai biyar a cikin 1990s. A farkon shekarun 1990s, TV jerin aka rayayye yin fim don Ukrainian talabijin. (Ukrainian: wanda Borys Nebiieridze ya jagoranta, (Ukrainian: tr.: Ostriv Liubovi wanda Oleh Biyma ya jagoranta na daga cikin shahararrun mutane. Sinimar Ukrain a 2000s A farkon shekarun 2000, fim ɗin With Fire and Sword (Yaren mutanen Poland Ogniem i mieczem» na darektan Poland Jerzy Hoffman, wanda ɗan wasan Ukraine Bohdan Stupka ya taka rawar Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, ya kasance babbar nasara. Bohdan Stupka ya zama babban hetman na Ukrainian allo ya kuma yi rawar a cikin tarihi jerin Black Council Ukrainian by Mykola Zasieiev-Rudenko (2000) da Yurii Illienko's fim A addu'a ga Hetman Mazepa (Ukrainian: (2001). Jigogi na tarihi kuma sun zama jagora a cikin aikin darekta Oles Yanchuk. A cikin 1990s da farkon tsakiyar shekarun 2000s, ya yi irin fina-finai kamar Famine-33 (Ukrainian: -33» (1991) game da mummunan makoma na dangin Ukrainian a lokacin Holodomor, Kisa. Kisan kaka a Munich Ukrainian: (1995), The Undefeated (Ukrainian: (2000) da kuma The Company na Hroini (2000 (2004). Sun kasance yunƙuri ne don isar da ga mai kallo wani imani na sirri game da abin da ya faru da kuma yaƙin Sojojin Tawayen Ukraine daga idanun wani kwararren darekta, suna gabatar da labarin akida bisa ga hanyoyin Soviet. Tun daga shekara ta 2004, an yi fina-finai da yawa game da juyin juya halin Orange An rufe wannan lokacin a cikin fina-finai da yawa, musamman: The Orange Sky (Ukrainian: (2006, wanda Oleksandr Kyryenko ya jagoranta), Stop Revolution/Prorvemos! (Ukrainian: (2006, directed by Ivan Kravchyshyn), Orangelove (Ukrainian: (2006, ta Alan Badoev Daga cikin fina-finan da ke da mafi yawan kasafin kuɗi na farkon shekarun 2000s shine Sappho Ukrainian 1.95 miliyan). Sinimar Ukrain a 2010s Cigaba wajen samar da fina-finai ya sama karuwa a hankali a Ukraine ya kasance a cikin 2010s. Saboda ci gaban fasaha, rage farashin da kuma masu sauraro da ake bukata na kayayyakin fina-finai na gida (musamman bayan juyin juya halin mutunci yawan fina-finai yana karuwa sosai. Wani sabon ƙarni na masu yin fina-finai sun zo fim ɗin Ukrainian. Ayyukan gama kai na masu gudanarwa na Ukraine suna bayyana: Assholes. Arabesques (Ukrainian: Ukraine, Barka da zuwa! (Ukrainian: ban kwana» Babila'13 Ukrainian: '13» Bikin fina-finai na Ukrain, musamman Molodist Odessa International Film Festival, Docudays UA, Wiz-Art, "Open Night", da "86" sun zama mahalarta masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin cinematographic. Watsa fina-finai na Ukrainian yana samun karuwar nasara. Mafi nasara fina-finai a cikin Ukrainian cinemas ne Haramtacciyar daular Viy (Ukrainian: (akwatin ofishin a Ukraine 4.9 miliyan), Love a cikin Big City 3 (Ukrainian: 3» 3.1 miliyan). 8 Mafi kyawun Kwanan Wata (Ukrainian: 8 3.1 miliyan). Wani muhimmin al'amari dangane da ayyukan sinima na Ukrainian shine sabuwar Dokar "A kan Tallafin Jiha don harkokin sinima" da aka karɓa a cikin Maris 2017, bisa ga abin da takardun shaida na Ukrainian, ilimi, mai rai, yara, mawallafi da fina-finai na farko na iya amfani da su. don cikakken tallafin jihar don samarwa. Yawan fina-finan Ukrain da aka saki Kididdigar fina-finan Ukrain masu tsawo da aka saki (zanuka masu motsi) sun hada da 2006 4 2007 5 2008 5 2009 2 2010 0 2011 1 2012 6 2013 12 2014 16 2015 24 2016 30 2017 34 2018 35 2019-33 Nasarar sinimar Ukrain a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya A cikin shekara ta 2001 Taras Tomenko ya lashe kyautar sashen Panorama na bikin Fim na Berlin Film Festival. A cikin shekara ta 2003 a Babban Gasa na Berlinale guda ɗaya (bikin fina-finai na Berlin), ɗan gajeren fim ɗin Tram No.9 (Ukrainian: 9» na Ukrainian animator Stepan Koval an ba shi kyautar Silver Bear A cikin 2005 fim din Wayfarers (na Ukrain: ta matashin darektan Ukrainian Ihor Strembitsky ya karbi Palme d'Or na Cannes Film Festival A cikin shekara ta 2008, Ihor Podolchak ya fara halartar bikin fina-finai na duniya na Rotterdam tare da fim ɗin Las Meninas Daga baya, fim din ya shiga cikin bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya 27, shirye-shiryen gasa 10 da zaɓi na hukuma. A cikin 2013 an fitar da fim dinsa mai cikakken tsayi na biyu Delirium Dukansu fina-finan Podolchak ana ɗaukar su a matsayin misalan zane-zane a cikin sinimar Ukraine ta masu suka. A cikin 2011 Maryna Vroda ta sami Palme d'Or a bikin Cannes Film Festival don gajeren fim ɗin Cross-Country Run (Ukrainian: A cikin 2009 ɗan gajeren fim na biyu na Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi, Diagnosis (Ukrainian: an zaɓe shi don bikin Fim na Berlin A cikin Fabrairu 2010, Slaboshpytskyi sabon ɗan gajeren aiki Deafness (Ukrainian: ya shiga cikin shirin gasa na Berlinale (Berlin Film Festival). A cikin 2012, fim ɗin Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi na 23-minute film Nuclear Waste (Ukrainian: wanda aka dauka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ukraine, Barka da zuwa! aikin (Ukrainian: ban kwana ya lashe damisa Azurfa a cikin damisa na gaba shirin gasar a Locarno International Film Festival A cikin shekara ta 2014, fim ɗin fasalin Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi The Tribe (Ukrainian: ya shiga gasar Cannes Film Festival Critics' Week kuma ya sami lambobin yabo guda uku a lokaci ɗaya Kyautar Gidauniyar Gan, Kyautar Ganowa da Grand Prix. A cikin shekara ta 2017 a cikin shirin Generation 14plus layi daya sashe na Berlinale fim din School No. 3 (Ukrainian: №3» directed by Georg Geno da Lisa Smith lashe Grand Prix. Kuma darektan Slovak Peter Bebiak ya sami lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun Daraktan fim ɗin Ukrainian-Slovak Borde r (Ukrainian: a Karlovy Vary Film Festival A cikin 2018 Serhiy Loznytsia 's Donbas (Ukrainian: ya lashe lambar yabo don mafi kyawun aikin gudanarwa a cikin shirin na musamman na Cannes Film Festival. A cikin 2019, Fim ɗin Antonio Lukich My Tunani Shiru ne (Ukrainian: ya lashe Kyautar Jury na Musamman a Bikin Fim na 54th Karlovy Vary International. A cikin shekara ta 2020 cikakken cikakken shirin shirin Duniya Yana Shuɗi a matsayin Orange (Ukrainian: wanda Iryna Tsilyk ya jagoranta ya sami lambar yabo ga mafi kyawun darakta a bikin Fim na Sundance Fina-Finan kasar Ukrain a lokacin samun 'yancin kai Fina-finai masu isasshen-tsawo na shekarun 1990s-2010s Duba kuma Cinema na Ukraine Duk-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration Tushen labari 1896—1995», 2005. 2006. 2003. ISBN 966-505-043-5 1992-1996. 1996-112 1997-2000. 2000-214 shekara. 2001-2004. 2005-282 shekara. 2005-2008. 2009-284 shekara. 2009-2012. 2013-100 Fina-finan Ukrainian 2008-09. Ukrainian Cinema Foundation Jagoran Fim na Ukrainian. 2011-2012. Berlinale, 2012. 2012-2013. Hukumar Fim ta Jihar Ukraine Documentary Films 2013-2015. 2015/2016 Jagoran Fina-Finan Duniya. 2009. Bugu na 45. London New York: Wallflower Press 2009, Jagoran Fina-Finan Duniya. 2010. Bugu na 46. London New York: Wallflower Press, 2010, Cinema of Sensations Newcastle a kan Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2015, Manazarta Tarihin sinimar kasar Ukraine Fina-fina 2020 a Ukraine Fina-fina 2010 a Ukraine Fina-fina 1990 a Ukraine Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25719	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Aljeriya	Sinima a Aljeriya	Cinema na Aljeriya na nufin masana'antar fina-finai da ke zaune a ƙasar Aljeriya ta arewacin Afirka. Zamanin mulkin mallaka A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, fina -finai galibi kayan aikin furofaganda ne ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Kodayake an yi fim a Aljeriya kuma yawan jama'ar yankin na kallo, mafi yawan fina -finan "Aljeriya" a wannan zamanin Turawa ne suka ƙirƙiro su. Fina-finan farfagandar mulkin mallaka da kansu suna nuna hoto mara kyau na rayuwar makiyaya a cikin mazaunin, galibi suna mai da hankali kan wani ɓangare na al'adun cikin gida wanda gwamnatin ta nemi canzawa, kamar auren mata fiye da ɗaya. Misali irin wannan fim shine Albert Durec na 1928 Le Désir Shahararren fim ɗin Faransa da aka shirya ko aka shirya a Aljeriya sau da yawa yana maimaita yawancin wasannin da aka saba da su a cikin fina-finan da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Misali, L'Atlantide sanannen sanannen fim ne na 1921 na Faransanci-Belgium wanda aka yi fim a cikin tsaunukan Aurès, Djidjelli, da kuma birnin Algiers a cikin abin da ake kira Aljeriya ta Faransa. Ko da yake ba a bayyane yake game da Aljeriya ba, fim ɗin (da kansa ya dogara da sanannen littafin) yana nuna jami'an Faransa na Ƙasashen waje guda biyu da kuma soyayyar su da sarauniyar banza ta masarautar Sahara. Ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan farko da suka shiga tare da kasancewar Faransanci a Arewacin Afirka, fim ɗin ya jaddada ba kawai soyayya da ban mamaki na harkar ba, har ma da damuwar Turawa game da rawar da suke takawa a Afirka da yuwuwar haɗarin haɗarin hulɗa tsakanin ƙabilu. Sauran fina -finai masu irin wannan jigo sun biyo baya, ciki har da Le Bled (1929), Le Grand Jeu (1934), da La Bandera (1935). An mamaye ikon Turai na hanyoyin samar da fina-finai a farkon zamanin Yaƙin Aljeriya, lokacin da wasu 'yan kishin ƙasa na Aljeriya daga National Liberation Army (ALN) suka sami kayan aikin yin fim na asali waɗanda suka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙirar gajerun shirye-shirye guda huɗu. An duba waɗannan fina -finan ta hanyar tsarin ba da gudunmawa ga masu kallo a cikin al'ummomin gurguzu masu tausayawa. Abubuwan da ke cikin su sun goyi bayan tawayen kishin ƙasa da ke ƙaruwa, gami da wurin asibitocin ALN da harin Mujahideen kan ma'adanai na Société de l'Ouenza na Faransa Shigowar Sinimar Aljeriya a Shekarun 1960 da 1970 Aljeriya ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta a cikin 1962, batun da ya jawo hankali sosai tsakanin shirye-shiryen fim ɗin Aljeriya na shekarun 1960 da 1970. Fim ɗin lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina a shekarar 1967 The Winds of the Aures yana nuna dangin manoma na karkara waɗanda mulkin mallaka da yaƙi suka lalata rayuwarsu. Makircin ya nuna mummunan halin da uwa ta bar gidanta a tsaunukan Aurès na gabashin Aljeriya don neman ɗanta, ɗan kishin ƙasa wanda ya bi sawun mahaifinsa amma sojojin Faransa suka kama shi. A alamance, fim ɗin yana amfani da dangi don wakiltar ƙaddarar al'umma: matalauta, amfani, amma fafutukar samun 'yanci. Fim ɗin ya sami lambar yabo a bikin Fim ɗin Cannes na 1967 don Mafi Kyawun Aiki. A wajen Aljeriya, ɗayan shahararrun fina-finan wannan zamanin shine Yaƙin Algiers (1966), fim ɗin Aljeriya da Italiya wanda ya sami naɗin Oscar uku. Sauran misalan silima na Aljeriya daga wannan zamanin sun haɗa da Patrol a Gabas (1972) ta Amar Laskri, Yankin da aka haramta (1972) na Ahmed Lallem, Opium da Stick (1970) na Ahmed Rachedi, Palme d'Or-winner Chronicle of the Shekaru na Wuta (1975) na Mohammed Lakhdar -Hamina, da Costa Gavras Oscar -winning Z. Wani sanannen shirin fim na Faransa da Aljeriya game da abin da ya biyo bayan yaƙin shine 1963 Peuple en marche Tare da kawar da mulkin mallaka da Yaƙin Aljeriya, halin da matasa na birane ke ciki shine wani jigon na kowa. Misali ɗaya na wannan taken shine Omar Gatlato na Merzak Allouache Wasu taurarin wasan barkwanci ma sun fito, ciki har da mashahurin Rouiched, tauraron Hassan Terro ko Hassan Taxi. Bugu da ƙari, Hadj Abderrahmane wanda aka fi sani da suna na Insifekta Tahar ya fito a cikin wasan barkwanci na 1973 The Holiday of The Inspector Tahar wanda Musa Haddad ya jagoranta. Shahararren wasan barkwanci na wannan lokacin shine Carnaval fi dechra wanda Mohamed Oukassi ya jagoranta, da fara Athmane Ariouet Finafinan zamani, 1980 zuwa yanzu Finafinan zamani a Aljeriya ya faɗi ƙasa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, kuma manyan abubuwan samarwa sun zama ba safai ba. Wasu danganta wannan gaskiyar ga rashin son jihar ta tallafa wa fim ɗin Aljeriya. An sami nasarori kaɗan, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Mohamed Oukassi na Carnival fi Dachra na 1994, wanda aka yi fim da Maghrebi Larabci da bin labarin wani mutum wanda ya yi takarar magajin garin ƙauyensa (ko "dachra") kawai don ya yaudare shi da iko da neman zama shugaban kasar Aljeriya. Daraktan Daraktan Merzak Allouache Athmane Aliouet da Salut Cousin! (1996) wasu misalai biyu ne na wasan barkwanci na Aljeriya da aka samar a wannan zamanin. Wasu nuna fim ɗin Aljeriya na zamani don kasancewa cikin yanayin sake ginawa. Yanayin kwanan nan ya kasance karuwar silima na Faransanci, sabanin fina -finai da Larabci na Aljeriya Wasu danganta wannan ga kasuwar Faransanci wanda ke ƙarfafawa ta hanyar haɓaka ƙaura zuwa Faransa a cikin shekarun 1990. Misali, abubuwan da Franco-Aljeriya ke samarwa kamar Rachid Bouchareb a wajen Dokar sun gamu da gagarumar nasara (da jayayya). Cikakken rahoton ƙididdiga kan masana'antar sinima a Aljeriya, wanda Euromed Audiovisual da European Oviservatory Observatory suka shirya a gidan yanar gizon Observatory anan Manazarta Aljeriya Fina-finai Sinima a
25703	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan%20Brusov%20State%20University%20of%20Languages%20and%20Social%20Sciences	Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences	Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences jami'a ce ta jama'a a Yerevan babban birnin Armenia, tana aiki tun 1935. An ba ta sunan mawaƙin Rasha kuma masanin tarihi Valery Bryusov tun 1962. Jami'ar tana yaye ƙwararrun masu magana da Yaren Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci da sauran harsuna da yawa, a fannikan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tarihi, kimiyyar siyasa, karatun yanki da sauran ɗan adam. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar hanyar Tumanyan da Moscow a tsakiyar Yerevan Tarihi A cikin shekarar 1936, an buɗe ɓangaren harshen Jamusanci, sannan sassan Faransanci da Ingilishi a cikin shekara ta 1937. A wannan shekarar, cibiyar ta samar da ɗaliban farko na malaman harshen Rashanci. A shekarar 1940, cibiyar ta zama sanannu a matsayin Yerevan State Russian Teachers 'Institute A cikin shekarar 1955, an ba cibiyar matsayin malami a cikin Jami'ar Jihar Yerevan, a lokaci guda tana kiyaye 'yancinta na tsari da ilimi. Koyaya a cikin 1962, an ba ta 'yancin kai don zama sanannu a Jami'ar Yerevan State Pedagogical University of Rasha and Foreign Languages mai suna bayan Valery Brusov A shekarar 1985, jami'ar ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of Friendship of Nations ta gwamnatin Soviet. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Armeniya, an sake fasalin jami'ar a shekarar 1993 don zama sanannu a matsayin Cibiyar Yerevan State Institute of Foreign Languages mai suna bayan Valery Brusov A cikin shekarar 2001, Dangane da ƙudurin gwamnati, an ba da cibiyar matsayin jami'a kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin Jami'ar Yerevan Brusov State University A cikin shekarar 2014, an sake fasalin jami'ar don zama sanannu da Jami'ar Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences A cikin tarihin ta, jami'ar ta samar da ɗalibai sama da 18,000 waɗanda suka kammala karatun Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Girkanci, yaren Spanish, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tarihi, kimiyyar siyasa da karatun yanki. Ana ci gaba da aiwatar da sauye -sauyen tsarin kuma nan gaba kadan za su ba da damar horar da kwararrun da suka cika sabbin buƙatun jamhuriya. A cikin shekarar 2013, ma'aikatan jami'ar sun ƙunshi membobi 477, gami da ma'aikatan koyarwa na membobi 434, membobi 189 suna kan cikakken matsayi, 48 daga cikinsu suna riƙe da ofishi fiye da ɗaya, Likitoci 12 na Kimiyya, Furofesoshi 14, 'Yan takarar Kimiyya 102, da Mataimakan Farfesoshi 54. Ilimi Tun daga shekarar 2017, jami'ar tana da ikon tunani 3 da kuma na karatu. Ilimin Fassara da Sadarwa tsakanin Al'adu An kafa Faculty of Translation da Intercultural Communication a shekarar 2004, kuma an sake fasalta shi a shekarar 2013 don samar da ilimi mai sau biyu da shirye-shiryen bacci a fannoni masu zuwa: Lissafi da Sadarwa Nazarin Ingilishi da Yanki Turanci da Kimiyyar Siyasa Turanci da Jarida Turanci da Yawon shakatawa Turanci da Psychology Nazarin Jamusanci da Yanki Nazarin Faransanci da Yanki Nazarin Fassara/Linguistics Nazarin Fassarar Turanci-Armeniya Nazarin Fassarar Jamusanci-Armeniya Nazarin Fassarar Faransanci-Armeniya Faculty of Rasha da kasashen waje Harsuna da International sadarwa Asalin ilimin ya samo asali ne tun daga kafuwar jami'a a shekarar 1935. Koyaya, ci gaban kwanan nan na malamin ya faru a cikin shkarar 2013 lokacin da aka sake tsara shi don samar da shirye -shiryen bachelor a: Linguistics, harshen Rashanci Adabin Rasha Falsafa Pedagogy Lissafi da Sadarwa tsakanin Al'adu Nazarin Rasha da Yanki Kimiyyar Turanci da Siyasa Kimiyyar Siyasa A cikin layi daya, ana tunanin harshen waje na biyu a cikin malami daidai da zaɓin ɗaliban, gami da Ingilishi, Yaren mutanen Poland, Bulgarian, Jamusanci, Faransanci, Spanish, Italiyanci da Larabci. Faculty of Foreign Languages An kafa ilimin a shekarar 2004 kuma a halin yanzu yana ba da shirye -shiryen karatun digiri a fannonin: Pedagogy Turanci da Faransanci Turanci da Jamusanci Turanci da Spanish Turanci da Italiyanci Turanci da Farisanci Turanci da Girkanci Ingilishi da Koriya Faransanci da Ingilishi Jamusanci da Ingilishi Lissafi Turanci da Faransanci Turanci da Jamusanci Turanci da Spanish Turanci da Italiyanci Turanci da Farisanci Turanci da Girkanci Turanci da Koriya Ingilishi da Hindi Faransanci da Ingilishi Jamusanci da Ingilishi Italiyanci da Ingilishi Shirin Jagora A cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2008-09, jami'ar ta ƙaddamar da tsarin digiri na biyu, gami da digiri na farko da na biyu. Nazarin Masters a Jami'ar Brusov yana ɗaukar zaɓin takamaiman ɓangaren ƙwarewa tare da manufar samun cikakken ilimin aiki da ka'idar. Fitattun Armeniya da kwararrun ƙasashen waje an haɗa su cikin tsarin binciken. Karatun matakin Jagora yana ba da fannoni masu zuwa: Digiri na Lissafi MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Linguistics da aka bayar: Kwatanta Harsunan Harsuna, Kwatanta Linguistics Semiotics Cancantar: Linguist (Typology, Semiotics) Digiri na Pedagogy MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Pedagogy da aka bayar: Ilimin Harsuna da yawa Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha Cancantar: Malamin harsuna da yawa (Ingilishi-Faransanci, Ingilishi-Jamusanci, Faransanci-Ingilishi, Jamusanci-Ingilishi, Rashanci-Ingilishi), Masanin Ilimin Makaranta Digiri na Falsafa MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Falsafa da aka bayar: Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, cancantar Falsafa na Rasha: Masanin Falsafa Digiri na Sadar da Harshe da Al'adu MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Sadarwar Harshe da Al'adu: Nazarin Turai Dangantaka ta Duniya Kimiyyar Siyasa Yawon shakatawa na duniya Anthropology na Al'adu Semiotics na Al'adu Digiri na Fassara/Fassara MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Falsafa da aka bayar: Turanci Armeniya Faransanci Armeniya Jamusanci Armeniya Rashanci Ingilishi Armeniya Cancantar: Mai Fassara/ Mai Fassara (Ingilishi –Armeniyanci, Faransanci-Armeniya, Jamusanci-Armeniyanci, Rashanci-Ingilishi-Armeniya) Digiri na Aikin Jarida na Duniya MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Jarida na Duniya da aka bayar: cancantar aikin Jarida na Duniya: Dan Jarida Digiri na Gudanar da Ilimi MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Gudanar da Ilimi da aka bayar: cancantar Gudanar da Ilimi: Manajan Ilimi Shirye -shiryen Digiri Tsarin difloma na digiri na jami'a yana yin bambanci tsakanin digiri na kimiyya. Akwai digiri na biyu na digiri na biyu: Dan takarar Kimiyya (PhD) da Doctor of Science. An gabatar da shirin karatun digiri na biyu a shekarar 1963 kuma tun daga lokacin yana da sama da masu digiri 300. A halin yanzu, shirye-shiryen suna yin rajistar ɗan takarar digiri na likita ɗaya, ɗaliban cikakken lokaci goma sha shida; ɗalibai arba'in da takwas na digiri na biyu suna ɗaukar darussan rubutu. Tun daga shekarar 2013, kwamitocin jarrabawar cancanta 14 suna aiki a jami'a: Hanyar Koyar da Harshen Ƙasashen waje Harsunan Jamusanci (Ingilishi, Jamusanci) Harsunan Romance (Faransanci) Harsunan Slavonic Adabin Waje Adabin Rasha General and Applied Linguistics Kwatantawa da Aiwatar da Linguistics Harshen Armeniya Falsafa Kwarewa mai amfani a cikin Ingilishi Kwarewa mai amfani a Faransanci Kwarewar aiki a cikin Jamusanci Kwarewar kwamfuta Kwamitin Ba da Lamuni na Digiri yana aiki a cikin jami'a. Kwamitin cancantar Armenia ya ba da izini, Hukumar ta ba da lambar yabo ta 'Yan takarar Kimiyya, Doctor na Kimiyya a fannoni masu zuwa: Kwatantawa da Harsunan Harshe, Falsafa Harsunan Slavonic, Philology Hanyar Ilimi da Koyarwa (Harsunan Ƙasashen waje da Adabi) Bincike da wallafe -wallafe Babban tendencies da abun ciki na kimiyya bincike aikin da za'ayi da Jami'ar kujeru ne sharadi da tsarin peculiarities da kimiyya m na Jami'ar. Babban halayen ayyukan Jami'ar sune: Manufofin harshe Romance da Jamusanci philology Littattafan karatu da littattafan makarantu da manyan makarantun ilimi Ka'idar fassarar, matsalolin da ake amfani da su na ka'idar fassarar, aikin fassara Tattara kamus Gabaɗayan ilimin harshe, matsalolin gabaɗayan ilimin harshe da aka yi amfani da su, haruffan kwatancen (a cikin fannonin nahawu, lexicology, stylistics da haɗin rubutun) Matsalolin tunani da aiki na yaren Armeniya Matsalolin Adabin Armeniya da Tarihin Fasaha Matsalolin Tarihin zamani da na zamani na mutanen Armeniya Matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa na al'umma mai sauyawa Tarihin tunanin falsafa Tarihin addini Ka'ida da Aiwatar da Ilimi da Hanyoyin Koyar da Harsuna Nazarin yanki na manyan harshe Ilimin halin ɗan adam, Ilimin halin mutum da haɓakawa, ilimin halin ɗabi'a, ilimin jima'i Adabin Turai da Amurka, Nazarin Adabi Ka'idar al'adu Matsalolin yanayi na gaggawa Dangantakar kasa da kasa Membobi da haɗin gwiwa Sashen Manufofin Harshe (Majalisar Turai, Strasbourg), Cibiyar Turai don Harsunan Zamani (Majalisar Turai, Graz, Austria), UNESCO International Association of Universities Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Faransanci (AUF) Cibiyar Jami'o'in Bahar Rum Majalisar Harshen Turai (ELC, Jamus) Membobin membobin CIS Majalisar Harsuna da Al'adu Ƙungiyoyin membobin CIS Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Harshe Ƙungiyar Malaman Ƙasa ta Harshen Rasha da Adabi. Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa Hukumar Bincike da Musanya ta Duniya a Armeniya (IREX) Gidauniyar Taimakon Cibiyar Cibiyar Armeniya (OSIAFA) TEMPUS hadin gwiwa Turai Project Gidauniyar Kawancen Eurasia Gidauniyar Koriya DAAD (Sabis na Kasuwancin Ilimin Jamusanci) KOICA (Hukumar Hadin Kan Kasashen Koriya) Hedikwatar Cibiyar Confucius Yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa Jami'ar Harshen Jihar Minsk, Belarus Jami'ar Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria Jami'ar Shanxi, China Jami'ar Dalian na Harsunan Waje, China Jami'ar Tallinn, Estonia G. Tsereteli Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas, Jojiya Tbilisi Ilia Chavchavadze Jami'ar Jihar, Georgia Jami'ar Siegen, Jamus Jami'ar Martin Luther na Halle-Wittenberg, Jamus Jami'ar Ferdowsi Mashhad, Iran Jami'ar Perugia, Italiya Jami'ar Verona, Italiya Rondine Cittadella della Pace, Italiya Jami'ar Katolika ta Leuven, Belgium Jami'ar Kasa ta Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu Jami'ar Ajou, Koriya ta Kudu Jami'ar Hankuk na Nazarin Kasashen Waje, Koriya ta Kudu Jami'ar Koriya, Koriya ta Kudu Jami'ar Vytautas Magnus, Lithuania Jami'ar Jihar Moldova, Moldova Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Moldova, Moldova Jami'ar Ovidius ta Constanta, Romania Jami'ar Jihar Moscow, Rasha Jami'ar Harshe ta Jihar Moscow, Rasha Jami'ar Jihar 'Yan Adam ta Moscow, Rasha Jami'ar Lyatistic ta Jihar Pyatigorsk, Rasha Jami'ar Jihar Ryazan bayan S. Yesenin, Rashanci Cibiyar Jiha ta Harshen Rasha bayan A. Pushkin, Rashanci Jami'ar Jihar Tatar na 'Yan Adam da Ilimi, Rasha Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky Jami'ar Pedagogical State, Ukraine Shekarar Harsunan Turai, 2001 shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Turai da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai don haɓaka yaruka da yawa da ƙarfin harsuna a duk faɗin Turai. An zaɓi Jami'ar Jahar Yerevan ta Harsuna da Kimiyyar zamantakewa azaman abubuwan da suka faru na asali don shirya Shekarar Harsunan Turai, 2001. Tun daga wannan lokacin, bikin ranar harsunan Turai a ranar 26 ga Satumba ya zama al'ada a Armenia. Tun shekarar 1998, tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Turai Jami'ar ta fara taron shekara -shekara na kasa da kasa kan Manufofin Harshe da Ilimin Harshe. Taron bita da Cibiyar Turai don Harsunan Zamani da ke Graz, ana gudanar da su akai -akai a jami'a don aiwatar da ayyuka na musamman da shirye -shirye na musamman, da kuma taimaka wa ƙwararrun Koyar da Harshen Ƙasashen waje su haɗa ayyukan ajujuwansu zuwa Tsarin Tarayyar Turai na Ingantaccen Harshe Laburare An kafa Jami'ar Labarai a cikin shekarar 1935. A halin yanzu Laburaren yana riƙe da littattafai sama da 400,000 akan ilimin zamantakewa da siyasa, ilimi, labaran ilimi da ayyukan almara a cikin Armeniya, Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Spanish, Jamusanci, Farisanci, da sauran yaruka, gami da tarin littattafai na musamman. Ana sabunta kayan ɗakin karatu koyaushe. Baya ga babban ɗakin karatu, akwai ɗakunan karatu na musamman a Kujeru. Sabon ginin babban ɗakin karatu na tsakiya yana da zauren karatu, zauren bincike, wurin ajiya, da gungu na kwamfuta tare da Intanet da samun damar buɗe cibiyar sadarwar ɗakin karatu ta hanyar sabon tsarin ICT. Asusun almara shine mafi kyawun ɓangaren da ke ɗauke da mafi kyawun wallafe-wallafen litattafan Armeniyawa, Turai da Rasha na ƙarni na 19 zuwa 20. An gabatar da wallafe -wallafen ilimin harsuna gami da adabin ilimi a cikin Ingilishi, Faransanci, Spanish, Jamusanci, Czech, Romanian, Bulgarian da Persian a cikin asusun. Hakanan ya ƙunshi Laburaren Littattafan Yara na Duniya, kundin adabi na Duniya 200, "Britannica", "Littafin Duniya", "Mutane da wurare" "Manyan Littattafan Yammacin Duniya" encyclopedias, ƙamus na bayani, ƙamus, thesaurus, jagora da littattafai. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an sake cika asusun tare da ƙarin sabbin littattafai da ofisoshin Jakadancin da ke Armeniya suka gabatar da kuma gudummawar da aka karɓa daga ɗakunan karatu masu zaman kansu. Asusun littattafai na musamman da ba a saba gani ba sun kai raka'a 2000- shine ƙimar ɗakin karatu na musamman. Lu'u-lu'u na tunanin ɗan adam da fasahar buga rubutu na ƙarni na 1 zuwa 20 suna wakiltar sa. Daliban jami'a suna gudanar da mulkin kansu ta hanyar majalisar ɗalibai, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1996. Majalisar tana da niyyar shiga cikin rayuwar jami'a da kuma taimakawa wajen haɓaka tattaunawa da ƙuduri na batutuwan gaggawa a cikin tsarin ilimi, da rayuwar ɗalibai. Majalisar tana ba da haɗin kai tare da Majalisar Dalibai na Jami'o'i daban -daban a Armenia da ƙasashen waje. Majalisar ta shirya bukukuwan kammala karatun, buga jaridar "Polyglot-New"; tattaunawar teburin zagaye, wasannin hankali, taro, bita da karawa juna sani, da dai sauransu. Dalibai suna aiki a matsayin masu sa kai a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban -daban kuma suna ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyar aikin jami'a. Dalibai suna ziyartar gidajen marayu daban -daban a Yerevan da yankuna, suna shirya wasanni daban -daban, al'amuran kimiyya da al'adu. An kafa cibiyar aikin Jami'ar Yerevan Brusov a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, shehekarar 2007. Manyan manufofin cibiyar su ne inganta ɗalibai da masu kammala karatun gasa a kasuwar kwadago, kafa dangantakar kammala karatun jami'a, haɓaka haɗin gwiwa a tsakanin su, don warware matsalolin da aka kafa. Manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na kamfen ɗin sune ɗalibai da masu digiri. Don cimma burin da aka kafa Cibiyar tana shirin yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa: Ma'aikatan ilimi da na koyarwa Dabbobi daban-daban a cikin Jami'a Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na jihohi, ma’aikata da ‘yan kasuwa Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane waɗanda ke sha'awar tsarin haɗin gwiwa Manazarta Jami'o'i a
46478	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaila%20SC	Ismaila SC	Ismaily Sporting Club ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Masar, wacce aka kafa a ranar 20 ga watan Maris 1921 a matsayin El Nahda Sporting Club Lardin Masar Nady El Nahda), tushen a Ismaïlia, Masar An fi sanin kulob ɗin da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. Har ila yau, ana la'akari da ita a matsayin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Masar, inda suka taimaka wa shahararren yawon shakatawa na gida don yin wasa don amfanin ƙasar mahaifa a kan sojojin da suka mamaye. Lakabin kulob ɗin The Brazilian, yana magana ne game da tufafinsu, wanda ya yi daidai da na tawagar Brazil, da irin wannan salon wasan. Ismaily ya lashe gasar firimiya ta Masar sau uku a shekarun1967, 1991 da 2002, da kuma kofin Masar a 1997 da 2000. A cikin shekarar 1969 kulob ɗin ya lashe gasar zakarun CAF Wannan taron, wanda shi ne na farko ga tawagar Masar, ya kasance mai ban mamaki a lokacin wanda ta hanyoyi da dama ya kasance babban nasara a zukatan dukkan tsararraki. Kulob ɗin ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na CAF a shekara ta 2003, amma ya sha kashi a hannun kulob din Enyimba FC na Najeriya Tarihi Hakan ya fara ne a shekara ta 1920, fiye da shekaru 100 da suka wuce, lokacin da aka haifi ra'ayin kafa kulob na Masar a birnin Ismailia. A cikin shekarar 1921, wannan mafarki ya zama gaskiya lokacin da aka kafa Nahda Sporting Club (yanzu Ismaily) godiya ga gudummawar karimci da aiki tukuru. Nahda ita ce kulob ɗin Masar na farko a yankin Canal; duk sauran kulab ɗin sun kasance ƙasashen waje sosai. Wurin kulob ɗin shi ne inda kasuwar Juma'a take a yau. Sai a shekarar 1926 ne ƙungiyar ta zama memba a hukumance a hukumar kwallon kafa ta Masar. Ana kiran Ismaily masana'antar taurari, Ismaily ya samar da manyan 'yan wasa da suka shahara a Masar. An san kulob ɗin a Masar da kuma magoya bayansa "El-Daraweesh" An san su da buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa amma ba sa cin koci ko cin gasa, yawanci sukan yi rashin nasara a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe ko Quarter Final ko ma zagayen farko na kowane gasa. watau sun yi rashin nasara a gasar Masar a shekarar 2008 2009 daga rukunin rukuni na biyu a zagayen farko. Halin farko na kulob ɗin ya kasance mai girman kai. A cikin bangon bulo na kulab ɗin, akwai filin yashi kawai, da ɗaki guda ɗaya, da wata ƙaramar bukka. Tabbas mazauna Ismaila basu gamsu ba; An cire bukkar aka maye gurbinsa da wani ƙaramin gini a shekarar 1931, aka dasa ciyawa a filin. An ci gaba da faɗaɗawa a cikin shekarar 1943, lokacin da kulob ɗin ya sayi fili mai fadin murabba'in mita 15,000 ya koma can. Gina kulob ɗin yana buƙatar kuɗi, kuma an tattara jimillar 6453 LE daga iyalai da 'yan kasuwa na gida. Ga jerin masu bayar da gudummuwa masu karimci: Ɗan kwangila Mohamed Ali Ahmed ya ba da gudummawar 353 LE Dr. Soleiman Eid da Saleh Eid sun ba da gudummawar 500 LE Hajj Mohamed Mohamed Soliman ya bada gudunmawar LE100 Sayed Abu Zeid El Menyawy ya ba da gudummawar LE 100 Sheikh Ahmed Atta ya bada gudunmawar LE 75 Hajj Mohamed Sahmoud da Fahmy Michael sun ba da gudummawar 30 LE Hajj Ahmed Ali El Menyawy ya ba da gudummawar 25 LE Panayiotis Fasolis na Girka ya ba da gudummawar 20 LE Wasan farko da ya gudana a cikin sabon filin wasa shi ne tsakanin Ismaily da Ƙungiyar Sojojin Ingila (Canal). An buɗe sabon kulob a hukumance a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun 1947. An shirya taron biki don wannan taron. A wannan rana ne aka buga wasan sada zumunci tsakanin Ismaily da Farouk First Club (yanzu Zamalek). Ismaily ya ci wasan da ci 3/2. Jerin sunayen Ismaily shi ne: Yango, Sayed Abu Greisha, Salem Salem, Ali Hegazy, Anoos El Kebir, Mohamed Abdel Salam, Aly Lafy, Ahmed Mansour, Ibrahim Hablos, Sayed Charley, Awad Abdel Rahman. Manazarta http://www.ismaily-sc.com/home/index.php/the_waroncairo/28912.html Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na hukuma Official Facebook Twitter na hukuma Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
16005	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idara%20Victor	Idara Victor	Idara Victor ƴar fim ce mai asali da ƙasashen Najeriya da Amurika, kuma ƴar fim ce wacce aka fi sani da rawar da take takawa a fim ɗin Rizzoli & Isles da kuma Turn: Washington's Spy. Rayuwa da aiki Idara Victor an haife ta ne a Brooklyn, New York, ga iyayenta Barbara da Stan Victor, dukansu daga jihar Akwa Ibom da ke kudancin Najeriya, kuma ita ce ɗiyar tsakiya ta ƴan mata uku, waɗanda suka girma a Brooklyn da Long Island. Idara "ance ita ce mafi yawan surutu a cikin ƴan uwan ta", kuma ta fara rawa da kidan piano tana 'yar shekara takwas, hakan ya kuma sa ta fara waka opera aria a karon farko tana' yar shekara 15 a gasar da baje kolin jihar. Tana 'yar shekara 13 ta lashe gasar Miss New York Junior Teen. Wani wakili ne ya gano ta a bikin nuna kayan kwalliya, kuma ta tura shi zuwa ga sana'ar kirkira, amma ta yi niyyar neman aiki ne. Sakamakon nasarorin karatun da ta samu, an sanya ta a cikin shirin karatun sakandare na Wharton School of Business a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ta karanci yadda ake kasuwanci da kasuwanci. Tare da kawayenta ta yi wasanni a wuraren shakatawa a kusa da Philadelphia kuma ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a ɓoye, ta je wasu ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu sauraro da kuma yin rajista yayin da take gida a New York a lokacin hutun bazara. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo, rawa da kiɗa A UPENN har yanzu tana yin karatun Shakespeare kuma tana rawa tare da shahararriyar rawa salon African Rhythms West African ballet da kuma rawar Afro-Cuba a lokacin hutu. Lokacin da Victor ta kammala karatu, sai ta bar tayin aiki a mujallar InStyle, ta fara yin ƙade-kaɗe da ƙawarta Mike "Double-O" Kidz In The Hall kuma ta fara samun horo a Lee Strasberg Theater Institute, wani rukunin makarantar Tisch na makarantar Arts Ta haɓaka jama'arta masu fasaha tare da abokai da yawa daga shirin NYU, kuma ƙawarta Hyun Kim ta haɗa ta da 'yar fim ɗin Ba-Amurke Adepero Oduye don tallafawa jagoranci. Domin ciyar da karatun nata, Idara ta samar da wani shagon sayar da tufafi na yanar gizo mai suna Girled-Out, sannan kuma ana horar dashi kullun tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Yayin da take kallon Cate Blanchett a cikin fim, "gaskiya za ta kama ni, zan yi tunani, Ina mutuwa na 2013; Tabbas zuciyata ta tsaya, kuma idan ban tashi zuwa can ba kuma nima in aikata shi, zan iya ma kiyaye shi har abada. "Yanzu a cikin New York City, John Caird ya gabatar da ita a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York kai tsaye daga kwaleji, yana ɗaukar Victor don wasanninta na fara "abin ban mamaki da na koya shi ne lokacin da na ci gaba as Cosette, Ni ce mace Ba-Amurkiya ta farko da ta taba taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayon na tsawon shekaru 20 Idara Victor ya ci gaba da horo da aiki a New York, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya kama aiki a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa a The Theater na Jama'a The Bacchae Lincoln Center Farin Ciki da Roundabout Theater Company The Tin Pan Alley Rag don yin aiki tare da darektoci Susan Stroman, Joanne Akalaitis, James Lapine, Stafford Arima da Tina Landau Idara Victor soprano ne na wasan kwaikwayo na dabi'a, shima ya rera wakar wasan kwaikwayo na Joplin Treemonisha, kuma yayi a bikin karramawa na 85th Academy Awards Talabijan da fim Yayinda take cikin karatunta, Idara Victor ta fara fitowa a fuska a fim ɗin indie "Not Just Yet" matsayinta na farko a talabijin shine a cikin TV TV Starved, tana wasa da Sterling K. Brown A lokacin zamanta a Les Misérables, ta kuma taka rawar maimaituwa a kan Guiding light mai shiryarwa kuma ta fito a tallan talabijin Low and Order, Doka da oda: SVU, Duk Yarana da Yadda ake yin sa a Amurka Bayan komawa zuwa Los Angeles, ta fito a cikin manyan rawar a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ciki har da Mad Men, Private Practice, Grey Anatomy, da Castle Ta kuma taka rawa a maimaitawa da jagoranci a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai The young and the Restless, Shirye-shiryen Unicorn-It, Vegas (lokuta uku a cikin 2013) da Issa Rae 's Choir (zanguna 8 a 2013). Game da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin kai tsaye, farkonta ya kasance a NY a cikin 2008, lokacin da ta yi a cikin tallan tallan da aka nuna a cikin Camelot tare da New York Philharmonic. A cikin 2013, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Oscars (85th Academy Awards), wanda Seth MacFarlane ya shirya, tare da jagorancin fim din 2012 Les Misérables Daga watan Agusta 2014 zuwa Satumba 2016, mai yiwuwa sanannen sananniyar rawarta ita ce hali Nina Holiday, mai sharhi game da lamuran aikata laifi da fasahar IT ta Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Boston, a cikin jerin laifuka na Amurka Rizzoli & Isles Idara Victor ya zama memba na castan wasa na yau da kullun na kakar 6, maye gurbin marigayi Lee Thompson Young Baya ga matsayinta na Nina Holiday, Victor yana da rawar sakewa a wasan kwaikwayo na AMC Turn: Washington Spies, daga 2014-2017, kuma ya bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen 2016 Pure Genius da An American Girls Story Ta shiga cikin sabon fim din Alita: Battle Angel daga marubuci kuma furodusa James Cameron da darakta Robert Rodriguez, suna wasa da Christoph Waltz An saki fim din a watan Fabrairun 2019. Finafinai Manazarta Ƴan fim Mata da suka kafa kamfani Mata a
60594	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokacin%20Silver	Lokacin Silver	Whendee Silver; kwararre ne kan yanayin halittu na Amurka kuma masanin ilimin halittu. Articles with hCards Rayuwar farko da ilimi Silver ya girma a Kudancin California. Ta sami MS a Kimiyyar Daji daga Makarantar Yale na Gandun daji acikin 1987 kuma a cikin 1992, ta sami PhD dinta daga Jami'ar Yale. Sana'a da bincike Silver farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halittu a Jami'ar California, Berkeley. Tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin halittu da ilimin halittu, bincikenta galibi yana nufin kyakkyawar fahimtar tsarin ƙasa don rage tasirin sauyin yanayi. Wani muhimmin sashi na aikinta ya mai da hankali kan yanayin yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, ƙasansu, tsirrai, da yadda abubuwan gina jiki da yanayin carbon ta hanyarsu. Azurfa ita ce jagorar masana kimiyya a Marin Carbon Project, wanda ta taimaka gano a 2008. Aikin Carbon na Marin yana amfani da kimiyya don inganta sarrafa ƙasa, don yin tunani game da tsarin gabaɗayan kuma don haka la'akari da ƙimar sabis na yanayin halittu kamar ikon sarrafa ƙasa na C, da sanya sarrafa gonaki da kiwo mafi a tsakiya a kusa da sarrafa carbon. Ta hanyar wannan aikin tana aiki tare da masu kiwon dabbobi, ta yin amfani da takin don sarrafa carbon a filin kiwo a California, yana haɓɓaka ikon ƙasa don sarrafa carbon. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Aldo Leopold Leadership Fellow, 2009. Abokin Sadarwar Kimiyya na Google, 2011. Kyautar Innovation daga Rijistar Carbon ta Amurka, 2015. UC Berkeley Faculty Climate Action Champion, 2015-2016. Fellow of the Ecological Society of America, 2016. ESPM Distinguished Faculty Lecturer, 2017 Fellow, Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka, 2021 Labarai An buga binciken Silver akan ilimin kimiyyar halittu na tsire-tsire masu zafi a cikin mujallu na ilimi da yawa. An bayyana binciken Silver a cikin littafin Physiological Ecology of Tropical Plants na Ulrich Lüttge. Silver yana da wallafe-wallafe sama da 145 kamar na 2018. wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Mayer, A., Z. Hausfather, AD Jones, da WL Silver. 2018. Yiwuwar Gudanar da Filayen Noma don Ba da Gudunmawa ga Ƙananan Zazzabi na Duniya. Ci gaban Kimiyya. A cikin Latsa. O'Connell, C., L. Ruan, da WL Silver. 2018. Fari yana haifar da sauye-sauye cikin sauri a cikin yanayin dajin dajin zafi na wurare masu zafi da yanayin kimiyyar halittu da hayakin iskar gas. Sadarwar yanayi DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03352-3. Yang, WH, R. Ryals, DF Cusack, da WL Azurfa. 2017. Ƙididdigar giciye-biome na babbar ƙasa ta tukin keken nitrogen a cikin yanayin yanayin California. Ilimin Halitta na Ƙasa da Biochemistry107: 144-155. McNicol, G., CS Sturtevant, SH Knox, I. Dronova, DD Baldocchi, da WLSilver. 2017. Tasirin yanayi na yanayi, hanyar sufuri, da tsarin sararin samaniya akan maido da kwararar iskar gas mai ƙayatarwa. Canjin Halittar Duniya DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13580. Ryals, R., VT Eviner, C. Stein, KN Suding, da WL Silver. 2016. Sarrafa sabis na tsarin halittu masu yawa: shin akwai ɓangarorin ciniki tsakanin sarrafa carbon, samar da tsire-tsire da bambancin shuka a cikin ciyayi da aka gyara tare da takin? Ecosphere doi: 10.1002/ecs2.1270. Hall, SJ, J. Treffkorn, da WL Silver. 2014. Breaking the enzymatic latch: Tasirin rage yanayi akan ayyukan enzyme hydrolytic a cikin ƙasan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi. Ilimin Halitta95: 2964-2973. Liptzin, D. da WL Silver. 2015. Tsarin sararin samaniya a cikin iskar oxygen da redox m biochemistry a cikin ƙasan gandun daji masu zafi. Ecospheres 6: 1-14. Silver, WL, SJ Hall, da G. González 2014. Daban-daban tasirin datsawar alfarwa da zurfafa zuriyar dabbobi akan zuriyar dabbobi da kuzarin gina jiki acikin gandun daji mai jika. Ilimin Halittar Daji da Gudanarwa332: 47-55. Manazarta Rayayyun
20414	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumi%20Naidoo	Kumi Naidoo	Kumi Naidoo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965, Durban, Afirka ta Kudu) ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam kuma mai rajin kare muhalli. Kumi Naidoo ya kasance Babban Daraktan Kasa da Kasa na Greenpeace International (daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2016) da Sakatare Janar na Amnesty International (daga shekarata 2018 zuwa 2020). shine Ambasadan Duniya na farko ɗan Afirka masu tasowa don Adalci, Zaman Lafiya Mutunci. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Farfesa na Kwarewa a Makarantar Thunderbird na Gudanar da Duniya a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona, da Mataimakin Baƙi a Jami'ar Oxford, da kuma Mataimakin Daraja a Kwalejin Magdalen. Naidoo ya fara ne tun yana ɗan gwagwarmayar yaƙi da mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s. Shi ne mai haɗin gwiwar kafa Hannun Taimaka kungiyar Matasa. Naidoo ya jagoranci kamfen na duniya don kawo ƙarshen talauci da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin matsayi daban-daban ciki har da kasancewa Babban Sakatare na Tara na Amnesty International har zuwa watan Disambar 2019 lokacin da ya yanke shawarar sauka daga mukaminsa saboda matsalolin da suka shafi lafiya. Kumi kuma shi ne shugaban Afirka na farko na kungiyar Greenpeace, wata kungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli ta duniya, wacce ta kasance a matsayin Babban Darakta na Kasa da Kasa daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2015. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare-Janar na Civicus, kawancen kasa da kasa don sa hannun dan kasa, daga 1998 zuwa 2008. Kumi ya kuma zama Babban Daraktan Gudanarwa na African Afirka da ke Tashin Adalci, Zaman Lafiya Mutunci Ya kuma yi aiki da Kira na Duniya don Aiki da Talauci da Kira na Duniya don Aikin Sauyin Yanayi (Tcktcktck.org), wanda ya hada taimakon agajin muhalli, kungiyoyin addini da na kare hakkin dan Adam, kungiyoyin kwadago, masana kimiyya da sauransu kuma ya shirya zanga-zangar gama gari game da tattaunawar yanayi. Kungiyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu An haifeshi a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, Naidoo ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan yaki da wariyar launin fata tun yana dan shekara 15, abinda ya sa aka kore shi daga makarantar sakandare. Ya kasance cikin tsara unguwanni, aikin samari na gari, da kuma tarin jama'a da ke adawa da mulkin wariyar launin fata. A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, an kama Naidoo sau da yawa kuma ana tuhumarsa da keta dokokin da suka shafi yawan jama'a, rashin biyayya ga jama'a da kuma keta dokar ta-baci. Wannan ya haifar masa da zuwa cikin ƙasa kafin daga baya ya yanke shawarar zama baƙi a Ingila. Ya dakatar da karatunsa a Oxford don komawa Afirka ta Kudu a 1990 domin gudanar da kamfen na karatu bayan sakin Nelson Mandela daga kurkuku da shawarar da Mandela ya yanke na tsayawa takarar shugaban Afirka ta Kudu. Naidoo, kamar yawancin Indiyawa masu asalin Afirka ta Kudu, ya nuna kansa a matsayin Baƙin Afirka ta Kudu. Ya lura cewa kammala karatun digirin digirgir na da matukar mahimmanci ganin cewa an gaya masa cewa "shi ne dan Indiya na farko mai fafutuka" daga Afirka ta Kudu da ya samu digiri na uku a Oxford. Naidoo shine memba na kafa kuma Babban Darakta na kungiyar NGO Masu Zaman Kansu na Afirka ta Kudu (SANGOCO). Shekarun Gudun Hijira A lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata, an kama Naidoo sau da yawa kuma ana tuhumarsa da keta doka game da yawan taro, rashin biyayya jama'a da kuma keta dokar ta baci. Wannan ya haifar masa da zuwa cikin ƙasa kafin daga baya ya yanke shawarar yin ƙaura, ya ƙare da lokaci a Ingila da Amurka. A wannan lokacin Naidoo ya kasance malamin Rhodes ne a Jami'ar Oxford kuma a ƙarshe ya sami PhD a fannin ilimin zamantakewar siyasa. Naidoo ya sami digirin digirgir a ƙarshen 1990s, bayan ya koma Ingila daga Afirka ta Kudu. Kungiyoyi sa kai Yaki da Wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu (lokacin da za a kayyade) Bayan fitowar Nelson Mandela daga kurkuku a 1990, Kumi Naidoo ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don aiki a kan halatta Majalisar Dokokin Afirka da kuma jagorantar kamfen din karatun manya da kokarin ilimantar da masu jefa kuri'a. Ya kuma yi aiki da Kira na Duniya don Yaki da Talauci. Kira na Duniya game da Ayyukan Yanayi (Tcktcktck.org), wanda ya hada taimakon agajin muhalli, kungiyoyin addini da na kare hakkin dan adam, kungiyoyin kwadago, masana kimiyya da sauransu kuma ya shirya manyan zanga-zanga game da tattaunawar yanayi. Tsakanin 2015 da 2018, Kumi ya kasance Babban Daraktan Gudanar da ansan Afirka da ke Tashin Adalci, Zaman Lafiya Mutunci EarthRights International, Memba na Majalisar Shugabanci. Transparency International, Memba ce a Majalisar Shawara kungiyar 'Yancin Mata da Ci Gaban (AWID), Memba a Hukuma. Kungiyar Jama'a ta Duniya Lokacin CIVICUS Daga 1998 zuwa 2008, ya kasance Sakatare Janar kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na fararen hula a Washington wanda aka kafa a Washington: Kawancen Duniya don Shiga Kasa, wanda aka keɓe don ƙarfafa ayyukan ɗan ƙasa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a duk duniya. A wannan lokacin, Kumi ya zama shugaba kafa kungiyar Duniya don Kira da yaki da talauci wato (Global Call to Action Against poverty). Lokacin Greenpeace Kumi Naidoo ya shiga Greenpeace a cikin 2009. 'Yarsa Naomi ta lallashe shi ya ɗauki matsayin. Jajircewar Greenpeace don aiwatar da aiki kai tsaye da rashin biyayya ga jama'a shine ya jawo Naidoo ga ƙungiyar. Naidoo ya ga matsayinsa a matsayin babban darakta na Greenpeace a matsayin na maginin haɗin gwiwa kuma wakilin canji. Abu mai mahimmanci, Naidoo ya ga haɗakar haɗin kai tsakanin adalci na muhalli, haƙƙin mata da na ɗan adam kamar yadda suke haɗewa, wani lokaci yakan kawo masa zargi mai yawa daga istsan asalin yankin da aka haife su da ke kula da muhalli a matsayin sanadi na musamman. Naidoo ya tsunduma cikin ayyukan rashin biyayya cikin lumana a yankin Arctic Ocean akan shirin Shell da Gazprom na haƙawa a cikin kankara mai narkewar Arctic. A watan Agusta 2012, Naidoo tare da ƙungiyar masu aikin sa kai na Greenpeace sun mamaye dandalin mai na Gazprom na Prirazlomnaya a cikin Tekun Pechora na tsawon awanni 15, a karo na biyu a cikin Arctic. Shekara guda kafin haka, a cikin watan Yunin 2011, Naidoo ya shafe kwanaki huɗu a kurkukun Greenlandic bayan ƙaddamar da wani dandamali na mai mallakar Cairn Energy, a zaman wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin "Go Beyond Oil" na Greenpeace. An tasa keyarsa zuwa kasar Denmark inda ya dauki wani dan lokaci a tsare a hannun Danish kafin a sake shi a Amsterdam, Netherlands. Ya kasance mai yawan sukar gazawar hukumomi kamar Taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya, ya wuce "dawo da tsarin", "kariyar tsarin da kiyayewa" a maimakon haka ya ba da shawarar a sake tsara tsarin. Kumi Naidoo yayi amfani da WEF don fadada saƙonnin muhalli ga shugabannin kasuwanci da siyasa da kuma zazzaɓi don ayyukan koren kore da sauye sauye a ɓangaren makamashi. Yayin taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya a 2013, yayin da Kumi Naidoo ke goga kafada da manyan masu hannu da shuni a duniya, fafutuka na Greenpeace suna tsare wani gidan mai na Shell da ke wajen shakatawa na tsaunin Switzerland suna neman cewa babban kamfanin mai ya sauke burinta na hako mai a ciki. da Arctic. Naidoo yana halartar tattaunawar sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kai a kai kuma yana ba da shawara don haɓaka buri daga gwamnatoci don fitar da hayaki da kuma himma zuwa ga bangaren makamashi bisa tushen sabuntawa da ake nufi don taimakawa ɗan adam guje wa bala'in canjin yanayi. A shekarar 2015 Naidoo ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai bar mukamin Babban Daraktan Kasa da Kasa a tsakiyar wa'adinsa na biyu. Da yake sanar da barin sa aikin IED ya ce; "Lokacin da na tashi, Ina fatan na shiga wani mahimmin matsayi tare da Greenpeace: a matsayin mai aikin sa kai." Naidoo ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don mayar da hankali kan aikinsa a kan adalci na makamashi. Murabus din Naidoo ya zo jim kadan bayan ya bayyana cewa kungiyar na fama da matsalar kasafin kudi. A shekarar 2014 wani daftarin aiki da aka bankado ya nuna cewa ma'aikaci ya yi asarar miliyan £3m a cikin kudin masu bayarwa a kasuwar canjin kudaden waje ta hanyar yin kuskure bisa kuskure kan euro yayin da sashen kudi na Greenpeace ya fuskanci wasu matsaloli daban daban saboda rashin tsari. Karin bayanan ya nuna cewa wannan misali daya ne kacal na yadda kungiyar ba ta kula da kudaden ta yadda ya kamata tare da yin watsi da mutuncin ta. An kuma bayyana cewa, daraktan shirye-shiryen Greenpeace na kasa da kasa Pascal Husting yana zirga-zirga a kai a kai ta jirgin sama tsakanin gidansa da ke Luxembourg zuwa ofisoshin kungiyar a Amsterdam. Wasikar ma’aikata 40 daga Greenpeace Netherlands tayi kira ga Husting da yayi murabus. Ba da daɗewa ba ma'aikatan Greenpeace International suka haɗu da takwarorinsu suna buƙatar Babban Darakta Kumi Naidoo shima ya yi murabus. Lokacin Amnesty na Duniya A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2017, Amnesty International ta nada Kumi Naidoo a matsayin Sakatare Janar na gaba. A watan Agustan 2018 Kumi ya gaji Salil Shetty, wanda ya yi wa'adi biyu a Amnesty International a matsayin Sakatare-Janar daga 2010. Sakatare Janar din shi ne shugaba kuma babban mai magana da yawun kungiyar ta Amnesty International kuma shi ne Babban Jami’in Sakatariyar ta Duniya. Kumi ya fara aikinsa a Amnesty tare da buɗa baki daga Afirka. A cikin 2019 Amnesty International ta yarda da rami a cikin kasafin kudinta na kusan 17m a cikin kuɗin masu bayarwa zuwa ƙarshen 2020. Domin magance matsalar kasafin kudi Kumi Naidoo ya sanar wa ma’aikatan cewa hedikwatar kungiyar za ta datse ayyuka kusan 100 a matsayin wani bangare na sake tsarin cikin gaggawa. Unite Union, babbar kungiyar kwadago ta Burtaniya, ta ce an rage yawan ma'aikatan ne sakamakon "sama da fadi da kudin da kungiyar manyan shugabannin kungiyar ke yi" kuma hakan ya faru "duk da karuwar kudaden shiga". Rikicin na Amnesty International ya fito fili ne a cikin 2018 lokacin da Gaëtan Mootoo, 65, mai bincike na shekaru talatin, ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa a ofishin Amnesty na Paris, yana barin wata sanarwa da ke zargin matsin lamba na aiki da rashin tallafi daga gudanarwa. Wani bita ya gano rokon Mootoo na neman taimako an yi watsi da shi. A cewar tsohon mai ba da hadin gwiwar Mootoo, Salvatore Saguès, “Shari’ar Galytan ita ce kawai karshen dusar kankara a Amnesty. Ana wahala mai yawa ga ma'aikata. Tun zamanin Salil Shetty, lokacin da ake biyan manyan ma’aikata albashi mai tsoka, Amnesty ta zama ta kasashe da yawa inda ake ganin ma’aikata ba sa iya biya. Gudanar da albarkatun mutane bala'i ne kuma babu wanda ya shirya tsayayye don a kirga shi. Matakin rashin hukunta shugabannin Amnesty ba abin yarda ba ne. Bayan babu daya daga cikin manajojin Amnesty da aka zarga da rashin kyakkyawan yanayin aiki da sakatariyar kasa da kasa ta Amnesty, wasu gungun ma'aikata sun nemi takardar murabus din Naidoo. A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2019 Naidoo ya yi murabus daga Amnesty International saboda rashin lafiya. Naidoo ya ce, "Yanzu fiye da kowane lokaci, kungiyar na bukatar sakatare janar wanda ke iya gwagwarmaya kuma zai iya gani ta hanyar aikin da aka ba ta da karfin gwiwa cewa wannan rawar, wannan cibiya, da kuma manufar 'yancin dan adam ta duniya sun cancanci". Girmamawa da Kyaututtuka Kumi Naidoo ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa ta: Jami'ar Johannesburg a cikin 2019 Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban a shekarar 2017 Jami'ar Nelson Mandela a 2012 Kyautar James Lawson don gwagwarmayar lumana a cikin (2014) An zabi Kumi a matsayin ɗayan 21 ICONS Afirka ta Kudu: Girmama gadon Nelson Mandela (2013) Jerin zaɓaɓɓun bayanan Audio-Visual Jerin rikodin da aka zaba wanda ke fayyace wasu daga cikin mahimman lokutan aikin kungiyar farar hula ta duniya Kumi Naidoo. A cikin wannan Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014 rikodin, Kumi Naidoo yayi magana game da Biliyan Ayyuka na ƙarfin zuciya Kumi yayi magana game da kisan abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa, Lenny Naidu Kumi ya tattauna da Turanci na Al Jazeera: Shin Amnesty International za ta iya gyara al'adunta na aiki mai guba? Bayani Haifaffun 1965 Yan asalin indiya Afirka ta kudu Rayayyun mutane Pages with unreviewed
52079	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamzat%20Lawal	Hamzat Lawal	Hamzat B. Lawal mai fafutukar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ne. Shi ne wanda ya kafa "Follow The Money", wani yunƙuri na bibiya da bahasin kasafin kudi da kashewa na gwamnatin tarayya wanda ya ƙunshi manazarta bayanai, 'yan jarida, masu fafutuka, da ɗalibai. Hamzat kuma shi ne Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa na Connected Development (CODE), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke ba wa al’ummar Afirka masu rauni damar samun bayanai kan yadda za su kara hada gwiwa wajen tabbatarda an aiwatarda ayyukan gwamnatinsu. Farkon Tasowarsa Lawal dan jihar Kogi ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Model Asokoro da ke Abuja, kuma ya kasance shugaban ‘yan Scout, a lokacin da yake karatun sakandire a makarantar gwamnati ta Karu da ke jihar Nasarawa, ya yi aiki a matsayin kodinetan kungiyar Boys Scout da kuma Utility Prefect. Sannan ya yi makarantar sakandare a Seta International College, Jihar Nasarawa. Karatun Gaba da Sakandare Lawal ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Abuja, inda ya yi digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa. Kwarewar Aiki Ya yi aiki a matsayin Rep Serviceman a wani kamfanin fasahar sadarwa, daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin kwararre kan fasahar sadarwa tare da Cibiyar Ksa-da-kasa kan Makamashi, Muhalli da Raya Kasa (ICEED) a lokacin da sha'awar canjin yanayi ta karu. Lokacin da maigidan nasa ya lura da fannin sha'awarsa, sai ya ba shi shafin Kundin-Tsarin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yanar gizo akan canjin yanayi don yin bincike, kuma bayan ya bi takaddu da ka'idoji, ya sami ƙarin sha'awar wannan yanki. Daga baya ya yi rajista tare da dandamali da yawa na canjin yanayi kuma ya shiga cikin ayyuka da yawa. A shekarar 2012, Lawal ya ji takaicin irin gubar da aka sha a jihar Zamfara shekaru biyu da suka wuce. Sannan a Lokacin da ya fahimci cewa babu wanda ke magana game da bala'in wanda ya janyo rasa mtane sama da 400, sai ya yi tafiyar sa'o'i 14 zuwa cikin al'ummar Bagega, inda lamarin ya faru don ya ƙara karantar lamarin bayan aukuwar matsalar. Wannan ya zaburar da shi zuwa ga fafutukar al’umma da kuma fara wani yunkuri mai tushe da aka fi sani da Follow The Money, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai don rikar gwamnati da hakki, da kuma neman dauki daga hukumomin gwamnati. A watan Maris 2021, Hamzat Lawal yayi nasarar lashe kyautar $120,000 na Gasar Aiki Mai Dorewa na Gothenburg. Fafutuka Lawal ya fara fafutuka ne a lokacin da yake Jami'ar Abuja. Daga nan kuma ya dauki nauyin bayar da shawarwari domin shugabanci nagari a tsakanin dalibai da kuma cikin al'ummar dalibai. Ya ci gaba da tofa albarkacin bakinsa kan cin hanci da rashawa, take hakkin dan Adam da kuma tauye hakkin matasa da sauran ‘yan kasa. A cikin 2013, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jihar ta kusan kama shi bayan an zarge shi da tunzura matasa a kan gwamnatin lokacin. Ayyuka Lawal dai shi ne mukaddashiun fafutuka na kungiyar ‘Not Too Young To Run’, kungiyar matasan Najeriya da ke goyon bayan ‘yancin matasa na tsayawa takarar mukaman siyasa ya tabbatar da cewa an zartar da dokar rage shekaru a fadin kasa, wanda ke inganta shigar matasa siyasar Najeriya. Shi mamba ne a hukumar zartarwa ta Afirka Youth Initiative on Climate Change. Kwato Yancin Bagega Fafutukar Kwato Yancin Bagega wanda akayiwa lakabi da "#SaveBagega" wani kamfen ne da aka fara a shafin Twitter lokacin da Hamzat ya fara amfani da hashtag a lokacin da ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter game da cutar gubar dalma a garin Bagega da ke jihar Zamfara. A cikin watan Mayun 2012, kungiyar likitoci ta Doctors Without Borders ta bayar da rahoton cewa akalla yara 4,000 ne ke fama da cutar dalma sakamakon aikin hako zinare da aka yi a jihar Zamfara a Najeriya. A cikin wannan shekarar ne kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kara yin kira ga gwamnatin Najeriya da ta yi alkawarin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 5 don tsaftace wuraren da aka gurbata da gubar a yayin aikin hako zinare na sana’ar saboda yawan gubar dalma a cikin duwatsu. A lokacin taron Human Right's Watch a #SaveBagega, an ba da rahoton mutuwar yara fiye da 400 kuma yawancin yaran ba a iya kula da su ba. A cikin Janairu 2013, yakin ya kai kimanin mutane miliyan daya, kuma yawancin kafofin watsa labaru sun dauki labarin.. A karshen wannan watan, gwamnatin tarayya ta saki dala miliyan biyar da digo uku (5.3m). Karramawa 2017: Kyautar Afirka ɗaya 2018: Apolical's 100 Mafi Tasiri a Gwamnatin Digital 2018: Kyautar-Cancanta a Tattalin Arzikin Afirka 2019: The Future Awards Africa (nau'in shawarwari) 2019: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Action Awards 2020: Gwarzon Ilimi na Duniya, Malala Foundation 2021: BeyGOOD's Global Citizen Fellowship 2021: Ƙwararrun Ƙirƙirar Dimokuradiyya ta Majalisar Turai 2021: Fitattun Matasa Goma, Junior Chamber International Nigeria 2021: Jakadi mai girma a Isra'ila 2021: Gwarzon WIN WIN Gothenburg Kyautar Dorewa
22105	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanci%20kan%20ruwa%20da%20tsaftar%20muhalli	Yanci kan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli	Yancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta Hakkin Dan-Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS) wata ka’ida ce da ta yarda da cewa tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. [1] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan Adam a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. [2] Samun lafiya, ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli haƙƙin ɗan Adam ne na asali. An amince da HRWS a cikin dokokin duniya ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idodi. Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan Adam na ruwa bayan ƙudurin Babban Taro daga Mataki na 11.1 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziƙi, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR), suna mai da ita ta zama ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Sauran yarjeniyoyin da suka amince da HRWS a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin shekarar 2010. [3] Sun yarda cewa akwai 'yancin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasan, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta ci gaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 ta amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. [4] A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, ingantaccen ruwa mai tsafta gami da tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. [5] Yarda da samun damar tsabtace da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai bayyana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. </[6] [7] [8] Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka sake dubawa a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta amma sun daidaita. [9] Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Sharhi na 15 wanda aka tsara a 2002 ya ba da cikakkiyar ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa. [10] Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karbu, mai isa ga jiki da kuma araha mai sauki don amfanin kansa da na gida." [9] HRWS ta wajabtawa gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su ji daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓaɓɓe, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsabtace jiki. [11] Araha mai amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ta kai mutum na sadaukar da damar samun wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. [12] Gabaɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce kashi 3-5 cikin 100 na kuɗin shigar magidanta. [13] Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, dacewar isa ga asalin da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. [12] Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai iya isa ga kowane dan kasa, ma’ana cewa kada ruwa ya wuce mita 1,000 ko kafa 3,280 kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin mintina 30. [14] Samuwar ruwa ya yi la’akari da yadda ake samun ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da ci gaba. [12] Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da cewa ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyuka. [12] Don karban ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da wari kuma bai kamata ya zama yana da wani launi ba. [1] ICESCRCR tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun ci gaba tare da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsafta. [11] Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri da inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. [11 Yanayin duniya Hukumar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO UNICEF game da samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 663 ba su da hanyoyin samun ingantattun hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2015. [15] Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassa da yawa na duniya. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka killace, marmaro masu kariya da kuma tattara ruwan sama." [16] Duk da cewa kashi 9 cikin 100 na mutanen duniya ba sa samun ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna musamman da aka jinkirta, kamar Saharar Sahara Afirka [16] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta." [17] Tushen shari'a da fitarwaAn shirya Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR) na 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adun da aka samo a cikin sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka fayyace haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanadi waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta. Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da wariyar da ake nuna wa mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa sun shiga kuma sun amfana daga ci gaban karkara kuma, musamman za su tabbatar wa mata da ‘yancin:… (h) Don jin daɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsabtace muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa.” [18 Yarjejeniyar ta 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yaro don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da gyara lafiyar… 2 Partiesungiyoyin Jihohi za su bi cikakken aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin kuma, musamman, za su ɗauki matakan da suka dace (c) Don yaƙi da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin su da samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. abinci da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ”[19] Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da hakkin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓaka haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da matakan tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu ga ayyukan ruwa mai tsafta, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da araha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙa da nakasa bukatun. "Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya" wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniyar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labarai na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); da 1948: Mataki na 25 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (UDHR) ya yi rubuce-rubucen juyin halittar hakkin dan Adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran hakkoki masu alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya. [20] [21] Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 [22] da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. [23] McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan 'yancin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani bangare na' yancin abinci ko abinci, 'yancin lafiya, ko kuma mafi akasari,' yancin rayuwa. [22] Gleick ya kara da cewa:" samun damar samun ruwa na asali haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne a bayyane kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da ayyukanta na ƙasa. ”[23] Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke hukunci iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. [10] Ya gano cewa haƙƙin samar da ruwa a fakaice yana daga cikin haƙƙoƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. [10] Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadatar jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Ana samun isasshen adadin lafiyayyen ruwa don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin ruwa- cuta mai alaƙa da kuma samar da abinci, girki, buƙatun tsabtace gida da na gida. "[24] Kasashe da yawa sun amince kuma a hukumance sun yarda da haƙƙin samun ruwa ya zama wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyar da ke ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; [25] Netherlands [26]) bayan buga Janar Sharhi 15. Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimakawa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta 'yancin dan Adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. [27] Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masani kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekara ta 2008. [28] Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a shekara ta 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsabtace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli. [11] Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. [29] Ya yarda da haƙƙin kowane ɗan adam don samun wadataccen ruwa don amfanin kansa da na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), kuma ana iya samun dama ta jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). "[17] Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha" yana da mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da duk sauran 'yancin ɗan adam [17] A watan Satumbar 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da ƙuduri wanda ya amince da cewa' yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wani ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa. [30] An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar su: Hakkokin 'Yancin Dan Adam da ke da Alaƙa da Ba da Hidimar Bautar Jiha a Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (2010); [31] Biyan Kuɗi don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); [32] Ruwan Ruwa gudanarwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli (2013); [33] da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). [34] An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 ya zama na biyu na Musamman mai ba da rahoto game da 'yancin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Shawarwarin da suka biyo baya sun tsawaita wa'adin Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kuma sun bayyana matsayin kowace jiha game da girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Babban kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kwanan nan 7/169 na 2015 an kira shi da sanarwar "'Yancin Dan-Adam ga Ruwan Shan ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. [9] Ya amince da banbanci tsakanin' yancin ruwa da hakkin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin tsaftacewa ana yin watsi da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa. [35] Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan Adam An yi la’akari da haƙƙin samun ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan-Adam na Indungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa da Paraguay. [36] Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A shekarar 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga kasar wanda hakan ya haifar musu da rasa hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan yau da kullun, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. [36] Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam; tauye hakkin rai. [37] Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu. [38] Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka hannun jari Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes (ICSID) sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Kodayake shari'o'in sun shafi tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu sharhi sun lura cewa tasirin kai tsaye na hakkin samun ruwa a kan hukunce-hukuncen na da muhimmanci. [39] Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara ne daga shekarar 1990 kuma ci gaban da aka samu a harkar kasuwanci ya ci gaba zuwa shekarun 2000. [40] Azurix Corp da Argentina Babban sananne na farko game da hakkin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Argentina. [41] Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da banbancin da ya samo asali daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya fi maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyaka na karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin ruwa mai tsafta. [42] Biwater Gauff Ltd v. TanzaniaEdit Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania. [43] Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwangila da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce. Wannan kwangilar ta kasance ne don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2005, gwamnatin Tanzania ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aikin. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin da ta yanke game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. [44] Amma ba ta ba da diyyar kudi ga Biwater ba, [45] ta yarda cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi muhimmanci a rigima. 'Yancin ruwa a dokar gidaShirya Ba tare da kasancewar wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa da za ta iya aiwatar da ita ba, hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa ya dogara ne ga ayyukan kotunan kasa. [46] An kafa tushen hakan ne ta hanyar tsarin mulkin kasa na 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (ESCR) ta hanyar daya na hanyoyi biyu: azaman "ka'idojin umarni" wadanda suke da manufa kuma galibi ba masu adalci bane; ko kuma kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna. [47] Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin tsarin mulki wanda ake kira da "tsarin dokar reshe". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban yanki na abun cikin da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi su ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsarukan tsarin mulki. [48] Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Kudancin Metropolitan Local Council Babban fitina na farko da kotuna suka yi shi ne mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Kudancin Metropolitan Local Council. [49] Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci. [50] Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara ne da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar UNinkin Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Rightsancin Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ake da shi ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wasu matakan cin amana. [51] Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. [52] Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Sharhi mai lamba 15. [53] Mazibuko v. Birnin JohannesburgEdit An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za a bayar a Mazibuko da Birni na Johannesburg. [54] Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. [55] Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko an sanya mitocin ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a Babbar Kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar samar da ruwan sha kyauta ya kare, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna garin Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa mai sauki na lita 50 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana. [56] Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin BENNY ta 2008 don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. [57] The Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dakta Peter Gleick wanda ya bayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da kuma ƙididdige ainihin bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa. [58] Manyan wadanda ake kara sun kai karar zuwa kotun koli na daukaka kara (SCA) wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin gari na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka kebe shi. [59] Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na kowane mutum a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin. [60] Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta kuma tabbatar da cewa abu ne da ya shafi majalisar dokoki da bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati su yi aiki cikin kudaden da suke kashewa na kasafin kudinsu kuma cewa bin diddigin shirye-shiryensu lamari ne na bin tsarin dimokiradiyya. Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa sama kuma hakan bai dace ba ga kotu ta yanke hukuncin cimma duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa. 61] Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take dauka suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta a sake duba su. [48] An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen abin da ya shafi bangaranci na shari'a". [62] Indiya Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiaregarding na hakkin bada ruwa sun nuna cewa duk da cewa ba a kare wannan a fili ba a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, amma kotunan sun fassara shi da cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa. [63] Delhi Water Supply v. Jihar HaryanaEdit Anan takaddamar amfani da ruwa ta samo asali ne saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. An yi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida. [64] Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar Hakanan sanannen shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Na jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shigar da kara game da bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa 'yancin rayuwa, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya ta kare, ya hada da' yancin cin ruwa mara gurbatacce. [65] Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai neman ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki. [64] Hakkin Duniya na Ranar Rana Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu ciki har da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun tsabtataccen ruwa wadatacce haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya cirewa ba. Saboda haka, Gidauniyar Bukatar Eco (ENF) tana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin yawan ruwa) ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. A kan haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don samar da ruwa a 1927. Duniya 'Yancin Ranar Ruwa ya yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro ta Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya. [66] New Zealand Ba a kariya ga ESCR a fili a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. [67] Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand a kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. [68] Amurka A cikin Pilchen v. City of Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kuɗin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta sha rufe hidindinta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba a lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda ke sa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A shekara ta 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda aka yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwa ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba saboda jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa. [69] [70 Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe da .ungiyar Injiniyan Amurka Edita Mutanen da ke zanga-zangar nuna adawa da gina bututun shiga Dakota A cikin 2016, akwai wata fitacciyar harka da aka sani da Standing Rock Sioux Tribe da. Unitedungiyar Injiniyan Engineasa ta Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe ta ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farkon a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta Kudu Dakota da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois. Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana samar da kayan masarufi na ruwa ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsafta. [71] Gina bututun mai yana nufin akwai kasadar kasadar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. [71] Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya saba wa Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA) da Dokar Tarihi ta Kasa (NHA). [72] Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ba ta iya zuwa ga ƙarshe ba, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayani. [71] Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma ‘yan kabilar ta Rock suna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun. [73] Australia Hankali a cikin Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin Australan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-mai mulkin mallaka yana nuna inuwar mulkin yau na yau wanda ke tsara amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnatoci da yawa, amma yawancinsu basu cika ba don tasirin tasirin ikon zuwa thean asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A cikin Mabo v Queensland, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean legallyan asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba. [74] [75] Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana ba da umarnin ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda za su iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa raƙuman ruwa sune manyan ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Tarayyar tana samun iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alakar waje, gami da Bada Iko, Kasuwanci da Karfin Kasuwanci. [74] A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani ya iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa a zaman al'adar gargajiya ba. [74] A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin samarda Ruwa na Kasa (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari ingantaccen tsarin rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jama'a da yawa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi da ke Hikimar yalwar jam'iyya tana samun karfi, tare da ra'ayin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da 'yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa mahimmin yankinsu na ruwa da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asalin, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. -Udurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su sami ikon sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa ba tare da ikon kansu ba. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR) ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye ga 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfanin ƙasa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Cigaba ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare 'yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana da yawa game da dukansu don amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa ikon da ke daidai-kan-batun. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin daidaito sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa mara karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike. [76] [88] KungiyoyiShirya Kungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa. Organizationsungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Edit OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam) UNDP UNICEF Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati Edita DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya) GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya) SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland) [89] EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka) [90] Nonungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da hanyoyin sadarwaEdit Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF) Jini: Ruwa [91] Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa [92] Freshwater Action Network (FAN) [93] Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya [94] Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa [95] Cibiyar Pacific [96] Aikin Ruwa [97] Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa [98] UUSC [99] WaterAid WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga 2020) [100] Zaman LafiyaJam Duba kuma Dokar Muhalli Yaren mutanen Georgia Dokar kare hakkin dan adam Hydrosphere Shekaru uku na 'yancin ɗan adam Dokar ruwa Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya Lokaci Karshen Jumla Manazarta B a b "Shekaru Goma na Duniya don Aiki 'Ruwa na Rayuwa' 2005-2015. Yankunan Maida hankali: 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An dawo da 12 Disamba 2020. "Kuduri na 64/292: Hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Agusta 2010. An dawo da 13 Oktoba 2018. "Kudurin da Babban Taro ya zartar" (PDF). An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020. Baer, M. 2015. Daga Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ruwa zuwa Hakkokin Ruwa: Aiwatar da 'Yancin Mutum na Ruwa a Bolivia, Jaridar' Yancin Dan Adam, 14: 3, 353-376, DOI: 10.1080 14754835.2014.988782 UN (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya). 2010. Kudurin da babban taron ya zartar. 64/292. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta. A RES 64/292. New York: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. ND UNDP (Shirin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya). 1997. Gudanar da Gwamnati don Dorewar Dan Adam: Takardar Manufofin UNDP. UNDP, New York, NY, Amurka. Duba http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/policy/ (isa ga 21/06/2012) Health Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na United Nation (UNICEF). 2011. Ruwan sha: Adalci, Daidaitawa da dorewa. New York: Shirin Kula da Hadin gwiwa na WHO UNICEF (JMP) na Ruwa da Tsafta. Health Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na United Nation (UNICEF). 2012. Cigaba akan ruwan sha da tsafta. 2012 sabuntawa. New York: Shirin Kula da Hadin gwiwa na WHO UNICEF don wadata ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Rights a b c "Hakkokin bil'adama ga tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" (PDF). An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020. B a b c 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don. "Refworld Janar Bayani Na 15: Hakkin Ruwa (Arts. 11 da 12 na Alkawari)". Refworld. An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020. B a b c d de Albuquerque, Catarina (2014). Fahimtar 'yancin ɗan adam game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: Littafin Jagora daga Rapporteur na Musamman na Majalisar UNinkin Duniya (PDF). Portugal: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. shafi na. A b c d Roaf, Virginia; Albuquerque, Catarina de; Heller, Léo (26 Yuli 2018), "'Yancin Dan Adam Game da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli", Daidaito a Ruwan Sha da Sabis na Tsafta, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, shafi na 26-43, doi: 10.4324 9781315471532-2, ISBN 978-1-315-47153-2, an sake dawo da su 29 ga Oktoba 2020 "III.S.8 Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 64/292 (Game da 'Yancin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli) (28 Yuli 2010)", Dokar Kasa da Kasa da Tsarin Duniya, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, shafi na 1-2, 2012, doi 10.1163 ilwo-iiis8, ISBN 978-90-04-20870-4, an dawo da 29 Oktoba 2020 "Shekaru na Duniya don Aiki 'Ruwa na Rayuwa' 2005-2015. Yankunan Maida hankali: 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli". www.un.org. An dawo da 27 Afrilu 2021. [1] An adana 3 ga Yuli 2017 a Wayback Machine, rahoton 2015 na WHO UNICEF Hadin gwiwa Kulawa Shirin (JMP) don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli B a b Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ta Bayyana Samun Ruwa Mai Tsabta da Tsaftar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ne. "Cibiyar Labarai ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. UN, 28 Yuli 2010. Yanar gizo. 20 Mar. 2014. A b c Batutuwan Duniya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. "Cibiyar Labarai ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. UN, nd. Yanar gizo. 20 Mar. 2014. "Rubutu na Yarjejeniyar kan Kawar da Dukkan Hanyoyin Nuna Bambanci ga Mata". www.un.org. An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020. Available Cikakken rubutun na Yarjejeniyar kan haƙƙin ɗan yana nan: "Aka kwafa". An adana daga asali ranar 11 ga Yuni 2010. An dawo da 21 Afrilu 2010 Up Gupta, J., Ahlers, R., da Ahmed, L. 2010. rightancin ɗan adam na ruwa: Motsawa zuwa ga yarjejeniya a cikin duniya da ta keɓe. 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"Decolonising 'Yancin' ruwa na 'yancin' a Ostiraliya: kwarara, banbanci, da kuma iyakokin doka". Karatun Mulkin Mallaka. 5 (4): 334–349. Doi: 10.1080 2201473X.2014.1000907. ISSN 2201-473X. S2CID 154484189. A b Gupta, Joyeeta; Hildering, Antoinette; Misiedjan, Daphina (1 Disamba 2014). "'Yan asalin ƙasar na da' yancin samun ruwa a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa: mahangar jam'i game da doka". Ra'ayi na Yanzu game da Dorewar Muhalli. 11: 26–33. Doi: 10.1016 j.cosust.2014.09.015. ISSN 1877-3435. "A Nahiyar Afirka, Yaki Kan Ruwa Ya Kusa Yayin da Habasha ta kusa Kammala aikin madatsar ruwan Kogin Nilu". NPR. 27 Fabrairu 2018. "Yi Addu'a Don Ruwan Sama: Kirkirar bushewar Crimea Ciwon Kai Ga Moscow, Mawuyacin hali Ga Kyiv". Turai Rediyo Na Yanci 'Yancin Rediyo. 29 Maris 2020. "FIAN International". fian.org. An dawo 30 Maris 2021. McCaffrey, Stephen C. "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa: Tasirin Cikin Gida da Na Kasa da Kasa, A." Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 5 (1992): 1. A b c Bakhtawar, Saadia (2012). "Ruwa: Tattalin Arziki na Tattalin Arziki tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan". SSRN Labarin Lantarki. Doi: 10.2139 ssrn.3597519. ISSN 1556-5068. Salman, Salman M. A Reari, Kishor (2002). Rikici da Haɗin kai a Kudancin Asiya ta Kogin Duniya: Hangen Doka. Littafin Bankin Duniya. ISBN 978-0-8213-5352-3. "Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus Tarihi, Tanadi, Gaskiya". Encyclopedia Britannica. An dawo da 2 Mayu 2021. "Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus". mea.gov.in. An dawo da 2 Mayu 2021. Sharma, Pankaj Kumar (2012). "RIKICI AKAN RUWA TSAKANIN INDIA DA PAKISTAN: Tsoro da Fata?". Jaridar Indiya ta Kimiyyar Siyasa. 73 (1): 133-140. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 41856568. Ilder Wilder, Margaret; Romero Lankao, Patricia (Nuwamba 2006). "Abubuwa masu rikitarwa game da rarrabawa: Gyaran Ruwa da Tasirin Zamani a Meziko". Ci gaban Duniya. 34 (11): 1977–1995. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.391.1544. Doi: 10.1016 j.worlddev.2005.11.026. Ker Bakker, Karen. Commons "da" Kayayyaki Sauya dunkulewar duniya, Anti-at cinikin dan adam da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa a Kudancin Duniya". Antipode 39.3 (2007): 430-455. Ho, Ezra (2014). "Ci gaban da ba za a ɗore ba a cikin Mekong: Farashin wutar lantarki" (PDF). Jaridar ci gaba mai dorewa. 12: 63-76 ta hanyar Amincewa. "Kuskure". www.eda.admin.ch. An dawo 30 Maris 2021. E US EPA, OMS (22 Fabrairu 2013). "Bayanai kan ka'idoji ta hanyar Magana: Ruwa". US EPA. An dawo da 11 Afrilu 2021. "Jini: Ruwa". Jini: Ruwa. An dawo da 2 Mayu 2021. "Yin aiki da haƙƙin samun ruwa". cwsc An dawo da 25 Yuli 2020. "Matattarar ruwa" www.karafarinanea.net. An dawo 30 Maris 2021. "Game da Tsarkakakken Ruwa domin Duniya Tsarkakakken Ruwa domin Duniya". An dawo da 27 Afrilu 2021. "SAURARA". KASHEWA. An dawo 30 Maris 2021. "Cibiyar Pacific Inganta Tsayin Ruwa". Cibiyar Pacific. An dawo 30 Maris 2021. "Taimakawa wajen magance Matsalar Ruwa a Afirka". Aikin Ruwa. An dawo da 27 Afrilu 2021. "Sakamakon bincike". Cibiyar Transnational. An dawo 30 Maris 2021. Home "Gida". Kwamitin Sabis na istasashen Duniya. An dawo 30 Maris 2021. "WaterLex Tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar doka da sake fasalin siyasa". An dawo 30 Maris 2021. Hanyoyin wajeEdit Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Rightsan Adam 'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) ta GIZ 'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na ruwa akan
14546	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekarar%20Dawowa%2C%20Ghana%202019	Shekarar Dawowa, Ghana 2019	Shekarar Dawowa, Ghana a shekarar 2019 shiri ne na gwamnatin Ghana tare da Ungiyar Hadin Kai da suke Amurka, U.S., wanda aka shirya don ƙarfafa baƙoncin Afirka zuwa Afirka (musamman Ghana) don zama da saka hannun jari a cikin nahiyar. Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ne ya kaddamar da shi a watan Satumbar 2018 a Washington, D.C a matsayin shiri ga 'yan Afirka mazauna kasashen waje don hada kai da' yan Afirka. Shekarar 2019 alama ce kamar yadda take tunawa da shekaru 400 tun farkon bautar da African Afirka suka yi a Jamestown, Virginia a Amurka. Har ila yau, shirin ya nuna irin nasarorin da jama'ar asashen suka samu, da irin sadaukarwar da suka yi, a cikin wannan lokacin. Hukumar Yawon Bude Ido da Ma'aikatar Yawon Bude Ido, Al'adu da Al'adu sun yi jerin gwano a cikin "bikin nuna juriya da ruhun Afirka." Yawancin Ba'afirka Ba'amurke sun ba da labarinsu game da abubuwan da suka faru a Ghana a cikin shekarar dawowa. Manufofi Don maida Ghana babbar hanyar tafiye-tafiye ga Ba'amurken Afirka da sauran baƙuwar Afirka. Don sake gina abubuwan da suka ɓace na waɗannan shekaru 400. Don inganta saka hannun jari a Ghana da haɓaka dangantaka da Ba'amurke 'yan Afirka da kuma baƙuwar Afirka. Baƙi Jackson Lee ya danganta shirin tare da Dokar Shekaru 400 na Dokar Hukumar Tarihin Ba-Amurke da aka zartar a Majalisa a shekarar 2017. Dan wasan Amurka kuma darakta Michael Jai White ya ziyarci Ghana a karshen shekarar 2018. Sama da baki 40 na Afirka ne suka halarci "Bikin Full Circle", wanda aka shirya da nufin jan hankalin baƙi zuwa ƙasar. Jerin ya hada amma ba'a iyakance shi ba Idris Elba Boris Kodjoe Naomi Campbell Anthony Anderson Kofi Kingston Adrienne-Joi Johnson Steve Harvey Cardi B T.I. Ludacris Rick Ross Akon Rosario Dawson Diggy Simmons Jidenna Michael Jai White Nicole Ari Parker Conan O'Brien Koffee (singer) Sam Richardson Akwamuhene Odeneho Kwafo Akoto III, Babban Sarkin Akwamu, ya sanya Micheal Jai White a matsayin Nana Oduapong yayin ziyarar tasa. Taken Cif White yana nufin "Itace mai ƙarfi wanda baya tsoron hadari". Kudaden Shiga Ana sa ran kimanin yawon bude ido miliyan daya da rabi, gami da mashahuran mutane, ‘yan siyasa da shugabannin duniya, a kasar a karshen shekara tare da kusan dala biliyan 1.9 kuma ana sa ran za su samu kudaden shiga sakamakon ayyukan shekarar dawo da su. Bangaren yawon bude ido ya kuma samu ci gaba mai girma na 18% a cikin masu zuwa daga ƙasashen Amurkan, Biritaniya, Caribbean da sauran manyan ƙasashe yayin da gabaɗaya masu zuwa tashar jirgin sama suka karu da kashi 45% a shekara. Kudaden da aka kiyasta na yawon bude ido sun ga matukar karuwa daga dala 1,862 a shekarar 2017 zuwa yanzu na dala 2,589 ga kowane yawon bude ido, tare da tasirin yawon bude ido ga tattalin arzikin da aka kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 1.9. Abubuwan da suka faru Afrochella Afro Nation Back To Our Roots Tour Detty Rave Decemba to Rememba Crusade 4 Bliss on the hills Live X Festival The Waakye summit Afrochic Diaspora Festival Potomanto Art Festival Accra Under the Stars The Black Gala Gold Coast Experience AkwaabaUK Black Is Black PineXGinja Meet The Moon Girls Polo Beach Club Panafest Duba kuma
37644	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27ummar%20Wikipedia	Al'ummar Wikipedia	Al'ummar Wikipidiya, wacce aka fi sani a jimlace da Wikipedians, wata al'umma ce ta kaikaice wadanda suke bada gudummawa wajen ƙirƙira da kula da Wikipedia, wato encyclopedia ta yanar gizo. Tun daga watan Agustan 2012, kalmar "Wikipedian" ta shiga cikin ƙamus na Oxford. "Wikipedians" wani bangare ne na "Tafiyarda Wikimedia watau cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya na masu ba da gudummawar sa kai ga Wikipedia da sauran shafuka waɗanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia ke gudanar da su. Alkaluma A cikin watan Afrilun 2008, marubuci kuma malami Clay Shirky da masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta Martin Wattenberg sun kiyasta jimillar lokacin da aka kashe wajen ƙirƙirar Wikipedia da kimanin sa'o'i miliyan 100. A cikin Nuwamban 2011, akwai kusan asusun mutane miliyan 31.7 da shafin wadanda aka yiwa rajista a cikin harsuna daban daban a yayinda kimanin 270,000 ke "aiki" (suna ba da aƙalla gyara guda ɗaya a kowanne wata). Wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekara ta 2010 ya gano cewa masu ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia "na da mata kusan kashi 13% ne kacal; matsakaicin shekarun masu ba da gudummawa suna a tsakanin shekaru ashirin da rabi". Wani bincike na 2011 da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Minnesota sun gano cewa mata sun ƙunshi kaso 16.1% na masu gyara 38,497 waɗanda suka fara gyara Wikipedia a shekarar 2009. A cikin watan Janairu 2011 a cikin wani labarin New York Times, Noam Cohen ya lura cewa kashi 13% na masu ba da gudummawar Wikipedia mata ne bisa ga binciken gidauniyar Wikimedia na 2008. Sue Gardner, tsohon babban darektan na Gidauniyar Wikimedia, ya yi fatan ganin gudunmawar mata ya karu zuwa 25% nan da 2015. Linda Basch, shugabar Majalisar Bincike kan Mata ta Kasa, tayi la'akari da bambanci a tsakanin waɗannan ƙididdigar editocin Wikipedia dangane da adadin matan da ke kammala karatun digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da shirye-shiryen PhD a Amurka (duk a kaso 50% ko fiye da haka). Don mayar da martani akan hakan, jami'o'i daban-daban sun shirya gasa na edit-a-thon don janyo ra'ayin mata don shiga cikin al'ummar Wikipedia. A cikin shekara ta 2013, kwalejoji da jami'o'i 15 ciki har da Yale, Brown, da Penn State sun ba da lambar yabo ta kwaleji ga ɗalibai don aikin "write feminist thinking" game da fasaha a cikin Wikipedia. Wani bincike da aka zaɓe na 2008 na bambance-bambancen masu ba da gudummawa ta mafi kololuwar digiri na ilimi ya nuna cewa kashi 62 cikin 100 na masu gyara Wikipedia sun halarci makarantun sakandare ko kuma sun kammala karatun digiri na farko. A watan Agustan 2014, wanda ya kafa Wikipedia Jimmy Wales ya fada a wata hira da BBC cewa Gidauniyar Wikimedia tana "...da gaske tana ninka kokarinmu..." don kaiwa kashi 25% na editocin mata (wanda aka yi niyya tun shekarar 2015), tun da cewa Gidauniyar ta "gaza gaba daya" ya zuwa yanzu. Wales ya ce "abubuwa da sun kamata su faru kara wayar da kan jama'a, da yawan canjin software". Andrew Lih, ya rubuta a cikin The New York Times, Bloomberg News sun hakaito a watan Disamba 2016 tare da goyon bayan tsokacin Wales game da gazawar wayar da kai akan Wikipedia ga mata editoci. Lih ya bayyana damuwarsa tare da tambayar da ke nuna cewa: "Ta yaya za ku iya sa mutane su shiga cikin yanayin [gyararraki] ga muhalli da ke da karancin tsaro, inda bayyana kanka a matsayin mace, a matsayin mai ra'ayin mata, zai iya janyo muku shiga mummunan hali, mai ban tsoro". Ƙarfin Gwiwa A cikin binciken shekara ta 2003 na Wikipedia a matsayinta na kungiyar al'umma, ɗalibin tattalin arziki mai Ph.D. Andrea Ciffolilli ta yi gardamar cewa ƙarancin kuɗin mu'amala na shiga cikin software na wiki yana haifar da haɓakar haɗin gwiwa, kuma salon "ƙirƙira mai tasiri" yana ƙarfafa bada gudummawa. Wata takarda da Andrea Forte da Amy Bruckman suka rubuta a cikin shekara ta 2005, mai suna "Me yasa Mutane suke Rubutu a Wikipedia? Ƙarfafawa don Ba da Gudunmawa ga Buɗaɗɗen Ilimi na kyauta", sun tattauna kan abubuwan da ke ba editoci karfin gwiwar ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia. Sun yi amfani da salon Latour da Woolgar game da zagayowar lambar yabo ga masu ba da gudummawar Wikipedia, yana nuna cewa dalilin da yasa mutane ke rubutu a Wikipedia shine don samun karɓuwa a cikin al'ummar. Oded Nov, a cikin takardarsa ta 2007 "Abin da ke Ƙarawa editocin Wikipidiya karfin gwiwa", ya danganta yunƙurin masu sa kai gabaɗaya ga kara ƙwarin gwiwar mutanen da ke ba da gudummawa ga Wikipedia. Nov ya gudanar da wani bincike ta amfani da dalilai shida na masu ba da gudummawa, wanda ya gano a wata takarda da ta gabata. Dalilai guda shida da ya yi amfani da su sune: Dabi'u sun bayyana dabi'un da za a yi tare da kuma rashin son kai don taimakon wasu Cudanya hulɗa tare da abokai, shiga cikin ayyukan da wasu ke ganin su da kyau Fahimtar juna fadada ilimi ta hanyar ayyuka Sana'a samun ƙwarewar aiki da fasaha Kariya misali, rage laifi akan nuna son kai Ingantawa- nuna ilimi ga wasu A kan wadannan dalilai na karfin gwiwa guda shida ya kuma kara da cewa: Akida nuna goyon baya ga abin da ake gani cewa shi ne tushen akidar aiki (misali, imani da cewa ya kamata ilimi ya zamo kyauta Nishaɗi jin daɗin aikin Binciken ya gano cewa dalilan da aka fi nuna su su ne "fun", "akida", da "dabi'u", yayin da mafi ƙarancin abin da ake nunawa shine "aikin", "zamantawa", da "kariya". Gidauniyar Wikimedia Foundation ta kaddamar da wasu bincike akan akan masu ba da gudammawa da masu amfani da Wikipedia, tare da hadin gwiwar wata Kungiyar Kirkire-KirrKire na Hadin Gwiwa na UNU-Merit, sun kaddamar da bincike suma akan editoci da masu karanta Wikpidiya. An wallafa sakamakon binciken shekaru biyu bayan kaddamar da ita a ranar 24 March 2010. Gidauniyar Wikimedia ta gabatar da wani shiri a shekara ta 2011 akan kananan bincike na shekara -shekara don fahimtar bukatun editocin Wikipedia ta yadda zata fi biya masu bukatunsu. Midiya Wikipedoa ta mamaye wasu shafukan labarai da da dama. An wallafa wani labari na yanar gizo na The Signpost, tun a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2005. Ƙwararren mai zanen cartoon mai suna Greg Williams ya yayi wani zane na yanar gizo mai suna Wikiworld wacce ta mamaye The Signpost a tsakanin shekarun 2006 da 2008. Wani shiri na rediyon yanar gizo wato podcast mai suna Wikipedia Weekly ya yi fice a tsakanin shekarun 2006 zuwa 2009, a sa'ilin da kira zuwa taro mai suna "Not the Wikipedia Weekly" yayi fice a tsakanin shekara ta 2008 zuwa 2009. Cuɗanya Akwai gangami da Gidauniyar Wikipidiya ke gudanarwa ko kuma Al'ummar Wikipidiya. Wikimania Wikimania wani gagarumin taro ne na duniya da akeyi a duk shekara ga masu amfani da shafukan Wikipedia wanda Gidauniyar Wikipedia ke gudanarwa (kamar Wikipedia da sauran shafukan ta). Darussan da ake tattaunawa akansu sun hada da ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikipedia, sauran wiki, ilimi kyauta, bayanai kyauta da sauran al'amurran zamantakewa da na fasaha da suka shafe su. Wiknics Gagarumin taron Amurka na Wiknics biki ne da ake gudanarwa a cikin biranen kasar Amurka a duk shekara a lokacin bazara, watakila a farko daga ranar 4 ga watan Juli. Kudirin Wiknics shine ba da dama ga masu bada gudummawa ga WIkipidiya don kawo abinci iri-iri da kuma cadanya a zahiri. Soke-soke An soki Wikipedia ta wasu fuskokin. Misali, al'amarin da ya faru tsakanin Seigenthaler da Essjay ya janyo suka akan ingancin Wikipidiya da amfaninta a matsayin hujja. Koke-koke da mutane ke yi sun hada da boye sirrin editoci, dabi'u dangane da sabbin zuwa, zarce iyaka ga masu kula da shafuka (admins), nuna bambamci a tsakanin mutane, musamman a tsakanin jinsi, da kuma karancin editoci mata, da kuma matsayin da makirkirin shafin wato Jimmy Wales ke takawa. Wanda aka kirkiri shafin da shi wato Larry Sanger, wanda daga bisani ya kirkiri sabon shafin adawa mai suna Citizendium ya bayyana shafin Wikipidiya a shekara ta 2007 a matsayin mara tasiri kuma mai cin zarafi, inda ya bayyana cewa "Kungiyar ba ta gabatar da ayyukanta yadda suka dacewa kuma ba a yanayi na dorewa ba". Karɓuwa An gina wurin tarihi na Wikipidiya (Wikipedia Monument) a Słubice, Poland a shekara ta 2014 don girmama al'ummar Wikpidiya. An bayar da kyautar 2015 Erasmus Prize ga al'ummar Wikpidiya don yada ilimi kyauta ta hanyar kammalalle kuma amntaccen encyclopidiya. Sake dubawa Wikipedia:Administration an internal Wikipedia page about the administrative structure of Wikipedia Wikipedia:The community an internal Wikipedia page about the term Wikipedia:Meetup "regular" (or more spontaneous) face-to-face meetings of Wikipedians List of Wikipedia people Manazarta Wikipedia Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50501	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Dyegh	John Dyegh	John Dyegh (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1962) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan agaji daga Gboko, Jihar Benue wanda ya zama ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya na 9, mai wakiltar mazabar Gboko/Tarka a Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. Dyegh a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin kan Kasafin Kudi, Magunguna, Narcotics da Laifukan Kudi, Ilimi, Albarkatun Gas, Dangantakar Majalisun Tarayya, Kimiyya da Fasaha a Majalisar Dokoki ta 7th. Ya tsaya takara a karo na biyu a matsayin dan takarar da a ka fi so, yana dauke da tutar jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress kuma ya ci gaba da zama, bayan sanar da zaben majalisar dokokin kasar da aka yi a ranar 28 ga watan Maris a babban zaben 2015 inda ya samu kuri’u 67,463 inda ya doke abokin takarar sa. Bernard Nenger na jam'iyyar Peoples' Democratic Party (PDP) da kuri'u 26,329. Ya sake tsayawa takara karo na uku a dandalin jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress kuma ya yi nasara. A halin yanzu Dyegh yana wa’adinsa na 3 a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa kuma shi ne shugaban kwamitin Majalisar kan ‘Yancin Dan Adam a yanzu. Ƙuruciya An haifi John Dyegh a Gboko a shekarar 1962. Ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar LGEA Primary School Gboko, inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko kafin ya wuce zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Mbawuar Ihugh da ke karamar hukumar Vandeikya, don samun shaidar kammala sakandare. Sannan ya yi karatu a Jami’ar Jihar Binuwai inda ya yi digiri na farko da na gaba. John Dyegh dai ya samu digirin digirgir ne a cibiyar, wanda ya sa ya zama dan majalisar wakilai daya tilo da ya wakilci mazabar da ta fi cancantar neman ilimi daga jihar Benuwe, tarihin da har yanzu ba a kai ga cimma masa ba. Sana'ar siyasa Dyegh ya yi fice a fagen siyasa a lokacin da ya yi nasara a kan dandalin babbar jam'iyyar adawa a Najeriya wato Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) don neman kujerar majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Gboko/Tarka ta tarayya. Duk da cewa ya tsaya takara a matsayin dan takarar da ba a so, ya samu kuri'u 85,917 inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa, Barr. Tony Ijohor wanda ya tsaya takara a karkashin inuwar jam'iyyar PDP mai mulki amma ya bi Dyegh da kuri'u 55,540. Dyegh wanda ake yi wa kallon daya daga cikin jiga-jigan ‘ya’yan kungiyar ‘Green Chamber’ a jihar Binuwai, ya samu gagarumin goyon baya da kuma yabawa bisa yadda yake gaggauta samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara, inda ya bayar da gudunmawar taransfoma sama da goma ga al’ummomi daban-daban tare da samar da rijiyoyin burtsatse talatin tare da gina gidaje. tubalan ajujuwa a yawancin makarantun firamare da na gaba da firamare a mazabarsa cikin shekaru uku kacal a kan karagar mulki. Dyegh an san shi da bayar da tallafin karatu ga daliban manyan kwalejoji ta haka, ya kawo karshen fari a tsakanin daliban jami’a a mazabarsa; yana bayar da makudan kudade ga talakawa, abin da ke nuna shi mai taimakon jama’a ne. Ana kuma yabawa dan siyasar da irin kwazonsa na musamman wajen gudanar da ayyukan mazabu, wanda hakan ya sanya ya zama daya daga cikin ’yan siyasar zamaninsa da suka fi sha'awar mazabarsa a gaban wasu da dama. Dyegh ya dauki nauyin daftarin dokar laifukan zabe ta Najeriya, 2011. Kudirin yana neman kafa Hukumar Zabe ta Laifukan Zabe amma ya samu karatunsa na farko a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu 2012. A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, 2017, Dyegh ya zargi gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da gazawa wajen kare rayukan mutane gabanin shanu da sauran dabbobi a kasar, inda ya yi ikirarin cewa wasu masu karfin fada a ji a Najeriya na nuna takaicin amincewa da kudirin dokar hana kiwo a fili da ke gaban majalisar. Dyegh ya bayyana haka ne biyo bayan kisan gillar da Fulani makiyaya suka yi wa manoman Tibi a jiharsa ta Benue, inda gwamnatin Najeriya ta kasa kawo karshen rikicin. Ya bayar da misali da batun kudirin dokar da Sanata Barnabas Gemade ya dauki nauyinsa a majalisar dattawa ya fuskanci irin wannan matsala. Ya shawarci gwamnati da ta tashi tsaye wajen dakile rikicin makiyaya da manoma. Rigima A watan Yulin 2016, kwamishinan hukumar korafe-korafen jama'a na jihar Binuwai, Alhaji Abubakar Tsav ya bukaci a yi wa Hon John Dyegh, shugaban karamar hukumar Gboko, Emmanuel Kwagba da kuma Hon Terhemba Chabo na majalisar dokokin jihar Benue tambayoyi kan zargin da ake yi masa. lalata wasu kadarorin wata bazawara a Ikyumbur, Mbatiav, karamar hukumar Gboko ta jihar Benue. A cikin wata takardar koke da Adam Terkula Raphael, dan matar da mijinta ya rasu, Eunice Adam ya rubuta, ya yi zargin cewa Hon John Dyegh da sauran su sun taimaka wajen lalata dukiyar mahaifiyarsa da suka hada da gidaje, amfanin gona, babur da itatuwan tattalin arziki da darajarsu ta kai naira miliyan goma (N10). ,000,000). Raphael a cikin kokensa ga Hukumar Korafe-korafen Jama’a ya bayyana cewa, lokacin da aka sanar da Hon Dyegh labarin fara lalata layukan doya da rogo guda 160 da Legas, wani dan bangar siyasa a Gboko da ‘yan kungiyarsa suka yi, maimakon ya kawo musu dauki, Dyegh ya tara matasan. don haifar da ƙarin barna. “Ya shaida wa daukacin al’umma cewa mahaifiyata muguwar mace ce, don haka su ci gaba da kona gidanta,” “Ya bayyana gidanmu a matsayin gida daya tilo na jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, PDP a masarautarsa, Mbatiav da wancan. Shi dan jam’iyyar APC ne, babu wani abu na PDP da ya isa ya wanzu a karamar hukumarsa,” mai shigar da kara ya kuma jaddada cewa “an yi kuskure an sanar da dan majalisar cewa mahaifiyata ta sanya wa karenta sunansa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nassnig.org Whoiswhonigeria.net Haihuwan 1962 Rayayyun
45897	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20Alayyadi	Man Alayyadi	Gabatarwa Al'ummar kasar Maroko sun kasance su na amfani da Man alayyadi shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata ba wai kawai saboda maikonsa, ko kara dandanon abinci ba, sai dai saboda fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da yawa da Man alayyadi ke dauke da su. Ana samun man alayyadi daga 'ya'yan bishiyar "Argan" a turance, kuma su 'ya'yan wanan bishiya sun yi kama da 'ya'yan kwakwar man ja da muke da ita a kudancin wannan kasa ta mu. Hakanan, ana kira man alayyadi da "Argan Oil" da turanci. Ko da yake asalin bishiyar "Argan" ko kuma shi man alayyadi ƙasar Maroko ne, amma a yanzu ana amfani da man alayyadi a duk faɗin duniya don dafa abinci iri-iri, kayan kwalliya da kuma magani. Saboda matukar muhimmmanci da man alayyadi ke da shi ga lafiyar al'umma, Mujalla ta yi dogon nazari da bincike, inda daga karshe mu ka gano amfanin man alayyadi guda goma sha daya (11) ga lafiyar Dan- adam. Amfanin Man Alayyadi Man Alayyadi Ya Kunshi Mahimman Sanadirai Masu Gina Jiki Da farko Man alayyadi ya ƙunshi fatty acids da kuma sanadarin phenolic mai yawa, wadanda sanadarai dake kan gaba wajen samar wa jiki koshin lafiya Kusan 29-36% na sanadaran fatty acid dake kunshe cikin man alayyadi ya samuwa ne daga linoleic acid, ko omega-6, inda ya ke juya shi zuwa kyakyawan mai dake samar da nau'ikan sandarai ma su gina jiki. Oleic acid, ko da yake ba shi da mahimmanci, yana da Kashi 43-49% na fatty acid, amma irin wannan sanadari dake ciki man alayyadi kuma yana da lafiya sosai. Ana iya samun wannan snadari a cikin man zaitun kuma, oleic acid ya shahara saboda ingantaccen tasirin sa akan lafiyar zuciya. Bugu da ƙari, masana na sanya man alayyadi a cikin jerin mayukan da ake ganin sune tushen bitamin E, wanda ake buƙata don lafiyar fata, gashi da idanu. Wannan bitamin kuma yana tattare da sandaran antioxidant masu yawan gaske. 1.Man Alayyadi ya Na Kara Lafiyar Zuciya Man Alayyadi shine tushen sanadaran oleic acid, wanda shine kitse mai kunshe da omega-9 fatty acid. Hakanan ana samun Oleic acid a cikin man alayyadi baya ga samun irin wannan sanadari a wasu nau'ikan abinci da yawa, kamar avocado da man zaitun, kuma galibi ana danganta shi wannan sanadari da tasirin wajen bai wa zuciya kariyar daga kamuwa daga cututtuka Ɗaya daga cikin wani binciken da aka gudanar ya lura cewa man alayyadi yana kama da man zaitun a cikin ƙarfinsa don rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya ta hanyar bunkasa sanadaran antioxidant a cikin jini. A cikin wani binciken da aka gudanar dabam, ya nuna cewa, yawanta amfani da man alayyadi yana da alaƙa wajen rage kitsen da ake kira "cholesterol" da turanci wanda an sami yana haifar da matsala a jikin dan adam, a gefe guda kuma, yawan shan man alayyadi na kara yawa sanadaran "antioxidants" wadanda ke bai wa jiki kariya daga cututtuka. A wani bincike kuma da aka gudanar dangane da haɗarin kamuwa daga cututtukan zuciya a cikin mutane 40 masu lafiya, waɗanda suka yi amfani da giram 15 na man alayyadi kowace rana tsawon kwanaki 30 sun sami raguwar kashi 16% da 20% a cikin 100 na kitsen kwalastaral. Man Alayyadi Na Bada Kariyar Kamuwa Da Ciwon Suga Wasu binciken baya-bayan nan da masana suka gudanar ya nuna cewa, amfani da man alayyadi na iya taimakawa wajen hana kamuwa da ciwon suga. Nazarin da aka gudanar ya haifar da raguwar sugan cikin jini da kaso mai yawan gaske. An gwada wannan bincike ne, kan wasu berayen inda ake ciyar da su abinci mai kunshe da suga mai yawan, sannan kuma ake ba su man alayyadi don a gano tasirinsa wajen hana kitsen cikin jini wanda ke haifar da ciwon suga. Ko dayake, a gefe guda, wasu masanan suna da ra'ayin cewa, irin wannan sakamakon ba lallai ba ne ya nuna cewa za a ga irin wannan tasiri a jikin mutane. Don haka, ana buƙatar gudanar da irin wannan binciken a jikin ɗan adam. Man Alayyadi Na Bada Kariyar Kamuwa Da Ciwon Daji Man Alayyadi na iya jinkirta ko hana girma wasu nau'ika na ƙwayoyin cutar ciwon daji wato "Cancer". Ɗaya daga cikin binciken da masana su ka gudanar, sun yi amfani da sanadaran polyphenolic da aka samar daga man alayyadi akan kwayoyin cutar daji da ake kira "prostate cancer" a turanci. Sakamakon da aka samu ya hana girman kwayar cutar daji da kashi 50% cikin 100. Hakanan, a wani binciken, an cakuda man alayyadi da bitamin E, sakamakon da aka sanu ya nuna yawan mutuwar kwayar cutar kansa ta nono da ta hanji. Kodayake, a gefe guda wasu masanan na ganin cewa, duk da yake wannan bincike na farko ya bayar da sakamako mai ban sha'awa, amma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don sanin ko za a iya amfani da man alayyadi don magance ciwon daji kwata-kwata. Man Alayyadi Na Kara Inganta Lafiyar Fata Man alayyadi ya shahara kwarai da gaske wajen inganta lafiyar fata, inda ya ke rage alamun tsufa ga fata. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa cin abinci na man alayyadi na iya taimakawa wajen rage tsufan fata ta hanyar rage yankwanewar fatar. Hakanan yana iya tallafawa wajen gyarawa da samarwa da lafiyayyer fata idan aka shafa man alayyadin kai tsaye a jikin fata. Wani nazarin ya nuna cewa, anfani da man alayyadi ta hanyoyi biyun da aka ambata a sama, wato ko dai ayi amfani da shi a cikin abinci ko kuma a shafa shi kai tsaye a jikin fata, hakan na yin tasiri don haɓaka laushi da shekin fata Man Alayyadi Na Iya Magance Wasu Cututtukan Fata Man Alayyadi ya kasance sanannen maganin da ake amfani da shi a gida ko ta hanyar gargajiya don magance wasu cututtukan fata kamar kumburi, shekaru da yawa da su ka gabata ,musamman a kasashen dake yankin Arewacin nahiyar Afirka, inda daga nan ne bishiyoyin "argan" da ake samun man alayyadi ta samo asali. Kodayake akwai takaitattun nazarce-nazarcen kimiyya na zamani a kan hakan, amma dai an yi amfani da man alayyadi ta hanyar gargajiya kan wasu cututtukan fata, kuma an ga tasirin hakan. Duk da haka, wasun binciken da aka gudanar a wannan zamanin ya nuna cewa man aalayadi ya ƙunshi nau'o'in sanadaran "antioxidant" da "anti-inflammatory", wandanda za su iya zama dalilan da za a iya amincewa kan ingancin man alayyadi game da matsalolin fata.
50895	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Sophonisba%20Hergesheimer	Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer	Articles with hCards Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer (Janairu 7, 1873 Yuni 24, 1943) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurkiya ce,mai zane, kuma mai bugawa wanda ta zana da kwatanta al'ummar Tennessee, gami da mata da yara na jihar. A matsayinta na mai buga littattafai,ta yi majagaba wajen yanke katako. Kuruciya An haifi Hergesheimer a Allentown, Pennsylvania a ranar 7 ga Janairu,1873. Iyayenta sune Charles P. Hergesheimer da Elamanda Ritter Hergesheimer. An ƙarfafa ta don ƙirƙirar fasaha a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Hergesheimer ita ce babbar jikanyar 'yar wasan Philadelphia Charles Willson Peale, wanda ta sanya wa ɗayan 'ya'yansa mata suna Sophonisba bayan 'yar wasan Italiya, Sofonisba Anguissola Hergesheimer ta zaɓi yin amfani da Sophonisba azaman sunanta na farko. Ilimi Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Zane na Mata ta Philadelphia na tsawon shekaru biyu, sannan ta ci gaba da karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania na tsawon shekaru hudu. A Kwalejin Fine Arts ta Pennsylvania, ta yi karatu tare da Cecilia Beaux,Hugh Breckenridge, da William Merritt Chase Chase ya ɗauke ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ɗalibanta, kuma ta shafe lokacin bazara na 1900 tana karatu a Makarantar Koyon bazara ta Chase's Shinnecock Hills a Long Island. A matsayinta na babbar jami'a a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania, an yanke mata hukunci mafi kyawun almajira a ajin ta kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Cresson Traveling Scholarship. Wannan ya ba ta damar yin karatu a ƙasashen waje a Turai na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ta sami horo a Académie Colarossi kuma ta baje kolin a Salon Paris. An jera ta a cikin ɗaliban Blanche Lazzell, wanda aka sani da katako mai launi na fari. Aiki Sakamakon samun aikinta wanda ya hada da nunin tafiye-tafiye na 1905 wanda kungiyar Nashville Art Association ya shirya,ta sami kwamiti a 1907 don zana hoton Holland Nimmons McTyeire, bishop na Methodist wanda ta gamsar da Cornelius Vanderbilt don baiwa Jami'ar Vanderbilt Don yin aiki a kan hukumar, ta ƙaura zuwa Nashville, Tennessee, inda ta ci gaba da zama sauran rayuwarta ta fara zama a ɗakin studio a kan titin Church,daga baya kuma ɗaya a Avenue Eighth da Broadway. Ta yi magana cikin jin daɗi game da yankin da mazaunanta, tana mai cewa: “Ƙasar da ke kusa da Nashville ita ce,wasu daga cikinsu,mafi kyaun da na taɓa gani babban fili mai albarka ga mai zanen wuri.Akwai rundunonin kyawawan mata da yara da ƙaƙƙarfan mazaje masu kyau don zaburar da manyan hotuna.” Ta kuma gudanar da azuzuwan zane-zane a Bowling Green, Kentucky, inda abokanta suka hada da abokan aikinta Frances Fowler,Sarah Peyton,da Wickliffe Covington. Ta kuma ci gaba da abota ta rayuwa tare da mai zanen shimfidar wuri Orlando Gray Wales, wanda ita ma ta girma a Allentown kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania Hotunan da aka fi sani da Hergesheimer su ne na Kakakin Majalisar Joseph W. Byrns,Sr., wanda ke rataye a ginin Capitol na Amurka,da na Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury,wanda ke rataye a Maury Hall a Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka a Annapolis, Maryland Ko da yake hoton shine tushen samun kudin shiga na farko, Hergesheimer tayi gwaji a wasu nau'ikan zane-zane da fasaha,gami da bugawa, wanda ta bi tare da mai zane Blanche Lazzell. Mutuwa Hergesheimer ta mutu a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1943 a Davidson County, Tennessee Kyauta Lambar zinare, Nunin Appalachian (1910) Lambar Zinariya, Bayyanar Jihar Tennessee (1926) Manyan nune-nune Kwararrun zane zane Ƙwun Mawakan Amurka Cibiyar Art na Chicago Corcoran Gallery na Art National Academy of Design New Orleans Art Association Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Salon Amurka Nunin Sesquicentennial, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1926) Ƙungiyar Mawakan Masu Zaman Kansu Abokan aiki da alaƙa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mawakan Amurka Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Amurka Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa New Orleans Art Association Salon Amurka Ƙungiyar Mawakan Masu Zaman Kansu Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Kudu Washington, DC Watercolor Club Tari Wasu daga cikin manyan masu tara ayyukan Hergesheimer sune: Heckscher Museum of Art, Huntington, New York Morris Museum of Art, Augusta, Georgia Karatun Jama'a Museum, Karatu, Pennsylvania Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee Amurka Capitol, Washington, DC Jami'ar Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee Gidauniyar Red Roses guda biyu, Palm Harbor, Florida Nassoshi Kara karantawa Burton, Vincent. "Wasu Hotuna na Ella S. Hergesheimer." Studio na kasa da kasa 37 (Maris 1909): 32-33. Kelly, James C. "Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer 1873-1943." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 44 (Summer 1985): 112-13. Knowles, Susan. "Ella Sophonisba Hergesheimer (1873-1943)." Matan Musamman na Nashville Nashville: Ƙungiyar Tarihi ta Tennessee, 1985. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Matattun 1943 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25343	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhu%20Aliyu%20Labbo	Nuhu Aliyu Labbo	Nuhu Aliyu Labbo (an haife shi a 1941) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawa don mazabar Neja ta Arewa a Jihar Neja a 1999 kuma an sake zaɓensa a 2003 da 2007. Bayan Fage An haifi Nuhu Aliyu a watan Yunin shekarar 1941. Ya yi karatun Advance Police Management a kwalejin 'yan sanda da ke Jos Ya zama Mataimakin Sufeto Janar (DIG) na 'yan sanda. A watan Yunin shekarar 1994, kame madugun 'yan adawa Moshood Abiola a Legas ya jawo zanga -zanga. An zabi Abiola a matsayin shugaban Nigeria a shekarar 1993, amma shugaban mulkin soji Ibrahim Babangida ya soke sakamakon zaben. DIG Aliyu ne ke da alhakin inganta tsaro don wanzar da zaman lafiya. A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda ya kasance mai kula da sashen binciken manyan laifuka na rundunar (FCID) matsayinsa na Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda ya kasance mai kula da sashen binciken manyan laifuka na rundunar (FCID). Aliyu ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party na jihar Neja kafin zaben sa na majalisar dattawa Wa'adin farko na Majalisar Dattawa 1999 2003 An zabi Aliyu a shekarar 1999 a matsayin dan jam'iyyar PDP na mazabar Neja ta Arewa kuma an nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin 'yan sanda. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2001, bayan da majalisar dattawa ta yi watsi da sassaucin da aka samu daga bangaren man fetur, Aliyu ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda ba a tuntubi majalisar dattawa b. A farkon shekarar 2002, Majalisar Dattawa ta yi yunkurin tsige shugabakba Obasanjo atan Nuwamba na 2002, ya bayyana cewa an biya sanatoci da wakilai don su janye karar. Aliyu ya ce an bukace shi da ya karbi rabonsa daga cikin ganimar tsige shi amma ya ki. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2003, a matsayinsa na shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Tsaro da Leken Asiri, Aliyu ya shawarci gidan da kada ya gudanar da aikin tantance ministoci uku da aka gabatar cikin gaggawa sannan daga baya ya dawi ya koka game da halayen wadanda aka nada. Wa'adin Majalisar Dattawa ta biyu 2003-2007 An sake zaben Aliyu a shekarar 2003. A watan Mayun shekarar 2003, Majalisar Dattawa ta zartar da kudirin dokar Hukumar Samar da Wutar Lantarki, wanda Aliyu ya hada kai da shi. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2003, ya hada kai da wani kudiri wanda ya soki hana rabon tallafin kananan hukumomi da tallafin da gwamnatocin jihohi ke bayarwa. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2004, an kona masaukinsa da ke Kontagora, Jihar Neja a lokacin tarzomar da ta biyo bayan zaben cikin gida da ake takaddama akai. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2004, ya halarci taron gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa na jihar Neja, wanda ya fitar da sanarwar cewa samar da karin kananan hukumomi goma sha bakwai na dindindin ne kuma zaben da aka yi ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2004 yana da inganci. A watan Satumbar 2004, ya hada kai da kudirin dokar Asusun Haraji na 'Yan Sanda wanda ya yi nufin samar da isasshen kudade ga' yan sanda kan rigakafin aikata laifuka da gano su. Haka kuma a watan Satumbar 2004, Aliyu ya goyi bayan kudirin cewa shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya sauke Malam Nasiru El-Rufai daga mukaminsa na Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT) a cikin awanni 48. Wannan ya biyo bayan maganganun jama'a da El-Rufai ya bayyana Sanatocin a matsayin 'wawaye' a martanin rahoton kwamitin asusun gwamnati na majalisar dattijai wanda ya tuhume shi da almubazzaranci na kudi, a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwanci da kuma Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya. A watan Disambar 2004, ya soki rahoton Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Jihohi da Kananan Hukumomi kan dawo da zaman lafiya a Jihar Anambra, yana mai cewa rahoton da ake jira kan wannan batu da Kwamitin Sanata David Mark ya yi zai fi kyau a yi bincike da nazari. A watan Mayun 2005, hukumomi biyu da shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo ya kafa sun fara shari’ar wasu manyan mutane. Wasu daga cikin wakilan majalisar wakilan sun yi barazanar tsige shugaban. Aliyu ya ce ya binciki wasu daga cikin masu goyon bayan shirin tsige shi bisa zargin zamba a lokacin da yake aikin dan sanda. Aliyu ya bayyana wasu abokan aikinsa kamar yadda aka tabbatar fitattun yan damfara. A watan Nuwamba na 2005, sakamakon rahotannin yawaitar hadduran manyan hanyoyi, ya goyi bayan kudirin kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Ayyuka don binciken Hukumar Kula da Kula da Hanya ta Tarayya (FERMA) da Ma’aikatar Ayyuka ta Tarayya da bayar da rahoto cikin makonni hudu. A watan Fabrairun 2006, Nuhu Aliyu ya bayyana yunkurin da ake zargin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo na neman wa’adi na uku da sake duba kundin tsarin mulki da cewa “sharri ne”. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2006, Aliyu ya nemi a binciki kalamai daban -daban na zamba kan Sanata Ibrahim Mantu, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, sannan a dakatar da Mantu daga Majalisar Dattawa yayin bincike. Bukatar dakatar da Mantu bai samu isasshen goyon baya da zai wuce ba, amma majalisar dattawa ta yanke shawarar kaddamar da bincike. A watan Fabrairun 2007, Aliyu ya soki Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Tu’annati (EFCC) saboda ta yarda gwamnati ta yi amfani da ita wajen yaƙi da abokan gaban ta na siyasa, amma ya ce duk da cewa matakin na iya zama ba daidai ba, EFCC tana yin wani abin kirki. Wa'adin Sanata na Uku 2007–2011 An sake zabar Aliyu a watan Afrilun 2007. An nada shi kwamitoci kan Tsaro Leken Asiri, Harkokin 'Yan sanda, Bashi na gida da na waje, Al'adu Yawon shakatawa da Sadarwa. Ya kasance mai neman kujerar Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, amma aka zabi David Mark. A cikin watan Janairun 2008, ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin 'yan Majalisar Dattawa suna da hannu cikin zamba, amma daga baya bisa shawara daga lauyoyin sa suka nemi gafara tare da janye zargin ba tare da sunaye sunaye ba. Shugaban kwamitin yada labarai da yada labarai na majalisar, Eziuche Ubani, ya ce majalisar ba za ta amince da afuwar Aliyu ba, amma ta roke shi da ya bayyana jerin sunayen ‘yan majalisar tarayya da ake zargi da hannu a zamba 419 A watan Maris na shekarar 2008, Aliyu ya ba da babura 400 da mashin dinki 400 ga karamar hukumar Borgu da ke jihar Neja, don rabawa jama'a. "Na'urorin dinki na mata ne, yayin da babura na maza ne." Ya ce yana hada gidauniya, da za a kira ta Gidauniyar Sanata Nuhu Aliyu, don kara ba da gudummawa. A cikin hirar watan Mayu na 2009, Aliyu ya ce rahoton 'yan sanda da aka gabatar wa Kotun daukaka kara kan karar zaben gwamnan jihar Osun da aka yi, ya lura cewa rawar da' yan sanda ke takawa a zabe ita ce kiyaye zaman lafiya, kuma ya bayyana kwarin gwiwa ga juyin halitta zuwa cikakken dimokuradiyya a Najeriya. Aliyu ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na hudu a watan Afrilun 2011, amma dan takarar jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) Ibrahim Musa ya kayar da shi inda ya samu kuri'u 131,872 zuwa 83,778 na Aliyu. Bayan zaben, Aliyu, Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dattawa, ya shigar da kara zuwa kotun daukaka kara ta jihar Neja kan Ibrahim Musa. Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed
40109	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership%20NIFL	Premiership NIFL	NIFL Premiership, wanda aka fi sani da Danske Bank Premiership don dalilai na tallafi, kuma a hade a matsayin Irish League ko Irish Premiership, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙwararrun ƙungiyar wacce ke aiki a matsayi mafi girman rukuni na ƙwallon ƙafa a Arewacin Ireland lig na ƙasa a cikin Ireland ta Arewa. An kafa gasar Premier a matsayin Premier ta IFA a cikin 2008 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Irish, kafin a ƙirƙiri Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewacin Ireland don farkon kakar 2013-14. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an gabatar da zakaran kulob din tare da gasar cin kofin Gibson. Linfield sune zakarun na yanzu, bayan da suka lashe kambunsu na hudu a jere da kuma gasar zakarun Irish League na 56 gaba daya, bayan nasara da ci 2-0 akan Coleraine a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2022. Wannan yana nufin Linfield ya kafa sabon tarihi a duniya don mafi girman kambun gasar rukuni-rukuni da kowace kungiya ta lashe, daya a gaban kungiyar Rangers ta Scotland a kan lakabi 55. Asalin An gabatar da tsarin gasar firimiya na Irish na yanzu don kakar 2008–09 bayan an sake tsara tsarin League na Ireland ta Arewa. An rage girman jirgin sama daga 16 zuwa 12 clubs, wanda aka haɗa a kan tushen ba kawai na wasan kwaikwayon da suka yi a cikin kakar 2007-08 ba, amma a cikin yanayi biyu da suka gabata, da sauran ka'idoji na waje. Kwamitin mai zaman kansa ya tantance kowane ƙungiyar masu nema kuma an basu maki bisa waɗannan sharuɗɗa: Wasa (mafi girman maki 450) dangane da wuraren buga gasar, Kofin Irish, Kofin League da wasannin Turai a 2005–06, 2006–07 da 2007–08; tare da bayar da maki don gudanar da kungiyoyin matasa, kungiyoyin mata da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma Kudi (mafi girman maki 200) bisa ga rashin ƙarfi, sarrafa bashi da tsinkayar tsabar kuɗi Kayan aiki (mafi girman maki 150) dangane da ƙarfin filin wasa, canza tanadi, wuraren tsafta, filin wasa, hasken ruwa, wanzuwa da daidaitattun ɗakin kulawa, ɗakin taimakon farko, ɗakin gwajin magunguna da wuraren watsa labarai Ma'aikata (mafi girman maki 100) bisa cancanta da ƙwarewar ma'aikata Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci (mafi girman maki 50) Masu halarta (mafi girman maki 50) Portadown sune mafi girman asarar da aka yi wa sabon tsarin, suna fama da koma baya ga sabon gasar IFA sakamakon gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na shiga gasar Premier mintuna 29 da suka wuce wa'adin don tantancewa. Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Ireland ta dauki alhakin manyan rukunoni uku na gasar kwallon kafa ta kasar Ireland daga IFA a cikin 2014, tare da gabatar da shirye-shiryen inganta fagen kwallon kafa a Arewacin Ireland. Shirye-shiryen sun hada da inganta filayen wasanni, matsayi a gasar Turai, tsarin gasar, yanayin kasuwanci na gasar, da kuma yada lokutan fara wasa don samun sauyi da kuma dawo da wasannin da aka yi watsi da su a baya don kungiyoyin da za su fafata a gasar, kamar Garkuwan Charity Kofin Ambaliyar ruwa, Kofin Ulster da Kofin Zinare Tsarin gasar Kayan aiki Kowace kungiya tana buga jimillar wasanni 38 a lokacin kakar wasa. Kowace kungiya da farko tana buga kowace kungiya sau uku (ko dai sau biyu a gida da sau daya, ko sau daya a gida da sau biyu) a jimillar wasanni 33 a kowacce kungiya. Daga nan sai gasar ta rabu zuwa Sashe na A da Sashe na B, kungiyoyi shida na farko a sashe na A suna wasa da juna a karo na hudu dana karshe don warware matsalolin gasar zakarun Turai da na cancantar shiga Turai, sannan kungiyoyi shida na kasa a Sashe na B suna wasa da juna don warware matsalolin koma baya. Yawancin wasannin bayan an raba su ana shirya sune ta yadda za a sa qungiyoyin a kowane rabi suna wasa da juna sau biyu a gida da kuma sau biyu a waje. Bayan an yi rarrabuwar kawuna, kungiyoyin da ke saman shida ba za su iya kammala kasa da matsayi na 6 ba, kuma kungiyoyin da ke mataki na shida ba za su iya kare sama da matsayi na 7 ba, ba tare da la’akari da sakamakon wasannin 5 na karshe ba. Yaƙin neman zaɓe yana farawa a watan Agusta kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu ko farkon Mayu. Galibin wasannin dai ana yin su ne a ranar Asabar da rana, inda ake yin wasannin lokaci-lokaci a yammacin Juma'a, da kuma wasu wasannin tsakiyar mako, galibi a ranar Talata ko Laraba. A al'adance, akwai wasannin ranar Hutu na Banki akan Ranar Dambe, Ranar Sabuwar Shekara, da Talata Talata Ana bayar da maki uku don nasara, da maki daya don yin kunnen doki. Ba a bayar da maki don asara. Za a iya cire maki don karya doka misali sanya dan wasan da bai cancanta ba. Ƙungiyoyin suna da matsayi na farko da adadin maki. Kungiyar da ke da mafi yawan maki a karshen kakar wasa ta lashe gasar. Idan ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye sun gama matakin a kan maki, ana amfani da tiebreakers guda huɗu don raba su: babban bambancin burin burin gaba ɗaya, mafi yawan burin da aka zira, mafi yawan maki da aka samu a cikin tarurrukan kai-da-kai, kuma a ƙarshe, babban bambancin burin a cikin kai-zuwa. shugaban tarurruka. A cikin abin da ba zai yuwu ba har yanzu kungiyoyi suna daure a matsayi mai mahimmanci bayan wadannan wasannin da aka buga misali tantance zakarun gasar, cancantar Turai, faduwa, ko ma kasafi matakin rukuni na biyu, kwamitin gudanarwa zai zana kuri'a. Ci gaba da raguwa Babu wani ci gaba daga Premiership, saboda shine babban rabo a tsarin League na Irish. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kungiyar da ke matsayi na 12 za ta koma gasar cin kofin NIFL kuma mai matsayi na 11 dole ne ta shiga cikin jimillar wasan da za a yi da wadanda suka yi nasara a wasan share fage na gasar da za a yi tsakanin ‘yan gudun hijira. sama dana uku kungiyoyin Championship. Ana amfani da ka'idar kwallaye a waje bayan mintuna 90 na wasan na biyu, tare da karin lokaci da bugun fanareti don tantance wanda ya yi nasara a wasa na biyu idan ya cancanta. Kulob din Premiership ya samu nasara a gida a karawa ta biyu, kuma za ta koma gasar Championship idan ta yi rashin nasara. Idan masu cin gasar Championship ba su mallaki lasisin haɓakawa da ake buƙata don cancantar shiga babban jirgin ba, babu faɗuwa ta atomatik. A maimakon haka, wasan share fage ya koma kungiyar da ke matsayi na 12 a gasar Premier kuma kulob na 11 ba shida lafiya daga faduwa. Idan har babu kungiyoyin gasar zakarun Turai da suka cancanci shiga, ba za a sake komawa gasar ba. cancantar Turai Ireland ta Arewa a halin yanzu tana matsayi na 42 a cikin 55 a cikin 2021 UEFA coefficient rankings, wanda za a yi amfani da shi don tantance wuraren cancantar shiga gasar UEFA ta 2022-23. Karancin matsayi na gasar Irish League a cikin shekaru yana nufin kungiyoyin sun shiga zagaye na farko ko farkon wasannin share fage na gasar UEFA. Babu wata kungiya ta Premier da ta taba kaiwa matakin rukuni na gasar ta UEFA kamar yadda take a halin yanzu. A haƙiƙa, babu wanda ya zarce zagaye na biyu na neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Mafi kusancin kowane kulob da ya kai matakin rukuni shine a lokacin 2019-20 UEFA Europa League, lokacin da Linfield ya zama kulob na farko daga Ireland ta Arewa da ya kai wasan zagaye na biyu, da kyar ya rasa wani wuri a matakin rukuni bayan 4-4 sun yi kunnen doki a kan Qarabağ FK daga Azerbaijan ya haifar da kawar da dokar ragar raga Domin kakar 2021-22, Gasar Irish za ta sami gurbi huɗu a cikin gasa na 2022-23 na UEFA uku don gasar Premier, tare da na huɗu an keɓe don masu cin Kofin Irish. Zakarun na Irish League za su shiga zagayen share fage na gasar zakarun Turai na kakar wasa mai zuwa, tare da wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar zakarun Turai da na Turai (tare da wadanda suka lashe gasar cin kofin Irish suna shiga gasar UEFA Europa League Idan, duk da haka, waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Irish sun riga sun cancanci zuwa Turai a matsayin zakarun lig ko na biyu, za a sake rarraba gasar cin kofin gasar cin kofin Europa zuwa ƙungiyar da ke matsayi na uku. Domin shiga gasar UEFA, dole ne kungiyoyi su mallaki lasisin UEFA. A yayin da ƙungiyar ta cancanci ba tare da irin wannan lasisi ba, ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙasa za su iya maye gurbinsu. Ba kamar Gasar Cin Kofin Turanci ba, Ba a ba wa waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Ireland damar zama ta Turai ba. An gabatar da tsarin wasan wasa don neman cancantar Turai na ƙarshe don kakar 2015–16 Idan masu cin gasar cin kofin Irish sun gama na bakwai ko mafi girma a gasar, wanda tarihi ya kasance lamarin a mafi yawan lokutan yanayi, ƙungiyoyi huɗu da suka rage daga manyan bakwai waɗanda ba su riga sun cancanci shiga gasar UEFA ba (ƙungiyoyin a cikin 3rd 7th, ban da ko dai 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara a gasar cin kofin Irish, ko kuma kungiyar da ta zo ta uku idan an ba su damar zama kamar yadda aka yi bayani a sama) suna fafatawa a cikin jerin wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai. Idan, duk da haka, wadanda suka lashe gasar cin kofin Irish sun ƙare a waje da na bakwai na farko a gasar Premier ko kuma suna taka leda a ƙananan rukuni, kuma idan kuma suna da lasisin UEFA, duk ƙungiyoyi biyar da suka gama na 3rd-7th sun cancanci shiga wasan. Hakan na bukatar karin wasan daf da na kusa da karshe da kungiyoyin da ke matsayi na shida da na bakwai za su buga, inda wanda ya yi nasara zai hadu da sauran kungiyoyi uku a wasan kusa da na karshe. Ba a yi wasannin share fage ba a kakar wasa ta 2019-20, saboda darajar gasar ta UEFA ta fadi zuwa na 52. Hakan na nufin ta yi rashin nasara a gasar Turai da aka saba bayarwa ga wadanda suka yi nasara a wasan. Wasan wasan ya dawo a kakar wasa ta 2020-21, bayan da darajar gasar ta inganta zuwa matsayi na 48 wanda ya sake samun matsayi na hudu a Turai. The play-offs are single knockout matches and are played at the home of the higher-ranked team, with extra time used to determine the winner if the match ends level after 900 minutes, and a penalty shootout to follow if the two teams are still level after 120 minutes. Seeding is used during all rounds to reward the higher-placed qualifiers, with the sixth-placed team given home advantage against the seventh-placed team in the quarter-final match if it is required. The two higher-ranked semi-finalists are then given home advantage when facing the two lower-ranked semi-finalists, and the higher-ranked finalist is again given home advantage against the lower-ranked finalist. Tun daga kakar wasa ta 2016–17, an gayyaci zakarun lig da na biyu zuwa gasar cin kofin kalubale na Scotland. Tun daga shekarar 2019, masu rike da kambun sun kuma fuskanci zakarun League of Ireland a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na wannan shekarar gasar ta farko a duk kasar Ireland tun bayan da aka dakatar da gasar cin kofin wasanni ta Setanta bayan bugu na 2014. Labaran watsa labarai Ana samun fitattun matches na gasar Premier ta yanar gizo ta gidan yanar gizon wasanni na BBC BBC NI kuma tana samar da Nunin League na Irish, nunin nunin mako-mako don kallo ta BBC iPlayer Bwin kuma yana watsa rafukan kan layi kai tsaye na matches.Tun daga Fabrairu 2017 Sky Sports ke Premiership kai tsaye. Kididdiga Wadannan kididdigar sun shafi gasar Premier daga 2008 zuwa gaba. Don ƙarin cikakkun ƙididdiga da ke rufe ƙungiyar Irish tun 1890, duba Ƙwallon ƙafa na Arewacin Ireland Zakarun Turai Nasara ta kulob Rubuce-rubuce Most titles: 8, Linfield Most consecutive titles: 4, Linfield (2018–19 to 2021–22) Most points in a season: 91, joint record: Crusaders (twice; 2015–16 2017–18) Cliftonville (2012–13) Fewest points in a season: 13, Portadown (2016–17) Highest non-title-winning points total: 89, Coleraine (2017–18) Lowest title-winning points total: 74, Linfield (2009–10) Most wins in a season: 29, Cliftonville (2012–13) Fewest wins in a season: 4, joint record: Lisburn Distillery (2012–13) Institute (2014–15) Dungannon Swifts (2020–21) Most draws in a season: 14, joint record: Cliftonville (2008–09) Crusaders (2008–09) Coleraine (2012–13) Fewest draws in a season: 2, Dungannon Swifts (2021–22) Most losses in a season: 29, joint record: Dungannon Swifts (2020–21) Warrenpoint Town (2021–22) Fewest losses in a season: 1, Coleraine (2017–18) Most goals scored in a season: 106, Crusaders (2017–18) Fewest goals scored in a season: 22, Dungannon Swifts (2020–21) Most goals conceded in a season: 92, Carrick Rangers (2020–21) Fewest goals conceded in a season: 24, Linfield (twice; 2016–17 2021–22) Highest goal difference in a season: +68, Crusaders (2017–18) Lowest goal difference in a season: –61, joint record: Lisburn Distillery (2012–13) Dungannon Swifts (2020–21) Biggest away winning margin: 8 goals, Ballymena United 0–8 Cliftonville (17 November 2012) Most goals scored in a game: 11 goals, Portadown 11–0 Ballinamallard United (7 September 2013) Highest scoring draw: 10 goals, Portadown 5–5 Ballymena United (17 January 2015) 2021-22 Kungiyoyin Premiership Duba kuma Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewacin Ireland Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Arewacin Ireland a gasar Turai Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewacin Ireland Irish League XI Jerin gasa na ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyoyi Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizon Kwallon Kafa na Arewacin Ireland Yanar Gizon FA na Irish Wasannin BBC Hausa Arewacin Ireland Zakarun RSSSF.com Nassoshi it:Campionato nordirlandese di calcio Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba