Datasets:

WikiQuality

/

unique_character_trigrams_hi

like 0

48202

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20Giwayen%20Zakouma%20na%202006

Kisan Giwayen Zakouma na 2006

Kisan giwayen Zakouma na shekara ta 2006, yana nuni ne da jerin kisan gilla da aka yi wa giwayen Afirka a kusa da gandun dajin Zakouma da ke kudu maso gabashin ƙasar Chadi An rubuta waɗannan kashe-kashen a binciken sararin samaniya da aka gudanar daga watan Mayu zuwa watan Agustan 2006 kuma a ƙalla dabbobi 100 ne. Wannan yanki yana da tarihin kashe wannan nau'in ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tsawon shekaru goma Hasali ma, al'ummar Chadi sun haura sama da dabbobi 300,000 a baya-bayan nan kamar a shekarar 1970 kuma an rage su zuwa kusan 10,000 kamar na shekarar 2006. Giwayen Afirka da sunan kariyar gwamnatin Chadi, amma tsarin aiwatar da gwamnati (wanda ke goyon bayan wasu taimakon EU) bai wadatar ba wajen daƙile kisan da mafarauta ke yi. Giwayen Bush na Afirka Loxodonta africana na faruwa a ƙasashe da dama na Gabashi da Tsakiyar Afirka. An gudanar da binciken sararin sama na baya-bayan nan daga watan Agustan 3-11, 2006, wanda J. Michael Fay, mai kula da harkokin kare namun daji da kuma mai bincike na kasa da kasa. Sun gano wuraren kisan gilla daban-daban guda biyar. Ana ɗaukar Zakouma "ɗaya daga cikin namun daji na ƙarshe a duk tsakiyar Afirka". Gwamnatin Chadi da Project CRUSSE (Conservation and Rational Utilization of Sudan-Sahelian Ecosystems), Fay ya gudanar da bincike a cikin shekarar 2005 da 2006 game da giwaye a cikin Zakouma, kuma ya gano cewa yawan jama'a ya ragu daga 3885 zuwa 3020 dabbobi, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa. watanni shida da suka gabata, kodayake ba a iya tantance kuskuren ƙirgawa gabaɗaya ba. Cikakkun bayanai Fay ya ruwaito cewa ya ga mutane biyar a wani sansanin waɗanda suka gudu a lokacin da jirginsa ya nufo. A wani lokaci kuma ya ga wani mutum a kan doki da makami mai sarrafa kansa, wanda ya harba jirginsa. Ana kashe giwayen Zakouma a gaban idanunmu." Fay ya yi magana da manema labarai. "Ba mu wuce sa'o'i biyu a cikin iska ba lokacin da muka ga gawarmu ta farko Sabo ne, watakila makwanni kaɗan kaɗan, ba da nisa da hedkwatar wurin shaƙatawa, kuma an datse fuskar dabbar, an cire hanunsa Fay da National Geographic mai ɗaukar hoto Michael Nichols sun rubuta abin da suka samu a Ivory Wars, Ƙarshe a Zakouma Tarihin Dajin Zakouma Zakouma National Park yana tsakanin Sarh da Am Timan a kudu maso gabashin ƙasar Chadi An ƙirƙiro shi a shekarar 1963, shi ne wurin shakatawa na farko na ƙasar Chadi, kuma yana da faɗin ƙasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 3000. Gaba ɗaya yana kewaye da Bahr Salamat Faunal Reserve An yi watsi da Zakouma a lokacin rikice-rikicen cikin gida, amma shirin maidowa, wanda Tarayyar Turai ta goyi bayan, ya fara a shekarar 1989 kuma yana ci gaba a cikin shekarar 2006. Giwayen da ke cikin wurin shaƙatawa suna da kariya daga gwamnatin Chadi, amma giwayen da ke yin hijira a wajen Zakouma don yin kiwo a lokacin damina, ba sa fuskantar kariyar sintiri kamar na cikin dajin. A cewar Stephen Sautner na ƙungiyar kare namun daji "Dukkan farautar giwaye a ƙasar Chadi haramun ne, kuma an hana sayar da hauren giwaye tun shekara ta 1989, ko da yake cinikin baƙar fata yana karuwa." Dabarun cinikin hauren giwa Kashe giwaye saboda hauren giwa shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da raguwar giwayen Afirka tun a kalla shekarun 1970. Yawancin giwayen da aka kawar ana shigo da su ne zuwa kasashen China da Thailand Misali, tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa shekarar 2002 ton arba'in da biyar na hauren giwaye da ke safara zuwa kasar Sin hukumomi sun kama. Ƙasar Sin ta amince da rage shigo da hauren giwa; Ko da yake jami'in ƙasar Sin Chen Jianwei ya nuna cewa, Sinawa da dama sun shiga rudani game da halaccin shigar da hauren giwaye. Dangantaka da rikicin yanki Zakouma yana da tazarar kilomita 260 yamma da yankin da ake fama da rikici a Darfur, kuma yana kan hanyar yakin baya-bayan nan a ƙasar Chadi, don haka tsaron gaba daya ya yi ƙaranci, kuma iyakar ƙasar ta yi “lalata a wannan yanki mai kebe. Ayyukan kiyayewa Dangane da wannan mummunan abin da ya faru, Gidauniyar WILD ta haɗa hannu da The Wildlife Conservation Society da sauran su don hanawa da tsare mafarauta ta amfani da sa ido na jirgin sama. Jirgin dai zai maida hankali ne kan iyakokin wuraren shaƙatawa, inda giwaye ba su da kariya. Duba kuma Shirin Ayyukan Halittu Kashewa Ivory Coast Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yakin Ivory Coast, wanda Mediastorm ya

23177

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin%20Ogoou%C3%A9

Kogin Ogooué

Kogin Ogooué (ko Ogowe), wanda kuma aka fi sani da kogin Nazarat, kimanin kilomita 1,200 (tsawon mi mil 750), shine babban kogin Gabon da ke yammacin Afirka ta tsakiya kuma shine kogi na biyar mafi girma a Afirka ta hanyar yawan ruwa, wanda ke bin Kongo kawai, Kasai, Niger da Zambezi. Ruwan ruwanta ya malale kusan duk ƙasar Gabon, tare da wasu mashigan ruwa zuwa Jamhuriyar Kongo, Kamaru, da Equatorial Guinea. Hanya Kogin Ogooué ya hau arewa maso yamma na Bateke Plateaux kusa da Kengue, Jamhuriyar Kongo. Yana gudana arewa maso yamma, kuma ya shiga Gabon kusa da Boumango. Poubara Falls na kusa da Maulongo. Daga Lastoursville har zuwa Ndjole, Ogooué ba mai iya kewaya shi saboda saurin gudu. Daga garin na ƙarshe, ya yi yamma, kuma ya shiga Tekun Gini kusa da Ozouri, kudu da Port Gentil. Yankin Ogowe Delta yana da girma sosai, kusan tsawon kilomita 100 kuma faɗi kilomita 100. Basin Kogin Ogooué yana da murabba'in kilomita 223,856 (sq mi 86,000), wanda daga ciki murabba'in kilomita 173,000 (67,000 sq mi) ko kuma kashi 73 cikin 100 yana cikin Gabon. Yawanci ya ƙunshi dazuzzuka mara dadi tare da wasu ciyawar savanna inda rani na tsakiyar shekara ya fi tsawo. Gida ne na manyan halittu masu yawa. Misali, dukkan nau'o'in kada guda uku na Afirka, alal misali, suna faruwa ne a cikin kogin: kada da Nile, dodanni, kada, da siririn kada. Hakanan yanki ne irin na kifin kifi na Synodontis acanthoperca. Kogin Mpassa yanki ne na Kogin Ogooué. Kogin Ndjoumou shi ne babban rafin kogin Mpassa. Tattalin arziki Jirgin Ogooué yana iya tafiya daga Ndjole zuwa teku. Ana kuma amfani da shi don kawo itace zuwa Port Gentil Harbor. Kogin Ogowe ya hada da manyan wuraren adana abubuwa, gami da Filin shakatawa na Lope. Yankin kamawa yana da matsakaicin yawan mutane 4 a kowace Garuruwan da ke bakin kogin sun hada da Ayem, Adané, Loanda, Lambaréné, Ndjole, Booué, Kankan, Maulongo, Mboungou-Mbadouma, Ndoro, Lastoursville, Moanda, da Franceville kusa da iyakar Kongo. Garuruwa a Kongo sun hada da Zanaga. Bature mai bincike na farko da ya gano asalin kogin zuwa asalin sa shine Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, wanda yayi tafiya a yankin a cikin shekarun 1870. Igiyoyin ruwa Kogin Ogowe yana karɓar ruwa mai yawa daga rafuka ciki har da: Abanga, wanda ya tashi a cikin tsaunukan Cristal, kusa da Medouneu Baniaka Dilo Iyinda, mafi mahimmancin haraji Letili Lassio Lebombi Lekabi Lekedi Lekoni, wanda ke gudana a fadin Akieni da Leconi Letili Leyou Lolo Mbine Ngolo Ngounie Nke Offoue Okano wanda babban harajin sa shine Kogin Lara Mpassa, wanda ke gudana ko'ina cikin Faransaville Sebe, wanda ke ratsa Okondja Wagny Manazarta Perusset André. 1983. Oro-Hydrographie (Le Relief) in Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 10-13. Paris, France: Edicef. Petringa, Maria. Brazza, A Life for Africa. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN 9781-4259-11980. Describes Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza's extensive explorations of the Ogoué River basin. National Geographic. 2003. African Adventure Atlas Pg 24,72. led by Sean Fraser. Gardinier David. 1994. Historical Dictionary of Gabon 2nd Edition. USA: The Scarercrow Press, Inc. Direction General de L'Environnement.1999. Stratégie nationale et Plan D'action sur la biodiversité biologique du Gabon. The Atlas of Africa. Pg 201. by Regine Van Chi-Bonnardel. Jeune Afrique Editions. Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydrologie. in Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré led by The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Pg 14-15. Paris, France:

30453

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Morocco

Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Morocco

Maroko ta sami ci gaba sosai tun lokacin mulkin danniya na shekarun jagoranci a ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarki Hassan II (1961-99). Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai korafe-korafe game da cin zarafi na mulki a ƙarƙashin ɗansa na zamani, Mohammed VI An sami ƙarin ɗaukaka na zamani, kuma an ba da ƙarin haƙƙi ga jama'a gabaɗaya, musamman mata da yara. A zamanin mulkin Hassan na biyu, Maroko ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin tarihin Haƙƙin dan Adam a Afirka da ma duniya baki daya, musamman a lokacin shekarun jagoranci, wanda ya kasance daga farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa karshen 1980, wanda ya kasance lokaci ne tarihin kasar da ya shahara wajen danne ‘yan adawa da adawa, wanda ya hada da kamawa, tsarewa, dauri, da kuma kashe abokan hamayyar siyasa. A halin yanzu, Maroko na ci gaba da fuskantar akalla wasu matsalolin kare hakkin bil adama, kamar rashin kyawun yanayin gidan yari, da cin zarafin mata da al'ummar LGBT, da kuma azabtar da 'yan sanda. Duk da sauye-sauye da aka samu a karkashin jagorancin Sarki Mohamed VI, har yanzu ana zaman ruwan dare a ƙasar ta Maroko a yau din nan. Wannan labarin yana magana ne da Maroko ba yankin Yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama akai ba Dubi Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara dangane da haka. Maroko ce ke gudanar da kashi 80% na yankin, don haka dokar Morocco ta shafi Lardunan Kudancin 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki 'Yancin aikin jarida ba ya nan kuma ana tunanin 'yan jarida da yawa suna yin aikin tantance kansu Tambayoyi game da sahihancin sarauta ko ayyukan Sarki haramun ne da kuma nuna shakku kan madaidaicin yankin masarautar (watau kama da yammacin sahara haramun ne. A shekara ta 2005 an dakatar da fitaccen dan jaridan nan dan kasar Morocco Ali Lmrabet daga aikin jarida na tsawon shekaru 10 da kuma ci tarar Dirhami 50,000 (kimanin Yuro 4,500) saboda ya bayar da rahoto game da rikici a yankin yammacin Sahara, in ji kungiyar Reporters Without Borders Tun daga shekara ta 2007 har yanzu an hana Lmrabet aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida. Yawancin manyan 'yan jarida na Moroccan, irin su Aboubakr Jamai, Ali Anouzla, Ahmed Benchemsi da Rachid Niny, an rage su zuwa shiru ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku, tara tara mai yawa, kauracewa tallace-tallace da rarrabawa hana kudaden gwamnati. An yankewa wasu da yawa daga cikin ‘yan jaridun yanar gizo hukuncin dauri saboda sukar Sarkin ko kuma suka yi zargin cin hanci da rashawa da gwamnonin da Sarki ya nada ke yi. Ba a bayyana shari’arsu ba a duniya saboda galibi matasa ne ‘yan jarida kan yi rubuce-rubuce da kananan wallafe-wallafe ko yada labaran yankin (kamar Mohammed Erraji daga Agadir wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari a shekara ta 2010 saboda sukar jawabin Sarki). Tsakanin shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2007, tare da bayyanar a wurin wasu mujallu masu zaman kansu na francophone, irin su Tel Quel da Le Journal Hebdomadaire da ƴan uwansu na Larabci (misali. Assahifa Al Ousbouia ikon gwamnati a kan kafofin watsa labarai ya dan koma daga shiga tsakani kai tsaye zuwa karin matsi na dabara, kamar amfani da kararraki da kararraki. A ranar 2 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2007 kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan jarida ta CPJ mai hedkwata a birnin New York ta fitar da rahotonta na shekara-shekara kan "kasashe 10 da 'yancin 'yan jarida ya fi tabarbarewa" inda ta bayyana cewa a cewar babban daraktan CPJ Joel Simon; "Tsarin dimokuradiyya a Afirka ba shi da zurfi idan ana batun 'yancin 'yan jarida" kuma Maroko na cikin "manyan masu koma baya 10" a shekara ta 2007 bayan da "an dauke shi a matsayin jagora a yankinta". A cikin rahoton, an dauki Maroko, tare da Tunisiya, a matsayin kasar da ke "yanke mafi yawan 'yan jarida a gidan yari a kasashen Larabawa". A cewar kididdigar ‘yancin ‘yan jarida ta shekarar 2013, kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta sanya ƙasar Maroko a matsayi na 136 cikin 179, raguwar matsayi daga matsayi na 89 da kasar ta samu a shekara ta 2002. Dangane da ƙididdigar 2015, wannan ƙungiya ta sanya Maroko a ƙasashe guda 130 cikin guda 180. A cewar rahoton shekara-shekara na Human Rights Watch na 2016, hukumomin Morocco sun tauye haƙƙin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiyoyi da taro ta hanyar dokoki da yawa. Hukumomin kasar na ci gaba da gurfanar da kafafen yada labarai na jaridu da na intanet a gaban kuliya idan suka soki gwamnati, da kuma sarki Bugu da kari, hukumomi sun sanya wa gwamnati cikas don takaita ayyukan 'yan jarida. A Rabat, 'yan sanda sun kori wasu 'yan jaridar Faransa biyu tare da kwace kaset dinsu suna masu cewa ba su da izinin daukar fim. Rahoton ya ce gidan talabijin na Moroko ya ba da damar yin muhawara da suka. Duk da haka, irin wannan muhawarar ba ta magance muhimman batutuwa ba. A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2020, wani bincike da Amnesty International ta yi zargin cewa an yi wa ɗan jaridar Moroko Omar Radi, hari ta hanyar amfani da Pegasus na leƙen asiri na Isra'ila. Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin ɗan adam ta yi ikirarin cewa an kai wa 'yan jaridar hari sau uku tare da leken asiri bayan na'urar sa ta kamu da kayan aikin NSO. A halin da ake ciki, Amnesty ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa harin ya zo ne bayan kungiyar NSO ta sabunta manufofinsu a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2019. Zaluntar siyasa Takurawar gwamnati na adawar siyasa ya ragu sosai tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A wasu lokuta ana kwatanta shekarun da suka gabata a matsayin shekarun jagoranci Les Années de Plomb kuma sun haɗa da bacewar tilastawa, kashe abokan adawar gwamnati da sansanonin tsaro na sirri kamar Tazmamart Don nazarin cin zarafi da aka yi a zamanin Sarki Hassan II (1961-1999), gwamnati ta kafa hukumar daidaita daidaito da daidaitawa (IER), wanda zai gyara wadanda abin ya shafa, da kuma biyan diyya ga fushin da jihar ta yi musu. Kasashen duniya sun yaba da wannan a matsayin wani babban ci gaba, kuma abin misali ga kasashen Larabawa Duk da haka, IER kuma ta fuskanci hare-hare daga sassa na 'yancin ɗan adam-al'umma, tun da aikinta ba shine bayyana sunayen ko gurfanar da masu laifin ba, wanda yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa ke nema. Har ila yau, ana ci gaba da zarge-zargen cin zarafi ga masu zanga-zangar neman 'yancin Sahrawi da masu zanga-zangar Polisario a yammacin Sahara, wanda Maroko ke la'akari da shi a matsayin Lardunan Kudancin, kuma ana zargin Maroko da tsare 'yan Sahrawi masu zaman kansu a matsayin fursunonin lamiri. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2006 wata tawaga daga ofishin hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ziyarci yankin yammacin Sahara da ake takaddama a kai, kuma rahoton da ya bayar na ziyarar ya yi kakkausar suka kan rashin hakkin dan Adam a yankin musamman ma yankin Saharawi. yawan jama'a. An fitar da rahoton sirrin kuma ana iya samun shi a misali ARSO.org. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, a watan Oktoba, Maroko ta dakatar da ziyarar da tawaga daga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta shirya kuma aka amince da ita a baya. Matakin dai ya zo ne kasa da sa'o'i 48 kafin tawagar ta tashi zuwa Rabat da yammacin Sahara. Manufar ita ce ta yi nazarin zargin take haƙƙin ɗan adam daga Polisario da hukumomin Morocco. (rubutu cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci). Maroko ta yi ikirarin cewa galibin mambobin tawagar sanann magoya bayan kungiyar Polisario ne, don haka ba a tabbatar da tsaka-tsakin tawagar ba. Shugaban tawagar, Mista Ioannis Kasoulides, ya yi adawa da wadannan zarge-zargen yana mai cewa ba a kafa kungiyar ba ta Morocco ce za ta yanke shawara, kuma baya ga Morocco tun da farko ta amince da kafa kungiyar kuma an ba ta damar yin tasiri a shirinta na ziyarar. 'Yancin addini Gaba ɗaya ana kiyaye 'yancin yin addini, tare da iyakancewa. A cewar mai magana da yawun gwamnatin Moroko, “Mulkin ya ba da tabbacin ba wai ’yancin yin ibada kawai ba, har ma da gina wuraren ibada ga Kiristoci da Yahudawa da kuma gudanar da al’adunsu cikin yanci da girmamawa. Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi wa addinan da ba Musulunci ba (shashi na 220 na kundin laifuffuka, ɗaurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari). Har yanzu akwai al'ummar Yahudawan Moroko, kodayake yawancin Yahudawa sun yi hijira a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan ƙirƙirar Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948. Haƙƙin zamantakewa da daidaito Yara A Maroko, dubban yara galibi 'yan mata da wasu 'yan kasa da shekaru takwas suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu a matsayin ma'aikatan gida, inda sukan ci karo da tashin hankali na zahiri da na baki, keɓewa, da aikin kwana bakwai a mako wanda ke farawa da wayewar gari. yana ci gaba har zuwa dare. Ba a biya su da kyau kuma kusan babu wanda ke zuwa makaranta. Ma'aikatan cikin gida, ciki har da yara, ba a cire su daga dokar aiki ta Maroko, saboda haka ba sa jin daɗin haƙƙin da aka bai wa sauran ma'aikata, gami da mafi ƙarancin albashi ko iyakance ga sa'o'in aikinsu. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin dokar iyali ta Moroccan (2004 mudawana) da Tsarin Mulkinta (2012), ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne samun ƙananan ma'aikatan gida. Mata da iyali A cikin shekara ta 2004, majalisar dokokin Morocco ta ɗauki matakai don inganta matsayin mata da yara, kuma ta zartas da sabuwar dokar iyali, Mudawanat al Usra (Laddin Iyali na Turanci), wanda a ko'ina ke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ci gaba sosai ta hanyar ƙa'idodin yanki. Misali, yanzu an halatta mazan mata daya kawai sai dai idan matar ta sa hannu a yarjejeniya. Baya ga kasancewa 'yan takara a jerin sunayen zabuka masu gauraya, mata suna da jerin sunayen kasa a zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin da ke ba su damar samun akalla kashi 10% na kujeru. Hakazalika, kuma a cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2006, an kafa wata kungiyar sa ido ta kasa don yaki da cin zarafin mata Ma’aikatun jihohi da dama da gwamnatoci da jami’o’i da kuma kungiyoyin mata na kasa ana neman su hada kai tare. A shekara ta 2006, an canja matsayin ɗan ƙasar Moroccan ga yara ta hanyar uba. Soumya Naâmane Guessous, masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Moroccan ya ƙaddamar da kamfen don watsa ƴan ƙasar Moroko ta uwa zuwa ga 'ya'yanta. Iyawar uwa ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga 'ya'yansu baya bayyana a cikin kundin Mudawana amma an ba shi ta hanyar yanke shawara a watan Oktoban shekara ta 2006. Kwanan nan, a shekara ta 2009, wata sabuwar doka ta kuma baiwa mata damar sakin mazajensu ba tare da izinin miji ba. Asalin Berber Masu fafutuka na Berber a kai a kai suna jayayya cewa a ƙarƙashin tutar Larabawa, ana murƙushe yarensu da al'adunsu na musamman don neman na Larabawa. Ana kallon wannan a matsayin wariya da kuma hanyar mayar da hankali. Koyaya, a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, na shekara ta 2001 an kafa Cibiyar Sarauta ta Al'adun Amazigh don kulawa da haɓaka harsuna da al'adun Amazigh. L'Yan sanda da sojoji sake fasalin A shekara ta 2006 Maroko ta fara aiwatar da ƴan gyare-gyare da suka shafi 'yan sanda da sojoji. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba na wannan shekarar an wargaza ƙungiyar 'yan sanda da aka kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Urbains de sécurité GUS (Ƙungiyoyin Tsaro na Birane). Yayin da yawancin 'yan Moroccan suka ɗauki kasancewar GUS a matsayin taimako, wasu da yawa sun ɗauka a matsayin mataki na komawa ga mulkin Makhzen Rushewar ya biyo bayan suka da yawa game da wuce gona da iri ko cin zarafi na mulki Wasu ayyukan rashin da'a na wasu membobin kungiyar sun juya ra'ayin jama'a wanda ya zama abin kunya. An kuma zargi GUS da cin hanci da rashawa A lokuta da yawa, masu laifin farar hula sun kasance suna bayar da cin hanci (tsakanin dirhami 10 zuwa 20) wanda ya haifar da bayyanar sanannen laƙabi; "10 guda". Hukuncin kisa da ɗauri Yayin da hukuncin kisa ya kasance hukuncin kisa na shari'a a Maroko, ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba tun shekara ta 1993, lokacin da aka kashe Mohamed Tabet bayan dakatar da shekaru 10. An yanke masa hukuncin kisa ne bisa manyan laifuka daban-daban da suka hada da fyade, garkuwa da mutane, garkuwa da mutane da kuma ayyukan dabbanci. An bayyana cewa ya yi fyade tare da lalata da mata har 1,500 a tsawon shekaru 13. Tsakanin shekara ta 1956 zuwa 1993, an yanke wa mutane 198 hukuncin kisaHukumar da sasantawa ta yi kiyasin cewa an kashe mutane 528 a zamanin mulkin Hassan II a wajen aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na shari'a da na wuce gona da iri. Tattaunawa kan lamarin a Maroko ya kasance haramun shekaru da dama Sai dai kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da wasu kafafen yada labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da jam'iyyun siyasa masu ra'ayin rikau a karkashin jam'iyyar Front of Democratic Forces sun yi ta yunkurin fara muhawarar hukuncin kisa Dangane da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da na jama'a, shafukan yanar gizo da shafukan intanet sun riga sun fara muhawara kan batun. Babban da sabuwar kafa (2003) ƙungiyoyin farar hula Coalition nationale pour l'abolition de la peine de mort au Maroc CNAPM (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa don kawar da hukuncin kisa a Maroko) wanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyi bakwai masu dauke da taken Ensemble pour l' abolition de la peine de mort (Tare kan hukuncin kisa) shi ma ya jagoranci muhawarar. A matakin siyasa lamarin yana da ban mamaki. A hukumance, halin da gwamnati mai ci ke ciki shi ne na kawar da “de facto”. Sai dai kuma ma'aikatar shari'a ta kasar ta bayyana cewa har yanzu ta'addanci na kawo cikas wajen kawar da "de jure" kuma har yanzu ana yanke hukuncin kisa musamman kan 'yan ta'adda. Kwamitin IER Equity and Reconciliation Commission ya ba da shawarar batun kawar da shi. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, an sanar da cewa an shirya gabatar da batun ga majalisar dokoki domin kada kuri’a a cikin bazara na shekara ta 2007. Yakin siyasa tsakanin jam'iyyun Islama masu matsakaicin ra'ayi karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Adalci da Ci Gaba (wadanda ke ba da shawarar yanke hukuncin kisa kamar yadda ya dace da dokokin Sharia kuma ana sa ran bangarorin biyu zasu yi wahala. A cikin Afrilu 2015, Ministan Shari'a da 'Yanci (gwamnatin PJD) ya ba da sanarwar jama'a game da wani kudiri dangane da hukuncin kisa, da sauran batutuwa. Manufar ita ce a rage yawan laifukan da za a yanke hukuncin kisa, daga 31 zuwa 11. Ba kamar sauran ƙasashe a Turai, Asiya, da sauran sassa na duniya, ciki har da Amurka, daurin rai da rai a Maroko ne in ba haka ba da aka sani da "har abada tsare", don haka ma'anar cewa rai da rai a cikin ƙasar yana da sauran na halitta rayuwa. wanda aka yanke wa hukunci kuma a koyaushe ana sanya shi ba tare da yiwuwar sakin layi ba. Haka kuma, ana ganin yanayin gidan yari a matsayin mara inganci bisa ka'idojin ƙasa da ƙasa, saboda manyan damuwa game da cunkoson jama'a, amfani da azabtarwa, rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa, da tsauraran ka'idojin gidan yari. Har ila yau an ba da rahoton cewa Maroko na iya samun fursunonin siyasa Matar Abdelqader Belliraj, 'yar kasar Maroko da Belgium, ta shaida wa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a watan Janairun 2020 game da cin zarafin mijinta da ake yi a gidan yari tun 2016. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Belliraj yana tsare a gidan yari na tsawon sa’o’i 23 a rana tun bayan da aka daure shi da kuma hana shi hulda da fursunonin. Dokar ta saba wa ka'idojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yadda ake kula da fursunoni An yankewa Belliraj hukuncin daurin rai da rai bisa zarginsa da shirya ta'addanci. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda ake tuhuma tare da Belliraj sun yi ikirarin cewa an sace su ne kuma aka sanya su shafe makonni ba tare da sadarwa ba, yayin da ake yi musu tambayoyi da azabtarwa a ofisoshin 'yan sanda. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun nuna damuwarsu dangane da tasa keyar wani dan kasar Australia dan asalin ƙasar Saudiyya, Dr Osama AlHasani zuwa ƙasar Saudiyya, bayan tsare shi a kasar Morocco. Magoya bayan wanda ake tsare da shi sun bayyana tsare shi a matsayin wani lamari na siyasa tare da bayyana bukatar mika shi da gwamnatin Saudiyya ta nema. An kama AlHassani a Maroko bayan isowarsa a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu bayan an zarge shi da laifin shirya ayyukan adawa da Wahabiyanci, Musulunci Sunni ya bi a Saudiyya. Har yanzu babu cikakken bayani game da kama AlHassani. Matar AlHassani ta bayyana fargabar komawar mijinta masarautar inda ta ce mai yiwuwa ya fuskanci irin halin da Jamal Khashoggi ke ciki. 2006 CIA Black site jayayya Bayan harin ta'addanci da aka kai a Casablanca a watan Mayun 2003, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun zargi Maroko da cin zarafi da azabtar da fursunoni. Wasu kafofin watsa labaru na Morocco da na kasa da kasa sun kuma yi zargin cewa kasar ta kafa sansanonin shiga tsakani na CIA bakar shafukan a yankinta, a cikin cibiyar binciken Temara inda ake cin zarafin bil'adama. A watan Satumban 2006, masu fafutuka sun bukaci Maroko ta amince da wanzuwar irin wadannan wuraren tsare mutane na sirri. Kafin haka, Vanessa Saenen ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana a shekara ta 2005 Muna da bayanai dangane da hirar da mutanen da ke Guantanamo Bay suka yi cewa akwai wuraren tsare mutane a asirce. Hatta gwamnatin Amurka ba ta damu da boye wannan ba, kuma muna da bayanai daga fursunonin da aka saki a Jordan, kan Maroko, Masar da Libya, amma ba a kan Romania da Poland ba. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da hukumomi Associationungiyar Marocaine des Droits de l'Homme AMDH ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a ranar 24 ga Yuni 1979 Organization Marocaine des Droits Humains OMDH kungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta kare hakkin bil'adama da aka kafa a kan 10 Disamba 1988 Conseil Consultatif des Droits de l'Homme CCDH kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta gwamnati wanda marigayi Sarki Hassan II ya kafa. Annakhil Association for Women and Children AEFE wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta a yankin Tensift-El Haouze a kudancin Maroko tare da manufar inganta zamantakewa, shari'a, tattalin arziki da yanayin tsabta na mata da yara ta hanyar ba da kyauta. tsarin don tunani da warware matsalolin. Ligue marocaine de la défense des droits de l'homme LMDDH kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a 1972 Association des droits numériques ADN ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta ta haƙƙin dijital da aka kafa a cikin 2014 Halin tarihi Jadawalin yana nuna ƙimar Maroko tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1 Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Maroko game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka. Duba kuma Amina Fila Daidaiton jinsi a Maroko Hakkin LGBT a Maroko Jerin labaran haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa Hakkokin Dan Adam a Yammacin Sahara Bayanan kula 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. 2. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. 3. Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Amnesty International Amurka Maroko da Yammacin Sahara sun haɗa da alaƙa da rahotannin shekara-shekara Human Rights Watch Maroko Rahoton shekara ta 2006 Hukumar Gaskiyar Maroko: Girmama wadanda aka kashe a baya a lokacin da ba a san tabbas ba Nuwamba 2005 Musanya Yancin Magana ta Duniya Maroko IFEX Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam 2007 2005 Maroko 2007 2005 Yammacin Sahara Laburaren Majalisa na Amurka Bayanan martaba na ƙasa: Sashen Binciken Tarayya na Maroko, Mayu 2006 Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya Ƴancin muhalli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50815

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%20Hughes

Shirley Hughes

Winifred Shirley Hughes CBE (16 Yulin shekarar 1927 25 Fabrairun shekarar 2022) marubuciya ce kuma mai zane Baturiya. Ta rubuta littattafai sama da hamsin, waɗanda aka sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 11.5, kuma sun kwatanta fiye da ɗari biyu. Kamar yadda na 2007,ta zauna a London. Hughes ta lashe lambobin yabo na 1977 da 2003 Kate Greenaway don kwatanta littafin yara na Biritaniya.A cikin 2007, wanda ta ci nasara a 1977,Dogger, an nada ta aikin cin nasara da jama'a suka fi so a cikin shekaru hamsin na farko.Ta lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta BookTrust a cikin 2015. Ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Eleanor Farjeon.Ta kasance majibincin kungiyar masu zane-zane. Kuruciya An haifi Hughes a Yammacin Kirby, sannan a cikin lardin Cheshire (yanzu a Merseyside a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1927. 'Yar Thomas James Hughes,mai gidan kantin sayar da kayayyaki na Liverpool TJ Hughes da matarsa Kathleen (née Dowling),ta girma a Yammacin Kirby akan Wirral. Ta tuna cewa masu fasaha irin su Arthur Rackham da W.Heath Robinson sun yi wahayi zuwa gare su tun daga ƙuruciya, kuma daga baya ta hanyar cinema da Walker Art Gallery. Musamman waɗanda aka fi so nata sune Edward Ardizzone,da EH Shepard waɗanda suka kwatanta Wind a cikin Willows da Winnie-the-Pooh. Ta ji daɗin yawan ziyartar gidan wasan kwaikwayo tare da mahaifiyarta, wanda ta ba ta ƙauna ga kallon mutane da sha'awar ƙirƙirar. Ta yi karatu a West Kirby Grammar School,amma Hughes ta ce ita ba ƙwararriyar ɗalibi ba ce ta ilimi,Kuma lokacin da ta kai shekaru 17,ta bar makaranta don yin nazarin zane da zane-zane a Makarantar Fasaha ta Liverpool. A Liverpool ta gano cewa an matsa mata lamba don ta sami miji sannan kuma ba ta cimma wani abu mai yawa a rayuwarta ba. Ta yi marmarin tserewa daga waɗannan tsammanin claustrophobic,don haka ta koma Oxford don halartar Makarantar Ruskin na Zana da Fine Art. Bayan makarantar fasaha ta ƙaura zuwa Notting Hill, London. A cikin 1952,ta auri John Sebastian Papendiek Vulliamy, masanin gine-gine da kuma echer. Suna da 'ya'ya uku tare:dan jarida Ed Vulliamy, masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta Tom Vulliamy,da Clara Vulliamy, wanda kuma shine mai zane-zane na yara. Aiki A cikin Oxford,an ƙarfafa Hughes don yin aiki a cikin tsarin littafin hoto da yin zane zane. Duk da haka,bayan kammala karatun ta ta yi ƙoƙarin cika burinta na zama mai zanen wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ta ɗauki aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Birmingham Rep.Da sauri ta yanke shawarar cewa "Hothouse da aka rufe"na duniyar wasan kwaikwayo ba nata ba ne, don haka ta bi shawarar tsohon malaminta ta fara aiki a matsayin mai zane. Ta fara ne da kwatanta littattafan wasu mawallafa, ciki har da My Naughty Little Sister ta Dorothy Edwards da The Bell Family ta Noel Streatfeild. Littafin da aka buga na farko da ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta shi ne Lucy Tom's Day, wanda aka sanya shi cikin jerin labaran. Ta ci gaba da rubuta ƙarin labarai sama da hamsin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Dogger (1977), jerin Alfie (1977), wanda ke nuna ƙaramin yaro mai suna Alfie da wani lokacin ƙanwarsa Annie-Rose, da jerin Olly da Me (1993). Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Walker Art Gallery a garinsu na Liverpool ta shirya baje kolin ayyukanta a 2003,wanda daga nan ta koma gidan kayan tarihi na Ashmolean a Oxford. Shahararriyar littafinta mai suna Dogger, game da wani karen abin wasa ne wanda wani karamin yaro ya rasa, amma sai ta sake haduwa da mai shi bayan an same shi a wani siyar da kaya.Wannan littafin ta samu wahayi daga danta, Ed,Wanda ta rasa teddy da ta fi so a Holland Park. Hakanan akwai Dogger na gaske, kuma an nuna shi tare da sauran ayyukanta a baje kolin ta a London da Oxford. Hughes ta kwatanta littattafan yara 200 a duk tsawon aikinta,wanda ta sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 10. A cikin dakunan karatu na WorldCat, takwas daga cikin ayyukanta guda goma da aka fi gudanarwa sune littattafan Alfie (1981 zuwa 2002). Sauran su ne Dogger (mutumi na biyu) da Out and About (1988). Hughes ta rubuta littafinta na farko a cikin 2015,wani ɗan ƙaramin littafi mai suna Hero akan Keke. Tana da shekara 84 lokacin da ta rubuta wannan. Hughes ta mutu a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2022 a gidanta da ke Landan.Ta kasance 94, kuma ta yi fama da gajeriyar rashin lafiya kafin rasuwarta. Babban kungiyar bayar da tallafin karatu ta Burtaniya, BookTrust,ta ba ta yabo, wanda ca ce sun mutu “sun” da cewa “labari masu ban sha’awa da kwatancenta, daga Dogger zuwa Alfie da Lucy da Tom, sun taba al’ummomi da yawa kuma har yanzu ana son su.Na gode,Shirley." Michael Morpurgo, marubucin War Horse,ya yaba mata, tana mai cewa ta "fara karatun rayuwar miliyoyin mutane." Kyaututuka Dogger (1977),wanda ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta, shine labarin farko na Hughes da aka buga a ƙasashen waje kuma Medal na Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Kate Greenaway ta amince da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun kwatancen littafin yara na shekara ta wani batu na Burtaniya.A cikin bikin cika shekaru 70 na abokin takarar Carnegie Medal a cikin 2007,ta ba da sunan ɗayan manyan ayyuka goma na Greenaway wanda ta ci lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar ƙwararru sannan ta sanya sunan wanda aka fi so,ko "Greenaway of Greenaways" (Jama'a sun kada kuri'a akan jerin sunayen kwamitin goma,wanda aka zaba daga ayyukan nasara 53 1955 zuwa 2005.Hughes da Dogger sun zabi kashi 26% na kuri'un zuwa kashi 25% na wanda zai gaje ta a matsayin wanda ta lashe lambar yabo,Janet Ahlberg da Kowane Peach Pear Plum. Hughes ta ci Greenaway na biyu (babu mai zane ta ci nasara uku) don Ella's Big Chance (2003), daidaitawarta na Cinderella, wanda aka saita a cikin 1920s.An buga shi a cikin Amurka azaman Babban Chance na Ella: A Jazz-Age Cinderella (Simon Schuster, 2004).Har ila yau,ta kasance 'yar tseren Greenaway sau uku da aka yaba: don Flutes da Cymbals: Poetry for the Young (1968), tarin da Leonard Clark ta tattara; don Mataimaka (Bodley Head, 1975),wanda ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta; da kuma Lion da Unicorn (Bodley Head, 1998),wanda ta rubuta kuma ta kwatanta (An yaba sosai). [lower-alpha 1] A cikin 1984, Hughes ta sami lambar yabo ta Eleanor Farjeon Award don hidima ta musamman ga adabin yara,a cikin 1999 an ba ta OBE,kuma a cikin 2000 ta zama Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Hakanan Jami'ar Liverpool John Moores ta ba ta Fellowship Honorary Fellowship da Digiri na Daraja ta Jami'ar Liverpool a 2004 da Jami'ar Chester a 2012. Booktrust, babbar ƙungiyar bayar da agaji ta Burtaniya, ta ba Hughes lambar yabo ta nasarar rayuwarsu ta farko a cikin 2015. Tuni Jami'in Tsarin Mulkin Biritaniya (OBE),an nada Hughes Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya (CBE) a cikin Sabuwar Shekara ta 2017 don hidima ga adabi. Ayyuka Molly Molly Zafin Bathwater hayaniya Lokacin Da Muka Je Fakin Duk Siffai da Girma Launuka Takalmi Biyu, Sabbin Takalmi The Snow Lady. Fita da About Kare Lucy da Tom Kirsimeti Lucy da Tom a bakin teku Tatsuniyoyi na Titin Trotter Jarumi akan Keke Fatalwar Hauwa'u Kirsimeti Zaki da Unicorn Mataimaka Angel Mae Kirsimeti na Dogger Labarun Alfie Ayyuka na wasu marubuta,wanda Hughes ta kwatanta Tsatsa, Doris, Duk Ranaku iri-iri: Labarai shida don Matasa (Faber da Faber, 1955) Corrin, Sara da Stephen, Labarun Masu Shekaru Takwas (Faber da Faber, 1974) Bayanan kula Nassoshi Kara karantawa "Shirley Hughes", a cikin Littattafai Don Tsayawa (1984 Mayu), shafi. 14-15 Kate Moody, "A Is for Artists", in Contact (1984 Spring), shafi. 24-25 Shirley Hughes, "Kalma da Hoto", a cikin M. Fearn, ed., Mafi Kyau kawai Ya isa: Laccocin Woodfield 1978-85 (1985) Elaine Moss, Sashe na Tsarin (1986), shafi. 107-12 D. Martin. "Shirley Hughes", a cikin Douglas Martin, Layin Bayarwa: Rubuce-rubucen kan Masu zane-zane na Littattafai goma sha biyar (Julia MacRae Littattafai, 1989), shafi. 148-66 Shirley Hughes, Zane Rayuwa (The Bodley Head, 2002) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shirley Hughes at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Julia Eccleshare, Shirley Hughes obituary, The Guardian, 2 March 2022 Ella's big chance: a fairy tale retold in libraries (WorldCat catalog) —immediately, first edition Ella's big chance: a Jazz-Age Cinderella in libraries (WorldCat catalog) —immediately, first US edition Shirley Hughes at Library of Congress, with 145 library catalogue records Mutuwan 2022 Haifaffun 1927 Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

31480

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariyar%20Ma%27aikata%20Matafiya

Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya

Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ma'aikatan Masu Hijira da kuma Iyalansu yarjejeniya ce ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke kula da kare ma'aikatan baƙin haure da iyalai. An sanya hannu a ranar 18 ga Disambar shekara ta 1990, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yulin shekara ta 2003 bayan an cimma iyakar jihohi guda 20 masu amincewa da juna a cikin Maris na shekara ta 2003. Kwamitin kula da ma'aikatan baƙin haure (CMW) ne ke sa ido kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama guda bakwai masu alaƙa da MDD. Yarjejeniyar ta shafi watan Agustan shekara ta 2021 a cikin ƙasashe guda 56. Magana “Lokaci ya yi da ya kamata a yi nazari sosai kan bangarori daban-daban na batun hijirar, wanda a yanzu ya shafi daruruwan miliyoyin mutane, kuma ya shafi kasashen da suka fito, da zirga-zirga da kuma inda za a je. Muna bukatar mu kara fahimtar musabbabin kwararowar al'ummar duniya da kuma hadaddiyar alakarsu da ci gaba." Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kofi Annan, daga rahotonsa na karfafa kungiyar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2002. Bayanin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ƙunshi cikakkiyar yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa game da kare haƙƙin ma'aikata baƙi. Yana jaddada alaƙa tsakanin ƙaura da yancin ɗan adam, wanda ke ƙara zama wani muhimmin batu na siyasa a duniya. Yarjejeniyar tana nufin kare ma'aikatan baƙi da membobin danginsu; kasancewarsa ya kafa ma'auni na ɗabi'a, kuma yana zama jagora da ƙarfafawa don haɓaka haƙƙin ƙaura a kowace ƙasa. A cikin Preamble, Yarjejeniyar ta tuna da yarjejeniyar da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa ta Duniya ta yi game da ma'aikatan ƙaura Hijira don Yarjejeniyar Aiki (Bita), 1949, Ma'aikatan Hijira (Ƙarin Sharuɗɗa) Yarjejeniyar, 1975, da kuma aikin tilastawa Yarjejeniyar Kwadago ta Tilastawa da Soke Yarjejeniyar Aiki na Tilas da kuma yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Yaƙi da Wariya a Ilimi Babban maƙasudin Yarjejeniyar ita ce haɓaka mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam na bakin haure. Bakin haure ba ma’aikata kadai ba ne, har ma mutane ne. Yarjejeniyar ba ta haifar da sabbin haƙƙoƙi ga baƙi ba amma tana nufin tabbatar da daidaiton jiyya, da yanayin aiki iri ɗaya, gami da yanayin aikin wucin gadi, ga baƙi da 'yan ƙasa. Yarjejeniyar tana ƙirƙira ne saboda ta dogara da ainihin ra'ayi cewa duk bakin haure su sami mafi ƙarancin kariya. Yarjejeniyar ta amince da cewa baƙi na yau da kullun suna da haƙƙin neman ƙaura, amma ya jaddada cewa baƙin haure ba bisa ƙa’ida ba dole ne su ga ana mutunta muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, kamar kowane ɗan adam. A halin da ake ciki, Yarjejeniyar ta ba da shawarar cewa a dauki matakai don kawar da zirga-zirgar sirri, musamman ta hanyar yaki da bayanan karya da ke ingiza mutane yin hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma takunkumai kan masu fataucin mutane da masu daukar nauyin bakin hauren da ba su da takardun izini. Mataki na 7 na wannan Yarjejeniyar ta kare haƙƙin ma'aikatan ƙaura da iyalansu ba tare da la'akari da "jima'i, launin fata, launi, harshe, addini ko hukunci ba, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, ƙasa, kabila ko zamantakewa, ƙasa, shekaru, matsayi na tattalin arziki, dukiya, ko wani yanki na kasa, ko ƙabila ko al'umma. matsayin aure, haihuwa, ko wani matsayi”. Kuma Mataki na ashirin da tara yana kare haƙƙin ɗan ma'aikacin ƙaura don suna, zuwa rajistar haihuwa da kuma ɗan ƙasa Ana kuma tunawa da wannan Yarjejeniyar ta Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin naƙasassu a Gabatarwar. Jam'iyyu da masu sanya hannu Tun daga watan Agustan shekara ta 2021 ƙasashen da suka amince da Yarjejeniyar su ne ƙasashen da suka fito daga bakin haure (kamar Mexico, Maroko, da Philippines). Ga waɗannan ƙasashe, Yarjejeniyar muhimmiyar abin hawa ce don kare 'yan ƙasa da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin Filipinas, alal misali, amincewa da Yarjejeniyar ya faru ne a cikin yanayin da aka kwatanta da wasu lokuta na ma'aikatan Filifin da ake zalunta a ƙasashen waje: irin waɗannan lokuta sun cutar da al'ummar Filipino kuma sun sa amincewa da Yarjejeniyar. Duk da haka, wadannan kasashe su ma kasashe ne masu wuce gona da iri, kuma Yarjejeniyar ta zayyana nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu na kare haƙƙin 'yan ci-rani a yankunansu, kuma ba su yi wani abu ba wajen kare wadanda ke cikin gida. Babu wata ƙasa mai karɓar baƙin haure a Yammacin Turai ko Arewacin Amurka da ta amince da Yarjejeniyar. Sauran mahimman ƙasashe masu karɓa, irin su Ostiraliya, ƙasashen Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu ba su amince da Yarjejeniyar ba. Duba kuma Shige da fice Ma'aikatan ƙaura Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya Ranar bakin haure ta duniya Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya Hijira don Yarjejeniyar Aiki (Bita), 1949 Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikatan Hijira (Ƙarin Sharuɗɗa), 1975 Yarjejeniya kan ma'aikatan gida Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cikakken rubutun Yarjejeniyar (Turanci) Cikakken rubutun Yarjejeniyar (Spanish) Sa hannu da tabbatarwa Kwamitin Ma'aikatan Hijira (wanda ke sa ido kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar) Rahoton Hijira na Duniya na 2002 wanda Sashen Tattalin Arziki da Al'amuran Jama'a/Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya buga Wakilin Musamman kan Hakkokin Dan Adam na Baƙi Shirin UNESCO kan Hijira na Ƙasashen Duniya da Manufofin Al'adu da yawa: Ayyuka akan Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Baƙi Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin ƙaura ta Duniya Dandalin Migrant a Asiya Sanarwa Akan Hakkokin Wanda Aka Kora Da Korarsu Yarjejeniya Ƙungiyoyi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

34955

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadar%20Neja%20ta%20Biyu

Gadar Neja ta Biyu

Gadar Neja ta Biyu, aikin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ne wanda ya kai tsawon 1.6 km (0.99 mi) kuma an tanaji ginin zamani da sauran kayan kawa kamar babbar hanya mai tsawon 10.3 km (6.4 mi), hanyoyin Owerri da tasha duk a cikin birnin Obosi, ana sa ran za a kaddamar da ita a watan Oktoba 2022. Pages using infobox bridge with empty coordinates parameter Wuri da halin da ake ciki Gadar Neja ta Biyu ta ratsa Neja ta tsakanin garuruwan Asaba da ke yamma da Onitsha a gabas. Idan aka kammala ta, za ta kasance gada ta karshe da ke kan kogin Neja kafin ta ratsa kololuwarta. Kogin Neja ita ce kogi na uku mafi tsawo a Afirka bayan kogin Nilu da Kongo. Yana motsa ruwa 7,000 m 3 s a Onitsha, wanda ya ninka sau ɗari fiye da Thames a London (65 m 3 s) kuma kusan sau uku fiye da kogin Missouri (2,450 m 3 s) a da. isa St. Louis Jamhuriyar Nijar kuma ta raba yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya mai yawan al'umma da yankin kudu maso gabas mai arzikin mai. A yanzu gada daya tilo a da ke Onitsha, ginin tulun karfe tun 1960 mai hanyoyi biyu, babu shakka an mata nauyi, saboda bcewa tana daukar ’yan kasuwa masu tafiya da kaya, direbobin keken hannu, masu daukar kaya da kuma mutane na lokaci-lokaci baya ga haka da motoci. Kalmar “Gadar Neja ta Biyu wadda aka yi amfani da ita a matsayin kalmar da aka kafa a siyasar Nijeriya tun a shekarun 1980, ta kasance ta yaudara. Hasali ma, akwai manyan gadoji guda bakwai a kan Neja a Najeriya kadai (ba a ma maganar a kasashe irin su Nijar ko Benin Don haka daidan shi shine "Gadar Niger ta Biyu a Onitsha Kudade An samu kuɗin tallafin ne tare da haɗin gwiwar mutane da 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu (PPP), wanda za a caje kuɗin kuɗin ga masu amfani da gadar. Julius Berger Nigeria PLC, ne ke kula da aikin. Kididdiga Kididdigar gadar da aka kusan kammala (har watan Yuni 2022), An sarrafa tan 14,000 na ƙarfe (wanda ya kusan nink yawan karfen da akayi amfani dashi wajen gina Hasumiyar Eiffel har sau biyu), An zuba tan 250,000 na siminti (wanda kadan ya rage ya kai wanda akayi amfani dashi wajen gina hasumiyar Trump ba a Chicago a tan 310,000), Ma'aikata 1,468 aka yi aiki a kan ginin da kansa (a wurin) da kuma wani 8,000 a wasu wurare. An ƙididdige sa'oi 8,700,000 na ayyukan mutane kuma duk da haka an yi aikin a shekaru 2.5 ba tare da haɗari ba. Tsarin gadar shine, tsayin mita 1,590 gabaɗaya, ya ƙunshi gadoji guda biyu daidai gwargwado wanda aka riga aka rigaya an riga an shigar da akwatin girdar, kowane faɗin mita 14.5. Gada na yanzu za su sami tsayin mita 630 tare da tazarar 5 tare da fadin nisa na 150 m iyakar. Gadar ramp ta yamma za ta kasance tsayin mita 755 sannan gadar tudu ta gabas zata kasance tsayin mita 205. An gina gadar ta hanyar amfani da hanyar cantilever, yayin da za a gina gadojin tudu ta hanyar amfani da hanyar ƙaddamar da ƙara. Tarihi An fara samar da gadar Neja ta biyu a lokacin yakin neman zabe na shekarar 1958/69 wanda dan takarar lokacin Shehu Francis limamin jam’iyyar NPN ya fara. A shekarar 1987, bayan kashedi game da yanayin lafiyar gadar Neja wanda Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje Abubakar Umar yayi, Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya kalubalanci injiniyoyin kasa da su tsara gadar Neja ta Biyu, inda suka fuskanci kalubale, Kungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya ta kira. NSE Prems Limited tana ba da gudummawa ga a kowace shekara. Karin titin jirgin kasa daga gabas zuwa yamma a aikin, abin takaici shine rigingimun da suka kawo karshen gwamnatin Babangida sun hana aikin. A karkashin gwamnatocin soja na gaba, aikin bai samu kulawa ba sosai. Bayan komawar mulkin farar hula, shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya yi alkawarin samar da gadar kogin Neja na biyu. Sai dai kuma gwamnatinsa ba ta gudanar da wani gagarumin aiki ba har sai da kwanaki biyar kafin mikawa gwamnatin Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa mai jiran gado a lokacin da Obasanjo ya kaddamar da aikin a Asaba Gwamnati mai shigowa ta gaji 58.6 biliyan da aka cire don kashewa tituna guda shida, 1.8 gadar da aka biya ta kilomita, wanda za a kammala shi cikin shekaru uku da rabi. Za a ba da tallafin gadar ne a karkashin haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu (PPP) tare da kashi 60 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga ɗan kwangilar, Gitto Group; Kashi 20 cikin 100 daga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya, da kuma kashi 10 cikin 100 daga gwamnatocin jihohin Anambra da Delta Abin takaicin rasuwar shugaba 'Yar'aduwa ya kawo cikas ga ci gaban aikin. Sai dai a watan Agustan 2012, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya a karkashin gwamnatin Jonathan ta amince da kwangilar da ta kai Naira miliyan 325 don tsarawa da kuma tsara gadar. A lokacin yakin neman zaben Najeriya na 2011, Jonathan ya yi alkawarin cewa idan aka zabe shi zai gudanar da aikin kafin karshen wa'adinsa a 2015. A wani taro da aka yi a garin Onitsha a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, 2012, ya yi alkawarin tafiya gudun hijira idan har bai kai ga aikin nan da shekarar 2015 ba. Gwagwarmayar kammala gada ya ci gaba ne a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari, wanda ya fara soke kwangilar da aka kulla tun a watan Agustan 2015. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57771

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on%20de%20Nolivos

Pierre Gédéon de Nolivos

Pierre Gédéon, Comte de Nolivos (an haife shi 25 Nuwamba 1715) sojan Faransa ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Guadeloupe daga 1765 zuwa 1768,sannan a matsayin Gwamnan Saint-Domingue daga 1769 zuwa 1772. Shekarun farko An haifi Pierre Gédéon René de Nolivos a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1715 a Léogâne a yankin Faransa na Saint-Domingue (yanzu Haiti An yi masa baftisma a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1716 a Léogane. Mahaifinsa,wanda ake kira Pierre Gédéon,an haife shi a Sauveterre-de-Béarn,ɗan alkali a Majalisar Navarre,kuma ya shiga cikin balaguron sirri da yawa kafin a aika shi zuwa Saint-Domingue a 1707.2]Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Renée Giet (1683-1756).Mahaifinsa ya isa Saint Domingue a 1707 a matsayin kyaftin na kamfani kyauta.An nada shi babba a Petit-Goâve a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1717,da kuma jarumin Order of Saint Louis a ranar 23 ga Disamba 1721.Ya mutu a Léogane a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1732. Nolivos ya shiga aikin sojan ruwa a matsayin alama kuma an kara masa girma zuwa laftanar sannan kuma kyaftin din jirgin (capitaine de vaisseaux ).A cikin 1745 Pierre Gédéon de Nolivos jami'i ne a cikin tawagar Marquis de Caylus,Gwamna Janar na tsibirin Windward,wanda ya yanke masa hukunci "cike da kishi,wuta da kishi".An nada shi brigadier,sannan mataimaki général des logis ko mataimakin shugaban hafsan soji na Bas-Rhin a 1761. Gwamnan Guadeloupe A cikin 1764 an nada Nolivos Gwamnan Gaudeloupe,inda ya yi aiki daga Maris 1765 zuwa Disamba 1768.Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa shine kafa tashar jiragen ruwa kyauta.A cikin Afrilu 1765 ya ba wa wasu 'yan kasuwa biyu na Basse-Terre amanar aikin leken asiri a tsibirin arewa.Manufar ita ce a kafa wani kamfani inda za a iya adana kayayyaki don fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje ba tare da biyan haraji na 1% zuwa 3%.Kayayyakin za su zama syrup da tafia (wani nau'in rum) waɗanda ake buƙata a Amurka amma ba a Turai ba.Hakanan za'a iya amfani da entrepôt azaman hanyar fita don ƙarin samfuran Faransa kamar giya,giya,mai da sabulu.Sakamakon zai kasance don rage haramtattun kayayyaki da kuma nisantar da kasuwancin Ingilishi daga yankunan Faransa.An yi watsi da aikin a watan Nuwamba 1765 a Saint Martin,amma ya koma bayan shekaru biyu a Saint Lucia da Saint Domingue. Gwamnan Saint Domingue Bayan ya bar Gaudeloupe,Nolivos ya kasance gwamnan Saint Domingue daga Satumba 1769 zuwa Janairu 1772.Nolivos yana da dukiya mai yawa,kuma ya mallaki kofi da noman sukari iri-iri a Saint-Domingue, da kuma wani gidan gari a kan Rue de la Grange Batelière. Paris.A cikin 1771 a Port-au-Prince ya auri Suzanne Marcombe,gwauruwa na Ambroise Roux,na dangi na asali daga Angers .An haifi matarsa a 1714.An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar aure a ranar 6 ga Maris 1771.Kadarorin Nolivos da aka jera a cikin kwangilar sun hada da makudan kudade,bayi 46 na gida,dawakai 26,kayan daki da kayan azurfa.Matarsa kuma ta sayi kudi, gonar kofi,bayi 40 negro da sauran kadarori.Kafin bikin aure a ranar 19 ga Maris 1771 maza sun yi nishadi a fadar gwamna,da mata a cikin niyya.Baƙi na jinsi biyu sun shiga cocin da ƙarfe ɗaya. Shekarun baya Sarki ya tuna da Nolivos a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1771.Shi da matarsa sun bar Saint-Domingue a ƙarshen wannan shekarar a kan jirgin Thomas,kuma suka tashi a Nantes a cikin Afrilu 1772.Uku daga cikin bayin da suka raka su bayi ne,Jean Simon,mai dafa abinci,Jean Louis,Valet da Charlotte,mulatto.Takardun doka na 28 ga Mayu 1773 ya nuna cewa Nolivos da matarsa suna zaune a Paris a kan Rue Grange Batelière. Ƙididdigar Nolivos ta sami fensho na 6,000 a cikin 1775.Ya yi ritaya zuwa ƙasar danginsa a Béarn bayan mutuwar matarsa a ranar 21 ga Agusta 1782 a Paris.A lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa,a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1793 Nolivos, mai shekaru 79 da takaba ba tare da yara ba,an sanya shi a cikin jerin wadanda ake zargi a matsayin aristocrat,kamar yadda dan uwansa Marquis de Nolivos,mai shekaru 41 kuma ya yi aure tare da yara hudu.An sake shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 1794. Ba a san ranar mutuwarsa

51657

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amira%20Yahyaoui

Amira Yahyaoui

Amira Yahyaoui (an haife ta a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarata alif 1984),'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Tunisiya, marubuciya kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ta kasance a baya wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Al Bawsala, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka ba da gaskiya da rikon amana. Yahyaoui ita ce Jagorar Matasa na Duniya na shekarar 2016 a Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya, mai ba da shawara ga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ga Amnesty International da kuma mamba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta UNHCR game da Jinsi, Ƙaurawar Tilasta, da Kariya. Ta samu lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa da yawa saboda gwagwarmayar ta, gami da lambar yabo ta Vital Voices Trailblazer Female Leadership, Kyautar Gidauniyar Chirac don Rigakafin Rikici, kuma an zaɓe ta sau da yawa a matsayin mace ɗaya mafi ƙarfi da tasiri a duniya Larabawa da matan Afirka. Rayuwar farko An haifi Amira Yahyaoui a Tunis, daga dangin Ksar Hadada. Ita ce 'yar alkali dan kasar Tunisiya Mokhtar Yahyaoui. Yahyaoui ta fito ne daga dangin masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Mahaifinta Mokhtar Yahyaoui ya kasance mai adawa da gwamnatin tsohon shugaban Tunisiya Ben Ali. An kore shi ne bayan ya rubuta game da rashin adalci a Tunisia, kuma an sanya shi cikin sa ido akai-akai na tsawon shekaru. Dan uwanta Zouhair Yahyaoui masanin tattalin arziki ne wanda ya kafa gidan yanar gizon satirical TUNeZINE. Ya rasu ne a shekara ta 2005 bayan da gwamnati ta tsananta masa tare da azabtar da shi saboda rashin amincewarsa na yin katsalandan a Tunisiya. Aikin fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam Masu adawa da gwamnatin Ben Ali Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, Yahyaoui ta fara wani shafin yanar gizo tana sukar gwamnatin Ben Ali tare da bayyana yadda take hakkin dan Adam. Ta yi suna a Tunisiya a matsayin mai adawa da cece-kuce kuma mai fafutukar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Sakamakon hare-haren da take kaiwa gwamnati, hukumomin gwamnati sun sha kai mata hari. Yayin da take matashiya, jami’an ‘yan sandan sirri na jihar sun ka mata tare da lakada mata duka saboda fafutukar kare hakkin bil Adama. Bayan da aka yi gudun hijira daga Tunisiya, tana da shekaru 18, Amira Yahyaoui ta gudu zuwa Faransa kuma ta yi karatu a can yayin da yake ci gaba da zanga-zangar adawa da shugabancin Ben Ali da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da wuce gona da iri. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ta kasance ba ta da ƙasa kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan gudun hijirar 'yancin ɗan adam' na Tunisiya. juyin juya halin Tunisiya Yayin da take gudun hijira, Amira Yahyaoui ta kafa Nhar 3la 3mmar, zanga-zangar adawa da cece-kucen da aka yi a birane da dama na duniya a watan Mayun 2010. An dai shirya taron ne da nufin inganta hangen nesa kan batun ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kuma duk da cewa ba a fara gabatar da shi a matsayin wata zanga-zangar nuna adawa da gwamnati ba, ya zama wata kungiya mai fafutuka ta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki a Tunisia. 'Yan sandan Tunisiya sun bi shi sosai, kuma an kama wasu masu fafutuka. A lokacin juyin juya halin Tunusiya da ya fara a ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekarar 2010, Amira Yahyaoui ta yi amfani da dandalinta ta yanar gizo wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da take hakkin bil'adama da kisa a kasarta, inda ta yi mahawara a kan wakilan Ben Ali a gidan Talabijin, tare da yin kira ga kasashen duniya su goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar Tunisiya. Yayin da Ben Ali ta tsere daga ƙasar a ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, 2011, Amira ta dawo da fasfonta daidai wannan rana kuma ta koma Tunisiya nan take. An kira sabon zabe don kafa sabuwar majalisar dokokin Tunisiya da kuma rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin sabon tsarin dimokuradiyya. Watanni da dama bayan dawowarsa Tunisia, Yahyaoui ta tsaya takara a zaben majalisar dokokin kasar a shekara ta 2011 a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta domin wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin muhawarar kundin tsarin mulkin kasar. Jerin yakin neman zabenta ya yi amfani da kafafen yada labarai da dama wajen yin kira ga rashin kulawar da jam'iyyun siyasa ke yi wajen rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tunisiya. Al Bawsala Yahyaoui ta kafa kungiya mai zaman kanta Al Bawsala (wanda aka fassara zuwa "Compass" a cikin Larabci) a shekarar 2012., don sa ido kan ayyukan Majalisar Zartarwa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Al Bawsala ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Al Bawsala na amfani da fasaha don ci gaban zamantakewa ta sami karbuwa da yawa daga lambobin yabo daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa kamar lambar yabo ta Duniya. Al Bawsala na inganta gaskiya da rikon amana na gwamnati, tana sa ido kan tsarin majalisar dokokin Tunusiya da kuma bayar da shawarwari ga 'yancin kai. A yayin gudanar da taron majalisar, Al Bawsala ta yi amfani da fasaha don ba da muhawara game da rubuta kundin tsarin mulkin Tunisiya ga kowane ɗan ƙasa a Tunisiya. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun kasance a tsakiyar muhawara game da samun bayanai, daidaiton jinsi, da sauran muhimman batutuwan da suka shafi dimokuradiyyar Tunisiya. Shugaban taron Davos na 2016 Amira Yahyaoui an nada ta mataimakiyar shugabar taron shekara-shekara na dandalin tattalin arzikin duniya na shekarar 2016, a karkashin taken juyin juya halin masana'antu na hudu. Ta jagoranci taron tare da shugabannin kasuwanci ciki har da Mary Barra (Shugaba, General Motors), Satya Nadella (Shugaba, Microsoft), Hiroaki Nakanishi (shugaban da Shugaba, Hitachi), da Tidjane Thiam (Shugaba, Credit Suisse). Juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu ya zama jigon muhawara a cikin da'irar kasuwanci da manufofin bayan taron. An buga littattafai da yawa a kan batun, kuma a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2016, Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya ta sanar da buɗe sabuwar Cibiyar juyin juya halin masana'antu ta huɗu a San Francisco. Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Amira Yahyaoui ta samu lambobin yabo da dama da kasashen duniya suka karrama ta dasu saboda ayyukanta na inganta hakkin dan Adam da dimokuradiyya a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. A shekara ta 2012, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Global Trailblazers Award a 2012 Vital Voices Global Leadership Awards (an sake zaɓen ta a cikin 2015 don Kyautar Jagorancin Duniya). A shekara ta 2013 da 2014, an Zabe ta a cikin jerin Kasuwancin Larabawa na Manyan Matan Larabawa masu ƙarfi a Duniya. A shekara ta 2014, ya zama Meredith Greenberg Yale World Fellow. A shekara ta 2014, an ba da lambar yabo ta Conflict prevention Fondation Chirac. A shekara ta 2015, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Duniya a 2015 Vital Voices Global Leadership Awards. A shekara ta 2016, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya ta nada shi a matsayin matashin Jagoran Duniya tare da dan majalisar dokokin Tunisiya Wafa Makhlouf. A shekara ta 2016, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Duniya ta nada ta a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwar taron Davos na shekarar 2016, jigo kan juyin juya halin masana'antu na huɗu. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1984 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25971

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Hunayn

Yakin Hunayn

Yakin Hunayn (Larabci: romanized: Ghazwat Hunayn) Annabi Muhammad da mabiyansa sun yi yaƙi da ƙabilar Bedouin na Hawazin da sashinsa Thaqif, a cikin 630 AZ, a kwarin Hunayn, akan hanya daga Makka zuwa At-Ta'if. Yaƙin ƙarshe ya ƙare cikin nasara ga musulmai, waɗanda suka ƙwace ganima mai yawa. An ambace shi a cikin Suratut-Tawbah na Alqur'ani, kuma yana daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da aka ambata da sunan a cikin Alkur'ani. Shirye -shirye Bayan Fage Hawazins sun kasance abokan gaban mutanen Makka na dogon lokaci. Suna arewa maso gabas na Makka kuma yankinsu ya zauna kusa da hanyar kasuwanci zuwa Al-Hirah a Iraki. Hawazins sun kasance masu kawance da Thaqifs, wani dan kabilar Hawazin wanda ya zauna a Ta’if, wani gari kudu maso gabas na Makka wanda hanyoyin kasuwancin sa ke bi ta yankin Hawazin. Kawancen ya yi yaƙe -yaƙe da yawa mai yiwuwa dangane da hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Ta'if da Makka. Idan aka ba da wannan tarihin sun ga Muhammad a matsayin wani shugaba Quraishi mai ƙarfi wanda kuma ya zo ya jagoranci jama'arsa. Suna tunanin a tsakaninsu cewa yaƙi da Musulmai na gab da gabatowa kuma cewa tsirarun Musulmai da ake zalunta a baya sun sami galaba akan abokan gabarsu na Larabawa da ba Musulmi ba, kuma wataƙila sun so su ci gajiyar rudanin da ake samu a Makka bayan Musulmi. kwace. Wasu kabilu sun fifita fada da shi da Musulmai. Gaban waɗannan sune kabilun Hawazin da Thaqif. A cewar malamin addinin Musuluncin Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri "Sun dauka sun fi karfin shiga ko mika wuya ga irin wannan nasara". Don haka, sun sadu da Malik bin ‘Awf An-Nasri kuma sun ƙuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar Musulmi. Malik ya lallashe sauran kabilun yaƙi ya tattara su a gabansa. Hadin gwiwar kabilu da suka kunshi Nasr, Jusham, Sa’ad bin Bakr, Bani Hilal, Bani 'Amr bin Amir da Bani' Awf bin Amir sun hallara a Autas tare da Thaqif da Hawazin. A wannan rana Muhammadu yana da sojoji dubu goma sha biyu masu ɗauke da makamai ƙarƙashin mizaninsa. Dubu goma daga cikinsu sune waɗanda suka raka shi daga Madina kuma suka shiga yaƙin Makka, sauran dubu biyu kuma daga cikin Quraishawa ne, waɗanda suka musulunta kwanan nan. Umurnin wannan ƙungiya yana tare da Abu Sufyan. A wancan zamanin da kyar aka sami irin wannan runduna a ko'ina kuma wannan ƙarfin adadi na su ya zama sanadin faduwar su ta farko. Ya kasance saboda, sabanin abin da ya gabata, sun yi alfahari da yawan sojojinsu kuma sun yi watsi da dabarun soja da ka'idojin yaƙi. Lokacin da sojojin musulmai gami da sabbin wadanda suka tuba daga Makka suka ga dimbin maza sai suka ce: "Ba za mu ci nasara ba kwata -kwata, saboda sojojinmu sun fi na abokan gaba yawa. Ɗan leƙen asiri Hawazin da kawayensu, Thaqif, sun fara tattara rundunarsu lokacin da suka samu labari daga 'yan leken asirin cewa Muhammad da rundunarsa sun tashi daga Madina don fara kai hari a Makka. Da alama ƙungiyoyin sun yi fatan kai farmaki kan sojojin Musulmi yayin da suka kewaye Makka. Muhammadu, duk da haka, ya tona asirinsu ta hanyar 'yan leƙen asirinsa a sansanin Hawazin, kuma ya yi tattaki da Hawazin makonni biyu kacal bayan cin Makka da ƙarfin maza 12,000. Makonni hudu kacal suka shude tun lokacin da dakarun Musulmi suka bar Madina don cin Makka. Darasin yaƙin A daren Laraba, goma ga watan Shawwal, sojojin Musulmi sun isa Hunain. Malik bin ‘Awf, wanda a baya ya shiga cikin kwarin da daddare, ya ba da umarni ga rundunarsa ta mutum dubu huɗu da su buya a cikin kwarin su faɗo wa Musulmai a kan hanyoyi, ƙofar shiga, da kunkuntar wuraren buya. Umarninsa ga mutanensa shine su dinga jifan Musulmai a duk lokacin da suka gansu sannan su kai hari akan mutum ɗaya. Lokacin da Musulmai suka fara zango, kibiyoyi sun fara yi musu zafi sosai. Bataliyar abokan gaba sun fara kai wa Musulmai hari, wanda dole ne su ja da baya cikin rudani da rudani. An ba da rahoton cewa sojoji kaɗan ne suka rage a baya kuma suka yi fafatawa, ciki har da Ali bin Abu Talib, mai ɗaukar nauyin, Abbas bin Abdullah, Fadl ibn Abbas, Usamah, da Abu Sufyan bin al-Harith. Ibn Kathir ya rubuta cewa a cewar Ibn Ishaq, Jabir ibn Abdullah, wanda ya shaida wannan yaƙin, sojojin Musulmai sun firgita da wani harin bazata daga abokan gaba kuma maza da yawa sun tsere daga fagen daga. Sai dai wasu gungun Muhajirun sun tsaya kyam suna kare Annabi a filin daga. Wadannan mutane su ne Ali, Abdullah Ibn Masood, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith, Fadl ibn Abbas, Rabi' ibn al-Harith, Usama ibn Zayd da Ayman ibn Ubayd. An kashe Ayman bn Ubayd a ranar yana kare Annabi Muhammad. "Ku taho mutane! Ni Manzon Allah ne. Ni Muhammad dan Abdullahi ne." Sannan Muhammad ya ce, “Ya Allah, ka saukar da Taimakonka!”, Daga baya Musulmai suka koma fagen daga. Muhammadu, sannan ya ɗebo ɗan yatsan ƙasa, ya jefar da su a fuskokinsu yana cewa: "Fuskokinku su kunyata." Idanunsu sun cika da ƙura kuma abokan gaba sun fara ja da baya cikin tsananin rudani, a cewar malamin musulinci Safi-ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri. Bayan da aka ci abokan gaba. Kimanin maza saba'in na Thaqif kadai aka kashe, kuma Musulmai sun ƙwace dukan raƙuman da suke hawa, makamai da shanu. Ayar Alqur'ani ta 9:25 ita ma ta sauka a cikin wannan taron a cewar malaman musulmi: Wasu daga cikin abokan gaba sun gudu, kuma Muhammad ya bi su. Irin wannan bataliyar ta bi wasu abokan gaba, Rabi’a bin Rafi ‘ta riski Duraid bin As-Simmah wanda tsoho ne ya kashe shi. Durayd wani muhimmin kadara ne na sojojin arna saboda yawan gogewarsa a fagen fama da sanin dabarun yaƙi. Tabari Malamin Fiqhu Muslim ya ambaci haka kamar haka: Bayan Saboda Malik bn Awf al-Nasri ya kawo iyalai da garken Hawazin tare, Musulmai sun sami nasarar kwace ganima mai yawa. An kama fursunoni 6,000 kuma an kama raƙuma 24,000. Wasu Makiyaya sun gudu, sun kasu kashi biyu. Wata ƙungiya ta koma, ta haifar da Yaƙin Autas, yayin da babbar ƙungiyar ta sami mafaka a At-Ta'if, inda Muhammad ya kewaye su. William Montgomery Watt ya furta cewa Muhammad ya ɗauki matsayin gwarzon mutanen Makka ta hanyar fuskantar manyan abokan gabarsu na Makiyaya, Hawaziyya da Thaƙif na birnin Al-Ta'if. Majiyoyin Firamare na Musulunci An ambaci taron a cikin tarin Hadisin Ahlus -Sunnah Sahihul Bukhari kamar haka: Haka nan taron yana cikin Imam Maliks Al-Muwatta kamar haka:

29878

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar%20da%20makamashi%20ta%20hanyar%20shara

Samar da makamashi ta hanyar shara

Waste-to-makamashi WtE ko makamashi-daga-sharar gida EfW shi ne tsarin samar da makamashi ta hanyar wutar lantarki da ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na sharar gida, ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar lantarki da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. Tarihi An gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a Nottingham, UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a New York, New York An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a Denmark a cikin 1903 a Frederiksberg Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfadowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) Hanyoyin Konawa Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da makamashi, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida MSW saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO x sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar karafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da ƙasa Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi cogeneration Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Wadannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Man fetur daga robobi Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. Sauran Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: Fasahar jiyya na thermal Gasification yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba Thermal depolymerization yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi Pyrolysis yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa bioil da chars Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. Fasaha mara zafi: Anaerobic narkewa Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane Samar da fermentation misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) MBT Anaerobic narkewa MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu Ci gaban duniya A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado A kasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Kasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. Carbon dioxide watsi A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide CO zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). Dattin datti na birni (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na na MSW yana samar da kusan na CO Idan aka cika sharar, na MSW zai samar da kusan methane ta hanyar bazuwar anaerobic na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da na CO wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS 15440 sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da zaɓin hanyar rushewa An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. bukatar sabuntawa A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira hanyar daidaitawa tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. Sanannen misalai A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey Wurin Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County, Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria Wien Energie Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, Amurka Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, Kanada (1988) Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, New Delhi, Indiya East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India Tsirrai masu samar da mai A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin Edmonton, Alberta, Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling Ostiraliya Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. Duba wasu abubuwan Ci gaba da karatu Manazarta Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. Makamashi Shara Muhalli Kamfani Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25214

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch%20Taylor

Scotch Taylor

Alistair Innes 'Scotch' Taylor (1925 7 Fabrairu, shekara ta 2004 a birnin Johannesburg) ya Afrika ta Kudu wasa da suka buga na farko-aji wasan kurket da hockey for Transvaal, da kuma kyaftin din da Transvaal wasan kurket tawagar for hudu yanayi. Taylor ya wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a gwajin Cricket daya a shekara ta 1956. Ya kasance tsohon dalibin Makarantar King Edward VII, ya kafa sashin squash a cikin kulob din Old Edwardians, kuma an zabe shi shugaban kungiyar Hockey ta Afirka ta Kudu Taylor ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini yana da shekaru 78 a rayuwa. Sana'ar wasan kurket Haihuwar 25 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 1925 a Johannesburg, Taylor babban jemage ne, kuma ya fara buga gasar cin kofin Currie a matsayin mai buɗe ido da Rhodesia a 1950-51 Ya ci karni na farko a wasan da ya biyo baya, yayin da Griqualand West ta sha kashi da ci 332 kuma Taylor ya kara 204 don bugun farko tare da gogaggen dan Afirka ta Kudu Eric Rowan, wanda ya karya tarihin rikodin Currie Cup na baya yayin wasan. Transvaal ya lashe Kofin Currie na 1950 51, ya buga wasa ɗaya kacal, kuma tare da gudanar da 368 Taylor ya gama na goma a gasar Currie Cup yana da ƙima, kawai a bayan Rowan don Transvaal. A cikin kakar 1951 52, Taylor ya fita daga cikin ƙungiyar kuma Transvaal ya koma zuwa Sashe na B, amma ya dawo tare da wickets ɗari da huɗu a wasan share fage na farko da Natal a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1952. Kuma duk da cewa ya faɗi a matsayi na 25 a cikin wasannin da ake yi na kakar wasa, ya buga 164 a cikin nasarar da aka samu a kan iyaka, inda ya ƙara 274 tare da Rowan a farkon wicket. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya yi rikodin maki shida a ƙasa da 20, kuma an jefa shi a wasan dawo da iyaka, inda Transvaal ya yi rashin nasara. Hakanan an yi amfani da ƙwallonsa, yayin da ya ɗauki wickets 10 a matsakaicin ƙwallon ƙafa na 32.30 a kakar. Babu Kofin Currie a kakar wasa mai zuwa, amma har yanzu Taylor ya buga wasanni na aji uku na farko, duk da cewa an sake shi. A kan yawon shakatawa na 'yan New Zealand Taylor ya yi fama da lamba bakwai; a cikin wasan da ruwan sama ya shafa a Ellis Park, Transvaal ya buga 145 don takwas a cikin 29 over, tare da Taylor ya mari Tony MacGibbon, Bob Blair da John Richard Reid don tsere 64, 40 fiye da kowane dan wasan Transvaal. Transvaal ya baiyana cikin dare, yana biye da gudu 71, amma New Zealand ta ci ranar don yin canjaras. Ba tare da Taylor ba, Transvaal ya ci wasan su na farko na 1954-55, amma Taylor ya taka leda a wasan da ke kare Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, yana yin babban matsayi mafi girma na 180 kamar yadda Transvaal ya ci nasara ta hanyar innings da gudu 306. Mako mai zuwa a kan Natal, shi da Ken Funston sun ɗauki Transvaal a cikin tsere 32 na farko na Natal duka tare da wickets takwas a hannu, amma Hugh Tayfield da Ian Smith, sannan Tayfield ya ɗora ta don tara yayin da Transvaal ya yi 99 don neman burin 246 don cin nasara. Kamar yadda Trevor Goddard '55 ya taimaki Natal ya fitar da ƙwallo 46 a fafatawar da aka yi, inda Taylor ya ci 61 daga cikin ƙungiyarsa ta 423 da ke gudana cikin innings biyu, kuma Transvaal kuma ya kasa doke lardin Yammacin Turai, dole ne su gamsu da matsayi na biyu. tare da tsere 461, mafi yawan Taylor da ya yi a lokacin gasar cin kofin Currie, Taylor ya gama na bakwai a jerin gwanon amma ya kai matsakaicin matsakaicin bugun. Taylor ya sami matsayin kaftin dinsa a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa nasara 52 a lardin Gabas da jagorantar gasar, amma ya biyo baya ta hanyar samun nasara daga Hugh Roy (mai matsakaicin matsakaici tare da matsakaicin aikin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na 42) a matsayin Transvaal ya bi 272 don nasarar su ta uku. Duk da rashin nasara na 91 Endean, Transvaal ya sha kashi, kuma Lardin Yammacin ya fara daga farkon wanda zai kai ga lashe Kofin Currie. Har ila yau Transvaal ya rasa sauran fafatawar da suka yi da Lardin Yammacin Turai, yayin da suka fatattaki 120 tare da kwallaye takwas a kan wicket da ruwan sama ya shafa. Taylor ya zira kwallaye mafi yawa bayan an saka shi a bude. Koyaya, ya samu hamsin kawai a cikin kakar, kuma tare da gudu 235 ya gama na 34 akan teburin wasannin Currie Cup. Babu wasan kurket na Currie a kakar wasa mai zuwa, yayin da Ingila ta zagaya kuma ta buga wasanni 20 na matakin farko. Koyaya, akwai wasan aji na farko tsakanin Transvaal da Natal, kuma bayan ƙarewa a cikin innings na farko Taylor ya buga 85 yayin da Transvaal ya murmure daga raunin innings na farko na 145 don cin wasan da wickets uku. Taylor ya buga wasanni biyu na Transvaal da XI na Afirka ta Kudu a kan masu yawon buɗe ido, kuma tare da kyaftin Jackie McGlew daga cikin tawagar Gwajin da raunin da ya sa aka ɗauke shi don gwajin farko da aka fara a Hauwa'u Kirsimeti. Ya ƙare tare da 12 da 6 a cikin ƙirarsa biyu, yayin da Ingila ta ci Jarabawa ta gudu 131. McGlew ya dawo don Gwaji na biyu, amma bai sami damar sake yin wasa ba, amma a yanzu an fi son mai buɗe Rhodesia Tony Pithey a kan Taylor, wanda ya ƙare kakar tare da matsakaicin matakin aji na 22. Lokaci na gaba ya ɗan fi kyau. Kodayake Transvaal ya sake doke Natal, Taylor ya sake fitowa cikin adadi ɗaya, kuma a cikin wasanninsa biyu da ya yi da Australiya masu yawon buɗe ido ya kasa yin hamsin koda sau ɗaya, don haka ya kasa wuce 50 a karon farko tun lokacin wasansa ɗaya a 1949- 50. Shekaru hamsin da hamsin a kakar da ta biyo baya sun taimaka masa ya kai matsakaicin adadin batutuwan zuwa 24.92 kamar yadda aka sake buga gasar Currie Cup, kuma a lokacin ruwan sama ya gama na 20 a cikin ƙidaya kuma Transvaal ya lashe Kofin bayan cin nasara akan Lardin Yammacin da kuma yi kunnen doki da Natal a wasanni biyu na ƙarshe. Taylor ya kasance kyaftin a wasanni hudu daga cikin shida. Adadinsa na ƙarshe ya zo a kakar wasa mai zuwa, a cikin tsere na 197 tare da Russell Endean yayin da Innings da 44 suka ci nasara, tare da Transvaal ya rasa wickets biyu kawai. Taylor ya yi tsere 353, na goma a gasar Currie, amma kawai ya yi 15 da 0 a matsayin mai yanke hukunci kan Natal, wanda Natal ya zana don lashe taken bayan sanya Transvaal ya biyo baya. Ya yi wasansa na ƙarshe da ƙungiyar Cavaliers ta Duniya wacce ta zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a farkon watanni na kakar 1960-61, inda ya yi 7 da 41 a kan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Fred Trueman da Brian Statham. Mutuwa Ya mutu ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2004 a Johannesburg. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Scotch Taylor a Takaitaccen lissafi daga CricketArchive Mutuwan

60143

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsin%20yanayi

Matsin yanayi

Matsin yanayi, wanda kuma aka sani da matsa lamba na iska ko matsa lamba barometric (bayan barometer shine matsi a cikin yanayin duniya Daidaitaccen yanayi (alama: atm) naúrar matsa lamba ce da aka ayyana a matsayin 101,325 wanda yayi daidai da millibars 1,013.25, 760mm Hg, 29.9212inciHg, ko 14.696psi Naúrar atom ɗin tana kusan daidai da ma'anar ma'aunin yanayin yanayin teku a Duniya; wato yanayin yanayin duniya a matakin teku ya kai kusan 1 am. A mafi yawan yanayi, matsa lamba na yanayi yana kusa da matsa lamba na hydrostatic wanda ya haifar da nauyin iska sama da ma'aunin ma'auni. Yayin da hawan hawan ya karu, ana samun raguwar juzu'i na sararin samaniya, don haka matsi na yanayi yana raguwa tare da karuwa. Domin yanayin sirara ne dangane da radius na duniya-musamman maɗaukakin yanayi mai ƙanƙanta a ƙananan tudu- ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin duniya a matsayin aikin tsayin daka zai iya kusanta a matsayin akai-akai kuma yana ba da gudummawa kaɗan ga wannan faɗuwar. Matsakaicin matakan ƙarfi a kowane yanki, tare da raka'a SI na pascals (1 pascal 1 newton kowace murabba'in mita, 1N/m 2 A matsakaita, ginshiƙin iska tare da yanki mai faɗin santimita 1 murabba'in (cm 2 wanda aka auna daga matsakaici (matsakaici) matakin teku zuwa saman sararin samaniya, yana da nauyin kusan kilo 1.03 kuma yana yin ƙarfi ko "nauyin" na kusan 10.1 newtons, yana haifar da matsa lamba na 10.1 N cm 2 ko 101kN /m 2 (kilopascals 101, kPa). Rukunin iska tare da yanki mai ratsa jiki na 1a cikin 2 zai sami nauyin kusan 14.7lbf, yana haifar da matsa lamba na 14.7lbf/in 2. Makanikai Matsin yanayi yana faruwa ne sakamakon jan hankalin duniya akan iskar iskar gas da ke sama da sararin sama kuma aiki ne na yawan al'ummar duniya, radius na saman sama, da adadi da tsarin iskar gas da rarrabasu a tsaye a sararin samaniya. An canza shi ta hanyar jujjuyawar duniya da tasirin gida kamar saurin iska, bambance-bambancen yawa saboda yanayin zafi da bambancin abun da ke ciki. Ma'anar matsi na matakin teku Matsakaicin matakin matakin teku (MSLP) shine matsin yanayi a matsakaicin matakin teku (PMSL). Wannan shine matsi na yanayi da aka saba bayarwa a cikin rahotannin yanayi a rediyo, talabijin, da jaridu ko a Intanet Saitin altimeter a cikin jirgin sama shine daidaitawar yanayin yanayi Matsakaicin matsatsin matakin teku shine 1,013.25 hp (29.921 inHg; 760.00 mmHg) A cikin rahotannin yanayi na jirgin sama METAR QNH yana yaduwa a duniya a cikin hectopascals ko millibars (1 hectopascal 1 millibar), sai dai a Amurka, Kanada, da Japan inda aka ruwaito shi a cikin inci na mercury (zuwa wurare biyu na decimal) Amurka da Kanada kuma suna ba da rahoton matsi na matakin teku SLP, wanda aka daidaita shi zuwa matakin teku ta wata hanya ta daban, a cikin sashin maganganun, ba a cikin ɓangaren da ake watsawa na duniya ba, a cikin hectopascals ko millibars. Koyaya, a cikin rahotannin yanayin jama'a na Kanada, a maimakon haka ana ba da rahoton matsin lamba a cikin kilopascals. A cikin bayanan lambar yanayi na Amurka, lambobi uku duk ana watsa su; maki decimal da ɗaya ko biyu mafi mahimmancin lambobi: 1,013.2 hp (14.695 psi) ana watsa shi azaman 132; 1,000 hpa (100 kPa) ana watsa shi azaman 000; 998.7HPA ana watsa shi azaman 987; da dai sauransu. Matsakaicin matakin teku a duniya yana faruwa a Siberiya, inda Babban Siberiya sau da yawa yakan kai matsi na matakin teku sama da 1,050 hp (15.2 psi; 31 inHg), tare da mafi girman rikodin kusa da 1,085 hp (15.74 psi; 32.0 inHg) Ana samun mafi ƙarancin ma'aunin matsi na matakin teku a cibiyoyin cyclones na wurare masu zafi da guguwa, tare da ƙarancin rikodin 870 HPA (12.6 psi; 26 inHg) Matsin yanayi Matsin saman ƙasa shine matsi na yanayi a wani wuri a saman duniya ƙasa da teku Yana daidaita kai tsaye da yawan iskar da ke kan wannan wurin. Don dalilai na ƙididdigewa, samfuran yanayi kamar samfuran wurare dabam dabam na gabaɗaya (GCMs) yawanci suna tsinkayar logarithm mara nauyi na matsin saman Matsakaicin ƙimar matsa lamba akan ƙasa shine 985 hPa. Wannan ya bambanta da ma'anar matsi na matakin teku, wanda ya haɗa da fitar da matsa lamba zuwa matakin teku don wurare sama ko ƙasa da matakin teku. Matsakaicin matsa lamba a matsakaicin matakin teku MSL a cikin Matsakaicin Matsayi na Duniya ISA shine 1,013.25 hPa, ko 1 yanayi (atm), ko inci 29.92 na mercury. Matsa lamba (P), taro (m), da haɓakawa saboda nauyi (g) suna da alaƙa da P F/A (m*g)/A, inda A shine filin fili. Matsin yanayi yana daidai da nauyin kowane yanki na yanki na sararin samaniya sama da wancan wurin. Bambancin tsayi Matsin lamba a duniya ya bambanta da tsayin daka, don haka karfin iska akan tsaunuka yawanci yana ƙasa da karfin iska a matakin teku. Matsin lamba ya bambanta a hankali daga saman duniya zuwa saman mesosphere Kodayake matsin lamba yana canzawa tare da yanayin, NASA ta daidaita yanayin duk sassan duniya a duk shekara. Yayin da tsayin daka ya karu, matsa lamba na yanayi yana raguwa. Mutum na iya lissafin matsi na yanayi a wani tsayin da aka ba da. Zazzabi da zafi kuma suna shafar yanayin yanayi. Matsi yana daidai da zafin jiki kuma ya bambanta da zafi. Kuma wajibi ne a san waɗannan biyun don lissafta ingantaccen adadi. jadawali an haɓaka don zafin jiki na 15 °C da kuma dangi zafi na 0%. A ƙananan tudu sama da matakin teku, matsa lamba yana raguwa da kusan ga kowane 100 mita. Don mafi tsayi a cikin troposphere, ma'auni mai zuwa ka'idar barometric yana da alaƙa da matsa lamba p zuwa tsayi h Bambancin gida Matsin yanayi ya bambanta sosai a duniya, kuma waɗannan canje-canjen suna da mahimmanci wajen nazarin yanayi da yanayi Matsin yanayi yana nuna zagayowar rana ko rabin sa'o'i (sau biyu a rana) ta hanyar igiyar ruwa ta duniya. Wannan tasirin ya fi ƙarfi a cikin yankuna masu zafi, tare da girman ƴan hectopascals, kuma kusan sifili a cikin yankunan polar. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da keɓaɓɓun hawan keke guda biyu, circadian (24 h) sake zagayowar, da kuma semi-circadian (12 h) zagayowar. Rubuce-rubuce Matsakaicin matakin barometric da aka daidaita-zuwa-teku wanda aka taɓa yi rikodinsa akan Duniya (sama da mita 750) shine wanda aka auna a Tosontsengel, Mongolia akan 19 Disamba 2001. Matsakaicin matakin barometric da aka daidaita-zuwa-teku da aka taɓa yin rikodin (a ƙasa da mita 750) ya kasance a Agata a Evenk Okrug mai cin gashin kansa, Rasha (66°53'N, 93°28'E, girma: akan 31 Disamba 1968 na Bambancin ya faru ne saboda zato mai matsala (zaton daidaitaccen ƙimar raguwa) da ke da alaƙa da raguwar matakin teku daga manyan tuddai. Tekun Matattu, wuri mafi ƙasƙanci a Duniya a ƙasa da matakin teku, yana da daidai madaidaicin matsakaicin yanayin yanayi na 1,065hPa. Rikodin matsa lamba na ƙasa-teku na an saita ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1961. Matsakaicin yanayi mara ƙarfi mafi ƙasƙanci wanda aka taɓa auna shi shine 870 hp (0.858 atm; 25.69 inHg), wanda aka kafa a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1979, lokacin Tukwici na Typhoon a yammacin Tekun Pacific. Ma'aunin ya dogara ne akan wani abin lura da kayan aiki da aka yi daga jirgin leken asiri. Auna dangane da zurfin ruwa Yanayi ɗaya 101.325 kPa ya da 14.7 psi kuma shine matsi wanda nauyin ginshiƙi na ruwa mai kyau ya haifar da kusan 10.3 m (33.8 ft) Don haka, mai nutsewa 10.3 m karkashin ruwa yana fuskantar matsin lamba kusan yanayi 2 (1 Atm na air plus 1 atm na ruwa). Sabanin haka, 10.3 m shine matsakaicin tsayi wanda za'a iya tayar da ruwa ta amfani da tsotsa a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun yanayin yanayi. Ƙananan matsi, kamar layin iskar gas, wani lokaci ana ƙayyade su a cikin inci na ruwa, yawanci ana rubuta su azaman ma'aunin wc (shafin ruwa) ko ma'aunin wg (inci ruwa). An ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin zama mai amfani da iskar gas a cikin Amurka don iyakar wanda kusan 14 ne wg Makamantan raka'o'in awo tare da sunaye iri-iri da ƙira dangane da millimeters, santimita ko mita yanzu ba a cika amfani da su ba. Wurin tafasar ruwa Pure water yana tafasa a a ma'aunin yanayi na duniya. Wurin tafasa shine zafin da tururi matsa lamba yayi daidai da yanayin yanayi a kusa da ruwa. Saboda wannan, wurin tafasa na ruwa yana da ƙasa a ƙananan matsa lamba kuma mafi girma a matsa lamba mafi girma. Dafa abinci a manyan tudu, don haka, yana buƙatar daidaitawa ga girke-girke ko dafa abinci mai matsa lamba Ana iya samun madaidaicin kima na tsayi ta hanyar auna zafin da ruwa ke tafasa; a tsakiyar karni na 19, masu bincike sun yi amfani da wannan hanya. Sabanin haka, idan mutum yana so ya zubar da ruwa a ƙananan zafin jiki, misali a cikin distillation, ana iya saukar da matsa lamba na yanayi ta amfani da famfo mai tsabta, kamar a cikin mai juyawa mai juyawa Aunawa da taswira Wani muhimmin aikace-aikace na sanin cewa matsa lamba na yanayi ya bambanta kai tsaye tare da tsayi shine wajen tantance tsayin tsaunuka da tsaunuka, godiya ga amintattun na'urorin auna matsi. A cikin 1774, Maskelyne yana tabbatar da ka'idar Newton na gravitation a kuma a kan dutsen Schiehallion a Scotland, kuma yana buƙatar auna tsayin daka a gefen dutsen daidai. William Roy, ta yin amfani da matsa lamba na barometric, ya sami damar tabbatar da ƙaddarar tsayin Maskelyne, yarjejeniyar ta kasance tsakanin mita daya (3.28 feet). Wannan hanyar ta zama kuma tana ci gaba da amfani ga aikin bincike da yin taswira. Duba kuma Atmospheric density Mass per unit volume of earths atmosphere Atmosphere of Earth Gas layer surrounding Earth Barometric formula Formula used to model how air pressure varies with altitude Barotrauma Injury caused by pressure physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside the body and the surrounding gas or liquid. Cabin pressurization Process to maintain internal air pressure in aircraft Cavitation Low-pressure voids formed in liquids Collapsing can an aluminium can is crushed by the atmospheric pressure surrounding it Effects of high altitude on humans Environmental effects on physiology High-pressure area Region with higher atmospheric pressure International Standard Atmosphere Atmospheric model, a tabulation of typical variations of principal thermodynamic variables of the atmosphere (pressure, density, temperature, etc.) with altitude, at middle latitudes. Low-pressure area Area with air pressures lower than adjacent areas Meteorology Interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecasting NRLMSISE-00, an empirical, global reference atmospheric model of the Earth from ground to space Plenum chamber Chamber containing a fluid under pressure Pressure Force distributed over an area Pressure measurement Analysis of force applied by a fluid on a surface Standard atmosphere (unit) Unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa Horse latitudes Latitudes 30–35 degrees north and south of the Equator Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Current map of global mean sea-level pressure 1976 Standard Atmosphere from NASA Source code and equations for the 1976 Standard Atmosphere A mathematical model of the 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere Calculator using multiple units and properties for the 1976 Standard Atmosphere Calculator giving standard air pressure at a specified altitude, or altitude at which a pressure would be standard Calculate pressure from altitude and vice versa Experiments[Gwaje) Movies on atmospheric pressure experiments from Georgia State University's HyperPhysics website requires QuickTime Test showing a can being crushed after boiling water inside it, then moving it into a tub of ice-cold water.

24148

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99e%20-ya%C6%99e%20na%20Komenda

Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda

Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda sun kasance wasu jerin yaƙe -yaƙe ne daga 1694 zuwa 1700 galibi tsakanin kamfanin yammacin Indiya da kamfanin Royal na Ingila, a Masarautar Eguafo a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta yanzu, kan haƙƙin kasuwanci. Yaren mutanen Holland suna ƙoƙarin nisantar da Ingilishi daga yankin don ci gaba da mulkin mallaka, yayin da Ingilishi ke ƙoƙarin sake kafa sansanin soja a cikin garin Komenda. Fadan ya hada da sojojin kamfanin Dutch West India Company, Royal African Company, Masarautar Eguafo, yariman masarautar da ke kokarin hawa kan karagar mulki, sojojin wani babban dan kasuwa mai suna John Cabess, sauran kabilun Akan da masarautu kamar Twifo da Denkyira. An yi lokacin yaƙi daban -daban guda huɗu, gami da yaƙin basasa a masarautar Eguafo, kuma yaƙin ya ƙare tare da Ingilishi ya ɗora Takyi Kuma a cikin iko a Eguafo. Saboda kawancen da ke saurin canzawa tsakanin manyan kasashen Turai da na Afirka, masanin tarihi John Thornton ya gano cewa "babu wani kyakkyawan misali na [rikitacciyar haɗuwar hamayyar Turai da ke haɗe da kishiyar Afirka fiye da Yaƙin Komenda." Yanayi na gaba Kamfanin Dutch West India Company (WIC) da Masarautar Eguafo sun tsunduma cikin wani tashin hankali na farko a 1688. Yaren mutanen Holland da Ingilishi sun kafa masana’antu a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Komenda. A cikin shekarar 1687, Faransa ta tattauna da sarkin Eguafo don buɗe masana'anta a Komenda kuma WIC ta amsa ta hanyar ƙaddamar da sojojinta don tilasta sarkin Eguafo ya kori Faransanci. Mutanen Holland sun yi ƙoƙarin jawo ƙasashe maƙwabta don su kai wa Eguafo hari a lokaci guda, yayin da Faransawa suka ba da zinari ga Sarki don biyan jihohin maƙwabta don su daina faɗa. A ƙarshe, Twifo ya shiga cikin Mutanen Holland kuma ya sami izinin kasuwanci a Komenda sakamakon. Tashin hankalin ya yi sanadiyyar kashe Sarkin Eguafo da wani basaraken da ya yi kawance da Holan an dora shi akan karaga mai suna Takyi. Daga nan ne Komenda ya zama mai iko da Dutch da kawayensu Twifo. Wannan yanayin a hankali ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin Takyi da duka 'yan wasan. A sakamakon haka, Takyi ya yi ta ƙoƙarin daidaita bukatun Ingilishi a tashar jiragen ruwa na Komenda. Jerin yaƙe -yaƙe Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda ya kasance jerin ayyukan sojoji daban -daban guda huɗu waɗanda aka ayyana ta hanyar sauya ƙawance da shigar da sojoji daga masarautu da yawa a yankin. Yaƙe -yaƙe sun ƙare tare da Takyi Kuma na Ingilishi a matsayin Sarkin Eguafo. Willem Bosman shine babban marubucin tarihin Yaƙe -yaƙe na Komenda, kasancewa ɗan takara mai aiki tare da Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya da buga mujallu a cikin 1703. Gabaɗaya, yaƙin da ya daɗe ya haɗa da Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya (WIC) da Kamfanin Royal African Company (RAC) da ke tallafa wa ɓangarori daban -daban a Masarautar Eguafo don tallafawa gatansu na kasuwanci. Sojojin John Cabess, shahararren ɗan kasuwa a birnin Komenda, sun kasance masu kawance da Ingilishi kuma galibi suna goyon bayansu. Yaƙin ya fara ne tare da John Cabess ya kai hari kan Sansanin Vredenburgh na Dutch a Komenda sannan Dutch ɗin ya shirya sojojin yanki a kan Sarki a Eguafo, Takyi. Daga ƙarshe, ɓangarori sun canza kuma Ingilishi ya fara tallafawa mai ƙalubalantar sarautar Eguafo, Takyi Kuma. Fadan ya kawo wasu al'adun Akan a yankin cikin fada, da suka hada da: Adom, Akani, Akrons, Asebu, Cabess Terra, Denkyira, Fante, Ahanta da Twifo. Yakin farko Yaƙin farko ya fara ne sakamakon sabani tsakanin fitaccen ɗan kasuwa na Afirka, John Cabess (wani lokacin Kabes) wanda ke da sojoji masu yi masa biyayya, a Eguafo da Kamfanin Dutch West India Company (WIC). Cabess abokin aiki ne na aminci kuma mai aminci ga Kamfanin Royal African Company kuma ya taimaka ayyukan su a yankin. Yaren mutanen Holland, a gasa tare da Kamfanin Royal African Company, yana da jerin takaddama tare da Cabess gami da misali a cikin shekarata 1684 tare da Cabess na Dutch da ɗaukar kayansa. Rikicin ya tsananta ne a watan Nuwamba 1694 lokacin da Cabess ya gayyaci Kamfanin Royal African Company da ya koma Komenda sannan ya kai hari kan masu hakar ma'adinai na Holland a wajen birnin. Tare da Ingilishi suna mamaye tsohon sansanin Ingilishi a Komenda sai sansanin Dutch ya kore su. Sakamakon wannan tashin hankali, sarkin Ingilishi, Dutch, da Eguafo sun fara tuntuɓar abokan haɗin gwiwa a cikin masarautun Afirka da ke kewaye don shirya yaƙi. Da farko Cabess Terra da Twifo sun shiga cikin Yaren mutanen Holland, amma an dakatar da wannan ƙawancen lokacin da Denkyira yayi barazanar kai farmaki Twifo idan yaƙi ya barke. Adoms sun karɓi kuɗi daga Eguafo don su kasance masu tsaka tsaki a duk wani faɗa. Yaƙe -yaƙe ya ɓarke a watan Fabrairu 1695 lokacin da sojojin John Cabess suka kai hari kan sansanin Dutch kuma suka hana ƙarfafawa. Ranar 28 ga Afrilun shekarar 1695, an ci sojojin Twifo. Daga nan yaƙin ya fi ɗaukar yanayin panyarring inda ƙarfi ɗaya zai kame membobin wasu ƙungiyoyi akai -akai. John Cabess da Dutch sun fara tattaunawa a waccan shekarar, amma a ranar 26 ga Yuni, shugaban Dutch a sansanin, Willem Bosman, ya zana bindiga ya yi ƙoƙarin harbi a Cabess. Tashe-tashen hankula da tashin hankali na lokaci-lokaci sun barke har sai an cimma zaman lafiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci a ƙarshen 1695. Yaki na biyu A ranar 21 ga Janairun shekara ta 1696, wani matashin yariman Eguafo ya fara yakin basasa don yunƙurin da'awar kursiyin masarautar. Sau da yawa ana sanya sunan ƙaramin yariman a matsayin Takyi Kuma ko Ƙananan Takyi (dangane da sarki Takyi na yanzu). Yaren mutanen Holland sun tallafawa Takyi Kuma kuma sun sami damar samun jihohin makwabta na Adom da Akani su shiga cikin yaƙin da ke tallafawa Takyi Kuma. 'Yan Akron sun hada kai da Takyi wajen kare Eguafo. Yaƙin ya ƙare da sauri tare da Takyi Kuma da sojojinsa sun yi asara a ranar 20 ga Maris. Asarar ta haifar da tattaunawa ta yau da kullun tsakanin Dutch da Eguafo. Jan van Sevenhuysen, sabon WIC Gwamnan Gold Coast ya yi sulhu tare da Eguafo wanda ya ba Dutch damar ci gaba da masana'anta da sansanin su a Komenda. Koyaya, tashin hankalin Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland ya kasance mai girma kuma garuruwansu a Komenda sun yi musayar na yau da kullun, ƙananan tashin hankali. Yaki na uku Mutanen Holland sun fara rokon sauran jam’iyyun na Afirka da su gwada da shirya wani runduna kan Eguafo da Takyi. A ranar 5 ga Agustan shekarar, 1697, Dutch da Fante sun yi yarjejeniya don kai farmaki kan Eguafo a madadin babban gwal da aka baiwa Fante. Ingilishi sun sami damar yin tayin fante na daidai gwargwado don kiyaye su tsaka tsaki kuma Fante ya yarda. Sauran ƙalubalen na Dutch sun sha musantawa ta hannun kawancen. A farkon 1698 Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland sun cimma yarjejeniya don sanin juna ga haƙƙoƙin kasuwanci da kuma kiyaye shingaye a Komenda. Ya zuwa Nuwamba 1698, Ingilishi ya zo ganin cewa Takyi yana ƙara zama cikin layi tare da bukatun Dutch don haka ya fara tallafawa Takyi Kuma. A watan Nuwamba 1698, Turawan Ingilishi suka jagoranci kai hari wanda ya kashe Takyi a zaman wani yunƙuri na dora Takyi Kuma akan karagar mulki. Turanci ya biya sojojin haya daga Asebu, Cabess Terra, da Akani don shiga rikicin. Ya bambanta, Dutch, Fante da Denkyira sun kasance masu tsaka tsaki a yakin. Sojojin Takyi Kuma sun haɗu a kan Eguafo amma sojojin masarautar sun fatattake su. Yaƙi na huɗu Yaƙin na huɗu ya fara ne a watan Nuwamba 1699 tare da rundunar haɗin gwiwa da ke tallafawa Takyi Kuma ta fara tashin hankali a yankin. Panyarring ya zama babban sikeli tsakanin runduna daban -daban da haɓaka tashin hankali. A farkon 1700, Adom ya tona asirin kowane ɗan kasuwa da ke da alaƙa da Twifo da John Cabess. Rikici ya ci gaba da faruwa tare da kwace mutane na sojojin da ke gaba da juna har zuwa lokacin da sojojin haya masu goyon bayan Birtaniyya suka hau kan Eguafo kuma a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1700, aka nada Takyi Kuma sabon sarkin Eguafo. Gada Babban abin gado a yankin shine canjin da ikon Turai ke sarrafa kasuwanci tare da Tekun Gold. Yayin da ƙaramin yanki ya canza hannu tsakanin kamfanonin Dutch da Ingilishi, ko kuma manufofin Afirka, Ingilishi ya ƙare tare da babban fa'idar ikon kasuwanci a bakin tekun. Sai dai kuma cikin hanzari suka nesanta sabon sarki Takyi Kuma ta hanyar neman biyan basussuka. Bugu da ƙari, matsayin Ingilishi ya lalace a cikin 1704 lokacin da mutuwar Takyi Kuma ya haifar da yakin basasa a Eguafo. Abu na biyu, yaƙe -yaƙe da ɓarkewar ɓarna a farkon 1700s sun haifar da raguwar yankin bakin teku. Yaƙe -yaƙe sun kuma fara ayyukan yaƙi wanda zai zama na yau da kullun a cikin sauran shekarun 1700 ciki har da amfani da sojojin haya da panyarring. Hargitsi ya ƙarshe ya ba da damar fadada daular Ashanti a yankin da maye gurbin cinikin gwal tare da cinikin bayi.

32053

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid%20Ghezzal

Rachid Ghezzal

No local image but image on Wikidata Rachid Ghezzal an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Süper Lig Beşiktaş da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya. Ya fara aikinsa a Lyon, inda ya fara halarta a watan Oktoba shekarar 2012. Ya buga wasanni 119 kuma ya zura musu kwallaye 13 a dukkanin gasa. A watan Agusta shekara ta 2017, ya Kuma koma Monaco a canja wuri kyauta. An haife shi a Faransa, Ghezzal ya wakilci Faransa a matakin 'yan ƙasa da 20. Ya fara buga wa Algeria wasa a shekara ta 2015 kuma yana cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2017. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Lyon An haife shi a Décines-Charpieu, Metropolitan Lyon, a cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2010 Ghezzal ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Lyon. Bayan ya nuna tare da ƙungiyar ajiyar kulob din a cikin Championnat de France Amateur na tsawon kaka biyu a jere, gabanin kakar wasa ta shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013, Manajan Rémi Garde ya ci gaba da zama babban a ƙungiyar kuma ya sanya lambar 31. Ghezzal ya fara buga babbar tawagarsa a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2012 a wasan rukuni na UEFA Europa League a waje da kulob din Isra'ila Ironi Kiryat Shmona; Ya fara wasan ne yayin da Lyon ta lashe gasar da ci 4-3. A cikin kakar 2013 zuwa 2014, Ghezzal ya ji rauni a baya na watanni shida na farkon kamfen na Lyon, wanda ya gan shi ba zai buga wasa ba har zuwa 10 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2014, ya rasa 32 na wasannin Lyon a cikin wannan tsari. Daga nan sai ya koma kungiyar amma bai buga wa Lyon wasa ba a sauran kakar wasa ta bana; ko dai ba a sanya sunayensu a cikin 'yan wasan ranar wasa ko kuma a sanya suna a kan benci. Tun daga watan Janairu shekarar 2016, ya kasance yana wasa akai-akai. wasa ta 2015 zuwa 2016 da kwallaye 8 da taimakawa 8 a wasanni 29 na Ligue 1. A watan Yuni shekarar 2017, Lyon ta sanar da cewa ba za a sabunta kwangilar Ghezzal ba. Monaco A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2017, Ghezzal ya shiga ƙungiyar Ligue 1 Monaco ta hanyar sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu wanda zai gudana har zuwa Yuni shekara ta 2021. An bayyana cewa Monaco za ta biya shi alawus din kudin da ya kai Yuro miliyan 3 da kuma albashin kusan Yuro 180,000 duk wata. Kamar yadda kwantiraginsa na Lyon ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017, ya isa kan canja wuri kyauta. Leicester City A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Ghezzal ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Premier League na Ingila Leicester City a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa kai tsaye ga dan kasar Riyad Mahrez mai barin gado, sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu. A farkonsa na farko a kulob din, ya zira kwallonsa na farko na Leicester, yajin dogon zango daga wajen akwatin, a wasan da suka doke Fleetwood Town da ci 4-0. Fiorentina (rance/lamuni) A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2019, Ghezzal an ba da shi rance ga kungiyar ACF Fiorentina ta Italiya a kan yarjejeniyar tsawon kakar da ta hada da zabin siye. Beşiktaş (lamuni) A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Ghezzal ya koma kulob din Beşiktaş na Süper Lig na Turkiyya a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2021, ya ci fanareti a wasan da suka doke Göztepe da ci 2–1 a waje, don tabbatar da kambin 2020-21 Süper Lig na Beşiktaş. Beşiktaş A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2021, Beşiktaş ta sanar da sanya hannu kan Ghezzal daga Leicester City kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. Ayyukan kasa A babban matakin kasa da kasa, Ghezzal ya cancanci ya wakilci Faransa da Aljeriya kuma ya bayyana fifikon sa shine ya wakilci al'ummar ta biyu. A cikin shekarar 2013, ya sami kira daga Faransa U20 a yin gasa a gasar Toulon. Sai dai daga baya Ghezzal ya zabi buga wa Algeria kwallo, inda ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a watan Maris din shekarar 2016, a wasa da Habasha. Tallafawa A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2018, Ghezzal ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Phil Ropy kuma ya bayyana akan katin tallafin dijital na Sport dans la Ville. Katin taimakon jin kai na dijital ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na Faransa, waɗanda ke hidima ga yara marasa galihu ta hanyar wasanni da horar da ayyuka. Wannan haɗin gwiwa shine girmamawarsa ga ƙungiyar da ya kasance a cikinta har ya kai shekaru 12. A lokacin ganawarsa a ranar 31 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2013. tare da matasa 'yan kungiyar Sport dans la Ville, Rachid ya bayyana lokacin da ya yi tare da Sport dans la Ville ya ba shi damar isa matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasa. An saki katin a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2019. Ana raba kuɗin daga farashin siyan katin Ropy tare da Sport dans la Ville. Rayuwa ta sirri Yana da kani mai suna Abdelkader Ghezzal dan kasar Algeria ne shima. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako jera kwallayen Aljeriya na farko, ginshikin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace kwallon Ghezzal Girmamawa Lyon Reserves Championnat de France Amateur 2010–11, 2011–12 Beşiktaş Lahadi 2020-21 Gasar Cin Kofin Turkiyya 2020-21 Gasar Cin Kofin Turkiyya 2021 Mutum Babban Mai Ba da Taimako na Süper Lig 2020-21 (taimako 17) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rachid Ghezzal at the French Football Federation (in French) Rachid Ghezzal at the French Football Federation (archived) (in French) Rachid Ghezzal French league stats at LFP also available in French Rachid Ghezzal at L'Équipe Football (in French) 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25831

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAS

SAS

SAS ko Sas na iya nufin to: Ƙungiyoyi Soja SAS galibi taƙaicewa ce ga "Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama na Musamman", gami da: Sojan Sama na Musamman, sashin runduna ta musamman ta Sojojin Burtaniya Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Musamman, wani runduna ta musamman ta Sojojin Ostireliya Sabis na Jirgin Sama na 5 na musamman, ƙirar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na Belgium Kamfanin Sabis na Jirgin Sama na Kanad, na Kanada daga shekara ta 1947 zuwa shekara ta 1949 Sabis na Sojan Sama na Musamman na Faransanci, wanda ya riga ya kasance na Faransanci na Farko na Farko na Farko (1er RPIMa) Sabis na Sojan Sama na New Zealand, sashin runduna na musamman na Sojojin New Zealand Rhodesian Special Air Service, da dama rundunonin sojoji na musamman daga Rhodesia Sojan Sama na Musamman, sashi a cikin Sojojin Musamman na Zimbabwe Jirgin ruwan Afirka ta Kudu, prefix na jirgin ruwan sojan ruwan Afirka ta Kudu Sassan Gudanarwa na Musamman, shirin farar hula na sojan Faransa yayin Yaƙin Aljeriya Su Altı Savunma, sashin ayyuka na musamman na Sojojin Ruwa na Turkiyya Brands da kamfanoni SAS Group (Scandinavian Airlines System Group), kamfanin jirgin sama da ke Stockholm, Sweden; Oslo, Norway; Copenhagen, Denmark SAS Cargo Group, kamfanin jigilar kaya a Denmark, Norway da Sweden Kamfanin jirgin saman Scandinavia, babban jirgin sama a Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway da Sweden) SAS (masu yin takalmi), alamar kasuwanci na kamfanin takalmi a San Antonio, Texas, Amurka SAS (tashar TV), tashar talabijin a Adelaide, South Australia Cibiyar SAS, kamfanin software na nazari mai hedikwata a Arewacin Carolina, Amurka SAS (software), babban samfurin software na kamfanin Harshen SAS, yaren da ake amfani da shi don tsara software Société par ayyuka simplifiée, wani kamfani a Faransa Sabis ɗin Sabis na Kudancin, masana'antun lantarki da ke Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Amurka Ilimi Asiya Makarantar St. Augustine, Kalimpong, makaranta a Kalimpong, West Bengal, India Sekolah Sultan Alam Shah, makarantar kwana a Malaysia Makarantar Amurka ta Shanghai, makarantar kasa da kasa a Shanghai Makarantar Amurka ta Singapore, makarantar kasa da kasa a Singapore Turai Sankt-Ansgar-Schule, Hamburg, Jamus Makarantar Babbar Nazari, wata cibiya ta gaba da digiri na Jami'ar London, United Kingdom Sense Game da Kimiyya, wata ƙungiya ce ta Burtaniya da ke haɓaka girmamawa ga kyakkyawan ilimin kimiyya Slovak Academy of Sciences, babbar cibiyar kimiyya da bincike a Slovakia Studia Academica Slovaca, makarantar bazara da ke koyar da yaren Slovak Sussex Archaeological Society, wata ƙungiyar archaeological da ke Lewes, Sussex, UK Amirka ta Arewa Makarantun Yankin Saline, gundumar makaranta a Michigan Makarantar Saint Andrew (Boca Raton, Florida) Makarantar Saint Andrew (Savannah, Georgia) Makarantar Saint Andrew (Saratoga, California) School for Advanced Studies, shirin makarantar sakandare a Miami, Florida, Amurka Semester a Teku, shirin ilimi na jirgin ruwa wanda Jami'ar Virginia ke gudanarwa Society for Amateur Scientists, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Amurka Space Access Society, ƙungiya ce da aka sadaukar don haɓaka ɗimbin ci gaba da rage farashin samun damar kasuwanci zuwa balaguron sararin samaniya Makarantun Amurka masu ƙarfi, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Amurka wacce ke haɓaka ingantattun manufofin ilimi Kasashen duniya Society for Animation Studies, ƙungiyar masana ta duniya Kiwon lafiya Sabis na Kiwon Lafiya na Andalus Servicio Andaluz de Salud tsarin kiwon lafiya na gwamnati na Andalusia, Spain Sabis na motar asibiti na Scotland Siyasa 'Yan'uwa Mataimaka na Biyu, ƙungiya mai ba da shawara kan mata da ke mai da hankali kan haƙƙin bindiga a Amurka Servants Anonymous Society, wata ƙungiya ta mata mai zaman kanta Sloboda Solidarita ko Freedom and Solidarity, wata ƙungiya ce ta siyasa a Slovakia Surfers Against Sewage, yaƙin neman zaɓe na Burtaniya don tsaftataccen ruwa na nishaɗi Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai <i id="mwgw">SAS</i> (jerin labari), jerin littattafan Faransa na Gérard de Villiers Shimmer da Shine, wani jerin shirye -shiryen talabijin na yara na Amurka Southern All Stars, ƙungiyar dutsen Japan Strong Arm Steady, ƙungiyar hip hop ta Amurka daga California Lahadi All Stars, wani wasan kwaikwayo iri -iri na Philippine daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2015 Mutane Sas na Moldavia (ya mutu a shekara ta 1358), voivode yana mulkin abin da zai zama Moldavia tsakanin shekara ta 1354 da 1358 Ferenc Sas, dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Hungary Hasan Şaş, dan kwallon Turkiyya Stephen A. Smith, manazarcin wasanni na Amurka Wurare Sas, Iran, ƙauye a lardin Mazandaran, Iran Sas, mai kula da kogin Bouleț a Romania Sas van Gent, birni ne a cikin Netherlands Kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi Biology da magani Fuskar da za a iya samun ƙarfi, farfajiyar yanayin halittar halittar halittar da ke iya samun ƙarfi Subarachnoid sarari, sarari tsakanin arachnoid mater da pia mater a cikin kwakwalwa Subvalvular aortic stenosis (ba ɗan adam ba), mahaukaci, gunaguni na zuciya Syndesmotic sprain sprain, wani irin ƙwanƙolin idon Kwamfuta SAS (software), (System Analysis System) wani hadadden tsarin software wanda SAS Institute Inc. Harshen SAS, sarrafa bayanai da harshe na ƙididdiga Amintaccen Kula da Kulawa, haɗin maɓalli na musamman wanda ke kiran tsarin amintaccen shiga (misali Ctrl+Alt+Share akan tsarin NT na Windows) Serial Attached SCSI, fasahar bus ɗin kwamfuta don canja wurin bayanai zuwa da daga na'urorin ajiya (misali, diski mai wuya) Sa hannun damar shiga, alamar tsaro wacce za a iya haɗawa da URL Short Stringing String, hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin yarjejeniyar ZRTP Ka'idojin tsarin lissafin Ramin, hanyar sadarwa ta na'ura mai sarrafa na'ura wacce kamfanin Fasahar Wasannin Duniya (IGT) ya kirkira Ciwon Ilimin cean Sihiri, lahani na hanyar sadarwa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Canja wurin Fayil na Ƙananan (TFTP) Subatially Aware Sublayer, sublayer na zaɓi na MAC wanda ke ba da sake amfani da sarari a cikin Zoben fakitin Resilient Sarari Ƙananan Tauraron Dan Adam Tauraron Dan Adam 1, farkon jerin taurarin dan Adam na NASA da aka harba a ranar 12 ga Disamba, a shekara ta 1970 Ƙananan Tauraron Dan Adam Tauraron Dan Adam 2, wanda aka ƙaddamar da ita15, ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1972 Ƙananan Tauraron Dan Adam 3, wanda aka harba ranar 7 ga Mayu, a shekara ta 1975 Space Access Society, ƙungiya ce da aka sadaukar don haɓaka ɗimbin ci gaba da rage farashin samun damar kasuwanci zuwa balaguron sararin samaniya Suite na aikin sararin samaniya, sararin samaniya wanda ke ba da matsin lamba ta hanyar rigunan roba Ciwon daidaita sararin samaniya, rashin lafiya daidai yake da ciwon motsi da yawancin matafiya na sararin samaniya suka fara samu Sistema Avariynogo Spaseniya, (Rashanci: CAC, Soyuz ya ƙaddamar da tsarin tserewa Sauran amfani a kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi Gadar dakatar da kai, gadar dakatarwa wacce manyan igiyoyi ke haɗe zuwa ƙarshen bene Side-angle-side, ra'ayi a cikin lissafin lissafi don tantance daidaituwa ko kamanceceniya da alwatika Ƙarƙwarar ƙananan kusurwa, dabarar warwatsewa dangane da karkatar da gungumen barbashi daga yanayin madaidaiciya bayan ta yi mu'amala da samfurin. Stability Augmentation System, wani takaitaccen tsari na autopilot wanda ke daidaita jirgin sama a cikin gatari ɗaya ko fiye Sonar buɗewa na roba, wani nau'in sonar kwatankwacin radar buɗewar roba Supercritical Anti-Solvent, hanyar da ake amfani da ita don micronization na abubuwa Wasanni San Antonio Spurs, ƙwararren ƙwallon kwando ne a San Antonio, Texas, Amurka Gasar SAS, gasar golf a Cary, North Carolina, Amurka SAS Masters Tour, yawon shakatawa na ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida wanda Kungiyar Golf ta Sweden ke gudanarwa Ƙungiyar Taurari don Wasanni, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Aley, Lebanon Sufuri Filin jirgin saman Salton, lambar filin jirgin saman IATA SAS Sam Shing tasha, lambar tashar MTR SAS Tashar San Antonio (Texas), lambar Amtrak SAS Subway Avenue Subway, layin jirgin karkashin kasa a birnin New York Sauran amfani Jakar makamai ta Sas, rigar makamai ta Turai (Jamusanci, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian da Ukrainian) Bayanai kan ƙa'idodin dubawa, jerin ƙa'idodin dubawa na ƙasashen duniya Duba kuma Tarihin SAS (disambiguation) Sassan (disambiguation) Sass (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with

22275

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Wiseman

Scott Wiseman

Scott Nigel Kenneth Wiseman (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da da tamanin da biyar 1985A.C) shi ne ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai kare Lincoln Red Imps. Matsayin da ya fi so shi ne dama-baya. A watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta, 2013 ya fara zama na farko ga Gibraltar, ya cancanci ta wurin mahaifiyarsa, wanda aka haifa a Gibraltar. Klub din Hull City Haihuwar Hull, Humberside, Wiseman ya kasance tare da ƙungiyar garinsu, Hull City, tun yana ɗan shekara shida kuma ya ci gaba ta hanyar ƙungiyar matasa a ƙarƙashin Billy Russell. Wiseman ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne ga Tigers a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Kidderminster Harriers a kakar shekarar, 2003 zuwa 2004 Wiseman ya kuma sake bayyana a kakar shekarar, 2003 zuwa 2004, a cikin rashin nasara 1-2 a hannun Northampton Town a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta, 2004. Wiseman ya buga wasanni hudu ne kawai ga Hull City a kakar shekarar, 2004 zuwa 2005 kuma ya ga an ba da shi aro zuwa Boston United a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta, 2005. Wiseman ya fara buga wasansa ne a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Boston United washegari, inda ya fara wasan farko, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Bristol Rovers. Ya kuma sake bayyana a kulob din a kan Northampton Town a kan 26 watan Fabrairu a shekarar, 2005 kafin ya koma kulob din mahaifinsa. Ya buga wasanni da yawa don Hull City a Shekara ta, 2005 zuwa 2006, amma kuma ya kashe rabin farkon kakar shekarar, 2006 zuwa 2007 a matsayin aro zuwa Rotherham United. Wiseman ya fara wasan farko na Rotherham United, a wasan farko na kakar, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a rabi na biyu, a wasan da aka tashi 1-1 da Brighton &amp; Hove Albion. Wiseman ne ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan farko da Leyton Orient a ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta, 2006. Bayan buga wasanni goma sha takwas ga kulob din, inda Wiseman ya kasance a cikin ƙungiyar farko a kai a kai, ba da rancen sa a Rotherham United ya ƙare a watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2007. Darlington A ranar 9 watan Maris a shekara ta, 2007 Wiseman ya koma Darlington a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Washegari ya buga wasan farko na Darlington washegari, ya fara wasansa na farko kuma ya buga minti 90, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Rochdale. Yayin da yake kan aro a Darlington, Wiseman ya buga wasanni goma a gare su kafin ya koma kulob din iyayen sa, tare da damar Manaja Dave Penney na kiyaye shi ba mai yiwuwa bane. Ya shiga Darlington dindindin a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu a shekarar, 2007. Koyaya, Wiseman ya sha wahala a lokacin da ya sami raunin rauni wanda ya hana shi fara farkon kakar wasa. Bayan ya bayyana sau biyu a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a tsakanin ranakun 2 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar, 2007 da kuma 6 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar, 2007, Wiseman, ya sake fama da rauni wanda ya sa shi a cikin shekara ta, 2007. Bayan dawowarsa, Wiseman ya fara wasan farko na Rochdale, yana zuwa a madadin a rabi na biyu, a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2008, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Rochdale. Wiseman ya buga wasan dab da na kusa dana karshe da Rochdale, ya lashe wasan farko sannan ya doke na biyu sati daya daga baya. An tashi canjaras ne a bugun fanareti wanda Darlington ya baci ci 5-4, inda ya buga dukkan karawar a wasannin biyu. Bayan wasan, Wiseman yana cikin ‘yan wasa shida da kungiyar za ta sake. Rochdale Wiseman ya sanya hannu kan Rochdale a kyauta bayan an sake shi daga Darlington a lokacin rani na shekarar, 2008, yana sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida. Wiseman ya fara wasan farko na Rochdale, inda ya fara wasa na farko kuma ya buga wasan na mintina 75, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Grimsby Town a wasan bude kakar. A karawar da suka yi da Luton Town a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2008, ya zira wa Lee Thorpe kwallo don ya zira kwallon a raga, a wasan da aka tashi biyu da biyu. Tare da bayyanuwa goma sha bakwai ya zuwa yanzu, an ba Wiseman kyauta tare da tsawaita kwantiragi, yana ajiye har zuwa ƙarshen kakar. Bayan rasa wasa, saboda rauni, Wiseman ya dawo, sai kawai aka sallame shi, mintuna 31 kawai zuwa wasan, a cikin rashin nasara 4-1 da aka yi da Exeter City a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba a shekarar, 2008. Duk da fama da rauni yayin da kakar tazo karshe, ya kammala kakarsa ta farko a kungiyar, inda ya buga wasanni talatin da hudu a duk gasar. A karshen kakar shekarar, 2008 zuwa 2009, kungiyar ta sake Wiseman. Koyaya, a cikin wani abin da ba zato ba tsammani, Wiseman ya sake komawa kungiyar a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni A shekarar, 2009 bayan Simon Ramsden ya bar Rochdale zuwa Bradford City Bayan dawowarsa, Wiseman ya ci gaba da kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko duk da raunin da ya samu. Wiseman ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Rochdale a ranar 5 ga watan Disambar shekarar, 2009 a kan Macclesfield Town, wanda ya ga sun ci su 3-0 kuma saboda kwazonsa, Wiseman ya zama Gwarzon mako, tare da Jason Taylor Yayin da kakar wasanni ta shekara ta, 2009 zuwa 2010 ta ci gaba, Wiseman ya buga wasanni talatin da shida kuma ya ci kwallaye daya a kungiyar sannan ya taimakawa kulob din ya kai matakin League One a kakar wasa mai zuwa. Don aikinsa, Wiseman ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din. A cikin kakar shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011, Wiseman ya fara kakar wasan da kyau, inda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta fara da kyau da maki takwas kuma aikinsa yana cikin waɗanda Manajan Keith Hill ya ware. Bayan wata guda ya fita, saboda matsalar tsoka ta ciki, ya sake dawowa cikin ƙungiyar farko a ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2010, a cikin rashin nasara 1-2 a kan Bristol Rovers. Daga nan Wiseman ya ba da taimako kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din kammala wasanninsu bakwai ba tare da samun nasara ba, a wasan da suka doke Tranmere Rovers 3-2 a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2011. Koyaya, a wasa na gaba da Oldham Athletic a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2011, ya karɓi jan kati kai tsaye, a wasan da aka tashi 2-1. Kamar yadda lokacin shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011 ya ci gaba zuwa ƙarshen kakar, Wiseman ya ci gaba da yin wasanni arba'in a duk gasa. Barnsley A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2011, Wiseman ya bar Rochdale don shiga Barnsley don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, tare da abokin aikin sa Matt Done da Manager Hill. Lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, sabon Manajan Steve Eyre ya ce ya bar 'yan biyu sun tafi, ya ƙi shiga tsakani don zama a Rochdale. Wiseman ya fara wasansa na farko da Barnsley, a wasan bude kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya fara wasan farko a matsayin mai tsaron baya kuma ya buga dukkan mintocin, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Nottingham Forest. Daga nan Wiseman ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Barnsley, a wasan da suka doke Derby County da ci 3-2 a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2012. Yayin da kakar shekarar 2011. Zuwa ta cigaba, Wiseman ya taka leda a wurare daban-daban, galibi a cikin mai tsaron baya. Wiseman ya ci gaba da kammala kakarsa ta farko a kulob din, inda ya buga wasanni arba'in da biyar kuma ya ci kwallo daya. Lokacin shekarar, 2012 zuwa 13 ya ga Wiseman ya jagoranci wasan farko bayan rashin Jimmy McNulty kuma ya buga dukkan wasan a matsayin kyaftin, domin sun sha kashi ci 5-1 a kan Brighton Hove Albion a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2012. Bayan wannan, Wiseman ya jagoranci wasan kusan yawancin wasannin Barnsley kusan kusan 2012 kuma ya buga wasan baya har sai da aka ajiye shi a madadin wasan da za su yi da Burnley a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2012. Wiseman ya dawo cikin kungiyar a matsayin kaftin bayan ya kwashe makonni biyu a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Leicester City a ranar 8 ga watan Disambar shekarar, 2012. A cikin kasuwar musayar Janairu, Barnsley ya amince da tayin daga Blackpool don Wiseman. Koyaya, yarjejeniyar ta faɗi. Kodayake ya ƙi amincewa da matakin, Wiseman ya ƙara zama mai ƙaunatuwa tsakanin masu goyon bayan Barnsley kan aikinsa. Duk da wannan, Wiseman ya ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsu biyo bayan sabon manajan da aka nada David Flitcroft ya yi amfani da Wiseman a matsayin ɗan dama na baya saboda cinikin million 3 miliyan na saurayi John Stones zuwa Everton Idan aka kwatanta shi da ɗan wasan da yake yi a matsayin rabin tsakiya a ƙarƙashin mulkin Hill, Wiseman ya sanya hannun dama ya mayar da kansa matsayinsa kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na shekarar, 2013 Reds wanda ya kauce wa komawa zuwa League One. A ƙarshen kakar shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2013, Wiseman ya gama kakar, yana yin wasanni arba'in da ɗaya a duk gasa. A cikin kakar shekara, 2013 zuwa2014, Wiseman ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar farko ta yau da kullun a kulob din, galibi a cikin matsayin dama-baya. A cikin rashin nasara 1-2 a kan Leicester City a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2013, Wiseman ya yi watsi da burin da ya ci bayan kuskuren da aka yi. Wiseman ya yi kuskure lokacin da ya ci kansa, a cikin rashin nasara 0-0 da Millwall a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2013. Bayan wasan, Manaja Flitcroft ya yi saurin kare Wiseman saboda rawar da ya taka a kan Millwall. Duk da kasancewa kungiyar farko a kungiyar ta Barnsley a farkon rabin kakar, kungiyar ta saki Wiseman. Karshen Arewacin Preston Jim kaɗan bayan barin Barnsley, Wiseman ya sanya hannu kan ƙungiyar Preston North End ta League One, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar watanni 18. kodayake yana da tayin zama a Gasar. Kashegari, Wiseman ya fara wasan farko na Preston North End, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a rabi na biyu, a wasan da aka tashi 2-0 a kan Wolverhampton Wanderers. A karawar da suka yi da Tranmere Rovers a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2014, Wiseman ya kafa daya daga cikin burin Joe Garner, a wasan da aka tashi 2-1. Duk da fama da rauni, Wiseman ya yi goma sha biyar a rabi na biyu na kakar. A cikin lokacin shekara ta, 2014 zuwa 2015, Wiseman ya sami kansa yana takara tare da matsayin dama tare da Calum Woods, wanda ya haifar da maye gurbinsa a yawan wasannin. Wiseman ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar, a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 4-2 a ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba a shekarar, 2014. Daga nan Wiseman ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da MK Dons a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta, 2014. Duk da fama da rauni da sadaukarwar duniya, Wiseman ya taimaka wa kulob din ci gaba zuwa Gasar kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasanni talatin a duk gasar. A karshen kakar shekara ta, 2014 zuwa2015, kungiyar ta sake Wiseman bayan karewar kwantiraginsa. Scunthorpe Unitedasar Bayan da Preston North End ya sake shi, Wiseman ya koma Scunthorpe United a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar, 2015 kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Bayan shiga kulob din, Wiseman ya bayyana shiga Scunthorpe United ita ce kungiyar da zai sanya hannu a lokacin da suke sha'awar sa hannu. Bugu da ƙari, an ba shi riga mai lamba biyu zuwa sabon kakar wasa. Wiseman ya fara buga wa Scunthorpe United wasa, a wasan bude kakar wasa, a cikin rashin nasara 1-2 da Burton Albion Wiseman ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar farko duk da an fidda shi zuwa maye gurbin wasanni kaɗan, yayin da yake takara tare da matsayin dama-dama tare da Jordan Clarke A dai-dai lokacin da yake fafatawa don taka rawar dama, Wiseman ya buga wasa a wurare daban-daban a lokuta biyu. Daga nan Wiseman ya bayar da taimako biyu a wasanni biyu da suka fafata da Gillingham da Barnsley tsakanin watan Oktoban shekarar, 2015. Koyaya, kamar lokacin shekarar, 2015. Zuwa 2016, Wiseman ya sami rauni biyu kafin ɗayansu ya gan shi har zuwa ƙarshen kakar. Wiseman ya ci gaba da kammala kakar shekarar, 2015 zuwa 2016 inda ya buga wasanni ashirin da tara a duk gasa. A cikin kakar shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, Wiseman ya ci gaba da fafatawa tare da Clark a kan matsayin dama-baya a cikin ƙungiyar farko kuma ya dawo da horo a cikin pre-kakar. Wiseman ya buga wasansa na farko tun bayan dawowa daga rauni, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, a wasan da suka doke Bristol Rovers da ci 3-1 a wasan bude kakar. Daga nan Wiseman ya ba da taimako ga Josh Morris, wanda ya ci kwallaye uku-uku, a wasan da suka doke Walsall da ci 4-1 a ranar 27 ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta, 2016, biyo baya ta hanyar zura kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasa na gaba kuma ya kafa cin nasarar Morris, a wasan da suka doke Bury da ci 2-1. A ranar 11 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta, 2017, kulob din ya saki Wiseman. Chesterfield A ranar 19 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 2017, Wiseman ya shiga kungiyar Chesterfield ta League Two a kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Garin Salford Bayan karshen kwantaraginsa da Chesterfield, a watan Yunin shekara ta 2018 ya sanya hannu a Salford City kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya. Ya fara wasan farko a wasan bude gasar kakar shekarar 2018 zuwa 2019 a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta yayin da Salford ya tashi 1-1 a gida zuwa Leyton Orient A ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2018 zuwa 2019 ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragin shekara ɗaya. An saki Wiseman daga kulob din a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 2020. Lincoln Red Imps A watan Yunin shekarar, 2020, bayan fitowar sa daga Salford City, Wiseman ya koma Gibraltar don sanya hannu kan Lincoln Red Imps Ayyukan duniya Youthungiyoyin matasa na Englandasar Ingila Wiseman ya kuma wakilci Ingila a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a Gasar Toulon, gasar da ta ga lokacin sai Hull City da manajan Ingila' yan kasa da shekaru 21 Peter Taylor suka jagoranci kungiyar ta Ingila. Gibraltar Wiseman ya gayyato kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gibraltar a karon farko a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba a shekarar, 2013 bayan ta nuna cewa ya cancanci bugawa kasar wasa ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa. Wiseman ya fara zama na farko ne ga Gibraltar a wasan farko na UEFA a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2013, 0-0 da Slovakia suka buga Wannan shine wasan farko na Gibraltar tunda aka shigar dashi UEFA Wiseman ya fara ne a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta Gibraltar da Girka akan 6 ga watan Satumba shekarar, 2016. Ya taimaka wa Liam Walker ya ci kwallon farko ta Gibraltar a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a minti na 26 kuma ya zama kunnen doki 1-1. Koyaya, a minti na 44 Wiseman cikin rashin sa'a ya zira kwallon da ya baiwa Girka nasara. Girka sannan ta biyo baya da zira kwallaye biyu a raga kafin a tafi hutun rabin lokaci kuma ta lashe wasan da ci 4-1. Rayuwar mutum Yayin da yake girma a Hull, Gabashin Gabas na Yorkshire, Wiseman ya girma yana tallafawa Hull City kuma ya kasance dalibi a Makarantar Malet Lambert. Wiseman ya yi aure kuma yana da asusun Twitter kafin ya rufe shi bayan cin zarafin da magoya bayan Barnsley suka yi masa a watan Janairun shekarar, 2013. Kididdigar aiki Kulab Daraja Garin Salford Wasannin rukuni na kasa a shekara ta: 2019 Lincoln Red Imps Ralungiyar Gibasa ta Gibraltar 2020 zuwa 2021 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Scott Wiseman at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar

19597

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27adun%20Mumbai

Al'adun Mumbai

Ana kiran mazaunin Mumbai Mumbaikar Mutane sun fi son kasancewa kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa don samun sauƙin shiga birni. Yawancin mazauna birni suna rayuwa cikin hanzari tare da ɗan lokaci kaɗan don wasu ayyuka saboda yawan lokacin da ake kashewa a kan zirga-zirgar yau da kullum. Harshe Marathi shine ainihin harshen da ake magana da shi a Birnin Mumbai. Lingo na kudu na Bombay lingo sun haɗa da kalmomi kamar "aye" da "sanar da ni", wanda yawanci ana bi ta hanyar "Zan sanar da ku" (wanda aka fi yawan gajarta shi "lmk" da "ilyk"). Kayan abinci Babban birni yana da abinci mai sauri a gefen titi wanda ya ƙunshi Maharashtrian Pav Bhaji, Vada pavs, Dabeli, Panipuri, Bhelpuri, da dai sauransu. Abincin Indiyawan Kudu da na China suma sun shahara a cikin birni. Labanon, Koriya, Thai, Italiyanci, Meziko, Mughalai, Punjabi, Mālvani da abinci na Nahiyar duk suna shahara a Mumbai. Mumbai tana da wasu tsoffin gidajen abinci a Ƙasar Indiya Delhi Darbar, Sindhudurg, Highway Gomantak, Samrat, Vitthal Bhelwala, Mahesh Lunch Home, Kailas Parbat, da Adarsh wasu tsofaffin gidajen cin abinci ne a cikin garin. Mumbai sananniya ce ga shagunan abinci a gefen titi, amma kuma tana da gidajen cin abinci da yawa masu ƙyama da mashaya kamar Wasabi, Indigo, The Zodiac Grill, Aer, da sauransu. Bambancin kayan abinci na Mumbai ya jawo mutane da yawa don gogewa. Abu ne na yau da kullun mutum ya san Mumbai a matsayin matattarar abinci a titi saboda yana ba da nau'ikan dandano. Baya ga yawan abinci iri-iri daga tasirin al'adu daban-daban, Mumbai tana da Khau Galli da Chowpatty don abinci da abinci iri ɗaya. Mumbai, ta kasancewar ita ce cibiyar kuɗaɗe, tana da yawan baƙin haure. Membobin dangin da ke yin ƙaura suna aiki ba tare da wani tallafi na iyali ba, saboda haka yin odar abinci daga kusa da gidajen abinci ko yin kira ga abincin da aka riga aka shirya (dabba kamar yadda ake kira a gida) abu ne karɓaɓɓe. Wadannan 'Dabbas' galibi ana bayar dasu ne ta hanyar kungiyar bayarda agaji ta musamman wacce aka fi sani da Dabbawalas Dangane da waɗannan abubuwan kwanan nan, akwai wasu sabis na odar abinci na kan layi waɗanda suka yi tsayi. Shayi shine mashahurin abin sha wanda kofi ke biyowa bayansa. Akwai shagunan shayi a kusan dukkanin hanyoyi da kusurwa. Sauran abubuwan shan sun hada da ruwan 'ya'yan itace da ruwan kwakwa. Kafet din Irani wani bangare ne na kayan tarihin Mumbai. Waƙa Wakokin Marathi koli, wanda shine asalin kiɗan birni, har yanzu ana jinsa a yawancin yankuna na bakin teku a cikin asalin sa kuma har ma a cikin fom din remix pop party. Yawancin baƙin haure kuma sun kawo nasu dandano a cikin abinci, kiɗa, fina-finai, da wallafe-wallafe, na Indiya da na duniya. Kiɗan Bollywood shine mafi mashahuri nau'in da aka ji a cikin birni wanda shagunan birni, taksi, da kamfanoni ke kunnawa. Indi-pop, Marathi, kiɗan Hindi, kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya, dutsen, da kiɗan pop na duniya suna da magoya baya a cikin garin. Hakanan kiɗan gargajiya na Yamma yana da mabiya a Mumbai. Kungiyar Bombay Chamber Orchestra (BCO) an kafa ta a cikin shekara ta 1962. Itungiyar kade-kade ta Indiya ce kaɗai ke aiki kuma take aiwatarwa akai-akai tare da nuna kide kide da wake-wake. Orchestra ta Symphony Orchestra ta Indiya ta samo asali ne daga shekara ta 2006 kuma tana zaune a Mumbai. Sau da yawa yakan yi shi a Cibiyar Nazarin Wasannin Kasa Mumbai ta kuma samar da mashahuran mawaƙa na gargajiya, kamar Zubin Mehta, wanda ya ɗauki Mumbai garin mahaifarsa. Kiɗan Ingilishi yana da masu bi kuma tushen dutsen Ingilishi na cikin gida yana da girma sosai yana da ƙungiyoyi. Kiɗan duniya daga Beyonce Knowles, Bryan Adams, Iron Maiden, Eminem, da Enrique Iglesias suna da mashahuri a nan kuma wani lokacin suna siyar da fayafayen Bollywood. Masana'antar dutsen karfe suna aiki kuma suna cikin garin Mumbai da Pune Rock Independence, wanda aka fi sani da I-Rock a Mumbai da Pune Woodstock na Pune sune manyan manyan bukukuwan dutse na da'irar dutsen Mumbai-Poona. Bukukuwa da Bukukuwa Na addini Mazauna Mumbai suna yin bukukuwa da bukukuwa na Yamma da Kasar Indiya Mazauna dukkanin al'ummomi da addinai suna kiyaye bukukuwa da bukukuwa. Holi, Good Friday, Dussera [Ganesh Chaturthi] da Maha Shivratri wasu daga cikin bukukuwan ne a garin. Ganesh Chaturthi na ɗaya daga cikin manyan bukukuwa, ana yin ta a cikin gari da ɗoki. Wannan bikin ya hada da sanya gunkin Ubangiji Ganesha a cikin gidan na tsawon kwana 3,5,7 ko 11 bayan an nutsar da shi a cikin teku, bayan fareti mai launuka iri-iri da hayaniya. Bal Gangadhar Tilak ne ya fara wannan bikin a matsayin wata hanya ta hada kan dukkan mutane da kuma jaddada bukatar samun ‘yancin Indiya daga Turawan Ingila. Maharashtrians ne ke bikin wannan da farko, amma kusan duk Mumbaikars suna shiga ta wata hanyar. Anan, ana yin dukkan bukukuwan cikin farin ciki da annashuwa. Mara Addini Bukukuwan da ba na addini ba sun hada da Queer Azaadi Mumbai bikin faretin Mumbai na shekara-shekara. Hakanan ana gudanar da bukukuwan kishin kasa gami da ranar samun ‘yancin kai. Gine-gine A shekara ta 2004, Mumbai ta sami kyaututtuka biyu na kiyaye kayan tarihi daga UNESCO Marine Drive gida ne ga wasu kyawawan gine-ginen kayan ado (wanda kuma ake kira Indo Deco ko Bombay Deco, wanda ya bunkasa a cikin shekara ta 1920 da kuma shekara ta 1930. A zamanin Turawan ingila, gine-ginen Indo-Saracenic su ne gine-ginen birni na hukuma. Yawancin abubuwan tarihi na Indo-Gothic suma suna layi na Kudu Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Ginin BMC, wayofar Indiya wasu daga cikin wannan salon. Mumbai tana da tsarin gidaje da aka sani da Chawl ('chaali' a Marathi Waɗannan sune ragowar masana'antun auduga da suka bunƙasa sau ɗaya waɗanda suka ba da damar aiki da kuma haifar da ƙaurawar mutane zuwa Mumbai. Chawls har yanzu suna da babban yanki na mazaunin Mumbai. Turawan mulkin mallaka Gine-gine na zamani da manyan dogayen sararin samaniya sun mamaye sararin samaniya. Cinema Mumbai ita ce mahaifar gidan sinima na Indiya tare da fim mafi tsufa da aka ɗauka a ƙasar a cikin shekara ta 1896 a yankin Kala Ghoda. Gidajen silima da yawa, gami da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na IMAX, wanda ke ba da babbar marathi, fina-finai na Bollywood da Hollywood sun mamaye gari. Garin yana dauke da wasu tsoffin siliman fina-finai kamar Plaza, Cinema ta New Empire (Mumbai) da New Excelsior. Saboda manufofin haraji na Gwamnatin Jiha, ya zama mafi riba don aiki da Multiplexes kuma yawancin siliman suna ba da hanya don sauran ci gaba ko gyara cikin gida. Misalin wannan shine gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Sterling a Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus A zahiri, Mumbai ta karɓi Inox Leisure Ltd babbar kyauta a Indiya gidan wasan kwaikwayo na allo na Megaplex 11 a Inorbit Mall Wannan kuma shine mafi girma da yawa na Mumbai.* Garin kuma yana dauke da wuraren daukar fina-finai. Wadannan sun hada da Film City a Goregaon, da Raj Kapoor 's RK Studios a Chembur, Filmistan, Shashadhar Mukherjee na Filmalaya da V Shantaram Rajkamal Studio Cibiyoyin al'adu Mumbai tana daukar nauyin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin gargajiya. Wasu gidajen wasan kwaikwayon sune gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Prithvi a Juhu, Dinanath Natyagruha a Vile Parle, Shanmukhananda Hall a Matunga, Prabhodankar Thackeray Theater a Rang Sharda a Bandra da kuma silima a National Center for Performing Arts (NCPA), Nariman Point Gidajen Tarihi da Guraren Fasaha Akwai tashoshin fasaha guda biyu na jama'a, The Jehangir Art Gallery da National Gallery of Modern Art da gidan kayan gargajiya a Kudancin Mumbai. Siungiyar Asiya ta Bombay ita ce mafi tsufa ɗakin karatu na jama'a a cikin birni, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1833. Akwai gidajen tarihi da yawa a cikin garin, gami da gidan tarihin Dr. Bhau Daji Lad, Cowasji Jehangir Hall da Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya Gallan kayan fasahar kasuwanci galibi suna cikin Colaba da yankin Fort na cikin gari Mumbai. Sun hada da Chemould Prescott Road, Pundole, Guild, Sakshi, Mirchandani Steinrucke, Chatterjee Lal, da Project guda 88. Wasanni Mumbai ta karbi bakuncin wasannin duniya da yawa, ciki har da Kofin Duniya na Hockey na Duniya, a shekara ta 2004 Kabaddi Kofin Duniya, da wasanni don Kofin Duniya na Cricket na shekara ta 1987, 1996, da shekara ta 2011 Wasan Marathon na Mumbai da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan wasannin motsa jiki a Asiya. Manazarta Al'ada Al'adun ƙasashen Al'adar Musulunci Pages with unreviewed

28898

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Island%2C%20Lagos

Victoria Island, Lagos

Victoria Island VI yanki ne mai wadata wanda ya ƙunshi tsohon tsibiri mai suna daya Lagos Island, Ikoyi da Lekki Peninsula kusa da Lagon Legas Ita ce babbar cibiyar kasuwanci da hada-hadar kudi ta jihar Legas, Najeriya. Tsibirin Victoria yana daya daga cikin wurare masu tsada da tsada don zama a Legas. A garin da kuma tsibirin ƙarya a cikin iyakoki na Eti-Osa karamar (karamar hukumar). Tarihi Babban yanki na tsibirin asalin wani yanki ne na ikon gidan sarautar Oniru na Legas tare da masu haya da ke zaune a yankin. A shekarar 1948, hukumar raya jihar Legas ta biya fam 250,000 a matsayin diyya ga filin da aka samu daga dangin Oniru da karin fam 150,000 a matsayin diyya ga mazauna da wuraren ibada da aka lalata. Daga baya an sake tsugunar da mazauna kauyen Maroko Tun asali an kewaye tsibirin Victoria gaba ɗaya da ruwa. Tana iyaka da Tekun Atlantika a kudu, bakin tafkin Legas a Yamma, Kogin Cowrie biyar zuwa Arewa, kuma yana fadama a Gabas. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta fara aikin cike guraben dazukan gabas domin rage wuraren kiwon sauro. Wannan ya haifar da wata gada ta ƙasa tsakanin Tsibirin Victoria da Lekki Peninsula ta kawo ƙarshen wanzuwarta a matsayin tsibiri na gaskiya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, gwamnatocin jahohin da suka shude sun fadada wannan ci gaban, wanda ya kai ga gina babbar hanyar da ta hada Victoria Island zuwa Epe. Wannan aikin, tare da saurin tallace-tallace na Tsibirin Victoria, ya yi aiki don haɓaka ci gaban zamantakewar da hanyar Lekki-Epe, farawa da Lekki Phase 1. Yankin gadar kasa wanda ya kunshi tsohon fadama ya zama wani katafaren unguwar da ake kira Garin Maroko wanda ke dauke da da yawa daga cikin sabbin bakin haure zuwa jihar Legas. Mazauna tsibirin sun koka da wannan matsala, inda suka jagoranci gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar, Raji Rasaki, ya tilasta wa mazauna yankin korar mutanen a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1990, wanda ya yi sanadin jikkatar da dama. Gwamna Rasaki da jami’an tsaron sa dauke da makamai sun yi sanadiyyar korar mazauna yankin da yawansu ya kai 300,000, wadanda wasunsu ke da hakin kadarori a bisa doka. Wannan sabon yanki da aka kafa bayan anyi korar ana kiransa Victoria Island Annex. An share shi kuma an sayar da shi ga masu siyan gida. Gyaran da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa yankin har zuwa yanzu an haɗa Victoria Island Annex zuwa Lekki Peninsula. Wannan sabon yanki mai girma ana kiransa da suna “Estate Estate” bayan dangin da ke mulkin yankin. Tun asali kebewar gidajen manya, gazawar ababen more rayuwa da cunkoso a tsohuwar gundumar kasuwanci da ke tsibirin Legas da kuma aiwatar da dokar hana fita a tsibirin Victoria Island ya haifar da ƙaura na kasuwanci a cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar da suka gabata. A yau, Tsibirin Victoria na daya daga cikin cibiyoyin hada-hadar bankuna da kasuwanci a Najeriya, inda akasarin manyan kamfanonin Najeriya da na kasa da kasa ke da hedikwata a tsibirin. Tsibirin ya ci gaba da haɓaka cikin sauri tare da Ikoyi, wuri ne da aka fi so ga ƴan Najeriya da baƙi su zauna da wasa. Sai dai karin bankuna da sauran harkokin kasuwanci ya sauya yanayin da tsibirin ke da shi a da. Mazauna yankin da suka dade suna kokawa kan karuwar cunkoso da kuma kwararowar ‘yan kasuwar tituna da ke kula da ma’aikatan bankuna da ‘yan kasuwa. Wani sabon aikin da ƙungiyar Chagoury ke haɓakawa ya haɗa da Eko Atlantic City, wanda ke kusa da tsibirin Victoria. Ana gina aikin ne a kan filaye da aka kwato da aka yi hasarar zaizayar gabar teku. A cikin 2021, yayin da buƙatun manyan gidaje haya na Apartments/Condos ke ƙaruwa a Tsibirin Victoria, wani sabon ci gaba daga Periwinkle Condos Limited wata 'yar'uwar kamfanin Periwinkle Residences Limited ta ƙaddamar da wani Keɓantaccen kuma Babban aikin da ake kira Atlantis City Towers a tsakiyar Victoria Island, akan Bishop. Aboyade Cole Street. Tattalin arziki Hedkwatocin bankunan Guaranty Trust Bank da Access Bank plc suna da reshe a tsibirin, Halliburton da IBM suna aiki da ofisoshi a Tsibirin Victoria. Ofishin Hewlett Packard na Yammacin Afirka kuma yana cikin Tsibirin Victoria. Rushewar birnin Maroko An kori tsoffin mazauna garin Maroko da suka rasa matsugunansu, sun bi tsarin shari’ar Najeriya, ba tare da samun nasara ba. A shekara ta 2008, wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam mai suna Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC), ta shigar da kara ga hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afrika a madadin al'ummar Moroko. Masu fafutuka da mazauna yankin Maroko sun ci gaba da gudanar da bikin Tunawa da Maroko a kowace shekara a ranar 14 ga Yuli. Ofishin jakadanci Victoria Island ce ke daukar mafi yawan zama na yan siyasa a Legas, wadanda da yawa a baya ofisoshin jakadancin ne a Najeriya kafin a koma babban birnin tarayya Abuja. Ofishin jakadancin yanzu, ofisoshin reshe na jakadanci, ko mataimakan manyan kwamitoci a tsibirin Victoria sun haɗa da Benin, Brazil, Kanada, China, Jamus, Indiya, Indonesia, Italiya, Lebanon, Netherlands, Rasha, Afirka ta Kudu, Burtaniya, da Amurka. Ilimi Akwai makarantu kamar British International School Lagos, da Lycée Français Louis Pasteur de Lagos suna kan tsibirin Victoria. Hakanan yana kan Tsibirin Victoria shine Makarantar Duniya ta Amurka ta Legas, Wuri Lambobin wurin na Lagos sune da Manazarta Tsibirai na da Labarin kasa na Lagos Tsibiran Lagos Victoria Island dake Legos Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30386

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20kula%20da%20muhalli%20ta%20kuwait

Hukumar kula da muhalli ta kuwait

Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kuwait ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da kanta wacce ta keɓe don ayyukan muhalli, da dokoki na gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa dangane da muhalli. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar ayyukan gwamnati game da kiyaye muhalli a Kuwait. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1995 ta hanyar doka mai lamba 21. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kuwait ke taka rawar gani a matakin gida, yanki, da na duniya tare da dokokin muhalli. Babban Darakta na farko kuma wanda ya kafa shi shine Dr. Muhammad Al-Saarawi. Haka kuma a da Dr. Salah Al-Mudhi ya jagoranta, kuma magajinsa Sheikh Abdullah Al-Ahmad AlHumoud Al-Sabah a halin yanzu shine Darakta Janar na riko. Sannan Kuma Hukumar Kula da Muhalli kuma tana aiwatar da dokokin muhalli, tare da 'yan sandan muhalli na Kuwait, tare da hukuncin da ya bambanta dangane da laifin muhalli da aka aikata. Sassan Fasahar Sadarwa Sashen Tsare Tsare da Tasirin Muhalli Sashen Gudanarwa Horaswa Sashen Harkokin Duniya Ma'aikatar Kula da Hamada ta Gabas Hamada Cibiyar dakunan gwaje-gwaje na nazari Sashen Harkokin Injiniya Ma'aikatar muhallin masana'antu Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Dabarun Ofishin Bincike da Nazari Kiyaye sashen halittu Sakatariyar kwamitoci Ma'aikatar Shari'a Sashen Wayar da Kan Jama'a da Muhalli Ofishin Darakta Janar Sashen Kula da ingancin iska Sashen Muhalli na Masana'antu Binciken Muhalli da Sashen Gaggawa na Muhalli Sashen Gurbacewar Muhalli na Ruwa Sashen Harkokin Kudi Ayyuka Al'amuran Mutuwar Kifin Kuwaiti A ranar Lahadi, 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1999, ƙungiyoyin binciken EPA sun gano matattun kifin da suka mutu a bakin tekun Salam, har zuwa ginin Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, wanda gini ne na bakin teku. Tawagar kwararrun kwararru daga kungiyoyi daban-daban na gwamnatin Kuwait sun yi nazari kan abubuwan da suka faru tare da kammala cewa abubuwan da suka faru na 'Red Tide' ne ke da laifi. Aikin Farko na Ƙararrawa don Kula da Gurɓataccen Muhalli na Magudanar ruwa Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta fara aiwatar da wani gagarumin shiri da nufin lura da duk wata cutarwa ta plankton da ka iya yin illa ga muhallin ruwa. Manufar aikin shine gano duk wani canje-canjen da bai dace ba ga haifuwa da haɓakar plankton mai cutarwa akan sikelin inganci da ƙididdigewa ta hanyar nazarin rarrabawa da tattarawar chlorophyll da sauran abubuwan jiki. Jami'an shari'a Hukumar Kula da Muhalli tana shirya ƙa'idar zartarwa na dokar kafa hukuma mai lamba 21/1995 kuma an yi mata kwaskwarima tare da doka Lamba 16/1996 dangane da buƙatun muhalli, yanayi, da ƙa'idodin da ake buƙata don ƙasar Kuwait. Wannan doka ta fitar da mahimmancin muhalli. Kuma Ya kafa ma'auni waɗanda duk cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ƴan ƙasa, da cibiyoyin gwamnati zasu yi aiki dangane da dokar muhalli da kare muhalli. Ozone Layer raguwa Kuwait kasa ce da ta himmatu ga Yarjejeniyar Vienna don kare Ozone Layer, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Montreal game da gajiyayyu na Ozone Layer. Waɗannan tarurrukan sun haifar da kwamitin kariya na Ozone wanda ya fito daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kuwait don yin nazari da nazarin tanade-tanaden yarjejeniya da babban taro. Kuma Sakamakon ya kasance neman fitar da hukunce-hukuncen majalisa masu zuwa dangane da: Sa ido kan shigo da Halogen. Kafa bankin Halogen. Don samar da wuraren kulawa tare da kayan aikin sake yin amfani da su Haramcin mahimmancin kayan aiki da suka haɗa da abubuwa masu haɗari. Kula da tsarin shigo da narkar da masu rijista. 'Yan sandan muhalli Hukumar kula da muhalli ta kuma taka rawar gani wajen aiwatar da wani bangare na musamman a cikin rundunar 'yan sandan ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Kuwait da ke da alhakin keta muhalli. Ana daukar cigaban 'Yan sandan Muhalli' irinsa na farko a yankin. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manazarta https://web.archive.org/web/20170429131348/http://timeskuwait.com/Times_Red-tide-spots-off-Kuwait-being-monitored---EPA http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2499652&Language=en http://www.hsc.edu.kw/vpo/HSE/Guidance%20Documents/Kuwait%20EPA%20Act%20210-%20YEAR%202001.pdf http://news.kuwaittimes.net/new-environment-law-effective-yau-penalties-vary-kd-100-1-million-death/

7474

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awka

Awka

Awka (Harshen Igbo: Ọka) birni ne, da ke a jihar Anambra, a ƙasar Nijeriya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Anambra. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, jimilar mutane 301,657 (dubu dari uku da ɗaya da dari shida da hamsin da bakwai). An ayyana yawan jama'a a 2018 akalla mutum miliyan 2.5. An gina birnin Awka a karni na 19. Birnin na da nisan kilomita 199.1 (123.7 mi) ta titi kai tsaye har zuwa arewacin Portharcourt. Babban titin West-East Federal highway ta hade Birnin Awka da garuruwa kamar Lagos, Benin City, Asaba da Enugu, sannan wasu kananan hanyoyi sun hada birnin da garuruwa da dama kamar Oko ,Ekwulobia, Agulu, Enugwu-Ukwu, Abagana da kuma Nnewi. A tsarence, Awka na nan a tsakiyar muhimman garuruwan Inyamurai guda biya na arewacin kasar Igbo, watau Onitsha da Enugu, wanda suka taka muhimmin rawa a zabenta a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa na lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka da kuma a yanzu a matsayin babban birnin jihar Anambara. Tarihi Awka tana daya daga cikin tsaffin garuruwan inyamurai, wacce aka samar zamanin ganiyar Nri, wacce ta zamo daya daga cikin yankunan farko na harkokin hake-haken tagulla a nahiyar Afurka, a tsakanin shekara ta 800AD., kuma tana daya daga cikin ginshikan garuruwan Inyamurai. Asalin mutanen da suka fara zama a birnin Awka sune mutanen Ifiteana, sun kasance shahararrun manoma ne, mafarauta kuma makera wanda suke zaune a gabar rafin Ogwugwu, wanda aka fi sani da yankin Nkwelle a yau (wato Awka a rubuce). Abun bautar Ifiteana wanda aka fi sani da Ọkịka-na-ube ko kuma ubangiji mai kibiya, su kuma mutanen ana kiransu da Ụmụ-Ọkanube wato "mabiya Ọkanube,” wanda daga baya aka hade su Ụmụ-Ọka A zamunan baya, Awka cike take da giwaye, wanda ake kiran yankin da Ama-enyi, sannan kuma akwai tafki "Iyi-Enyi" inda giwaye ke taruwa don shan ruwa. Ana farautar giwayen saboda kahunansu masu tsada wanda ake ajiyewa a gidaje a matsayin tambarin abun bauta Ọkanube a kowanne gida a Awka, ana ajiye magungunan farauta a cikin kahunan giwayen. Garin tayi fice a fannin sarrafa karafuna kuma makeranta na samun yabo iri-iri a yankin ta fannin samar da kayan aikin noma, bindigun gargajiya da kuma sandunan Oji da Ngwuagilija (sandan mutanen Ozo). Kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, Ọka ta zamo wajen jin surkullen Agbala (oracle), wacce aka fi sani a matsayin ubangijiya diyar wurin bautar juju na Arochukwu (bokanyar da Chinua Achebe yayi amfani da ita a littafinsa na "Things Fall apart"). Ana tuntubar ta a duk lokacin da rikici ya faru har zuwa rusa ta a lokacin turawan mulkin mallaka. Kafin mulkin turawa, masu mulkin Ọka sun kasance mutane da akafi sani da "Ozo" da "Ndichie" wanda mutane ne masu daraja a yankin. Suna riqe zama da ake kira Izu-Ọka, kodai a gidan wanda yafi kowa tsufa acikinsu (Otochal Ọka) ko kuma a wani waje da suka zaba tsakaninsu. A yanzu, Awka ta fara shigar da tsarin mulkin republica a cikin harkokin siyasarta tare da Awka South a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa. Duk da haka basu yada salonsu na gargajiya ba, da dattijan Ozo wanda ake tuntuba akan lamuran gari da sauran al'amurran yau da kullum. Birnin Awka ba daya bace da Awka-Etiti, saboda akan samu mushkilan bambanta su. Mutane Awka na dauke da kungiyoyin yaren Igbo guda bakwai wanda suka samo asali daga tsatso guda, wanda aka rarrabasu zuwa sassa biyu; sashin Ifite da kuma sashin manya. Sa'annan sun kasu kashi hudu: Ayom-na-Okpala, Nkwelle, Amachalla da kuma Ifite-Oka. Sashin Ezinator sun kasu kashi uku; wanda suka hada da Amikwo, Ezi-Oka da kuma Agulu. Kowanne daga cikin wadannan birane suna da kaso uku wanda suka hada adadin kauyuka 33 a Awka. Sashin Ifite Sashin Ezinator A yau, za'a iya samun mutanen Awka a sassa daban-daban na duniya mafi akasarinsu suna ayyuka a matsayin kwararru a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Hakan ya sa, akwai kungiyoyin mutanen Awka da dama a kasashen Turai da kuma Amurka USA. Sun kafa kungiyoyin sadarwa na mutanen Awka a can kamar "Awka Union USA and Canada", "Awka Town Social Community UK" da kuma "Ireland and other community associations". An samar da wadannan kungiyoyi ne don tallafawa juna da kuma samun damar wanzar da al'adunsu na gargajiya. Acikin 'yan shekarun nan, Birnin Awka ta samu bakuncin mutane daga sassa daban daban na Najeriya wanda a yanzu sun zama asalin 'yan gari. Labarin Kasa Awka tana kan bisa na mita 300m daga saman teku akan yankin rafin "Mamu River". Awka na da kasa mai kyau na noma wanda daga bisani ta rasa dazukanta na "rainforest" a dalilin share wuraren noma. Yanayi Awka na daga cikin yankin "tropical rainforest" a Najeriya sannan tana da yanayi iri biyu southwestern monsoon winds daga "tekun Atlantika" da kuma northeastern winds daga sahara. Shi iskar monsoon shi yake samar da ruwan sama mai karfi na watannin shida, wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin watannin April da July, wanda ke biye da gajeren yanayin na karancin ruwan sama na sati biyu zuwa uku acikin watan Augusta sai ruwan sama ya dawo a watan Satumba da October. Sai kuma lokacin zafi wanda ke kwashe tsawon watanni biyar (November–March) tare da guguwar Harmattan mai zuwa a bushe da kura da ke iya rage gani da kuma hasken wanda ke shigowa Najeriya cikin watan December wanda ake kira Ugulu da inyamuranci. Wannan iska na jawo zafi a watanni dake gaba kamar Febreru da March. Yanayin zafi/sanyi na Awka kan kai 27–30°C a tsakanin watannin June da December, sannan yakan karu zuwa 32–34 °C tsakanin watannin Juneru da Aprelu. Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Awka ya ta'allaka ne mafi akasari kan ayyukan gwamnati tunda ma'aikatun gwamnatin jiha da na tarayya da dama na cikin birnin. Akwai gidan hutawan gwamnatin jiha a Awka, majalisar dokoki na jiha, ministiri na lafiya, hedikwatan shari'a na jiha, masana'antun ilimi, kasa da ruwa. Akwai gidajen telabijin da rediyo a birnin kamar Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS), da babban banki Najeriya "Central Bank of Nigeria" da rassan Federal Inland Revenue Service da Federal Road Safety Commission, Nigerian Immigration Service, da kuma Corporate Affairs Commission duk suna nan acikin birnin. An samu sabbin gine-gine na wuraren kasuwanci sun samu bunkasa kuma sun canza sifar fuskar birni. Manya-manyan bankunan Najeriya wanda suka hada da Access Bank, Bank PHB, Diamond Bank, Ecobank, FCMB, Fidelity Bank, First Bank, GTB, Intercontinental, Oceanic Bank, UBA, Union Bank da kuma Zenith Bank duk suna nan a cikin birnin. Tsarin Birane Kafin yakin basasan Najeriya, mutanen Awka ke kula da tsaftar garin. 'Yan kasuwa ke share harabar shagunansu da sauransu. Mutanen gari ke kula da kwatocin garin. Gwamnatin Peter Obi ta fara yunkurin kula da harkokin tsaftar birnin wanda ya rattaba yarjejeniyar kulawa da garin da kungiyar UN-HABITAT a shekara ta 2007. Tsarin Awka Capital Territory (2009–2028) an kaddamar dashi da kula da yankunan Awka, Amawbia and Umuokpu a matsayin yankuna masu bukatar muhimmin kula da kuma yankunan Adazi-Nnukwu, Agulu, ABBA, Abagana, Agukwu-Nri, Amansea, Enugwu-Ukwu, Enugwu-Agidi, Isiagu, Isu-Aniocha, Mgbakwu, Nawfia, Nawgu, Nibo, Nimo, Nise, Okpuno da kuma Umuawulu. Midiya Akwai kungiyoyin yada labarai da dama wanda suka hada da gidajen jaridu biyu masu zaman kansu na duk rana, akwai gidan rediyon gwamnatin tarayya wato "Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria" na ofisoshin watsa labarai na jihar Anambara, gidan telebijin na Najeriya wato (NTA). Gidajen Jaridu Fides Communications National Light Orient Daily Gidajen Rediyon FM 88.5 ABS(Anambra Broadcasting Service) 94.1 UNIZIK FM (Nnamdi Azikiwe University) 95.7 Rhythm FM (Silverbird) 102.5 Purity FM (Radio Nigeria) Gidajen Telebijin Channel 5 NTA Awka Channel 27 ABS (Anambra Broadcasting Service) Channel 39 Silverbird TV Awka Cinikayya Kasuwannin Gargajiya Awka kamar kowacce gari tana da kasuwanninta na gargajiya inda ake samun kusan komai kaman kayan abinci, kayan sakawa, kayan kwalliya da makamantan su. Manazarta Biranen

21413

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Hassane%20Mayaki

Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki

Ibrahim Assane Mayaki (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Satumban, shekara ta1951 ɗan siyasan Nijar ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Nijar daga 27 ga Nuwamban, shekara ta 1997, zuwa 3 ga Janairun shekara ta 2000. Jamhuriya ta Hudu A karkashin Shugaba Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, wanda ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin da ya yi a watan Janairun shekara ta 1996, an zabi Mayaki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Hadin Kai, a karkashin Ministan Harkokin Wajen, André Salifou, a ranar 23 ga Agustan, shekara ta 1996. Daga nan kuma aka nada shi Ministan Harkokin Waje da 'Yan Nijar da ke Waje a cikin Disamban shekara ta 1996, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi Firayim Minista a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1997. Jamhuriya Lokacin da aka kifar da Shugaba Maïnassara aka kashe shi a watan Afrilun shekara ta 1999, Daouda Malam Wanké, shugaban juyin mulkin, ya sake nada Mayaki ya sake jagorantar kasar a lokacin mika mulki zuwa sabon zabe. Ya bar ofis bayan an gudanar da zaben a karshen shekarar. Rikicin Siyasar Amurka Dangane da rahoton kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan rahoton leken asiri kan bayanan sirri, Joe Wilson ya ce a lokacin da Mayaki ke kan karagar mulki wani dan kasuwa ya tuntube shi ya nemi ya hadu da wata tawaga daga gwamnatin Saddam Hussein ta Iraki, don tattaunawa fadada alakar kasuwanci. Mayaki ya fassara hakan da nufin suna son tattaunawa game da sayar da uranium na yellowcake, albarkatun ƙasa na Nijar, duk da cewa yayin ganawa da wakilan, batun uranium bai taɓa fitowa ba. Babu daya daga cikin masu nazarin CIA, DIA, ko INR da ya ce wannan ya ba da nauyi ga ikirarin cewa Iraki na kokarin neman uranium daga Afirka, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban kasa (wanda ya nemi bayanin da ya jawo tafiyar Wilson zuwa Niger) ba a ba shi labarin ba. Babu wata hujja da ke nuna cewa wannan iƙirarin game da taron wakilan Iraki tare da Mayaki an yi amfani da shi don ƙarfafa batun yaƙi, ko kuma cewa ta kowace hanya ce da ke da alaƙa da iƙirarin Shugaban Amurka George W. Bush a cikin shekara ta 2003 na kungiyar Union adireshin cewa Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta fahimci cewa Saddam Hussein kwanan nan ya nemi yawan uranium daga Afirka wanda ya dogara da abin da Birtaniyya ta ce a cikin rahoton Butler cikakkiyar shaida ce daban. Daga baya aiki A watan Agustan shekara ta 2000, Mayaki halitta Jama'a Policy Analysis Circle (Cercle d'bincika des politiques publiques), a thinktank mayar da hankali a kan kiwon lafiya da kuma ilimi da manufofin. Tun shekara ta 2009, Mayaki ya shugabanci Sabuwar kawancen Ci Gaban Afirka (NEPAD), ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ke Midrand, Afirka ta Kudu A cikin shekara ta 2016, Erik Solheim, Shugaban Kwamitin Taimakawa Ci Gaban ci gaba ya nada shi don yin aiki a kan Babban Mataki kan Makomar Kwamitin Taimakawa Ci Gaban a karkashin jagorancin Mary Robinson Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon ya nada shi ya zama memba na Rukunin Gamayyar Kungiyar Kula da Nutrition. Daraja A cikin shekara ta 2011, Mayaki an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jami'i a cikin Dokar Noma ta Noma, wani odar yabo da gwamnatin Faransa ta kafa a shekara ta 1883. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamban, shekara ta 2019 Ibrahim Assane Mayaki ya ba shi taken "Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun daga Sarkin Japan Naruhito Wannan kayan adon, mafi girman jihar Japan, ya fahimci irin gudummawar da yake bayarwa wajen bunkasa dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin Japan, Nijar da kuma Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka Littattafai Baya ga labaran ilimi da yawa, ya buga La Caravane Passe (Paris, Odilon Média, 1999, 210 p. 2-84213-029-4), littafi ne wanda ya shafi kwarewarsa a Siyasa. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizo "Sabon Zamani Yana Fitowa" hira da Ibrahim H. Mayaki a cikin Muhawarar Ci gaban Digital, Oktoba 2015. Rayayyun mutane Nijar Pages with unreviewed

23544

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejike%20Obumneme%20Aghanya

Ejike Obumneme Aghanya

Ejike Ebenezer Obumneme Aghanya (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1932 ya mutu a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2020 jami'in soja ne kuma injiniyan lantarki wanda ya yi aiki a Sojojin Najeriya da Sojojin Biyafara, ya yi ritaya a matsayin kanal. An zarge shi da hannu a juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1966 an kama shi kuma an daure shi ba tare da an gurfanar da shi ba har zuwa lokacin barkewar yakin basasar Najeriya inda ya yi aiki a bangaren Biafra, yana rike da muhimman mukamai a cikin Sojojin Biyafara. Shi ne shugaban Hukumar Bincike da Samar da Biyafara (RAP) wacce ta kera bama -bamai, rokoki, makamai masu linzami (wanda ake kira Ogbunigwe da alburusai, motoci masu sulke, na’urorin sadarwa da matatun man fetur da sauransu ga Sojojin Biyafara. Daga baya ya kasance Shugaban Ma’aikata na Kungiyar Biyafara ta ‘Yan Fighters (BOFF) wanda shi ne yakar yan sintiri da sashin ayyuka na musamman na Sojojin Biyafara. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Bataliya, Kwamandan Injiniya na Injiniya na 44 da Injiniya Battalion Sojojin Biafra sannan daga baya Kwamandan Birged na 58 Brigade na 12 Infantry Division Biafra Army lokacin yakin. Ilimi Aghanya ya yi karatunsa na firamare a makarantar firamare ta St Cyprian daga Fatakwal bayan haka ya halarci Okram Grammar School Okrika, Nigeria ya kammala a shekarar 1953. Digiri na farko ya kasance injiniyan lantarki daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba a shekara ta 1957. Ya tafi karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta London, daga baya ya koma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Southampton wanda ya kammala karatun injiniyan lantarki da lantarki a shekarar 1960. Daga nan ya shiga hidimar watsa labarai ta Najeriya inda ya zama shugaban kungiyar ma'aikatan yada labarai ta Najeriya. Aikin soja A 1962 Aghanya ya kasance na biyu ga Sojojin Najeriya. Ya sami horon sojoji na asali a Kwalejin Horar da Sojojin Najeriya (NMTC) Kaduna sannan ya ci gaba da halartar kwasa-kwasai da horo na musamman a Makarantar Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) karkashin Manjo Janar Denis Redman a Arborfield Garrison, United Kingdom daga 1962-1963. An nada shi aikin Soja a ranar 2 ga Maris 1963 tare da lambar aikin N/349 da mukamin kyaftin. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamanda na Sojojin Najeriya Injiniyoyin Injiniya da Injiniya (NAEME) Kaduna daga 1963-1964. a shekarar 1964 an kara masa girma zuwa Manjo kuma yayi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Kwamandan Sojojin Najeriya na Injiniyan Injiniya da Injiniya (NAEME) hedkwatar Soja ta Legas ya zama dan Najeriya na farko da ya fara rike wannan mukami, ya karbi ragamar mulki daga hannun kwamandan kwamandan Ingila na karshe Manjo Whittle. Bayan juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1966, an cafke Aghanya a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun 1966 tare da Laftanar Kanal Victor Banjo da ake zargi da yunkurin kashe shugaban sojoji Manjo Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi An tsare Aghanya ba tare da an gurfanar da shi a gidan yarin Kirikiri Maximum Security Prison tare da wasu da ake zargin suna da hannu a juyin mulkin ba. Daga baya aka mayar da shi Enugu sannan daga baya ya koma gidan yari na Abakaliki. Idan za a iya tunawa, wadanda ke da hannu dumu -dumu cikin tsare -tsare da aiwatar da juyin mulkin kamar Manjo Adewale Ademoyega sun tabbatar da cewa babu laifi Aghanya da Banjo a cikin tarihin su. Bayan juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1966 inda aka kashe Aguyi Ironsi, an saki Aghanya daga gidan yari a watan Maris na 1967 bisa umarnin gwamnan yankin Gabas na lokacin, Kanal (daga baya Janar) Odumegwu Ojukwu, ya bijirewa umarnin sabon shugaban kasa Kanal (daga baya Janar) Yakubu Gowon A martaninsa Gowon ya sanar da sakin Aghanya da wasu bayan gaskiya. Bincike da Samarwa (RAP) At the outbreak of hostilities in July 1967 that marked the beginning of the Nigerian Biafran war, Aghanya was commissioned into the Biafran Army with the rank of Colonel and appointed Commanding Officer of the 44th Electrical and Mechanical Engineer Battalion Biafran Army by the then Chief of Staff Biafran Army, Brigadier Hillary Njoku. A few weeks into the conflict he was further appointed as head of the Biafran Agency for Research and Production (RAP) by General Ojukwu. In this position Aghanya was in charge of coordinating Biafran scientists, engineers and raw materials in a concerted effort at boosting the industrial production of war relevant materials for the Biafran government. Under his leadership, various scientific work groups were created to achieve specific goals. Priorities were weapons, ammunition and fuel. To this end he set up and supervised among others: A karkashin umurninsa na RAP, munanan makamai na Biafra Ogbunigwe wadanda suka hada da nakiyoyi masu sarrafa kansu, abubuwan fashewa, da makamai masu linzami da Jamhuriyar Biafra ta kera. A cewar ikirarin gwamnatin Biyafara a wancan lokacin, RAP ta samar da makami mai linzami (Piom-Piom) shi ne makamin roka na farko da aka kera shi gaba daya, ya ci gaba, aka samar da shi kuma aka harba shi a Afirka. Aghanya ya kasance mai kula da kula da ƙungiyoyin kimiyya daban -daban da ya kafa, samowa da wadatar da kayan da ake buƙata don samarwa tare da rarraba kayan da aka gama ga sojojin. Ya kasance mai kula da gwajin samfur, tare da horar da sojoji a amfani da makamai iri -iri, bamabamai, gurneti da makamai masu linzami. Don haka ne ya ƙirƙiro ƙungiyoyin Ogbunigwe daban -daban waɗanda aka rarraba su a cikin salon rundunar kashe gobara zuwa fannonin yaƙi daban -daban yayin da buƙata ta taso. Da farko an tura shi Bonny don ya taimaka ya kare Fatakwal daga ci gaba da runduna ta 3 ta Commando Commandole na Benjamin Adekunle tare da Biyafara ya kera ma’adanai, baturan bakin ruwa da makamai masu linzami, daga baya aka tura shi da sojojinsa na Ogbunigwe zuwa Onitsha ta Janar Ojukwu don kare wannan birni. Hare -hare daga Murtala Mohammed Sashi na Biyu. Aghanya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare Onitsha. Aghanya da sojojinsa na Ogbunigwe sun kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare garuruwan Aba, Ikot Ekpene, Umuahia da Owerri Kungiyar masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra (BOFF) Bayan faduwar wasu manyan yankunan Biyafara kamar Enugu, Abakaliki, Calabar, Ikot-Ekpene da Fatakwal, sai ta kara fitowa fili cewa Biafra ba za ta iya kare kanta ba ta hanyar amfani da dakaru kawai. Don haka Aghanya ya tuntubi Janar Ojukwu da sabon Shugaban Hafsoshin Sojojin Biyafara, Manjo Janar Madiebo, tare da shawarar kafa rundunar ‘yan ta’adda da karfin rarraba, wanda zai yi aiki a bayan abokan gaba musamman a yankunan Biyafara da sojojin Najeriya suka mamaye. Rundunar za ta kunshi fararen hula, ciki har da mata, wadanda bayan da aka horar da su kan yin zagon kasa da amfani da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na RAP za su kutsa a bayan layin abokan gaba. An bai wa Aghanya aikin kafawa, ba da kayan aiki da horas da rundunar mayaƙan wanda aka sanya wa suna Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighters (BOFF). Har ila yau ana kiranta "Rangers", ra'ayin da ke bayan wannan rarrabuwa an ɗan yi wahayi zuwa gare shi kuma a hankali ya dogara da abin koyi na Vietnam Cong. Ya samu wata tawagar kasar Afrika ta Kudu malamai a karkashin Kanar Jan Breytenbach don horar da BOFF sojoji a ɓarna da gangan da kuma counterinsurgency An sanya Aghanya a matsayin kwamandan kwamandan wannan sabon reshe na rundunar sojojin mai taken Babban Hafsan Sojoji. Membobin ma'aikatansa sun hada da Chinua Achebe, Dr Ukwu I. Ukwu da Dr Okonjo (mahaifin Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Hedikwatar sashin BOFF tana Umuahia Dangane da manufofi, manufofi da tsarin BOFF, Ezenwa-Ohaeto ya nakalto Aghanya kamar haka: BOFF ita ce babbar rundunar fada da Biafra baya ga sojoji na yau da kullun. A watan Afrilun 1968 sun cimma wani ɗan gajere amma abin ban mamaki ta hanyar sake kwato Asaba daga runduna ta biyu ta Sojojin Najeriya, tare da toshe hanyoyin kai tsaye a ƙetaren Kogin Neja Sun kuma hana Rundunar Sojojin Najeriya ta biyu hada kai da Runduna ta farko da ke Hedikwatar ta a Enugu ta hanyar toshe hanyar Onitsha zuwa Enugu yadda ya kamata har zuwa karshen yakin. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 1968 suna gudanar da ayyuka da yawa a bayan layin abokan gaba, a yankin Mid-Western da sauran yankunan Biafra da aka mamaye. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 1969, ayyukan masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra sun yi yawa a yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai har sai da aka tura Bataliyar Sojojin Najeriya guda shida zuwa yankin a kokarin duba barazanar. Hukumar BOFF a karkashin Aghanya ta kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kwato Owerri a shekarar 1969. Rayuwar masu zaman kansu Aghanya ta auri Miss Comfort Ifeoma Modebelu a ranar 19 ga Mayu 1962 a Birmingham, United Kingdom. Ya kasance abokin aiki, kuma memba na kungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya (FNSE), memba na Majalisar Injiniyoyin Rajista na Najeriya (COREN), kuma memba na Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Rediyo ta Burtaniya Bayan yaƙin, Aghanya ya kafa kamfanin injiniya mai zaman kansa mai suna NICON Engineering Company kuma shine farkon wanda ya ƙera ƙira da ƙeta da kuma samar da fitilun zirga -zirga a Najeriya. Ya kasance mamba na masu rike da sarautun gargajiya na kabilar Igbo Nze na Ozo mai rike da mukamin Ochiagha-Udo na Amawbia, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Ohanaeze Ndigbo, kuma mamba a jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Bayanan kula Manazarta Achebe Chinua, Akwai wata ƙasa: tarihin Biyafara, Penguin (2012) Achuzia Joe, Requiem Biafra. Mawallafi Na Hudu Na Hudu. (1986) Ademoyaga, Adewale (1981). Me yasa muka buge labarin juyin mulkin Najeriya na farko. Evans Bros Aghanya EO, Bayan allon (bugu na biyu), Springfield Publishers Ltd (2006) Arene, EO (1997). Masana kimiyyar "Biafra" bunƙasa fasahar 'yan asalin Afirka. Kamfanin Arnet Ventures. ISBN 9783392816 Baxter, Peter, Biafra Yakin Basasar Najeriya, 1967-1970. Helion da Kamfanin. (2015). ISBN 1909982369 Ezenwa-Ohaeto, Chinua Achebe Tarihin Rayuwa (1997) James Currey. ISBN 0852555458 Gbulie, Ben (1981). Manyan Masarautu biyar na Najeriya: Juyin Juya Halin 15 ga Janairun 1966, Asusun Farko Na Farko. Mawallafin Ilimin Afirka (Nig). Gould, Michael, Yaƙin Biyafara gwagwarmayar Najeriya ta zamani. (2012) IB Tauris. ISBN 0857723529 Jowett, Philip S. (2016) Yakin Afirka na zamani (5): Yaƙin Biyafara na Najeriya 1967-70 Madiebo, Alexander, Juyin Juya Halin Najeriya da yakin Biafra. (1980) Masu Buga Harshe Na Hudu. ISBN 9781561173 Njoku, Hillary (1987). Bala'i ba tare da jarumai ba yakin Najeriya da Biafra. Girma ta Hudu. ISBN 9781562382 Siollun, Max (2009). Man fetur, siyasa da tashin hankali Al'adun juyin mulkin sojan Najeriya (1966-1976). Algora Pub 2020 deaths Pages with unreviewed

60422

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamit%20Bilici

Abdulhamit Bilici

Abdülhamit Bilici (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970 a Istanbul ɗan jarida ne kuma shugaban watsa labarai na Turkiyya. Bilici ya taɓa zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan jarida kuma masu faɗa a ji a ƙasar Turkiyya, a matsayin babban edita na ƙarshe na Zaman, jaridar da aka fi yaɗawa a ƙasar da kuma shugaban kamfanin Feza Publications wanda ya zo na 244 a cikin manyan 500. Kamfanoni bisa ga Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Istanbul ta ISO500. Kafin wannan lokacin, ya kasance babban darektan Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Cihan, wanda ya taba zama kamfanin dillancin labarai na biyu mafi girma a kasar, kuma mawallafin jaridar Zaman daily da kuma fassarar harshen turanci, Today's Zaman Gwamnatin Erdogan ta karbe jaridun Bilici tare da wani mummunan hari a ranar 5 ga watan Maris, 2016 kuma an rufe kungiyar Feza Media Group bayan 15 ga watan Yuli, yunkurin juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba. A irin wannan yanayi, an tilasta masa yin gudun hijira a ƙarƙashin barazanar sammacin kama shi. Bilici kwararre ne kan harkokin siyasar Turkiyya kuma ya ci gaba da aikin jarida ta hanyar rubuta labarai na zaman kansa ga kafafen yada labarai daban-daban, a jami'o'i daban-daban kuma yana magana a tarukan da suka shafi 'yancin 'yan jarida da Turkiyya. manufofin gida da waje. Kwanan nan, Ya yi magana a cikin taro a fiye da jihohi 20 na Amurka kuma mai yawan sharhi ne a tashoshin talabijin kamar BBC, CBS, Al Jazeera, da Sky News, da sauransu. Yana jin Turanci. Bilici tana da aure kuma tana da ‘ya’ya biyu. Rayuwar farko Bilici yana karatun firamare a Istanbul kuma ya kammala karatun sakandare a Erzurum Ya karanta digiri na BA a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Sashen Hulda da Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Bosporus a shekarar 1993. Ya sami digiri na biyu a Sashen Koyar da Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Istanbul tare da ƙasida mai taken Tsarin Makamashi na Turkmenistan da Gas Gas A yanzu haka yana karatun digirin digirgir a sashen hulɗa da ƙasashen duniya a wannan jami'a. Bilici kuma yana da digiri na MBA daga Faculty of Management a Jami'ar Fatih Aiki Fara aikinsa a Zaman a matsayin wakilin, Bilici ya yi aiki a matsayin edita a Aksiyon. tsakanin shekarun 1995-1997, a matsayin editan labaran ƙasashen waje a Zaman tsakanin shekarun 1998-2001, a matsayin babban editan jaridar Zaman Daily tsakanin shekarun 2002-2008 kuma a matsayin babban darekta na Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Cihan kuma a matsayin babban editan jaridar Zaman Newspaper Marubuci ne na jaridar Zaman da Zaman yau Ya kan yi rubutu ne kan manufofin harkokin wajen Turkiyya da kuma siyasar duniya. Ya kasance mai yawan magana a shirye-shiryen talabijin na gida da waje. Bilici shi ne editan littafin mai suna "Me ya sa Turkiyya?", wanda ke kunshe da mahanga daban-daban kan alakar Turkiyya da Tarayyar Turai. Littafi Mai Tsarki Bilici ya gyara wani littafi mai suna "Me yasa Turkiyya?" wanda ya haɗa mahanga daban-daban kan alakar Turkiyya da EU daga ɓangarorin biyu. Bilici memba ne na ƙungiyar ‘yan jarida ta Turkiyya (TGC), gidauniyar ‘yan jarida da marubuta (GYV) da ƙungiyar jaridu ta duniya (WAN). Wasu daga cikin labaran da ya buga Yadda cin hanci da rashawa ke lalata dimokuradiyya: Al'amarin Turkiyya a karkashin Erdogan Turkiyya, abokiyar kawancen Amurka, tana tozarta kafafen yada labarai A cikin prenant a mon journal 'Zaman', Erdogan plonge le biya dans la psychose Bilici: Erdogan na Turkiyya ya nuna dalilin da ya sa dole ne mu damu da 'yancin 'yan jarida Abdulhamit Bilici: yadda Turkiyya ta yi asarar jaridarta mafi girma Genes na kafofin watsa labarai na Turkiyya, clichés na Yamma Jaridar Volkskrant ta Holland ta yi hira da Bilici kan tashin hankali a siyasar Turkiyya: Idan bala'in Soma ya kasance a Koriya ta Kudu fa? Sabbin matsalolin Turkiyya guda biyu Daidaitawa tare da surrealism na Armeniya? Shin Turkiyya na ware kanta ne ko kuwa kasashen Yamma ba su hada da ita? Menene wurin soja? Wasu daga cikin ginshiƙansa da aka buga a Zaman Daily Soma, Güney Kore'de olsaydı! Şimdi Hasan Cemal de New York Times da kötü oldu! Dan siyasa karneshi! Wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin da ya halarta Al Jazeera English: Ciki Labari Yaƙin basasar Siriya BBC Newsnight: 'Rana ce mai ban tausayi ga kafofin yada labarai': Tsohon editan Zaman Tattaunawar CBS: Ƙirƙirar dimokuradiyya ta Musulunci Habertürk 13 Maris 2014 Abdülhamit Bilici 7 Maris 2014 CNN TURK KARŞI GÜNDEM Abdülhamit Bilici 13 Mart Bugun TV Güne Bakiş Abdülhamit Bilici 23 Aralık 2013 Sky News Abdülhamit Bilici SamanyoluHaber Abdulhamit Bilici −03 Nisan 2014 Yerel seçim sonrası Köşk seçim seneryoları Yaƙin basasar Siriya? CNN TURK, Cihan Haber Ajansı 2014 secim çalışmaları Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cihan Haber Ajansı Resmi Web Sitesi Abdülhamit Bilici na Facebook (Asusun Turkiyya) Abdülhamit Bilici na Twitter (Asusun Turkiyya) Haifaffun 1970 Rayayyun

34413

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafiza%20Azad

Nafiza Azad

Articles with hCards Nafiza Azad yar Fijian-Kanada matashiyar mawallafiyar fantasy. Littafinta na farko, The Candle and the Flame, an sake shi a cikin shekarar 2019. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Azad a Lautoka, Fiji. Damar samun damar shiga kayan karatu ba su da iyaka: garinsu ya ƙunshi ɗakin karatu guda ɗaya kawai, kuma masu karatu suna iya aron littattafai biyu kawai a lokaci guda, don haka Azad da ƙawayenta sukan yi labarai don nishaɗi. A shekarar 2001, tana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ta ƙaura zuwa Kanada tare da danginta. Azad ta shiga Jami'ar British Columbia a shekara ta 2007, inda ta fara karatun ilmin halitta da nufin zama likita. Duk da haka, daga baya ta zaɓe ta zama babbar jami'a a Turanci a maimakon haka, da kuma burin yin aiki a rubuce. Rubutun nata ya kunshi wani novel, wanda ta ce ta rubuta bayan wani farfesa ya ce ba ta yi ba. Mashawarcin karatun ta shine Maggie de Vries Azad a halin yanzu yana zaune a Vancouver Aiki Aikin farko na Azad, The Candle and the Flame, Scholastic ne ya buga shi a cikin shekarar 2019. Ta yaba wa marubucin Ba’amurke G. Willow Wilson wanda, kamar ita, mace ce kuma musulma a matsayin babban tasiri kan shawarar da ta yanke na ci gaba da aikin rubuce-rubuce, inda ta bayyana cewa karanta littafin littafin Wilson na Alif the Unseen ya sa ta ji “kamar na yi a karshe. sami wani tunani Ina da haƙƙi ga abubuwan da suka faru na kaina”, daga baya yana ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta almara na ta. Bugu da ƙari, ta buga littafin SA Chakraborty's New City of Brass da Franny Billingsley's Chime a matsayin tasiri a kan makirci da salon rubutun The Candle da Flame. A matsayinta na marubuciya, Katelyn Detwailer ta wakilce ta a Jill Grinberg Gudanar da adabi. A halin yanzu ita ce mai haɗin gwiwa, kuma marubuci kuma mai gudanarwa a Littafin Wars. Ayyuka Candle da harshen wuta (2019) Candle da harshen wuta shine littafin farko na Azad. An fara buga shi a ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2019 ta Scholastic Press, tambarin Scholastic Inc. An tsara littafin ne a cikin hanyar siliki na almara na birnin Noor, inda mutane da Djinn ruhohin allahntaka daga tarihin addinin musulunci suke rayuwa tare da juna. Makircinta ya biyo bayan wata matashiya mai suna Fatima, wadda tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin da ya halaka mutanen garin na asali, kuma ta tsunduma cikin rikici tsakanin mazauna garin na Ifrit (ajin Djinn) da kuma mugayen ruhohi. da aka sani da Shaidan. Birnin yana da wahayi kuma ya ƙunshi abubuwa na al'adun Kudancin Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da littafin da ke ɗauke da kalmomi cikin Larabci, Punjabi, Urdu da Hindi. Azad ta bayyana cewa ta rubuta littafin The Candle and the Flame ne a matsayin martani ga karuwar nuna kishin kasa da kyamar baki, da kuma nunawa masu karatu kimar al’adu da bambancin ra’ayi. Ta yi imanin cewa 'ruhun bambance-bambance da al'adu daban-daban yana da mahimmanci ga adabin yara', domin yana ba yara da matasa daga sassa daban-daban damar ganin kansu a cikin labaran da suke samu, tare da ba su damar koyo game da su. kuma suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin da ba sa cikin su. A wata hira da marubuci Hafsah Faizal, Azad ya ce 'Na gaji sosai da ƙiyayyar da ake yi a kan hanyarmu, don haka na yanke shawara a kan wani jarumin musulmi'. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi iƙirarin cewa littafin ya nuna imaninta na mata, inda ta bayyana cewa 'mafi yawa game da mata su kasance mata a cikin mafi kyawun hanyoyin da zai yiwu', kuma ta hanyarsa tana fatan nunawa ga masu karatu' cewa mata na iya zama masu karfi ta hanyoyi daban-daban. ba tare da bukatar daukar takobi ba'. Gabaɗaya liyafar novel ɗin ya yi kyau. Caitlyn Paxson, rubutawa ga NPR, ya yaba da ƙarfin Azad don gina duniya, tare da lura da musamman "hankalin dalla-dalla da sadaukar da harshe". Amna Maque ta Littattafai, a halin da ake ciki, ta bayyana Candle da Harashin a matsayin 'kyakkyawan halarta na farko' tare da 'rubutun zurfafawa' da kuma 'rikitaccen simintin gyaran zuciya'. Dukansu masu sukar, duk da haka, sun lura cewa wasan kwaikwayo na littafin ya kasance ba daidai ba, tare da Paxson ya rubuta cewa 'Musamman, rabi na farko yana ɗaukar lokaci don gano hanyarsa, tare da na biyu yana ɗaukar sauri.' Marubuciya Rena Barron ta lura da littafin 'lush, ingantaccen ginin duniya', yana mai bayyana cewa 'wajibi ne a karanta shi ga mutanen da ke son fantasy brimming tare da kyawawan rubuce-rubuce da tatsuniyoyi'; Har ila yau, ya samu yabo daga wasu mawallafa na Matasa Adult da almara irin da suka hada da Rachel Hartman, Rebecca Lim da Ausma Zehanat Khan Daji (2021) Haƙƙoƙin Littafin Matasa na biyu na Azad, The Wild Ones: A Broken Anthem for a Girl Nation, Margaret K. McElderry Books ya samu, tambarin Sashin Yara na Simon da Schuster, a cikin Maris 2020. Bin gungun matasa 'yan mata masu karfin sihiri a cikin labari mai ra'ayoyi da yawa da jigogi na mata, ana sa ran buga littafin a lokacin rani na 2021. Yabo Azad ta samu nade-nade don samun lambobin yabo kamar haka: 2020 William C. Morris YA lambar yabo ta halarta ta farko don Candle da Flame (wanda ya zo na karshe). Kyautar Sunburst don Kyau a cikin Littattafan Kanada na Fantastic don Candle da Flame (da aka jera). Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nafiza Azad at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Rayayyun

57342

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20Portofino

Ferrari Portofino

Ferrari Portofino (Nau'in F164) babbar motar motsa jiki ce ta yawon shakatawa da kamfanin kera motoci na Italiya Ferrari ya kera. Yana da kofa biyu 2 2 mai wuya saman mai canzawa, tare da 3.9 L twin-turbo V8 injin mai da lokacin 3.5 seconds. An ba da sunan motar bayan ƙauyen Portofino a kan "Italian Riviera" kuma ya gaji babban mai yawon shakatawa na V8 na baya na kamfanin, California T. An bayyana motar a 2017 Frankfurt Motor Show Coupe na Ferrari Roma na 2020 ya dogara ne akan Portofino. An buɗe sigar Roma mai canzawa a cikin 2023 don maye gurbin Portofino. Kaddamar An bayyana Ferrari Portofino akan Riviera na Italiya a ƙauyen Portofino a maraice na biyu na musamman akan 7 da 8 Satumba 2017, inda Piero Ferrari, Sergio Marchionne, Sebastian Vettel, da Giancarlo Fisichella suka halarta. An kuma nuna shi a Maranello a ranar 9 da 10 ga Satumba a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 70 na Ferrari.[4] A karshen shekarar 2017, an kaddamar da Portofino a Asiya, wato China da Japan, inda aka ce kasar Sin babbar kasuwa ce ta mota. A Japan, an fara duba motar ta sirri ne a watan Nuwamba, kafin fara fara aiki a hukumance a watan Fabrairun 2018. Farashin a Japan yana farawa daga JPY25,300,000. Farashin a Amurka yana farawa daga $215,000. A Hong Kong, an ƙaddamar da Portofino a ƙarshen Maris 2018, wanda ya zama karo na uku a tarihin Ferrari don ƙaddamar da sabuwar mota a Otal ɗin Peninsula na Hong Kong (Enzo a cikin 2003, FF a 2010). Ba kamar lokutan da suka gabata ba inda ƙaddamar da abin hawa ya faru a wani ɓangare na falon bene kawai, ƙaddamar da Portofino ya mamaye duk filin bene na otal ɗin, inda wasu 'yan wasu samfuran Ferrari suma aka ajiye su a wajen wurin da aka fado, da kuma hasken kere-kere da ke nuna An kuma yi hasashe tambarin Ferrari's Prancing Horse akan bangon otal ɗin na waje. An nuna wani samfurin tuƙi na hannun hagu na China-spec, wanda ke nuna sauƙaƙan nunin menu na Sinanci-wani mataki da ba kasafai ba ne don Ferrari saboda ba duk yankunan Asiya na Sinawa ba ne za su sami menu na yaren Sinanci. Farashi na Portofino a Hong Kong (har daga Afrilu 2018) yana farawa daga HK$3.5M, tare da isar da saƙon da aka tsara daga baya a cikin shekara. An fara ganin samfurin tuƙi na hannun dama mai kyau a taron ƙaddamar da Pista na 488 na birni a ƙarshen Yuni 2018. Ƙayyadaddun bayanai Chassis da jiki Chassis na Portofino an yi shi da nau'ikan allunan aluminium daban-daban guda 12 tare da yawancin abubuwan da aka haɗa yanzu. A-ginshiƙi na magabata ya ƙunshi sassa daban-daban guda 21 amma yanzu yanki ɗaya ne a cikin Portofino. Simintin gyare-gyare ba da izini don haɓaka tsattsauran ra'ayi, yana ƙaruwa da 35% akan wanda ya riga shi, Ferrari California T. Jikinsa yana da drag coefficient of C d Nauyi An ci gaba da adana nauyi a cikin mayar da hankali yayin ci gaban Portofino. Injiniyoyin Ferrari sun sami nasarar aske nauyi daga wutar lantarki, tsarin dashboard, kwandishan da dumama da tsarin lantarki na motar wanda ya haifar da nauyin 1,664 kg (3,668 lb), yin mota 80 kg (176 lb) mai nauyi fiye da wanda ya gabace shi. Injin, watsawa da aiki Injin, 3,855 cc (235 ku a) Ferrari F154BE twin-turbocharged V8, daidai yake da a cikin Ferrari GTC4Lusso T, amma yana haifar da fitowar wutar lantarki kaɗan na a 7,500 rpm da na karfin juyi a 3,000 zuwa 5,250 rpm. Canje-canje ga injin ɗin sun haɗa da karuwar matsa lamba 10% a cikin ɗakin konewa, sandunan haɗin haɗin da aka gyara da pistons da simintin shaye-shaye guda ɗaya. Motar tana riƙe da isar da saƙo mai sauri guda 7 daga wanda ya gabace ta amma tana da sabuwar software don ba da damar sauya kayan aiki da sauri. An tweaked na'urar shaye-shaye don baiwa motar ingantaccen sauti yayin da take kula da yanayin yawon shakatawa mai girma, yana ɗauke da bawul ɗin lantarki mai daidaitacce wanda ke lura da sautin injin daidai da yanayin tuƙi. Portofino na iya haɓaka daga a cikin daƙiƙa 3.5, a cikin dakika 10.8 kuma zai iya kaiwa babban gudun Dakatarwa da tuƙi Portofino yana da dampers magnetorheological, mai ɗaukar hoto daga California, tare da ingantaccen software don kula da ingancin tafiya mai kyau ko da yake yana da tsarin dakatarwa fiye da California. Kamar babban mai yawon shakatawa na V12 na kamfanin 812 Superfast, Portofino yana da siginar wutar lantarki da aka taimaka. Duk tsarin dakatarwa da tuƙi suna ƙara jin daɗi lokacin da motar ke cikin yanayin wasanni. Cikin gida An haɓaka ciki na Portofino bayan ɗaukar bayanai daga abokan ciniki daban-daban. Kujerun baya sun karu legroom (da santimita 5) kuma tsarin infotainment ya fi ci gaba da sauƙin amfani, yana nuna allon nuni mai inci 10.2 a cikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa tare da aikin Apple CarPlay, kamar yadda yake a cikin magabata. Hakanan an inganta tsarin kwandishan kuma yanzu yana da sauri 25% da 50% shuru fiye da na California. Ferrari Portofino M A ranar 16 ga Satumba 2020, Mota da Direba sun ba da rahoton ƙaddamar da Portofino M Modificata ko Gyara). An ƙara ƙarfin zuwa kuma an sake shi a tsakiyar 2021. Kyauta A kan 9 Yuli 2018, Ferrari ya karɓi Red Dot: Mafi kyawun Kyauta don ƙirar ƙasa ta Portofino. Kwamitin alkalai na kasa da kasa ya bayyana cewa Portofino "yana kunshe da ci gaban juyin halitta mai ban sha'awa" kuma "yana da sha'awar harshe mai ban sha'awa," tare da kyawun abin hawa "wanda ya kara jaddada ingancin kayan aiki da kayan aiki." Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

53209

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine%20al-Abidine%20Ben%20Ali

Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali

HVVNBVVGVFHJFHJMV Zine El Abidine Ben Ali 3 Satumba 1936 19 Satumba 2019), wanda aka fi sani da Ben Ali ko Ezzine ɗan siyasan Tunisiya ne wanda ya zama shugaban Tunisiya na 2 daga 1987 zuwa 2011. A wannan shekarar ne a lokacin juyin juya halin Tunusiya ya gudu zuwa Saudiyya. An nada Ben Ali Firayim Minista a watan Oktoba 1987. Ya karbi ragamar shugabancin kasar ne a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1987 a wani juyin mulki wanda ya hambarar da shugaba Habib Bourguiba ta hanyar bayyana shi a matsayin wanda bai iya ba. An sake zabar Ben Ali da ɗimbin rinjaye, a duk lokacin da ya zarce kashi 90% na ƙuri'un; sake zabensa na karshe yana zuwa ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2009. Ben Ali shi ne shugaban da ya tsira daga juyin mulkin Larabawa Hosni Mubarak na Masar ya rasu a watan Fabrairun 2020. A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2011, bayan wata zanga-zangar adawa da mulkinsa, ya gudu zuwa Saudiyya tare da matarsa Leila Ben Ali da 'ya'yansu uku. Gwamnatin Tunisiya ta rikon kwarya ta bukaci Interpol da ta bayar da sammacin kama shi na kasa da kasa, tana tuhumar sa da laifin safarar kudade da safarar muggan kwayoyi Wata kotu a Tunisiya ta yanke wa Ben Ali da matarsa hukuncin daurin shekaru 35 a gidan yari a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2011 bisa zargin sata da kuma mallakar kudade da kayan adon ba bisa ka'ida ba, wadanda aka shirya yin gwanjo. A watan Yunin 2012, wata kotu a Tunusiya ta yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai a gidan yari saboda tada tarzoma da kisan kai da kuma wani hukuncin daurin rai da rai da wata kotun soji ta yi a watan Afrilun 2013 saboda murkushe zanga-zangar da aka yi a Sfax Bai yi ko ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen ba, daga baya ya mutu a Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019 yana da shekaru 83 bayan kusan shekaru goma yana gudun hijira. Rayuwar farko, ilimi da aikin soja An haifi Ben Ali a cikin 1936 zuwa iyaye masu matsakaicin kuɗi a matsayin na huɗu na yara goma sha ɗaya a cikin iyali. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gadi a tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Sousse Ben Ali ya shiga fafatawa da sojojin Faransa yan mulkin mallaka kuma aka daure shi. Korar da aka yi masa daga makarantar sakandare ne ya sa bai kammala karatunsa na sakandare ba. Ya yi karatu a Sousse Technical Institute amma ya kasa samun takardar shedar sana'a kuma ya shiga sabuwar rundunar sojojin Tunisiya a shekarar 1958. Duk da haka, bayan da aka zaba a matsayin an ba shi horo a Faransa a École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr a Coëtquidan da School of Applied Artillery a Châlons-sur-Marne, kuma a cikin United Jihohi a Babban Makarantar Leken Asiri a Maryland da Makarantar Makarantun Fagen Fagen Jirgin Sama a Texas Ya kuma yi difloma a fannin injiniyan lantarki daga wata jami'a ta gida. Ya koma Tunisiya a shekara ta 1964, ya fara aikin soja na ƙwararru a wannan shekarar a matsayin jami'in ma'aikatan Tunisiya. A lokacin da yake aikin soja, ya kafa ma’aikatar tsaron soji kuma ya jagoranci ayyukanta na tsawon shekaru 10. Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin hadimin soja a ofishin jakadancin Tunisiya na Morocco da Spain kafin a nada shi babban darektan tsaron kasa a shekarar 1977. A cikin Afrilu 1980, Ben Ali an nada shi jakadan Poland, kuma ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru hudu. Ya kuma rike mukamin babban hafsan leken asiri na soji daga 1964 zuwa 1974 sannan ya rike babban darakta na tsaron kasa tsakanin watan Disamba 1977 zuwa 1980 har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi ministan tsaro. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan tarzomar burodin Tunisiya a watan Janairun 1984, an sake nada shi babban darekta na tsaron ƙasa. Daga baya Ben Ali ya zama karamin minista mai kula da harkokin cikin gida kafin a nada shi ministan cikin gida a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1986 sannan shugaba Habib Bourguiba ya zama firaminista a watan Oktoba 1987. Tashi shugaban kasa A safiyar ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1987, likitocin da ke halartar shugaba Bourguiba sun gabatar da rahoton likita a hukumance inda suka bayyana cewa ba shi da lafiya kuma ya kasa cika aikin shugaban kasa. Ben Ali, wanda ke kan kujerar shugaban kasa, ya cire Bourguiba daga mukaminsa, ya kuma karbi shugabancin da kansa. An yi bikin ranar hawansa karagar mulki kowace shekara a kasar Tunisia a matsayin ranar sabon zamani. Biyu daga cikin sunayen da aka ba wa Ben Ali hawan kujerar shugabancin kasar sun hada da "juyin mulki na likitanci" da "juyin juya halin Tunisiya". Ben Ali ya fifita na karshen. Daukar Ben Ali a matsayin shugaban kasa ya yi daidai da sashi na 57 na kundin tsarin mulkin Tunisiya. Kasar ta fuskanci hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da kashi 10%, bashin waje ya kai kashi 46% na GDP da kuma adadin hidimar bashi na kashi 21% na GDP. A cikin 1999, Fulvio Martini, tsohon shugaban hukumar leken asirin sojan Italiya SISMI, ya bayyana wa kwamitin majalisar cewa "daga 1985 zuwa 1987, mun shirya wani nau'in golpe a Tunisiya, inda muka sanya shugaba Ben Ali a matsayin shugaban kasa, ya maye gurbin Burghiba. (harshen Italiyanci na sunan) wanda ya so ya gudu". Bourguiba, duk da cewa wata alama ce ta adawa da mulkin mallaka, amma ana ganin ba zai iya jagorantar kasarsa ba, kuma martanin da ya yi game da karuwar rikon addinin Musulunci da Martini ya yi yana kallonsa "mai matukar kuzari"; Barazanar da Bourguiba ya yi na zartar da hukuncin kisa na iya haifar da mummunan martani a cikin kasashe makwabta. A karkashin umarnin Firayim Ministan Italiya Bettino Craxi da Ministan Harkokin Waje Giulio Andreotti, Martini ya yi ikirarin cewa sun kulla yarjejeniyar da ta kai ga mika mulki cikin lumana. A cewar Martini, SISMI ba ta da rawar aiki wajen hawan Ben Ali karagar mulki, amma ta shirya wani yunkuri na tallafa wa sabuwar gwamnatinsa ta fuskar siyasa da tattalin arziki, tare da hana Tunisiya fada a fili da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kamar yadda ya faru a Aljeriya a cikin haka. shekaru. Shugaban kasa (1987-2011) Siyasa Alan Cowell, fitaccen dan jaridar New York Times, ya yi imani da alkawuran farko da Ben Ali ya yi na tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya fiye da yadda aka yi a karkashin Bourguiba. Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko da ya hau kan karagar mulki shi ne ya sassauta takunkumin da aka yi wa manema labarai; a karon farko jaridun da ke karkashin ikon gwamnati sun buga bayanai daga 'yan adawa. Ben Ali ya kuma saki wasu fursunonin siyasa tare da yi musu afuwa. A cikin 1988, ya canza sunan jam'iyyar Destourian Socialist Party mai mulki zuwa Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD), sannan ya tura ta hanyar gyaran kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya iyakance shugaban kasa zuwa shekaru uku na shekaru biyar, ba tare da fiye da biyu ba a jere. Mutuwan

50386

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy%20Acker

Kathy Acker

Kathy Acker, an haife ta a sha takwas ga Afrilu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da bakwai a Manhattan New York kuma ta mutu in Tijuana Mexico mawaƙiyaBa'amurkiya ce, marubuciyace kuma yar gwagwarmayar mata. Ayyukants yana da yawa kamar yadda yake da fantasy da fiction kimiyya Tafiya Bayan yin aiki a matsayin mai tsiri, Kathy Acker ta buga ayyukanta na farko a lokacin haɓaka wallafe-wallafen karkashin kasa na New York a tsakiyar shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in s. Ta kasance a gefen cibiyar adabi, inda ƙananan gidajen buga littattafai ke buga su har zuwa tsakiyar Shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin s, don haka ta sami lakabin ta'addanci na adabi. A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da hudu ta ga littafinta na farko a Burtaniya, wani labari mai suna Blood and Guts a Makarantar Sakandare Tun daga wannan ranar Acker ta samar da jerin litattafai masu ban sha'awa, kusan duk an buga su a Grove Press. Ta rubuta guda don mujallu da litattafai masu yawa, da kuma fitattun guda don RE/Search, Exhaust Angel, da Rapid Eye. A ƙarshen rayuwarta, ta sami wasu nasarori a cikin jaridu na yau da kullun jaridar jaridar Guardian ta buga da yawa daga cikin matani, ciki har da hira da Spice Girls, wanda ta gabatar da 'yan watanni kafin mutuwarta. Tasirin farko na Acker shine marubutan Amurka da mawaƙa (mawaƙan Black Mountain, musamman Jackson Mac Low da William S. Burroughs ƙungiyar Fluxus, da ka'idar wallafe-wallafe, musamman Gilles Deleuze A cikin aikinta, ta haɗu da saɓo, fasahohin yankewa, labarun batsa, tarihin rayuwa, cuta ta ainihi (mutum da hali) don rikitar da tsammanin abin da almara ya kamata ya kasance. Ta gane aikin yin aiki ga harshe ta hanyar mai da hankali ga rashin zaman lafiyar mace a cikin tarihin wallafe-wallafen namiji Don Quixotte ta hanyar samar da daidaito na ainihi tsakanin tarihin tarihin rayuwa da mutum, da kuma ta hanyar yin wasa tare da karin magana da na al'ada. A cikin Memoriam zuwa Identity, Acker ta jawo hankali ga shahararrun nazarin rayuwar Arthur Rimbaud da Le Bruit et la Fureur, wanda ke ginawa ko bayyana ainihin zamantakewa da wallafe-wallafe. Ko da yake an san ta a duniyar adabi don ƙirƙirar sabon salo na salon batsa na mata da kuma tatsuniyoyi na tatsuniyoyi, ita ma ta kasance tambarin fanko da mata saboda sadaukarwar da take yi na al'adun tsiraru, mata masu hali da tashin hankali. Ana cikiavril Afrilu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da shida, an gano tana da ciwon nono kuma ta fara magani. A cikijanvier Janairu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai ta bayyana rashin bangaskiyarta a cikin maganin al'ada a cikin labarin Guardian, Kyautar Cutar Ta yi iƙirarin cewa, bayan da aka yi mata tiyatar da ba ta yi nasara ba, wadda ta yi mata rauni a jiki da tawayar zuciya, ta zaɓi yin watsi da halin da majinyata ke ba su ta hanyar maganin gargajiya da kuma neman shawarwari daga masana abinci mai gina jiki, da acupuncturists, masu warkar da tabin hankali da kuma masanan ganye na kasar Sin. Lalle ne, yana da alama a gare shi cewa maimakon zama abin nazari, kamar yadda a cikin likitancin Yamma, mai haƙuri ya zama mai gani, mai neman hikima. Ciwon yana canzawa zuwa malami kuma mara lafiya ya zama dalibi. Bayan gwada nau'o'in madadin magani da yawa a Burtaniya da Amurka, Acker ya mutu shekara guda da rabi a Tijuana sakamakon rikice-rikice a madadin asibitin ciwon daji Tarihin adabi Mawallafin marubuci, mawaƙi, da mai fasaha Kathy Acker, wanda aka haifa a New York, ya kasance yana da alaƙa da motsin punk na shekarun dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tamanin wanda ya shafi al'ada a Manhattan da kewaye. Duk da haka, kamar yadda yawancinta, ta ɗan motsa. Ta karɓi BA daga Jami'ar California, San Diego a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas. Ta yi shekaru biyu a karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar City ta New York amma ta tafi kafin ta kammala. Ta kasance a New York kuma tana aiki a matsayin magatakardar fayil, sakatariya, mai tsiri, da ƴan wasan batsa. Bisexual a bayyane a duk rayuwarta, ta yi aure kuma ta sake aure sau biyu. A cikin 1979, ta ci lambar yabo ta Pushcart don littafinta na New York City A farkon shekarun 1980 ta zauna a Landan, inda ta rubuta yawancin ayyukanta da suka fi yabo. Bayan ta koma Amurka, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta San Francisco kuma a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'i da yawa, ciki har da Jami'ar Idaho, California, San Diego, Cibiyar California Arts da Kwalejin Roanoke. Ta mutu a Tijuana, Mexico a madadin asibitin inda aka yi mata jinyar cutar kansar

20928

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundunar%20Sojin%20Sama%20ta%20Chadi

Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Chadi

An kafa rundunar sojan sama ta Chadi, a cikin Faransa Aérienne Tchadienne, a cikin shekarar 1961 a matsayin Escadrille Nationale Tchadienne (Chadian National Flight Squadron), kuma an ba ta sunan ta na yanzu a cikin shekarata 1973. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na sojojin Chadi. Rundunar tana da sansani tare da sojojin Faransa a Filin jirgin saman N'Djamena. Tarihi Farawa A cikin 1960s Sojan Sama na Chadi sun ƙunshi maza ɗari, jirgin ɗaukar kaya DC-3 ɗaya, jirgin saman lura uku, da jirage masu saukar ungulu biyu. Ingantawa A cikin 1973, lokacin da ƙarfin ta ya ƙaru zuwa maza 200, sojojin sama sun mallaki jirgin ɗaukar kaya na C-47 guda uku (ya karu zuwa 13 a tsakiyar shekarun 1970), da jiragen saman daukar haske guda uku, da helikopta ɗaya, dukkansu ana aiki a iska ta Faransa. tushe a N'Djamena. Kusan dukkanin matuƙan jirgin a lokacin Faransawa ne. Lambobin wutsiya C-47 sun haɗa da 100509, 10307 da 10409. A cikin 1976, Sojojin Sama sun samu Douglas AD-4N Skyraiders 7 daga Faransa, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su wajen yaƙin adawa da ƴan daba a arewa har zuwa 1987 lokacin da ake ganin ba za su iya aiki ba. (Lambobin wutsiya sun haɗa da Skyraider 126959). Skyraiders sun fara ganin sabis a Chadi tare da <i id="mwHQ">Armée de l'Air</i>, sannan daga baya tare da rundunar sojan saman Chadi mai zaman kanta, wanda sojojin haya na Faransa ke aiki. Yin nasara a cikin gwagwarmaya ta iska (1980 1990) A lokacin rikicin da aka yi da Libya a shekarar 1983, Sojojin Sama na Chadi sun bayar da rahoton lalata Aermacchi Libya guda takwas SF-260s An kama uku kuma sun yi aiki daga 1987. Ɗaya ya faɗi a cikin 1989 kuma wani ya sayar ga Amurka. Chadi kuma ta sami SAM wanda aka ƙaddamar da kafada 24 a ƙarshen 1987. A cewar wasu rahotanni da yawa, Sojojin Sama na Chadi suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen fatattakar mamayar 'yan tawaye daga makwabciyar sudan a shekarar 2009. Jami'an na Sudan ɗin sun kuma yi ikirarin cewa jiragen na Chadi sun yi ta kai hare-hare da dama zuwa cikin Sudan yayin rikicin. Koyaya, rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai ba su da cikakken bayani game da ainihin nau'ikan jiragen da Chadi ta yi amfani da su don kare 'yan tawayen da kuma kai hare-haren wuce gona da iri. Zuwa 1987, Laftanar Mornadji Mbaissanabe ne ya ba da umarnin sojojin sama. Abubuwan da suka faru da Kafafen Nishadi Abubuwan Tsaro Kamfanin Sadarwar Jirgin Sama ya lissafa abubuwa huɗu da suka faru tsakanin 1976 da 1987, ɗaya da ya shafi Douglas DC-3, Douglas DC-4 wanda wani makami mai linzami na saman-iska ya harbo shi da sauran biyun da fasinjojin C-130 Hercules, daya fadowa yayin saukar jirgin sama na yau da kullun, ɗayan yayin saukowa. A 2004, yayin jigilar 'yan jarida da jami'an Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya zuwa wani taron tarmako tare da Kofi Annan, ɗaya daga cikin jirage masu saukar ungulu na Chadi ya samu matsala kuma ya yi mummunan sauka a cikin hamada. Ƙasar Chadi ta rasa akalla jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu a lokacin yakin Adre, a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2005. Zargin take hakkin bil'adama A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2000, wani Shugaban Rundunar Sojan Sama na Chadi da ba a san shi ba ya nemi izinin zama 'yan gudun hijira a Kanada, yana mai cewa ya zargi gwamnatin Chadi da take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Haɗarin 2017 Yawancin jiragen sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu sun lalace a cikin wani hadari a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2017 wanda ya afkawa babban sansanin sojojin saman a Filin jirgin saman N'Djamena An tsananta tsananin guguwar ta hanyar yin amfani da sutura. Asara ko kayan aikin da suka lalace sun haɗa da jirage masu saukar ungulu uku, PC-12, MiG-29, da jiragen yaƙi biyu Su-25. Jirgin sama Kayan kaya na yanzu Aikin jirgin sama na ƙarfin na iya zama ƙasa da adadin da hukuma ke wakilta. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin Le Figaro a watan Afrilu, 2006, Sojojin Sama na Chadi sun ƙunshi jigilar Lockheed C-130 Hercules guda biyu, daya mai aiki da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Mil Mi-17 Hip-H da kuma Mil Mi-24 biyu "Hind" da ba sa aiki. jirage masu saukar ungulu. Daga baya C-130 TT-PAF ya ɓace a cikin haɗarin sauka a Abéché, Chadi, a kan 11 Yuni 2006. Manazarta Bayanin bayanan jirgin sama na duniya Bright Star Publishing London Fayil 337 Sheet 4 Cooper, Tom Weinert, Peter (2010). MiGs na Afirka: Volume I: Angola zuwa Ivory Coast. Kamfanin Harpia Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0-9825539-5-4 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Jirgin sama tun 1920 London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1 Tarihin Chadi Afirka Sojojin Chadi Sojoji Pages with unreviewed

60876

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Hood

HMS Hood

HMS Hood lamba mai lamba 51) ɗan Jirgin yaƙin sojan ruwa ne na Royal Navy (RN). Hood shi ne na farko daga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara Admiral-class s da za a gina a lokacin yakin duniya na farko Tuni da ake ginawa a lokacin da yakin Jutland ya faru a tsakiyar 1916, yakin ya bayyana manyan kurakurai a cikin tsarinta duk da tsattsauran bita da aka yi kafin a kammala ta bayan shekaru hudu. A saboda wannan dalili, ita ce kawai jirgi na ajin ta da aka kammala, yayin da Admiralty ya yanke shawarar zai fi kyau a fara da tsaftataccen tsari a kan jiragen ruwa masu nasara, wanda ke kaiwa ga G-3 da ba a taɓa ginawa ba. Duk da bayyanar sabbin jiragen ruwa da na zamani, Hood ta kasance jirgin ruwan yaki mafi girma a duniya tsawon shekaru 20 bayan kaddamar da aikinta, kuma darajarta ta bayyana a cikin laƙabin da ake mata, "The Mighty Hood". Hood ta shiga cikin atisayen nunin tuta da yawa tsakanin aikinta a 1920 da barkewar yaƙi a 1939, gami da atisayen horo a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum da kewayar duniya tare da Squadron na Musamman a 1923 da 1924. Ta kasance maƙwabta a cikin tekun Mediterrenean bayan barkewar yakin Italo na biyu a 1935. Lokacin da yakin basasa na Spain ya barke a shekara mai zuwa, an sanya Hood bisa hukuma zuwa Rukunin Rukunin Rum har sai ta koma Biritaniya a 1939 don gyarawa. A wannan lokacin, ci gaban da aka samu a cikin bindigogin sojan ruwa ya rage Hood An shirya yi mata wani babban gini a shekara ta 1941 don gyara waɗannan batutuwa, amma barkewar yakin duniya na biyu a watan Satumba na 1939 ya sa jirgin ya ci gaba da aiki ba tare da an inganta shi ba. Lokacin da aka ayyana yaki da Jamus, Hood tana aiki a yankin da ke kusa da Iceland, kuma ta shafe watanni da yawa masu zuwa tana farautar masu fafutuka na kasuwanci na Jamus da masu tsere tsakanin Iceland da Tekun Norway Bayan ɗan taƙaitaccen gyaran tsarin tafiyar da ita, ta yi tafiya a matsayin tutar Force H, kuma ta shiga cikin halakar sojojin Faransa a Mers-el-Kebir An canza shi zuwa Gidan Gidan Gida ba da daɗewa ba, an aika Hood zuwa Scapa Flow, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin yankin a matsayin masu rakiya kuma daga baya a matsayin kariya daga yuwuwar mamayewar Jamus A watan Mayun 1941, an umurci Hood da jirgin yakin Prince of Wales su shiga German battleship Bismarck da jirgin ruwa mai nauyi Prinz Eugen, wadanda ke kan hanyar zuwa Tekun Atlantika, inda za su kai hari kan ayarin motocin. A ranar 24 ga Mayu 1941, a farkon Yaƙin Denmark Strait, Hood ya buge da harsashi da yawa na Jamus, ya fashe, ya nutse tare da asarar duka 3 na ma'aikatanta na 1,418. Saboda rashin nasara da aka yi mata a bainar jama'a, asarar ta shafi halin Biritaniya. Hukumar RN ta gudanar da bincike guda biyu kan dalilan da suka sa jirgin ya yi sauri. Na farko, wanda aka gudanar ba da daɗewa ba bayan asarar jirgin, ya da cewa mujallar Hood aft ta fashe bayan da ɗaya daga cikin harsashi Bismarck ya shiga cikin sulke na jirgin. An gudanar da bincike na biyu bayan korafin cewa hukumar ta farko ta kasa yin la’akari da wasu karin bayani, kamar fashewar guguwar jirgin. Ya kasance mai zurfi fiye da allon farko amma ya dace da ƙarshen hukumar ta farko. Duk da bayanin da aka yi a hukumance, wasu masana tarihi sun ci gaba da gaskata cewa guguwar ta yi sanadin asarar jirgin, yayin da wasu suka ba da shawarar fashewar bazata a cikin daya daga cikin harsashin bindigar jirgin da ya shiga cikin mujallar. Wasu masana tarihi sun mayar da hankali kan musabbabin fashewar mujallar. Gano tarkacen jirgin a shekara ta 2001 ya tabbatar da ƙarshen allunan biyu, ko da yake ba za a iya sanin ainihin dalilin da ya sa mujallun suka tarwatse ba, tun da fashewar wannan yanki na jirgin ya lalace. Zane da bayanin An ƙera jiragen yaƙin Admiral-class don mayar da martani ga Jamusanci Mackensen -class s, waɗanda aka bayar da rahoton sun fi makamai da sulke fiye da na baya-bayan nan na jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya na Renown da CourageousJajircewa An sake fasalin tsarin bayan Yaƙin Jutland don haɗa manyan sulke kuma an ajiye dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu An kammala Hood kawai, saboda jiragen suna da tsada sosai kuma suna buƙatar aiki da kayan da za a iya amfani da su don yin amfani da gine-ginen jiragen ruwa da ake bukata don maye gurbin wadanda suka rasa zuwa yakin U-boat na Jamus Admirals sun fi na magabata na ajin Renown girma sosai. Kamar yadda aka kammala, Hood yana da tsayin duka mafi girman katako na da kuma daftarin a zurfin kaya Wannan ya kasance tsayi da ya fi na tsofaffin jiragen ruwa. Ta raba a lodi da kuma a zurfin kaya, sama da fiye da tsofaffin jiragen ruwa. Jirgin yana da matsakaicin tsayin a cikin nauyi mai zurfi, wanda ya rage girman jujjuyawar ta kuma ya mai da ita tsayayyen dandalin bindiga. Ƙarin sulke da aka ƙara yayin gini ya ƙaru daftarin ta da kusan a cikin nauyi mai zurfi, wanda ya rage mata freeboard kuma ya sa ta jike sosai. Da cikakken gudu, ko kuma a cikin manyan tekuna, ruwa zai rinka kwararowa bisa kashin kwata na jirgin kuma sau da yawa yakan shiga cikin tarkace da wuraren zama ta hanyoyin samun iska. Wannan halayyar ta sa aka yi mata lakabi da "mafi girman jirgin ruwa a cikin ruwa". An daure damshin da ke daurewa, hade da rashin isashshen iskar da jirgin ke da shi, da yawan kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka a cikin jirgin. Kayan aikin jirgin ya bambanta sosai akan aikinta; a cikin 1919, an ba ta izini 1,433 maza a matsayin squadron flagship; a 1934, ta na da 81 jami'ai da 1,244 ratings a cikin jirgin. An yi amfani da Admirals ta hanyar injin tururi guda huɗu na Brown -Curtis, kowanne yana tuƙi tuƙi guda ɗaya ta amfani da tururi da 24 Yarrow boilers An yi amfani da turbines na yaƙi don samar da wanda zai motsa jirgin a amma yayin gwajin teku a 1920, injin turbin Hood ya ba da 151,280 shp (112,810 kW), wanda ya ba ta damar kaiwa Ta dauki isassun man fetur da zai ba ta kimani na ruwa a Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50742

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther%20Farbstein

Esther Farbstein

Esther Farbstein an haife ta a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida) 'yar tarihi ne na Isra'ila, mai bincike, marubuciya, kuma malama. An yi la'akari da babban malamin Haredi na Holocaust, ta mai da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Ta kuma gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust, sannan kuma ta kula da shigar da ilimin Holocaust a makarantun 'yan mata na Haredi. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu, ta kafa kuma ta zama shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Michlalah–Jerusalem College a Bayit Vegan, Jerusalem Ita ce marubuciya litattafai da yawa, labarai, da litattafai a cikin Ibrananci da Ingilishi. Rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Esther Heine a cikin dangin Gerrer Hasidic a Urushalima a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da shida. 'Yar Rabbi Yehuda Leib Heine, babbar jika ce ta Rebbe na huɗu na daular Ger Hasidic, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, wanda aka fi sani da Imrei Emes Ta girma a cikin shekaru daidai bayan yakin duniya na biyu, gidanta na ƙuruciyarta yakan ba da masauki ga waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust waɗanda ba su da wurin zama. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a Contemporary Jewry daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Kudus Ta rubuta karatun digirinta na shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da takwas a karkashin jagorancin masanin Holocaust na Isra'ila Yehuda Bauer, kan batun "Ceto Shugabannin Hasidic a zamanin Holocaust". Ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a matsayin babbar malama a makarantar ’yan mata ta Horeb da ke Urushalima. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da tara, ta kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Holocaust a Kwalejin Michlalah-Jerusalem, ta zama shugabanta. Holocaust malanta Ana daukar Farbstein a matsayin jagoran Haredi masanin Holocaust. Hanyar iliminta, wanda ta dogara da cikakkun bayanai na tarihi da takaddun shaida, ya bambanta da tsawon shekaru da yawa na dogara da duniyar Haredi akan al'adun baka, tatsuniyoyi, da hagiography Farbstein ta ce: "Lokacin da na koyar da tarihin Holocaust a cikin al'ummata, na ce, 'Kada ku yi karatu ba tare da tushe ba, ba tare da cikakkun bayanai ba'. Babu dakin wasan kwaikwayo a nan. Idan na ba da lacca sai na ga masu sauraro suna kuka, ina ganin laccar ta kasa” Binciken Farbstein ta mayar da hankali kan martanin ruhaniya na Yahudawa ga zalunci na Nazi. Juriya ta ruhaniya-kamar ci gaba da kiyaye mitzvah a cikin ghettos da sansanonin tattarawa, ƙoƙarin riƙe ɗan adam koda yayin da ake bi da su a matsayin ɗan adam, da kuma gabatar da tambayoyi a cikin dokar Yahudawa she'ilot kan batutuwan rayuwa da mutuwa—an yi watsi da su da yawa ta hanyar zaman lafiya. malamai suna goyon bayan nazarin juriya na jiki. Farbstein ta nuna niyyar ƙalubalantar ƙarshen masana tarihi na duniya da na addini a cikin bincikenta. Misali na farko shine nazarinta na jawabin da Rabbi Mordechai na Bilgoray ya yi kafin ya bar Hungary tare da Belzer Rebbe Masu bincike na duniya sun kammala cewa wannan jawabin ya tabbatar da cewa malamai sun yi watsi da al’ummarsu sa’ad da suke fuskantar barazanar Nazi, ko kuma aƙalla sun yi ƙoƙari su yaudare su game da haɗarin da ke tafe. Farbstein yana haɓaka zaɓi na uku: cewa shugabannin rabbin da kansu ba su da masaniya game da babban haɗarin da ke rataye a kan Yahudanci na Turai. Misali na karshen shine labarin da aka yaɗa na ɗaliban Bais Yaakov 93 a Kraków Ghetto waɗanda suka kashe kashe kansa maimakon waɗanda Jamusawa suka yi garkuwa da su, suna bayyana shawararsu a cikin wata wasika mai kwanan wata ranar Sha daya ga watan ga Agusta shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu. Yayin da aka maimaita wannan labarin a cikin tarurrukan jama'a a Isra'ila kuma ana koyar da su a makarantun addini a matsayin misali na shahadar Yahudawa, Farbstein ta yi nazarin sahihancin takardun da nauyin shaida akasin haka kuma ya kammala da cewa "Labarin da wasiƙar duka adabi ne. -halitta ilimi maimakon tarihi”. Judith Kalik ta kwatanta tsarin Farbstein a matsayin "bincike na tushen tushe da kaifi sukar binciken da ake yi". Marubucin Haredi Jonathan Rosenblum ya kira Farbstein "masanin tarihi mai fada". Farbstein ta kuma gano sabbin hanyoyin bincike na ilimi akan Holocaust. Wata sabuwar hanya ita ce ayyukan rabbin da marubucin ya rubuta game da nasa gogewar Holocaust a gabatarwa. Tun da sefer kanta ba ta da alaƙa da Holocaust, masu binciken Holocaust na baya sun yi watsi da shi. Tare da Dr. Nathan Cohen na Jami'ar Bar-Ilan, Farbstein ta samo fiye da ayyukan rabbin 100 waɗanda suka haɗa da asusun Holocaust na sirri a cikin gabatarwar, kuma ya shigar da su a cikin bayanan da ake kira Rabbis' Memoirs Project. An fitar da wannan bayanan ga jama'a akan CD a cikin Janairu 2007. A cikin rashin takardun, Farbstein ta bi sababbin kafofin don tabbatar da labarin da Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Meisels ya buga game da shi yana busa shofar a kan Rosh Hashana a Auschwitz don gungun yara maza da matasa 1,400 da aka yanke wa hukuncin da za a yi musu gas a washegari. Ta tambayi kowane ɗayan masu sauraron karatunta na tsawon shekaru ko sun san wani wanda ya ji wannan busa. A haka ta gano wasu shaidu goma da suka tabbatar da faruwar lamarin. Tasiri kan ilimin makarantun Haredi Farbstein ta kasance mai ƙwazo a bayan haɗa karatun Holocaust cikin tsarin karatun makarantun 'yan mata na addini. Tana gudanar da tarurrukan horar da malamai a tsarin makarantar Bais Yaakov, da wasu tsarin makarantun Hasidic kamar Vizhnitz da Belz, da kuma makarantar Yad Vashem na malamai na Holocaust. Ta samar da nau'ikan karatu da gajerun fina-finai na gaskiya don taimakawa a cikin ilimin Holocaust. Shekaru da dama, ba a koyar da wannan batu a makarantun Haredi, a babban bangare saboda adawar al'umma ga ra'ayin yahudawan sahyoniya da suka yi watsi da rubuce-rubucen, sun soki malaman Turai don ƙarfafa garken tumakinsu su ci gaba da zama a Turai maimakon ƙaura zuwa Falasdinu, kuma suna da'awar. wadanda abin ya shafa sun tafi ajalinsu kamar tumakin yanka "Ba tare da shakka ba, a farkon shekarun da suka gabata, akwai fargabar cewa idan suka yi maganin Holocaust, tambayoyi da yawa za su taso," in ji Farbstein. Ta yi imanin tsarinta na ilimi yana ɗaukar nazarin Holocaust daga fagen "hankali", kuma zuwa "ilimin tarihi cikin tsari". A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma Sha biyu, Farbstein ta ƙirƙiri gasa ta kan layi don gwada ɗaliban makarantar sakandare na Isra'ila kan iliminsu na abubuwan da suka faru na Holocaust. Gasar farko ta dogara ne akan tarihin Warsaw Ghetto Farbstein akai-akai tana gabatar da laccoci akan batutuwan Holocaust a cikin taron kasa da kasa da karawa juna sani ga jama'a. Ta sirin rayuwa Ta auri Rabbi Moshe Mordechai Farbstein, a halin yanzu rosh yeshiva na Hebron Yeshiva Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya bakwai. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1946 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

19645

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtar%20Ahmed%20Ansari

Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari

Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, acikin shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da tamanin (1880) ya mutu a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da shida (1936) ɗan kishin ƙasa ne kuma kuma ya na cikin shuwagabannin siyasa a wannan lokaci,tsohon shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiya da na Kungiyar Musulmi a lokacin 'yancin Ƙasar Indiya. Daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Jami'ar Jamia Millia Islamia ya kasance shugaban ta a shekara ta (1928 zuwa shekara ta 1936). Rayuwar farko da aikin likita An haifi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari a ranar 25 ga watan Disamban shekara ta, 1880 a garin Yusufpur- Mohammadabad a gabashin Uttar Pradesh. Yayi karatu a makarantar Victoria, Ansari da danginsa suka koma Hyderabad. Ansari ya sami digirin likita daga Kwalejin Likita ta Madras kuma ya tafi Ingila kan karatun malanta. Ya sami digiri na MD da na MS a shekara ta, 1905. A cikin shekara ta, 1910 Ansari ya sami Jagora na tiyata (ChM) daga Jami'ar Edinburgh don aikinsa na maganin cututtukan syphilis ta arylarsonates tare da tsokaci na musamman ga binciken kwanan nan Ya kuma kasance dalibi mai aji mafi girma kuma yayi aiki a Asibitin Lock na London da Charing Cross Hospital a London. Ya kasance ɗan Indiya ne na farko a aikin tiyata, kuma a yau akwai Ansari Ward a cikin Charing Cross Hospital, London, don girmama aikinsa. Daga shekara ta, 1921 zuwa shekara ta, 1935, Ansari ya ziyarci Vienna, Paris, Lucerne da London don ganawa da mashahuran masu ilimin uuro, da suka hada da Robert Lichtenstern, Eugen Steinach da Serge Voronoff, wasu daga cikin magabata na dashen kwayar halittar dabbobi akan mutane. A cikin shekaru goman karshe na rayuwarsa, Ansari ya gudanar da irin wadannan ayyukan narkar da sama da 700, yana mai daukar 440 a hankali. Daga waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ya wallafa littafinsa na sake haihuwa na mutum, wanda ya raba tare da babban amininsa Mahatma Gandhi. Ayyukan kishin ƙasa A cikin shekara ta, 1898, yayin ɗalibi a Madras, Ansari ya halarci zamansa na farko na duk taron Indiya, wanda AnandaMohan Bose ya jagoranta A shekara ta, 1927, lokacin da aka sake gudanar da Zama a Madras, Ansari ya jagoranci Zaman. Dokta Ansari ya tsunduma cikin kungiyar ‘Yancin kan Indiya a lokacin da yake Ingila. Ya koma Delhi kuma ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya da ta Muslim League Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattaunawar yarjejeniya ta 1916 Lucknow Pact kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar musulmin a cikin shekara ta, 1918 da kuma shekara ta, 1920. Ya kasance mai nuna goyon baya ga kungiyar Khilafat, kuma ya jagoranci tawagar likitocin Kasar Indiya don kula da sojojin Turkiyya da suka ji rauni a lokacin yakin Balkan. (Syed Tanvir Wasti, Ofishin Jakadancin Red Crescent na Indiya zuwa Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan, Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya, Vol. 45, No. 3, 393-406, a Mayun shekara ta, 2009) Ansari ya yi aiki sau da yawa a matsayin Babban Sakatare Janar na AICC, da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Wakilan Kasa ta Indiya yayin zamanta na shekara ta, 1927 Sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe da rarrabuwar kawuna ta siyasa tsakanin Leagueungiyar a cikin shekara ta, 1920s, kuma daga baya haɓakar Muhammad Ali Jinnah da rarrabuwar kai tsakanin Musulmi, Ansari ya kusanci Mahatma Gandhi da Jam'iyyar Congress. Ansari ya kasance daya daga cikin Kwamitin Gidauniyar Jamia Millia Islamia sannan kuma yayi aiki a matsayin shugabar jami’ar Jamia Millia Islamia a Delhi jim kadan bayan mutuwar wanda ya kafa ta farko, Hakim Ajmal Khan a shekara ta, 1927. Rayuwar mutum Ansari ya kasance a cikin gidan sarauta, wanda ake kira Darus Salaam ko kuma Gidan aminci. Mahatma Gandhi ya kasance baƙo mai yawa lokacin da ya ziyarci Delhi, kuma gidan ya kasance tushe na yau da kullun don ayyukan siyasa na Majalisar. Ansari ya mutu a shekara ta, 1936 akan hanyarsa daga Mussoorie zuwa Delhi akan jirgin kasa sakamakon bugun zuciya. An binne shi a cikin harabar jami'ar Jamia Millia Islamia da ke Delhi. Zuriya Da yawa daga cikin dangin Ansari sun kasance a Kasar Indiya bayan rabuwa a shekara ta, 1947, kuma sun zama 'yan siyasa a Kasar Indiya kyauta. Zuriyarsa da danginsa sun hada da: Mukhtar Ansari. An lasafta shi domin girmama kakansa, Mukhtar Jr. dan majalisar dokokin jihar Uttar Pradesh ne daga mazabar Mau. Ya lashe zaben a shekara ta, 2017 akan tikitin BSP. Shi ne Firayim wanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar kisan kai na Krishnanand Rai da sauran laifuka, kuma ya kwashe shekaru 13 a kurkuku. An sake shi a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2019, bayan da shaidu a kansa suka zama masu adawa. Sibakatullah Ansari Afzal Ansari Mohammad Hamid Ansari, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban kasar Indiya, sabanin yadda aka yi imani da shi, shi ba jikan Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari bane. Hasali ma, jika ne ga dan uwan Ansari. Daraja Hanyar Ansari a cikin Daryaganj, tsohon Delhi an sa masa suna. Ansari Nagar kusa da AIIMS, New Delhi. Manazarta Musulman Indiya Haifaffun 1880 Mutuwan 1936 Shugabannin Kasar Indiya Pages with unreviewed

40279

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirista%20Onoh

Kirista Onoh

Christian Chukuwuma Onoh, wanda aka fi sani da CC Onoh, (27 Afrilu 1927 5 May 2009) dan kasuwa ne kuma lauya ɗan Najeriya wanda ya zama gwamnan jihar Anambra a shekarar 1983 a karshen jamhuriya ta biyu ta Najeriya Shi ne kuma surukin Emeka Ojukwu Fage An haifi Onoh a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1927 a Enugu Ngwo, a cikin ƙasar kwal da ke jihar Enugu a yanzu Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana da shekaru 8 a duniya, kuma dan uwansa Donald Oji ya rene shi. Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1940, ya yi aiki a matsayin dan kwangila, sannan ya samar da insifeto sannan kuma mai sayar da dabbobi. Ta hanyar amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga waɗannan kamfanoni, ya ba da kuɗin karatunsa a Ƙasar Ingila, inda ya sami digiri na shari'a daga Jami'ar Wales a Aberystwyth a 1957. A 1958, an zaɓi Onoh dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Enugu. Daga baya ya yi murabus domin ya zama shugaban ‘yan asalin kasar na farko na hukumar kula da kwal ta Najeriya Daga 1961 zuwa 1966 ya kasance a hukumar kula da layin dogo ta Najeriya. A lokacin yakin basasa, an nada Onoh a matsayin mai kula da babban birnin Enugu. A 1970 ya koma rayuwa ta sirri a matsayin mai sayar da katako. Ya kasance memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Club 13, wacce ta rikide zuwa jam’iyyar People’s Party (NPP), amma daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar NPN. Ya yi yakin neman zaɓen gwamnan jihar Anambra a jam’iyyar NPN a shekarar 1979. Daga nan aka nada shi shugaban hukumar ma’adanai ta Najeriya, sannan a shekarar 1982 ya zama shugaban kamfanin ma’adinai na Associated Ore Mines. Gwamnan jihar Anambra An zaɓi Onoh a matsayin gwamnan jihar Anambra a watan Oktoban 1983 a dandalin jam'iyyar NPN, inda ya doke ɗan takarar jam'iyyar NPP mai ci Jim Nwobodo Zaɓen dai ya fuskanci tursasawa da tashin hankali da kuma magudin zaɓe. An tafka muhawara a zaben, amma daga ƙarshe ya yanke hukuncin a gaban kotun koli. Watanni uku bayan zaben, wato ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1983, sojoji suka karbi ragamar mulki a ƙarƙashin Janar Muhammadu Buhari da Onoh, tare da dukkan sauran gwamnonin farar hula. Daga baya aiki Onoh ya ci gaba da tayar da jijiyar wuya a samar da wata kasa ta daban ga mutanen Waawa, kuma hakan ya samu a ƙarshe lokacin da gwamnatin soja ƙarƙashin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ta ƙirkiro jihar Enugu a shekarar 1991 Tsohon alkalin kotun kolin Anthony Aniogulu ya ce "Christian Onoh... ya kasance ko da yaushe kuma yana yaki da rashin adalci. Amma ba zai damu da yin amfani da hanyar zalunci don yakar zalunci ba.” Rayuwa ta sirri Ƴarsa, Nuzo Onoh, ita ce mashahurin marubucin Birtaniya kuma majagaba na Horror na Afirka, yayin da dayar sa, Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu, ta zama sarauniyar kyau, mashawarcin shugaban ƙasa, daga bisani kuma jakadiyar Najeriya a Masarautar Spain. Ana kuma tunawa da ita game da cece-kuce da aurenta da Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Ikemba na Nnewi kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Biafra, wanda ya haura shekaru talatin a duniya. Soyayyarsu ta kasance abin magana a cikin ƙasa a farkon shekarun 1990s. Wata ƴar mai suna Lilian Onoh ita ce jakadiyar Najeriya a Namibiya a halin yanzu. Shi ma dansa Josef Onoh ya shiga harkokin siyasa ya zama shugaban kwamitin majalisar dokokin jihar Enugu kan kudi da kasafin kudi. Josef Onoh kuma shine mamallakin shahararren otal na musamman, The Arriba (Voodoo Lounge) Enugu kuma mai bawa gwamnan jihar Enugu shawara na musamman. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Enugu kuma yana neman takarar Gwamnan Jihar Enugu a karkashin Jam’iyyar PDP Christian Onoh ya rasu ne a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2009 yana da shekaru 82 a duniya. Yara Dr. Josephine Onoh {An haife: 2 Afrilu 1959, Ta rasu: 28 Nuwamba 1983 a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a Enugu, Nigeria}, Gabriel Onoh, Nuzo Onoh {Marubucin Burtaniya, wanda aka fi sani da "The Queen of African Horror", Stella Ani, Ambassador Lilian Onoh, Ambasada Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Christian Chinyelugo Onoh (Jnr) Ya rasu: 29 Maris 1991}, Dr. Ken Josef Umunnakwe Onoh Dan siyasa kuma dan kasuwa, a halin yanzu shugaban babban birnin Enugu} Jikoki Onoh na da jikoki goma sha tara daga cikinsu akwai Candice Onyeama, wadda ta samu lambar yabo ta Birtaniya furodusa, marubuci, kuma darakta kuma diyar Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya, Geoffrey Onyeama Christian C Onoh Jnr (111) Chineme Odumegwu-Ojukwu da Jija Carmen Orka-Gyoh. Mutuwan 2009 Haifaffun

57577

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Najeriya

Sufuri a Najeriya

Bayan shekaru da dama na tattaunawar siyasa gadar Nijar ta biyu na gab da kammalawa(ya zuwa watan Janairun 2022). Mai fatauci Rundunar ‘yan kasuwan ruwa ta Najeriya ba wata hukuma ce da aka amince da ita ba, amma manyan hafsoshin na samun wakilcin jami’an ‘yan kasuwan ruwa da kungiyar manyan ma’aikatan sufurin ruwa. Hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya NIMASA ce ke kula da harkar sufurin jiragen ruwa,wadda ke da alhakin ka’idojin da suka shafi sufurin jiragen ruwa na Najeriya,ma’aikatan ruwa da kuma ruwan teku.Haka kuma hukumar na gudanar da bincike tare da bayar da ayyukan bincike da ceto. jimlar:jiragen ruwa 40(1,000 babban ton(GT)ko sama da haka)jimlar 360,505 GT 644,471 Mataccen nauyi </br>jiragen ruwa ta nau'in: babban mai ɗaukar kaya 1,jigilar kaya 12,tankar sinadarai 4,tankar mai 22,tanki na musamman 1(1999 est.) Filin jirgin sama da kamfanonin jiragen sama Manyan filayen jiragen saman Najeriya sun hada da filin jirgin sama na Murtala Muhammed da ke Legas da filin jirgin Nnamdi Azikiwe da ke Abuja.Sauran filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama guda uku sun hada da filin jirgin Mallam Aminu Kano da ke Kano da filin jirgin saman Akanu Ibiam da ke Enugu da kuma filin jirgin sama na Fatakwal a Fatakwal. Cutar ta fi shafa musamman ma harkar sufurin jiragen sama,saboda kasashe da dama sun rufe iyakokinsu a wurare daban-daban a duk shekara ta 2020 domin rage yaduwar cutar.Bangaren sufurin jiragen sama na Najeriya ya shiga cikin bala'in ne a wani matsayi mai karfi,a cewar FAAN. Wadanda suka isa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Najeriya guda 30 sun kai miliyan 8.8 a shekarar 2019,yayin da aka yi jigilar masu tashi sama da 8.7m. Wannan yana wakiltar haɓaka 7.4% daga jimlar motsin fasinja na 16.4m da aka yi rikodin a cikin 2018.A halin yanzu,zirga-zirgar kaya ya girma a cikin 2019-daga 164.9m kg a cikin 2018 kg zuwa 174.9m kg-yayin da wasiku ta iska ya tashi daga 47.3m kg zuwa 55.6m kg.Tashoshin gida na filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Abuja da Legas sun kai kashi 25% na zirga-zirgar fasinja da kashi 30% na zirga-zirgar jiragen kowane a shekarar 2019, yayin da filin jirgin saman Murtala Muhammed(MMIA)da ke Legas ke daukar kashi 81% na dukkan kaya. Ayyukan da aka sa gaba a cikin kasafin kudin 2021 sun hada da N10bn($ 26.7m) na titin jirgin sama na biyu a filin jirgin saman Nnamdi Azikiwe(NAIA)a Abuja, N1bn($2.7m)don sabon ginin tashar jirgin sama a Enugu,da N900m($ 2.4m)don tsawaitawa da gyara titin jirgin sama a MMIA.Kwantar da titin jirgi na biyu a NAIA ya biyo bayan budewar sabuwar tashar kasa da kasa a watan Disamba 2018.Tashar dai ita ce ta farko a kasar da aka hada da tsarin jirgin kasa,inda jirgin kasa na Abuja ke daukar fasinjoji zuwa tsakiyar birnin. Nassoshi Gabaɗaya nassoshi This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Nigeria: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}The World Factbook. CIA. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taswirar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Taswirar hanyoyin Najeriya Najeriya

33940

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqhun%20Gadon%20Musulunci

Fiqhun Gadon Musulunci

Fikihun Gadon Musulunci, fanni ne na fikihu wanda ya shafi rabon gado, batun da alkur'ani ya yi magana a kai Ana kiranshi da suna Mīrāth, kuma reshensa na shari'ar Musulunci ana kiransa da 'ilm al-farā'iḍ "kimiyyar da aka keɓe". Gado a Qur'ani Alkur'ani ya gabatar da wasu hakkoki daban-daban da bayar da hakkoki a kan al'amuran gado, ciki har da abin da a wancan lokacin ke kawo ingantuwa gaba daya kan mu'amalar mata da rayuwar iyali. Kur'ani ya kuma gabatar da kokarin gyara dokokin gado, da kuma samar da cikakken tsarin shari'a. Wannan ci gaban ya bambanta da al'ummomin jahiliyya inda ka'idojin gado suka bambanta sosai. Suna, duk da haka, kuma sun bambanta da ci gaban da aka samu na daidaici na duniya tun daga wancan lokacin, har zuwa yau. Bugu da kari, Alkur'ani ya gabatar da karin magada wadanda ba a ba su gado ba a zamanin jahiliyya, inda ya ambaci dangi tara musamman wadanda shida mata ne uku kuma maza. Haka nan kuma dokokin rabon gado a cikin Alkur’ani sun hada da sauran ’yan uwa maza, irin su miji da ’yan’uwa maza da mata daga wajen uwa, waxanda aka cire su daga gado a tsohuwar al’ada. Magada da aka ambata a cikin Alkur’ani su ne uwa, uba, miji, mata, ‘ya, dan’uwa da suke uwa daya, cikakkiyar ‘yar’uwa, ‘yar’uwar uwa daya, da ’yar’uwa mazabata. Gabaɗaya, kur'ani ya inganta matsayin mata ta hanyar bayyana rabon gadonsu a bayyane. Haka nan kuma ya haramta gadon zawarawa gaba daya. [4:19] Masanin Gabas Joseph Schacht ya ce "wannan ba yana nufin a matsayin ka'ida ta yau da kullum ba, amma wani bangare ne na kokarin Kur'ani don inganta matsayin mata." Alkur'ani bai fayyace karara ba a kan rabon 'yan uwa maza, kamar dan wanda ya rasu, amma ya tanadi ka'idar cewa rabon da ya ninka na 'ya mace. Malaman tauhidi musulmai sun yi bayanin wannan fanni na gado ta hanyar duban shari’ar Musulunci gaba dayanta, wacce ta dora nauyi ga mazaje wajen samar da kariya, kariya da ciyar da mata. [Qur'an 4:34] Daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa ‘ya mace ke da hakkin rabin na ‘ya, shi ne, Musulunci ya hukunta cewa mata, idan sun yi aure, basu da ‘yancin yin “saki” daga miji (ban da duk wani tanadi da iyayenta za su yi). Bayan haka wajibin miji ne ya kula da matarsa da kuma kula da “dakin” don haka a zahiri gaba ne na haqqoqin gado daga dukiyar mijinta. Baya ga sauye-sauyen da suka gabata, Kur'ani ya ba wa musulmi iko na wasiyya wajen kawar da dukiyoyinsu. [Alkurani, 2:180–182, 2:240, 4:33, 5:106–107] A cikin wasiyyarsu mai suna washayya, an yarda musulmi su bayar da mafi girman kashi daya bisa uku na dukiyoyinsu. Haka kuma an yi kira ga musulmi da su baiwa marayu da gajiyayyu kudi idan suna wurin rabon dukiya. Daga baya ci gaba Kur'ani ya ƙunshi ayoyi uku ne kawai [4:11, 4:12 da 4:176] waɗanda ke ba da takamaiman bayani game da gado da rabo, baya ga ayoyi kaɗan da suka yi magana game da ikon wasiyya. Haka nan kuma ya zo a cikin Hadisi cewa Annabi Muhammadu ya ba da muhimmanci ga dokokin gado kuma ya umurci mabiyansa da su koya da karantar da su. Malaman shari’a na musulmi sun yi amfani da waxannan ayoyi a matsayin mafari wajen fayyace hukunce-hukuncen rabon gado har ma da yin amfani da Hadisi, da kuma hanyoyin hukumci na shari’a, kamar qiyasi. A cikin lokuttan baya, an rubuta manyan kundin aiki a kan batun. Wannan hadewar tsohuwar al'adun agnatic da shari'ar Musulunci ta haifar da matsaloli da cece-kuce da malaman fikihu musulmi suka warware ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ta hanyar yin amfani da rabe-raben tunani Qiyas malaman fikihu musulmi sun kara wasu magada uku: kakan uba, kakar uwa, da jikanyar agnatic. Wadannan magada, idan sun cancanci gado, ana ba su kayyadaddun kasonsu, sauran kuma sauran magada ('aṣaba) ne suka gaji. Wannan ya haifar da ‘yan bambance-bambance a tsakanin mazhabobin fikihu na mazhabar Sunna. Haka nan kuma dokokin gado ga ‘yan Shi’a ‘yan -sha-biyu, duk da cewa sun ginu a kan ka’idoji iri daya, amma sun sha bamban ta fuskoki da dama, saboda qin wasu bayanan Hadisi da kuma fahimtarsu da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a farkon Musulunci. A daya bangaren kuma tsarin gadon Kharajite Ibadiyya da Zaidiyya ya yi kama da na tsarin Ahlus-Sunnah. A kasashen musulmi na zamani, yawanci cakudewar mazhabobi daban-daban na fikihu (ciki har da Shi'a) yana aiki, baya ga wasu muhimman gyare-gyare ga tsarin gargajiya. Babban nasarorin irin wannan tsarin na zamani shi ne tsara dokokin gado. Cikakken bayani akan gado a shari'ar musulunci Ana ɗaukar gado a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na Dokar Shariah. Musulmai suna gadar juna kamar yadda ya zo a cikin Alkur'ani. [4:7] Saboda haka, akwai kaso na shari'a ga dangin mamacin a cikin dukiyarsa. Manyan hukunce-hukuncen gado an yi su dalla-dalla a cikin Alkur'ani da Hadisi da Fiqhu. Idan musulmi ya mutu akwai ayyuka guda hudu da ya kamata a yi. Su ne: Biyan kudin jana'iza da jana'iza. Biyan bashi na mamaci. Ƙayyade ƙima/wasiyyar mamaci idan akwai (wanda aka keɓe shi zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukiyar kamar yadda shari'ar ta yanke saura). A raba sauran kadarori ga ‘yan uwan mamacin kamar yadda shari’a ta tanada. Don haka ya zama wajibi a tantance ‘yan uwan mamatan da ke da hakkin cin gado, da kasonsu. Wadannan dokoki sun fi daukaka a Musulunci saboda takurawa wanda aka yi wasici (mutumin da ya yi wasiyya). Shari’ar Musulunci ta sanya nau’ukan hani ga mai wasiyya. Wadanne mutane ne za su yi wasiyya da dukiyarsu. Adadin da za su yi wasiyya (wanda bai kamata ya wuce kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukiyar mamaci ba). Daban-daban na magada Magada da ake magana da su a matsayin magada na farko suna da haƙƙin rabon gadon; Ba a taɓa keɓe su gaba ɗaya ba. Wadannan magadan na farko sun hada da ma'aurata, duka iyaye, da da 'ya. Duk sauran magada za a iya keɓe su gaba ɗaya ta gaban sauran magada. Amma a cikin wasu yanayi, sauran magada kuma na iya gado a matsayin sauran, wato uba, kakan uba, 'ya, jikanyar agnatic, 'yar uwa cikakkiya, 'yar'uwar mazakuta, da uwa. Wadanda suka gada galibi ana kasasu kashi uku: Masu rabon gado (dhawu ḍ), Wannan rukunin ya ƙunshi maza huɗu mata takwas. Mazajen rabon rabon maza su ne miji, uba, kakan uba da kanin uwa. Magada mata sune mata, diya, jika, uwa, kaka, cikakkar 'yar'uwa, 'yar uwar uba da 'yar uwar uwa. Duk da haka, akwai al'amuran da zasu iya motsa 'ya, jikoki, uba, kaka, ƴan uwan juna da ƴan uwa na uba zuwa rukuni na biyu ('asaba). Membobin aṣaba (raguwa), yawanci haɗakar dangi maza (wasu lokacin mata) waɗanda suke gada a matsayin ragowar bayan an raba hannun jarin Magada. 'Yan uwa masu girma (dhawu al arham): Wannan ya hada da duk wani dan uwa na jini wanda ba magaji ba ko 'asaba (raguwa). Misalai sun haɗa da kakan uwa, ƴan uwa, ƴan uwa da ƴan uwan mata. Tsarin Gado Ana rarraba gadon bisa ga tsari kamar haka: An raba duk magada rabon hannun jarin su. Idan wannan ya ƙare kayan, aikin ya ƙare. In ba haka ba, je mataki na gaba. Ragowar magada suna samun ragowar kayan. Idan babu ragowar, amma akwai ma'auni daga mataki (1), to, an sake rarraba kuɗin daidai da magada. Ana kiran wannan tsari al rad Idan ba a sami magada ba kuma babu sauran magada, to ana rarraba dukiyar ga dangi. Idan babu magada, kuma babu sauran magada, to dukiyar ta zarce zuwa baitul malin gwamnati, Bayt al-mal Matsayin mazhabar Malikiyya da Shafi’i na al’ada shi ne, idan ba a samu rabo ko wasu magada ba, to kai tsaye dukiyar ta je baitul malin gwamnati, watau mataki na (3) da (4) a tsallake. Sai dai duk da haka dukkan makarantun biyu sun bi sahun mazhabar Hanafiyya da Hanbali wajen daukar matakai guda biyar da suka gabata saboda rashin tsari na Bayt al-mal. Dokokin haɗawa da keɓancewa A cikin shari'ar Musulunci, dangi ne kawai da ke da halaltacciyar dangantaka ta jini da mamaci ke da hakkin samun gado. Don haka ’ya’yan shege da ’ya’yan da aka karbe ba su da wani kaso a cikin gado. Gabaɗaya, cikakken ɗan'uwa zai keɓe ɗan'uwa wanda yake rabon uba ɗaya consanguine ɗan'uwa), amma ba ɗan'uwan da ke raba uwa ɗaya ba. Idan mamaci ya bar mace mai ciki, za a keɓe kason ɗan da ba a haifa ba. Haka nan mace a lokacin jira (‘iddat) bayan rabuwar aure ana daukarta a matsayin matar mamaci don rabon gado. Akwai ma ƙarin ƙa'idodi na keɓancewa da haɗa dangi daban-daban. “Halayen da suka dace” kawai waɗanda zasu iya haifar da rashin cancanta su ne bambance-bambancen addini da kisan kai. Amma mazhabobin shari’a sun banbanta ko musulmi zai iya gado daga wanda ba musulmi ba ko a’a. Dukkan malaman fiqihu sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa kisa da gangan ko rashin hujja zai kebe mutum daga gado. Mata a gado A Musulunci, mata suna da haƙƙin gado, ko da yake gabaɗaya, Musulunci ya ba wa mata rabin rabon gadon da ake samu ga maza idan sun gaji uba ɗaya. Misali, inda wanda ya rasu yake da ‘ya’ya maza da mata, rabon da ya ninka na ‘ya mace. Akwai wasu yanayi inda mata za su sami rabo daidai gwargwado ga maza. Misali, rabon uwa da uba na marigayi wanda ya bar ‘ya’ya. Haka kuma rabon dan uwan da suke uwa daya, daidai yake da kason ‘yar uwar da suke uwa daya, haka ma na zuri’arsu. Akwai wasu da ke cewa mata suna da hakki daidai gwargwado a Musulunci. A cikin karni na goma sha bakwai biranen Ottoman, irin su Bursa, an saba magance matsalolin gado a kotuna, tare da wadanda ake kara har ma da kasancewa dangin mata ne da ke karar su. Wani lokaci, mata suna samun ninki biyu kamar na maza; misali, idan iyaye da miji ne kawai, miji zai karɓi rabi, uba yana da 1/6, uwa ta sami 2/6. Wannan shi ne tafsirin Ibn Abbas na aya ta 11, 12 a cikin suratun Nisa’i. Hatta Alkur'ani ya banbance tsakanin maza da mata a yanayin alaka Kalalah ya siffanta mutumin da bai bar iyaye ko ‘ya’ya ba; kuma tana nufin dukkan dangin mamaci in ban da mahaifansa da ‘ya’yansa, haka nan kuma tana nuni da alakar da ba ta iyaye ko ‘ya’yanta (marigayin) ba. Malaman Musulunci suna ganin cewa, asali dalilan da suka haifar da wadannan bambance-bambancen su ne nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan ma'aurata. Dole ne miji a Musulunci ya yi amfani da gadonsa wajen ciyar da iyalinsa yayin da mace ba ta da wajibcin tallafi. Bugu da kari, al'ummar Larabawa sun saba yin al'adar farashin amarya ko sadaki maimakon sadaki watau namiji ya biya wa matarsa ko danginta kyauta lokacin aure, maimakon akasin haka, yana dora nauyin kudi a kan maza inda babu ko daya a kan mata. An ci gaba da wannan al'ada amma Musulunci ya canza ta zahiri. Umurnin Allah ya yi nuni da cewa hakkin sadaki (mahr) na 'ya mace ne kawai ba danginta ba. Hakanan za'a iya jinkirta ta ta yadda za a rage nauyi idan mijin ya kasa biyan kudin sadakin da ake nema a lokacin daurin auren. Matar za ta iya jinkirta shi har zuwa ranar da aka kayyade ko kuma ya zama bashi a gidan idan mijin ya mutu. Kuma ku bãyar da sadakinsu ga mãtã, da yardarsu, kuma idan sun bãyar da wani yanki na sadakin da kansu, to, ku ji daɗi da shi. Matsayin gadon Musulunci wajen bunkasa ilimin lissafi Shari'ar Musulunci ta gado ta kasance yunƙuri a bayan haɓakar algebra (wanda aka samo daga Larabci al-jabr na Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī da sauran masana ilimin lissafi na Islama na tsakiya Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala na Al-Khwarizmi, asalin rubutun algebra, ya sadaukar da babinsa na uku kuma mafi tsayi don magance matsalolin da suka shafi gadon Musulunci ta amfani da algebra. Ya tsara ka'idojin gado a matsayin ma'auni na layi, don haka ba a buƙatar iliminsa na ma'auni guda huɗu. Al-Hassār, masanin lissafi daga Maghreb Arewacin Afirka ƙwararre a fannin ilimin fikihu na gado na Musulunci a ƙarni na 12, ya haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na alama na zamani don ɓangarori, inda ake raba ƙididdiga ta hanyar ma'aunin kwance. Su ma kurar da ya yi amfani da su sun yi kusan kama da lambobi da ake amfani da su a cikin lambobin Larabci na Yamma na yanzu. Waɗannan lambobi iri ɗaya da ƙima suna bayyana ba da daɗewa ba a cikin aikin Fibonacci a cikin karni na 13. A karni na 15, Abū al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasādi, ƙwararre ne a fannin fikihu na gado na Musulunci, ya yi amfani da haruffa daga haruffan Larabci a matsayin tsarin ƙididdiga na lissafi a cikin lissafin algebraic. Duba kuma Mata da Musulunci Lissafi a Musulunci na tsakiyar zamani Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rarraba Gado Kamar yadda Alqur'ani ya fada Gado a Musulunci Dokar gado ta Musulunci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

53201

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara%20Andini

Tiara Andini

Biography with signature Articles with hCards Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini Javanese</link> Javanese pronunciation: [Tiyårå Anugråh Ékå Sêtyo Andini] an haife shi Satumba 23, 2001), wanda aka fi sani da Tiara tɪ rə ndɪnɪ ti- AR -ə AHN -di ti- ni mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Indonesiya. Ita ce ta zo ta biyu a kakar wasa ta goma ta Indonesian Idol wanda RCTI ta watsa a cikin 2019–2020. A cikin Idol, an san ta da yarinyar da ta karɓi tikitin titanium daga ɗaya daga cikin alkalan. Ita ce kaɗai mai karɓar tikitin titanium da ta taɓa samun nasarar zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe a tarihin Idol na Indonesiya An ba ta lambar yabo ta "Mafi kyawun Sabo" daga lambar yabo ta 23rd Anugerah Musik Indonesia Awards, da "Mafi kyawun Sabuwar Mawaƙin Asiya Indonesia" daga 2020 Mnet Asian Music Awards Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Tiara da sunan Tiara Anugrah Eka Setyo Andini a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2001, a Jember Regency, Lardin Java ta Gabas (kwanaki 12 bayan harin 11 ga Satumba Tiara, wanda dan asalin kasar Holland ne, shine babba a cikin yara uku, daga ma'aurata Nugroho Ediyono Deddy da Sari Yoshida Setyoastri. Tiara tana da ƙanwar mai suna Aurelia Anugrah da ƙane mai suna Holland Mauricio. Jininta na Netherlands ya fito daga zuriyar mahaifiyarta. An haifi Tiara a cikin dangin da ke bin addinin Islama kuma 'yan kabilar Java ne. Duk iyayenta biyu suna aikin fasaha a matsayin mawaƙa. Mahaifin Tiara mai shirya kiɗa ne yayin da mahaifiyar Tiara mawaƙa ce. An haife shi a cikin iyali da ke da asali a cikin kiɗa, Tiara an gabatar da shi zuwa duniyar kiɗa tun yana ƙarami ta hanyar yin waƙa da yawa ta hanyar Melly Goeslaw da Titi DJ Hazakar waka ta Tiara ta fara nunawa tun tana kindergarten. Lokacin tana aji 5 ta dauki darasin murya, malamin muryarta ya umarceta da ta zama mawakiyar biki. Tiara kuma ya san nau'o'in kiɗa daban-daban daga Kroncong zuwa kiɗan Sinanci na Mandarin A lokacin makaranta, abokanta ba su goyi bayan shawarar Tiara ta zama mawaƙa ba. Akwai kuma halin raina iya waƙar Tiara. Tiara kuma ya halarci taron The Voice Kids Indonesia amma ya kasa. Baya ga rera waƙa, Tiara kuma tana nazarin ƙirar ƙira. Tun lokacin yaro, Tiara ya shiga kuma memba ne mai aiki na Jember Fashion Carnaval a matsayin samfurin yara. Tiara ya kuma shiga cikin rundunar Jember Indonesiya na Paskibraka. Tiara ya halarci makarantar firamare a SD Al-Furqan Jember daga 2008 zuwa 2014. Bayan haka, Tiara ta ci gaba da karatunta a SMP Negeri 3 Jember kuma a cikin 2017 Tiara ta ci gaba da karatunta zuwa SMA Muhammadiyyah 3 Jember tana karatun kimiyya. Iyayen Tiara sun sanya ta makarantar Islamiyya ta yadda, ko da yake tana aikin fasaha, Tiara ta sami ilimin addini mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da take makarantar sakandare, Tiara ta kasance mai ƙwazo a cikin ayyukan kiɗan da ake amfani da su a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Danial Soemba. Sana'a 2017-2018: Farkon aiki A farkon aikinta, Tiara tana yawan shiga gasar ƙwararrun waƙa ta gida. Tiara sanannen ɗan wasan ƙarshe ne na Bintang Radio Indonesia da Asean RRI Jember a cikin 2017. A cikin 2018, an zaɓi Tiara a matsayin ƙirar ƙirar samfuri don Jember Fashion Carnaval tare da taken Koriya ta Kudu a rufe wasannin Asiya na 2018 A taron, Tiara kuma ya sami damar raba ɗan lokaci tare da ƙungiyar tsafi ta Koriya ta Kudu, Super Junior A ci gaba da gasa masu basira a talabijin, Tiara ta shiga cikin yanayi na uku na Muryar Indonesiya, inda ta kasa yin wasan kwaikwayon nata na yin waƙar Bang Bang na Jessie J, Ariana Grande da Nicki Minaj Kafin a san ta a bainar jama'a a yau, Tiara ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙin aure, tana yawan rera waƙoƙin Mandarin a bukukuwan aure na kasar Sin. Tiara ya sami tayin aiki kusan kowane mako. A lokacin, kuɗin farko na Tiara kusan IDR 100,000 6.89). 2019–2020: Idol na Indonesiya, wanda ya fara halarta "Gemintang Hatiku", mai gabatarwa na farko kuma mai gabatarwa A cikin 2019, Tiara ya sake shiga cikin taron neman gwaninta, Idol Indonesian A yayin wasan, Tiara ya yi waƙar Raisa mai suna "Zai iya zama" kuma ya sami tikitin titanium [lower-alpha 1] daga Judika. Don haka, an san Tiara a matsayin yarinyar da ta karɓi tikitin titanium a kakar wasa ta goma kuma ita ce kaɗai mai samun tikitin titanium da ta taɓa samun tikitin zuwa zagaye na ƙarshe a tarihin Idol na Indonesiya Lokacin fafatawa a Tiara yana da ƙungiyar magoya bayan hukuma da aka kafa a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2019 lokacin da Tiara ke cikin manyan 13, mai suna "Mootiara" wanda ke tsaye ga "Mood Tiara Andini". Bayan wucewa matakin sauraron sauraro da gudanar da tsarin keɓe gasa na tsawon watanni 5, a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2020, an naɗa Tiara a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu. A matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu na kakar wasa ta goma na Idol Indonesian, Tiara ya sami kyautar tsabar kuɗi na 100,000,000 IDR, da kuma ɗaya naúrar All New Nissan Livina MPV mota. Bayan wasan kwaikwayon, Tiara ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da lakabin rikodin Universal Music Indonesia kuma an gudanar da shi ta hanyar Star Media Nusantara, wani kamfanin sarrafa kayan fasaha mallakar MNC Group Daga Idol na Indonesiya, Tiara ta sami waƙar nasara mai suna "Gemintang Hatiku" wanda ya zama waƙa ta farko a matsayin mawaƙa. Akwai nau'ikan waƙar guda biyu, Tiara tana rera sigar pop na wannan waƙar. Wannan waƙar ta yi nasarar kawo Tiara don lashe lambar yabo a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Sabo" daga 2020 Anugerah Musik Indonesia Awards da lambar yabo a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Sabuwar Mawaƙin Asiya Indonesia" daga lambar yabo ta Mnet Asian Music Awards na 2020 Watanni biyu bayan kammala karatunta daga Idol na Indonesiya, Tiara ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo na farko a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Amanah Wali 4 a matsayin Tiara, mai goyan bayan wasan kwaikwayo daga sassa na 26 zuwa 29 wanda aka watsa a gidan talabijin na RCTI a watan Mayu 2020. A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, Tiara ta kasance cikin layi don gabatar da taron Dahsyatnya 2020 wanda RCTI ta watsa, ta shiga wasu masu gabatarwa 3, wato Ayu Dewi, Denny Cagur, da Raffi Ahmad An ci gaba a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2020, Tiara an jera shi don zama mai gabatarwa tare da Luna Maya a Tokopedia: Waktu Indonesia Belanja TV Show wanda ya gabatar da fitowa ta musamman daga ƙungiyar saurayin Koriya ta Kudu, BTS Gidan talabijin na Indosiar da SCTV ne suka watsa wannan taron. A ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2020, Tiara ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo a Smartfren WOW Virtual Concert wanda aka watsa kai tsaye a cikin ƙasashe uku, wato Indonesia, Ingila da Koriya ta Kudu. A Indonesia, SCTV ne ke watsa wannan taron. A cikin wannan taron, an amince da Tiara don samun duet tare da ɗaya daga cikin tatsuniyoyi na kiɗan Indonesiya, marigayi Didi Kempot ta yin amfani da ra'ayi na holograms, tsawaita gaskiya (XR) da fasaha na masu sauraro na mu'amala. 2021–yanzu: Arti untuk Cinta, Tiara Andini da halartaccen fim A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Tiara ta rera wani duet tare da ɗan wasan Thai Bright Vachirawit a Bakin Kyautar Roboguru An watsa wannan taron ta tashoshin talabijin 9, wato Indosiar, Trans7, Trans TV, RCTI, GTV, SCTV, MNCTV, RTV, da NET. Shekara guda bayan kammala karatunsa daga Idol na Indonesiya, Arsy Widianto ya haɗu da Tiara don yin haɗin gwiwa kan aikin kiɗa. Wannan aikin tun asali jerin waka ne da ya kunshi wakoki hudu masu alaka da juna, wanda ya fara da wakar "Cintanya Aku" ya kuma kare da "Bahaya". A ranar 12 ga Maris, 2021, an tattara jerin wakokin kuma an fitar da su azaman tsawaita wasa mai suna Arti untuk Cinta tare da ƙarin sabuwar waƙa guda ɗaya zuwa waƙar kundi. An yi wakoki hudu a cikin wannan albam tare da hadin gwiwa kuma an yi waka ta solo ta Arsy Widianto, wato "Padamu Luka". Kalmar 'Arti' da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin taken taƙaice ce ta sunayen Arsy da Tiara. A cikin yin wannan kundi, an taimaka wa mawaƙin Indonesiya Yovie Widianto a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma a matsayin furodusa wanda Adrian Kitut ya taimaka. Arti untuk Cinta ya lashe lambar yabo a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Album" daga lambar yabo ta Anugerah Musik Indonesia 2021 Bayan ta dage zuwa jami'a na tsawon shekara guda don ci gaba da aikinta. A cikin 2021, Tiara ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Multimedia Nusantara, inda ta zaɓi matakin S-1 a cikin shirin nazarin Kimiyyar Sadarwa. Kwanaki biyu kafin fitar da kundi nata na farko, an zabe ta a matsayin Mawaƙin Watan Indonesiya na Spotify a cikin mahallin shirin yaƙin neman zaɓe. A cikin kamfen, an zaɓi hotonta don sanya shi a kan allo na dijital a dandalin Times Square a New York, Amurka A ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2021, ta fito da kundi na farko na studio wanda ke da lakabi mai suna tare da sunan mataki. Kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi guda takwas waɗanda a baya aka fitar da mawaƙa guda biyar. Yayin bikin fitar da kundi nata na farko, ta kuma gudanar da wani taron Afterparty wanda aka watsa ta hanyar sabis na Premium na YouTube akan ranar fitar da kundin. A cikin 1951, Djajakusuma ya shiga Kamfanin Fina-Finai na Kasa (Perfini) bisa gayyatar Umar Ismail Bayan ya fara fitowa a matsayin darakta tare da Embun, Djajakusuma ya sake fitar da ƙarin fina-finai goma sha ɗaya tare da kamfanin kafin ya tafi a 1964. Daga nan ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Indonesiya, gami da wayang Ko da yake ya ci gaba da jagorantar fina-finai ba tare da Perfini ba, yawancin ƙarfinsa an sadaukar da shi don inganta fasahar gargajiya da koyar da fina-finai. Bayan sama da shekaru goma na rashin lafiya da hawan jini, Djajakusuma ya fadi a lokacin wani biki kuma ya mutu. An binne shi a makabartar Karet Bivak Haifaffun 2001 Rayayyun mutane Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

38622

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Akaagerger

Joseph Akaagerger

Lt. Colonel Joseph Iorshagher Akaagerger (An haifeshi ranar 5 ga Mayu 1956), ya kasance shugaban mulkin soja na jihar Katsina, Nijeriya daga watan Agustan shekarar 1998 zuwa 29 ga Mayu 1999. Bayan komowar dimokuradiyya, a watan Afrilun shekarata 2007 an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Benuwe arewa maso gabas. Farkon rayuwa da Karatu Akaagerger an haife shi ne a ranar 5 ga Mayun shekarata 1956 a ƙaramar hukumar Konshisha ta jihar Benue, asalin kabilar Tiv ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Gboko (1969-1973). Ya shiga aikin soja, ya halarci makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya, Kaduna (1976-1977), Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, United Kingdom (1977-79). Ya kuma sami digiri na LLB da LLM a Jami'ar Jos sannan ya sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'ar tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya. Yana riƙe da sarautar gargajiya ta Ambe u Konshisha (Kwanshisha Kada). Dan uwan tsohon Atoni-Janar ne kuma ministan shari'a Michael Aondoakaa. Aikin soja Akaagerger ya riƙe muƙamin daban-daban a aikin soja, inda ya kai matakin muƙamin Laftanar Kanar. Ya kuma kasance Darakta a Kwalejin Kwamanda da Ma’aikata ta Zariya a lokacin da aka nada shi Shugaban Soja a Jihar Katsina a lokacin mulkin Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar na rikon kwarya a watan Agustan shekarar 1998. An ce shi ne ya bayar da tallafin kudi a jihar Katsina domin yakin neman zaben Umaru Musa Yar’adua (daga baya ya zama shugaban kasa), wanda ya hau mulki a farkon jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu a watan Mayun shekarata 1999. Bayan mika mulki, an gano cewa jihar na da alhakin Naira miliyan 35 daga ma’aikatun, Naira miliyan 174 daga ma’aikatun gwamnati da kuma wani sama da fadi da aka samu daga Bankin Arewa a yankin na Naira miliyan 75, da kuma wasu basussuka. Bayan komawar mulkin dimokuradiyya, a matsayinsa na tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, an bukaci ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja. Sanata Akaagerger ya koma jam'iyyar United Nigeria Peoples Party (UNPP). A zaɓen 2003, ya kasance dan takarar majalisar dattawa a jihar Benue a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar UNPP, amma ba a zaɓe shi ba. A watan Yunin 2004 ya zarce zuwa jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP). A zaɓen shekarar 2007 ya sake tsayawa takara a Benue NE, a wannan karon a dandalin PDP. A zaben fidda gwanin da aka yi, bai samu kuri’u 2/3 da ake bukata ba, amma an zabe shi a matsayin dan takara da gagarumin rinjaye, kamar yadda Sanata David Mark ya kuma samu a shiyyar Benuwe ta Kudu. Unongo ya ba shi goyon bayansa, kuma aka zabe shi, ya hau mulki a watan Mayun shekarata 2007. A watan Janairun shekarar 2008, wata kotun sauraren kararrakin zabe da ke Makurdi ta soke zaɓensa bisa ga cewa an yi kason kuri’u masu dimbin yawa, sabanin zaɓen da aka yi na hakika, ta kuma ba da umarnin sake gudanar da sabon zaɓe. Ya ɗaukaka ƙara akan hukuncin. A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 2008, Akaagerger ya zama Sakataren Yada Labarai na Dandalin Sanatocin Arewa. Akaagerger ya sanya samar da kiwon lafiya fifiko. A watan Disamban shekarar 2008, ya bayyana cewa shirinsa na jinya kyauta a jihar, wanda ake aiwatar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwar kungiyar likitocin Grassroots, ya kashe Naira miliyan 50 kuma ya amfana da mutane 23,000. A cikin Oktoban shekarata 2009, ya tayar da ƙararrawa a kan madatsar ruwa ta Lake Nyos, da ke cikin Kamaru, wanda ke shiga cikin kogin Benue. Tafkin yana zaune a ɗakin magma kuma yana cike da CO 2, wanda ya barke a baya. Katangar madatsar ruwan na dada yin rauni, kuma lamarin girgizar kasa zai iya haifar da bala'i a mashigin Najeriya. Akaagerger ya yi kira da a yi taka-tsan-tsan da ya hada da gaggauta aikin dam na Kashimbilla buffer. A watan Mayun shekarar 2009, Akaagerger da wasu Sanatoci tara aka mika su ga kwamitin da'a, gata da kuma kararrakin jama'a don bincike dangane da wata takaddama da aka biya ta tafiya Ghana. A watan Yulin shekarar 2009, wani kwamitin majalisar dattijai ya bayyana sunayen tsoffin daraktocin bankuna 13 da suka gaza a matsayin suna da hannu wajen cin zarafi da basussuka wanda ya kai ga gazawar bankunan. Akaagerger dai ya yi adawa da bayyana sunayen a bainar jama’a, tunda sun hada da shugabannin hukumomin wasu hukumomin gwamnatin tarayya. A cikin watan Oktoban shekarar 2009 da Babban Bankin Najeriya ya fitar na rancen da ba a biya ba a bankuna biyar da sai da aka yi belinsa ya nuna cewa Akaagerger na ciwo bashin Naira miliyan 534 ga bankin Spring Bank Plc. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Maris na 2010 Akaagerger ya bayyana fatansa cewa za a warware sauye-sauyen zaben da ake shirin yi kafin zaɓen 2011. Wasu ayyukan baya A watan Janairun shekarar 2011 tsohon shugaban jam’iyyar PDP na ƙasa Barnabas Gemade ya doke Akaagerger da sauran su inda ya zama dan takarar jam’iyyar PDP a majalisar dattawa a jihar Benuwe arewa maso gabas. A cikin Maris din shekarar 2011, Akaagerger ya ce canji ya zama dole. Idan jam’iyyar Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) ta hau mulki, Audu Ogbeh zai bunkasa Benue kuma zai daƙile ɓarnar da PDP ta yi a shekaru hudu da suka wuce. A watan Oktoban 2014, Akaagerger yana cikin dattawan PDP na yankin Benuwe arewa maso gabas da suka goyi bayan Gwamna Gabriel Suswam a takarar Sanata a 2015. A watan Mayun shekarar 2015, Akaagerger na cikin shugabannin jahohi shida na shiyyar arewa ta tsakiya da suka yi yunkurin neman George Akume a matsayin shugaban majalisar dattawa. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1956 Gwamnonin Jihar Katsina Mutane daga Jihar

30205

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharar%20gida%20dake%20sarrafa%20iskar%20gas

Sharar gida dake sarrafa iskar gas

Sharar gida bawul ne da ke sarrafa kwararar iskar gas zuwa injin turbocharged. Karkatar da iskar gas mai fitar da iskar gas yana daidaita saurin turbine wanda hakan ke daidaita saurin jujjuyawar kwampreso. Babban aiki na sharar gida shine daidaita matsakaicin matsa lamba a cikin tsarin turbocharger, don kare injin da turbocharger. Kuma Ɗaya daga cikin fa'ida na shigar da sharar gida mai nisa zuwa turbo mai kyauta (ko wanda ba WG ba) ya haɗa da izini don ƙaramin gidaje na turbine A/R, yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin lokaci kafin turbo ya fara spool da haɓaka. Nau'in sharar gida Na waje Wurin sharar gida wani keɓantaccen tsari ne mai ƙunshe da kai wanda yawanci ana amfani da shi tare da turbochargers waɗanda ba su da sharar gida. Ƙofar sharar gida tana buƙatar ƙera na musamman turbo manifold tare da keɓe mai gudu zuwa ga sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida na waje na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na sharar gida da kanta. Ana amfani da ɓangarorin waje na waje don daidaita matakan haɓaka daidai gwargwado fiye da sharar gida a cikin manyan aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki, inda za a iya samun manyan matakan haɓakawa. Wuraren sharar gida na iya zama mafi girma tun da babu wani ƙuntatawa na haɗa bawul ko bazara a cikin turbocharger da gidaje na turbine. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da gate mai sharar gida tare da turbocharger na ciki. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar ɓangarorin da aka kera na musamman mai sauƙi wanda ke toshewa tare da taƙaita motsin hannun mai kunnawa, tare da kiyaye shi daga buɗewa. Kuma Wata hanya kuma ta haɗa da walda mashigar sharar gida wanda ke hana shi buɗewa har abada, amma gazawar walda na iya ba shi damar sake buɗewa. Sharar gida gabaɗaya suna amfani da bawul mai kama da bawul ɗin poppet dsilinda. mu a kan silinda Sannan Koyaya ana sarrafa su ta hanyar pneumatics maimakon camshaft kuma suna buɗewa ta wata hanya. Har ila yau, sharar gida na waje na iya amfani da bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, kodayake hakan ba shi da yawa. Na ciki Wurin sharar gida shi ne ginannen bawul ɗin kewayawa da wucewa a cikin mahalli na turbocharger wanda ke ba da izinin wuce gona da iri don ketare injin ɗin zuwa cikin shayewar ƙasa. Sannan Sarrafa bawul ɗin sharar gida ta hanyar siginar matsa lamba daga mahaɗar abun ciki iri ɗaya ne da na ƙofar sharar gida. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin shigarwa, ba tare da bututun sharar gida na waje ba. Bugu da ƙari, duk iskar gas ɗin sharar gida ana sake tura su ta atomatik zuwa cikin na'ura mai jujjuyawa da tsarin shaye-shaye. Yawancin OEM turbochargers suna da irin wannan. Kuma Lalacewar idan aka kwatanta da sharar gida ta waje sun haɗa da iyakataccen ikon zubar da jini daga matsin shayewa saboda ɗan ƙaramin diamita na bawul ɗin kewayawa na ciki, da ƙarancin aiki mai inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakawa. Ƙarar yanayi/waɗanda aka kashe aure Ƙofar sharar gida “wanda aka rabu” tana zubar da iskar gas kai tsaye zuwa sararin samaniya, maimakon mayar da su da sauran sharar injin. Sannan Ana yin wannan don hana tashin hankali zuwa magudanar ruwa da kuma rage jimlar matsa lamba na baya a cikin tsarin shaye-shaye. Kuma Bututun juji da aka kashe ana kiransa bututun mai kururuwa saboda iskar gas mai sharar da ba a rufe ba da kuma ƙarar da suke yi. Sarrafa Manual Mafi sauƙin sarrafawa don sharar gida shine haɗin haɗin injiniya wanda ke bawa mai aiki damar sarrafa matsayin bawul ɗin sharar gida kai tsaye. Kuma Ana amfani da wannan kulawar da hannu a cikin wasu jiragen sama masu cajin turbo. Cutar huhu Mafi sauƙaƙan sarrafa madauki na rufaffiyar sharar gida shine don samar da matsa lamba kai tsaye daga gefen cajin iska zuwa mai kunna sharar gida. Karamin tiyo na iya haɗawa daga mashin ɗin turbocharger compressor, cajin bututu, ko yawan abin sha zuwa kan nono a kan mai kunna sharar gida. Sannan Sharar gida za ta kara buɗewa yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka ke matsawa da ƙarfin bazara a cikin injin sharar gida har sai an sami daidaito. Ana iya ƙara ƙarin kulawar hankali ta hanyar haɗa mai sarrafa haɓakar lantarki. Madaidaitan sharar gida suna da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don haɗa layin sarrafa haɓakawa daga layin samar da iska ko haɓaka solenoid mai ƙarfi. Cigaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin injinan sharar gida na ciki yana kawo sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa biyu. Sharar gida ta tashar jiragen ruwa biyu tana ƙara tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu a kishiyar ɓangaren mai kunnawa. Matsin iska da aka ba da izinin shiga wannan tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu yana taimaka wa bazara don ƙara matsawa zuwa hanyar rufe sharar gida. Kuma Wannan shi ne daidai kishiyar tashar tashar farko. Ƙarfin taimakawa wurin sharar gida ya kasance a rufe yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka yana iya ƙaruwa. Wannan kuma yana ƙara ƙarin rikitarwa don haɓaka sarrafawa, yana buƙatar ƙarin tashoshin sarrafawa akan solenoid ko yuwuwar cikakken tsarin sarrafa haɓakawa na biyu tare da nasa solenoid na daban. To amfi Amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu ba lallai ba ne. Tashar jiragen ruwa na sakandare, ba kamar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na farko ba, ba za a iya haɗa su da layin sarrafawa kawai kuma suna buƙatar sarrafa lantarki ko na hannu don zama masu amfani. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da CO 2 don amfani da matsa lamba zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu, don sarrafa haɓakawa akan matakin mafi kyau. Lantarki Wasu injunan jiragen sama na shekarata 1940 sun ƙunshi tarkace masu sarrafa wutar lantarki, irin su Wright R-1820 akan B-17 Flying Fortress. General Electric shine babban mai kera waɗannan tsarin. Kasancewa kafin shekarun kwamfutoci, gabaɗayan su analog ne. Matukin jirgi suna da iko don zaɓar matakan haɓaka daban-daban. Ba da daɗewa ba ɓangarorin lantarki sun ɓace saboda falsafar ƙira waɗanda suka ba da umarnin rabuwa da sarrafa injin da tsarin lantarki.</br></br> An fara a cikin shekarar ƙirar ta 2011 injin mai nauyin lita 2.0 Theta II turbocharged mai kai tsaye allurar (GDI) da aka gabatar a cikin Hyundai Sonata ya haɗa da PCM mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ta servo wastegate actuator. Wannan yana ba da damar dabarun sarrafa haɓakar haɓakawa wanda ke rage matsi na baya da aka haifar da turbocharger ta hanyar buɗe sharar gida lokacin da ba a buƙatar haɓakar turbo, Kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin mai. Hakanan ana buɗe ƙofar sharar gida yayin farawa sanyi don rage hayaki ta hanyar hanzarta kashe hasken farko. </br></br> An fara a watan Nuwamba 2015, Mafarkin Duniya na Honda kai tsaye alluran injunan turbocharged tare da matsugunin lita 1.5 suna amfani da sharar gida ta ECU. An fara gabatar da wannan a cikin ƙirar Honda Civic 2016 kuma CR-V ta biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2017. A cikin 2018 1.5L da 2.0L turbocharged kai tsaye allurar injuna sun maye gurbin 2.4L da 3.6L 6 Silinda da aka saba nema a cikin yarjejeniyar Honda. Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa Yawancin jirage na zamani masu turbocharged suna amfani da sarrafa sharar gida na ruwa tare da man inji a matsayin ruwa. Sannan Tsarika daga Lycoming da Continental suna aiki akan ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma suna amfani da sassa iri ɗaya waɗanda suka bambanta da suna kawai. A cikin mai kunna sharar gida, wani marmaro yana aiki don buɗe sharar gida, kuma matsin mai yana aiki don rufe sharar gida. Kuma A gefen fitar da mai na mai kunna sharar gida yana zaune da mai sarrafa yawa, bawul ɗin mai mai sarrafa iska wanda ke jin matsin bene na sama kuma yana sarrafa yadda mai zai iya zubar da sauri daga mai kunna sharar gida zuwa injin. Yayin da jirgin ke hawa kuma yawan iska ya ragu, mai sarrafa mai yawa a hankali yana rufe bawul ɗin ya kama mai da yawa a cikin injin sharar gida, yana rufe sharar gida don ƙara saurin turbocharger da kiyaye ƙarfin ƙima. Wasu tsare-tsare kuma suna amfani da na'ura mai sarrafa matsi na daban wanda ke fahimtar matsi na iska a kowane gefen farantin magudanar kuma yana daidaita ɓangarorin sharar gida don kula da saiti. Wannan yana kula da ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin ƙaramin aikin turbocharger da saurin spool-up lokaci, kuma yana hana hawan jini sakamakon tasirin bootstrapping. Girman sharar gida Girman sharar gida ya yi daidai da matakin haɓaka da ake so kuma ya ɗan ɗan bambanta da girman ko ƙarfin injin. Jagoran dillali ɗaya don girman gate ɗin sharar gida shine kamar haka: babban turbo ƙaramar haɓakawa babban sharar gida babban turbo babban haɓaka ƙarami mai sharar gida ƙaramin turbo ƙaramar haɓakawa babban sharar gida ƙaramin turbo haɓaka mai girma ƙarami mai sharar gida Duk da haka, shaye-shaye kwarara shine tasirin iko. Don haka, wani jadawalin yanke shawara yakamata yayi kama da wannan. babban turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko ƙaramin gate mai shara babban turbo/karamin inji/babban iko babban sharar gida karamin turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko karamin kofar shara babban turbo babban injin ƙaramin ƙarfi matsakaicin sharar gida karamin turbo/babban inji/kowane matakin wuta babban sharar gida -->Dalilin haka shi ne cewa karamin injin injin din zai yi kokarin tsallakewa daga wuce haddi na iskar gas. Duba wasu abubuwan Gudanar da Aiki ta atomatik (APC) Juji bawul Recirculation Gas (EGR) Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25707

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes

Yes

Ee ko YES na iya nufin to: Ƙarshen tabbatacce a cikin yaren Ingilishi; gani eh kuma a'a Ilimi YES Prep Public Schools, Houston, Texas, Amurka YES (Babban Asabar ɗinku) shirin koyo daga Cibiyar Matasa Masu Hazaka ta Minnesota Matasan Eisner Masana, a Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago, da Appalachia, Amurka Masanan Epidemiology Masana, Amurka Fasaha eh (Unix), umarni don fitarwa "y" ko kirtani akai -akai Philips: YES, kwamfutar gida ta shekara ta 1985 Na'am! Dan hanya motar wasanni ta Jamus Sufuri Filin jirgin saman Yasuj, Iran, lambar filin jirgin saman IATA YES Airways, daga baya OLT Express, Poland Ƙungiya Kamfanin Yale na Kasuwanci, Amurka IH Snowboards DA YES! Ƙungiyar Swedishan wasan kwaikwayo na Sweden Na'am! Ƙungiyar Matasa Rasha Matasan Turai masu ra'ayin gurguzu a hukumance ECOSY Tsarin Karfafawa Matasa, wata ƙungiyar agaji ta yara, Belfast, Ireland ta Arewa Squad Energy Youth (YES) YES (Jam'iyyar siyasa ta Lithuania) Adabi <i id="mwPA">Na'am!</i> (Mujallar Hong Kong) <i id="mwPw">Na'am!</i> (Mujallar Amurka) mujallar ta mayar da hankali ne kan adalci na zamantakewa da dorewa <i id="mwQg">Na'am!</i> (Jaridar Philippine) mujallar da ke nuna showbiz <i id="mwRQ">Ee</i> (labari), wani labari na shekara ta 1978 na Thomas Bernhard Haka ne: Tafiya Ta Ƙarfi zuwa Babban Taron WrestleMania, na Bryan Danielson, wanda aka fi sani da Daniel Bryan Fim, talabijin da rediyo <i id="mwTQ">Ee</i> (fim), fim ɗin na shekara ta 2004 na Sally Potter eh (Isra'ila) mai ba da gidan talabijin na tauraron dan adam na Isra'ila YES Network, Yanke Nishaɗi da Cibiyar Wasanni Ee TV, tsarin talabijin na addini na Kanada Tashoshin rediyo WTKN, tsohon Ee 94.5, gidan rediyo a Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, Amurka YES 933, gidan rediyon Singapore Kiɗa Ƙungiyoyi Ee (ƙungiya), ƙungiyar mawaƙa mai ci gaba ta Ingilishi Ee Yana Nuna Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin, Rick Wakeman, ɗanɗano wannan ƙungiyar Musicals da operetta <i id="mwZg">Ee</i> (kiɗa)na shekara ta 1928, Maurice Yvain Kundaye <i id="mwaw">Ee</i> (Ee album), ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa Ee, na shekara ta 1969 Kundin Ee, ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa Ee, na shekara ta 1971 <i id="mwcQ">Ee</i> (Alvin Slaughter album) <i id="mwdA">Na'am!</i> (Kundin Chad Brock) <i id="mwdw">Na'am!</i> (Jason Mraz album) na shekara ta 2014 <i id="mweg">Na'am!</i> (k-os album) na shekara ta 2009 <i id="mwfQ">Da</i> (album Mika Nakashima) <i id="mwgA">Ee</i> (kundin Morphine)na shekara ta 1995 <i id="mwgw">Ee</i> (album ɗin Pet Shop Boys)na shekara ta 2009 Na'am!, kundin gargajiya na Julie Fuchs na shekara ta 2015 Ee LA,na shekara ta 1979 punk rock compilation EP <i id="mwjA">Na'am.</i> (EP) na shekara ta 2021 EP ta Golden Child Wakoki "Ee" (Fat Joe, Cardi B da waƙar Anuel AA) na shekara ta 2019 "Ee" (waƙar Ben &amp; Tan) na shekara ta 2020 "Iya!" (Wakar Chad Brock) na shekara ta 2000 "Ee" (waƙar Coldplay) na shekara ta 2008 "Ee" (waƙar LMFAO) na shekara ta 2009 "Ee" (waƙar McAlmont &amp; Butler), na shekara ta 1995 "Ee" (waƙar Sam Feldt),na shekara ta 2017 "Iya!" da Amber, 2002ma shekara ta "Ee", daga Beyonce, daga Mai Haɗari cikin Soyayya, na shekara ta 2003 "Ee", na Billy Swan, na shekara ta 1983 "Ee", ta Black Sheep (rukuni), na shekara ta 1991 "Ee", na Connie Cato, na shekara ta 1975 "Ee", na Demi Lovato, daga Amintacce, na shekara ta 2015 "Iya", ta The Family, na shekara ta 1985 "Ee", ta Grapefruit,na shekara ta 1968 "Ee", na Jay &amp; Amurkawa, 1962 "Ee", na Johnny Sandon da The Remo Four, 1963 "Ee", ta Karl Wolf feat. Super Sako, Deena, Fito Blanko,na shekara ta 2019 "Ee!", Na Kyle (mawaƙa),na shekara ta 2020 "YES", na Louisa Johnson feat. 2 Chainz na shekara ta 2018 "Ee", ta Manic Street Wa'azi, daga Littafi Mai -Tsarki,na shekara ta 1994 "Ee", ta Merry Clayton,na shekara ta 1987 (daga sautin fim ɗin Dirty Dancing) "Ee", ta Pet Shop Boys, na shekara ta 2009 "Ee", na Tim Moore,na shekara ta 1985 "Ee", daga Maurice Yvain na kiɗan 1928, <i id="mwxQ">Ee</i> Duba kuma All pages with titles beginning with Ee Yesss (rashin

20644

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu%20Ladan

Shehu Ladan

Alhaji Shehu Ladan (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekarar alif 1952, zuwa 04/10/2011) ya kasance lauyane, dan Najeriya, mai ba da tallafi da kuma dabarun sarrafa mai da iskar gas daga Jihar Kaduna wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan zamantakewar tattalin arziki na jihar da Najeriya baki daya a bangarori daban-daban. Ya kasance tsohon Manajan Daraktan Rukunin Kamfanin NNPC a Kasar Najeriya. Tarihin rayuwa Rayuwar farko da ilimi Marigayi Ladan ya yi karatunsa na farko a makarantar Firamare ta Tudun Wada kafin ya zarce zuwa Kwalejin Sheikh Sabah (wacce a yanzu ake kira Kwalejin Tunawa da Sardauna) da ke Kaduna inda kuma ya samu takardar shedar kammala karatun ta ta WASC. Ya sami digiri na farko (LLB) da masters (LLM) a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya Har ila yau, tsohon dalibi ne na Harvard Business School, Jami'ar Oxford da Jami'ar Dundee Ayyuka Bayan da aka kira zuwa ga mashaya, Ladan bauta wa asa hidima (wa kasa hidima) primary aiki a jihar Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Kano. Bayan NYSC, Ladan ya yi aiki a matsayin Lauya na Babban Bankin Tarayyar Mortgage na Najeriya. Daga baya ya kasance Sakataren Kamfanin Mai ba da Shawara kan Harkokin Shari'a na Hukumar Kula da Lantarki a Karkara (REB) da Mataimakin Darakta Majalisar Tarayya kan Taimakawa Shari'a ta Najeriya, Jos. An naɗa Ladan a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Kaduna a shekarar alif 1987, a matsayin Kwamishinan Ilimi. A shekara ta alif 1989, an kuma naɗa shi Babban Atoni Janar da Kwamishinan Shari'a. A lokacin da yake kwamishinan ilimi, ya kafa kuma ya kafa kwalejin kimiyya ta Nuhu Bamalli Zariya (wacce a da take Kaduna State Polytechnic). Hakanan yana ɗaukar nauyin bincike da wallafe-wallafe da ɗalibai marasa ƙarfi daga kowane ɓangare na jihar zuwa cibiyar. Ladan ya koma masana'antar mai da gas a shekara ta alif 1990. Ya rike mukamai daban-daban a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC), inda ya hau mukamin, Babban Manajan Rukunin Ma'aikata a shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2006, an nada shi Mataimakin Manajan Darakta Shugaba na Kamfanin samar da iskar gas na kasa (NLNG) Ltd, wani kamfanin hadin gwiwa da ke da NNPC, Shell, Total da Agip a matsayin masu hannun jari. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2007, an nada shi Babban Daraktan Darakta (GED) Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari na NNPC. Kuma a cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 2010 an nada shi Manajan Darakta na Rukunin bayan ɗan hutu daga masana'antar. Koyaya, kusan kwanaki arba'in daga baya aka sauke shi daga mukamin. Kyauta da girmamawa Majiɓinci, Associationungiyar Makarantar Fasaha ta Nationalasa (NAPS) Amirul Hajj na Jihar Kaduna (1990) Awardwararrun Awardwararrun bywararru ta Youthungiyar Matasan Arewa Memba, Majalisar Tattalin Arzikin Jihar Kaduna Memba, Jami'ar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Fasaha ta Akure Distwararren Servicewararren Servicewararren Shugabancin andasashen Nahiyar da Kyautar Kyauta, Youthungiyar Matasan Afirka Abokin Rayuwa, Majalisar Matasan Afirka Nationasar Afirka ta Gina Kyautar Zinare Dandalin Shugaban Kasa Kaduna Forumwararrun Servicewararrun Servicewararru ta byungiyar Matasan Arewa Kyautar Sabis ta dogon lokaci daga kamfanin NNPC Kyautar Kyauta ta NUPENG Aboki, Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nijeriya Fellow, Cibiyar Masana'antu da Gudanar da Haɗin Kai Memba, Cibiyar Daraktoci Memba, Chaungiyar rtwararrun Maɗaukaki Memba Cibiyar Horar da Man Fetur Abokin girmamawa na Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria (tsohon Fasaha a Jihar Kaduna) Kyautar alakar zamantakewar 'yan sanda da rundunar' yan sandan jihar Kaduna ta bayar Kyautar girmamawa ta Lessungiyar Privananan ileananan forungiyoyi saboda gudummawar da ya bayar Memba na Masarautar Zazzau kan Cigaba Awardungiyar girmamawa ta matasa ta Zazzau Taken Gargajiya na CIGARIN (Mai nasara) Zazzau daga mai martaba Sarkin Zazzau Manazarta Haifaffun 1952 Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello Lauyoyi yan Najeriya Lauyoyin Najeriya a karni na 21st Lauyoyi Pages with unreviewed

2376

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingila

Ingila

Ingila kasa ce da ke cikin tarayyar kasar Ingila. Tana da iyaka da ƙasar Wales zuwa yamma da Scotland a arewacinta. Tekun Irish yana arewa maso yamma da yankin Tekun Celtic na Tekun Atlantika zuwa kudu maso yamma. An raba shi daga nahiyar Turai ta Tekun Arewa zuwa gabas da English Channel zuwa kudu. Ƙasar ta ƙunshi kashi biyar cikin takwas na tsibirin Biritaniya, wanda ke arewacin Tekun Atlantika, kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan tsibirai sama da 100, kamar tsibirin Scilly da tsibirin Wight. Yankin da ake kira Ingila da farko mutane na zamani ne suka fara zama a lokacin Upper Paleolithic, amma ya ɗauki sunansa daga Angles, ƙabilar Jamusanci da ta samo sunanta daga yankin Anglia, wanda ya zauna a cikin ƙarni na 5th da 6th. Ingila ta zama kasa mai haɗin kai a cikin karni na 10 kuma tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na al'adu da shari'a a duniya tun lokacin Age of Discovery, wanda ya fara a cikin karni na 15. Harshen Ingilishi, Cocin Anglican, da Dokokin Ingilishi tushen tsarin dokokin gama gari na wasu ƙasashe da yawa a duniya—an bunƙasa a Ingila, kuma tsarin mulkin majalisar dokokin ƙasar ya sami karbuwa sosai daga wasu ƙasashe. Juyin juya halin masana'antu ya fara ne a cikin ƙarni na 18 na Ingila, yana mai da al'ummarsa zuwa ƙasa ta farko mai ci gaban masana'antu a duniya. Ƙasar Ingila na da karancin tsaunuka da filayen ƙasa ne, musamman a tsakiya da kudancin Ingila. Koyaya, akwai tudu da tsaunuka a arewa (misali, gundumar Lake da Pennines da kuma a yamma (misali, Dartmoor da Shropshire Hills Babban birnin kasar shine London, wanda ke da yanki mafi girma a cikin Burtaniya. Yawan jama'ar Ingila sun kai miliyan 56.3 kuma daga ciki sun ƙunshi kashi 84% na yawan jama'ar Burtaniya, sun fi mayar da hankali sosai a kusa da London, Kudu maso Gabas, da gundumomi a cikin Midlands, Arewa maso Yamma, Arewa maso Gabas, da Yorkshire, waɗanda kowannensu ya haɓaka a matsayin manyan yankuna na masana'antu a lokacin Karni na 19. Masarautar Ingila wacce bayan 1535 ta hada da Wales ta daina zama wata kasa ta daban a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu 1707, lokacin da Ayyukan Tarayyar Turai suka aiwatar da sharuddan da aka amince da su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Tarayyar a shekarar da ta gabata, wanda ya haifar da kawancen siyasa tare da Masarautar Scotland don ƙirƙirar Mulkin Biritaniya. A cikin 1801, Biritaniya ta haɗe da Masarautar Ireland (ta hanyar wata Dokar Tarayyar) ta zama Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Ireland. A cikin 1922 Ƙasar 'Yanci ta Irish ta balle daga Ƙasar Ingila, wanda ya kai ga canza sunan na biyu zuwa Ƙasar Burtaniya ta Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland. Asali Sunan "Ingila" ya samo asali ne daga Tsohon Turanci sunan wanda ke nufin Land of the Angles Angles na ɗaya daga cikin ƙabilun Jamusawa waɗanda suka zauna a Biritaniya a lokacin Early Middle Ages. Angles sun fito ne daga yankin Anglia a yankin Bay of Kiel (jahar Schleswig-Holstein ta Jamus a yanzu) na Tekun Baltic. Farkon amfani da kalmar, kamar yadda yana cikin fassarar ƙarshen ƙarni na tara zuwa Tsohon Turanci na Bede 's History Ecclesiastical History of the English People Daga nan sai aka yi amfani da kalmar ta wata ma’ana ta dabam da ta zamani, ma’ana “ƙasar da turawan Ingila ke zaune”, kuma ta haɗa da mutanen Ingilishi a yankin da ke kudu maso gabashin Scotland a yanzu amma a lokacin yana cikin masarautar Ingila ta Northumbria Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ya rubuta cewa Littafin Domesday na 1086 ya hade dukan Ingila, ma'ana mulkin Ingila, amma bayan 'yan shekaru bayan Tarihi ya bayyana cewa Sarki Malcolm III ya fita "daga Scotlande zuwa Lothian a Ingila", don haka amfani da shi. Maganar farko da aka tabbatar game da Angles tana faruwa a cikin aikin ƙarni na 1 na Tacitus, Jamusanci, wanda kalmar Latin ana amfani da shi. Ma’anar asalin sunan kabila ita kanta malamai sun yi sabani da shi; an ba da shawarar cewa ya samo asali ne daga siffar tsibirin Angeln, siffar angular. Ta yaya kuma me ya sa aka samu kalmar da aka samo daga sunan ƙabilar da ba ta da ma'ana fiye da sauran, irin su Saxon, don amfani da ƙasar gaba ɗaya kuma ba a san mutanenta ba, amma ga alama wannan yana da alaƙa da al'adar (custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones) ko Ingilishi Saxon don bambanta su da Saxons na nahiyar (Eald-Seaxe) na Old Saxony tsakanin kogin Weser da Eider a Arewacin Jamus. A cikin Scottish Gaelic, wani harshe wanda ya haɓaka a tsibirin Burtaniya, kabilar Saxon ta ba da sunan su ga kalmar Ingila haka ma, sunan Welsh na harshen Ingilishi shine Sunan soyayya ga Ingila shine Loegria, wanda ke da alaƙa da kalmar Welsh don Ingila, kuma ya shahara ta amfani da shi a cikin almara Arthurian Hakanan ana amfani da Albion ga Ingila, ko da yake ainihin ma'anarsa ita ce tsibirin Biritaniya gaba ɗaya. Tarihi Hotuna

19062

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujaddidi

Mujaddidi

Mujaddid a musulinci shine mai kawo canji wanda aka bashi aikin cire kurakurai da suka faru tsakanin musulmai. Aikinsu shi ne nuna wa mutane gaskiyar addini wacce za a nemi al’ummar Musulmi su fuskanta. Dangane da shahararrun al'adun musulmai, ana nufin mutumin da ya bayyana a kowane ƙarni na kalandar musulinci, ya tsarkake shi daga wasu abubuwa na daban kuma ya mayar dashi zuwa tsarkakakken tsarkin sa. A zamanin yau, ana kallon mujaddadi a matsayin mafi girman musulmin karni. Ikhtilaf (rashin jituwa) ya kasance tsakanin masanan hadisai masu ban tsoro. Malamai da masana tarihi kamar Al-Dhahabi da Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani sun fassara cewa kalmar mujaddid ita ma ana iya fahimta a matsayin jam’i, don haka suna nufin ƙungiyar mutane. Kalmar larabci ta mujaddid na nufin "mai kawo canji", "mai gyara", "mai rayarwa", "mai sabuntawa" ko "mai sabuntawa". Wani ne yake rayarwa da gyara a addini. Ma'anar tajdid (sabuntawa ko farkawa) da kuma kalmar mujaddid sun zo ne daga hadisi, maganar Annabi Muhammad Abu Dawood ne ya rubuta wannan hadisin a cikin Sunan din sa, daya daga cikin ingantattun tarin Ahlussunna na maganganun Manzon Allah. A cikin wannan hadisin, Annabi yana cewa: Wannan yana nufin gyara yana cikin mahimmancin addinin musulunci kuma ana kiran musulmai kowane lokaci suyi aiki tuƙuru don ganin sabbin dabaru sun dace da al'adu. Hakanan yana nufin cewa ba komai a cikin al'adar musulmai bane yake da amfani kuma yake da kyau ga wannan zamani; akwai wasu abubuwa wadanda suka kasance masu yiwuwa ne a da amma kuma basu da amfani a yau. Bauta zai zama babban misali. Ma'anar tajdid a cikin tunanin musulunci Tajdid (sabuntawa) a cikin tunanin musulunci yana nufin sabunta aƙidar da ke wakiltar samfuran ilimi na musulmai a fannonin kimiyya, ilimi da ijtihadi don fassara musulunci da fahimta da bayyana hukunce-hukuncen sa. Al-Suyuti ya ambata a cikin littafinsa Al-Jami 'al-Sagheer, "Sabunta addini yana nufin sabunta shiriyarsa, bayyana gaskiya da fifikonsa, ƙaryata bidi'oi da tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka gabatar wa mabiyansu ko rashin son kiyaye shi, da bin dokokinta a kula da bukatun mutane da dokar al'umma da wayewa. Daga cikin bayyanannun bangarorin tajdid (sabuntawa) a cikin tunanin musulunci akwai sabunta ilimin kimiyyar Musulunci kamar haka: Ilimin addinin musulunci. Ka'idodin fikihun musulunci. Ilimin fiqihu. Ilimin sunnah. Ilimin tafsirin Alkur'ani (tafsiri). Kimiyyar tsarkakewa da Ka'idar Aiki Sufanci Tarihin Annabi da tarihin musulunci. Mujaddadi na iya haɗawa da fitattun malamai, sarakuna masu taƙawa da kwamandojin soja. Masu kawo canji a Musulunci Babu wata hanyar aiki ta musamman don tsara mujaddadi. Mutanen da ke cikin wannan jerin suna da'awar Mujaddadi. Duk da yake babu wata hanyar da za a bi don tsara mujaddadi a cikin Sunni Musulunci, galibi akwai mashahurin ra'ayi. Karni na 1 BH Al-Hasan al-Basri (21-110 AH 642-728 AD Umar bn Abd al-Aziz (63–101 AH 682-720 AD Abu Hanifah (80-150 AH 702-772 AD Malik bn Anas (93–179 AH 711-77 AD Karni na 2 BH Muhammad bn Idris al-Shafi'i (150–204 AH 767-820 AD Ahmad bn Hanbal (164–241 AH 781-855 AD Karni na 3 BH Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (260-324 AH 873-935 AD Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (238-333 AH 852–944 AD Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi (239-321 AH 853-933 AD Ibn Surayj (249-306 AH 864–918 AD Karni na 4 BH Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (338-403 AH 950-1013 AD Ibn Furak (330-406 AH 941-1015 AD Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (321–405 AH 933-1014 AD Abu Hamid al-Isfarayini (344–406 AH 955-1015 AD Abu al-Tayyib Sahl al-Sa'luki (000–404 AH 000–1013 14 AD Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi (384–456 AH 994-1064 AD Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni (419–478 AH 1028–1085 AD Karni na 5 BH Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (450-505 AH 1058-1111 AD Ibn al-Jawzi (509 510-597 AH 1116-1201 AD Ahmad al-Rifa'i (512-578 AH 1118-1182 AD Karni na 6 BH Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (543 44-606 AH 1149-1209 AD Abu al-Qasim al-Rafi'i (555-623 AH 1160-1226 AD Al-Baydawi (000-685 AH 000–1286 AD Al-'Izz bn 'Abd al-Salam (577-660 AH 1181 82-1262 AD Karni na 7 BH Ibn Daqiq al-'ld (625-702 AH 1228-1302 AD Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Sakandari (658-709 AH 1259-1309 AD Ibnu Battuta (703-779 AH 1304–1377 AD Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (720-7790 AH 1320-1388 AD Al-Taftazani (722-793 AH 1322–1390 AD Karni na 8 BH Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (724-805 AH 1324-1403 AD Zainul-Din al-'Iraqi (725-806 AH 1325-1404 AD Ibn Khaldun (732-808 AH 1332-1406 AD Karni na 9 BH Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (849-911 AH 1445-1505 AD Zakariyya al-Ansari (823–926 AH 1420-1520 AD Karni na 10 BH Shams al-Din al-Ramli (919-1004 AH 1513-1596 AD Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (993-1081 AH 1585-1671 AD Ahmad Sirhindi (971–1034 AH 1564–1624 AD Karni na 11 BH Aurangzeb (1068-1118 AH 1658-1707 AD 'Abdallah bn' Alawi al-Haddad (1044-1132 AH 1634-1717 AD Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1114-1176 AH 1703-1762 AD Karni na 12 BH Murtada al-Zabidi (1145-1205 AH 1732-1791 AD Ahmad bn 'Ajiba (1160-1224 AH 1747-1809 AD Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlawi (1159-1239 AH 1746–1824 AD Ƙarni na goma sha uku (Nuwamba 14, 1882) Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) Nursî ya ce (1878-1960) Ƙarni na sha huɗu (Nuwamba 21, 1979) Ahmed Raza Khan (1865 1921) Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani (1914-1999) Siffofi masu rikitarwa Ibnu Taimiyya (661-728 AH 1263–1328 AD Usman dan Fodio (1167–1233 AH 1754-1817 AD Al-Albani (1332–1420 AH 1914–1999 AD Manazarta Tuhfat al-Muhtadin guda biyu Akhbar al-Mujaddidin by Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti. Mausu'at A'lam al-Mujaddidin fi al-Islam by Samih Kurayyim. Mujaddid Encyclopedia na Musulunci Sauran yanar gizo Ra'ayin Mujaddadi da na da da na yanzu Musulunci Malamai Malaman Sunna Limamai Pages with unreviewed

40388

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir%20Mamman

Tahir Mamman

Farfesa Tahir Mamman OON, SAN babban lauya ne na Najeriya (SAN). Manajan Ilimi da Darakta-Janar na Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya daga 2005 zuwa 2013. Ya kasance shugaban makarantar shari'a ta Najeriya Kano wacce ita ce makarantar farko da aka kafa a Arewacin Najeriya. Shi sanannen memba ne na Jikin Benchers. A cikin 2010 ya zama memba na hukumar kula da Makarantun Shari'a na Duniya da ke Washington DC. A watan Satumba na 2015, an ba shi matsayin babban lauyan Najeriya (SAN). Bisa la'akari da kokarin da ya yi, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa (OON) na ƙasa. Ya karbi mukamin mataimakin shugaban jami’ar Baze Abuja kuma Farfesa a fannin tsarin mulki tun shekarar 2018 a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami’ar na biyu kuma dan Najeriya na farko da ya jagoranci jami’ar tun bayan kafa ta. Ya kasance Dean al'amuran ɗalibai yana ba da amsa don jin daɗi da jin daɗin ɗalibai sama da 40,000. sannan kuma shugaban shari'a a Jami'ar Maiduguri, jihar Borno Nigeria daga 1995 zuwa 2001. He holds a chieftains titles of Dan Ruwata Adamawa Emirate and Dokajin Mubi of Adamawa state Farfesa Tahir Mamman ya shiga siyasar jam’iyya ne a shekarar 2014 bayan ya kammala aikin sa nagari a matsayin DG, Shugaba na Council of Law School, The Nigerian Law School. Ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Adamawa a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar APC a watan Disambar 2014 tare da wasu ƴan takara uku amma ya amince da ɗan takarar. Ya ci gaba da yakin neman nasarar Muhammadu Buhari a zaɓen 2015 a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kodinetoci a kungiyar yakin neman zaben Buhari. Ya kasance memba mai wakiltar shiyyar arewa maso gabas a kwamitin tsare-tsare na riko/babban taro na jam'iyyar APC da kuma shugaban kwamitin duba kundin tsarin mulki na mutum 7 wanda shugaban jam'iyyar (CECPC) gwamnan jihar Yobe Mai Mala Buni ya kaddamar. Daga nan ne aka nada shi mukaddashin sakataren jam’iyyar APC na kasa lokacin da Gwamna Abubakar Sani Bello na jihar Neja ya karbi mukamin shugaban riko na jam’iyyar na kasa. Jam'iyyar APC ce jam'iyya mai mulki a Najeriya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Mamman a shekarar 1954 a Michika dake jihar Adamawa Yana riƙe da LL. Digiri na biyu a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello a 1983 da kuma kira zuwa mashaya a Makarantar Shari’a ta Najeriya a 1984. Ya sami digirinsa na biyu a Jami'ar Warwick Ingila a 1987 sannan ya sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Warwick a 1990, Warwickshire Ingila. Sana'a Ya fara karantarwa a Jami'ar Maiduguri a tsangayar shari'a sannan ya zama shugaban tsangayar shari'a. Mamman ya taba zama bangaren shari'a a jihar Adamawa daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1984, sannan ya kasance shugaban sashin shari'a na jami'ar Maiduguri a shekarar 1991 zuwa 1997 kuma memba a hukumar jami'o'i ta ƙasa, dan majalisar dokokin jihar Adamawa a shekarar 1997. Shugaban al’amura a Jami’ar Maiduguri daga 1997 zuwa 2000 kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara na wucin gadi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Adamawa, Yobe da Borno daga 1999 zuwa 2000. Har ila yau, ya kasance memba na kwamitin kafa Jami'ar Jihar Adamawa, jarrabawar waje a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello daga 2001 zuwa 2002 kuma mai kula da kungiyar matasan Najeriya da kungiyar matasan Najeriya ta Jami'ar Maiduguri. Ya zama mataimakin darakta a makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Kano daga 2001 zuwa 2005 kafin ya zama babban darakta. Shi memba ne nana Body of benchers, Council of Law Education, Nigerian Bar Association, Nigerian Association Of Law Teacher, Commonwealth Legal Education Association, Center for Computer Assisted Legal Instruction USA, National Association of vice Chancellors of Nigeria, United Kingdom Center for Ilimin doka, cibiyar sadarwa ta Afirka na Lauyan Tsarin Mulkin Mulkin Motoci (Bosan) da Memoran Union suna ba da izinin kwamitin Kasa da Kasa Washington DC daga 2011 zuwa 2013. Bugawa Doka da siyasar tsarin mulkin Najeriya, 1862-1989 batutuwa, bukatu da sasantawa Maiduguri, ed; Ayyukan Ed-Linform, Tahir Mamman, con; Heaney N, Mamman M, Tahir H, Al-Gharib A. Lin C. 1998 Dokokin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya, ID na musamman: 7493122309 Doka da siyasar tsarin mulki a Najeriya, 1900-1989 batutuwa, bukatu da sasantawa 1991, Ph.D, Jami'ar Warwick, Siyasar Shari'a da kimiyyar siyasa. Tahir Mamman, Academic theses, Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

57513

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah%20Copaken

Deborah Copaken

Deborah Elizabeth Copaken(an haife shi a shekara ta 1966)marubuciya ce kuma ɗan jarida ɗan Amurka. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Copaken a Boston, Massachusetts,'yar Marjorie Ann(née Schwartz)da Richard Daniel Copaken. Mahaifinta ɗan'uwan White House ne kuma lauya. Ta girma a Maryland,ta farko a Adelphi,sannan daga 1970 a Potomac.Tana da yaya uku.Ta sauke karatu daga Harvard University a 1988. Sana'a Kafin fara aikin rubutu,Copaken ya kasance mai daukar hoto na yaki daga 1988 zuwa 1992,kuma mai shirya talabijin a ABC da NBC daga 1992 zuwa 1998. Ga tsohon,ta kasance a cikin Paris da Moscow,yayin da take harbi ayyukan tashe-tashen hankula a Zimbabwe, Afghanistan,Romania,Pakistan,Isra'ila, Tarayyar Soviet da sauran wurare.Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa a Day One a ABC News,inda ta sami Emmy, sannan a cikin Dateline NBC. A cikin 2001,ta buga tarihin abubuwan da ta samu a cikin aikin jarida na yaki, Shutterbabe.An buga littafinta na farko tsakanin Nan da Afrilu a cikin 2008 kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Elle Reader's Prize. A cikin 2009,ta fito da wani littafi na wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya, Jahannama ne Sauran Iyaye,wasu daga cikinsu sun bayyana a cikin New Yorker da The New York Times. Littafinta na biyu,The Red Book (Hyperion/Voice,2012),ya kasance mai siyarwar <i id="mwRg">New York Times</i>.An dade ana jera littafin don Kyautar Mata ta 2013 don Fiction.A cikin 2016 da 2017,ta fitar da littattafai guda biyu marasa ƙima,The ABCs of Adulthood da ABCs of Parenthood,tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane Randy Polumbo. Ta rubuta labarai da yawa don The New Yorker,The New York Times,Observer,The Atlantic,Business Insider,The Nation da sauransu. Ta yi kuma ta tsara ba da labari kai tsaye ga Asu,Bayan Haihuwa,jerin Memoir na Kalmomi shida,Matan haruffa,da Kalmomi da kiɗa.Ta kuma shiga cikin rubutun allo,kuma an ba da rahoton cewa tana daidaita Shutterbabe a matsayin jerin talabijin na NBC a cikin 2014.Ta kasance mai ba da shawara a kan Matashin Darren Starkuma a halin yanzu marubucin ma'aikaci ne akan sabon shirinsa na Emily a Paris.An yi hira da ita da shirin labarai da dama da suka hada da Shirin Yau da Barka da Safiya. A cikin 2013,Copaken ya rubuta makala don The Nation yana ba da cikakken bayani game da jima'i da ta ci karo da kuma lura a cikin aikinta. A cikin Nuwamba 2017 a Oprah.com,ta buga wani asusun 3,500-kalmomi na supracervical hysterectomy,adenomyosis da trachelectomy,da kuma sake dawowa a Nepal.A cikin watan Yuli na 2018 a cikin Atlantic,a cikin wata makala da ta shafi Roe V.Wade,ta rubuta cewa uku cikin biyar masu ciki biyar ba a shirya su ba kuma ta zubar da ciki biyu. A cikin 2019,rubutunta na New York Times Modern Love,"Lokacin da Cupid ɗan Jarida ne na Prying,"an daidaita shi cikin Episode 2 na jerin soyayyar Zamani na Amazon,tare da Catherine Keener tana wasa Copaken.Ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwatare da Tommy Siegel na Jukebox the Ghost.Wakiliyar adabi Lisa Leshne ta wakilce ta. Rayuwa ta sirri Ta zauna a Paris da Moscow kafin ta koma New York City a 1992.Ta yi aure kuma ta auri Paul Kogan a 1993.Suna da 'ya'ya uku:ɗan Yakubu(an haife shi 1995);'yar Sasha(an haifi 1997);da ɗan Leo(an haife shi 2006).A cikin 2018,ita da Kogan sun rabukamar yadda ta rubuta a cikin The Atlantic,sun yi haka ba tare da taimakon doka ba, a kan 626.50. Copaken ta rubuta game da harin da aka kai mata a farkon shekarunta ashirin.Ta rubuta cewa ta jimre da yawan hare-haren bazuwar bazuwar,"[S]wasu sun kasance masu ban tsoro". A cikin Maris 2018 a cikin The Atlantic,ta rubuta game da Editan Observer na New York Ken Kurson yana lalata da ita. Copaken ta kuma ba da labarin cewa an yi mata fyade da daddare kafin kammala karatun ta.Washegari ta kai rahoton lamarin ga ma’aikatan lafiya na jami’ar, amma an shawarce ta da kada ta kai rahoton fyaden ga ‘yan sanda da masanin ilimin halin dan Adam ya yi mata saboda doguwar shari’ar na iya shafar shirinta bayan kammala karatunta. Ta rubuta a cikin jaridar The Atlantic,shekaru 30 da faruwar lamarin,cewa kwanan nan ta rubuta wa wanda ya kai harin kuma wanda ya kai harin ya kira ta ya kuma ba ta hakuri. Ayyuka Shutterbabe:Kasada a Soyayya da Yaki(2001)-abin tunawa Tsakanin nan da Afrilu(2008)-labari Jahannama Shin Sauran Iyaye:Da Sauran Tatsuniyoyi na Konewar Matasa(2009)-rubutu Littafin Red(2012)-labari ABCs na Balaga:Haruffa na Darussan Rayuwa(2016)-labaran karya,zane-zane na Copaken da Randy Polumbo ABCs na Iyaye: Haruffa na Shawarar Iyaye(2017)-rashin almara,kwatanci ta Copaken da Polumbo Ladyparts(2021)-abin tunawa Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

36998

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Entertainment%20Awards

Nigeria Entertainment Awards

An kafa hukumar bada lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya a Birnin New York a cikin Janairu shekarata 2006. Kyaututtukan suna bada gudummawar masu nishadantarwa na Afirka tare da mai da hankali na musamman ga 'yan Najeriya. Jadawalin bukukuwa 2006 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2007 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2008 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2009 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2010 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2011 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2012 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards 2016 Nigeria Entertainment Awards Rukunnai Waɗannan su ne nau'ikan na yanzu kamar na 2016. Rukuni na kiɗa Mafi kyawun Album/Kundi na Shekara Mafi cancanta na kundi mai waƙa ɗaya a Shekara Mafi kyawun ƙiɗan da aka inganta (promote). Mafi kyawun Sabon aikin a Shekara Mawaƙin Linjila na shekara Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara Mafi kyawun mawaƙin na salon Pop/R&B a Shekara Jarumar Mace wacce tayi fice a Shekara Namijin Mawaƙin da yayi fice a Shekara Mafi kyawun na salon Rap a Shekara Gwarzo Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Mawaƙi da Darakta) Mafi kyawun Haɗin gwiwa/ haɗaka. Best promising act to watch Gwarzon Mawaƙin Ƙasa Gwarzon Mawakin na Nahiyar Afrika (Banda yan Najeriya) Jarumar Matan Afirka Na Shekara (Ban da 'yar Najeriya) Rukunin fina-finai Best supporting actor Best actress in a Lead Role Best supporting actress Gwarzon Darakta na Shekara Hoto mafi kyawu a Shekara Gajeren Fim na Shekara Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara a ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye a telebijin (TV) Gwazuwar Jaruma a Shekara bangaren watsa shirye-shirye a telebijin (TV) Gwarzon TV show a Shekara Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Ban da Ɗan Najeriya) Gwarzuwar Jarumar Shekara (Bands 'yar Najeriya) Mafi kyawun Hoto (wanda aka ɗauka wata kasar Banda Najeriya Sauran nau'ikan Entertainment Personality of the year Gudanar da Nishaɗi na Shekara Mafi kyawun OAP Gwarzon ɗan Barkwanci Na Shekara Disk Jockey na Shekara (Namiji) Disk Jockey na Shekara (Mace) Haɗin gwiwar Disk Jockey na Shekarar Disk Jockey of the Year (Banda ɗan Najeriya Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara (Salon Rayuwa) Model Fashion na Shekara 2006-2008 NEA Awards 2006 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na farko a Cibiyar Clarice Smith Performing Arts a Jami'ar Maryland, Kwalejin Kwalejin a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2006 kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Michael Blackson ya shirya shi. Taron ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na Sauce Kid, Sammy Okposo, da Mike Okri. Tuface Idibia da Banky W na cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a bugun farko. 2007 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na biyu a cibiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta NYU da ke birnin New York a watan Yunin 2007 kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Julius Agwu ne ya dauki nauyin shirya shi. Buga na 2007 ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Banky W, Iceberg Slim, Blak Jesus, da Mike Aremu. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun kundi na shekara Grass 2 Grace (Tuface Idibia) Hottest single of the year "why Me" (Dbanj) Mafi kyawun sabon aikin shekara Tosin Martin Mawaƙin Kasa na shekara Lagbaja Mafi kyawun haɗin-gwiwa/haɗaka na shekara P Square Weird Mc (Bizzy Body Remix) Mafi kyawun wasan afro pop na shekara Dbanj Mawaƙin Bishara na bana Sammy Okposo Mawaƙin Neo afrobeat na shekara Femi Kuti Mafi kyawun kundi na duniya na shekara 'Return of the king' ta eLDee Mafi kyawun ƙundi (mai waƙa ɗaya) na shekara a duniya "Capable" (Banky) Gwarzon furodusa na duniya na shekara Mic Tunes Mafi kyawun mawakan bisharar duniya rccg Jesus house, DC Gwarzon Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara Don Jazzy Yaƙin DJS na Amurka DJ Zimo Mai tallata nishadi na tushen Amurka na shekara Big Moose Entertainment Gwarzon dan wasa na shekara Obafemi Martins Mai zanen kayan sawa na shekarar Najeriya Kayayyaki Kayayyaki Mafi ban dariya na shekara Julius Agwu Fitaccen jarumin wasan duniya Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Fitacciyar jarumar duniya Adetoro Makinde Mafi kyawun jarumin Nollywood Ramsey Nouah Twins masu haɗari Jarumar Nollywood Stella Damasus Aboderin Twins masu haɗari Daraktan Nollywood Tade Ogidan Twins masu haɗari 2008 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na uku a NYU Skirball Centre for Performing Arts a birnin New York a watan Yunin 2008 kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Raz Adoti Amistad da Tatiana ne suka shirya shi daga lokacin 2007 na Big Brother Africa Buga na 2007 ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Dekunle Fuji da Tosin Martin. Har ila yau, taron ya nuna Ramsey Noah da Supermodel Oluchi sun gabatar da lambar yabo mafi kyau ga jarumi Olu Jacobs Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara: ASA ta Asa Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Yahooze" na Olu Maintain Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: TY Bello Mafi kyawun Dokar Pop na Afro na shekara: 9ice Mafi kyawun Dokar Bishara ta Shekara: Dekunle Fuji Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Dr Frabs Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara: "Ku Yi Ni" ta P Square Mafi kyawun Single na Duniya na Shekara: "Fsa Ni Kuɗi" Remix by Oladele ft. Eldee Mafi kyawun Kundin Duniya na Shekara: Babi na XIII na Keno Mafi kyawun Mai samarwa na Duniya na Shekara: T Money Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Duniya na Shekara: "Wetin Man Go Do" na Amplyd Crew Taron kasa da kasa na Shekara (wanda aka gabatar ga mai talla): Haɗuwar NRC Mafi kyawun DJ na Duniya: DJ Tawali'u Mafi kyawun barkwanci: Basorge Mafi kyawun Fim: Mai Albarka A Cikin Mata Mafi kyawun Jarumi: Olu Jacobs Mafi kyawun Jaruma: Kate Henshaw Babban Mai Tallafawa Na Shekarar Amurka: Kabilar X Nishaɗi 2009-na yanzu NEA Awards 2019 NEA Awards In 2009, the fourth edition of the NEA Awards was held at Howard University's Cramton Auditorium in DC. The event was hosted by comedian Basorge and co-hosted by actresses Omoni Oboli and Ebbe Bassey. The event also featured performances by YQ, Midnight Crew, Toba Gold, Bigiano and J Martins. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun kundi na shekara Nishaɗi (D'Banj) Mafi zafi guda na shekara "mai kyau ko mara kyau" (J Martins) Mafi kyawun sabon aiki na shekara MI Mawallafin Bishara na shekara Tsakar dare Crew Mai shirya kiɗa na shekara ID Cabasa Mafi kyawun rapper MI Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara Ba Yarinya ba (Darey) Mafi kyawun zane-zane na duniya Iceberg Slim Mawaƙin ɗan asalin shekara 9ICE Mafi kyawun furodusa na duniya na shekara Dapo Torimiro Lamarin na shekara Wannan rana/Tashi NY fashion mako ta Wannan Rana Mafi kyawun DJ na duniya DJ Neptune Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan barkwanci Zan mutu Mafi kyawun jarumi Jim Ikye Fitacciyar jaruma Funke Akindele 2010 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na 2010 a bugu na uku a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2011 a BMCC Tribeca Performing Arts Center da ke New York kuma mawaki Omawumi ne ya dauki nauyin shirya shi. Taron ya gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo daga Lara George, Jesse Jagz, Omawumi, MI da Tuface Idibia. Lara George, Jesse Jagz, Omawumi, MI da Tuface Idibia suma sun sami lambobin yabo a wannan bikin. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara Superstar Wizkid Mafi zafi a cikin shekara Dami Duro Davido Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar shekara Davido Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin shekara Tim Godfrey Mafi kyawun mawaƙin pop/r&b na shekara Wizkid Mafi kyawun wasan rap na shekara Vector Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara Don Jazzy Mafi kyawun mawaƙin duniya Tinie Tempah Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara "Nawti" (Olu Maintain) Mafi kyawun aiki don kallo Eva Pan African artist ko rukuni na shekara Vivian Ndour Mafi kyawun mawaƙin Amurka na shekara Awon Boyz Mafi kyawun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasa/ƙungiyar -Flavour Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa na shekara "Sauce Kid" ft. Davido (Carolina) Mafi kyawun jarumi (fim) Wale Ojo Swap Phone Best actress (fim) Funke Akindele Troj Mafi kyawun hoto Musanya waya Mafi kyawun Nunin TV Big Brother Africa Best director film Kunle Afolayan Phone Swap Dan wasan Afrika Majid Michel Wani wuri a Afirka Pan African actress Yvonne Okoro Single Shida Duniya DJ Jimmy Jatt (Nijeriya) Babban Manajan Nishaɗi na shekara Eldee 2020 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na bakwai ne a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2012 a Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Skirball ta Jami'ar New York da ke New York kuma AY yar wasan barkwanci kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Funke Akindele (aka "Jenifa") ta dauki nauyin shiryawa. Taron ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon na Brymo, Seyi Shay, Ice Prince, Vector, Waje, Banky W., Skales, WizKid Don Jazzy, Davido, Vivian Ndour, D'Prince, Sarkodie, Gbenga Akinnagbe, Uche Jumbo, Susan Peters, da Juliet Ibrahim ne suka bayyana. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara Superstar Wizkid Mafi zafi a cikin shekara Dami Duro Davido Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar shekara Davido Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin shekara Tim Godfrey Mafi kyawun mawaƙin pop/r&b na shekara Wizkid Mafi kyawun wasan rap na shekara Vector Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara Don Jazzy Mafi kyawun mawaƙin duniya Tinie Tempah Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara "Nawti" (Olu Maintain) Mafi kyawun aiki don kallo Eva Pan African artist ko rukuni na shekara Vivian Ndour Mafi kyawun mawaƙin Amurka na shekara Awon Boyz Mafi kyawun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasa/ƙungiyar -Flavour Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa na shekara "Sauce Kid" ft. Davido (Carolina) Mafi kyawun jarumi (fim) Wale Ojo Swap Phone Best actress (fim) Funke Akindele Troj Mafi kyawun hoto Musanya waya Mafi kyawun Nunin TV Big Brother Africa Best director film Kunle Afolayan Phone Swap Dan wasan Afrika Majid Michel Wani wuri a Afirka Pan African actress Yvonne Okoro Single Shida Duniya DJ Jimmy Jatt (Nijeriya) Babban Manajan Nishaɗi na shekara Eldee 2012 NEA Awards An gudanar da bugu na bakwai ne a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2012 a Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Skirball ta Jami'ar New York da ke New York kuma AY yar wasan barkwanci kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Funke Akindele (aka "Jenifa") ta dauki nauyin shiryawa. Taron ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon na Brymo, Seyi Shay, Ice Prince, Vector, Waje, Banky W., Skales, WizKid Don Jazzy, Davido, Vivian Ndour, D'Prince, Sarkodie, Gbenga Akinnagbe, Uche Jumbo, Susan Peters, da Juliet Ibrahim ne suka bayyana. Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara Superstar Wizkid Mafi zafi na shekara Dami Duro Davido Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar shekara Davido Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin shekara Tim Godfrey Mafi kyawun mawaƙin pop/r&b na shekara Wizkid Mafi kyawun wasan rap na shekara Vector Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara Don Jazzy Mafi kyawun mawaƙin duniya Tinie Tempah Mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa na shekara "Nawti" (Olu Kula) Mafi kyawun aiki don kallo Eva Pan African artist ko rukuni na shekara Vivian Ndour Mafi kyawun mawaƙin Amurka na shekara Awon Boyz Mafi kyawun mawaƙin ɗan ƙasa/ƙungiyar -Flavour Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa na shekara "Sauce Kid" ft. Davido (Carolina) Mafi kyawun jarumi (fim) Wale Ojo Swap Phone Best actress (fim) Funke Akindele Troj Mafi kyawun hoto Musanya waya Mafi kyawun Nunin TV Big Brother Africa Best director film Kunle Afolayan Phone Swap Jarumin Pan African Majid Michel Wani wuri a Afirka Pan African actress Yvonne Okoro Single Shida Duniya DJ Jimmy Jatt (Nijeriya) Babban Manajan Nishaɗi na shekara Eldee 2013 NEA awards Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara: YBNL Olamide Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Kukere" Iyanya Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: Burna Boy Mawallafin Bishara/Rukunin Shekara: Sammy Okposo Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Pop/R&B na Shekara: Davido Mafi kyawun Dokar Rap na Shekara: Ice Prince Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Spellz Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara: Ghetto "Shank" (Patrick Ellis) Dokar Maza Mafi Alƙawari don Kallon: Endia Mafi Alkawari Dokar Mata don Kallon: Emma Nyra Mawaƙin Gabashin Afirka ko Ƙungiya na Shekara: Navio Mawaƙin Yammacin Afirka ko Ƙungiya na Shekara: Sarkodie Mawaƙin Kudancin Afirka ko Ƙungiya ta Shekara: Zahara Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Duniya: JJC Skillz Mafi kyawun Ƙungiya Ƙungiya: Olamide Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai: Yanayin fatalwa Phyno ft. Olamide Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Fim: OC Ukeje Alan Poza Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Fim: Rita Dominic Taron Jarumin da ya fi kowa Tallafawa a Fim: Ali Nuhu Blood and Henna Jaruma Mafi Taimakawa A Fim: Tunde Aladese (Rikicin Na Wa Best Director Film: Tunde Kelani Maami Mafi kyawun Hotuna (Mai Shirya Fim): Jirgin Karshe Zuwa Abuja (Obi Emelonye) Mafi kyawun Nunin TV: Big Brother Africa Mafi kyawun Jarumin Pan African: John Dumelo Wasika zuwa Mahaifiyata Mafi kyawun Jarumar Pan African: Nadia Buari Maɗaukaki da Aure Mafi kyawun DJ na Duniya: DJ Bayo (Birtaniya) Mafi kyawun wasan barkwanci: Basketmouth Mafi kyawun Mai Tallata Nishaɗi: Coko Bar Mafi kyawun Halin Rediyo/TV: Daskare na CoolFM Mafi kyawun halayen TV: Labi Layori Mafi kyawun Blog ɗin Nishaɗi: NotJustOk Mafi kyawun Gudanar da Nishaɗi: Ubi Franklin Mafi kyawun Jarumin Duniya: Dayo Okeniyi Mafi kyawun Jaruma ta Duniya: Hope Olaide Wilson 2014 NEA Awards Shekara ta 9 lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta yi bikin tare da karrama membobin masana'antar nishaɗi ta Najeriya a New York, a Cibiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta NYU. Wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da na Wande Coal, Praiz, Oritsefemi, Master's 'Sekem' MCgalaxy, da kuma taron jama'a ShataWale. Har ila yau a kan dandalin akwai Patoranking, wanda ya yi shahararriyar wakarsa mai suna "Girlie O", da Skales tare da sabuwar wakarsa mai suna "Shake Body". Masu masaukin baki Bovi da Funke Akindele sun sanya ’yan kallo su nishadantar da su da barkwanci, yayin da Gbemi Olateru-Olagbegi ta yi aiki da ’yan kallo ta hanyar yin mu’amala da tambayoyi domin su sa su shiga cikin shirin fiye da shekarun baya. Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa Best Album of the Year Baddest Boy Ever Liveth (Olamide) Mafi Kyau Na Shekarar "Jago" (Kcee ft. Wizkid) "Aye" (Davido) (tie) Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara Patoranking Mawallafin Bishara na Shekara Frank Edwards Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara Oritshe Femi Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Pop/R&B na Shekara Tiwa Savage Jarumar Mace Na Shekara Tiwa Savage Namijin Mawaƙin Shekara Davido Mafi kyawun Dokar Rap na Shekara Ice Prince Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara Del B Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Mai fasaha Darakta) "Rands Naira" (Emmy Gee Nick) Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai "Gallardo" Runtown Ft. Davido) Dokar da ta fi Alƙawari don kallo Ayo Jay Mawaƙin Ƙasar Ƙasa na Shekara LAX Gwarzon Mawaƙin Afirka (Ba ɗan Najeriya ba) Shata Wale Rukunin fina-finai Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora Tope Tedela Mile daga Gida Mafi kyawun Jarumi Yomi Fash Lanso Omo Elemosho Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora Funke Akindele a Agnetta O'Mpa Jaruma Mafi Taimakawa Genevieve Nnaji Rabin Rawar Rana Mafi Darakta Desmond Elliott Neman Rahama Mafi kyawun Hoto Rabin Rana Rana Sauran nau'ikan Halin Nishaɗi Na Shekara Denrele Edun (Channel O) Babban Gudanar da Nishaɗi na Shekara E Money (Kiɗan Tauraro Biyar) Mafi kyawun OAP Yaw (Wazobia FM) Mafi Bakin Barkwanci Na Shekara Bovi da baske bakin kunne Duniya DJ DJ Spinall Mafi kyawun blog na nishaɗi Bella Naija 2015 NEA Awards A ranar Lahadi 6 ga Satumba, 2015 ne aka gudanar da bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Nishadi a Najeriya karo na 10 a Cibiyar Kwallon Kafa ta NYU da ke New York. Fitacciyar jarumar fina-finan Nollywood Osas Ighodaro da mai fasahar Chocolate City, Ice Prince, ne suka tsayar da bikin cikin nasara. Taron wanda aka siyar ya samu halartar manyan mashahuran mutane da suka hada da Pasuma, Jerry Wonder, Kevin Lyttle, Fally Ipupa, DJ Abass, Juliet Ibrahim, DJ Cuppy, Sunkanmi, Ayojay, Emma Nyra, Bimbo Thomas, Ruth Kadiri, Destiny Amaka, Sonia Ibrahim, Chiney Ogwumike, Gbenro Ajibade, Jimmie, Maria Okan, Swanky Jerry, Mimi Onalaja, Tjan, and Toby Grey. Ayyukan sun haɗa da Yemi Alade, Praiz, MC Galaxy, Eddie Kenzo, Sheyman, Jaywon, Niniola, Mr. 2Kay, KAVHS, da Simi. Nunin ya kuma sami halartar wasu shugabannin kasuwancin masana'antu, irin su Howie T (Baseline Records), Ayo Shonaiya, Jason Oshiokpekhai (Delta Airlines), Kobi Brew-Hammond (Arik Air), Dan Petruzzi (OkayPlayer), Abiola Oke (OkayAfrica), Chetachi Nwoga (Chibase), Jason Kpana (Tidal), Briant Biggs (Roc Nation), Roslin Ilori (Mtech), da Suilemana (Dama Ent). Haka zalika akwai fitattun ‘yan Najeriya daga ‘yan siyasa har zuwa ‘yan kasuwa ciki har da Hon. Demola Seriki, Comrad Timi Frank, Cif Terry Wayas, da Bankole Omishore. Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa Album na Shekara: Godiya (Flavour) Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Ojuelegba" (Wizkid) Namijin Mawaƙin Shekara: Wizkid Mafi kyawun Kiɗa na Shekarar: Fredoo Perry Jarumar Mace ta Shekara: Yemi Alade Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin Pop na Shekara: Davido Dokar Rap na Shekara: Olamide Mafi kyawun Mawaƙin R&B na Shekara: Praiz Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai na Shekara: "Bad Girl Special" Remix (Mr. 2 Kay) Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Rawa Live: MC Galaxy Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Director): Unlimited LA Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Kallon: Kiss Daniel Fitacciyar Mawaƙin Ƙasar Shekara: Pasuma Mawaƙin Ƙasashen waje na Shekara: Styleez Mawakin Bishara Na Shekara: Tope Alabi Dokar da ta fi Alkawari: Simi Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Shizzi Gwarzon Mawaƙin Afirka (Ba ɗan Najeriya): Eddie Kenzo Gwarzon Mawaƙin Afrobeat: 2face Idibia Rukunin fim/TV Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (fina-finan cikin gida): Adekola Odunlade Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Nollywood): Gabriel Afolayan Jarumar Jarumar Shekara (fina-finan cikin gida): Toyin Aimakhu Johnson Jarumar shekarar (Nollywood): Ruth Kadri Gwarzon Jaruma (Nigeria in Hollywood): Adepero Oduye Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Nigeria a Hollywood): Chiwetel Ejiofor Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Afirka): Majid Michel Jarumar Jarumar Shekara (Afirka): Sonia Ibrahim Daraktan Fim na Shekara (fina-finan cikin gida): Olanrewaju Abiodun Daraktan Fim na Shekara (Nollywood): Kunle Afolayan Oktoba 1 Daraktan Fim na Shekara (Afirka): Alex Konstantaras Fim na Shekara (fim ɗin ƴan ƙasa): Alakada Fim na Shekara (producer, Nollywood): 1 ga Oktoba Fim na Shekara (Mai gabatarwa, Afirka): Rushe Ƙauna Sauran nau'ikan Mafi Matashin Mai Tallafawa Na Shekara: Yarima Fredoo Perry Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat Roja (UG) Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM) Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce) Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole Asiri Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi 2016 NEA Awards Kyautar Nishadantarwa ta Najeriya ta 2016 ita ce bugu na 11 na kyautar Nishadi ta Najeriya. Richard Mofe Damijo da Ebbe Bassey ne suka dauki nauyin taron, an gudanar da taron ne a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba a dakin wasan kwaikwayo na BMCC Tribeca da ke birnin New York na Amurka. Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa Album of the Year: Eyan Mayweather (Olamide) Mafi Kyau Na Shekara: "Mama" (Kizz Daniel) Waƙar Shekara: "Ɗauki" (Adekunle Gold) Mawallafin Afroop na Shekara: Kizz Daniel Mawaƙin R&B Na Shekara: Seyi Shay Mawaƙin Rap na Shekara: Olamide Bishara ta Shekara: Frank Edwards Mawaƙin Dancehall na Shekara: Ketchup Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara: Flavor Madadin Mawaƙin Shekara: Aramide Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Kallon: Adekunle Gold Dokar da ta fi Alƙawari don kallo: Mista Eazi Gwarzon Mawaƙin Ƙasashen Waje: Ayojay Mafi kyawun Haɗin kai na Shekara: "Mace ta, Komai na" Patoranking ft Wande Coal Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Rayuwa na Shekara: 2Baba Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara (Director): Unlimited LA Gaggawa (Dbanj) Gwarzon Mawaƙin Nazari na Nahiyar Afirka (Ba ɗan Najeriya): Shata Wale Jarumar Mace Na Afirka Na Shekara (Ba 'yar Najeriya): Efya Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Masterkraft Rukunin fim/TV Jagoran Jarumin Shekara: Joseph Benjamin Rebecca Jarumar Jarumar Shekara: Fathia Balogun Ishanna Jarumin Tallafawa A Fim: Sambasa Nzeribe Labarin Soja Taimakon Jaruma a Fim: Osas Ighodaro Gbomo Gbomo Express Daraktan Fim na Shekara: Frankie Ogar Labarin Soja Mafi kyawun Hoton Shekara: Ishanna Mafi kyawun Gajeren Fim na Shekara: Taxi mai Jini Folasakin Iwajomo Mafi kyawun Jarumin Shekara (TV): Folarin Falana Diary Jenifa Mafi kyawun Jaruma na Shekara (TV): Abimbola Craig Yarinya mai fatattaka da iska Nunin Talabijin Na Shekara: Yarinya Mai Fariya A Tafiya Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Ba Dan Najeriya): Abraham Attah Beast of No Nation Jarumar Jarumar Shekara (Ba 'yar Najeriya): Nuong Faalong Freetown Mafi kyawun Hoton Shekarar (Ba Ba-Nijeriya): Dabbar Babu Al'umma Sauran nau'ikan Female Disc Jockey of the Year: DJ Mystelle Male Disc Jockey of the Year: DJ Gravpop Disc Jockey Collaboration of the Year: DJ Kaywise ft. Oritse Femi "Warn Dem" Disc Jockey of the Year (Non-Nigerian): DJ Gravpop DJ Slick Stuart Roja Music Executive of the Year: Don Jazzy (Mavin Records) OAP of the Year: Tisan Jeremiah Bako (Raypower FM) TV Presenter of the Year (Lifestyle): Daala (Ovation) Comedy Act of the Year: Basketmouth Fashion Model of the Year: Mayowa Nicholas Online Comedy Act of the Year: Emmanuella Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat Roja (UG) Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM) Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce) Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole Asiri Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi 2017 NEA Awards Kyautar Nishadantarwa ta Najeriya ta 2017 ita ce bugu na 12 na lambar yabo ta Nishadi ta Najeriya. Singer Emma Nyra ne ya dauki nauyin shirya taron, an gudanar da shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Symphony Space Peter Sharp da ke birnin New York. Nunin ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na Olamide aka Baddo sannan kuma Superstar Davido da mai kare shi Mayorkun sun halarta. Har ila yau, akwai sanannun sunaye da suka haɗa da Seyi Shay, Young Paris, Dremo, Sheyman, ID Cabasa, DJ Enimoney, Danagog, Dotman, D12, da dai sauransu. Masu nasara Rukunin kiɗa Album of the Year: Glory (Olamide) Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: Idan (Davido) Gwarzon Mawaƙin Namijin AfroPop: Davido Mawaƙin Mata na Shekarar AfroPop: Seyi Shay Dokar Rap na Shekara: Olamide Mafi kyawun Mai haɓaka Kiɗa Blogger: Yarima Fredoo Perry Mawaƙin Dancehall na Shekara: Patoranking Best Collabo of the Year: Iskaba Wande Coal DJ Tunez Best Music Video of the Year (Director): Meji Alabi (Yolo, Seyi Shay) Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: Mayorkun Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara: Phyno Mafi kyawun Dokar Alkawari Na Shekara: Kaptain Kush Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara: Jidenna Mawaƙin Ƙarfafawa na Shekara: Sinach Dokar Mafi Alƙawari don Kallon: Deshinor Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Krisbeatz Gwarzon Mawakin Namijin Nahiyar Afrika (Ba Ba-Nijeriya): Toofan Jarumar Matan Afirka Na Shekara (Ba 'yar Najeriya): Becca Rukunin fim/TV Mafi kyawun Jarumin Shekara: Ransey Noauh (76) Mafi kyawun Jarumar Shekara: Funke Akindele (Tafiya zuwa Jamaica) Jarumin Goyan bayan Shekara: AY (Tafiya zuwa Jamaica) Jarumar Taimakawa Gwarzon Shekara: Kehinde Bankole (The Dinner) Daraktan Fim na Shekara: Steve Gukas (kwana 93) Mafi kyawun Hotuna na Shekara: Bikin Bikin aure Mafi kyawun Matsayin Jagora a TV: Oreka Godis (Bikin Bikin Abokinmu) Babban Matsayin Jagoranci a Fim (Ba Ba-Nijeriya Afirka): Korto Davies Mafi kyawun Shirin Talabijin: Big Brother Naija Sauran nau'ikan Mafi Matashin Mai Tallafawa Na Shekara: Yarima Fredoo Perry Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat Roja (UG) Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM) Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce) Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole Asiri Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi 2018 NEA Awards A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2018 ne aka gudanar da lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2018 a UDC Performing Art Center, Washington, DC. 2019 NEA Awards Tun da farko an shirya bayar da lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya na 2019 a wajen Amurka a karon farko a birnin Johannesburg na Afirka ta Kudu a watan Nuwamba na 2019 amma an soke shi saboda karuwar lamurra na kyamar baki. 2020 NEA Awards An fara shirya kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya na 2020 don Faɗuwar 2020 amma saboda cutar ta COVID19, an sake tsara lambobin yabo don 2021. Ƙungiyar gudanarwa Masu Gudanarwa na Yanzu: Tope Esan Cosmas Collins Azeem Jolasun Masu Gudanarwaran da suka gabata: Linda Ofukeme (2006-2006) Joy Tongo (2006-2008) Belinda Nosegbe (2006-2008) Seun Tagh (2006-2009) Dolapo OA (2006-2009) Martin Fayomi (2006-2015) Manazarta Hanyoyin waje http://www.neaawards.com Nigerian music awards Nigerian awards 2006 establishments Awards established in

48518

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20kare%20hakkin%20yara

Kungiyar kare hakkin yara

Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Yara, Ƙungiya ce ta tarihi da ta zamani wadda ta himmatu wajen amincewa, faɗaɗa, da/ko kuma bayan haƙƙoƙin yara a duniya. (Kada a rude da hakkin Matasa An fara shi a farkon karni na karshe kuma ya kasance ƙoƙari daga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari, malamai, lauyoyi, 'yan majalisa, da alƙalai don gina tsarin dokoki da manufofin da ke inganta da kuma kare rayuwar yara. Yayin da ma’anar yara ta tarihi ta banbanta, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ‘yancin yara ta ce “Yaro duk wani dan Adam ne da bai kai shekara sha takwas ba, sai dai idan a karkashin dokar da ta shafi yaron, ana samun rinjaye a baya.” Babu ma'anar wasu kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don kwatanta matasa kamar matasa "matasa" ko matasa a cikin dokokin duniya. Tunanin yara suna da hakki na musamman sabon abu ne. Halayen al'ada game da yara sun kuma kasance suna ɗaukar su azaman kari na gida kawai kuma 'mallaka' iyayensu da/ko mai kula da doka, waɗanda ke aiwatar da cikakken ikon iyaye. Ra'ayoyi sun fara canzawa a lokacin haskakawa, lokacin da al'ada ta ƙara ƙalubalanci kuma an fara tabbatar da ƙimar yancin kai da haƙƙin ɗan adam. An kafa Asibitin Kafa da ke Landan a shekara ta 1741 a matsayin gidan yara don "ilimi da kula da yara ƙanana da batattu". Thomas Spence, dan siyasa na Ingilishi ya rubuta kariyar farko ta zamani game da haƙƙin haƙƙin yara a cikin Haƙƙin Jarirai, wanda aka buga a 1796. Duba kuma Haƙƙoƙin yara Ƙungiyar Duniya don Yara Jadawalin yancin yara a Amurka Jadawalin yancin yara a Burtaniya Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki Hakkin Matasa Manazarta Bayanan kula Hakkokin yara. (2010, Oktoba 12). An dawo daga https://web.archive.org/web/20141229162628/http://www.globalfootprints.org/issues/local/children/childrights.htm Gooch, L. (2012, Nuwamba 26). Kiraye-kirayen kawo karshen auren yara a Malaysia bayan shekara 12 aure. Jaridar New York Times. An dawo daga https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/27/world/asia/calls-to-end-child-marriages-in-malaysia-after-12-year-old-weds.html? _r=0 Honourable Poe Ted. (2011, Afrilu 4). Loc.gov. An dawo daga https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/index.php Joseph M. Hawes, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Yara: Tarihin Shawara da Kariya (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991). ISBN 0-8057-9748-3 ROOSE, R., BOUVERNE-DE BIE, M. (2007). Shin Yara Suna da Hakki ko Yi Nasu Dole ne a sami haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka? Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙin Yara a matsayin Tsarin Magana don Ayyukan Ilimi. Jaridar Falsafar Ilimi, 41 (3), 431-443. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00568.x Rojas Flores, J. (2007) "Hakkokin yaro a Chile: ra'ayi na tarihi, 1910-1930", Tarihi. 40.3 Batu na musamman. Wall, J., Dar, A. (2011). Wakilin Siyasar Yara: Haƙƙin Yin A Bambanci. Jarida ta Duniya na Haƙƙin Yara, 19(4), 595–612. doi:10.1163/157181811X547263 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Material akan aikin yara na Burtaniya da ƙungiyoyin sake fasalin 1750-1900 Material kan ayyukan yara da ƙungiyoyin gyara na Amurka An Archived Harkar Duniya don Yara Red Latino-americana y Caribeña por la defensa de los derechos de los niños y niñas y samari REDLAMYC Duniya Vision Shirin Duniya Enda Tiers Monde Save the Children

48801

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Tafki

Ciwon Tafki

kaikayin tafki, cercarial dermatitis ko schistosome dermatitis cuta ce ta rashin lafiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci da ke samun fatar jikin mutum wanda ya kamu da kwayar cutar Tsargiya na ruwa, nau'in flatworm Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin ruwan koramu, ƙanƙara da wuraren zama na ruwa a duniya. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na wannan yanayin na iya karuwa, ko da yake ana iya danganta wannan ga ingantacciyar kulawa da bayar da rahoto akan abinda ke faruwa Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar yanayin a matsayin cuta wadda take tasowa yanzu Babban alamar ita ce kuraje ƙaiƙayi (fatar da ta tashi) wanda yawanci ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki 2 na kamuwa da cuta. Da farko, kurajen suna girma da sauri, sannan su juya zuwa macula(wani nau'in kurji) a cikin kusan rabin sa'a. A cikin sa'o'i 10 zuwa 12 waɗannan sun zama papules masu ƙaiƙayi waɗanda ke kaiwa ga mafi muni a rana ta biyu ko ta uku. Papules suna ɓacewa a cikin makonni 1-2 amma sakamakon na biyu daga karce na iya ci gaba da tsayi. Ƙunƙarar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta, wanda ke tasowa bayan sa'o'i 48-72, yana hade da zafi da kumburin wuraren da aka shafa. Mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar cercaria akai-akai suna haɓaka alamun bayyanar cututtuka tare da farawa da sauri. Babu wani tasiri na dindindin ga mutane daga wannan yanayin. maganin Hydroxyzine da baki, wanda yake maganin antihistamine, wani lokaci ana rubutashi don magance ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo da irin wannan rashin lafiyar dermal. Bugu da ƙari, yin wanka a cikin oatmeal, soda burodi, ko gishiri na Epsom kuma na iya ba da taimako na bayyanar cututtuka. Abinda ke kawo cuta An san ciwon tafki tun farkon karni na 19, amma sai a shekara ta 1928 wani masanin halitta ya gano cewa ciwon fatar na tafkin ya faru ne ta hanyar tsutsa na rukuni na tsutsotsi a cikin iyali Schistosomatidae Abubuwan da aka fi dangantawa da ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo a cikin mutane sune Trichobilharzia da Gigantobilharzia Hakanan yana iya samuwa ta hanyar schistosome parasites na vertebrates waɗanda ba avian ba, irin su Schistosomatium douthitti, wanda ke cutar da katantanwa da rodents Sauran haraji da aka ruwaito sun haifar da dauki sun hada da Bilharziella polonica da Schistooma bovis A cikin mahalli na ruwa, musamman tare da bakin teku, ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo na iya faruwa kuma. Wadannan kwayoyin cuta suna amfani da katantanwa na ruwa da katantanwa a matsayin runduna a cikin yanayin rayuwarsu kamar haka: Da zarar an nutsar da kwai na schistosome cikin ruwa, wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba ciyarwa ba, matakin rayuwa mai 'yanci wanda aka sani da miracidium ya fito. Miracidium yana amfani da cilia don bin abubuwan sinadarai da na zahiri da ake tunanin zai ƙara yuwuwar samun babban masaukin baki na farko a cikin tsarin rayuwarsa, katantanwa na ruwa mai daɗi Bayan kamuwa da katantanwa, yana tasowa zuwa uwa sporocyst, wanda hakan yana haifar da haifuwa na jima'i, wanda ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na 'ya'ya mata, wanda ba tare da jima'i ba ya haifar da wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, matakin rayuwa kyauta, cercaria Cercariae yana amfani da abin da ke kama da wutsiya (sau da yawa ana cokali mai yatsa a cikin nau'in halitta yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo) don yin iyo zuwa saman ruwa; kuma a yi amfani da alamu na zahiri da na sinadarai iri-iri domin gano na gaba kuma na ƙarshe (tabbatacciyar) mai masaukin baki a cikin zagayowar rayuwa, tsuntsu. Waɗannan tsutsa na iya haɗuwa da fatar ɗan wasan ninkaya da gangan. Cercaria yana shiga cikin fata kuma ya mutu a cikin fata nan da nan. Cercariae ba zai iya cutar da mutane ba, amma suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi Wannan yanayin yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi masu ƙaiƙayi da farko a fata. A cikin sa'o'i, waɗannan tabo sun zama papules masu tasowa waɗanda suke da ƙaiƙayi. Kowane papule yayi daidai da wurin shigar parasite guda ɗaya. Bayan gano wani tsuntsu, kwayar cutar ta shiga cikin fata (yawanci ƙafafu), yana zubar da wutsiya mai yatsa a cikin tsari. A cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jini, tsutsotsin da ba su da girma schistosomula suna tasowa zuwa tsutsotsi maza da mata masu girma, ma'aurata da ƙaura ta hanyar tsarin jini na mai watsa shiri (ko tsarin jin tsoro idan akwai T. regenti zuwa wuri na ƙarshe (jijiya da ke ciyar da gastrointestinal tract) a ciki. jikin mai gida. A nan ne suke sanya ƙwai a cikin ƙananan jijiyoyi a cikin maƙarƙashiya na hanji daga cikin su suna shiga cikin lumen na hanji, kuma a jefa su cikin ruwa lokacin da tsuntsu ya yi bayan gida. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in Turai, Trichobilharzia regenti, a maimakon haka yana cutar da ƙwayoyin hanci na tsuntsayen tsuntsaye da tsutsa daga ƙwai kai tsaye a cikin nama yayin shan ciyar da tsuntsaye masu cutar. Abubuwan daka iya taimakawa wurin kamuwar ciwo Yawancin mutane suna kamuwa da cutar bayan yin iyo a cikin koguna, tafkuna ko tafkuna masu tafiya a hankali. Wasu bincike dakin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna katantanwa suna zubar da cercariae sosai da safe da kuma ranakun rana, kuma shiga cikin ruwa a cikin waɗannan yanayi na iya ƙara haɗari. Tsawon lokacin yin iyo yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a Turai da Arewacin Amurka, da ruwa mara zurfi na iya ɗaukar nauyin cercariae sama da buɗaɗɗen ruwa a bakin teku. Ana tsammanin iskar da ke kan teku za ta sa cercariae ta taru tare da bakin teku. Nazarin tafkuna da barkewar annoba a Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun gano lokuta inda haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ya bayyana a ko'ina ya rarraba a kusa da gefen ruwa da kuma lokutan da haɗarin ke ƙaruwa a cikin ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo "masu zafi". Yara na iya kamuwa da kamuwa da cutar akai-akai kuma fiye da manya amma wannan yana iya nuna halinsu na yin iyo na tsawon lokaci a cikin teku, inda cercariae kuma ke maida hankali. Abubuwan ƙarfafawa don shiga cikin mahaifa cikin fata mai masauki sun haɗa da fatty acids marasa ƙarfi, kamar linoleic da linolenic acid. Ana samun waɗannan mahimman fatty acid a yawancin amfanin gona da ake ci, da man shuka da aka samu, da man rana da man shafawa dangane da mai.

52135

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Feichtner

Thomas Feichtner

Thomas Feichtner (an haife ta a shekara ta alif dari tara da saɓ'in(1970) ɗan ƙasar Ostiriya ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil mai zanen masana'antu. Rayuwa An haifi Thomas Feichtner ga iyayen Austrian a Vitória,Brazil,a cikin 1970.Bayan a Linz,Austria, da Düsseldorf,Jamus,ya yi karatu kuma ya kammala digiri a cikin ƙirar masana'antu a Jami'ar Art and Industrial Design Linz, daga 1990 zuwa 1995,inda daga baya ya koyar daga 2002 zuwa 2005.A cikin 1997 Feichtner ya kafa nasa ɗakin studio na zane kuma da farko ya tsara kayan wasanni da kayan masana'antu.Tun daga shekara ta 2005,ya ƙara ƙirƙira samfura don masu ƙirƙira na Austrian da masu sana'a na gargajiya,tare da nau'ikan gwaji guda ɗaya don nune-nunen. Tsakanin shekarata 2001 da 2009, ya kasance abokin,tarayya a wata hukumar sadarwa ta gani a Linz da Vienna. An haifi ɗansa Ferdinand a shekara ta 2008.Feichter ya kasance farfesa na ƙirar samfura a Muthesius Academy of Art a Kiel,Jamus,daga 2009 zuwa 2014.Tare da matarsa Simone Feichtner,yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Vienna,Austria. Ayyuka Ko da a matsayin dalibi,Thomas Feichtner ya tsara kayayyaki masu yawa don masana'antar wasanni ta Austrian,kamar skateboards da dusar ƙanƙara don Kayan aikin Heavy ko ski daure don Tyrolia da Fischer. Daga baya ya tsara skis don Head da Blizzard. fannin sadarwa na gani,Feichtner ya yi aiki ga kamfanoni kamar Swarovski,Adidas Eyewear, Babban Birnin Turai na Al'adu ko kuma mai zanen Birtaniya-Isra'ila Ron Arad.Bayan nasararsa na farko a matsayin mai zanen masana'antu,Feichtner ya juya zuwa ƙirar samfurin gwaji a cikin 2005,t aiki tare da masana'antun gargajiya irin su J. &amp; L. Lobmeyr, Porzellanmanufaktur Augarten, Neue Wiener Werkstätten, Wiener Silbermanufactur da Stam Ya kuma kammala ayyukan mai zaman kansa tare da haɗin gwiwar Vitra und FSB. Ayyukansa sun sami hanyar shiga cikin manyan tarin zane-zane,kamar na MAK-Gidan kayan gargajiya na Austrian da aka yi Kyauta Reddot zane lambar yabo 2010, Design Zentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen, Jamus. Kyautar Zane ta Turai 2009, IDA International Council of Graphic Design Associations, Athens, Girka. CCA Venus Award 2009, Venus a Bronze, Creativ Club Austria, Vienna. Josef Binder Award a Silber 2008, Design Austria, Ƙungiyar Zane-zane da Samfura, Vienna, Austria. Kyautar Zane na Tarayyar Jamus 2007, Majalisar Zane ta Jamus, Frankfurt, Jamus. Kyaututtukan Duniya na 2006 Gasar Ƙarshe, Gasar Kyaututtuka ta Duniya, Bikin New York, New York, Amurka. Josef Binder Award 2006, zanen Austria, Hotuna da Ƙungiyar Ƙira, Vienna, Austria. Kyautar Zane na Tarayyar Jamus 2005, Majalisar Zane ta Jamus, Frankfurt, Jamus. Josef Binder Award 2004, zanen Austria, Hotuna da Ƙungiyar Ƙira, Vienna, Austria. BIO19, Biennal na Masana'antu Design Ljubljana, 2004, Architecture Museum of Ljubljana. Slovenia Gustav Klimt Prize 2004, Vienna, Austria. Reddot zane lambar yabo 2004, Design Zentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Essen, Jamus. Bikin Talla na Ƙasashen Duniya Cannes 2003, Cannes Cannes, Buga da Waje, Cannes, Faransa. IF Design Award 2002, International Forum Design Hannover, Jamus. Designpreis Schweiz 2001, Cibiyar Zane AG, Langenthal, Switzerland. IF Design Award 2001, International Forum Design Hannover, Jamus. CCA Venus Award 2000, Venus a Bronze, Creativ Club Austria, Vienna, Austria. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

23245

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouta%20Djallon

Fouta Djallon

Fouta Djallon (Fula: romanized: Fuuta Jaloo) yanki ne mai tsayi a tsakiyar Guinea, kusan yayi daidai da Guinea ta Tsakiya, a Afirka ta Yamma. Suna Fulanin da suka yi hijira a yankin sun kira shi da harshen Pular Fuuta-Jaloo. Asalin sunan daga kalmar Fula ta 'yan cirani don yankin da Fulɓe ke zaune, tare da kuma sunan asalin mazaunan, Jalonke ko Yalunka (Faransanci: Djallonké). Labarin kasa Fouta-Djallon ya ƙunshi yawancin filayen ciyawa, a tsawan tsawan kusan 900 m (3,000 ft). Matsayi mafi girma, Mount Loura, ya kuma hau zuwa 1,515 m (4,970 ft). Yankin plateau ya kunshi tsare-tsaren sandstone masu kauri wanda ya kuma mamaye dutsen ƙasa na dutse. Zaizayar ƙasa ta ruwan sama da koguna sun sassaƙa maɓuɓɓugan dazuzzuka da kwari a cikin dutsen yashi. Tana karɓar ruwan sama mai yawa, kuma shine ruwan manyan koguna guda huɗu da sauran matsakaita: Kogin Tinkisso (babbar tashar ruwa ta Neja) Kogin Gambiya Kogin Senegal Kogin Pongo Kogin Nunez Kogin Konkouré Rio Cogon [fr] Rio Kapatchez Kogin Mellacorée Don haka, wani lokacin ana kiranta hasumiyar ruwa (chateau d'eau a cikin adabin Faransa) na Yammacin Afirka. Wasu marubutan kuma suna kiran Fouta Jallon a matsayin "Switzerland ta Yammacin Afirka." Wannan magana ce ta gama gari wacce ba za a san asalin ta ba. Yawan jama'a Yawan jama'ar ya kunshi yawancin Fulɓe [mufuradi Pullo], wanda aka fi sani da Fula ko Fulani. A Fuuta-Jaloo ana kiran yarensu da suna Pular, ko Pulaar. Yankin mafi girman yare yana dauke da suna Pular Fulfulde kuma ana magana dashi a kasashe da yawa a Afirka ciki harda Nigeria, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kamaru, Senegal, Gambiya, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Sudan, Chadi, Mauritania, da dai sauransu. Fulani (Peul) suna wakiltar tsakanin 32.1% zuwa 40% a Guinea. Tarihi Tun karni na 17, yankin Fouta Djallon ya kasance matattarar Musulunci. Juyin juya halin farko da Karamokho Alfa da Ibrahim Sori suka jagoranta sun kafa tarayyar da ta kasu zuwa larduna tara. Yawancin rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya sun raunana ikon tsakiyar da ke Timbo har zuwa 1896, lokacin da Almamy na karshe, Bubakar Biro, ya ci sojojin Faransa a yakin Poréaka. Kungiyar Fulɓe ta Fouta Djallonke ce ta jagoranci faɗaɗa addinin Islama a yankin. Malaman musulinci na Fulɓe sun haɓaka adabin asali na asali ta amfani da haruffan larabci. Wanda aka sani da Ajamiyya, wannan nasarar ta adabi ta sami wakilcin manyan mawaƙa-masu ilimin tauhidi kamar Tierno Muhammadu Samba Mombeya [fr], Tierno Saadu Dalen, Tierno Aliou Boubha Ndyan, Tierno Jaawo Pellel da sauransu. A zamanin da take, an ce Fuuta-Jaloo wani maganadisu ne na karantarwa, yana jawo ɗalibai daga Kankan zuwa Gambiya, kuma yana nuna manyan malamai na Jakhanke a Tuba da kuma malaman Fulɓe. Ya zama cibiyar jijiyar fataucin matafiya ta kowace hanya. Yawancin layin kasuwanci, na kowane irin kabila, sun kafa yankuna a tsaunukan Futanke da kuma manyan hanyoyin.. Hakan ya biya bukatunsu don tura theira sonsansu maza zuwa makarantun Futanke, don tallafawa ɗaliban da suka fito don koyarwa, kuma gabaɗaya don faɗaɗa tasirin tasirin da ya fito daga Futa Jalon. Amadou Hampâté Bâ ya kira Fuuta-Jaloo "Tibet na Afirka ta Yamma" don girmama al'adun ruhaniya da sufi (Sufi) na malamanta. Tattalin arziki Galibi karkara tattalin arziƙin ya shafi kiwon dabbobi (shanu, tumaki, awaki), noma, tattarawa, kasuwanci, da yawon buɗe ido mara iyaka. Tattalin arzikin karkara Fulɓe suna yin wani nau'in aikin gona na halitta wanda za a iya gane shi a yau a matsayin aikin gona mai ƙima. Babban amfanin gonar yankin shine ayaba da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa. Babban amfanin gona na gona shine fonio, kodayake ana shuka shinkafa a cikin ƙasa mai albarka. Yawancin ƙasa suna raguwa da sauri kuma suna da acidic sosai tare da guba na aluminium, wanda ke iyakance nau'in amfanin gona da za a iya girma ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa ƙasa ba. Aikin gona mai zurfi Wani lokaci a ƙarshen karni na 18, Fulɓe a Fouta Djallonke ya haɓaka wani nau'in aikin gona mai ƙima, mai yiwuwa saboda larura, tunda an kai matan asalin da aka ci nasara cikin gidajen masu rinjayensu na Musulunci waɗanda dabbobinsu suka zama alhakinsu. Haɗuwa da kiwon dabbobi da zaman kashe wando a cikin ingantaccen tsarin agropastoralism ya buƙaci sabuwar hanyar tsara rayuwar yau da kullun. Dabbobi, da suka haɗa da dawakai da shanu, sun fi cin abinci kuma suna haifar da ɓarna fiye da abin da manoma na asali suka saba. Tun da dole ne a kare dabbobin daga dabbobin daji da daddare, an kawo su cikin gidan dangin, wanda Faransanci ke kiransu da tapade, da kuma na gida a matsayin cuntuuje (mufuradi Suntuure) a yaren Pular. A yau, dabbobin suna kiwo a wurare masu buɗe ido da rana amma ana ba su mafaka a cikin ɓarna cikin dare, ban da awaki, waɗanda aka ba su izinin yin sarrafa kansu cikin iyaka. Irin wannan tsarin dole ne ya ɓullo da ƙarshen ƙarshen 18th zuwa karni na 19. Duk da haka, zubar da datti na dabbobi, wanda ya zama aikin mace, yana buƙatar hanyar da za a bi wajen zubar da ita. Kuma, bayan lokaci, matan sun fitar da hanyar yin hakan. A cikin lambun kayan lambu, ana kiran maganin su da takin takin ko ciyawa. A tsawon lokaci, matan sun haɗu da wasu abubuwa daban -daban na halitta tare da taki (tarkacen dafa abinci, ragowar girbi, da kayan tsiro daga shinge mai rai ko shinge) kuma sun tara ta kowace rana akan gadajen lambun su da bishiyoyi don su ruɓe su zama humus mai gina jiki. A cikin karni na 20, dabbobin da ke tsakanin Fulɓe sun canza daga manyan dabbobi zuwa ƙananan iri. Dawakai, wataƙila saboda kumburin tsetse ya ragu, yayin da awaki, tumaki, aladu, da kaji suka ƙaru, kuma dabbobin na ci gaba da zama abin ƙima. Masana na duniya daga fannoni daban -daban sun yi bincike sosai a lambunan taputa na Fouta Djallon. Wannan bincike ya bayyana cewa tsarin cuntuuje yana da matakan gina ƙasa fiye da kowane ƙasa a yankin. Kusan dukkan aiki, in ban da shiri na farko, mata da yara ne ke gudanarwa da gudanar da su, a da da yanzu, a cikin kowane rukunin iyali. Gidajen lambun suna da mahimmanci ga abinci da amfanin gona na tsabar kudi ga danginsu. PLEC, wani shiri ne na Jami’ar Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya, ya auna amfanin gona a kan hekta 6.5 daga filayen tapade a Misiide Heyre, Fouta Djallon kuma ya gano cewa masara ta haura 7 t/ha, rogo 21 t/ha, dankali mai daɗi 19 t/ha, da gyada (gyada) kusan 8 t/ha. Kowane suntuure yana kusan kadada 1 (kadada 2.5) a matsakaita, don haka ambaton su a matsayin lambuna ba daidai bane, ba don girman su ko sarkakkiyar su ba. Cuntuuje yana wakiltar tsarin tsarin samar da abinci, kuma ya bambanta ta hanyar ilimin su, da kuma yadda mutane ke amfani da ƙarfi da haɓaka iyakance ƙasa. A yau, lambunan cuntuuje suna ci gaba da samar da adadi mai yawa da iri iri na kayan aikin gona. Fences masu rai da ke kewaye da kowane suntuure ba kawai shinge bane don kiyaye mutane, dabbobin daji, da dabbobin gida. A cikin ƙamus na ƙamus, shinge shine ganyen ciyayi, kuma yana da mahimmanci wajen aiwatar da hawan keke mai gina jiki da riƙe abubuwan gina jiki a cikin suntuure. A takaice dai, abin da ake kira cuntuuje yana wakiltar tsarin gonar polyculture mai ɗorewa mai ɗorewa da tsarin gine -gine, gidaje ɗaya ko fiye da yanayin muhalli kuma misalai ne na abin da muka sani a yau don zama ƙirar ƙira. Mai hoto a cikin wannan sashin shine taswirar tunani na yankuna na ciki da sassan da aka samu yawanci a cikin yanayin suntuure. Ciki na suntuure, Yankuna 1-3 (ƙofar ciki, ƙofar shiga, allon sirri, da mazaunin) an keɓance su musamman don membobin dangi. Yana cikin Yankuna 4 da 5 (hoggo da shinge mai rai) inda yawancin ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun ke faruwa. Anan, ana gaishe da baƙi a mafaka ko falo na biyu, ana shirya aikin lambuna (hoggos), yara suna yin yini cikin wasa da aiki idan sun tsufa, da sallar la'asar, nafila, hira, da abinci suna faruwa har zuwa duhu. Zone 6 ita ce duniyar waje. A shekara ta 2003, Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFAO) ta amince da abincin Fuuta-Jalon a matsayin daya daga cikin Tsarin Muhimmin Kayan Gona na Duniya. Birane Babban birni a yankin shine Labé. Hijira Fuuta-Jalon a tarihi yana da babban ƙaura, yawanci na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma galibi zuwa Senegal da Saliyo. Yawancin Fulbe sun tsere zuwa Senegal bayan Sekou Toure ya zama shugaban Guinea mai cin gashin kansa a 1959. Da yawa sun zauna a Leidi Ulu a yammacin Kogin Gambia kuma sun fara noma ban da kiwon shanu. Sun tuna Guinea a matsayin ƙasar 'ya'yan itace da zuma inda aikin gona mai wahala bai zama dole ba. Manazarta Majiya Joseph Earl Harris (1965) The Kingdom of Fouta-Diallon Thierno Diallo (1972) Les institutions politiques du Fouta-Djallon au XIXè siècle Boubacar Barry Bokar Biro, le dernier grand almamy du Fouta-Djallon Thierno Diallo Alfa Yaya roi du Labé (Fouta Djalon) David Robinson (1985) The Holy War of Umar Tal: the Western Sudan in the mid-nineteenth century Paul Marty L'Islam en Guinée. Fouta-Diallon Terry Alford Abdul-Rahman. Prince Among Slaves Kevin Shillington Fuuta-Jalon: Nineteenth Century Shaikou Baldé L'élevage au Fouta-Djallon (régions de Timbo et de Labé Gustav Deveneaux. Buxtonianism and Sierra Leone: The 1841 Timbo Expedition A. Demougeot Notes sur l'organisation politique et administrative du Labé avant et après l'occupation française J. Suret-Canale The Fouta-Djallon chieftaincy J. Suret-Canale La fin de la chefferie en Guinée J. Suret-Canale Essai sur la signification sociale et historique des hégémonies peules (XVII-XIXèmes siècles) Louis Tauxier Moeurs et Histoire des Peuls, Livre III. Les Peuls du Fouta-Djallon D. P. Cantrelle, M. Dupire L'endogamie des Peuls du Fouta-Djallon Marguerite Verdat. Le Ouali de Gomba. Essai Historique Christopher Harrison French Islamic policy in the Fuuta-Jalon 1909-1912 Hanson, John H. (1996) Migration, Jihad and Muslim Authority in West Africa: the Futanke colonies in Karta Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, Kara karantawa De Sanderval, La conquête du Fouta-Djallon (Paris, 1899) Dölter, Ueber die Capverden nach dem Rio Grande und Futa Dschallon (Leipzig, 1884) Noirot, A travers le Fouta-Djallon et le Bamboue (Paris, 1885) Marchat, Les rivières du sud et le Fouta-Djallon (Paris,

29778

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuncin%20Muhalli

Mutuncin Muhalli

Mutuncin muhalli ra'ayi ne na doka wanda ke ayyana wasu mahallin mahalli matsayin mutum na shari'a. Wannan yana ba wa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, haƙƙoƙi, kariya, gata, nauyi da alhaki na shari'a na mutuniyar doka. Saboda mahallin mahalli kamar koguna da tsire-tsire ba za su iya wakiltar kansu a kotu ba, “masu kula” na iya yin aiki a madadin ƙungiyar don kare ta. Muhalli ya fito daga juyin halitta na mai da hankali kan doka don neman kare yanayi. A tsawon lokaci, mayar da hankali ya samo asali daga muradun ɗan adam wajen amfani da yanayi, don kare yanayi ga tsararrakin ɗan adam na gaba, zuwa tunanin da ke ba da damar kiyaye yanayi a matsayin mai mahimmanci. Ana iya amfani da wannan ra'ayi azaman abin hawa don gane alakar 'yan asalin ƙasar da abubuwan halitta, kamar koguna. Muhalli, wanda ke ba da yanayi (ko sassansa) wasu haƙƙoƙi, a lokaci guda yana ba da hanya ga daidaikun mutane ko ƙungiyoyi kamar ƴan asalin ƙasar don cika haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam dama muhalli. Fage Farfesa Christopher D. Stone na Amurka ya fara tattauna ra'ayin danganta halayen shari'a ga abubuwa na halitta a cikin shekarata 1970s, a cikin labarinsa "Ya kamata bishiyoyi su tsaya? Zuwa ga haƙƙin shari'a don abubuwan halitta." Ba za a iya mallakar mutum na shari'a ba; don haka, ba za a iya dangana wani mallaka ga mahallin muhalli tare da kafaffen halayen doka ba. Tsaye (doka) yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da mutuntakar doka. Ƙungiyoyi masu tsayuwa, ko locus standi, suna da haƙƙi ko ƙarfin kawo mataki ko bayyana a kotu. Hukumomin muhalli ba za su iya da kansu su kawo wani mataki ko bayyana a gaban kotu ba. Koyaya, ana iya cimma wannan aiki ko tsayin daka a madadin mahaluƙi ta wurin wani ma'aikacin doka mai wakiltar. Wakilci na iya ƙara kariya ga muhimman abubuwan al'adu na yanayin yanayi, ko wuraren da ke da rauni ga amfani, lalatawa dagurɓatawa. Ko da yake babu wata doka ta tarayya a Amurka da ke aiwatar da mutunta muhalli, wata kotun koli ta Amurka ce ta ba da shawarar yin hakan. A cikin hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta shekarar 1972 Saliyo Club v. Morton, Mai shari'a William Douglas ya rubuta ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa yana jayayya cewa wasu "al'amuran muhalli" ya kamata su sami locus standi, kuma mutanen da ke da dangantaka mai ma'ana da wannan mahallin ya kamata su iya yin aiki a madadinsa don kariya. Saliyo Club, ƙungiyar kare muhalli, ta kawo wannan ƙara a kan Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Amurka na lokacin, Roger CB Morton yana mai cewa gwamnatin tarayya, bisa ga Dokar Gudanarwa, ba za ta iya ba da izini ga masu haɓakawa don ginawa ba. kayayyakin more rayuwa musamman babbar hanya, wutar lantarki, da wurin shakatawa a cikin Ma’adinan King Valley, wani yanki na kasa. Sequoia na kasa. Ƙungiyar Saliyo ta yi niyyar kare wannan ƙasa da ba ta ci gaba ba a cikin gandun daji na ƙasa, amma Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta bayyana cewa ba za a shafa kai tsaye ga membobin Saliyo ba ba za su iya kai ƙara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanarwa ba, wanda "yana ba da ka'idoji don bitar shari'a" don lokutan da wani aikin hukuma ya cutar da mutum, kamar ba da izini. Kotun koli ta amince da cewa kungiyar Saliyo ba za ta iya shigar da kara a karkashin Dokar Gudanarwa ba, saboda ba za ta iya nuna cewa abin da wanda ake tuhuma ya yi ya jawo ko kuma zai haifar da rauni ga mambobinta ba. Wannan hukuncin ya sa Alkalin Kotun Koli William Douglas ya rubuta ra'ayinsa na rashin amincewa, yana mai cewa ya kamata a bar mutane su kai kara a madadin abubuwan da ba su da rai a rubuce, "[t] wanda ke da kusanci da abin da ba shi da rai wanda zai ji rauni. gurbatattun masu magana da yawunta ne, ko kuma an wawashe su.” Wannan ra'ayi yana da alaƙa da waɗanda ke ci gaba da jayayya game da mutunta muhalli a Amurka Canada da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Haƙƙin cikin gida na yanayi New Zealand A cikin shekarata 2014, Te Urewera National Park da aka ayyana Te Urewera, wani mahallin doka mahalli. Yankin da Te Urewera ya kewaye ya daina zama wurin shakatawa na kasa mallakar gwamnati kuma an rikide shi ya zama fili mai zaman kansa, wanda ba zai iya raba shi da kansa ba. Bayan irin wannan yanayin, kogin Whanganui na New Zealand an ayyana shi a matsayin mutum na doka a cikin shekarata 2017. Ana kiran wannan sabuwar doka ta Te Awa Tupua kuma yanzu an gane ta a matsayin “ba za a iya raba ta kuma mai rai gaba ɗaya daga tsaunuka zuwa teku, wanda ya haɗa da Kogin Whanganui da duk abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da na zahiri.” Masu gadi biyu ne za su wakilci kogin, ɗaya daga Whanganui iwi ɗayan kuma daga Crown. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 2017, gwamnatin New Zealand ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta ba da irin wannan hali na doka zuwa Dutsen Taranaki da kuma yin alkawarin canza sunan Egmont National Park, wanda ke kewaye da dutsen dama wasu abubuwan makamantan Hakan. Indiya A halin yanzu ana daukar kogin Ganges da Yamuna a matsayin mutane na doka a kokarin yaki da gurbatar yanayi. Kogunan suna da tsarki ga al'adun Hindu saboda ikon warkarwa da kuma jan hankalin mahajjata waɗanda suke wanka da watsa tokar matattu. Kogunan dai sun samu gurbacewa sosai da kimanin lita biliyan 1.5 na najasa da ba a kula da su ba da kuma lita miliyan 500 na sharar masana'antu da ke shiga kogunan a kullum. Wata babbar kotu a jihar Uttarakhand da ke arewacin Indiya ta ba da umarnin a watan Maris na shekarata 2017 cewa a ba Ganges da babbar hukumarsa, Yamuna matsayin hukumomin shari’a. Kogunan za su sami “dukkan haƙƙoƙin da suka dace, ayyuka da haƙƙoƙin mai rai.” Wannan shawarar tana nufin gurbata ko lalata kogunan daidai yake da cutar da mutum. Kotun ta ba da misali da kogin Whanganui na New Zealand, wanda kuma aka ayyana shi da cikakken haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan ci gaban mutuntaka na muhalli ya fuskanci shakku yayin da kawai sanar da cewa Ganges da Yamuna rayayyun halittu ba za su cece su daga gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi ba. Akwai yuwuwar a canza dabi'un al'adu da aka dade ana yi game da Ganges, wanda ke ganin cewa kogin yana da kayan tsarkakewa. Akwai ƙarin sukar cewa ana ba da kulawar kogunan ne kawai ga Uttarakhand, yanki a arewacin ƙasar Indiya wanda ke da ɗan ƙaramin yanki na kogin. Ganges yana gudana akan 2,525 km ta Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand da West Bengal, tare da 96 kawai. km mike a guje ta Uttarakhand. Ƙananan sashe ne kawai na 1,376 km Yamuna tributary yana bi ta Uttarakhand wanda kuma ya ratsa ta cikin jihohin Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi da Uttar Pradesh. Ko da kuwa shakkun da ke tattare da hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Uttarakhand, shelar wadannan koguna masu rauni a matsayin hukumomin shari'a suna kiran yunkurin sauyi zuwa kare haƙƙin muhalli da al'adu. Za a iya gina yanke shawara a kan matsayin ginshiƙi don canjin muhalli na gaba Ko wani lokaci. Amurka A cikin shekarata 2006, wata ƙaramar al'umma a Pennsylvania mai suna Tamaqua Borough ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyar haƙƙin yanayi mai suna Community Environmental Legal Defence Fund (CELDF). Tare, kungiyoyin sun tsara doka don kare al'umma da muhallinsu daga zubar da najasa mai guba. Tun daga 2006, CELDF ta taimaka tare da fiye da al'ummomi 30 a cikin jihohi goma a duk faɗin Amurka don haɓaka dokokin gida waɗanda ke tsara haƙƙoƙin yanayi. CELDF ta kuma taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na 2008 bayan zaben raba gardama na kasa. Bayan Tamaqua, wasu garuruwa da dama a duk faɗin Amurka sun tsara dokoki waɗanda, a zahiri, za su ba da haƙƙin halitta. A cikin shekarata 2008, mazauna wani gari mai suna Shapleigh, Maine sun ƙara sabbin tanadi ga kundin doka na garin. Sabbin sassan sun ba da haƙƙoƙi ga yanayi da jikunan ruwa waɗanda ke kewaye da Shapleigh, kuma ana zargin su da kwace haƙƙoƙin kamfanoni da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya bayar. Abin da ya haifar da canji ga lambar shari'a ta Shapleigh shi ne wani shiri na Kamfanin Nestle, wanda ya mallaki nau'ikan kwalaben ruwa da yawa kamar Poland Spring, don jigilar manyan motocin da ke cikin ruwan karkashin kasa daga Shapleigh zuwa wurin tankar ruwa. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ba a shigar da kara a kan Shapleigh, Maine ba saboda canjin dokar garin, kuma Kamfanin Nestle bai zabi ya kalubalanci lambar ba. A wannan yanayin, CELDF ba ta taimaka wa mazaunan Shapleigh ba wajen tsara sashe na 99-11 da 99-12 na kundin dokokinsu, maimakon lauyoyi daga Vermont ne suka taimaka musu. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2013, Celdf ya taimaka wa jami'ai a cikin Mora County, sabon Mexico wajen kirkirar iskar gas da man na ruwa da kuma jikin ruwa da ke zaune a cikin County Mora da ke zaune a cikin County. Wannan doka ta sanya gundumar Mora ta zama wuri na farko a cikin Amurka don hana samar da iskar gas da mai, a wani yanki, a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance. An shigar da kara a kan gundumar Mora a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2013 wanda ya tabbatar da cewa dokar gundumar Mora ta keta haƙƙin kamfanoni, musamman na farko, na biyar, da na goma sha huɗu. A cikin Janairu 2015, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka James O. Browning ya hambarar da dokar gundumar Mora yayin da yake kallon dokar ta keta haƙƙin fara gyara na kamfanoni. A farkon shekarata 2014, Grant Township, Indiana, Pennsylvania ya nemi taimakon CELDF wajen tsara dokar da za ta ba da yanayin ruwa da ke kewaye da Grant Township haƙƙin halitta. Wani kamfani mai suna Pennsylvania General Energy (PGE) ya mai da tsohuwar rijiyar mai da iskar gas zuwa rijiyar allurar ruwa,” kuma mazauna garin sun damu da abin da hakan zai iya nufi ga yanayin yanayin da ke kewaye da garinsu. Ruwan da ke cikin rijiyar allurar sharar gida sharar gida ce da ta ragu daga wani tsari da ake kira fracking Wannan ruwa yana iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu cutarwa da sinadarai masu cutar da ruwan ƙasa. A cikin Garin Grant, yawancin mazauna sun dogara da ƙaramin Mahoning Creek don buƙatun ruwa. Idan rijiyar allurar ruwan datti ta zubo, akwai yuwuwar ta iya gurbata karamar Mahoning. Hadarin kamuwa da cuta shine abin da ya sa mazauna garin Grant Township tambayar CELDF don taimako wajen tsara doka. Dokar Grant Township ta ba da haƙƙoƙin dabi'a ga yanayin muhalli da jikunan ruwa waɗanda ke cikin iyakokin garin Grant. Dokar Grant Township ta kuma tauye wa kamfanoni haƙƙoƙinsu na ganin cewa ba za a kalli kamfanoni a matsayin “mutane” a cikin iyakokin garin Grant Township ba. A watan Agusta 2014, PGE ta kai karar Grant Township wanda ya fara yakin shari'a wanda zai dauki kusan shekaru biyar. Grant Township ya rasa karar da PGE ta shigar a watan Afrilu 2019, kuma alkalin kotun Susan Baxter ya umarci Grant Township ya biya kudaden shari'a na PGE wadanda suka haura $100,000. Bugu da kari, an ayyana dokar Grant Township bata da aiki. A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, shekarata 2019, masu jefa ƙuri'a a Toledo, Ohio sun wuce Dokar Haƙƙin Lake Erie Babban abin da ke cikin Dokar Hakki na Lake Erie shi ne cewa Lake Erie yana da hakkin ya "girma." Mazauna Toledo, da kewaye, sun sha wahala sau da yawa inda ruwan famfo, wanda ke fitowa daga tafkin Erie, ba shi da aminci don sha, ko amfani da shi, saboda gurɓatacce. Lamarin rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha, da sauran matsalolin gurbacewar yanayi, shine ya sa mazauna Toledo su nemi taimako daga CELDF. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2019, ranar da masu jefa ƙuri'a suka zartar da Dokar Haƙƙin Lake Erie, wani manomi na Ohio ya shigar da ƙara. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Jack Zouhary ya karyata lissafin, yana yanke hukuncin "ba shi da ma'ana" kuma ya wuce "ikon gwamnatin gunduma a Ohio." A lokacin bazara na shekarata 2019, kabilar Yurok a arewacin California ta ba da matsayin kogin Klamath Ecuador Haƙƙoƙin yanayi “na wanzuwa, dagewa, kiyayewa da sake sabunta hanyoyinta” an yi shelar a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Ecuador na shekarar 2008 Wannan ya faru ne bayan zaben raba gardama na kasa a shekara ta 2008, wanda ya baiwa kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador damar nuna hakki ga yanayi, a duniya ta farko. Kowane mutum da al'umma na da hakkin bayar da shawarwari a madadin yanayi. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi shelar cewa "Jihar za ta ba da ƙarfafawa ga mutane na halitta da ƙungiyoyin doka da kuma al'ummomi don kare yanayi da kuma inganta mutunta duk abubuwan da suka haɗa da yanayin An gabatar da shari'ar farko ta nasarar aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin dabi'a a ƙarƙashin dokar tsarin mulkin Ecuador a gaban Kotun Lardin Loja a cikin shekarata 2011. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi kogin Vilcabamba a matsayin mai shigar da kara, wanda ke wakiltar kansa da 'yancinsa na 'kasassu' da kuma 'kasance' yayin da yake ƙoƙarin dakatar da aikin gina babbar hanyar gwamnati da ke yin katsalandan ga lafiyar kogin. Wasu mutane biyu, Richard Frederick Wheeler da Eleanor Geer Huddle ne suka gabatar da wannan shari'ar a gaban kotu, a matsayin masu kula da shari'a da ke aiki don kare yanayi musamman kogin Vilcabamba. An ba da umarnin tsarin mulki don goyon bayan kogin Vilcabamba da kuma adawa da gwamnatin lardin Loja, yunƙurin gudanar da aikin da zai cutar da muhalli. An tilasta wa dakatar da aikin, kuma za a gyara wurin. Bolivia Canjin tsarin mulki a Ecuador ya biyo bayan doka ta Bolivia a cikin shekarata 2010, ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Uwar Duniya Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra Wannan dokar ta bayyana Uwar Duniya halin 'batun gamayya na maslahar jama'a tare da haƙƙoƙin da aka kayyade a cikin doka. Dokar Haƙƙin Uwar Duniya ta ba da wasu fannoni na mutuntakar doka ga yanayin yanayi. Ana iya ɗaukar matakin shari'a don cin zarafi ga daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyi a matsayin wani ɓangare na Uwar Duniya a matsayin 'batun gamayya na muradun jama'a'. Dokar ta bayyana cewa "Uwar Duniya ita ce tsarin rayuwa mai ɗorewa wanda ya ƙunshi al'ummar da ba za a iya raba su ba na dukkan tsarin rayuwa, masu rai, masu alaƙa, masu dogaro da juna kuma masu dacewa, masu raba makoma guda ɗaya." Colombia Kotun tsarin mulkin Colombia ta gano a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2016 cewa kogin Atrat yana da haƙƙin "kariya, kiyayewa, kulawa, da maidowa." Wannan hukuncin ya samo asali ne sakamakon gurbacewar kogi daga hako ma'adinai, da yin tasiri ga yanayi da cutar da 'yan asalin yankin da al'adunsu. Kotun ta yi nuni da sanarwar kogin Whanganui na New Zealand a matsayin mutum na doka da ke rike da mutunta muhalli. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa za a gudanar da aikin rikon kwarya na hadin gwiwa a cikin wakilcin rafin Atrato. Hakazalika ga sanarwar New Zealand, wakilan za su fito ne daga gwamnatin ƙasa da ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a cikin kwandon. Kotun ta ce: (I) ita ce al'ummomin ɗan adam waɗanda ke da alaƙa da duniyar halitta kuma ba akasin haka ba kuma dole ne su ɗauki sakamakon ayyukansu da ƙetare tare da yanayin. Tambaya ce ta fahimtar wannan sabon gaskiyar zamantakewar zamantakewa tare da manufar samun canji mai mutuntawa tare da duniyar halitta da muhallinta, kamar yadda ya faru a baya tare da 'yancin ɗan adam da siyasa… duniya da albarkatunta kafin ya makara… A cikin watan na shekarata 2018 Kotun Koli ta Colombia ta ba da shawarar amincewa da yanayin kogin Amazon a matsayin batun haƙƙoƙi da masu cin gajiyar kariya dokokin yankin. Kanada An bai wa kogin Magpie a yankin Cote-Nord na Quebec wasu haƙƙoƙi, gami da yancin ɗaukar matakin shari'a, ta Majalisar Innu na Ekanitshit da gundumar Minganie Hukumomin yankin da Innu na iya nada wakilai da za su yi aiki a madadin kogin da kuma daukar matakin shari’a don kare hakkinsa wanda suka ayyana da: “Hakkin kwarara; 'yancin mutunta zagayowar sa; haƙƙin juyin halitta don a kiyaye shi da kiyaye shi; 'yancin kiyaye nau'in halittun halittu; 'yancin cika mahimman ayyukansa a cikin yanayin halittunsa; hakkin kiyaye mutuncinsa; 'yancin tsira daga gurbatar yanayi; 'yancin sake farfadowa da kuma mayar da shi; kuma a karshe, hakkin kai kara.” Wannan ya yi daidai da imani cewa kogin wani abu ne mai zaman kansa, rayayye daban da ayyukan ɗan adam. Hujja da kuma adawa Tunanin mutuntakar muhalli yana da cece-kuce, har ma a tsakanin masana muhalli. Mutum na iya ba da shawara ga tsarin doka wanda ya yarda da haƙƙin yanayi, amma maiyuwa ba zai yarda cewa mutuniyar muhalli ita ce hanya madaidaiciya don aiwatar da shi ba. Masu ra'ayin kare muhalli suna jayayya cewa yana da daraja a iya shigar da kara a madadin muhalli, saboda zai ba da damar kare muhalli wanda ba ya dogara ga cutar da mutane. Muhalli kuma ya fi mutunta muhimmiyar alaƙar ƴan asalin ƙasar da muhallinsu. Duk da haka, akwai gardama a kan manufar mutumtakar muhalli. Wata damuwa ita ce matsayin mutum na shari'a yana nuna haƙƙin ba kawai a kai ƙara ba amma a kai ƙara. Shin kogi zai iya zama alhakin lalacewar da yake haifarwa a ambaliya? Shin za a ce ma'aikatan wannan kogin su biya diyya daga bala'o'i? Lauyan Asusun Kare Muhalli na Community Lindsey Schromen-Wawrin ya rubuta cewa wannan damuwa ita ce "daya daga cikin abubuwan da za su iya kawo cikas a ra'ayi na ikon hakki a cikin yanayi ya zama bincike kan ayyukan lalata kuma a maimakon haka zai iya kafa nau'i kamar masu kula da albarkatun kasa. muhallin da aka yi ambaliya kuma a yanzu dole ne tsarin halittu ya biya daga cikin asusun da in ba haka ba zai tafi don maido da mazaunin da aka lalata masu muhalli." Wani abin damuwa shi ne cewa ko da tare da haƙƙin doka don yin ƙara a madadin mahallin halitta, ƙararraki suna da tsada. Akwai al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na muhalli idan kudin da za a yi amfani da 'yancin yin kara bai isa ba. Wasu batutuwa sun taso lokacin da abubuwan muhalli suka wanzu fiye da iyakokin ikon da suka yanke shawara game da mutuntakar muhalli, wanda shine lamarin kogin da ke da haƙƙin ɗan doka a Uttarakhand, Indiya. A cewar rahoton da gidan rediyon Jama’a na kasa ya bayar, akwai kuma lokuta da ‘yancin mahalli na iya yin hannun riga da ‘yancin dan Adam, “Yawancin dokokin [muhalli] kuma sun fuskanci turjiya daga masana’antu, manoma da kogi. al’ummomin da ke jayayya cewa ba da dabi’a na tauye hakkinsu da rayuwarsu.” Muhimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam na al'adu Amincewa da kogin Whanganui a matsayin halayya ta doka a New Zealand Te Awa Tupua ya ƙunshi ma'anar al'adu "haɗin da ba za a iya raba shi ba" da iwi na gida da hapu na kogin. Al'adar Māori tana ɗaukar siffofi na halitta kamar kogin Whanganui, a matsayin kakanni kuma iwi suna da alaƙa mai zurfi tare da su azaman rayayyun halittu. Wannan haɗin da ba za a iya raba shi ba na al'adun ƴan asalin da mahallinsu na zahiri yana bayyana a wasu sassan duniya kamar Colombia inda aka yi shela irin wannan yanayin muhalli ga rafin Atrato. Jagoran sasantawa na Whanganui iwi, Gerrard Albert, ya ce "muna daukar kogin a matsayin kakanni kuma koyaushe muna kula da kogin a matsayin rayayye shine hanyar da ta dace don kusanci shi, a matsayin wanda ba a iya raba shi gaba daya, maimakon tsarin gargajiya. a cikin shekaru 100 na ƙarshe na magance shi ta fuskar mallaka da gudanarwa." James DK Morris da Jacinta Ruru sun ba da shawarar cewa ba da “halin shari’a ga koguna hanya ɗaya ce da doka za ta iya tasowa don ba da dawwamammen alkawari na sulhu da Maori.” Wannan shi ne takaddamar shari'a mafi dadewa a New Zealand. Whanganui iwi sun kasance suna fafatawa don kwato hakkinsu cikin jituwa da kogin tun kimanin shekarun 1870. Ecocide Manufar kare muhalli a madadin muhalli ba sabon abu bane, kuma cutar da muhalli ta yadu yana da suna: ecocide. Kwamitin Kwararru mai zaman kansa don ma'anar shari'a na Ecocide ya bayyana ecocide a matsayin "ayyukan da ba su dace ba ko kuma ba daidai ba da aka aikata tare da sanin cewa akwai yuwuwar mummunar lalacewa ko kuma ta yadu ko na dogon lokaci ga yanayin da waɗannan ayyukan ke haifarwa." Akwai masu fafutuka na mai da ecocide laifin kasa da kasa, kamar laifukan da yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun Duniya ta ICC ta yi. Wannan zai sanya ecocide tare da laifukan duniya da aka sani a halin yanzu kamar kisan kiyashi, laifuffukan yaƙi, da laifuffukan cin zarafin ɗan adam. Idan aka kara da cewa, ecocide zai zama laifi kawai "wanda cutar da mutum ba shine abin da ake bukata don gurfanar da shi ba." Wannan kariyar dabi'a don yanayin yanayi shine jigon bayar da shawarwari a bayan mutunta muhalli. Shin akwai bukatar a cutar da 'yan adam don ba da damar daukar matakin shari'a? Manufar ecocide ba sabon abu ba ne, kuma ba shawara ba ne don ƙara shi zuwa Dokar Roma ta ICC. Sauran abunuwa Hakkokin yanayi Mutuncin kamfani Mutumin doka Mutunci Kogin Wanganui Ta Urewera Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Whanganui River Maori Trust Board Filin Yawon shakatawa na Hunganui Te Urewera Gidan Gida na Tuhoe Yanar Gizo na CELDF 2008 Tsarin Mulki na Ecuador Dan adam Muhalli Amerika Kanada Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40997

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20ya%C6%99e-ya%C6%99e%20da%20adadin%20wa%C9%97anda%20suka%20mutu

Jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da adadin waɗanda suka mutu

Wannan jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne da adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya haɗa da duk mace-macen da suka faru a wajen yaƙe-yaƙe kai tsaye ko kuwa a fakaice. Waɗannan mace-mace yawanci sun haɗa da mutuwar jami'an sojoji waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon yaƙi kai tsaye ko wasu harkokin yaƙair soja, sannan da kuma mutuwar sojoji a sakamakon annoban da yaƙi ya haifar, yunwa, kisan-kiyashi, kisan kare dangi, da dai sauransu. Kafin-zamaninmu na yau (kafin shekarar 1500 miladiya) Yaƙe-yaƙe na dā (kafin 500 AD) Note 1: The geometric mean is the middle of the quoted range, taken by multiplying together the endpoints and then taking the square root. Yaƙunan shekarun baya (500–1500 AD) La'akari: ba'a iya tantance cikakkun bayanai akan wani yaki a wasu lokutab, sannan wasu yakunan sun wanzu har tsawon rayuwar mutane, misali. "Reconquista" (711–1492, shekaru 781) "Mamayer Musulmai a kasashen Indiya" (12th zuwa 16th c., tsawon shekaru 500) "Crusades" (kamfe goma ko fiye da haka a tsakanin 1095–1291, tsawon shekaru 196), "Harin Mongol da mamaye yankin" (1206–1368, tsawon shekaru), "Mamayewar Musulunci na baya baya" (622–750, tsawon shekaru 128), "Yakin shekaru dari" (1337–1453, tsawon shekaru 115). Na zamani Yakunan Zamani (shekaru 1500AD zuwa yau) wanda aka rasa rayuka fiye da 25,000 Russo-Ukrainian War (outline) 200,000+ 2014–present Russia vs. Ukraine Ukraine Estimates of deaths vary widely. Yakunan Zamani da adadin mace-mace kasa da 25,000 22,211 Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) 22,000+ Dominican Restoration War (1863–1865) 21,000+ Six-Day War (1967) 20,068 Reform War (1857–1860) 20,000+ Yaqui Wars (1533–1929) 20,000+ War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) 20,000+ Ragamuffin War (1835–1845) 20,000+ Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912) 20,000 Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729) 19,619+ Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979) 19,000+ Mexican–American War (1846–1848) 18,069–20,069 First Opium War (1839–1842) 17,294+ 1940–44 insurgency in Chechnya (1940–1944) 17,200+ First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842) 16,765–17,065 Balochistan conflict (1948–present) 16,000+ War of the Pacific (1879–1883) 16,000+ Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) 16,000+ Spanish–American War (1898) 15,200–15,300 Peasants' War (1798) Part of the French Revolutionary Wars 15,000+ Nigerian Sharia conflict (2009–present) 15,000 Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) 14,460–14,922 South African Border War (1966–1990) 14,077–22,077 Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960) 13,929+ Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999) 13,812+ Naxalite-Maoist insurgency (1967–present) 13,100–34,000 Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–present) 13,073–26,373 1948 Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) 11,500–12,843 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Part of the Bangladesh Liberation War 10,700–14,300 Yom Kippur War (1973) 10,000+ Assam separatist movements (1979–present) 10,000+ Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) 10,000+ War in Donbas Part of the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present) 10,000+ Rwandan Civil War (1990–1994) 10,000+ First Italo-Ethiopian War (1894–1896) 10,000+ Second Melillan campaign (1909) 10,000+ Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) 10,000+ Spanish conquest of Tripoli (1510) 9,400+ Libyan Civil War (2011) (2011) 8,136+ Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 7,500–21,741 War of 1812 (1812–1815) 7,400–16,200 Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) (2015–present) 7,050+ Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510) 7,104+ Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (1947–1949) 7,000+ Chadian Civil War (2005–10) (2005–2010) 6,800–13,459 Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (1965) 6,859+ 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (2020–present) 5,641–6,991 Opposition–ISIL conflict during the Syrian Civil War 2014–present 6,543+ South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) 6,295+ Central African Republic conflict (2012–present) 5,641+ Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present) 5,100+ Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–present) Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict 5,000+ Casamance conflict (1982–2014) 5,000+ Chilean Civil War of 1891 (1891) 5,000+ Cuban Revolution (1953–1959) 5,000 War of the Reunions (1683–1684) 4,715+ Libyan Civil War (2014–present) (2014–present) 4,275 Dominican Civil War (1965) 4,200+ Shifta War (1963–1967) 4,000–10,000 Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present) 4,000 War of Devolution (1667–1668) 3,699+ Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (1992–present) 3,552+ First Schleswig War (1848–1852) 3,529+ The Northern Ireland Troubles (1966–1998) 3,366+ Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–2017) 3,270+ Second Schleswig War (1864) 3,222–3,722 Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (1956) 3,144+ Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) 3,114+ 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine (1947–1948) Part of the 1948 Palestine war 3,007+ War of the Golden Stool (1900) 3,000–6,000 Negro Rebellion (1912) 3,000–5,000 Croatian-Slovene Peasant Revolt (1573) 3,000+ Second Ivorian Civil War (2010–2011) 3,000+ Dominican War of Independence (1844) 3,000+ Banana Wars (1914–1933) 2,944+ Insurgency in the Maghreb (2004–present) 2,800+ Northern Mali conflict (2012–present) 2,781+ Iranian Revolution (1978–1979) 2,751+ Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) 2,557+ Sudan internal conflict (2011–present) (2011–present) 2,394+ Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 2,300+ Conflict in the Niger Delta (2003–present) 2,221–2,406 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict (2014) Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict 2,150+ Persian Expedition of 1796 (1796) 2,096+ Aden Emergency (1963–1967) 2,054+ South Yemen insurgency (2009–2015) ~2,014 Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) 2,000–3,800 Albanian Civil War (1997) 2,000+ Costa Rican Civil War (1948) 2,000+ Six-Day War (2000) (2000) 2,000+ 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes (2010) 2,000 Iran crisis of 1946 (1946) 1,810+ Anglo-Iraqi War (1941) Part of World War II 1,774+ Lapland War (1944–1945) Part of World War II 1,648 Sinaloa Cartel-Gulf Cartel conflict 2003–present 1,643–2,237 Transnistria War (1992) 1,561 Islamic State-related terrorist attacks in Turkey (2013–present) 1,500+ Irish Civil War (1922–1923) 1,480 Ifni War (1957–1958) 1,449+ M23 rebellion (2012–2013) Part of the Kivu Conflict 1,444 Taliban-ISIL conflict in Afghanistan 2015–present 1,300+ Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) 1,295+ Siachen conflict (1984–present) 1,229+ Basque conflict (1959–2011) 1,227–5,600 Kargil War (1999) 1,000–1,500 Cabinda conflict (1994–present) 1,000+ Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) 1,000+ 1991–92 South Ossetia War (1991–1992) 1,000+ Xinjiang conflict (1960–present) 1,000+ Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) 1,000+ Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict (2015–present) Part of the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) 1,000 Second Mafia War (1980-1983) 907 Falklands War (1982) 898 Barbary Wars (1801–1815) 864 Jamaican political conflict (1943–present) 850 Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon (2011–2017) Part of the Syrian Civil War 846 2011 Egyptian revolution (2011) 808 Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 789–1,874 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff (2001–2002) 771 Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) (2013–present) 740 Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966) 722 Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–present) 700–800 Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902) 670+ Infighting in the Gulf Cartel (2010–present) 659–2,496 Russia–Georgia war (2008) 650+ Infighting in Los Zetas (2010–present) 643–1,500 Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present) 621 Second 'Ndrangheta war (1985-1991) 316 Chiapas conflict (1994–present) 300+ Islamic Army–Al-Qaeda conflict (2006-2007) 547 Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959) 542 East Prigorodny Conflict (1992) 500 Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896) 422 Franco-Thai War (1940–1941) 327 RENAMO insurgency (2013–present) 275–569 Second Afar insurgency (1995–present) Part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict 236 Batwa-Luba clashes (2013–present) 233 First 'Ndrangheta war (1974–1976) 233 Anglophone Crisis (2017–present) 217 Cuban invasion of the Dominican Republic (1959) 213–523+ Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959) 206–345 Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2022) 200+ 1967 Opium War (1967) 200 Miami drug war (1970s-1980s) 200 1935 Yazidi revolt (1935) 174–194 United States occupation of Veracruz (1914) 160+ Quebec Biker War (1994-2002) 159 ISIL insurgency in Tunisia (2015–present) 141 2006 São Paulo violence outbreak (2006) 126 2016 Kasese clashes (2016) 115 The Pool War (2016–present) 108 Islamist insurgency in Mozambique (2017–present) 102–227 India–Pakistan military confrontation (2016–present) (2016–present) 99–500 Sand War (1963–1964) 95 2013 Guinea clashes (2013) 84–134 Lahad Datu standoff (2013) 82 Quasi-War (1798–1800) 82 North-West Rebellion (1885) 71 Paraguayan People's Army insurgency (2005–present) 70+ DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey (1990–present) 63 Ten-Day War (1991) 62–72 First Biker War (1977–1984) 56+ Dissident Irish Republican campaign (1998–present) 50+ Castellammarese War (1930–1931) 50+ Tong Wars (1800s–1930s) 46 Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1954) 45+ 2020 China–India skirmishes (2020–present) 41 2010 Rio de Janeiro security crisis (2010) 39–111 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) (2014–2015) 37 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2013) 36 Yama-Ichi War (1986-1989) 36 2016 Niger Delta conflict (2016–Present) Part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta 30+ Aldermen's wars (1916–1921) 23 Mafia-Camorra War (1915–1917) 20 Satan's Choice–Popeyes War (1974–1976) 20 2009 Vancouver gang war (2009) 20 Rowan County War (1884–1887) 16 Greene–Jones War (1860–present) 16 Piracy on Falcon Lake (2010–present) 12–61 2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish (2017) Part of the Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 11–30 2008 Kufra conflict (2008) 11+ Tutt–Everett War (1844–1850) 11 Great Nordic Biker War (1994–1997) 11 Gombe Chimpanzee War (1974–1978) 8 2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish (2011) 7 Bellevue War (1840) 2+ Ontario Biker War (1999–2002) 2+ Rock Machine-Rebels conflict (2009–present) Zane da jadawali

53300

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq%20Al-Awsat

Asharq Al-Awsat

Asharq Al-Awsat ma'ana "Gabas ta Tsakiya") jarida ce ta kasa da kasa ta Larabci mai hedikwata a London Majagaba na samfurin "kashe-gishiri" a cikin larabci na Larabci, ana yawan lura da takardar don fitattun shafuka masu launin kore. Duk da cewa an buga wannan takarda da sunan wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), an kafa wannan takarda ne da amincewar iyalan gidan sarautar Saudiyya da ministocin gwamnatin kasar, kuma an santa da goyon bayan gwamnatin Saudiyya. Jaridar mallakar Faisal bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, dan gidan sarautar Saudiyya ne. Asharq Al-Awsat yana ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa na ofisoshi da masu aiko da rahotanni a cikin ƙasashen Larabawa, Turai, Amurka, da Asiya Har ila yau, takardar tana da haɗin gwiwar haƙƙin mallaka tare da The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, da Ra'ayin Duniya, yana ba shi damar buga fassarar Larabci na masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kamar Thomas Friedman da David Ignatius Tarihi An ƙaddamar da ita a Landan a cikin 1978, kuma an buga shi a nahiyoyi huɗu a cikin birane 14, ana yawan cajin takardar a matsayin "jararriyar jaridar Larabawa ta yau da kullun," kuma tana kiran kanta "jarida ta farko ta Pan-Arab kullum" bisa la’akari da cewa kiyasin da aka yi a baya na yawo ya ba shi mafi girma da ake yadawa a gidajen jaridun Pan-Arab, wani nau’i da ya hada da babban mai fafatawa a gasar Al-Hayat Koyaya, ƙididdiga masu inganci ana samun su ne kawai daga farkon shekarun 2000, kafin abokin hamayyar Al-Hayat ya ƙaddamar da wani gagarumin yunƙuri na ƙara yaɗuwa a Saudi Arabiya. Babban editan jaridar na farko Jihad Khazen, yanzu mawallafi ne kuma edita ga abokin hamayyar Pan-Arab daily Al-Hayat, ya ba Hisham Hafiz daraja, tare da goyon bayan dan uwansa Mohammed Ali Hafez, don Tunanin farko na kafa jaridar Larabci a Landan. Sa'an nan kuma aka kaddamar da kullun a cikin 1978. Shi ma tsohon babban editan Othman Al Omeir ya ba 'yan'uwa Hisham da Mohammad Hafiz yabo saboda kafa takarda da kuma kula da ita. Tare da El Khazen, 'yan'uwa sun tashi don tabbatar da ƙimar ra'ayin ta hanyar batutuwa da dama na gwaji ga Yarima mai jiran gado na lokacin kuma daga baya sarki Fahd, wanda ya fara jin daɗin tunani amma sai ya rasa sha'awarsa. Khazen ya kuma yabawa jakadan Saudiyya na lokacin a Landan kuma mataimakin ministan yada labarai na lokacin da ya taimaka wajen samun amincewar Fahd a baki na fitar da jaridar a lokacin da yariman ke wata ziyarar aiki a Ingila. Rikici kan yarjejeniyar Camp David Bayan labarin babban taron jaridar na farko (dangane da kafa rundunar Amurka ta tsakiya a yankin gabas ta tsakiya), sabuwar jaridar da har yanzu ta yi suna ta hanyar cece-kuce game da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Masar da Isra'ila A yayin da ake fuskantar suka daga masu ba da gudummawa da ma'aikata game da yarjejeniyar Camp David da shugaban Masar Anwar Sadat, shugaban ofishin Alkahira Salah al Din Hafez ya yi murabus. Sa'an nan Sadat ya gudanar da taron manema labarai tare da sabon shugaban ofishin Asharq Al Awsat da ke gefensa inda shugaban na Masar ya kai hari kan jaridar da kuma matsayar da take da shi kan shirin zaman lafiya gaba daya, yana mai nuni da zargin da yake yi na albashi mai tsoka na shugaban ofishin, da kuma zarginsa. Yarima Fahd na amfani da jaridar a matsayin makami ga Masar da shugaban Masar da kansa. Daga baya Khazen ya tuna da abubuwan da suka faru, yana mai cewa: “Ina tsammanin wannan taron manema labarai ya kai dala miliyan daya (a cikin darajarsa a lokacin) na tallata jaridar kyauta, wanda tun daga lokacin ya zama abin sha'awa ga yawancin gwamnatocin kasashen waje da na kasashen waje. kafofin watsa labarai." Rahoton da aka yi muhawara 2004-08 An soki tsohon edita Alhomayed don buga jerin labarai na cin zarafi game da ƙasar Qatar tsakanin 2004 da 2008, lokacin da ya ga tashin hankali a dangantakar Saudiyya/Katari. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankali a wancan lokaci shi ne lokacin da jaridar ta buga rahotanni guda uku game da ziyarar da firaministan Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani ya yi a taron ministocin harkokin wajen kasashen Larabawa a Beirut a lokacin rikicin Lebanon a watan Agustan 2006 Asharq Al Awsat ya yi ikirarin a watan Agustan 2006 cewa ya tattauna da ministocin Isra'ila da ke kan hanyar zuwa taron, inda ya yi musu bayani kan matsayar Larabawa. Sheikh Hamad ya musanta zargin sannan Asharq Al Awsat ya buga labari na biyu yana zarginsa da karya. Wani yanki na uku a cikin Maris 2007, wani yanki na ra'ayi da Alhomayed ya rubuta, ya maimaita da'awar. nmnbjmguukugilede Duk da haka, a cikin Yuli 2008, Alhomayed ya bayyana cewa zargin ba gaskiya ba ne kuma ya nemi gafara a babban kotun da ke Landan "don duk wani abin kunya" da ya haifar. A ta, wanda jaridar kuma ta buga a bugunta da kuma gidan yanar gizo, Alhomayed ya ce "Sheikh Hamad bai yi wata tattaunawa ta asirce da gwamnatin Isra'ila ba a kan hanyar zuwa taron Beirut". Lauyan Sheikh Hamad Cameron Doley ya ce: "Wannan nasara ce da babu shakka. Zarge-zargen da ake yi masa a wancan lokacin zai iya zama illa ga shi da Qatar. Takardar ta yarda cewa ta yi kuskure. Abokin cinikina ya yi farin ciki da hakan-babu wani abu da ya wuce samun wannan shigar." An tabbatar da wannan labarin a cikin jaridar Asharq Al Awsat yar uwarta, Arab News, wadda ta ruwaito cewa an cimma sulhu cikin lumana ba tare da kotu ba ba tare da biyan diyya ba Sai dai kuma a wani lokaci an zargi Asharq Al Awsat na buga wata hira ta ƙarya game da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portsmouth Washegari The Guardian ya ambata cewa ainihin hirar gaskiya ce. Fitattun masu gyara Baya ga Jihad Khazen, sauran sanannun editocin baya sun hada da Erfan Nizameddine, Othman Al Omeir (wanda ya kafa Elaph da Abdul Rahman Al Rashed (babban manajan Al Arabiya tsakanin Afrilu 2004 da Nuwamba 2014). Tsohon edita shine Tariq Alhomayed wanda jagorancinsa ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban saboda yana da alaƙa da sukar Asharq Al-Awsat A cikin Yuli 2012, Adel Al Toraifi, babban editan The Majalla, an nada mataimakin babban editan Asharq Al Awsat A ranar 1 ga Janairu 2013, Al Toraifi ya maye gurbin Alhomayed a matsayin editan takarda. Wa'adin Al Toraifi ya ƙare a watan Yuli 2014. Sanannen ginshiƙai A shekara ta 2016, Asharq al-Awsat ta buga wani rahoto da ke zargin alhazan Iran da ke halartar taron tunawa da musulmi ‘yan Shi’a na Arbaeen a Iraki da yin lalata da mata, wanda aka tabbatar da cewa karya ce, a cewar Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Faransa Jaridar ta kori wakilinta na Bagadaza saboda rahoto. Labarin ya ce wani rahoton Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya bayyana cikin da ba a shirya ba da kuma cutar da Bisa labarin da aka bayar, an ce, mata 169 da ba su yi aure ba ne suka samu ciki daga mahajjatan Iran. Hukumar kula da lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce babu irin wannan rahoton da WHO ta buga, kuma ta yi Allah wadai da ambaton sunanta a cikin abin da ta kira labarai marasa tushe. A cewar Rana Sidani, mai magana da yawun hukumar ta WHO, kungiyar ta "kadu" da rahoton. Ta ce "suna tuntubar ma'aikatar lafiya ta Iraki kan yiwuwar daukar matakin shari'a kan takardar." Haider al-Abadi, firaministan Iraqi, da kuma "wasu manyan 'yan shi'a da dama" sun yi Allah wadai da rahoton Asharq al-Awsat da neman a ba su hakuri. A cikin watan Afrilun 2019, dan kasuwa dan kasar Saudiyya Hussein Shobakshi ya buga wani shafi a Asharq Al-Awsat inda ya yi Allah wadai da yawaitar kyamar Yahudawa a cikin al'adun Musulunci. Ya yi da'awar cewa wannan kyamar Yahudawa ce ta haifar da hijirar Yahudawa daga kasashen Larabawa da Musulmai "Ƙarfin ƙiyayyar Bayahude," in ji shi, "wanda kafofin watsa labaru da fasaha, wallafe-wallafe, da zane-zane na siyasa ke yadawa ya kai matakin da ba za a yi watsi da shi ba." Ya ci gaba da cewa: “Kiyayya a kasashen Larabawa ya samo asali ne daga abin kyama, ilimi na wariyar launin fata wanda ya samo asali daga tunanin Larabawa da ake amfani da su wajen sanya wa mutane lakabi a kan kabilanci, dangi, da kabilanci, da kuma mazhabar addini da suke. Wannan ilimi ne ya sanya dubban Yahudawa ‘yan kasashen Larabawa yin hijira bayan kafa kasar Isra’ila.” Suna da gasa Ko da yake jaridar mallakar Faisal bin Salman ce, kuma ana ganin ta ta fi goyon bayan Saudiyya fiye da abokin hamayyarta Al-Hayat, Asharq Al-Awsat ta yi wa kanta lissafin "jararriyar takarda ta Larabci ta kasa da kasa," kamar yadda ita ce ta farko ta Larabci. kullum don amfani da watsa tauraron dan adam don bugu lokaci guda a yawancin shafuka a fadin duniya. Masanin harkokin yada labarai Marc Lynch ya kira Asharq al-Awsat "mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya" na manyan jaridun kasashen Larabawa. Jaridar New York Times a cikin 2005 ta kira Asharq Al-Awsat "daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi tasiri a yankin." Manyan masu fafatawa da jaridar a Saudiyya su ne Al Hayat da Okaz a duniya, babban mai fafatawa a gasar shi ne Al Hayat, ko da yake sau da yawa ana haɗe shi da Al-Quds Al-Arabi wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kishiyarsa. A cewar wannan dichotomy, Asharq Al Awsat tana wakiltar "sansanin matsakaici" idan aka kwatanta da "sansanin kin amincewa" na Al-Quds Al-Arabi Matsayin edita Zargin haramtawa manyan marubuta 2006-2010 Masu sukar Alhomayed da'awar ya haramtawa marubuta Asharq Al Awsat masu sukar Saudiyya ko kawayenta. Misali daya shine Mona Eltahawy, wacce ta rubuta wa jaridar daga Janairu 2004 zuwa farkon 2006, tana mai da hankali kan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Mubarak a Masar Ta rubuta cewa sabon gidan yanar gizonsa na Ingilishi, wanda aka tsara don gabatar da fuska mai sassaucin ra'ayi ga duniya, ya fi sukar gwamnatocin Larabawa fiye da bugu na Larabci:Matsalar da Asharq al-Awsat ke da shi, fiye da yadda ta yarda da gwamnatocin Larabawa, ita ce ta da'awar sassaucin ra'ayi wanda ya kasance karya ne jarida a cikin harshen Larabci za ta bi ka'idodin jajayen larabci da ke jagorantar sukar shugabannin Larabawa yayin da a Turanci take gudanar da aiki. roughshod a kan wadanda sosai guda Lines. Wani shafi da na rubuta yana yaga gwamnatin Masar saboda kyale jami’an tsaronta su doke masu zanga-zangar lumana da kuma cin zarafin mata ‘yan jarida da masu zanga-zanga daga jaridun Larabci da gidan yanar gizo amma ya bayyana gaba dayansa a gidan yanar gizon Ingilishi. Manyan layukan jajayen ja a Asharq al-Awsat na iya zama mai sauƙi a cikin tsarin saukowa su ne dangin sarautar Saudiyya, ƙawayen Saudiyya a cikin Tekun Fasha (Katar, kishiya, ana ɗaukar wasan adalci) sannan sauran ƙawayen Larabawa na Saudiyya. A cikin irin wannan matsayi na jajayen layukan, da gaske gwamnatin Masar za ta iya ja da baya kuma ta bukaci Asharq al-Awsat ya rufe bakin mai suka. Duk da haka, ita ce ta sauka. Alhomayed ya amsa wa Eltahawy a cikin harshen Turanci da Larabci na Asharq Al Awsat Eltahawy ya lura cewa a mafi yawan lokuta an bar marubuci don gano da kansu cewa an hana shi ko ita maimakon samun dalili ko hujja daga Alhomayed. An yi imani da Alhomayed haramtawa wasu marubuta da dama da suka hada da manajan daraktan tashar labarai ta Al Arabiya da tsohon editan Asharq Al Awsat, Abdulrahman Al Rashed Al Rashed ya haifar da rudani a duniya a tsakiyar Satumba 2010 kuma Alhomayed ya shaida wa AFP cewa jaridar ba ta taba haramta shi ba. da aka ruwaito game da lamarin har sai 16 ga Satumba 2010 lokacin da jaridar ta ruwaito Al Rashed yana cewa da son rai ya daina rubuta musu. A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2010, Al Rashed ya koma rubutu a cikin Asharq Al Awsat Tun daga 2021, ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun. Zargi Saudiya 2009-2012 Zamanin Alhomayed ya ga wasu manyan labaran da suka shafi Saudiyya da aka yi watsi da su, ko kuma a tace su. Misali, karkashin Alhomayed Asharq Al Awsat an yi watsi da shi gaba daya na gimbiya Saudiya wacce ta samu mafaka a Burtaniya bayan da ta fuskanci barazanar kisa a kasarta saboda ta haifi 'ya'ya 'yar kasar Burtaniya da kuma shari'ar yariman Saudiyya Saud bin a 2010. Abdulaziz Al Saud, wanda ya kashe bawansa Bandar Abdulaziz a 2010. Wani ma’aikacin jaridar Manal Lutfi Khalil ya fito fili ya soki hakan, wanda ya yi magana kan yadda jaridar Saudi Arabia ta yi watsi da labarin da gangan a BBC Larabci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57604

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur%20al-Omari

Mansur al-Omari

Mansour al-Omari an haife shi a shekara ta 1979) ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasar Siriya ne kuma mai kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, ya ba da gudummawa ga rubuce-rubucen take haƙƙin ɗan adam a Siriya tare da farkon tashin hankalin Siriya An haifi al-Omari a Damascus babban birnin kasar Syria a shekara ta 1979 zuwa wani dangi mai matsakaicin matsayi, kuma ya girma a Damascus. al-Omari yayi karatun adabin turanci a jami'ar Damascus Yayin da yake dalibi a jami'a ya fara aikin fassara da aikin jarida. Aiki A shekara ta 2010, ya kasance editan babban sashin Turanci na mako-mako na zaman lafiya, da mujallar Siriya ta Amurka, kuma mai fassara a hukumance na bikin Short Film na Damascus, daga baya ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da mahangar yammacin Turai. Labarun Siriya ga ƙasashen Larabawa, da rubutu na asali don Orient net, da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida na Siriya. kuma ya yi aiki da fassarar asa don HRW, CMFE da VDC. Daga 2011, ya tattara jerin sunayen masu fafutukar siyasa, don VDC, waɗanda suka ɓace amma gwamnatin Siriya ta musanta hannu a bacewarsu, kamawa ko tsare su. Cibiyar ta yi kokarin rubutawa da kuma jera, amma kuma don samun bayanai da amsoshi ga iyalai, saboda a cewar Mansour, "Ka'ida ta Siriya, idan aka kama mutum, shi ne danginsu suna tsoron yin tambayoyi" Jami'an leken asiri na rundunar sojin saman Siriya sun kama Al-Omari a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2012 daga ofishin cibiyar yada labarai da 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki ta Siriya (CMFE). An kama wasu 'yan jarida goma sha biyar da masu fafutuka a wannan rana, ciki har da Mazen Darwish, shugaban (CMFE) da blogger Razan Ghazzawi An sake takwas daga cikinsu a watan Mayun 2012; An yi wa Mansour bacewar tilas ba tare da wani bayani a hukumance ba game da inda yake ko matsayinsa. har sai da aka sake shi a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2013. A wannan lokacin, an mayar da shi gidajen yari daban-daban, ciki har da watanni tara karkashin kulawar Maher al-Assad, ɗan'uwan Bashar al-Assad Ana azabtar da shi akai-akai a lokacin da ake tsare da shi kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan tsiraru da suka tsira daga wannan zaman azabtarwa. Amnesty International ta nada al-Omari a matsayin fursuna na lamiri, "an tsare shi ne kawai saboda amfani da 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki da tarayya cikin lumana dangane da aikinsa da CMFE. Fiye da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa ashirin, ciki har da Larabawa Network for Human Rights Information, Human Rights Watch, Index on Censorship, International Press Institute, Reporters Without Borders, da kuma World Organisation Against Torture, sun rattaba hannu kan wata wasika da ke kira ga al- Nan take aka saki Omar. Catherine Ashton, babbar wakiliyar kungiyar Tarayyar Turai kan harkokin waje da manufofin tsaro na Tarayyar Turai, ita ma ta yi Allah wadai da kamen, inda ta yi kira ga Syria da ta gaggauta sakin al-Omari da abokan aikinsa. Mansour al-Omari ya fito daga gidan yari dauke da jerin sunayen ’yan uwansa da aka kwafi a kan tarkacen kayan da aka rubuta da hadaddiyar jini da tsatsa. Ya bayyana cewa ya na da wannan a kullum a lokacin da ake tsare da shi, “Aikina ne, aikina, in rubuta sunayen”, ya yi ikirarin cewa kawai ya yi tunanin ya zama wajibi ya rubuta abin da yake shaida a kai, domin ya kasance. iya tuntubar iyalan wadanda ake tsare da su domin shaida musu inda suke. Kyauta Mansour al-Omari ya samu lambar yabo ta PEC a watan Yunin 2012, Kwamitin PEC na bayar da lambar yabo duk shekara don ba da kyauta ga wani mutum ko wata kungiya da ta yi aiki don kare 'yan jarida da 'yancin aikin jarida, a lokacin al-Omari ya kasance. har yanzu ana tsare. A cikin 2013 ya sami lambar yabo ta Hellman-Hammett wanda ke ba da lambar yabo ga marubuta saboda jajircewarsu na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da jajircewarsu wajen fuskantar zalunci na siyasa. Littafi Mai Tsarki Siriya Ta Hanyar Yammacin Turai Siriyawa: An azabtar da su don jajircewa don yin magana Amnesty International, Ranar Bacewar 2013 Mansour Al Omari Rahoton Human Rights Watch- An rasa a cikin Black Hole na Siriya Mansour Al Omari Aljazeera Hausa Report Mansour Al Omari Rahoton Masu Kare Gaba Mansour Al Omari Rahoton Reporters Without Borders Mansour Al Omari Kungiyar Yaki da azabtarwa ta Duniya Mansour Al Omari Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Amnesty International Mansour Al Omari PEC lambar yabo ta 2012 Cibiyar Nazarin Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Damascus Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

53390

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsan%20Abdi

Filsan Abdi

Vy Filsan Abdullahi Ahmed (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), kuma ana kiranta da Filsan Abdi, ɗan gwagwarmayar Habasha ne kuma ɗan siyasa daga yankin Somaliya Ita ce wacce ta kafa aikin Nabad da gidan talabijin na tauraron dan adam don inganta sadarwa da zaman lafiya a yankin Somaliya da tsakanin al'ummomin Somaliya da Oromo An kuma naɗa ta a matsayin ministar mata, yara da matasa ta Habasha a ranar 12 ga Maris din shekarar 2020, ta zama mafi karancin shekaru a majalisar ministocin Abiy Ahmed Filsan ta yi murabus daga majalisar ministocin a watan Satumbar shekarar 2021. A cikin Disamba 2021, ta bayyana wa jaridar Washington Post cewa ta yi murabus dangane da yadda Abiy ya tafiyar da yakin Tigray Yarantaka da ilimi An haifi Filsan Abdullahi a shekarar 1991/1992 (shekaru 31–32) in Dire Dawa Iyayenta sun fito ne daga Jigajiga babban birnin yankin Somali a kasar Habasha Mahaifiyar Filsan 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mahaifinta injiniyan mai wanda ya yi yawancin rayuwarsa a Saudiyya Filsan ta yi karatu kuma ta zauna a Addis Ababa inda ta sami digiri a fannin jagoranci da gudanarwa a jami'ar Unity, sannan ta wuce Ingila inda ta samu digiri a fannin kimiyyar sadarwa a jami'ar Hertfordshire Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da harshe a Ingila na shekaru da yawa. Aikin zaman lafiya/TV Filsan ta kirkiro aikin Nabad ("zaman lafiya") a matsayin martani ga tashe-tashen hankula a yankin Somaliya a watan Agustan 2018 wanda ya dabaibaye murabus din Abdi Mohamoud Omar, shugaban yankin Somaliya. Filsan ta ga Abdi a matsayin mai mulkin kama-karya. Aikin na Nabad, wanda ya shirya taron tattaunawa a Addis Ababa da Jigjiga, da nufin karfafa sadarwa tsakanin mazauna yankin Somaliya don "kwantar da duk wani rudani da rashin fahimta". A cikin hirar da ta yi da Addis Standard a shekarar 2019, Filsan ta bayyana al'ummar Somaliya da ke zaune a yankin Somaliya a matsayin masu son a karbe su a matsayin cikakkun 'yan kasar Habasha, kuma a nata ra'ayin, ba tare da kwazo da ra'ayin Babbar Somaliya ba. Aikin Nabad ya yi magana sosai da Qeerroos, gami da Jawar Mohammed, yayin da ya rage aikin mai zaman kansa. Daya daga cikin jigogin Nabad shi ne, a cewar Filsan, matasan Hego da Abdi suka yi makami ya kamata a ce an wanke kwakwale ne, ba wai makiya ba. Nabad ta shirya tarurrukan al'umma tare da Hegos. Wani jigon kuma shi ne tattaunawar Oromo da Somaliya a zaman wani bangare na tsarin warware rikici A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Nabad, Filsan ta ƙaddamar da gidan talabijin na tauraron dan adam ta ce, Nabad TV A watan Oktoban 2019, ita ce mace tilo da ke shugabantar gidan talabijin na tauraron dan adam a cewar BBC News A lokacin, gidan rediyon yana watsa shirye-shiryen sa'o'i shida a kowace rana cikin Somaliya Minista A farkon 2020, Filsan ta rike matsayin da gwamnatin tarayya ta Habasha ta ba jakadan fatan alheri Filsan ta zama Ministar Mata, Yara da Matasa ta Tarayyar Habasha a ranar 12 ga Maris 2020, ta maye gurbin Yalem Tsegaye, wacce ta kasance memba ta karshe ta Jam’iyyar Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) da aka cire daga majalisar Abiy Ahmed Filsan ta zama mafi karancin shekaru a majalisar ministoci Yakin Tigray A ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2021, a martanin da Debretsion Gebremichael ya yi game da cin zarafin jima'i a lokacin yaƙi a cikin jawabinsa game da Yaƙin Tigray, Filsan ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin tarayya "ba ta da manufar rashin haƙuri ga kowane nau'i na cin zarafin jima'i". Ma'aikatar, tare da Babban Mai Shari'a Adanech Abiebie da jami'an tsaro, sun kirkiro wata rundunar da za ta binciki wadanda aka yi hira da su, tattara bayanan likita da kuma taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade a yakin Tigray, da suka isa Mekelle a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, Filsan ta bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa rundunar ta "tabbatar [cewa] fyade [ya] ya faru gaba daya kuma ba tare da shakka ba". A watan Satumban 2021, Filsan ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na minista dangane da yadda Abiy ke tafiyar da yakin. Ta bayyana cewa "wani jami'i mai girma a ofishin Abiy" ya hana buga cikakken rahoton kwamitin, kuma "an gaya mata" cewa kawai ta saka fyade da mayakan da ke da alaka da kungiyar ta TPLF suka yi a cikin rahoton. Ta 11 ga Fabrairu 2021 tweet ta kasance martani ga toshe cikakken rahoton. Filsan ta bayyana cewa fyaden da aka aikata a yankunan Amhara da Afar a karshen shekarar 2021 TDF-OLA da aka kai harin na hadin gwiwa da ba zai yiyu ba idan da a ce an dauki alhakin aikata laifin fyaden da ya faru a yankin Tigray Filsan ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da ta yi a watan Disamba na 2021 cewa ta ga Firayim Minista Abiy a matsayin "mai karyatawa" kuma "mai rudu", kuma "shugabancinsa ya gaza". Ta ce tun kafin yakin, "zaman lafiya ba a taba ba da dama ba, kuma Abiy [ya] kamar yana jin dadin ra'ayin kawar da kungiyar ta TPLF". Abubuwan ra'ayi A watan Fabrairun 2019, Filsan ta ga ya yi wuri don yanke shawara ko shugabancin Mustafa Cagjar na yankin Somaliya ya yi nasara ko a'a. Ta bayyana cewa majalisar ministocin Mustafa ba ta dace da jinsi ba. A cikin Maris 2020, ta bayyana cewa an sami "yawan ci gaba a cikin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki" tsakanin tsohon shugaban Abdi da kuma shugaban Mustafa, kuma "yawan jama'a ba su ji tsoron" sabuwar gwamnati ba. Ta ce gwamnatin Mustafa tana da “tsara mai nisa” ta fuskar son zuciya da son kai kuma babu mata a cikin kwamitin zartarwa na yankin Somaliya. Nassoshi Haihuwan 1992 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57391

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Seltos

Kia Seltos

Kia Seltos Korean wani subcompact crossover SUV kerarre ta Kia An gabatar da shi a tsakiyar 2019, Seltos yana matsayi tsakanin ƙarami Stonic, Soul, ko Sonet da kuma mafi girma Sportage a Kia ta duniya SUV jeri. An tsara Seltos a matsayin samfur na duniya tare da bambance-bambancen guda uku da aka gabatar don kasuwanni daban-daban. Bambancin farko shine mafi girman sigar Seltos, wanda aka kera a Koriya ta Kudu (lambar suna: SP2 galibi ana nufin kasuwannin da suka ci gaba, gami da Arewacin Amurka da Australasia. Sauran bambance-bambancen guda biyu sune Seltos na Indiya (sunan lamba: SP2i da sigar Sinanci mai alaƙa da aka yiwa alama kamar Kia KX3 (lamba: SP2c Samfuran SP2i da SP2c sune ƙananan farashi na Seltos don shiga kasuwanni masu tasowa, wanda aka gina akan dandalin Hyundai-Kia K2 kuma yana da alaƙa da Hyundai Creta ix25 na biyu. Duk da kasancewa samfurin kasuwancin duniya, Seltos ba a siyar da shi a kasuwannin Turai. Sunan "Seltos" ya samo asali ne daga "Celtos", ɗan Hercules da Celtine a cikin tarihin Girkanci A cewar Kia, za a sayar da Seltos zuwa shekaru dubu Dubawa Seltos ya fara ne a matsayin motocin ra'ayi guda biyu, SP Concept, wanda aka nuna a 2018 Auto Expo a watan Fabrairu 2018, da Sa hannu na SP wanda aka nuna a Nunin Mota na 2019 Seoul a cikin Maris 2019. Dukansu motocin ra'ayi suna da kamanceceniya da nau'ikan samar da jama'a na yanzu. SP Concept ya samfoti SP2i Seltos da aka gina a Indiya, yayin da SP Signature shine ra'ayin sigar SP2 Seltos na Koriya ta Kudu. An ƙaddamar da Seltos a Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2019, Indiya a ranar 22 ga Agusta 2019, da Philippines a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2019 tare da fitarwa a kasuwannin duniya daban-daban ban da Turai a ƙarshen shekara. An kuma ƙaddamar da Seltos a Indonesia a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2020. An ƙaddamar da Seltos a cikin Amurka, Kanada, da Mexico a farkon 2020 don shekarar ƙirar 2021. An kuma gabatar da shi a cikin Rasha a watan Yuni 2020. A cewar Kia Motors Turai COO Emilio Herrera, Kia baya bayar da Seltos a Turai saboda shaharar manyan abubuwan SUV kamar Sportage da Sorento, da sakin Stonic da XCeed a cikin ƙaramin SUV. A cikin 2020 da 2021, Seltos shine samfurin Kia na biyu mafi kyawun siyarwa a duniya bayan Sportage, tare da Indiya a matsayin babbar kasuwa guda ɗaya. Farashin SP2 SP2 shine sunan lambar ciki da aka keɓance ga Seltos na Koriya ta Kudu da aka gina (ba kamar SP2c da China ta gina ba da SP2i na Indiya). Wannan sigar kuma an haɗa ta daga kayan buga-ƙasa a Rasha da Uzbekistan. An gina SP2 Seltos akan dandalin da aka raba tare da Hyundai Kona da Kia Soul. Gyaran fuska Koriya ta Kudu Seltos (SP2) da aka yi a Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2019. Matsayin da yake sama da Stonic, ana ba da shi tare da zaɓuɓɓukan injin guda biyu, injin Gamma turbo mai lita 1.6 wanda ke aiki akan iyakar 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) da 27 kg (265 N⋅m; 195 lbf⋅ft) na karfin juyi tare da da'awar ingancin man fetur na ɗayan kuma injin dizal <i id="mwrg">U-Line</i> mai nauyin lita 1.6 yana sanye da iyakar 136 PS (134 hp; 100 kW) da 32.6 kg (320 N⋅m; 236 lbf⋅ft) na karfin juyi tare da da'awar tattalin arzikin mai na Dukkanin injinan biyu suna sanye da watsa mai sauri guda bakwai Hakanan ana samunsa tare da zaɓin abin tuƙi. Ayyuka na taimakon direba da yawa gami da taimakon gujewa karo-gaba, taimako na bin layi, taimakon kiyaye hanya, gargaɗin direba, da taimakon katako mai ƙarfi suna samuwa a matsayin ma'auni don duk gyara. An fara buɗe samfurin da aka sabunta a watan Yuli 2022. Samfurin da aka sabunta yana fasalta fasalin shirin gaba, taron wutsiya na baya, da sauran bita. An sake fasalin ƙirar dashboard ɗin tare da nuni guda ɗaya wanda ke ɗauke da gungu mai inci 10.25 da allon tsarin infotainment inch 10.25, da ƙirar lever mai motsi ta hanyar waya An ƙaddamar da shi don shekarar ƙirar 2021, Seltos na Amurka da Kanada an sanya shi tsakanin Soul da Sportage. Yana da ƙorafi na gaba da aka sake fasalin don ƙara girman kusurwar gaba. Matakan datsa don Seltos na 2021 sune LX, S, S Turbo, EX, da SX Turbo. Kia Seltos na Arewacin Amurka yana ba da lita 2.0 na dabi'a tare da da na juzu'i, ma'auni akan LX, S, da EX trims tare da akwatin kayan aikin CVT da aka tallata azaman "Intelligent Variable Transmission" (IVT). Hakanan ana ba da injin turbo mai lita 1.6 wanda ke samar da da na juyi. Daidaitaccen akan Seltos SX kuma na zaɓi akan S, 1.6 Turbo ya zo tare da watsa atomatik mai sauri-dual-clutch guda bakwai. Ana samun faifan ƙafafu duka kuma daidaitattun akan mafi yawan trims ban da ƙirar S, inda zaɓin zaɓi ne kuma yana da kayan aikin injiniya iri ɗaya kamar babban Telluride Don shekarar ƙirar 2022, Seltos ya karɓi sabon alamar Kia tare da sabunta tambarin Kia da datsa Edition na Nightfall wanda ya maye gurbin ƙirar Turbo S. A Meziko, ba a bayar da SP2 Seltos ba, saboda ana siyar da SP2i Seltos na Indiya a cikin ƙasar maimakon. Ostiraliya An ƙaddamar da Seltos a cikin Oktoba 2019 a cikin kasuwar Ostiraliya. Maki biyar sun ƙunshi S, Sport, Sport+, Sport+ AWD, da GT-Line. Zaɓin ingin don ƙananan bambance-bambancen ƙarshen ya ƙunshi injin mai mai <i id="mw4A">lita</i> 2.0 wanda aka haɗa da CVT, yayin da mafi girman ƙirar AWD ke aiki da injin Gamma T-GDi mai lita 1.6 tare da DCT mai sauri bakwai. An sanye shi da wani takamaiman yanayin dakatarwa na yanki don dacewa da yanayin hanya a Ostiraliya. A cikin Satumba 2020, Kia Ostiraliya ta ba da wani kira a kan raka'a 2,465 na Seltos da aka sayar tsakanin 25 Oktoba 2019 da 25 ga Agusta 2020. Raka'o'in da abin ya shafa za a saka su da na'urar kullewa ta hana sata a cikin ramin tutiya don saduwa da Dokokin Ƙirar Australiya Seltos ita ce motar siyar da ta 25th mafi girma a Ostiraliya a cikin 2020. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30591

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyoyin%20kare%20muhalli%20a%20Switzerland

Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Switzerland

Ƙungiyoyi masu yawa kuma(ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu) suna wakiltar ƙungiyoyin muhalli a Switzerland Yanayi ya kuma gabatar da siyasa tare da manufofin muhalli na Switzerland. Ƙungiyoyi Ƙungiyoyi sun wanzu kuma suna aiki akan ma'auni na gida, kantonal, tarayya da na duniya. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli sun bambanta sosai a cikin ra'ayoyin siyasa da kuma yadda suke neman tasiri ga halaye da manufofin muhalli. na gwamnati Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli (tun 1971) Na gwamnati Pro Natura (tun shekarata 1909, Sashen Abokan Duniya na Swiss tun 1995) mafi tsufa Ƙungiyar Swiss don Kare Tsuntsaye (tun 1922, Sashen Swiss na BirdLife International Sashen Swiss na Asusun Duniya na Duniya (WWF Switzerland, tun shekarar 1961) mafi yawan mambobi Idon Jama'a (Bayanin Berne) (tun 1968) Ecology da Yawan Jama'a (tun 1971) Franz Weber Foundation (tun 1977) Ƙungiyar Sufuri da Muhalli na Swiss (tun 1979) Bio Suisse (tun 1981) Pro Specie Rara (tun 1982) Sashen Swiss na Greenpeace (tun 1984) Alternative Bank Schweiz (tun 1990) Bruno Manser Foundation (tun 1992) Sashen Swiss na Green Cross International (tun 1994) Summit Foundation (tun 2001) Myclimate Foundation (tun 2002) Swiss Climate Alliance (haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi 66, tun shekarata 2004) Category: Swiss Climate Alliance Matasan Swiss don Yanayi (tun 2015) Ƙungiyar Swiss don Kare Yanayi (tun 2018) Jam'iyyun siyasa Green Party of Switzerland (tun shekarata 1983) Green Liberal Party of Switzerland (tun 2007) Sauran ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa BreakFree [daga burbushin mai] Switzerland (tun shekarar 2016) Yajin yanayi Switzerland (tun 2018) Kashe Tawayen Switzerland (tun 2018) manufofin doka don Muhalli Doka A cikin shekarata 1874, an gabatar da wata kasida don kare gandun daji a cikin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Switzerland A cikin shekarar 1962, an gabatar da labarin tsarin mulki don kariyar yanayi A cikin shekarata 1967, Dokar Tarayya game da Kariya da Halittu da Al'adun gargajiya ta gabatar da musamman haƙƙin roko na ƙungiyoyin muhalli ("haƙƙin ɗaukaka", labarin 12) wanda ya ba duk ƙungiyoyin Swiss da ke da alaƙa da kariyar yanayi 'yancin tayar da gaba ɗaya ƙin yarda ko zuwa shigar da kara kan wasu ayyuka. Haƙƙin ƙungiyoyin muhalli don ɗaukaka daga baya kuma an haɗa su a cikin Dokar Tarayya kan Kare Muhalli (1985, labarin 55 da Dokar Tarayya kan Fasahar Jini da Ba Bil Adama ba (2004, labarin 28 A cikin shekarata 1971, kashi 92.7 cikin 100 na masu jefa ƙuri'a sun amince da wata ka'idar tsarin mulki don kare muhalli (Mataki na 24, a halin yanzu sashi na 74 na kundin tsarin mulkin 1999) da Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Tsarin ƙasa (wanda aka sake masa suna Ofishin Tarayya na Muhalli). a cikin 2006) an kafa shi (a matsayin ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri, Sadarwa da Makamashi An gabatar da Inventory na Tarayya na Filaye da Abubuwan Mota na Halitta a cikin shekarar 1977. A ranar 21 ga Mayu shekarata 2017, kashi 58 cikin 100 na masu jefa kuri'a na Switzerland sun yarda da sabon Dokar Makamashi da ke kafa dabarun makamashi na 2050 (msar da makamashi da kuma hana gina sabbin tashoshin makamashin nukiliya. Shahararrun himma An ƙaddamar da wasu mashahuran yunƙurin tarayya don ƙara kare muhalli An kar~i da dama daga cikinsu: Shahararriyar yunƙurin gwamnatin tarayya "don kariyar marsh" Rothenthurm initiative"), wanda kashi 57.8 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1987. Domin kare dausayi Shahararriyar yunƙurin gwamnatin tarayya "dakatar da gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki (moratorium)", wanda kashi 54.5 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 23 ga Satumba shekarata 1990. Tsawon shekaru goma na dakatar da gina sabbin tashoshin nukiliya. Shahararriyar yunƙurin tarayya "don kare wuraren tsaunuka daga zirga-zirgar ababen hawa" ("Initiative na Alps wanda kashi 51.9 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 20 ga Fabrairun 1994. Don kare yanayin Alpine daga mummunan tasirin zirga-zirga (duba kuma Ramin Gidan Gida na Gotthard Shahararriyar shirin gwamnatin tarayya "don abincin da aka samar ba tare da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta ba", wanda kashi 55.7 cikin dari na masu jefa kuri'a suka amince da shi a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2005. Don dakatar da al'adar kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara Shahararriyar yunƙurin tarayya "don kawo ƙarshen ginin gidaje na biyu" Franz Weber initiative"), wanda kashi 50.6 cikin ɗari na masu jefa ƙuri'a suka karɓa a ranar 12 ga Maris 2012. Don rage bazuwar birane ta hanyar iyakance adadin gidaje na biyu (tare da kaso na kashi ashirin cikin ɗari a kowace gari Duba wasu abubuwan 2000-watt al'umma Ƙungiyar yaƙi da makaman nukiliya a Switzerland Bio Suisse Energy a Switzerland Nature Parks a Switzerland Matakin fita daga jakunkunan filastik marasa nauyi (Switzerland) Sandoz sinadarai zube Gudanar da sharar gida a Switzerland Manazarta Sources Peter Knoepfel, Stéphane Nahrath, Jérôme Savary and Frédéric Varone, Analyse des politiques suisses de l’environnement, 2010 René Longet, Planète, sauvetage en cours, third edition, collection Le savoir suisse Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, 2016 Philippe Roch, "Écologie en Suisse (histoire)", in Dominique Bourg and Alain Papaux Dictionnaire de la pensée écologique, 2015 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Environment in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Environmental movement in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Protection of nature in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of

25871

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20pandemic%20a%20Africa

COVID-19 pandemic a Africa

Annobar cutar covid-19 an tabbatar ya bazu zuwa Afirka a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2020, tare da sanar da shari'ar farko da aka tabbatar a Masar. An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko da aka tabbatar a yankin kudu da Sahara a Najeriya a karshen watan Fabrairu 2020. A cikin watanni uku, kwayar cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar, kamar yadda Lesotho, ƙasar Afirka ta ƙarshe da ta tsira daga kamuwa da cutar, ta ba da rahoton shari'ar a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2020. Ya zuwa 26 ga Mayu, da alama yawancin ƙasashen Afirka suna fuskantar watsawar al'umma, kodayake iyakancewar gwajin ba ta da iyaka. Yawancin cututtukan da aka gano sun shigo daga Turai da Amurka maimakon daga China inda cutar ta samo asali. A farkon Yuni 2021, Afirka ta fuskanci guguwar COVID ta uku tare da bullar cutar a ƙasashe 14. Zuwa ranar 4 ga Yuli nahiyar ta yi rikodin fiye da 251,000 sabbin cututtukan Covid, karuwar kashi 20% daga makon da ya gabata da karuwar kashi 12% daga kololuwar Janairu. Fiye da ƙasashe goma sha shida na Afirka, ciki har da Malawi da Senegal, sun sami ci gaba a sabbin lokuta. Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi mata lakabi da 'Mafi Mutuwar Cutar Kwayar cuta ta Afirka'. An yi imanin cewa akwai karancin rahoto a ƙasashe da yawa na Afirka waɗanda ba su da ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya Dangane da nazarin yanayin yanayi na bazara na shekarar 2020 a Juba a Sudan ta Kudu, kasa da kashi 1% na masu kamuwa da cutar sun kamu da cutar. An sami sabbin bambance -bambancen damuwa game da kwayar cutar a Afirka: a cikin Fabrairu 2020 nau'in Beta a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a cikin Disamba 2020 bambancin Eta a Najeriya. Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta samu kusan allurar rigakafin COVID-19 miliyan 300 a cikin irin wannan yarjejeniya mafi girma ga Afirka; An sanar da shi a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan ya kasance mai zaman kansa na ƙoƙarin Samun damar COVID-19 na Kayan Aiki (COVAX) da nufin rarraba allurar COVID-19 ga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi. Musamman, duk da haka, ana cajin ƙasashen Afirka fiye da ninki biyu na abin da ƙasashen Turai za su biya na wasu alluran rigakafi. Ƙungiyar Bakwai (G-7) ta yi alƙawarin rarraba alluran rigakafin a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2021, kodayake ba a bayar da cikakkun bayanai ba. Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ta kuma ci gaba a matsayin mai ba da allurar rigakafi ga nahiyar. Duk da wannan ci gaba da aka samu, Afirka ita ce nahiya mafi karancin allurar rigakafi a duniya. A farkon Yuni 2021 Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa jigilar allurar rigakafin COVID-19 ta yi kusan dakatarwa a Afirka. A ranar 8 ga watan Yuni, hamshakin attajirin nan dan kasar Sudan da Birtaniyya mai suna Mo Ibrahim ya yi kakkausar suka ga al'ummomin kasa da kasa saboda gaza tabbatar da rarraba allurar rigakafin a fadin duniya. Zuwa 8 ga Yuli 2021, kashi 2% na nahiyar ne kawai aka yi wa allurar. Tarihin gabaɗaya Zuwa sati na biyu na Yuni 2020, Afirka ta zarce mutane 200,000 gaba ɗaya. Adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar sun karu cikin watan Yuni, inda nahiyar ta dauki kwanaki 98 don yin rikodin cutar 100,000 na farko, da kwanaki 18 don 100,000 na biyu. An ci gaba da hanzarin hanzarin, yayin da shari'o'i suka wuce maki 300,000 da 400,000 a ranar 6 ga Yuli. A ranar 8 ga Yuli 2020, shari'o'in sun wuce rabin miliyan. Rabin shari'o'in 500,000 da aka ruwaito a cikin nahiyar sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Kudu ko Masar. Kasashe goma ne ke da kashi 80% na rahoton da aka ruwaito. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayyana fargaba kan yaduwar cutar a Afirka a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2020, inda ta bayyana cewa adadin na Afirka ta Kudu na iya zama sanadiyyar ci gaba da barkewar cutar a duk fadin nahiyar. Adadin ya haura miliyan daya zuwa ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, inda kasashe biyar suka kai sama da kashi 75% na adadin wadanda aka tabbatar: Afirka ta Kudu, Masar, Morocco, Habasha da Najeriya. Lambobin gaskiya na gaskiya sun fi girma fiye da adadin da aka tabbatar, saboda ƙarancin gwajin gwaji a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka. Yawan mace -macen kasashen Afirka, ya yi kadan idan aka kwatanta da Turai saboda karancin shekarun alummominsu. A ranar 21 ga Agusta Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Afirka (CDC) ta Afirka ta bayyana "kyakkyawan fata" yayin da adadin sabbin wadanda suka kamu ya ragu, yayin da suka yi gargadi game da rashin gamsuwa. A wasu ƙasashe, adadin masu kamuwa da cutar ya fara ƙaruwa. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, John Nkengasong, shugaban CDC na Afirka, ya ce: "Lokaci ya yi da za a tunkari igiyar ruwa ta biyu a yanzu." A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, CDC na Afirka da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) sun ba da rahoton cewa tabbatattun shari'o'in suna ƙaruwa tun daga watan Yuli, musamman a Arewacin Afirka (Tunisia, Morocco da Libya). Yanayin ya daidaita a Afirka ta Kudu da Kenya, yayin da Senegal da Equatorial Guinea ke samun koma baya. A lokacin bazara na 2021, adadin kararrakin ya karu kuma ya kai kusan 202,000 a mako mako zuwa 27 ga Yuni. Tun daga ranar 13 ga Yuli 2021, 22 daga cikin jihohin Afirka 55 sun ba da rahoton shari'ar bambancin Delta. Ƙididdiga Jimlar tabbatattun shari'o'i ta ƙasa Lambobin yau da kullun ga ƙasashen Afirka da suka fi kamuwa da cutar: Yawan lamura masu aiki ta ƙasa. An tabbatar da shari'o'i ta ƙasa da ƙasa Tsarin lokaci ta ƙasa da ƙasa An tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu. A safiyar ranar 2 ga Maris, Aljeriya ta tabbatar da sabbin shari'o'i biyu na coronavirus, mace da 'yarta. A ranar 3 ga Maris, Aljeriya ta ba da rahoton wasu sabbin cututtukan guda biyu na coronavirus. Sabbin kararrakin guda biyu sun fito ne daga gida daya, uba da 'ya, kuma suna zaune a Faransa. A ranar 4 ga Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta yi rikodin sabbin maganganu huɗu da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar coronavirus, duka daga dangi ɗaya, wanda ya kawo jimlar adadin 12 da aka tabbatar. Dangane da ƙirar ƙira ta WHO ta ƙiyasta cewa Aljeriya na fuskantar babban haɗarin yaduwar COVID-19 idan ba a ba da fifikon matakan ɗaukar hoto kamar gano lamba ba. Angola A ranar 21 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a kasar. Tun daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Ya zuwa 18 ga Afrilu 2020, akwai jimillar mutane 19 da aka tabbatar sun mutu, biyu sun mutu sannan 6 sun warke. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2020 jimlar wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 17,433, inda 10,859 suka warke sannan 405 suka mutu. Akwai kararraki 6,169 masu aiki a karshen watan. Benin A ranar 16 ga Maris 2020, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 18 ga Afrilu, akwai jimillar wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar guda 35, mutum daya ya mutu sannan 18 sun warke. Adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar sun kai 3,251 a watan Disamba. Akwai marasa lafiya 3,061 da aka murmure, mutuwar 44, da shari'o'i 146 masu aiki a ƙarshen shekara. Botswana A ranar 30 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki uku na farko a Botswana. Don hana ci gaba da yaɗuwar cutar, gwamnati ta hana taron mutane sama da 50 da shigar mutane daga ƙasashen da ake ganin suna da haɗari. za a rufe iyakokin kuma an ba da izinin Jama'ar Botswana su dawo amma dole ne a keɓe su na tsawon kwanaki 14. An kuma rufe dukkan makarantun daga ranar 20 ga Maris. Burkina Faso A ranar 9 ga Maris 2020, an ba da rahoton bullar cutar guda biyu na farko a kasar a Burkina Faso. A ranar 13 ga Maris, an kuma tabbatar da karar ta uku, mutumin da ya yi mu'amala kai tsaye da kararrakin biyu na farko. Tun daga ranar 14 ga Maris, jimillar mutane bakwai aka tabbatar a kasar. Biyar daga cikin sabbin shari'o'in da aka tabbatar sun yi hulɗa kai tsaye da shari'o'in biyu na farko. Wasaya ɗan ƙasar Ingilishi ne wanda ke aiki a wurin hakar gwal a ƙasar da ya yi hutu a Liverpool kuma ya dawo ranar 10 ga Maris, yana wucewa ta Vancouver da Paris. there were a total of 557 confirmed cases, 35 deaths and 294 recovered cases. Zuwa karshen watan Disambar 2020, an sami adadin mutane 6,631, sun warke 4,978, 1,569 masu aiki, da mutuwar 84. Burundi A ranar 31 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a kasar. Shugaban Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, ya mutu yayin barkewar cutar; a hukumance ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya, amma ana hasashen cewa wataƙila ya mutu daga COVID-19 tare da danginsa kuma an ba da rahoton sun kamu da cutar. Kamaru A ranar 6 ga Maris aka tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kamaru. Dangane da ƙirar ƙira ta WHO ta ƙiyasta cewa Kamaru na fuskantar babban haɗarin yaduwar COVID-19 idan ba a ba da fifikon matakan ɗaukar abubuwa kamar gano lamba ba. Kamaru ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 27,336, shari'o'i 1,993 masu aiki, da jimlar mutuwar 451 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shine mutuwar mutane 17 a cikin yawan mutane miliyan daya. Cape Verde A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, an tabbatar da shari’ar farko a cikin kasar, mai shekaru 62 daga Burtaniya Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 14 ga watan Maris, tare da gano mara lafiyar a matsayin tsoho dan kasar Italiya mai shekaru 74 wanda ya koma Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya daga Milan, Italiya. Chadi A ranar 19 ga watan Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Fiye da mutane 4,000 ya zuwa yanzu sun gwada inganci A matsayin matakin rigakafin, gwamnati ta soke dukkan jiragen da ke shigowa cikin kasar, in ban da na jigilar kaya. Comoros A matsayin matakin rigakafin, matafiya masu isowa za a keɓe su na kwanaki 14 da isowa. Don hana yaduwar cutar, gwamnati ta soke dukkan jiragen sama masu shigowa tare da hana manyan taruka. A ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2020, mutumin da ya isa Mayotte daga Comoros ya gwada inganci don COVID-19. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Comoros. A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu, an sanar da mutuwar farko. An gwada mutane 54, kuma an gano lambobin 53. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo A ranar 10 ga watan Maris, an ba da rahoton shari'ar farko ta COVID-19 a cikin ƙasar. Tun daga Maris 2021, sama da mutane 25,000 sun gwada inganci Tun daga 27 ga watan Yuli 2021, an gano bambancin Delta a kashi 76% na samfuran da aka bincika. Matakan rigakafin A ranar 19 ga wata Maris, Shugaba Félix Tshisekedi ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a dakatar da dukkan jirage. Shugaban ya kafa dokar ta -baci tare da rufe kan iyakoki. An kuma rufe makarantu, mashaya, gidajen abinci, da wuraren ibada. Jamhuriyar Congo An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 14 ga watan Maris, wani mutum mai shekaru 50 wanda ya koma Jamhuriyar Congo daga Paris, Faransa. Djibouti A ranar 18 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Djibouti. Misira Ma'aikatar lafiya ta Masar ta sanar da shari'ar farko a kasar a filin jirgin saman Alkahira wanda ya shafi wani dan China a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu. A ranar 6 ga watan Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Masar da WHO sun tabbatar da sabbin maganganu 12 na kamuwa da cutar coronavirus. Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar na cikin ma'aikatan Masar da ke cikin jirgin ruwan Nilu Anuket, wanda ke tafiya daga Aswan zuwa Luxor A ranar 7 ga watan Maris 2020, hukumomin kiwon lafiya sun ba da sanarwar cewa mutane 45 da ke cikin jirgin sun gwada inganci, kuma an sanya jirgin a keɓe a tashar jirgin ruwa a Luxor Misira ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 152,719, 24,045 lokuta masu aiki, da jimillar mutuwar 8,362 a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu 2021. Wannan shine mutuwar mutane 81 a cikin yawan mutane miliyan daya. A cikin Janairu 2021, dangin wani COVID-19 mai shekaru 62 wanda ya mutu a Babban Asibitin El Husseineya na Masar saboda karancin iskar oxygen ya sanya bidiyon asibitin a Facebook. Bidiyon da ya nuna ma’aikatan lafiya a cikin wahala, suna farfado da wani mutum tare da taimakon injin hura iska ya shiga yanar gizo, yana mai gayyatar hankalin duniya game da gazawar gwamnati wajen magance cutar. Marasa lafiya huɗu sun mutu a wannan ranar kuma sanarwar hukuma da asibitin ta bayar ta ƙarasa da cewa marasa lafiyar sun sha wahala "rikitarwa", suna musanta "wata alaƙa" ta mutuwarsu tare da ƙarancin iskar oxygen. Wani bincike da New York Times ta jagoranta ya gano sabanin haka a cikin abin da bayanan da aka bayar yayin hirar da duka, dangin marasa lafiya, da ma'aikatan lafiya, suka tabbatar da sanadin mutuwar a matsayin rashin iskar oxygen. Masar ta fara yiwa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya allurar rigakafin cutar a ranar 24 ga Janairu. Likitoci sama da 300 sun mutu. Equatorial Guinea A ranar 14 ga watan Maris, an tabbatar da shari’ar farko a kasar. Eritrea A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da karar farko a Eritrea. Eswatini A ranar 14 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari’ar farko a kasar. Habasha An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 13 ga Maris, wanda mutumin Japan ne wanda ya isa kasar a ranar 4 ga Maris daga Burkina Faso. An ba da rahoton ƙarin ƙarin cutar guda uku a ranar 15 ga Maris. Mutanen uku sun yi mu'amala ta kusa da mutumin da aka ba da rahoton cewa ya kamu da cutar a ranar 13 ga Maris. Tun daga wannan lokacin, karin mutane takwas da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar a ma'aikatar lafiya ga jama'a, wanda ya kawo jimlar zuwa goma sha biyu. Daga cikin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar an ce wata tsohuwa 'yar Habasha' yar shekara tamanin da haihuwa tana da wasu alamun cutar yayin da wasu takwas ke kan hanyar murmurewa kuma suna nuna karancin alamun cutar. A ranar 27 ga Maris, ministan lafiya ya sake fitar da wata sanarwa inda ya bayyana cewa an gano karin wasu mutane hudu yayin da daya ke cikin birnin Adama na jihar Oromia kuma sauran ukun suna Addis Ababa Haka kuma, Ministan Lafiya ya tabbatar da wasu kararraki uku a ranar 31 ga Maris 2020. Hakanan, washegari an kara wasu kararraki uku. A cikin sanarwar manema labarai da ta gabata, hukumomin gwamnati sun lura cewa an sake gwada shari'ar guda ɗaya kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba ta da kyau kuma an aika biyu daga cikin shari'o'in da aka tabbatar zuwa ƙasarsu (Japan). A jimilce, an tabbatar da shari'o'i ashirin da tara A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2020 saboda ƙarin gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, an sami ƙarin shari'o'i shida da ke ƙaruwa zuwa talatin da biyar. Gwamnati da al'umma gaba ɗaya suna ɗaukar matakai don dakile ƙarin yaduwar wannan ƙwayar cuta. Daga cikin lamuran guda shida da aka gano akwai mutanen da ba su da tarihin balaguron kwanan nan, wanda hakan ya sanya ya firgita jama'a. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, an ba da rahoton ƙarin ƙarin cutar guda uku. Duk kararrakin sun fito ne daga Addis Ababa. Biyu daga cikin marassa lafiyar, ɗan shekara 29 da ɗan Habasha mai shekaru 34, suna da tarihin balaguro zuwa Dubai a ranakun daban-daban. Laifin na uku na mace Habasha ce 'yar shekara 35 da ta zo daga Sweden ranar 3 ga Afrilu. [31] A wannan ranar, an ba da rahoton ƙarin murmurewa, wanda ya ƙaru jimlar adadin waɗanda aka warke zuwa 4.A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, an sami karin wasu sabbin maganganu guda biyar na kwayar cutar. Uku daga cikinsu 'yan Habasha ne. Sauran biyun ‘yan asalin Libya da Eritrea ne. [33]. Akwai jimlar kararraki 43 A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, an gano ƙarin mutane kuma jimillar ta kasance 54. Daga cikin gwaje -gwaje 200+ da aka gudanar a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2020, an ƙara ƙarin shari'ar zuwa adadin wanda ya sa ya zama 55. Tare da halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu na nuna yaduwar cutar Habasha ta ayyana dokar ta -baci Tilahun Woldemichael, wani malamin addinin Orthodox na Habasha wanda aka ce yana da shekara 114, an sallame shi daga asibiti a ranar 25 ga Yuni bayan an yi masa magani da iskar oxygen da dexamethasone don coronavirus. Habasha tana da shari'o'i 5,200 da aka tabbatar. Habasha ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 129,455, shari'o'i 12,882 masu aiki, da jimlar mutuwar 2,006 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan daidai yake da mutuwar 17 a cikin yawan mutane miliyan daya. Yankunan Faransa Mayotte An ba da rahoton shari'ar farko ta cutar COVID-19 a cikin sashin Faransa na ketare da yankin Mayotte a ranar 13 ga Maris 2020. A ranar 31 ga Maris mutum na farko ya mutu sakamakon COVID-19. Asibiti ɗaya a Mayotte ya cika da marasa lafiya na COVID-19 a cikin Fabrairu 2021. Sojojin Faransa sun tura ma'aikatan lafiya da wasu gadaje na ICU, amma bai isa ba. Haɗuwa An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta COVID-19 ta isa sashen Faransanci na ketare da yankin Réunion a ranar 11 ga Maris 2020. Gabon An ba da sanarwar shari'ar farko ta kasar a ranar 12 ga Maris, wani dan kasar Gabon mai shekaru 27 wanda ya dawo Gabon daga Faransa kwanaki 4 kafin tabbatar da cutar coronavirus. Gambiya Gambiya ta ba da rahoton bullar cutar coronavirus ta farko daga wata mata 'yar shekara 20 da ta dawo daga Ingila ranar 17 ga Maris. Ghana Ghana ta ba da rahoton kararrakinta biyu na farko a ranar 12 ga Maris. Laifukan biyu mutane ne da suka dawo ƙasar daga Norway da Turkiyya, tare da fara binciken tuntuɓar. A ranar 11 ga Maris, Ministan Kudi, Ken Ofori-Atta, ya yi cedi daidai 100 miliyoyin don haɓaka shirye -shiryen shirye -shiryen coronavirus da Ghana. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ghana ta ba da rahoto a ranar 6 ga Agusta cewa sama da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya 2,000 ne suka kamu da cutar kuma shida sun mutu. Ghana ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 56,981, 1,404 masu aiki, da jimlar mutuwar 341 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shine mutuwar mutane 11 a kowace miliyan daya. Gini A ranar 13 ga Maris, Guinea ta tabbatar da karar ta ta farko, ma'aikaciyar tawagar Tarayyar Turai a Guinea. Aminci ya buɗe wani masallaci da ƙarfi a Dubréka a watan Mayu. Guinea-Bissau A ranar 25 ga Maris, Guinea-Bissau ta tabbatar da shari'o'in COVID-19 guda biyu na farko, ma’aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Congo da kuma dan kasar Indiya. Ivory Coast A ranar 11 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a kasar. Kasar Ivory Coast ta ba da rahoton kararraki 24,369, shari'o'i 1,373 masu aiki, da mutuwar mutane 140 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shine mutuwar mutane biyar a cikin yawan mutane miliyan daya. Kenya A ranar 12 ga Maris 2020, Shugaba Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta ya tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kenya. A ranar 13 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Kenya, wata mata da ta fito daga Amurka ta London. Kenya ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 98,555, 15,168 masu aiki, da jimlar mutuwar 1,720 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shine mutuwar mutane 32 a kowace miliyan daya. Lesotho A ranar 13 ga Mayu, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Lesotho.Kasar ta rubuta mutuwar farko a ranar 9 ga Yuli. Laberiya A ranar 16 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Laberiya. An ba da izinin sake buɗe majami'u da masallatai har zuwa 17 ga Mayu. Libya A ranar 17 ga Maris, don hana yaduwar kwayar cutar, Gwamnatin Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da ita ta rufe kan iyakokin kasar, ta dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na makwanni uku tare da hana ‘yan kasashen waje shiga kasar; makarantu, wuraren shakatawa, masallatai da wuraren taruwar jama'a suma an rufe su. A ranar 24 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Libya. Libya ta ba da rahoton adadin mutane 106,670, 21,730 masu aiki, da jimlar mutuwar 1,629 a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2021. Wannan shine mutuwar mutane 235 a cikin yawan mutane miliyan daya. Madagaskar A ranar 20 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kamuwa da cutar guda uku na farko a Madagascar. Duk mata ne. Madagascar tana da adadin 225 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar coronavirus, 98 sun warke, kuma babu mace -macen Madagascar maganin tushen magani wanda ake kira COVID-19 Organics ana turawa duk da gargadin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancin sa ba. Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Congo, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Laberiya, da Guinea Bissau duk sun riga sun karɓi dubban allurai na COVID-19 Organics kyauta. Malawi A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, an tabbatar da kararraki uku na farko a Malawi. A watan Afrilu 2020 Babbar Kotun Malawi ta ba da umarni na toshe matakan kulle -kullen da gwamnatin Malawi ta sanya. A watan Agustan 2020 gwamnatin Malawi ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin matakan da suka haɗa da sanya abin rufe fuska a wuraren jama'a don dakile yaduwar cutar Mali A ranar 25 ga Maris, an tabbatar da kararraki biyu na farko a Mali. Hana fita waje A cikin Maris 2020, Matshidiso Moeti na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya ce wanke hannu da nesanta jiki na iya zama ƙalubale a wasu wurare a Afirka. An yi tunanin cewa kulle -kullen ba zai yiwu ba, kuma ƙalubalen na iya taɓarɓarewa saboda yawaitar cututtuka kamar zazzabin cizon sauro, AIDS, tarin fuka, da kwalara Koyaya, ya zuwa watan Mayu, aƙalla ƙasashe 42 na Afirka sun sanya takunkumin rufe fuska ko cikakken tsari. Masu ba da shawara sun ce dabarun da ke kan gwaji na iya ba wa ƙasashen Afirka damar rage kulle -kullen da ke haifar da matsananciyar wahala ga waɗanda ke dogaro da kuɗin da ake samu kowace rana don samun damar ciyar da kansu da danginsu. Bugu da kari, akwai karuwar barazanar yunwa a kasashen Afirka da dama An aiwatar da matakan rigakafin da yawa a cikin kasashe daban -daban na Afirka, gami da takunkumin tafiye -tafiye, soke jirgin sama, soke taron, rufe makarantu, da rufe kan iyaka. Masu tasiri na zamantakewa da mashahuran mutane sun haɗu da murya tare da ƙwararrun masana lafiyar jama'a suna roƙon mutane da su yi nesantawar jama'a. Sauran matakan don ɗauka da iyakance yaduwar cutar sun haɗa da dokar hana fita, kulle -kulle, da tilasta sanya abin rufe fuska Kasuwanci na gida Kasuwannin cikin gida sun tallafa wa ƙoƙarin mayar da martani ta hanyar kuɗi kuma sun fara kera abin rufe fuska da tsabtace hannu. Kafofin watsa labarun An yi babban ƙoƙari don yaƙar ɓarkewar COVID-19 da samar da ingantattun bayanai don tallafawa martanin COVID-19. Shirin "tabbatarwa" na kafafen sada zumunta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi amfani da "masu aikin sa kai na bayanai" don taimakawa wajen karyata ikirarin karya game da gwajin allurar rigakafi da warkar da karya. Shirin UNESCO #DontGoViral ya ba da damar dacewa da al'adu, bayanai masu buɗewa cikin yarukan gida. Hukumar sadarwa ta 35-Arewa ta yi hadin gwiwa da COVID-19 Africa Open Data Project don yakar labaran karya ta Telegram da WhatsApp. Duba kuma 1899–1923 cholera pandemic 1918 Spanish flu pandemic 2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak 2009–2010 West African meningitis outbreak 2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan 2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak 2019–2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2018 Kivu Ebola epidemic 2014 2017 Madagascar plague outbreaks Black Death HIV/AIDS in Africa 2013–16 Western African Ebola virus epidemic Nassoshi Hanyoyin waje Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Afirka (CDC) Dashboard akan COVID-19 COVID-19 Africa Open Data Project Dashboard Kungiyar Lafiya ta Yammacin Afirka COVID-19 Dashboard Dashboard na WHO COVID-19 Covid-19 Pages with unreviewed

50035

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Ade-Ojo

Michael Ade-Ojo

Cif Michael Ade-Ojo, OON (an haife shi a ranar 14, ga watan Yuni 1938) hamshakin attajiri ne kuma hamshakin ɗan kasuwa ne kuma wanda ya kafa jami'ar Elizade a jihar Ilara-Mokin Ondo, Najeriya. Rayuwar farko Michael Ade-Ojo, wanda aka fi sani da "The Chief" Yoruba ne daga jihar Ondo a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma an haifi Michael Adeniya Ojo a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, 1938, a Ilara-Mokin, wani gari a jihar Ondo a cikin dangin marigayi Cif Solomon. Ojo (c.1878-1956), the Lisa of Ilara-Mokin, and Mrs. Beatrice Ademolawe Ojo (1891-1991), na 5 cikin yara shida. Mahaifinsa ya yi auren mata fiye da daya kuma yana da mata 3. Mahaifiyarsa, Ademolawe, ita ce 'yan ta uku ga Fatunsin, diyar limamin Ifa Erubuola. Ya halarci Makarantar Anglican St. Michael, Ilara-Mokin, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya (1944-1950). Daga nan ya halarci Kwalejin Imade da ke Owo, Najeriya (1954-1958), inda ya samu takardar shedar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma. Ya wuce Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN) a shekarar 1961, inda ya sami digiri na farko (BA) a fannin kasuwanci a shekarar 1965. Nasarori Cif Michael Ade-Ojo shi ne ya kafa Jami’ar Elizade, Ilara Mokin, a Jihar Ondo da kuma Elizade Motors. A yau, kamfanin da Ade Ojo ya fara da ma'aikatan tallafi guda daya kawai a shekarar 1971 ya zama kamfani tare da rassa da yawa ciki har da Toyota Nigeria Limited, Mikeade Investment Co. Ltd, Mikeade Property Dev. Co. Ltd, Classic Motors Ltd, Elizade Autoland Nigeria, Okin Travels Ltd, Oodua Creations Ltd, da sauransu. kuma kwanan nan, Shugaban Kamfanin Toyota Nigeria Limited, kuma wanda ya kafa Elizade Nigeria Limited, Cif Michael Ade. Ojo, sama da shekaru arba’in, ya shafe harkar kera motoci na Nijeriya kamar kolosi, Ya fara siyar da nau’ikan motoci iri-iri kamar Peugeot, Volkswagen, da sauransu, kafin daga bisani ya zauna kan Toyota, samfurin ya koma gida. suna a kasar. ya kalubalanci dansa, Demola, wanda ke jagorantar kamfanin Elizade Autoland wajen tura sabon jariri na kamfanin, JAC, don sanya dan kasar Sin wani sunan gida a tsakanin masu son motoci a Najeriya. Ade. Ojo, wanda ya ce har yanzu akwai sauran abubuwan da Toyota za ta cim ma a Najeriya, ya kuma bukaci masu gudanar da aikin na JAC da su yi la’akari da manyan kamfanonin kera motoci ta hanyar kaiwa matsayi na daya. Ya ce, “Muna so mu ci gaba da zama kamfanin mota na daya a Najeriya, mu sanya tambarin JAC ya zama na biyu ko ma ya wuce Toyota. Ina son ganin kyakkyawar hamayya tsakanin kamfanonin motoci biyu da ke da alaka da ni a Najeriya.” A hankali Ade Ojo yana canza garinsa na haihuwa Ilara-Mokin daga ƙauye zuwa wani gari mai fa'ida ta fuskar tattalin arziki ta hanyar ayyukan ci gaban al'umma daban-daban. Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya taya shugaban kamfanin Elizade Motors, Cif Michael Ade-Ojo murnar cika shekaru 80 da haihuwa a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni. Malam Garba Shehu, babban mataimaki na musamman ga shugaban kasa kan harkokin yada labarai da yada labarai, a wata sanarwa da ya fitar a Abuja ranar Laraba ya ce sakon taya murnan shugaban na kunshe ne a cikin wata wasika da shugaban ya aikewa Cif Ade-Ojo. Shugaba Buhari ya bi sahun ‘yan kasuwa da ‘yan uwa da abokan arziki na Cif Ade-Ojo wajen taya shi murna da “babban dan kasuwa yayin da yake murnar cika shekaru 80 a duniya a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni 2018.” Zumunci Fellow, Kwalejin Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwanci (F.AES) na Ausbeth Ajagu (2007) Fellow of Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos. 2009 Rayuwa ta sirri Cif Ade-Ojo ya auri matarsa ta farko, Elizabeth Wuraola Ade-Ojo a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, 1966, a Enugu, Nigeria, ya hadu da ita a Jami'ar Nsukka. Ya haɗa sunanta na farko Elizabeth da sunan sa na tsakiya, Ade, don ƙirƙirar sunan kamfaninsa Elizade. Daga baya ya kara sunansa na karshe zuwa sunansa na karshe, Ojo, kuma ya zama Ade-Ojo. Daga cikin ‘ya’yansa sun hada da Adeola Ade-Ojo, mai zanen kaya, Olakunle Ade-Ojo, dan kasuwa, da Ademola Ade-Ojo, dan kasuwa kuma. Duk 'ya'yansa biyu suna gudanar da managing director a Toyota Nigeria. Matarsa ta rasu kuma daga baya ya sake yin aure da Taiwo Ade-Ojo a shekarar 2012. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

33211

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%20Ige

Bola Ige

Chief James Ajibola Idowu Ige an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1930), wanda aka fi sani da Bola Ige, lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa a Najeriya. Ya rike muƙamin ministan shari'a na tarayyar Najeriya daga watan Janairun shekarar 2000 har zuwa lokacin da aka kashe shi a watan Disamba a shekarar 2001. Ya taɓa zama gwamnan jihar Oyo daga shekara ta 1979 zuwa shekarar 1983 a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu ta Najeriya. Tarihin rayuwa An haifi James Ajibola Idowu Adegoke Ige a Esa Oke, Jihar Osun a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1930. Iyayensa ƴan kabilar Yarbawa ne a garin Esa-Oke, a tsohuwar Jihar Oyo (yanzu a Jihar Osun Ige ya bar Kaduna ya nufi kudu zuwa yankin Yamma yana ɗan shekara 14. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar ta Ibadan a shekarar (1943 zuwa 1948), sannan ya yi a Jami'ar Ibadan Daga nan, ya tafi Kwalejin Jami'ar London, inda ya kammala karatun digiri a cikin shekarar shekarar 1959. An kira shi zuwa mashaya a cikin Inner Temple na London a cikin shekarar 1961. Ige ya kafa kamfanin, Bola Ige Co a shekara ta 1961, sannan ya zama Babban Lauyan Najeriya. Ya shahara a ƙasar nan saboda bajintar magana, da kuma fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a da dimokuradiyya. Ige Kirista ne Ige yana magana da manyan harsunan Najeriya guda uku, Yarbanci, Ibo da Hausa sosai. Ya rubuta litattafai da yawa, kuma an buga tarihin kasidu da kwarjini game da shi jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarsa. Soma siyasa A lokacin jamhuriya ta farko (1963 zuwa19 66), yana da shekaru 31 a duniya yana tsakiyar rikicin kungiyar Action Group, lokacin da Cif Obafemi Awolowo ya fafata da mataimakinsa, Cif Samuel Ladoke Akintola Ya zama abokin hamayyar Olusola Olaosebikan don maye gurbin Obafemi Awolowo. Ige ya kasance Kwamishinan Noma a Yankin Yammacin Najeriya a shekara ta (1967 zuwa 1970) a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Yakubu Gowon. A shekara ta 1967, ya zama abokin Olusegun Obasanjo, wanda shi ne kwamandan birgediya na soji a Ibadan. A farkon shekarun 1970, a lokacin farkon mulkin soja, ya ba da lokacinsa ga yaƙin da wariyar launin fata na Majalisar Coci ta Duniya A karshen shekarun 1970 ya koma jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), wanda ya gaji ƙungiyar Action Group. Lokacin da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya kafa jamhuriya ta biyu, an zaɓe shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar Oyo daga watan Oktoban a shekara ta 1979 zuwa Oktoban shekara ta 1983. Adebisi Akande, wanda daga baya ya zama gwamnan jihar Osun bayan ta raba gari da jihar Oyo, shi ne mataimakinsa a wannan lokaci. A zaɓen shekara ta 1983, lokacin da ya sake tsayawa takara a matsayin ɗan takarar jam’iyyar UPN, Dr. Victor Omololu Olunloyo ya doke shi. Ige dai bai yi nasara ba ya ƙalubalanci zaɓen a kotu. Sai dai Olunloyo ya rasa kujerar bayan watanni uku, bayan juyin mulkin da Janar Muhammadu Buhari da Tunde Idiagbon suka yi. An tsare Ige ne bayan juyin mulkin, inda ake zarginsa da azurta kansa da kuɗaɗen jam’iyyar. An sake shi a shekarar ta 1985, bayan juyin mulki na gaba da aka koma yi, wanda Ibrahim Babangida yayi, kuma ya koma aikinsa na shari'a da kuma rubuce-rubuce. A cikin shekara ta 1990, ya buga People, Politics And Politicians of Nigeria a shekara ta: 1940 zuwa shekara ta 1979, littafin da ya fara rubutawa tun yana cikin kurkuku. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Yarbawa, Afenifere. Duk da cewa Ige ya soki mulkin soja na Janar Sani Abacha, ya kauce wa matsalolin siyasa a wannan lokacin. Jamhuriya ta hudu Bayan dawo da mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekara ta 1999, Ige ya nemi jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy ta tsayar da shi a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyar, amma anƙi amincewa da muradin nasa. Shugaba Obasanjo ya nada Ige a matsayin ministan ma'adinai da wutar lantarki a shekara ta (1999 zuwa shekara ta 2000). Bai iya yin wani gagarumin ci gaba a hidimar da Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Ƙasa (NEPA) ke bayarwa ba. Sannan ya zama Ministan Shari’a kuma Babban Lauyan Tarayyar Najeriya a shekara ta (2000 zuwa 2001). A watan Satumba na shekarar 2001, Ige ya ce gwamnatin tarayya ta bullo da wani shiri na sake tsarawa tare da haɗa dokokin tarayya, da buga su ta hanyar dijital da kuma sanya su a shafin yanar gizon ma’aikatarsa. Ya kuma yi kamfen da kakkausar murya na nuna adawa da kafa dokar shari’a a jihohin arewacin Najeriya. A watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2001, ya ce gwamnatin tarayya ba za ta bari gwamnatin jihar Sokoto ta zartar da hukuncin da wata kotun shari’ar Musulunci ta Gwadabawa ta yanke na jife wata mata mai suna Safiya Hussaini har lahira saboda ta aikata zina. Ige na shirin karɓar sabon muƙami ne a matsayin mamba na Hukumar Dokokin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya lokacin da aka harbe shi a Ibadan, babban birnin Jihar Oyo. Mutuwa A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta2001, an harbe Ige a gidansa da ke birnin Ibadan a kudu maso yammacin ƙasar. An dai tafka cece-kuce a jam’iyyarsa ta Alliance for Democracy a jihar Osun. A makon da ya gabata ne dai da alamu rikicin da aka dade ana gwabzawa tsakanin gwamnan jihar Osun, Bisi Akande da mataimakinsa Iyiola Omisore, ya taimaka wajen mutuwar wani ɗan majalisar dokokin jihar Osun, Odunayo Olagbaju Gwamnatin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta tura sojoji a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya domin daƙile wani tashin hankali na kisan gilla. Duk da cewa an kama wasu mutane daban-daban tare da yi musu shari’a kan hannu a kisan, ciki har da Iyiola Omisore, duk an wanke su. Ya wazu watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2010 ba a gano makasan shi ba. An yi jana’izar shi ne a garinsu da ke Esa-Oke a Jihar Osun. A jawabin da ya yi a wajen jana’izar sa, an ambato shi yana cewa yana da tabbacin Najeriya ta cancanci rayuwa amma bai da tabbacin cewa ta mutu. Littattafai Kalaman Zinare: zaɓi na zance mai ban sha'awa da na fi so Ibadan Aljihu Gifts Oxford Littattafan Afirka Tarin [mai rarrabawa], c2000. x, 163 shafi; 19 cm. Littafin Diary Ibadan NPS Ilimi, 1992. 262 p. 23 cm. ISBN 978-2556-45-9 978-129-496-5 Tsarin Mulki da Matsalar Najeriya Legas: Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Najeriya, 1995. 36 pp.; 21 cm. ISBN 978-2353-43-4 978-2556-35-1 Duba kuma Jerin kisan da ba a warware ba Nassoshi 2001 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya Gwamnonin jihar Oyo Haifaffun 1930 Mutuwan

53654

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness%20World%20Records

Guinness World Records

Guinness World Records, wanda aka sani tun farkonsa a 1955. Har zuwa 1999 a matsayin Guinness Book of Records, Da kuma a cikin bugu na baya-bayan nan na Amurka a matsayin The Guinness Book of Records. littafi ne na Biritaniya da ake bugawa a kowace shekara, littafi ne da ya ke taskance muhimman al'amuran da suka faru a duniya, yana jera bayanan duniya duka nasarorin ɗan adam da iyakar duniya. Masanin Sir Hugh Beaver,, littafin ya kasance tare da 'yan'uwa tagwaye Norris da Ross McWhirter a Fleet Street, London, a watan Agusta 1955. Buga na farko ya kasance kan gaba a jerin masu siyarwa a Burtaniya ta Kirsimeti 1955. A shekara mai zuwa aka kaddamar da littafin a duniya, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yanzu ya cika shekara ta 67 da bugawa, wanda aka buga a kasashe 100 da harsuna 23, kuma yana adana sama da bayanai 53,000 a cikin bayanansa. Ƙimar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar duniya ta tsawaita fiye da bugawa don haɗa jerin talabijin da gidajen tarihi. Shahararriyar ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ya haifar da Guinness World Records. Ta zama tushen farko na kasa da kasa don tantancewa da tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan duniya. Ƙungiyar tana ɗaukar alkalan rikodin don tabbatar da sahihancin saitin da karya bayanai. Bayan jerin masu mallakar, ikon mallakar ƙungiyar, Jim Pattison tun daga 2008, tare da hedkwatarta ta koma South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf, London a cikin 2017. Tun daga 2008, Guinness World Records ya daidaita tsarin kasuwancinsa don ƙirƙira sabbin bayanan duniya a matsayin tallan tallace-tallace ga kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane, wanda ya jawo zargi. Tarihi A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, sannan manajan darekta na Guinness Breweries, ya tafi bikin harbi a Arewacin Slob, ta Kogin Slaney a County Wexford, Ireland. Bayan ya rasa harbi a kan wani plover na zinariya, ya shiga cikin muhawara game da wane ne tsuntsu mafi sauri a Turai, mai tsalle-tsalle na zinari ko kuma ja (shine plover). A wannan maraice a Castlebridge House, ya gane cewa ba zai yiwu a iya tabbatarwa a cikin littattafan tunani ba ko plover na zinare shine tsuntsu mafi sauri a Turai. Beaver ya san cewa dole ne a sami wasu tambayoyi da yawa da aka yi ta muhawara a cikin dare a tsakanin jama'a, amma babu wani littafi a duniya da za a sasanta muhawara game da bayanai. Sai ya gane cewa littafin da ke ba da amsoshin irin wannan tambayar zai iya yin nasara. Tunanin Beaver ya zama gaskiya lokacin da ma'aikacin Guinness Christopher Chataway ya ba da shawarar abokan jami'a Norris da Ross McWhirter, waɗanda ke gudanar da hukumar gano gaskiya a London. An umurci ’yan’uwan tagwayen su tattara abin da ya zama Littafin Guinness na (Mafi Girma da Yanzu) Records, a watan Agusta 1954. Kwafi dubu aka buga aka ba su. Bayan kafa Ofishin Guinness Book of Records a saman Ludgate House, 107 Fleet Street, London, an ɗaure bugu na farko mai shafi 198 a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1955 kuma ya tafi saman jerin masu siyar da Birtaniyya ta Kirsimeti. A shekara ta gaba, mai shela David Boehm na New York ya shigar da shi cikin Amurka kuma ya sayar da kwafi 70,000. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Guinness World Records ya sayar da fiye da 100 kwafi miliyan a cikin ƙasashe 100 da harsuna 37. Domin littafin ya zama abin mamaki, an buga ƙarin bugu da yawa, daga ƙarshe ya daidaita zuwa tsarin bita guda ɗaya a shekara, wanda aka buga a watan Satumba/Oktoba, a lokacin Kirsimeti. McWhirters sun ci gaba da tattara shi shekaru da yawa. Dukansu 'yan'uwa suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar encyclopedic; a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na BBC Record Breakers, bisa ga littafin, za su dauki tambayoyin da yara a cikin masu sauraro suka yi a kan labaran duniya daban-daban kuma suna iya ba da amsa daidai. An kashe Ross McWhirter da wasu mambobi biyu na Sojojin Rikicin Irish na Republican a cikin 1975, a matsayin martani ga bayar da tukuicin fan 50,000 ga bayanan da za su kai ga kama mambobin kungiyar. Bayan kashe Ross, fasalin da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayon inda aka amsa tambayoyi game da bayanan da yara suka yi an kira Norris akan Spot Norris ya ci gaba da zama babban editan littafin. Guinness Superlatives, daga baya Guinness World Records Limited, an kafa shi a cikin 1954 don buga littafi na farko. Mawallafin Sterling ya mallaki haƙƙin littafin Guinness a Amurka shekaru da yawa har sai da Guinness ya sake siye shi a cikin 1989 bayan wata 18 da ta yi shari'a. Kungiyar ta Guinness PLC ce kuma daga baya Diageo har zuwa 2001, lokacin da Gullane Entertainment ya siye ta akan $65. miliyan. HIT Entertainment ta siya Gullane da kanta a cikin 2002. A cikin 2006, Abokan hulɗa na Apax sun sayi HIT kuma daga baya sun sayar da Guinness World Records a farkon 2008 zuwa Jim Pattison Group, kamfanin iyaye na Ripley Entertainment, wanda ke da lasisi don yin aiki da Guinness World Records' Attractions. Tare da ofisoshi a cikin New York City da Tokyo, Guinness World Records hedkwatar duniya ta kasance a London, musamman South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf, yayin da abubuwan jan hankali na gidan kayan gargajiya, suna dogara ne a hedkwatar Ripley a Orlando, Florida, Amurka. Juyin Halitta Buga na baya-bayan nan sun mayar da hankali kan ayyukan rikodin da daidaikun mutane suka yi. Gasar ta fito ne daga na zahiri kamar dagawa na Olympics zuwa mafi tsayin kwai mai nisa, ko kuma tsawon lokacin da aka kashe ana wasa Grand Sata Auto IV ko adadin karnuka masu zafi waɗanda za a iya cinye su cikin mintuna uku. Bayan bayanan game da gasa, yana ɗauke da bayanai irin su ƙwayar cuta mafi nauyi, mafi yawan naman gwari mai guba, wasan opera mafi tsayi da manufofin inshorar rayuwa mafi mahimmanci, da sauransu. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen kuma sun danganta ga mafi ƙanƙanta waɗanda suka sami wani abu, kamar ƙaramin mutum don ziyarci duk al'ummomin duniya, wanda Maurizio Giuliano ke riƙe a halin yanzu. Kowane bugu ya ƙunshi zaɓi na bayanan daga bayanan Guinness World Records, da kuma zaɓi sabbin bayanai, tare da ƙa'idodin haɗawa suna canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara. Ritaya Norris McWhirter daga matsayinsa na tuntuɓar a 1995 da shawarar da Diageo Plc ta yanke na siyar da alamar Littattafan Guinness na Rikodi sun mayar da hankalin littattafan daga madaidaitan rubutu zuwa madaidaicin misali. An tsara zaɓaɓɓun bayanan don littafin daga cikakken tarihin amma duk taken Guinness World Records ana iya samun dama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shiga a gidan yanar gizon kamfanin. Aikace-aikacen da mutane suka yi don nau'ikan rikodin da ke akwai kyauta ne. Akwai kuɗin gudanarwa na $5 don ba da shawarar sabon taken rikodin. An kuma samar da adadin littafai da yawa da jerin talabijin. Guinness World Records ya ba da tarihin "Mutumin da ya fi kowa rikodin" akan Ashrita Furman na Queens, NY, a cikin Afrilu 2009; a lokacin, ya rike rikodin 100, yayin da yake a halin yanzu yana riƙe da sama da 220. A shekara ta 2005, Guinness ta ware ranar 9 ga Nuwamba a matsayin ranar rikodin rikodin duniya ta Guinness don ƙarfafa karya tarihin duniya. A cikin 2006, kimanin mutane 100,000 ne suka shiga cikin fiye da kasashe 10. Guinness ya ba da rahoton sabbin rikodi 2,244 a cikin watanni 12, wanda ya karu da kashi 173% sama da shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin Fabrairun 2008, NBC ta watsa manyan 100 Guinness World Records na Duk Lokaci da Guinness World Records sanya cikakken jerin samuwa a kan gidan yanar gizon su. Shahararriyar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ya haifar da Guinness World Records ta zama babbar hukuma ta kasa da kasa kan kididdigewa da tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan duniya. Ma'anar rukodin Don yawancin bayanan, Guinness World Records shine ikon da ya dace akan ainihin buƙatun su kuma tare da wanda bayanan ke zaune, kamfanin yana ba da alkalai ga abubuwan da suka faru don sanin gaskiyar ƙoƙarin rikodin. Jerin bayanan da Guinness World Records ba a kayyade ba, ana iya ƙara bayanan kuma a cire su saboda wasu dalilai. Ana gayyatar jama'a don ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen rikodin, wanda zai iya kasancewa ko dai inganta bayanan da ake da su ko kuma manyan nasarori waɗanda za su iya zama sabon rikodin. Har ila yau, kamfanin yana ba da sabis na kamfanoni don kamfanoni don "amfani da ikon rikodin rikodin don sadar da kyakkyawar nasara ga kasuwancin su." Matsalolin da'a da aminci Guinness World Records ya bayyana nau'ikan bayanan da ba za su karɓa ba saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, kamar waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kisa ko cutar da dabbobi. A cikin 2006 Guinness Book of Records, Colombian serial kisan Pedro López aka jera a matsayin "mafi yawan kisa serial", inda ya kashe a kalla mutane 110 (tare da Lopez da kansa da'awar ya kashe sama da mutane 300) a Colombia, Ecuador da kuma Peru a karshen 1960s zuwa 1980s. An cire wannan ne bayan korafe-korafen cewa jeri da nau'in sun yi gasa ta hanyar kisan kai kuma ba kawai rashin da'a ba ne har ma da lalata. An cire rubuce-rubucen duniya da yawa waɗanda aka taɓa haɗa su cikin littafin saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, gami da damuwa don jin daɗin yuwuwar masu fasa rikodin. Misali, bayan buga rikodin "kifi mafi nauyi", yawancin masu kifin sun wuce gona da iri fiye da iyakokin abin da ke da lafiya, don haka an cire irin waɗannan shigarwar.Littafin Guinness ya kuma jefar da bayanai a cikin sashin "littattafan cin abinci da sha" na nasarorin ɗan adam a cikin 1991 saboda damuwa cewa iya cutar da kansu kuma su fallasa mawallafin ga yuwuwar ƙara Waɗannan canje-canjen sun haɗa da kawar da duk ruhohi, ruwan inabi da bayanan shan giya, tare da wasu bayanan da ba a saba gani ba don cinye abubuwan da ba su yiwuwa kamar kekuna da bishiyoyi. Sauran bayanan, irin su hadiye takobi da tuƙi (a kan titunan jama'a), an rufe su daga ci gaba da shiga kamar yadda masu riƙe da na yanzu suka yi fiye da abin da ake ɗaukar matakan haƙuri na ɗan adam. An sami misalan rufaffiyar rufaffiyar da aka sake buɗewa. Misali, an jera rukunin hadiye takobi a matsayin rufe a cikin littafin Guinness na duniya na 1990, amma tun lokacin da aka sake bude shi tare da Johnny Strange ya karya tarihin hadiye takobi a Guinness World Records Live. Hakazalika, rikodin shan giya mai sauri wanda aka sauke daga littafin a cikin 1991, ya sake bayyana shekaru 17 daga baya a cikin bugu na 2008, amma an ɗauke shi daga sashin "Nasarar Dan Adam" na tsohon littafin zuwa sashin "Modern Society" na sabon bugu. it is required in the guidelines of all "large food" type records that the item be fully edible, and distributed to the public for consumption, to prevent food wastage. Har ila yau, ba a yarda da haruffan sarkar "Guinness World Records ba ta yarda da duk wani bayanan da suka shafi sarkar haruffa, aika ta hanyar aikawa ko imel." A buƙatun Mint na Amurka, a cikin 1984, littafin ya daina karɓar iƙirarin manyan ɗimbin kuɗi na pennies ko wasu kuɗi. Bayanan da ba su dace da muhalli ba (kamar sakin fitilun sama da balloon jam'iyya ba a daina karɓa ko sa ido, baya ga bayanan da suka shafi taba ko shan wiwi ko shiri. Wahala wajen ayyana bayanai Ga wasu nau'o'i masu yuwuwa, Guinness World Records ya ƙi yin lissafin wasu bayanan da ke da wahala ko kuma ba za a iya tantancewa ba. Misali, gidan yanar gizon sa ya ce: "Ba mu yarda da duk wani da'awar kyakkyawa ba saboda ba a iya aunawa da gaske Koyaya, wasu nau'ikan fasaha na ɗan adam da suka shafi saurin aunawa kamar "Mafi Saurin Ƙwaƙwalwar Duniya" an shigar da su. A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2010, Connor May (NSW, Ostiraliya) ya kafa rikodin tafawa, tare da 743 a cikin minti 1. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2010, Guinness World Records ya daina karɓar gabatarwa ga nau'in dreadlock bayan binciken mace ta farko kuma tilo mai suna Asha Mandela, tare da tabbatar da cewa ba zai yiwu a yi hukunci da wannan rikodin daidai ba. Jerin Talabijan Guinness World Records ya ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban waɗanda ke tattara yunƙurin karya rikodin rikodin duniya, gami da: Musamman: Guinness World Records: Shekaru 50, Rikodi 50 akan ITV (Birtaniya), 11 Satumba 2004 Tare da shaharar gidan talabijin na gaskiya, Guinness World Records ya fara tallata kansa a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro nau'in talabijin, tare da taken kamar "mun rubuta littafin akan Reality TV." Bugawa na gamer A cikin 2008, Guinness World Records ya fito da bugu na gamer, reshe wanda ke adana rikodin don shahararren wasan bidiyo da maki mai yawa, lambobi da fa'idodi cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Twin Galaxies Ɗabi'ar Gamer ta ƙunshi shafuka 258, sama da 1,236 game da wasan bidiyo da ke da alaƙa da bayanan duniya da tambayoyi huɗu ciki har da ɗaya tare da Twin Galaxies wanda ya kafa Walter Day Buga na baya-bayan nan shine Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2020, wanda aka saki 5 ga Satumba 2019. Littafin Guinness na Burtaniya Hit Singles Littafin Guinness na British Hit Singles littafi ne na tuntuɓar kiɗa da aka fara bugawa a cikin 1977. BBC Radio 1 DJs Paul Gambaccini da Mike Read tare da 'yan'uwa Tim Rice da Jonathan Rice ne suka hada shi. Ita ce ta farko a cikin adadin littattafan nunin kiɗan da Guinness Publishing za ta buga tare da buga littafin 'yar'uwar The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums yana zuwa a cikin 1983. Bayan an sayar da shi zuwa Hit Entertainment, an haɗa bayanan da suka shafi Official Chart Company's singles and album charts a ƙarƙashin taken British Hit Singles Albums, tare da Hit Entertainment buga littafin daga 2003 zuwa 2006 (a ƙarƙashin alamar Guinness World Records). Bayan an sayar da Records na Duniya na Guinness ga The Jim Pattison Group, an maye gurbinsa da kyau da jerin littattafan da Ebury Publishing/Random House ya buga tare da littafin Budurwa na Bugawar Bugawa na Burtaniya da aka fara bugawa a cikin 2007 kuma tare da littafin Hit Albums bayan shekaru biyu bayan shekaru biyu. Sauran kafofin watsa labarai da samfurori Wasan allo A cikin 1975, Parker Brothers ya sayar da wasan jirgi, Wasan Guinness na Records na Duniya, bisa littafin. ’Yan wasa suna gasa ta hanyar saitawa da kuma karya bayanai don ayyuka irin su mafi tsayin dice na birgima kafin yin mirgina ninki biyu, tara kayan filastik, da bouncing a madadin katin, da kuma amsa tambayoyin da ba su dace ba dangane da jeri a cikin Littafin Guinness na Records na Duniya Wasanin bidiyo Wasan bidiyo, Guinness World Records: Wasan Bidiyo, TT Fusion ne ya haɓaka kuma aka sake shi don Nintendo DS, Wii da iOS a watan Nuwamba 2008. Fim A cikin 2012, Warner Bros. ya sanar da ci gaba da aikin fim na rayuwa na Guinness Records tare da Daniel Chun a matsayin marubucin rubutun. Sigar fim ɗin da alama za ta yi amfani da nasarorin jarumtaka na masu rikodi. a matsayin tushen labarin da ya kamata ya zama abin sha'awa a duniya. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarihi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

42377

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrazak%20Hamdallah

Abdulrazak Hamdallah

Abderrazak Hamdallah an haife shine a ranar 17 ga watan Disambar shekarata alif 1990), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Professional League Al-Ittihad da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco Ana yi masa lakabi da The Executioner saboda iya zura kwallo a raga. Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru yana wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Olympics de Safi a Maroko, daga baya ya koma Aalesunds a Norway. Bayan kakar wasa guda tare da su, ya shiga kulob ɗin Guangzhou R&amp;F na kasar Sin. A cikin shekarar alif 2015, ya koma El Jaish, inda ya lashe gasar cin kofin Qatar ta shekarar 2016 Ba da da ewa daga baya ya sanya hannu tare da Qatari club Al-Rayyan Ya ji dangane da Al-Rayyan kuma ya shiga Saudi Al Nassr A kakar wasa ta bana,a shekarar alif 2018 zuwa shekarata 2019 Saudi Professional League ya zira tarihin zira kwallaye 34 a kakar wasa daya, kuma shi ne ya fi zura kwallaye a duniya a shekarar kalandar ta shekarar 2019 da kwallaye 57 gaba daya. Ya lashe gasar a shekarar 2018-2019 Saudi Professional League da Super Cup sau biyu. Hamdallah ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2013 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2022 Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Safi, Morocco, Hamdallah shine auta a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na iyali. Hamadallah ya yi magana game da yarinta, yana mai cewa:Na fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a titi tare da sauran yaran garin da aka haife ni, Safi. Sa’ad da nake matashi, na shiga wani kulob a garin. Ina wasa kusan kowace rana bayan makaranta da kuma duk karshen mako. Yayana koyaushe yana goyon bayana. Ya ƙarfafa ni in yi aiki tuƙuru. Aikin kulob Hamdallah ya samu tsarin wasan kwallon kafa na farko a kulob din Nejm Shabab Safi, kafin ya koma kungiyar ta farko, Olympic Club de Safi, inda ya fara sana'arsa tun daga 2010–2011 Botola, a lokacin da ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Morocco. Ya samu nasarar zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar da Difa' Hassani El Jadidi Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar Olympic Club de Safi a farkon bayyanarsa a gasar cin kofin Al'arshi ta Morocco da kungiyar Raja CA, wasan ya kare da ci 3-2. 2011-2012 Botola ya nuna ainihin farkon Hamdallah a matakin zira kwallaye, yayin da ya gama kakar wasa ta hanyar zira kwallaye 15, yana mamaye jere na biyu, kwallaye biyu a gaban sabon dan wasan Chadi Karl Max Barthélémy A cikin kakar 2012-2013, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye 15 a kashi biyu bisa uku na farko na gasar kafin ya shiga, a watan Maris 2013, don kwarewa tare da kulob din Ålesund na Norway. Ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga kungiyar da Wydad de Fès Darajar kudin da Hamdallah ya yi wa Olesund Club ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan daya. Alesund A ranar 14 ga Fabrairun 2013, an tabbatar da cewa Hamdallah ya shiga Tippeliga club Aalesund Kudin canja wuri ya kasance a cikin yanki na €1 miliyan ko 7.4 miliyan Norwegian Krone da dan wasan sun sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku, kwantiraginsa na farko a Turai. Kudin canja wuri shi ne mafi girman da Aalesund ya biya kan dan wasa. Hamdallah ya yi magana a karon farko da ya isa kasar Norway, inda ya ce: “Abin da ya faru ke da wuya, domin na isa kasar da ke da sanyi sosai, amma ta hanyar son rai na shawo kan duk wani cikas. Ni ne dan wasa na farko daga gasar Morocco da ya zo Norway, kuma sanya hannu na ya ba da hankali sosai a jaridu. A ƙarshe, na iya rufe bakin masu sukana ta hanyar kammala a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi zira kwallaye a gasar." Hamdallah ya fara buga wasansa ne a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2013 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka ci Sandnes Ulf a waje da ci 1-0 sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar, a wasan da suka doke Sarpsborg 08 da ci 2-0 a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2013. Daga nan kuma a ranar 13 ga Mayun 2013, Hamdallah ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga Aalesund a wasan da suka doke Lillestrøm SK da ci 7–1, wanda ya taimaka wa kulob din zuwa matsayi na biyu bayan wasanni tara. Bayan ya zura kwallaye goma a kakar wasa ta bana, Hamadallah ya ci hat-trick dinsa na biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Viking da ci 3–1 a ranar 25 ga Oktobar 2013. A kakar wasansa na farko da kungiyar, Hamdallah ya zura kwallaye 15 a wasanni 27 da ya buga kuma an saka shi cikin Gwarzon dan wasan na bana. Har ila yau, ya bar Hamdallah a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a kulob din, kodayake shi ne na biyu a gasar bayan Frode Johnsen Guangzhou R&F A watan Fabrairun 2014, Hamdallah ya koma kungiyar Guangzhou R&amp;F ta kasar Sin Bayan tafiya, Sven-Göran Eriksson zai horar da Hamdallah akan farashin rikodi na €4.5 miliyan ko 33,3 krone Norwegian miliyan. Tashinsa daga Aalesund ya bar kulob din sosai, saboda yadda ya zura kwallo a raga, abin da kulob ɗin ya sha fama da shi bayan da Hamdallah ya bar Norway zuwa China. Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a farkon kakar wasa, Hamdallah ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Shanghai Shenxin da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Maris 2014. A wasa na gaba da Hangzhou Greentown, ya ci wani hat-trick a ci 6–2. Ya sake zira kwallo a wasa na gaba da Henan Jianye, wanda ya ci sau biyu a ci 4-0. Bayan shafe mako guda yana jin rauni a kafa, Hamdallah ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara, a wasan da suka doke Guangzhou Evergrande 1-0. A kakar wasansa ta farko a Guangzhou R&F, Hamdallah ya buga wasanni ashirin da biyu kuma ya ci sau ashirin da biyu. Duk da fara mai kyau a wasanni hudu na farko da zura kwallaye uku a karawar da suka yi da Hangzhou Greentown, Shanghai SIPG da Guizhou Renhe Hamdallah shi ma ya zura kwallo a ragar Gamba Osaka a wasan rukuni-rukuni na AFC Champions League Sai dai Hamdallah ya samu rauni a kafa sannan ya ci gaba da fama da rauni. Ba wannan kadai ba, halinsa ya haifar da hayaniya daga manaja Cosmin Contra kuma su biyun sun fadi. An sanar a ranar 3 ga Yuli 2015 cewa Hamdallah zai bar kulob din. Kungiyoyin Qatari A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2015, Hamdallah ya shiga El Jaish a cikin Qatar Stars League kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da zaɓi na tsawaita shekara ta uku. A wani bangare na yunkurin, Aalesund ya karbi kashi 25 cikin dari na kudin canja wuri da aka biya zuwa Guangzhou. Hamdallah dai bai buga rabin kakar wasa ta 2016 ba saboda rauni a gwiwarsa. Kwallaye da ya ci ya ragu a kakar wasa ta bana saboda rashin rabin wasanni a kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2016, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa da na karshe a nasara da ci 3–2 da Al Sadd SC Sun doke Al-Duhail SC a wasan karshe. A ranar 20 ga Janairu 2017, Hamdallah ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar har zuwa 2019 tare da Al-Rayyan SC .A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Hamdallah ya ƙare kwangilarsa da Al-Rayyan Al Nassar A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Hamdallah ya shiga Al Nassr a cikin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Saudiyya Ya buga wasansa na farko da Al Qadsiah FC kuma ya taimaka sau biyu. A wasansa na biyu, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar da kungiyar Al Taawoun FC Ya zuwa Afrilu 2019 ya zira kwallaye 100 na gasar, rikodin tun lokacin da gasar ta zama ƙwararrun a 2007. Duk da mummunan farawar da ya yi sakamakon raunin da ya samu a idon sawun a baya Hamadallah ya iya kawo karshen kakarsa ta farko a gasar kwararru ta Saudiyya a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye bayan ya zura kwallaye 68 a raga. A cikin 2018-19 Season ya lashe gasar lig tare da tawagarsa. Ya zira kwallaye 34 a raga tare da abokin wasansa Nordin Amrabat Ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe da Al Batin A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2019, Hamdallah ya ci hat-trick a kan Al Jandal SC a zagaye na 64 a gasar cin kofin Sarki na 2019 Bayan kwanaki 10, ya zura kwallo a ragar Al Ansar FC Ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Al-Fayha FC a zagaye na 16. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2019, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin rashin nasara da ci 4–2 a wasan kusa da na karshe da Al Ittihad na gasar cin kofin Sarki na 2019 A karshen shekarar 2019, Hamdallah ya samu nasarar doke tauraruwa da dama kamar su Robert Lewandowski da Lionel Messi a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a duniya bayan ya ci kwallaye 57. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2020, Hamdallah ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Al Taawoun FC don lashe Kofin Super Cup na 2019 A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2021, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye a ci 3-0 a kan Al Hilal SFC don lashe Kofin Super Cup na 2020 A 2020 AFC Champions League, Hamdallah ya yi tasiri sosai a tawagarsa. Ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Al Sadd SC kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a ci 2-0 da Sepahan SC A zagayen kwata fainal ya zura kwallo daya tilo a cikin nasara da ci 1–0 da Al Taawoun FC Sun yi rashin nasara a wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe bayan bugun fanareti da Persepolis FC A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, Al Nassr FC ta soke kwangilarta da Hamdallah a hukumance. Hamdallah ya buga wasansa na karshe a kungiyar a ci 1-0 da Ettifaq FC Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abderrazak Hamdallah on Instagram Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

2772

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada

Kanada

Kanada ko Canada ƙasa ce a nahiyar Amurka. Babban birnin ƙasar shine Ottawa. Justin Trudeau shine firaministan ƙasar daga shekara ta 2015. Kanada tana da lardi har guda goma (Alberta, British Columbia, Kebek, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland da kuma Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Saskatchewan da Tsibirin Prince Edward) da yanki uku (Northwest Territories, Nunavut da Yukon). Tarihi Al’ummomin Asali Asalin mazauna ƙasar sun rayu a cikin ƙasar Kanada ta yanzu shekaru dubbai kafin zuwan Bature na farko. Mutanen asali ana kiran su da ƴan asalin ƙasa ko Inuit, da Métis. Métis mutane ne waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen Farko da dangin Turai. Tare, waɗannan rukunin ukun ana kiransu "Yan Asalin," ko "Mutanen Farko." Turawa suna kiran su "Indiyawa", amma wannan yanzu ana masa kallon rashin ladabi. Mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa mutanen farko da suka fara zama a Kanada sun kuma fito ne daga Siberia ta amfani da gadar ƙasar Bering aƙalla shekaru 14,000 da suka gabata. Gadar ƙasar da ta haɗu da Asiya da Arewacin Amurka. Lokacin da mutanen Turai suka fara zuwa Kanada don zama, yawan 'Yan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a Kanada tuni ya kasance tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan biyu. Turawan mulkin mallaka Vikings shine farkon Bature da aka sani wanda ya fara zuwa ƙasar da ake kira Kanada yanzu, a cikin yankin da yanzu yake Newfoundland, wanda mai binciken Viking Leif Erikson ya jagoranta. Ba su dade ba, duk da haka. A farkon karni na 16, Turawa suka fara binciken gabar gabashin Kanada, inda suka fara da John Cabot daga Ingila a shekarar 1497, sannan daga baya Jacques Cartier a shekarata 1534 daga Faransa. Daga baya Alexander Mackenzie ya isa gaɓar tekun Pacific a kan ƙasa, inda kaftin James Cook da George Vancouver suka bi ta teku. Har ila yau, Turawan sun sayar da fatun bea ga ƙasashen Farko. Faransa ta zaunar da wasu sassan Kanada, wasu kuma ta Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1605, aka gina Port-Royal a Acadia (wanda ake kira yau Nova Scotia) ta Faransawa, wanda Samuel de Champlain ya jagoranta, kuma a shekara ta 1608 ya fara sasanta Quebec. Birtaniyyawan sun mallaki yankunan Faransa bayan yakin Faransa da Indiya a Filayen Abraham kusa da Birnin Quebec a cikin shekarar 1759. Bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, mutane da yawa a cikin sabuwar Amurka sun so su kasance da aminci ga Biritaniya. Dubun-dubatar sun zo arewacin Kanada kuma suka zauna a Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, da Ontario. An kira su United United Loyalists. A lokacin Yaƙin 1812, Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari ta ci Kanada amma ta ci su. Cigaba da faɗaɗawa Ranar 1 ga Yulin shekara ta 1867, Kanada ta haɗu ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tarayya. Ya haɗa da lardunan Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, da Nova Scotia. Sir John A. Macdonald shi ne firaminista na farko. Manitoba, yankin Yukon, da Yankin Arewa maso Yamma sun zama ɓangare na Kanada a shekarar 1870. British Columbia sun haɗu a cikin 1871, da Tsibirin Prince Edward a 1873. An yi tawaye biyu na Kogin Red, a cikin shekarar 1869-70 da 1885, duka Louis Riel ya jagoranta. Ya yi yaƙi don ƙarin haƙƙoƙin mutanen Métis, haɗuwa tsakanin Faransa da ƙasashen Farko. Hanyar jirgin ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar, hanyar layin dogo ta layin Pacific ta ƙasar Kanada, wacce aka gama ta a shekarar 1885, ta samar da sauki ga mutanen kasar ta Canada zuwa yamma. Yawancin Turawa da yawa sun zo bakin tudu, don haka Alberta da Saskatchewan sun zama larduna a cikin 1905. Farkon karni na 20 Sojojin Kanada sun yi Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya don Mulkin Biritaniya. Yawancin ƴan Kanada sun mutu a wannan yaƙin fiye da kowane yaƙi. Kanada ta zama sananne sosai a matsayin ƙasa bayan nasarar da ta samu na kame Vimy Ridge daga Jamusawa a Faransa a shekarata 1917. An ba mata 'yancin yin zaɓe a ƙarshen yaƙin, wani ɓangare saboda taimakon da suka bayar wajen kera makamai yayin da maza ke yaƙin Turai. A cikin 1931, Kanada ta sami cikakken ƴancin kai. Sannan gwamnatin Kanada tayi duk shawarwari game da Kanada. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sherman suna hutawa yayin da suke kiliya Ma'aikatan Kanada yayin yakin Normandy a watan Yunin shekarar 1944. Har ila yau mutanen Kanada sun yi yaƙin duniya na 2. The Dieppe Raid a cikin 1942 yayi mummunan rauni kuma yawancin sojoji an kashe su,wasu an raunata su, wasu kuma an kaisu gidan fursuna. Mutanen Kanada suna da mahimmanci a cikin 1944 a Normandy, kuma sun 'yantar da Netherlands daga Jamusawa. Kanada a wannan zamanin A cikin shekarar 1949, Newfoundland da Labrador sun zama lardi na 10 na Kanada. A 1956, Lester Pearson na Kanada, wanda daga baya ya zama Firayim Minista, ya taimaka wajen kawo ƙarshen Rikicin Suez. Sakamakon haka, ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya. A cikin 1965, Pearson ya taimaka wa Kanada samo sabuwar tuta, Maple Leaf. Kafin wannan, 'yan ƙasar Kanada sun yi amfani da Red Ensign. A cikin 1982, Kanada ta canza tsarin mulkinta, gami da sabon Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da Yanci na Kanada. Babban sashin Tsarin Mulki har yanzu shine Dokar 1867 ta Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka. Wasu 'yan Kanada Faransawa a yau suna son kafa ƙasarsu, ban da sauran Kanada. Lardin Quebec ya gudanar da zaben raba gardama (jefa kuri'a) a 1980, amma kusan kashi 40% ne suke so su raba. An sake gudanar da zaben raba gardama a shekarar 1995, inda kusan kashi 50% suka kada kuri’ar amincewa da barin Kanada. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙananan mutane a cikin Quebec sun so barin Kanada, amma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci ga siyasar Quebec. A yau, kusan kashi 25% na jama'ar Kanada suna magana da Faransanci a matsayin yarensu na farko. Mutane da yawa na iya magana da Faransanci da Ingilishi duka. Kodayake yawancin Kanada Kanada suna zaune a lardin Quebec, akwai al'ummomin da ke magana da Faransanci da mutane a duk faɗin Kanada. Misali, kashi 40% na mutanen lardin New Brunswick da 20% na waɗanda ke Manitoba suna da ƙaƙƙarfan asalin Faransa, kamar yadda wasu mutane ke yi a Ontario, galibi a kan iyakarta da Quebec. A cikin 1999, an kirkiro Nunavut a matsayin yanki na uku na Kanada, daga cikin Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Gabas, a cikin yarjejeniya da mutanen Inuit. Gwamnati Kanada tana da gwamnatin da ake kira masarautar tsarin mulki. Tana da masarauta (ma'ana sarki ko sarauniya ita ce shugabar waccan), kuma dimokiradiyya ce (ma'ana mutanen ƙasar suna mulkar ta). Shugabar ƙasa ita ce Sarauniya Elizabeth II, wacce a hukumance take Sarauniyar Kanada. Ta naɗa Gwamna Janar don wakiltar ta a ƙasar, amma, zaɓin Gwamna Janar Firayim Minista ne ya yi. Ikon Sarauniya galibi ana amfani da shi ne ta Janar Janar, a halin yanzu Julie Payette. Janar Gwamna, kamar masarautar Kanada (Sarki Sarauniyar Kanada), ba ya siyasa kuma ya kasance sama da siyasa, kuma saboda wannan yawanci basa amfani da ikon su ba tare da shawarar Firayim Minista ko wasu ministocin ba. Shugaban gwamnati Firayim Minista ne. Firayim Minista na yanzu shi ne Justin Trudeau, wanda ya maye gurbin Stephen Harper a cikin Oktoba 2015. Kowane lardi da yanki suna da firaminista don jagorantar gwamnatinta. Ayyuka na yau da kullun na gwamnati suna gudana ta majalisar ministoci. Yawancin lokaci ana kafa majalisar zartarwa daga babbar jam'iyya a Majalisar. Majalisar Kanada tana zartar da dokokin kasar. Janar janar, mai aiki a madadin masarauta, na da damar hana doka (ma'ana doka ba za ta fara aiki ba) amma ba a yi amfani da wannan haƙƙin na ɗan lokaci ba. Akwai manyan jam’iyyu biyar a majalisar dokokin Kanada: Jam’iyyar Conservative, da New Democratic Party, da Liberal Party, da Bloc Québécois, da kuma Green Party. Baya ga jam'iyyun biyar da ke da 'Yan Majalisa a Majalisar, akwai wasu kananan jam'iyyu goma sha hudu da suka yi rajista da Zaɓen Kanada da kuma' yan majalisar da dama da ke zaune a matsayin 'Yancin Kai. Mulki Arziki Wasanni Fannin tsarotsaro Kimiya da Fasaha Sifiri Sifirin Jirgin Sama Sifirin Jirgin Kasa Al'adu Mutane Yaruka Abinci Tufafi Ilimi Addinai Kanada ƙasa ce take da rabe-raben addinai, wanda ya ƙunshi addinai daban daban da al'adu. Babu wani tsayayyen addini a hukumance a ƙasar Kanada. Akwai ƴanci na gudanar da addini a kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Kanada. A ko wanne yanki a ƙasar ana gudanar da addini. A baya Kanada ta taɓa zama ƙasar addinin Ƙiristanci kaɗai kafin daga baya ta zama ƙasa wadda bata da tsayayyen addini a hukumance. Akasarin ƴan ƙasar Kanada basu ɗauki addini da muhimmanci ba a rayuwarsa ta Yau da kullum, amma dai sunyi imani da Ubangiji. A wani jin ra'ayin jama'a da akayi a shekarar 2011, kaso 67.3 na ƴan ƙasar sun aiyana kansu a matsayin Kiristoci mabiya ɗarikar Katolika 38 sauran kuma na sauran aƙidu na addinin Kirista. Mafiya girma a daga cikin ɗarikun Protestant sune masu bin cocin United Church of Canada (sunkan ƴan Kanada kaso 6.1 cikin ɗari), sai masu bin cocin Anglican Church of Canada (kaso 5.0 cikin ɗari), da cocin Baptism of Canada (1.9 cikin ɗari). Tsarin ƙasar na baruwan ta da addini yana cigaba da faɗaɗa tun daga shekarun 1960. A 2011, kaso 23.9 cikin ɗari suka aiyana kansu da baruwan su da addini, marasa addini na ƙaruwar a ƙasar tun daga 2001. Musulunci shine addini na biyu mafi girma a Kanada bayan addinin Ƙiristanci, inda kaso 3.2 cikin ɗari na ƴan ƙasar Musulmai ne. Haka nan musulunci shine addini mafi saurin yaɗuwa a ƙasar. Akwai mabiya Hindu kaso 1.5 cikin ɗari da kuma Sikh kaso 1.4 cikin ɗari na mutane Ƙasar Kanada. Hotuna Ƙasashen

9892

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabi%20Isah

Annabi Isah

Annabi Isa (A.S) na daya daga cikin Annabawa a Musulunci. Wanda Allah ya aiko Nasabar Annabi Isah (A.S) Sunan Babarsa Maryam Imrana. Sunan Mahaifiyarta Hannatu, Babanta yana cikin manyan mutane a cikin jama'ar Banu-Isra'ila har ma shi ne yake limanci a Masallacin Qudus. Yayinda matar Imrana ta sami cikinsa ta rika fatar abin da za ta haifa ya zama namiji har ma ta yi bakance idan ta haifi namiji zai zama hadimin masallaci, amma da ta tashi haihuwa sai Allah ya ba ta 'ya mace. Hannatu babar Maryam ta damu qwarai saboda bakancen da ta yi, amma duk da haka sai ta yi wa Allah godiya kuma ta ambace ta da suna Maryam, Ma'anarsa shi ne, WADDA BA TA DA AIBI. Iyayen Maryam sun rasu tana qarama saboda haka sai Annabi Zakariyya ya dauke ta ya cigaba da renonta, har ma ya gina mata daki na musamman a cikin Masallaci. Babu wanda yake shiga dakin sai shi. Nana Maryam tun tasowarta ba ta da wani aiki sai ibada dare da rana. Duk sanda Annabi Zakariyya ya kawo mata ziyara sai ya tarar da abinci da kayan marmari a wajenta, idan ya tambayeta wa ya kawo mata wannan sai ta ce: Daga Allah ne, domin Allah yana arzuta wanda ya so, ba tare da hisabi ba. Annabi Isah (A.S) Yayinda Nana Maryamu ta kai munzalin mata sai al'ada ta zo mata, saboda haka, sai ta fita bayan gari wajen wata qorama don ta yi tsarki, sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya zo mata a siffar wani saurayi daga Banu Isra'ila mai suna Taqiyyu, shi wannan mutum ya yi qaurin suna da varna a wannan lokaci Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce, "Sai muka aika mata da ruhu (shi ne Ma'aika Jibrilu) ya je mata a surar saurayi, sai ta ce "Ni ina neman tsari da Ubangiji Rahama daga gareka idan kai ne Taqiyyu. "Sai Mala'ika Jibrilu ya ce, mata "Ni Manzon Ubangijinki ne, Allah ne ya aiko ni. Domin in ba ki kyautar da mai qwazo. "Sai ta ce da shi: Ta ya ya zan sami xa, bayan wani mutum bai shafe ni ba, kuma ni ban tava yin alfasha ba? Sai ya ce: Haka al'amarin yake, haka Allah Ya hukumta, kuma wannan abu ne mai sauqi a wajen Allah. Allah ya ce: "Za mu sanya shi ya zama izina a wajen mutane, kuma Rahama daga garemu, wannan lamari ne zartacce." (Surar Maryam, Aya ta 17) Mala'ika Jibrilu yana gama wannan bayanin sai ya kama gefen rigarta ya yi busa a ciki, nan take sai Allah ya halicci Annabi Isah a cikin cikinta. Malam wahabu ya ce: Tsakanin xaukar cikin Annabi Isah da haife shi sa'a guda ne kawai, saboda faxin Allah Ta'ala ya ce, "Sai ta xauki cikinsa, sai ta tafi da shi wuri mai nisa, sai naquda ta zo mata a wajen kututturen dabino, sai ta ce: Ya kaicona dama na mutu kafin faruwar wanan na zama mantacciya abar mantawa." Sai Allah ya ce; Sai muka kirata ta qarqashinta muka ce: Kada ki yi baqin ciki, Allah ya gudano da qoramar ruwa a kusa da ke, ki girgiza kututturen dabinon nan zai zubo miki da lubiya nunanniya, ki ci, ki sha, ki kwantar da hankalinki. An ce wannan dabinon da ta girgiza shekararsa saba'in bai yi 'ya'ya ba, amma ana haihuwar Annabi Isah a kusa da shi, nan take sai ya yi ganyen, ya fitar da 'ya'ya saboda mu'ujizar Annabi Isah (A.S.) Ruwaya An ruwaito cewa; Yayinda Maryam ta je wajen mutanenta tana xauke da Annabi Isah (A.S.) sai suka ce; Ya ke Maryam lallai kin zo da babban lamari, ya 'yar'uwar Haruna mahaifinki ba mutumin banza ba ne, mahaifiyarki ma ba mutuniyar banza ba ce. Yayinda ta ji wannan zargi daga mutanenta sai ta yi musu nuni da Annabi Isah tana nufin su tambaye shi. Sai suka ce: Ta ya ya za mu yi magana da jariri a cikin zanin goyo? Sai Allah ya buxi bakin Annabi Isah ya ce da su: "Ni bawan Allah ne ya bani littafi yasan yani Manzo yayi albarka a gareni duk inda nake yayimin wasiyya da sallah da Zakka matukar ina raye, sannan da yin biyayya ga Mahaifiyata. Bai san yani shakiyyi mai tsaurin kai ba, farkon Kalmar da Annabi Isah ya fara magana da ita itace, ni bawan Allah ne domin yanke hanzari ga wadanda za suce shi dan Allah ne. Anruwaito cewea yayin da Annabi Isah ya girma sai yarika yawo aba yan kasa, baya zama da waje daya, saboda haka ma bai taba mallakar dakin kwana ba. Bare gida ko mata, ko abun hawa tufafinsa kuma jubbace ta sufi. Baya cin abinci sai daga kasabin Mahaifiyarsa ta kasance tana saka tufafi tasiyar suci abinci. a irin wayace-wayacen da yake yi ya je wani gari da ake cewa Nasira a qasar Sham, shida mahaifiyarsa suka zauna a can. Saboda haka ne ake dan ganta mutanensa da sunan wannan garin ake ce musu NASARA. Mu'ujizar Raya Uzairu (A.S.) Malam Wahabu ya ce; Yayin da lamarin Annabi Isah ya shahara da cewa yana raya matacce ya warkar da makaho, da izinin Allah sai Yahudawa suka taru suka je wajensa suka ce, mu ba zamu yi imani da kai ba har sai ka raya mana Uzairu. Sai ya ce da su: A ina kabarinsa yake? Sai suka kai shi inda kabarin yake, sai ya yi sallah raka'a biyu ya roqi Allah ya raya masa Uzairu. Saiu aka ga kabarin yana buxewa a hankali a hankali, sai ga Uzairu ya bayyana. Gashin kansa da gemunsa sun yi fari, sai ya cewa Annabi Isah, :Ya xan Maryamu wannan shi ne abinda zaka yi min? Sai Annabi Isah ya ce: Mutanenka ne suka ce ba za su bada gaskiya da ni ba sai na tashe ka. To daga nan sai Uzairu ya tashi zaune, ya ce: Ya ku jama'ar Banu Isra'ila ku yi imandi da Manzancin Annabi Isah, ku bi addininsa, shi a kan gaskiya yake,d aga Ubangijinsa, sai Yahudawa suka ce da shi: To ai mu kafin ka mutu mun san saurayi ne kai matashi mai baqin gashi ya ya muka ganka yanzu kanka ya yi fari fat? Sai ya ce: Yayin da Annabi Isah ya ce min tashi da izinin Allah na zaci tashin kiyama ce, saboda haka ya sa nan take kaina da gemuna suka yi fari, yayin da Annabi Isah ya raya Uzairu da mu'ujiza, sai mutane da ywa daga cikinsu suka bada gaskiya da shi, sannan daga bisani sai ya roqi Allah ya mayar da Uzairu matacce kamar yadda yake. Ambaton saukar ma'ida An ruwaito daga Salmanul Farisi (R.A.) ya ce: hawariyawa sun faxa ga Annabi Isah suka ce shin Ubangijinka zai iya suako mana da Ma'ida daga sama? Sai yaamsa musu ya ce, ku dai ku ji tsoron Allah in kun kasance muminai, sai suka ce lallai muna da buqatar haka, sai Annabi Isah ya fita ya shiga sahara ya yi ta kuka yana qanqan da kai ga Allah yana cewa: "Ya Ubangiji ka saukar mana da Ma'ida daga sama domin ta zama idi ga na farkonmu da na qarshenmu, ta kasance aya daga gareka, ka arzurtamu kai ne fiyayen mai arzutawa." Sai Allah ya yi wahayi gare shi ya ce: "Ni zan saukar da ita gareku, amma wanda duk ya kafirta a cikinku bayan wannan haqiqa zan masa azaba irin wadda ban tava yiwa wani irinta ba, a cikin talikai." Imamutturmuzi ya ce: Sai Allah ya saukar musu da teburin abinci daga sama a tsakanin giragizai guda biyu, yayin da Annabi Isah ya ganta sai ya ce: Ya Ubangiji ka sanya ta zama Rahama, kada ta zama azaba. Ba ta gushe ba tana saukowa a hankali a hankali har sai da teburin abincin nan ya sauko qasa mutane na kallo an lulluve shi da mayafi, sai Annabi Isah ya faxi ya yi sujjada ga Allah ya yi godiya. Hawariyawa suma suka yi sujjada tare da shi, sannans uka ce Annabi Isah ya tashi ya bude su ga abinda yake ciki. da aka bude sai ga soyayyen kifi da zaitun da dabino da gurasa, da wani nau'in kayan marmari. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya cewa kifin nan tashi da izinin Allah, sai Allah ya raya kifin ya riqa juyawa yana kallon jama'ar Banu Isra'ila, sannan sai ya cewa kifin ya koma yadda yake da izinin Allah. sai Hawariyawa suka cewa Annabi Isah shi ya kamata ya fara cin abincin nan. Sai ya ce: A'a wanda ya nemi a kawo shi zai ci. sai duk suka qi ci, suna tsoron kada ta zama fitina, sai ya sa aka kirawo talakawa da miskinai da guragu da makafi, ya ce su ci. A cikinsu har da marasa lafiya da masu cutar albasar da sauransu duk suka haxu suka ci abincin. Suna gama ci marasa lafiyar nan sai duk suka warke, nan take. Yayin da mutanen gari suka ji labari sai suma suka zo suka ci, har suka riqa turereniya, da Annabi Isah ya ga haka sai ya sa aka kasa mutane kashi biyu, rana daya ta talakawa, rana daya kuma ta mawadata. Sai Ma'idar ta zama tana sauka sau daya bayan kwanaki biyu. Sannan kuma wannan tebur idan ya sauka duk yawan mutanen da suke wajen kowa zia ci ya qoshi, ya bari sannan ya tashi ya koma sama kamar yadda ya sauko. An ce haka Ma'idar nan ta riqa sauka har tsawon kwana arba'in. Sannan sai wata jama'a daga Bani Isra'ila suka aibata Ma'idar suka ce ba Allah ne yake saukar da ita ba, da suka faxi haka, sai Allah ya mayar da wasunsu aladu, wasu kuma birori. An ce adadin waxanda suka haxu da wannan matsala sun kai mutum talatin, suka zuana a cikin wannan hali tsawon kwanaki bakwai sannan sai qasa ta haxiye su. Yuqurin kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.) Ka'abur Akabari ya ce; Yayin da addinin Annabi isah ya yaxu ya cika ko'ina, mutane suka yi ta shiga addinin daga ko'ina, sai addinin Yahudanci ya yi rauni, Allah ya saukarwa Annabi Isah Littafin Linjila, ya zama yana raya matattu da ikon Allah, yayin da wani sarki mai suna HArdusa ya ga haka sia ya yi nufin zai kashe Annabi Isah (A.S.) ya sami goyon bayan wasu daga manyan malaman Yahudawa. Sai suka shirya suka ki masa hari a lokacin yana tare da mahaifiyarsa suka wakilta wani daga cikinsu don ya shiga xakin ya kashe shi. Kafin ya shiga sai Allah ya xauke Annabi zuwa sama, ya shiga yanan ta dube-dube bai gan shi ba, sauran waxanda suke waje da suka ga ya daxe bai fito ba sai suka bi shi suna shiga sai suka ga xan uwansu, Allah ya sa masa kamannin Annabi Isah komai da komai, sai suka kama shi suka xaure suka sa masa hular gashi, suka kewaye gari da shi, sannans uka kafa azarori guda biyu suka gicciye shi a kanta, suka kashe xan uwansu, suna zaton Annabi Isah suka kashe. Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce; "Ba su kashe shi ba, ba su gicciye shi ba, sai dai cewa Allah ya xuakaka shi ya zuwa gare shi. An ruwaito cewa: A lokacin da suka kashe xan uwansu ya kasnace ranar Juma'a ne da misalin qarfe uku na rana, sai duniyad ta yi duhu, tsawon kwanaki uku, a kai girgizar qasa a wanan rana. Malam Sa'alabi ya ruwaito cewa: Lokacin da aka xauke Annabi Isah zuwa sama shekarunsa talatin da biyar a duniya. Sai Allah Ta'ala ya sara masa xabi'a irin ta Mala'iku ya zama baya buqatar ci da sha, kuma har yau yana nan a raya kamar yadda Hadisai ingantattu suka tabbatar. Malam Sa'alabi ya qara da cewa: nana Maryam Allah ya qara mata yarda ta yi wafati bayan xauke Annabi Isah da shekara shida. An ce ta rayu tsawon shekara sittin. Kabarinta a yanzu haka yana masallacin qudus ana ziyararsa. Saukowar Annabi isah (A.S) zuwa Kasa Malam Uwaisu Assakafi ya ruwaito cewa: Na ji Manzon Allah (S.A.W.) yana cewa: "Annabi Isah dan Maryam zia sauko daf da tashin alqiyama, zai sauka a kan wata hasumiya fara da take a gabashin masallacin Dimashka. Annabi Isah mutum ne mai madaidaicin tsawo mai baqin gashi, mai farin launi, idan ya sauka zai shiga masallaci ya zuana a kanmubari sai mutane su ji labarin saukarsa, sai su yi ta shiga masallacin, ta ko'ina Musulmai da Kirista da Yahudawa, aka cika masallacin har ta kaid wasu akan wasu, saboda ci kowa. Sannan sai mai kiran sallah daga Musulmi ya kira sallah, sai Annabi isah ya shige gaba ya yi limanci, a sannan Imamu Mahadi, ya bayyana kuma yana cikin masallacin sai ya bi sallar ita ce sallar Asuba. Bayyanar Dujal An ruwaito cewa a lokacin da Dujal zai bayyana zai fito daga garin Asfihan tsawonsa zira'i goma, kuma ido xaya ne da shi, an rubuta (KAFIR) a fuskarsa. A qasan wannan kuma an rubuta: DUK WNADA YA BI SHI YA TAVE, WANDA YA QI SHI YA YI ARZIQI, ya na nunawa mutane yana da wuta da aljanna, amma a haqiqa wutarsa aljannace, aljannarsa kuma wuta ce. Zai kewaye duniya yana kashe mutane yana cewa shi ne Ubangiji. Yana tafe da dubunnan xaruruwan sojoji, zia biyo ta Asfihan ya zo Dimashqa. A cikin kwana arba'in, ya yi ta kashe mutane yana ribace su, to a sannan Mahadi zai bayyana sai mutane su taru a qarqashinsa ya xaura xamarar yaqar Dujal. Ana cikin haka sai Annabi Isah ya sauka sai su haxu da Mahadi, a wannan maslalaci su yi sallah tare, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata. Sai Dujal ya fito da rundunarsa don ya yaqe su, yanayin arba da Annabi Isah sai ya narke kamar yadda darma take narkewa a kan wuta, sai Annabi Isah ya kashe shi da takobinsa. An ruwaito cewa bayan kashe Dujal Annabi Isah zai shimfixa mulki na adalci a bayan qasa, ba zai bar wani Bayahude ko Banasare akan addininsa ba, sai Musulunci kawai, zai yi hukunci da adalci a tsakanin mutane, gabas da yamma, kudu da arewa. Asannan Allah zai umarci qasa da ta fito da alheranta ga mutane, kamar yadda ta kasance tun da farko, har ta kai ga mutane da yawa za su haxu a kan curi xaya na inibi su ci har su qoshi amma ba zai qare ba, yaro ya xauko maciji yana wasa da shi, amma ba zai cuce shi ba, akuya ta haxu da aki amman ba zai kulata ba. Mutane kowa zai rayu a cikin yalwa da wadata har ta kai za a ba mutum kyautar kuxi ya ce, baya buqata. Mutum zai ga kabari sai ya ce: Ina ma dai wannan yana raye ya ga irin adalcin da yake gudana a bayan qasa. Za a kasance a wannan hali tsawon shekara arba'in. Sannan sai Annabi Isah ya auri wata mata daga mutanen Askalan ta haifa masa 'ya maza guda biyu, sai ya tafi Makka ya yi aikin Hajji, ya je Madina ya ziyarci Annabi (S.A.W) Sai ya yi rashin lafiya, sai Allah ya karvi ransa, anan Madina, sai a binne shi a cikin Raudah kusa da Annabi (S.A.W.). Fa`ida Idan Dujal ya bayyana zia shiga ko'ina amma ban da Makka da Madina, duk sadda ya zo zai shiga sai ya ga Mala'iku sun tsaitsaya suna gadin garin sai ya koma. Tsari daga Dujal Sannan ya inganta a Hadisi Annabi (S.A.W) ya ce: Duk wanda ya haddace ayoyi goma na farkon Suratul Kahfi, Allah zia kiyaye shi daga fitinar Dujal.

26830

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuga%20Naija

Shuga Naija

Kashi na uku na shirin talabijin dake da jerin sassa wato Shuga, mai lakabin Shuga Naija, an fara nunashi ne a MTV Base daga Disamba 2013 zuwa Janairu 2014. Kemi Adesoye ta rubuta shirin sai kuma Biyi Bandele ne ya ba da umarni. An haska manyan taurari kamar su Tiwa Savage, Chris Attoh, Maria Okanrende, Emmanuel Ikubese, Sharon Ezeamaka, Efa Iwara, Dorcas Shola Fapson, Okezie Morro, Timini Egbuson, Kachi Nnochiri, Sanni Mu'azu da Leonora Okine. Shuga Naija shiri ne na kafofin watsa labarai wanda ke ilmantar da matasa kan cutar kanjamau, jima'i da kuma ciki na matasa. Har ila yau, ya shafi lafiyar mata da yara, tsarin iyali, cin zarafin jinsi, da karfafa mata. Shirin talabijin, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa takwas, an tsara shi an kuma dauke shi a jihar Legas, wanda aka samar da shi tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau (NACA). Gabatarwa Shuga Naija na ba da labarin wasu matasan Legas daban-daban da kuma yadda suke mu'amala da soyayya, jima'i da dangantaka. Sophie (Dorcas Shola Fapson) wata jami'a ce ta "RunsGirl", wacce ta fito daga matalauta kuma tana ƙoƙarin ciyar da kanta ta hanyar kwana da masu arziki; 'yar uwarta kuma ta zo ta ziyarce ta daga ƙauyen kuma tana ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da yanayin birni. Sade Tiwa Savage uwa ce mai karewa ga ɗa mai ɗauke da cutar kanjamau. Femi (Ikubese Emmanuel) ya dawo daga Nairobi kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake farawa. Ekene Okezie morro wani casanova ne wanda saurayi ne ga Foye (Maria Okanrende), wani hali na kan iska da kuma disc jockey Solomon Sani Mu'azu jarumi ne, mai cutar kanjamau, kuma yana kwana da 'yan mata ba tare da kariya ba. Malaika (Leonora Okine) ta auri Nii (Chris Attoh), mutumin da yake dukanta kuma yana cin zarafinta. Yan wasa Manyan haruffa Dorcas Shola Fapson a matsayin Sophie (sashe 8) Emmanuel Ikubese a matsayin Femi episode 8) Okezie Morro a matsayin Ekene (sashi 8) Maria Okanrende a matsayin Foye (sashi 8) Timini Egbuson a matsayin Tobi (8 episodes) Sharon Ezeamaka a matsayin gimbiya (sashe 8) Sani Mu'azu a matsayin Solomon (8 episodes) Chris Attoh a matsayin Nii (sashi 7) Leonora Okine a matsayin Malaika (sashe 7) Olumide Oworu a matsayin Weki (6 episodes) Yan wasa masu kora Tiwa Savage a matsayin Sade Banjo episode 8) Efa Iwara a matsayin David (8 episodes) Kachi Nnochiri a matsayin Osaro (8 episodes) Owumi Ugbeye a matsayin Bikiya (6 episodes) Samuel Ajibola a matsayin Chibuzo episode 1) Nick Mutuma a matsayin Leo (1 episode) Fitowar baƙo KC Ejelonu a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan cutar HIV (sashe 2) Blossom Chukwujekwu a matsayin Koci episode 1) Iyanya as Iyanya (1 episode) Ice Prince as Ice Prince episode 1) Vector as Vector: Season 4 episode 1) Fitarwa A cikin Yuni 2013, An sanar a hukumance cewa za a samar da sabbin sassa na Shuga a Najeriya a maimakon a baya da akeyi a kadar Kenya. A bikin kaddamar da bikin da aka gudanar a Otal din Wheatbaker da ke Lekki a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, an bayyana cewa sabon jerin za su kasance da sabon salo; tare da sabbin 'yan wasa da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan Najeriya mafi rinjaye. Ikubese Emmanuel da Nick Mutuma ne kadai jaruman da suka dawo sabuwar kakar wasan a lokutan baya. Da yake magana game da sauyin, Alex Okosi, Manajan Darakta na Viacom International Media Networks Africa, ya ce samar da wannan aiki a Najeriya zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da shirin saboda bunkasar masana’antar nishadantarwa ta Najeriya. A cewar Business Day, "Lokacin da aka samar da Nollywood ya kan kara samun karbuwa da rungumar mutane, a gida da waje". Babbar marubuciya, Kemi Adesoye ta yi tsokaci: “A cikin kawo Shuga Nijeriya, ina fatan mu rungumi ta. Ina fata matasa za su koya, su ji daɗi kuma a ƙarshe su canza rayuwarsu. Ina son Shuga ya taimaka wajen fara tattaunawa tsakanin abokai da iyalai game da batutuwan da suka shafi wasu abubuwan da aka haramta, magana game da cutar kanjamau da kuma game da ciki na matasa." Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, Bandele ta zabi yin aiki da Adesoye ne bayan da ta ga yadda ta nuna fim din Kunle Afolayan wanda ya yi fice a fim din Phone Swap (2012). A watan Agusta, an bayyana sunayen yan wasan kwaikwayon na Shuga Naija a hukumance kuma an bayyana Tiwa Savage a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ’yan wasa a kakar wasa; wannan ita ce gogewar farko ta Savage a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Babban daukar hoto na Hein de Vos da Adekunle "Nodash" Adejuyigbe kuma ya fara a watan Agusta 2013; An harbe jerin gwanon ne a jihar Legas. Kamar yadda na Satumba, rapper Ice Prince, mawaki Iyanya da baya Shuga yanayi 'actor, Nick Mutuma ya ma aka hade da aikin. An kuma baiwa jama'a damar kada kuri'a don zabar gwanayen su biyu don a ba su matsayi a cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo shida da aka buga a gidan yanar gizon Shuga a watan Agustan 2013. MTV Staying Alive Foundation ne suka shirya wannan kakar, tare da hadin gwiwar Hukumar Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau ta Najeriya (NACA), da Gidauniyar Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Sauran abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin sabon kakar yakin Shuga sun hada da: jerin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo, shirin koyar da matasa, littafin ban dariya a cikin harsunan hausa da Ingilishi, sabis na wayar da kan jama'a, yakin neman zabe a shafukan sada zumunta da kuma dandamali na zamani. Kiɗe-kide da raye-raye Taken sautin, "Sweet Like Shuga" Del B ne ya rubuta kuma ya samar da shi, kuma Flavor, Sound Sultan, Chidinma, KCee da Farfesa. Bidiyon kiɗan don sautin sauti ya jagoranci Clarence Peters An fara shi akan MTV Base a tsakiyar Nuwamba 2013 kuma an sake shi akan YouTube akan 4 Disamba. Duk sauran waƙoƙin da aka nuna a cikin Shuga Naija, kamar a lokutan baya, ana yin su ne da kansu. Jerin Waƙoki Saki Karo na uku na Shuga da aka fara saka a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2013 a gidan sinima na Silverbird, Victoria Island, Legas. An ɗora wani trailer na talla akan YouTube akan 27 Nuwamba, kuma wasan kwaikwayon ya fara watsawa a kan MTV Base a kan 1 Disamba 2013, Ranar AIDS ta Duniya daga baya aka watsa shi akan sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na MTV, kuma ana samun shi don yawo akan layi ta tashar MTV Base' YouTube da kuma akan iROKOtv Kazalika gidajen talabijin na kasa na Najeriya da sauran gidajen talabijin na duniya sun watsa wannan lokacin. An watsa lokacin ta hanyar jimlar gidajen talabijin 88, kuma an ba da rahoton an watsa shi ga gidaje sama da miliyan 550 a duk faɗin duniya. Littafin ban dariya na Shuga, wanda Kachifo Limited ya buga, shi ma an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Janairu 2014. Kaddamarwa Babban taron dai ya samu karbuwa sosai daga jama'a baki daya. Azeezat Fadekemi Sulaiman ta yi tsokaci: “Dukkan sarkakiyar dangantaka an bincika a cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayo mai ratsa jiki wanda zai tilasta muku fuskantar ra’ayi na gama-gari da kuma kyamar cutar kanjamau. Zamba, tarbiyyar yara da samartaka duk an zurfafa su dalla-dalla. Shuga, wanda Biyi Bandele ya jagoranta ya zama tilas a lura da kowane ɗan Afirka da ke neman fahimtar daɗaɗɗen rayuwa tare da cutar HIV." Bisoye Babalola na YNaija ya yaba wa halin Sophie kuma ya yi tsokaci: Shuga Naija shiri ne mai ilimantarwa amma mai jan hankali a talabijin..... yana ba da hoto na gaske na irin yanayi da matsalolin da matasa a Najeriya ko kuma a faɗin duniya suke fuskanta. Nunin yana da ban sha'awa sosai kuma zan ba da shawarar shi ga mutane na kowane zamani a duniya." Jaruma Beverly Naya ta yi tsokaci: "Kawo Shuga Najeriya wani mataki ne mai wayo domin matasa a Najeriya na bukatar su dauki mahimmancin lafiyar jima'i da muhimmanci tare da yin amfani da wannan kafar wajen tura wannan sako tare da yin amfani da ayyukan Najeriya wajen haifar da yanayi na rayuwa abu ne mai wayo. motsi". Sassa Manazarta Wasannin

43501

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pep%20Guardiola

Pep Guardiola

Josep Pep Guardiola Sala Catalan pronunciation: zɛb ɔlə] an haife shi 18 ga Janairu 1971) ƙwararren kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar andalus kuma tsohon ɗan wasa, wanda shine yake kocin ƙungiyar kwallon kafan Premier League wato Manchester City a yanzu. Ana la'akari da yana daya daga cikin manyan manajoji na kowane lokaci kuma yana riƙe da tarihin wasanni mafi yawa a jere da aka samu nasara a La Liga, Bundesliga da Premier League Guardiola dan wasan tsakiya ne mai matukar kwarewa wajen bada gudunmuwada qoqari a qungiyarsa nci ya taka rawar gani sosiwasanni daya buga tare da qungiyarsasan Ya shafe yawancin aikinsa tare da Barcelona, inda ya zama wani ɓangare na Kungiyar Mafarki na Johan Cruyff wanda ya lashe Kofin Turai na farko a 1992, da kofunan gasar Sipaniya guda huɗu a jere daga 1991 zuwa 1994. Ya taba zama kyaftin din kungiyar daga shekarar 1997 har zuwa lokacin da ya bar kungiyar a shekarar 2001. Bayan haka Guardiola ya buga wasa da Brescia da Roma a Italiya, Al-Ahli na Qatar, da Dorados de Sinaloa a Mexico. Ya buga wa tawagar kasar Sipaniya wasa sau 47 kuma ya bayyana a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 1994, da kuma a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta Euro 2000 Ya kuma buga wasannin sada zumunci na Catalonia Bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin dan wasa, Guardiola yazama mai horar da Barcelona B a takaice, wanda ya lashe taken Tercera División Ya karbi ragamar horar da kungiyar farko ta Barcelona ne a shekarar 2008. A farkon kakarsa, ya jagoranci kungiyar ta Barcelona zuwa kan teburi na La Liga,da kuma nasarar lashe gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar turai, da kuma Copa del Rey, ya zama ƙaramin kocin daya lashe gasar Turai da aka ambata. A cikin shekarar 2011, bayan da ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wani La Liga da gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai sau biyu, Guardiola ya sami lambar yabo ta Majalisar Catalan ta Zinariya, lambar yabo mafi girma. A wannan shekarar, an kuma ba shi suna FIFA World Coach of the Year Ya kawo karshen zamansa na shekaru hudu da Barcelona ne a shekarar 2012 tare da girmamawa 14, rikodin kulob Aikin kungiya Barcelona Cruyff amfani da matasa dan wasan tsakiya a cikin rashi na dakatar Guillermo Amor Ya zama dan wasa na farko na yau da kullun a cikin kakar 1991 92, kuma yana dan shekara 20 kacal ya kasance muhimmin bangaren bangaren da ya ci La Liga da Kofin Turai Mujallar Guerin Sportivo ta Italiya ta shelanta Guardiola a matsayin dan wasa mafi kyau a duniya a kasa da shekara 21. Kungiyar "Dream Team" ta Cruyff ta ci gaba da riƙe taken La Liga a cikin lokutan 1992–93 da 1993–94 Kungiyar ta samu karfafuwa ta hannun Romerio kwanan nan, kuma ta sake kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta 1994, amma Fabio Capello na Milan a Athens ya doke su da ci 4-0 Cruyff ya bar kungiyar a 1996, tare da Barcelona ta kare na hudu a kakar 1994 95 kuma ta uku a kakar 1995 96, amma Guardiola ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa a tsakiyar tsakiyar Barça. A kakar 1996-97, Barcelona, a wannan karon Bobby Robson ya jagoranta, ta lashe kofuna uku: Copa del Rey, Supercopa de España, da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai Yawancin Mafarkin Mafarki ya rage a wannan lokacin, tare da sababbin sa hannu irin su Luís Figo da Ronaldo da ke karbar bakuncin Hristo Stoichkov da Michael Laudrup A cikin 1997, Guardiola an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin na Barcelona a karkashin sabon koci Louis van Gaal, amma raunin tsokar maraƙi ya yanke hukunci ga Guardiola daga yawancin kakar 1997-98, inda Barcelona ta lashe gasar lig da kofibiyu A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Barcelona ta ki amincewa da tayin Roma da Parma (na kusan miliyan 300 pesetas ga Guardiola. Bayan tattaunawa mai tsawo da rikitarwa, ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila tare da kulob din Catalan wanda ya tsawaita zamansa har zuwa 2001. Guardiola ya dawo bakin aikine a kakar wasa ta gaba kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Barcelona ta sake lashe gasar La Liga, godiya ta musamman ga ayyukan Rivaldo da Luís Figo. A ranar 8 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 1998, an yi wa Guardiola tiyata don ƙoƙarin magance raunin da ya ji, wanda ya sa ya rasa damar buga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA a shekarar 1998 tare da kasar tasa ta andalus. A mafi yawan m 1999-2000 kakar sake ƙare a tiyata, sannan Guardiola ya kwashe w watanni uku na kakar tare da tsananin raunin idon kafa Barcelona ba ta yi nasara ba a lokacin kakar 2000-01, kuma ta kare matsayi na hudu a gasar La Liga duk da haka sun cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai Manazarta Josep Guardiola manager profile at BDFutbol Josep Guardiola UEFA coaching record (archived) Josep Guardiola UEFA competition record (archived) Pep Guardiola FIFA competition record (archived) Pep Guardiola at National-Football-Teams.com Pep Guardiola at Olympedia Josep Guardiola Sala at Olympics.com Rayayyun

53720

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Jackson%20ya%20ba%20da%20labari%20maras%20aure

Michael Jackson ya ba da labari maras aure

Mawaƙin Ba'amurke Michael Jackson ya fitar da waƙoƙi 67 a matsayin jagorar mai fasaha, da 10 a matsayin fitaccen mai fasaha. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu sayar da fasaha na kowane lokaci, kundin sa da tallace-tallace guda ɗaya kamar na 2013 ya tsaya a 400 miliyan. A cikin Amurka, Jackson ya tara 13 <i id="mwEQ">Billboard</i> Hot 100 lamba-daya (fiye da kowane mai fasaha a zamanin Hot 100) kuma shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na farko da ya sami ɗaya daga cikin manyan guda goma a cikin <i id="mwEw">Billboard</i> Hot 100 a cikin shekaru biyar daban-daban. A cikin 2012, Jackson ya kasance a matsayi na biyar mafi kyawun siyar da mawaƙin aure a Burtaniya tare da siyar da ɗigo miliyan 15.3. Shigowar solo na farko na Jackson akan ginshiƙi na waƙoƙin Billboard Hot 100 shine Got to Be There wanda ya kai lamba huɗu a cikin 1971. Lambar farko ta Jackson-daya ta buga akan ginshiƙi ita ce Ben a cikin 1972. Jackson ya ci gaba da sakin ƴan aure a cikin 1970s. Kundin Kashe bangon (1979) ya ƙunshi ɗimbin maɗaukaki biyar, gami da ginshiƙi mai taken Kada ku Daina' Har sai kun isa da Rock tare da ku Dukansu suna da ƙwararrun Platinum da yawa ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rikodi ta Amurka (RIAA) a cikin Amurka don siyarwa fiye da kwafi miliyan 6. Tare da waƙoƙi masu zuwa "Kashe bango" da Ta fita daga Rayuwata suma sun kai saman 10 na Amurka, Jackson ya zama ɗan wasan solo na farko da ya sami mawaƙa guda huɗu daga kundi ɗaya ya kai saman 10 na Billboard Hot 100. A cikin 1982, Jackson ya saki kundi na studio na shida, Thriller Yarinyar tawa ce haɗin gwiwa tare da Paul McCartney, an sake shi azaman ɗayan farko daga kundin. Ɗayan ya yi kololuwa a lamba biyu akan Billboard Hot 100. Billie Jean ita ce kundi na biyu. Mutum daya ne ya kan gaba a jerin kasashe 13, ciki har da Amurka. Guda ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan 10 a cikin Amurka da sama da miliyan 1.4 a cikin Burtaniya. Beat It wanda aka saki wata daya bayan haka, ya kai matsayi na daya a kasashe tara kuma ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan takwas a Amurka. An saki Thriller a watan Nuwamba 1983 kuma ya hau lamba hudu akan Billboard Hot 100. Guda ya sayar da kwafi miliyan 10 a cikin Amurka shi kaɗai, wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun siyarwar Jackson. A cikin 1983, Jackson ya sake yin haɗin gwiwa tare da McCartney kuma an fitar da Say Say Say a matsayin na farko daga littafin McCartney's 1983 Pipes of Peace An buge lamba daya a Amurka. Kundin studio na bakwai na Jackson, Bad (1987), ya samar da wakoki tara tare da zane bakwai a cikin Amurka. Biyar daga cikin waɗannan mawaƙa Ba zan iya daina son ku ba Mummuna Hanyar da kuka sa ni ji Man in the Mirror da Dirty Diana sun kai lamba ɗaya a kan Billboard Hot 100, rikodin mafi yawan lamba-1 Hot 100 guda ɗaya daga kowane kundi guda. In 1991, Jackson released his eighth studio album, Dangerous, co-produced with Teddy Riley. The album produced four top-ten singles on the Billboard Hot 100: "Remember the Time", "In the Closet", "Will You Be There" (produced and performed by Jackson as the theme for the film Free Willy) and the number-one hit "Black or White". In June 1995, Jackson released his ninth album, HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I, a double album. The first disc, HIStory Begins, is a 15-track greatest hits album. The second disc, HIStory Continues, contains 13 original songs and two cover versions. The album features "Scream", a duet with Jackson's youngest sister Janet; "Earth Song"; "They Don't Care About Us"; and "You Are Not Alone". "You Are Not Alone" holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and it topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995 and sold over 1.2 million copies, making it one of Jackson's most successful singles in the UK. Jackson worked with collaborators including Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins to produce his tenth solo album, Invincible (2001). Invincible spawned three singles: "You Rock My World", "Cry", and "Butterflies". Following Jackson's death in 2009, sales of his previous work soared and Jackson became the first act to sell more than 1 million song downloads in a week, with 2.6 million downloads. Following the surge in sales, in March 2010, Sony Music signed a $250 million deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to Jackson's back catalog until at least 2017. As part of this deal, two posthumous albums of previously unreleased tracks were released. In 2017, Sony renewed its deal for $250 million, which went into effect in January 2018. A matsayin jagorar mai

42937

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98wallon%20%C6%98afa%20a%20Angola

Ƙwallon Ƙafa a Angola

Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shi ne mafi shaharar wasa a Angola, sai kuma ƙwallon kwando. Ƙungiyar ƙasa (m) ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta 2006 a Jamus kuma da yawa daga cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Angola suna taka leda a duniya musamman a Portugal da Faransa. An san wasannin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Angola tun daga shekarar 1993, kuma tun a shekarar 1995, lardin Campeonato de Luanda ke gudanar da gasar laliga a Angola, duk da cewa ya taƙaita ne a lardin Luanda. Babban lig na ƙasa na maza shi ne Girabola Ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a Angola gabaɗaya tana fama da rashin kulawa, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da kulake. Sakamakon haka, da ƙyar ba a samu tsarin wasannin gasar ba, kuma saboda rashin azuzuwan matasa, ba kasafai ‘yan mata ‘yan shekara 12 da mata ‘yan shekara 40 ke haɗuwa a wasa daya ba. Sakamakon rashin samun horo ga mata, ana fuskantar barazanar wuce gona da iri, don haka a kawo ƙarshen wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Angola. Angola ta kasance yankin da Portugal ta yi wa mulkin mallaka tun daga karshen ƙarni na 15, don haka 'yan Portugal din ne suka shahara a wajen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Har yanzu ana tsara ƙwallon ƙafa a Angola ta asali da alaƙar sa na Portugal, misali ta hanyar wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin Portugal Benfica Lisbon da Sporting Lisbon. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Angola ita ce Federação Angolana de Futebol (FAF). An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1979, bayan Angola ta samu 'yancin kai daga Portugal a shekarar 1975. FAF ita ce ke shirya gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa Girabola (Liga na farko) da Gira Angola (laliga ta biyu) kuma ita ce ke da alhakin tawagar 'yan wasan ƙasar ta Angola maza da mata. Ƙasar ta karbi baƙuncin gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 2010. Tsarin League da Kofin A halin yanzu babu gasar mata a Angola. Don tarihin gasar duba Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Mata ta Angola Gasar zakarun ƙungiyoyin mata ta ƙasa ta farko ta gudana ne a shekarar 1999, a matsayin gasa a birnin Lubango.Taken ya koma Blocos FC daga babban birnin Luanda. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, FAF ce ke shirya gasar cin kofin kasa na yau da kullun. Zakaran gasar Lardin Luanda, Progresso do Sambizanga, ita ce ta mamaye gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Angola tare da kambun ƙasashe biyar tun daga wancan lokacin. Baya ga Progresso, kulob ɗin Amigas dos Mártires de Kifangondo Luanda yana daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi, kodayake ba tare da samun nasara ba a gasar zakarun Turai a Luena a shekarar 2008. Sauran kungiyoyin da suka fafata su ne Regedoria FC de Viana, da Clube Desportivo da Terra Nova. Terra Nova ita ce kulob guda ɗaya da ke da ƙungiya ta biyu da kuma makarantar ƙwallon ƙafa na mata matasa. Baya ga wadannan, kulake huɗu sun rage. Sauran ƙungiyoyin ba su da tsari, kuma hatta hazikan 'yan wasa sau da yawa ba su da damar ci gaba. Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da gasa a larduna uku na Angola: a lardunan Cunene, da Huíla, musamman a Luanda. Lokaci-lokaci, kuma za a yi gasa a sauran larduna, musamman a lardunan Bié, Benguela da Cabinda. Gasar ƙasa (Campeonato Nacional) koyaushe ana buga ta a kowane hali a cikin gasa ta tsakiya, amma ba a daidaita shi kowace shekara. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, ba a buga wani masters ba. Ya zuwa yanzu dai an buga gasar kasa da kasa a gasar mata ta Angola. Akalla tun daga shekarar 1965, maza ne ke buga zakaran kasa a Angola a wani aiki na gasar. Mai rike da kambun tarihi a lokacin mamaya na Portugal shi ne kulob din Atlético de Luanda da ya kafa a shekara ta 1953, yana rike da kambun gasar a shekarun 1965, 1966, 1967 da 1968. A Angola bayan mamayar ƙasar, ana gudanar da gasar babbar gasar Girabola tun a shekarar 1979, sannan kuma ana gudanar da gasar ta Gira Angola ta biyu mai matsayi uku a fadin kasar. Wadannan wasannin sun haɗa da manyan ƙungiyoyin larduna 18 na Angola, waɗanda ake buga sauran wasannin na yankin. A yau, Girabola har yanzu shi ne babban rabo na ƙwallon ƙafa na Angola. Hukumar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Angola ce ta shirya shi. Tawagar kasa ta maza Tawagar ƙasar ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a karon farko a shekara ta 2006. A lokacin gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar Angola ta lashe rukunin 4 da Najeriya da Zimbabwe da Gabon da Aljeriya da kuma Rwanda An sanya tawagar a rukunin D tare da Portugal da Mexico da Iran Sun kammala da ci 0, 2 da rashin nasara 1, sun yi matsayi na 3 a rukunin. Ba su wuce wasan rukuni ba. A ranar 4 ga watan Satumbar 2006, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka CAF ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a ba da gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2010 ga Angola. An gina karin sabbin filayen wasa hudu don gasar cin kofin Afirka: Estádio 11 de Novembro mai kujeru 50,000 a Luanda, Estádio Nacional de Ombaka mai kujeru 35,000 a Benguela da Estádio Nacional de Chiazi a Cabinda da Estádio Nacional da Tundavala a Lubango, bi da bi 20,000 ƴan kallo. A wasan da aka buga a rukunin A, Mali an sanya Algeria da Malawi a rukunin A. An sanya Angola a matsayin jagorar rukunin wannan rukunin. Kungiyar mata ta kasa Mafi kyawun matsayi a cikin FIFA Rankings na kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa shine matsayi na 82 a cikin watan Disambar 2003. A cikin watan Yuli shekarar 2022, an sanya su a matsayi na 140. Gasar da suka samu tilo ita ce ta shekarun 1995 da 2002 na mata na Afirka, kuma mafi kyawun wasan da suka yi shi ne na kusa da na karshe a gasar shekarar 1995. Angola ta kammala gasar cin kofin Afrika a matsayi na uku a shekarar 1995. Angola kuma ta samu gurbin shiga gasar a shekara ta 2002, inda ta doke Zimbabwe da Afirka ta Kudu, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Kamaru da ci daya mai ban haushi. Tun daga wannan lokacin Angola ba ta samu gurbin shiga gasar ba. A lokacin neman gurbin shiga gasar Olympics ta 2008 Angola ba ta wuce zagaye na farko ba, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Ghana Sai dai sun kai wasan karshe a gasar cin kofin COSAFA, inda suka kara da Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta doke su da ci 3-1. A gasar cin kofin Afrika ta mata na 2022 Angola ta kara da Botswana da ci 1-5 da 2-0. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21014

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwamu

Akwamu

Akwamu (ana kuma kiran sa Akuambo) jiha ce da mutanen Akwamu suka kafa a cikin ƙasar Ghana ta yanzu. Babban birnin Masarautar Akwamu ana kiransa Akwamufie. Bayan yin ƙaura daga jihar Bono, Akan waɗanda suka kafa Akwamu suka zauna a Twifo-Heman. Akwamu ya jagoranci daular faɗaɗa a ƙarni na 17 da 18. A lokacin daular su, Akwamu sun kirkiro al'adu masu tasiri wadanda suka ba da gudummawa ga Ghana. Tarihin jihar Akwamu Akwamuman ko a Turanci: Aasar Akwamu, al'umma ce ta Akan. Akwamu suna daya daga cikin tsoffin jihohin Akan tare da jihohin Fante da Akyem. A Akwamu suna ƙarƙashin sarkin of Yaa ansaa Royal Family of the Aduana abusua (masu juna biyu kabila). Aduana tare da Asona sune kawai rukunin da aka ba da izinin yin auratayya tsakanin membobin dangi ɗaya tsakanin Royals. SBisa ga al'adar baka, Akan ya samo asali ne daga gabashin Sahara da Sahel na Afirka. Zuwa shekara ta 750 AD, bayan jerin ƙaura zuwa yamma masarautar ta zama tsohuwar Daular Ghana ytt Daular ta kasance daga 750 AD zuwa 1200 AD kuma ta faɗi sakamakon rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa, koma bayan kasuwanci da haɓakar masarautun Sosso da Mali Kakanninsu sun tafi Kong (watau Ivory Coast ta yanzu). Daga Kong suka koma Wam, daga Wam suka koma Bono Manso, sannan suka koma Dormaa (a yankin Bono na Ghana a yanzu). Mitsubishi daga Kong ya zama dalilin sha'awar mutane don nemo yanayin Savannah masu dacewa tunda ba'a saba dasu da rayuwar Daji ba. Around 14th karni, suka koma kudu daga Dormaa gabashin to Twifo-Hemang (North West Cape Coast). Motsi ya motsa saboda kasuwanci kuma suka zauna a dajin Twifo-Heman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16. Bayan kuma sasantawa, rikicin rikici ya haifar da Otomfuo (brass-smith) Asare ya watsar da dangin don kafa sabuwar birni mai suna Asaremankesee (babbar jihar Asare). Akwamus ne ya kafa garin Asamankese na zamani kuma ya mamaye shi. Fadada Akwamu ya fara ne tsakanin shekarun 1629 da 1710. Sun fadada zuwa yankin Akuapem, gami da Kyerepon da Larteh, Denkyera, Ga-Adangbe; da jihohin Ladoku na filayen Agona, Winneba da Afram. Sarki mai iko Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku I ya haɗu da Guan kuma ya karɓi yankunan gargajiya na Kyerepon. Ya mallake su har sai Asonaba Nana Ofori Kuma da mabiyansa, bayan takaddama da suka biyo baya a kokarin kafa Jiharsu, suka tsunduma su cikin mummunan yaki. An kori Akwamu daga tsaunuka. Wadannan dangin Asona da mabiyansu Guan da Kyerepon, wadanda kuma suka fara zama sun basu wani yanki, don kafa kasar Akuapem. Yawancin Akuapem na yanzu har yanzu suna da tushe daga Akwamufie, musamman waɗanda ke ɗauke da suna Addo da Akoto, waɗanda suka fito daga gidan Aduana. A al'adar Akwamu, Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku I, shima ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Sarki Osei Tutu I na Asante ta hanyar kare shi daga Denkyera. Sunan mahaifin Osei Tutu shine Owusu Panin daga Akwamu sannan mahaifiyarsa kuma sunanta Manu Kotosi daga Kwaaman. Ta kasance 'yar'uwar Oti Akenten da Obiri Yeboah marigayi sarakunan Kwaaman. Lokacin da Manu ba ta iya haihuwa ba, dan uwanta Obiri Yeboah ya aike ta zuwa wurin bautar gumaka da ake kira Tutu a Akuapem don neman taimako. Daga baya ta yi ciki kuma ta haifi ɗa namiji (Osei Kofi) kuma ta sa masa suna bayan wurin bautar da ake kira Tutu; a lokacin Kwaaman yana karkashin Denkyera don haka lokacin da Osei yake saurayi, an tura shi yayi aiki a kotun Odeefuo Boa Amponsem, sarkin Denkyera na lokacin. Daga baya, Osei ya sami kansa cikin matsala ta hanyar yiwa 'yar'uwar sarki Akobena Bensua ciki kuma ya gudu zuwa wurin mahaifinsa a Akwamu don kariya. Lokacin da Osei ya isa Akwamu, Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku ya karbe shi kuma yayi masa kyakkyawar kulawa; kuma sun kare shi daga Denkyeras. Daga baya, Osei Tutu ya sadu da Kwame Frimpong Anokye (aka Okomfo Anokye) kuma ya zama abokinsa. Jim kaɗan bayan wannan kawun Osei, Obiri Yeboah, sarkin Kwaaman na lokacin ya mutu a yakinsu da Domaa kuma sakamakon haka, dole ne Osei ya zama sarki na gaba amma yana jin tsoron Denkyeras ya koma Kwaaman don haka Otumfuo Ansa Sasraku ya ware mayaƙan Akwamu 300 don yi masa jagora zuwa Kwaaman. Lokacin da sojoji suka zo Kwaman, sai suka zauna a tsakaninsu kuma daga baya suka zama 'yan asalin Asafo. Daga nan shugabannin Akwamu sun sake fasalin rundunar Asante a matsayin kwatankwacin kyakkyawan tsarin sojoji. Hakanan tare da taimakon Akwamu, sun fara jerin kamfe wanda ya kai ga kayar da Denkyera. Daga nan Asante Stool ta zama matar Akwamu Stool, alama don nuna kusancin jihohin Akan biyu. Aasar Asante daga baya ta zama Masarauta kuma har ma tana magana da Sarkinta kuma Otumfuo, wanda ya samo asali daga Akwamuman. Lokacin da Akwamu yake fuskantar rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Akyem Akyem Abuakwa, Akyem Kotoku da Akyem Bosome Ga, Kyerepong, da kuma Dutch, Asante sun nuna kamar basu san komai game da hakan ba kuma basu taimaki Akwamu ba wanda ya haifar musu da kayen su a shekarar 1734. Kodayake Akwamuman ya rasa yankin yamma na Daular, yayi hanzarin sake kafa kansa kuma yana sarrafa gabashin gabashin Daular. Lokacin da Asanteman yayi yaki da turawan Ingila a yakin su na uku da na hudu, Akwamu yayi kokarin taimakawa amma ya janye taimakon su, domin a shekarar 1867. Akwamu da Anlo (abokan biyu na Asante), sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar diflomasiyya tare da gwamnatin Burtaniya; saboda haka bisa ga yarjejeniyar, Akwamu ba zai iya ƙara yin aiki tare da Asante don yaƙar Turawan Ingila ba kuma Asante ta sha kashi. Duk da wannan Akwamus da Asantes har yanzu ƙawaye ne masu ƙarfi. Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a matsayin ƙawaye, ɗayan mawuyacin yaƙi shi ne "yaƙin Krepi" a 1869 inda sojojin Peki-Ewe suka yiwa sojojin Asante da na Akwamu mummunan rauni har ta kai ga Otumfuo Kofi Karikari, sannan Asantehene ya yanke shawarar janyewa. daga yakin, don haka ya umarci Adu Bofo, janar din soja na Asante da ya yi watsi da yakin Krepi; amma Bofo ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshe, kuma daga baya ya buƙaci zinariya da yawa don mishaneri ɗin Jamus da na Dutch da aka kama. Yaƙin Krepi (Peki) ya ci gaba, tare da haɗuwar Peki daga wasu garuruwan garin Ewe kamar Ho, Kpandu da sauransu suka kayar da Asante da Akamu daga baya. Shaidun tarihi suna nuna wannan. NB: Wannan yakin ya kasance tsakanin Peki (watau wani garin alƙarya) da Asante tare da Akamu. Landsasunan Ewe mutanen Ewe suna faɗin ƙasar Ghana, Togo, Benin da kuma Najeriya. Yaƙin bai haifar da haɗin gwiwa na dukkan sojojin Ewe a yankin ba (watau irin su Aja, Fon, Mina, Phe Phlera da sauransu). Nana Osei Tutu Anumfuo (daga baya Adumfuo) wanda ya raka shi daga Akwamu ya taimaka a shari'un zartarwa. A cikin karni na 21, yawancin Asante sun samo asalinsu zuwa Akwamu musamman; wadannan sun hada da mutane daga Asafo da Adum, da kuma bangarorin mutane daga Bantama da Barekese, dukkan garuruwan da ke cikin babban birnin Asante babban birnin Kumasi. Bayan rasuwar Nana Ansa Sasraku, sarakuna biyu ne suka gaje shi gaba ɗaya, Nana Addo Panin da Nana Basua. A wannan lokacin ne Akwamu suka karɓi mallakin gidan sarautar Danmark da ke Christianborg a Osu, a cikin Accra ta yau. Saboda kyakkyawar dangantakar da ke tsakanin Akwamu da Asante, a lokacin faɗaɗa ƙarni na 19 na Asante, Akwamu, Anlo da Asante sun yi yaƙi a matsayin ƙawaye. A yayin bikin tunawa da ranar tunawa da Nana Kwafo Akoto II (Regent), Nana Opoku Ware Na tsallaka Kogin Pra don yin kwana biyu a Akwamufie. A lokacin da suke kan karagar mulkinsu, kasar Akwamu ta mamaye mafi yawan yankin gabashin kasar Ghana ta yanzu. Hakanan Akwamu sun ci mutanen Ga kuma suka mamaye tsohuwar Masarautar Ga. A shekarar 1693, Asimani na Akwamu suka jagoranci wani samame suka kwace Gidan masarautar Osu daga turawan mulkin mallaka na Denmark. Don haka Akwamu ya mallaki yawancin hanyoyin kasuwanci daga ciki zuwa bakin tekun a gabashin gabashin abin da ke yanzu Ghana kuma ya ƙirƙiri babban birni a Nyanoase. A cikin 1720s yakin basasa a cikin jihar Akwamu ya haifar da wahala mai yawa. Wadanda suka yi nasara sun sayar da yawancin kawancen Sarki a matsayin bayi kuma aka dauke su zuwa tsibirin Caribbean na St. John A cikin 1733 suka tayar da tawayen bawa a tsibirin. A shekara ta 1734 aka sami nasara akan Akwamus daga Akyem (Abuakwa, Kotoku da Bosome), Ga, Kyerepong, da sojojin Holland, kuma suka rasa rabin daular su. An tura Akwamus zuwa Akwamufie, wurin da babban birnin su yake yanzu; amma a 1869 yayin da Akwamu ke fuskantar sojojin Peki (Ewe) a yakin Krepi, Akyem, Akuapem, da sauransu sun ga wata dama ta shiga cikin rundunar Peki (Ewe) don murkushe Akwamu sau daya tak; don haka Dompre, sarkin Akyem Kotoku na lokacin ya shirya rundunonin Akuapem, Ga, da Akyem kuma suka yi daidai da Akwamu. Jerin sarakunan jihar Akwamu Bayani http://www.asanteman.org/akan-abusua.html a b c Muḥammad Zuhdī Yakan, Almanac of African Peoples Nations, p.161 Kwamina B. Dickson, A Historical Geography of Ghana, p.23 Hartman, Saidiya. Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007) pp. 91-93 Tarihin Afrika Bay Pages with unreviewed

50881

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floribert%20Chebeya

Floribert Chebeya

Floribert Chebeya Bahizire (13 Satumba 1963 2 Yuni 2010) babban mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ne dan kasar Kongo a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yaba da shi a matsayin "gwanin kare hakkin dan Adam". Mutuwarsa ta haifar da kira ga bincike daga kungiyoyi fiye da 50, ciki har da Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch, kasashe da dama da manyan jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Ban Ki-moon, Navi Pillay, Alan Doss da Philip Alston. Sana'a An haifi Bahizire a Bukavu. Ya yi aiki daga farkon shekara ta 1990s har zuwa mutuwarsa kwatsam a shekarar 2010, wanda har yanzu ba a gano dalilin ba. Shi ne shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Voix des Sans Voix (Voice of the Voiceless). Aikin da ya yi ya sa ‘yan sanda suka rika yi masa barazana. A tsawon rayuwarsa Chebeya ya yi tir da gwamnatoci da masu mulki da dama, ciki har da mai mulkin kama-karya Mobutu Sese Seko, da shugaba Laurent-Désiré Kabila da ya gaje shi da kuma gwamnati mai ci a lokacin mutuwarsa. A lokacin mutuwarsa Chebeya ya yi kamfen na kin Sarki Albert II na Belgium da ke halartar bikin cika shekaru 50 na DRC, ya shirya zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da tsige Vital Kamerhee, ya kammala koke kan wadanda ke da alhakin kungiyar Bas-Congo Bundu dia. Kisan kiyashin Kongo da za a kai shi gaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, yana sukar jinkirin da gwamnati ta yi wajen kafa hukumar zabe ta kasa (CENI) da kuma binciken mutuwar Aimee Kabila, wadda ta yi ikirarin cewa ita ce kanwar shugaban. Mutuwa An bukaci Chebeya ya gana da Sufeto Janar na 'yan sandan Kongo, shugaban 'yan sanda na kasa, Janar John Numbi, a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni 2010. Ba a sani ba ko wannan taron ya faru. Chebeya ya aika wa matarsa sakon waya ya sanar da ita cewa ya isa hedikwatar ‘yan sanda da ke Kinshasa domin taron amma wannan ita ce tuntuba ta karshe da ya yi da kasashen waje. Daga baya wasu masu wucewa ne suka same gawarsa a bayan motarsa da ke unguwar Kinshasa, tare da cire wasu tufafi. Direban Chebeya ya bace. An gano gashin mata da kwaroron roba tare da shi a cikin motar. An zare wandonsa. Ba a sami jini ko ramukan harsashi ba. Koyaya, Chebeya yana da jini a wurare da yawa. Martanin mutuwa Martanin Kongo Ministan cikin gida na Kongo Adolphe Lumanu ya umarci hukumomi da su binciki wannan lamarin tare da jajantawa iyalan Chebeya. Shugaban ‘yan sanda a Kinshasa, Janar Jean De Dieu Oleko, ya ce ‘yan sanda za su binciki lamarin. Muryar Dolly Ibefo ta nemi a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa. A ranar 6 ga watan Yuni, an dakatar da shugaban 'yan sandan Kongo kuma an kama 'yan sanda uku. Ministan cikin gidan kasar Adolphe Lumanu ya bayyana a cikin wata sanarwa da aka karanta a gidan talabijin cewa, shugaba Joseph Kabila ya kuduri aniyar ganin an samar da dukkan haske, kuma domin ba da damar gudanar da binciken lami lafiya, majalisar tsaron kasar ta yanke shawarar dakatar da sufeto Janar John Numbi a matsayin wani mataki na taka tsantsan. Martani na duniya Mataimakiyar darektan Amnesty International a Afirka, Veronique Aubert, ta fitar da wata sanarwa bayan jin labarin mutuwarsa: "Mun yi mamaki kuma mun kadu da kisan gillar da aka yi na irin wannan fitaccen mai kare hakkin bil'adama." Amnesty na son a binciki mutuwarsa. Wakilan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama sun mayar da martani. Babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kare hakkin bil'adama, Navi Pillay, ta ba da yabo: "Fiye da shekaru 20, Chebeya Bahizire ya tsira daga barazanar kisa, kamawa, da cin zarafi da yawa saboda aikinsa na kare hakkin bil'adama. Ya yi imani da haqqoqin ‘yan Adam, kuma ba ya jin tsoron binsa a kan kowane irin saɓani.” Mai bincike na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba Philip Alston ya ba da shawarar "aiki a hukumance" yayin jawabin da ya gabatar ga kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva. An ba da rahoton cewa, shugaban tawagar MDD a Congo Alan Doss ya ce: "Wakilin na musamman ya yi kira ga hukumomi da su fara gudanar da bincike cikin gaggawa domin a samu cikakken haske kan wannan mutuwar". Ba da jimawa ba Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-moon ya bukaci a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan mutuwar Chebeya, ya kuma yi alkawarin taimakawa ta kowace hanya. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta bukaci a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan mutuwar Chebeya. Hukumomin Kongo sun ce za su ba da izinin ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasar Holland su taimaka da binciken gawar Chebeya. Ministan Afirka na Burtaniya Henry Bellingham ya nemi "bincike cikakke kuma na gaskiya". Kikaya Bin Karubi, jakadan Kongo a Birtaniya, ya shaida wa BBC a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni cewa wata kungiya mai suna Les Resistant Combattants ta dauki alhakin harin da aka kai a gidansa da ke Landan, wanda ya lalata motoci da dama tare da lalata gidansa, kuma wata kungiya ce ta kone. matakin ramuwar gayya kan mutuwar Chebeya. Kungiyoyi a Jamhuriyar Congo sun yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan mutuwar Chebeya. Amurka ta bukaci a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan mutuwar Chebeya. Daraktan Belgian Thierry Michel ya yi shirin shirin L'affaire Chebeya wanda ya ba da labarin shari'ar da abubuwan da suka faru a gabansa, inda ya lashe babbar lambar yabo a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 'yancin ɗan adam a Paris a cikin watan Maris 2012. Gawawwaki Binciken gawarwakin gawarwaki mai zaman kansa ya mayar da sakamakon "marasa cikawa". Hukunce-hukunce A watan Yunin 2011, an yanke wa wasu ‘yan sanda hudu hukuncin kisa, yayin da wani kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin daurin rai da rai bayan wata kotun soji ta same shi da laifin shiryawa da kuma kisa na Chebeya. Uku daga cikin wadanda ba su halarci kotun ba a lokacin da ake yanke hukunci an yi imanin cewa sun yi kisan gilla. An wanke wasu ‘yan sanda uku da laifin kisan Chebeya. An shafe sa'o'i da yawa ana karanta hukuncin, inda daruruwan mutane suka fito domin sauraren hukuncin. Paul Mwilambwe, wanda ke kula da harkokin tsaro a harabar da aka kashe Chebeya a watan Yunin 2010, ya ce ya ga yadda aka kashe dan fafutukar a na’urar daukar hoto. Ya zargi Joseph Kabila da ba da umarnin kashe shi da kan sa. A ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, 2021, an fara shari'ar daukaka kara na wasu mambobin tawagar da suka kashe mai kare hakkin dan Adam da direbansa. Duba kuma Hakkin dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo Reebok Kyautar Human Rights Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50348

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete%20Prytz%20Kittelsen

Grete Prytz Kittelsen

Grete Prytz Kittelsen (an haife ta Adelgunde Margrethe Prytz, Yuni 28, 1917, Oslo,ta mutu Satumba 25, 2010, Oslo maƙeriyar zinare ce Norway,mai zanen enamel, kuma Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan Norwegians a cikin ƙungiyar ƙirar Scandinavian, kuma ana kiranta da "Sarauniyar Zane ta Scandinavian". Ta hanyar aikinta ta ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka duniya,ƙirƙira da bincike na kimiyya.Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasar Norway waɗanda suka tsara salon ƙirar Scandinavian a zamanin bayan yaƙi kuma ita ce mafi shaharar ma'aikaciyar Norwegian na lokutan. Manufar Kittelsen ita ke samar da kyawawan abubuwan yau da kullun masu amfani ga kowa.Ta na da yalwa da iri iri.Tare da abubuwan da aka sanya mata da kayan ado ta kasance majagaba a cikin ƙira a zamanin yaƙi da kuma abin ƙira ga tsararru gaba. A yau ɓangarorin nata sun zama gumaka masu ƙira kuma ana neman abin tattarawa. Articles with hCards Kuruciya An haifi Kittelsen a cikin 1917 a Kristiania zuwa Ingerid Juel da Jakob Prytz,wanda ta kasance maƙeriyar zinare,kuma rector na Kwalejin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Yaren mutanen Norway (madaidaicin taken: Kwalejin Kasa ta Kasa, Crafts da Design,yanzu Oslo National Academy of da Arts Ita ce 'yar'uwar Torolf Prytz jr. kuma ta zama ƙarni na biyar na kamfanin maƙeran zinare J. Tostrup Iyalin sun kasance masu daidaitawa na duniya,kuma kamfanin tana nan tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 1832 tana da bayanan duniya. Wanda ta kafa kamfanin, Jacob Ulrich Holfeldt Tostrup,ta yi karatu a Copenhagen da St. Petersburg. Ɗansa Oluf Tostrup ta yi aiki don haɗin kai mai ma'ana tsakanin fasaha,sana'a da masana'antu, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan motsa jiki lokacin da aka kafa Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha a Oslo a 1876. Mahaifinta Yakubu Prytz shi ne darektan kamfanin iyali, wanda ya kafa Foreningen Brukskunst The Applied Art Association da kuma babban jigo na sabunta fasahar Norwegian da zane a zamanin tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe.Gidan Prytz' da Juel sau da yawa ta kasance gida ga ɗalibai da malamai na ƙasashen waje na makarantar, ciki har da Alvar Aalto da Gregor Paulsson. Paulsson ta tsara kalmar "vackrare vardagsvara", wanda ke fassara kai tsaye zuwa "mafi kyawun samfuran yau da kullun". Maganar ta zama taken ga ƙungiyoyin Nordic masu amfani da fasaha. Bayan samun examen artium a 1935, Kittelsen ta fara karatun maƙeriyar zinare a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa,Crafts da Zane.Ta sami difloma a 1941,bayan haka ta yi aiki da J. Tostrup l. A cikin Afrilun 1945 ta auri Arne Korsmo, m kuma farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Norwegian. Sun rabu bayan shekaru 15. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu dole ne ta gudu zuwa Stockholm saboda aikinta na karkashin kasa.A wurin ita da mijinta, Arne Korsmo, sun saba da gine-ginen Danish Jørn da Lis Utzon, kuma sun kulla abota na tsawon rayuwa. Shekaru bayan yakin Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Kittelsen ta koma Oslo kuma ta yi aiki da kasuwancin iyali.Ta tsara ayyuka da yawa na azurfa, enamel vitreous da robobi,wani lokaci tare da mijinta,Arne Korsmo. Kittelsen ta fara yin amfani da manyan hanyoyin masana'antu da masu zanen masana'antu ke amfani da su. A matsayin mai karɓar kyautar Fulbright, Kittelsen ta zauna a Amurka a cikin 1949 da 1950,inda ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Zane ta IIT. Kittelsen da mijinta,Arne Korsmo,sun yi tafiya a cikin Amurka da Mexico kuma sun sadu da wasu masu zane-zane,irin su Frank Lloyd Wright, Ray da Charles Eames, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, James Prestini,da Edgar Kaufmann Jr., wanda shi ne darektan Sashen Zane-zane na Masana'antu a Gidan Tarihi na Art Modern (MOMA) a Birnin New York.Edgar Kaufmann Jr. ta ziyarci Norway shekara guda kafin tafiye-tafiyen Kittelson a Amurka, sannan Kittelsen ta nuna masa faranti. LDaga baya an nuna farantin a MoMA.Ta hanyar tafiye-tafiyensu, Kittelsen da mijinta sun sami hanyar sadarwa wanda ya ƙunshi manyan mashahuran lokacin. Wannan ya ba da damar nuna baje kolin Form na Amurka da kuma shirya taron karawa juna sani a zane-zane na masana'antu a Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha, Sana'a da Zane ta Kasa tare da malamai daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Illinois.Taron karawa juna sani ya kasance mai ban sha'awa don sabunta abubuwan da ke ciki da hanyoyin ilmantarwa na makarantar. Daga 1954 zuwa 1957 ta shiga cikin nunin "Design in Scandinavia", wanda aka nuna a wurare da dama a Amurka da Kanada. Kusa da ƙarshen 50s, samfuranta, waɗanda Hadeland Glassverk da Cathrineholm suka ƙera, galibi ana samun su a gidajen Norwegian. "Sensasjonskasserollen" (lit. The sensation casserole ta samu nasara musamman, tare da sayar da raka'a 150,000 a cikin 1964. Yawancin zane-zanen nata sun sami wahayi ne daga fasahar Amurkawa, masu bayyanannun launuka masu haske da siffofi masu sauƙi. Kittelsen kuma ta ƙera kayan ado na yau da kullun, marasa tsada waɗanda aka yi da azurfa da enamel mai ɗanɗano. Ziyarar da ta kai kasashen waje bayan ta yi balaguro a Amurka tana da nasaba da halartar nune-nune da taruka,galibi suna da alaka da shigarta a Majalisar Sana'a ta Duniya (WCC), wacce ta kasance mamba ce ta kafa kuma memba. A 1971 ta auri Sverre (Loe) Kittelsen wanda ya mutu a 2002. Grete Prytz Kittelsen ta mutu tana da shekaru 93 a Oslo 25 Satumba 2010. Ayyuka Bayan yakin duniya na biyu Grete Prytz Kittelsen an ba da izini don sabunta kayayyaki iri-iri a cikin kamfanin iyali Tostrup, wanda ta yi tare da haɗin gwiwar Arne Korsmo.Sun ƙirƙiri sabbin abubuwa da yawa don amfani a cikin gida waɗanda suka dace da sabbin hanyoyin samarwa da salon rayuwa na yau da kullun.Misali shine kayan yankan Korsmo daga 1954,wanda ya ƙunshi ƴan sassa kaɗan, kuma tana da sauƙin samarwa ta taimakon ƴan kayan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, ta ƙirƙira kayan ado da aka yi wahayi ta hanyar zane-zane na zamani guda. Yawancin su an ƙera su ta hanya mai ma'ana ta musamman. A cikin 1957-1958 tare da haɗin gwiwar Paolo Venini, mai shi kuma darekta na Venini Glassworks a Murano ta haɓaka kayan ado a cikin gilashi da azurfa waɗanda ake la'akari da su a cikin manyan ayyukanta. Daga karshen shekarun 1950 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zanen masana'antar Cathrineholm a Halden.Sun gina tarin abubuwa a cikin ƙarfe wanda ya shahara sosai. Bugu da ƙari, Prytz Kittelsen ta kasance mai aiki a cikin binciken kimiyya.A cikin 1950 ta ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Cibiyar Bincike ta Tsakiya a Jami'ar Oslo da Hadeland Glasswork don haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan enamel masu araha.Gwaje-gwajenta a cikin tsari, fasaha da kayan aiki sun zama nau'in bincike na fasaha da aiki. Tasiri da girmamawa Grete Prytz Kittelsen ta girma tare da manufofin motsin ƙirar zamani,inda ta kamata a samar da abubuwa masu sauƙi da kyau na yau da kullum ga kowa da kowa. Wannan,tare da ƙaƙƙarfan sha'awar fasaha da fasaha mai amfani,ta zama mahimmancin aikinta. Dukansu na fasaha da kuma a hukumance an siffanta su da iya gwaji da zamani wanda ta sanya su asali har ma a yanayin duniya. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na ƙungiyar ƙira ta Scandinavian, Kittelsen ta sami kyautuka da yawa a cikin 1950s,gami da Kyautar Lunning a cikin 1952.A yunƙurin Grete Prytz Kittelsen Norway an wakilta a karon farko a cikin Trendsetting Triennale di Milano a 1954.Anan aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Grand Prix a kan babban tire na azurfa. Daga baya ta sami lambar yabo da yawa a Triennale. An yi Kittelsen a Knight, First Class, na Royal Norwegian Order na St. Olav a 1986. A cikin 2008 an girmama ta tare da babban nuni a cikin National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, tana nuna 360 na ayyukanta, tare da wani littafi,Grete Prytz Kittelsen: Emalje og zane,wanda Gyldendal ya buga. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Yarima Eugen a wannan shekarar. A cikin 2018 da yawa gine-gine da wuraren taro a Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet) an ba su sababbin sunaye. OsloMet na da al'adar sanyawa gine-ginen sunayen mutanen tarihi,kuma da farko matan da suka yi tasiri a daya ko fiye na fannonin karatu a OsloMet.An ba wa ɗayan ɗakin taro a harabar Kjeller suna "Grete Prytz Kittelsens hall", wanda ke a gidan Karethe Johnsen. Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33475

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Madagaska

Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Madagaska

Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Madagascar, ita ce wadda hukumar FIFA ta amince da ita, wato babbar kungiyar mata ta Madagascar. Kungiyar ta buga wasanninta na farko na FIFA a shekarar 2015. Ci gaban tawagar 'yan wasan kasar yana da matsala saboda batutuwan da aka samu a nahiyar da kuma tsibirin, musamman rashin farin jinin mata a matsayin wasanni a Madagascar. Tarihi A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, ciki har da Madagascar, waɗanda ba su buga wasa ko ɗaya da FIFA ta hukunta ba tsakanin shekarar 1950 da watan Yunin shekarar 2012. A shekara ta 2005, Zambiya ta kamata ta karbi bakuncin gasar COSAFA ta mata na yanki, tare da kungiyoyi goma sun amince da aika tawagogi ciki har da Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho da Swaziland Madagaskar ba ta samu sakamako ba daga wannan gasar. A cikin shekarar 2006, akwai wata babbar ƙungiyar FIFA da aka sani da ta sami horo biyu a mako ko da yake ba su buga wasa ko ɗaya ba tsakanin shekarar 2000 da shekarar 2006. Hukumar FIFA ta amince da babbar kungiyar ta kasance a cikin shekarar 2009. A shekarar 2010, kasar ba ta da wata kungiya da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin kwallon kafar mata ta Afirka a lokacin wasannin share fage. Kasar dai ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar ta Afirka ta shekarar 2011. A watan Yunin shekarar 2012, FIFA ba ta sanya ƙungiyar a matsayi na duniya ba. Fage da ci gaba Farkon cigaban wasan mata a lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo wasan kwallon kafa a nahiyar ya takaita ne yayin da masu mulkin mallaka a yankin suka himmatu wajen daukar ra'ayi na ubangida da shigar mata cikin wasanni tare da su zuwa ga al'adun gida wadanda suke da irin wannan tunani da aka riga aka sanya a cikinsu. Rashin ci gaban tawagar 'yan wasan kasar daga baya a matakin kasa da kasa na alamomin dukkan kungiyoyin Afirka ya samo asali ne sakamakon dalilai da dama, ciki har da karancin damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito a tsakanin al'umma da ke ba da damar lokaci-lokaci. ga takamaiman mata na take hakkin ɗan adam. Lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata, sun kan tafi don samun damammaki a ƙasashen waje. Nahiyar gabaɗaya, ba da kuɗi kuma batu ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaban da ke zuwa daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Nan gaba, nasarar wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara ne da ingantattun kayan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa wadannan wuraren. Kokarin tallata wasan da kuma sanya shi yin kasuwanci ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda ake nunawa a halin yanzu da damammakin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa da na mata da ake gudanarwa a fadin nahiyar. An kafa Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Malagasy a cikin shekarar 1961 kuma ta zama alaƙar FIFA a cikin shekarar 1964. Ana buƙatar ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a kan hukumar ta babban umarni duk da cewa ƙungiyar ba ta yin aiki na cikakken lokaci don kula da ƙwallon ƙafa na mata. Wasan kwallon kafa ya kasance matsayi na takwas a fagen wasanni na mata a kasar, bayan wasan kwallon kwando, wanda ya fi shahara. Shahararriyar kungiyar rugby a matsayin wasannin shiga mace kuma yana kalubalantar kwallon kafa. A babban birnin kasar, akwai kungiyoyin kulab din kungiyar rugby na mata guda goma. Wannan yana kawar da ƙwararrun ƴan wasa daga ƙwallon ƙafa. An shirya shirin wasan kwallon kafa na mata a kasar a shekarar 2000. A shekara ta shekarar 2006, akwai ’yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata 1,065 da suka yi rajista, manyan ’yan wasa 340 da ’yan wasa matasa 725. Wannan karuwa ne daga shekara ta shekarar 2000 lokacin da akwai 'yan wasa mata 800 da suka yi rajista, kuma jimillar 'yan wasa 210 da suka yi rajista a shekarar 2002. A shekarar 2006, akwai kungiyoyin kwallon kafa mata 91 a kasar. Kwallon kafa na mata yana samun farin jini a ƙarshen 2000s. A shekarar 2009, jimillar kungiyoyin mata sun kasance manyan kungiyoyi 22 da kungiyoyin matasa 38. Mata ne ke buga Futsal a ƙasar, tare da ’yan wasan futsal mata 80 da ba su yi rajista ba a 2006. A cikin shekarar 2015 da 2016 kungiyar ta buga wasanni da dama, inda hudu daga cikinsu FIFA ta amince da su. Biyu daga cikin wadanda aka doke Comoros da ci 4-0. Sauran wasannin sun kasance a cikin wasannin tekun Indiya. Ƙungiyoyin matasa na ƙasa U20 tawagar Tawagar mata ta Madagascar ta kasa da kasa da shekaru 20 ya kamata ta halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a shekarar 2006, inda aka bude gasar da Senegal amma kungiyar ta fice daga gasar. Duk da haka, kungiyar ta buga wasanni uku a shekarar 2005. A cikin shekarar 2006, ƙungiyar ta sami horo biyu a mako. A cikin shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar har yanzu tana da ƙimar FIFA. Sun fafata ne a gasar cin kofin duniya na mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a shekarar 2010. A wasan farko dai sun sha kashi a hannun Reunion da ci 1-3. A karawa ta biyu kuma an yi rashin nasara da ci 1-4. Ma'aikatan koyarwa Ma'aikatan horarwa na yanzu Tarihin gudanarwa 'Yan wasa Tawagar ta yanzu An sanya sunayen 'yan wasa masu zuwa akan xx xx 2022 don gasar xxx. Maƙasudi da makasudi daidai har zuwa 1 ga Janairu 2022. Kiran baya-bayan nan An gayyaci 'yan wasan da ke zuwa cikin tawagar a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata. Rubutun mutum ɗaya 'Yan wasa masu aiki a cikin m, ƙididdiga daidai kamar na 1 ga watan Janairu Na shekarar 2022. Most capped players Top goalscorers Rikodin gasa Gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA Wasannin Olympics *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na Afirka Wasannin Afirka Yanki Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta COSAFA *Jana'izar sun hada da wasan knockout da aka yanke akan bugun fanareti Girmamawa Kwallon kafa a Wasannin Tsibirin Tekun Indiya Wanda ya yi nasara a shekarar 2015 Duba kuma Wasanni a Madagascar Kwallon kafa a Madagascar Wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Madagascar Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Malagasy Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

20071

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashin%20lafiya%20da%20canjin%20yanayi

Rashin lafiya da canjin yanayi

Canjin yanayi yana da tasirin rashin daidaituwa akan mutane masu nakasa, kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye. Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna iya fuskantar babban tasirin sauyin yanayi akan mutane idan aka kwatanta da wadanda ba su da nakasa. Duk da wannan, kuma duk da cewa nakasassu sun fi sama da 15% na yawan mutanen duniya, amma sun sami ƙarancin ƙima da saka hannu cikin tsarin yanke shawara game da martani game da canjin yanayi. Yawanci, nakasassu sun kasance mafi akasarin cutarwa ta kowane nau'i na gaggawa, walau gaggawa ta gaggawa kamar ambaliyar ruwa ko mahaukaciyar guguwa ko kuma gaggawa a hankali kamar tashin tekun, saboda rashin damar samun kayan agajin gaggawa da matsalolin sanya shi ta iyakance motsi. Nakasassu sauyin yanayi ya fi shafar nakasassu saboda adadi mara kyau na nakasassu suna rayuwa cikin talauci, kuma mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin talauci sun fi zama cikin hadari saboda canjin yanayi.. Amincewa da ƙarin haɗari Karuwar kasadar nakasassu dangane da canjin yanayi ba a yarda da ita ba. Misali, Manufar Millennium Development Goals bai ambaci alaƙar da ke tsakanin nakasa da canjin yanayi ba. Koyaya, yarjeniyoyi da takardu na duniya da yawa sunyi bayani dalla-dalla game da dangantakar, kamar su Yarjejeniyar Cancun ta 2010, Tsarin Warsaw na 2013asashen Duniya na 2013 don Asara da Lalacewa, da kuma gabatarwa ga Yarjejeniyar Paris ta Paris kan Canjin Yanayi na 2015. Wani mataki da aka ɗauka don tabbatar da cewa bayanai game da haɗarin yanayi ta Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan-Adam (OHCHR) wanda ke buga sabon rahotonsa wanda ke nuna shari'ar da ƙarin sabuntawa. Ma'ana mai kyau, hadawa da jagorancin mutanen da ke da nakasa da kungiyoyin wakillan su a cikin kulawar hadari da dabarun yanke shawara game da yanayi a cikin gida, matakan ƙasa, yanki da na duniya, hanya ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam don magance haƙƙinsu da bukatunsu. Tsarin duniya kan Rashin Lafiya da Canjin Yanayi Akwai wasu tsare-tsare da manufofi da ke nuna gwamnatoci na amfani da tsarin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam yayin haɓakawa da aiwatar da manufofi da shirye-shiryen yanayi don tabbatar da daidaito. Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Nakasassu da Takardar Zaba (A RES 61/106) an zartar da ita ne a ranar 13 ga Disamba 2006 a Hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York, kuma an bude ta don sanya hannu a ranar 30 ga Maris 2007. Tana da sa hannun 82 a Yarjejeniyar, sa hannun 44 a cikin Yarjejeniyar Zabi, da kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar. Wannan ita ce yarjejeniya ta farko game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarni na 21 kuma ita ce taron ƙetare 'yancin ɗan adam na farko da aka buɗe don sa hannu daga ƙungiyoyin haɗin kan yanki. Lokacin da aiwatar da UNCRPD, Eu ya haɓaka tsari don tabbatar da aikinsa. Ana buƙatar EU ta sami tushen inganta, kariya da aiwatar da UNCRPD a cikin batutuwan da ke ƙasa da cancantar EU. Tsarin ya fara aiki a cikin 2013, bisa ga shawarar da Hukumar ta bayar wanda Majalisar ta amince dashi a 2012. Yana haɓaka hanyoyin kulawa na ƙasa. Tun daga ƙarshen 2015, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ba ta aiki a cikin tsarin EU, amma yana ci gaba da daidaita aiwatar da UNCRPD. Dole ne duk bangarorin Jihohi su gabatar da rahotanni na yau da kullun ga Kwamitin kan yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin. Dole ne Jihohi suyi rahoto da farko tsakanin shekaru biyu na karɓar Yarjejeniyar sannan kuma bayan kowace shekara huɗu. Kwamitin yana nazarin kowane rahoto kuma zai gabatar da irin shawarwarin da kuma shawarwari na gaba ɗaya akan rahoton kamar yadda yake ganin ya dace kuma zai tura waɗannan ga kungiyar Jiha da abin ya shafa.. Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Rashin Nakasa (UNDIS) Kawancen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Nakasassu, babban tsarin kawance wanda UNDP ta dauki nauyin sakatariyar fasaha tare da wasu hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 5, na iya tallafawa aikin hadin gwiwar UNCTs na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hada nakasa. UNDIS tana aiki ne a matsayin ma'auni don cimma canjin canji ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ya ƙunshi siyasa da tsarin kula da lissafi. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya kaddamar da UNDIS don kawo nakasassu a gaba ga dukkan bangarorin ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a duniya. Manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kawo Cutar Nakasassu ya samar da tushe na ci gaba da kawo sauyi kan ci gaban nakasassu ta hanyar dukkan ginshikan aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: zaman lafiya da tsaro, 'yancin dan adam, da ci gaba. Dabarar ta baiwa tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tallafi don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Nakasassu da sauran kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, kazalika da cimma nasarar Cigaban Bunkasuwa, ajanda don 'Yan Adam da Tsarin Sendai don Rage Haɗarin Bala'i. Dabarar ta baiwa tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tallafi don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Nakasassu da sauran kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya, kazalika da cimma nasarar Cigaban Bunkasuwa, ajanda don 'Yan Adam da Tsarin Sendai don Rage Haɗarin Bala'i. Sharuɗɗan IASC akan Ayyukan Jin Kai na Musamman Hadawa ana samun sa ne yayin da nakasassu ke taka rawa mai ma'ana kuma yayin da aka magance damuwar da ta shafi nakasa bisa bin Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu. Sharuɗɗan IASC sun bayyana mahimman ayyukan da masu ba da agaji dole ne su yi don ganowa da amsa buƙatu da haƙƙin nakasassu yadda ya kamata. Tasirin canjin yanayi ga mutanen da ke da nakasa Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna wakiltar al'ummomi daban-daban. Don wannan, yayin magana game da bukatunsu, sun bambanta dangane da yanayin mutum. Koyaya, haɗarin yana da alaƙa da tasirin lafiyar da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi na iya shafar mutane da nakasawa fiye da wasu saboda yanayin rauni. Mutanen da ke da karancin kudin shiga na iya fuskantar gaskiyar cewa ba za su iya biyan kwandishan a cikin gidansu yayin raƙuman zafi, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da zafin. Temperaturesara yanayin zafi na haifar da haɗari ga nakasassu, saboda yawancin nakasa suna tasiri ga ikon mutum na daidaita yanayin yanayin jiki, don haka hade tasirin rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki da nakasa yana kara karfin nakasassu. Rahoton da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar kan nakasa da ci gaba ya nuna cewa matasa nakasassu suna da karin kalubale da suka shafi hakkokinsu na asali na neman ilimi, kamar yadda lamarin yake a kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba inda ake fama da karancin ilimi ga mutane na yau da kullun. Mutanen da ke da nakasa sun kai kimanin kashi 15 cikin ɗari na yawan mutanen duniya. Koyaya, batutuwa kamar nuna wariya, banbanci da sauran abubuwan zamantakewar da tattalin arziki suna shafar matsayin ƙarfin cewa canjin yanayi yana shafar mutane masu nakasa. Rashin dacewar canjin yanayi Talauci Nakasassun mutane suna da wakilcin rashin dacewa a cikin al'ummomin da suka fi talauci, kuma yawancinsu suna rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci. Kamar yadda irin wannan, nakasassun za su iya fuskantar irin wannan kalubalen da al'ummomin talauci ke fuskanta. Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna fuskantar talauci fiye da ninki biyu na yawan mutanen da ba sa shan wahala daga gare shi. Yayinda sauyin yanayi ya canza, rashin amfanin gona da fari zasu zama ruwan dare gama gari, wanda zai bar al'ummomin da ke fama da talauci ba tare da wadatar abinci ba. Ana fama da ƙarancin ruwa a cikin ƙauyuka marasa kyau, matsala wacce kawai za ta ƙara bayyana yayin da canjin yanayi ke taɓarɓarewa. Yayinda aka rasa damar aiki sakamakon tasirin bala'in muhalli, nakasassu na iya zama farkon wanda zai rasa aiki ko ƙasar noma. Lafiya Sakamakon canjin yanayi tare da ƙarin rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya da mutane nakasassu ke fuskanta. Mutane da yawa da ke da nakasa sun dogara da na'urori masu taimako waɗanda ke inganta ayyukansu na jiki da motsi. Da zarar wata masifa ta yi musu barazana, na'urori masu taimaka wa mutane ba sa isa gare su saboda ko dai sun ɓace ko sun lalace. Wannan zai bar su ba tare da tallafi ba don daidaitawa. Ko da ba tare da tasirin sauyin yanayi ba, nakasassu ba su da wadataccen damar zuwa kiwon lafiya fiye da wadanda ba su da nakasa saboda kyamar zamantakewa, wariya, talauci, manufofin nuna wariya, da kuma rashin shirye-shiryen kula da lafiya don takamaiman nakasa. Lokacin da matsalolin damuwa masu nasaba da canjin yanayi suka rage tasirin tsarin kula da lafiya, waɗannan rashin daidaito wajen samun kiwon lafiya tsakanin nakasassu da waɗanda ba nakasassu ba suna faɗaɗawa. Rushewa ga sabis na zamantakewar jama'a da sauran mahimman ayyuka na iya zama lahani musamman, saboda mutane nakasassu galibi suna dogaro da samun dama na yau da kullun ga waɗannan ayyukan. Yayin bala'in canjin yanayi da ya haifar da bala'i, wani ƙalubalen da nakasassu za su iya fuskanta shi ne asarar kayan aiki masu dacewa wanda ke taimaka musu ƙara ƙarfin motsi ko ikon iya yin hulɗa ta hanyar gani ko sauti. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da keken guragu, kayan ji, da makamantansu. Yayin bala'i, da alama waɗannan na'urori zasu ɓace ko lalata su. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka ba da taimako ga yankunan da bala'oi suka shafa, ba a cika samar da waɗannan nau'ikan abubuwan ba, suna barin nakasassu su tafi ba tare da su na dogon lokaci ba. Temperaturesara yawan zafin jiki na haifar da haɗari ga nakasassu, saboda yawancin nakasa suna tasiri ga ikon mutum na daidaita yanayin zafin jiki. Canjin yanayi yana haifar da takamaiman haɗari ga waɗanda ke da nakasa ta numfashi saboda yanayin ɗumamar yanayi na iya haɓaka abubuwan da ke haifar da abubuwa kamar su ozone da fure. Motsi Duk da yake nakasassu galibi basu cika motsi ba, suma suna fuskantar wasu illoli da suka shafi motsi. Nakasassu galibi suna da wahalar tafiye-tafiye a ƙasashen duniya, duk da cewa a zahiri suna da haƙƙin ƙaurar duniya. Wannan yakan faru ne saboda kasashe za su hana bakin haure nakasassu shiga saboda ganin nauyin da ake ganin sun dora wa kasar. A cikin hoto mafi girma game da canjin yanayi da ke haifar da ƙaura, ƙaura na ƙasashen duniya suna da ɗan ƙaramin matsayi, tare da ƙaura na cikin gida wanda ya kasance mafi yawan motsi. Abun takaici, akwai karancin bincike game da shigowar hijirar cikin gida ta nakasassu, kuma illolin da wannan nau'in ƙaura yake haifarwa ga nakasasun nakasasun mutane galibi ba a san su ba. Gane Varfi da andarfin Adaarfafawa Gaggawa cikin yanayin sauyin yanayi yana sanyawa nakasassu cikin haɗari saboda yanayin rauni. Bayanin jagora wanda Healthungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ƙirƙira game da nakasa da kula da haɗarin gaggawa yana bayyana ƙarin ƙarin ƙalubalen da mutane ke fama da nakasa a lokacin gaggawa. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci suna tsara ƙarfin hali da ikon daidaitawa na mutane a cikin al'ummomin su. Waɗannan dalilai sune: samun dama da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa, na mutane, na jama'a, na zahiri, da na kuɗi. Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna fama da matsaloli daban-daban: ilimi mara kyau, rashin samun kuɗaɗen shiga, keɓancewar jama'a da iyakance damar zuwa hukumomin yanke shawara.

28086

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Tharp

Marie Tharp

Marie Tharp (Yuli 30, 1920 Agusta 23, 2006) wata ƙwararriyar ilimin ƙasa ce Ba'amurke kuma mai daukar hoto ta teku wacce, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Bruce Heezen, suka ƙirƙiri taswirar kimiyya ta farko na bene na Tekun Atlantika. Ayyukan Tharp sun bayyana cikakken yanayin yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa mai nau'i-nau'i na ƙasan teku. Har ila yau, aikinta ya bayyana kasancewar wani ci gaba da tsatsauran ragi tare da axis na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika, wanda ya haifar da sauyi a cikin kimiyyar duniya wanda ya haifar da karɓar ka'idodin tectonics farantin karfe da drift na nahiyar. Rayuwar farko An haife Marie Tharp a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1920, a Ypsilanti, Michigan, ɗiya tilo ga Bertha Louise Tharp, malamin Jamus da Latin, da William Edgar Tharp, mai binciken ƙasa na Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka. Sau da yawa takan raka mahaifinta aikin filin da yake yi, wanda ya ba ta farkon gabatarwar taswira. Duk da haka, ba ta da sha'awar neman aikin fage domin a lokacin an fahimci wannan aikin na maza ne. Saboda yanayin aikin William Tharp, iyalin sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1931. A lokacin Marie ta halarci makarantun gwamnati fiye da goma a Alabama, Iowa, Michigan da Indiana, wanda ya sa ya yi mata wuya ta kulla abota. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta mutu lokacin da Marie ke da shekaru 15, ita ce mafi kusancin mata da ita. Cikakkiyar shekarar makaranta a Florence, Alabama, ta kasance mai tasiri musamman a gare ta. A nan, ta halarci wani aji mai suna Current Science, inda ta koyi game da masana kimiyya na zamani da kuma ayyukan bincike da suke aiki. Bugu da kari, ta samu damar gudanar da tafiye-tafiyen fili na makaranta a karshen mako don nazarin bishiyoyi da duwatsu. Ilimi Bayan ya yi ritaya, William Tharp da sauran danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa wata gona a Bellefontaine, Ohio, inda, ba da daɗewa ba, Marie ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare. Mahaifiyarta, wata malama ce ta rinjayi ta, ta dauki hutun shekara guda kafin ta tafi jami'a; Bayan ta kammala karatu ita ma ta shirya zama malama. Kasancewa a gona don taimakawa bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta a 1936, Marie daga baya ta kammala karatun digiri. Da mahaifinta ya shawarce ta ta zabar wani fanni na karatun da ba wai kawai ta ke so ba, har ma zai samar mata da sana’o’i da tsaro na kudi, Tharp ta kammala karatun digiri a jami’ar Ohio a shekarar 1943 inda ta yi digiri na farko a fannin Turanci da kade-kade da kuma kananan yara hudu. Bayan harin da Japan ta kai kan Pearl Harbor, samari da dama sun fice daga makarantu da jami'o'i domin shiga aikin soja. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an dauki karin mata aikin sana'o'i kamar ilimin kasa na man fetur, wanda aka saba kebance ga maza. Kasa da 4% na duk digirin digiri na kimiyyar duniya a lokacin mata ne suka samu. Bayan ta yi digirin digiri a Ohio, an dauke Tharp zuwa Jami'ar Michigan a shirin Ann Arbor's petroleum geology, inda ta kammala digiri na biyu. Tharp ta ɗauki aiki a kamfanin Stanolind Oil da ke Tulsa, Oklahoma, a matsayin ƙaramar ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa, amma ba da daɗewa ba ta ga bai gamsu ba. Mata a lokacin ba a ba su damar fita yawon bude ido don neman mai da iskar gas. Ta keɓe a ofis, aikinta shi ne tattara taswira da bayanai ga mazajen da ke cikin filin. Duk da yake har yanzu yana aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin ƙasa na kamfanin Stanolind Oil, Tharp ya shiga cikin sashin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Tulsa, yana samun BSc ta biyu. Aiki A 1948, Tharp ta yi shekaru hudu a Tulsa kuma tana neman aikinta na gaba. Ta koma birnin New York kuma da farko ta nemi aiki a gidan tarihin tarihi na Amurka, amma bayan ta koyi yadda binciken burbushin halittu yake cin lokaci, ta nemi mukamai a Jami'ar Columbia. A ƙarshe ta sami aikin tsarawa tare da Maurice Ewing, wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kula da Yanayin Kasa ta Lamont (yanzu Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory). Abin mamaki, lokacin da aka yi hira da shi don aikin, Tharp ba ta ambaci tana da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kasa ba. Tharp na ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara aiki a Lamont Geological Observatory. A wurin, ta sadu da Bruce Heezen, kuma a farkon aikin tare sun yi amfani da bayanan hoto don gano jirgin saman soja da ya fadi daga yakin duniya na biyu. Daga k'arshe ta yi wa Heezen aiki ta musamman, tana tsara shimfidar tekun. An yi mata aiki kuma ta ci gaba da girma daga 1952 zuwa 1968, lokacin da aka yanke matsayinta kuma aka koma matsayin tallafi saboda siyasar lab da ta shafi Heezen (ta kasance a matsayin tallafi har zuwa mutuwar Heezen a 1977). Saboda yakin cacar baka, gwamnatin Amurka ta hana buga taswirorin da ke saman teku, saboda tsoron kada jiragen ruwa na Soviet na iya amfani da su. A cikin shekaru 18 na farko na haɗin gwiwa, Heezen ta tattara bayanan wanka a cikin jirgin binciken Vema, yayin da Tharp ta zana taswira daga waɗannan bayanan, tunda an hana mata yin aiki a cikin jiragen ruwa a lokacin. Daga baya ta sami damar shiga balaguron tattara bayanai na 1968. Ta yi amfani da kanta ta yi amfani da bayanan da aka tattara daga jirgin bincike na Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution na Atlantis, da bayanan girgizar kasa na karkashin teku. Aikinta tare da Heezen ya wakilci yunƙuri na farko na tsari na taswirar ƙasan teku. Ka'idar drift na nahiyar Kafin farkon shekarun 1950, masana kimiyya sun san kadan game da tsarin benen teku. Ko da yake nazarin ilimin ƙasa a ƙasa ya kasance mai rahusa da sauƙi, ba za a iya fahimtar tsarin duniya gaba ɗaya ba tare da sanin tsari da juyin halittar teku ba. A cikin 1952, bayanan sauti na Tharp sun haɗa kai tsaye daga Atlantis, wanda aka samu a lokacin 1946-1952, kuma bayanin martaba ɗaya daga jirgin ruwa Naval Stewart ya samu a lokacin 1921. Ta ƙirƙiri jimillar bayanan bayanan kusan shida waɗanda ke shimfiɗa yamma zuwa gabas a arewacin Tekun Atlantika. Daga waɗannan bayanan martaba, ta sami damar bincika yanayin wanka na sassan arewa na Ridge Mid-Atlantic. Tharp ya gano wani madaidaicin tsari, mai siffa v da ke gudana ta ci gaba ta cikin kusurwar tudun kuma ya yi imanin cewa yana iya zama kwarin tsagewa. Ta yi imanin cewa kwarin rafuffukan da aka kafa da saman tekun ke janye. Da farko Heezen bai gamsu ba saboda ra'ayin zai goyi bayan drift na Nahiyar, sannan ka'idar cece-kuce. A lokacin masana kimiyya da yawa ciki har da Heezen sun yi imanin cewa ƙetare nahiyoyi ba zai yiwu ba. Maimakon haka, na ɗan lokaci, ya yarda da faɗaɗa hasashen Duniya, (yanzu maras kyau) yana watsi da bayaninta a matsayin "maganar yarinya". Ba da daɗewa ba Heezen ya ɗauki Howard Foster don tsara wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta kasance a cikin tekuna don aikin da ya shafi manyan igiyoyin ruwa da girgizar ƙasa. Ƙirƙirar wannan taswirar tsakiyar girgizar ƙasa ya tabbatar da zama saitin bayanai na sakandare mai fa'ida don nazarin yanayin wanka na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika. Lokacin da aka lulluɓe taswirar Foster na wuraren girgizar ƙasa tare da bayanin martabar Tharp na Rijiyar Tsakiyar Atlantika ya bayyana a sarari cewa wurin da waɗannan girgizar asa ke daidai da kwarin rift na Tharp. Bayan haɗa waɗannan bayanan guda biyu, Tharp ya gamsu da cewa a haƙiƙa akwai ƙwarin ƙwari a cikin ƙwanƙolin tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika. Sai da ta ga wurin da girgizar ƙasa ta kasance daidai da rafin rift valley na Tharp ne Heezen ta yarda da hasashenta kuma ta juya zuwa ga madadin ka'idojin tectonics na farantin karfe da drift na nahiyar. Tharp da Heezen sun buga taswirar physiographic na farko na Arewacin Atlantika a cikin 1957. Duk da haka, sunan Tharp bai bayyana a cikin manyan takardu akan tectonics na farantin karfe wanda shi da wasu suka buga tsakanin 1959 da 1963. Tharp ya ci gaba da aiki tare da mataimakan dalibai masu digiri don ci gaba taswirar iyakar tsakiyar ragi. Tharp ya gano cewa kwarin da aka yi ya fadada tare da tsakiyar tsakiyar Atlantic Ridge zuwa Kudancin Atlantic, kuma ya sami irin wannan tsari na kwari a cikin Tekun Indiya, Tekun Arabiya, Bahar Maliya, da Gulf of Aden, wanda ke nuna kasancewar yankin tekun teku na duniya. Daga baya, tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zanen shimfidar wuri na Austriya Heinrich Berann, Tharp da Heezen sun gane taswirarsu na dukkan benen teku, wanda National Geographic ya buga a 1977 a ƙarƙashin taken The World Ocean Floor. Ko da yake daga baya an gane kuma an danganta shi da aikinta a yau a kan Rijiyar Mid-Atlantic, Heezen, wacce a lokacin a cikin 1956, ta fitar kuma ta karɓi ƙima don binciken da aka yi. Ritaya da mutuwa Bayan mutuwar Heezen, Tharp ta ci gaba da aiki a tsangayar Jami'ar Columbia har zuwa 1983, bayan haka ta gudanar da kasuwancin rarraba taswira a Kudancin Nyack lokacin ritayarta. Tharp ta ba da gudummawar tarin taswirorinta da bayanin kula ga Map da Geography Division na Library of Congress a 1995. A cikin 1997, Tharp ta sami karramawa sau biyu daga Library of Congress, wanda ya ba ta suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane huɗu na ƙarni na 20 kuma ya haɗa da ita. aiki a wani nuni a cikin bikin cika shekaru 100 na Geography da Map Division. A cikin 2001, an ba wa Tharp lambar yabo ta Lamont-Doherty Heritage Award na farko na shekara-shekara a cibiyarta ta gida don aikin rayuwarta a matsayin majagaba na ilimin teku. Tharp ya mutu da ciwon daji a Nyack, New York, a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2006, yana da shekaru 86. Rayuwa ta sirri A 1948, ta auri David Flanagan kuma ta koma New York tare da shi. An sake su a shekara ta 1952. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kamar yawancin mata masana kimiyya na zamaninta, Marie Tharp an san shi musamman daga baya a rayuwa. Kyautar da ta samu sun hada da: 1978 Medal Hubbard ta National Geographic Society 1996 Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers Mace Na Musamman Kyautar Nasara 1999 Woods Holes Oceanographic Institution's Mary Sears Woman Pioneer in Oceanography Award 2001 Lamont-Doherty Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya Gado An gane Tharp a cikin 1997 ta Library of Congress a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu daukar hoto hudu na karni na 20. An halicci matsayin Farfesa Marie Tharp Lamont don girmama ta. Marie Tharp Fellowship Lamont ne ya ƙirƙira a cikin 2004, Marie Tharp Fellowship gasa ce ta haɗin gwiwar ziyarar ilimi da aka baiwa mata don yin aiki tare da masu bincike a Cibiyar Duniya ta Jami'ar Columbia. Matan da aka karɓa ana ba su damar yin aiki tare da malamai, ma'aikatan bincike, masu bincike na postdoctoral da daliban digiri kuma a cikin tsawon watanni 3, ana ba su har zuwa 30,000 a matsayin taimakon kudi. Ganewar bayan mutuwa Google Earth ya haɗa da Layer na Taswirar Tarihi na Marie Tharp a cikin 2009, yana bawa mutane damar duba taswirar tekun Tharp ta amfani da fasahar Google Earth. Ita ce batun tarihin rayuwar 2013 ta Hali Felt mai suna Soundings: The Story of the Remarkable Woman Who Mapped the Ocean Floor, wanda New York Times ta ambata don tsayawarta a matsayin "babban shaida duka ga mahimmancin Tharp da kuma ikon Felt. na hasashe." Ta kasance mai raye-raye a cikin "The Lost Worlds of Planet Earth", kashi na tara na Neil deGrasse Tyson's Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Amanda Seyfried ta bayyana. Labarin ya nuna yadda ta gano tsakiyar Atlantic Ridge kuma daga baya a cikin shirin deGrasse Tyson ya gane Tharp ba kawai a matsayin masanin kimiyya mai tasiri wanda ya zama mace ba amma kuma a matsayin wanda ya kamata a gane shi a matsayin masanin kimiyya wanda ya ci nasara akan jima'i don taimakawa filin ta. An ba da labarin rayuwarta a cikin littattafan yara guda uku, Solving the Puzzle Under the Sea" Marth Tharp Maps the Ocean Floor, na Robert Burleigh kuma Raúl Colón ya kwatanta, Ocean Speaks: How Marie Tharp Revealed the Ocean's Biggest Secret na Jess Keatting kuma Katie Hickey ta kwatanta kuma a cikin 2020 MacMillan ya buga Marie's Ocean: Marie Tharp Maps the Mountains under the Sea wanda Josie James ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta shi. Ilimin zamantakewa 2021 Sanannen Littafin Kasuwancin Nazarin Zamantake don Matasa Masu Karatu. A cikin 2015 Ƙungiyar Taurari ta Duniya ta sanya sunan dutsen Tharp Moon a matsayin girmamawarta. Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu C250 Celebrates 250 Columbians Ahead of Their Time: Entry on Marie Tharp. Woods Hole Oceeanographic Institution. "Marie Tharp Honored at Women Pioneers Seminar." The Earth Institute at Columbia University. "Mapping Methodology Examples (North Atlantic)." The Earth Institute at Columbia University. "Marie Tharp, Pioneering Mapmaker of the Ocean Floor, Dies." Earth Institute News, August 23, 2006. Nelson, Valerie. "Marie Tharp, 86; Pioneering Maps Altered Views on Seafloor Geology." The Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2006. Hall, Stephen S. "The Contrary Map Maker" The New York Times Magazine, December 31, 2006. James, Josie (2020), "Marie's Ocean: Marie Tharp Maps the Mountains Under the Sea". Henry Holt and Co. (BYR), Holt Books for Young Readers. ISBN

18276

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaidullah%20Khan

Abaidullah Khan

Mataimakin-admiral (Vice-Admiral) Abaidullah Khan (mafi kyau da akafi sani da AU Khan, ```sojin-ruwa ne na kasar Pakistan mai matsayin tauraro uku na admiral, sannan kuma daga baya ya zama jigo wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kawo da fasahar canja wuri na iska -daidaita karfin gwiwa -da jirgin ruwa mai saukar ungulu na Agosta 90Bravo daga Faransa a shekara ta alif 1994, zuwa shekara ta alif 1997. Tarihin rayuwa An kuma haifi Abaidullah Khan a shekara ta alif 1940, a yankin Kashmir, yanzu wani bangare ne na yankin India daPakistan, kuma an bashi aikin Sojan ruwa ne a shekara ta alif 1958, a matsayin Midshipman tare da S No. PN. 775 a Bangaren zartarwa Ya kasance daga zuriyar Kashmiri Pathan wanda ya rasa iyayensa yana da shekaru tara a lokacin raba Indiya da kuma yaƙin farko da Indiya a shekara ta alif 1947, kuma an kula da shi a gidan kulawar. Daga baya ya shiga Kwamandan Jirgin Ruwa, kuma ya sami horo a PNS Hangor a Kasar Faransa, a shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1969. A cikin shekara ta 1971, Lt-Cdr. AU Khan yana aiki a matsayin babban kwamanda na biyu na PNS Hangor, lokacin da aka tura shi cikin tekun Larabawa, yana aiki a yammacin yakin na uku da Indiya a shekara ta alif 1971, Tare da Laftanar Fasih Bokhari, Lt-Cdr. Khan ya kasance mai taimakawa a cikin dakin sarrafawa don gano hakikanin daidaito da matsayin jiragen yakin Indiya wadanda daga karshe suka nutsar da INS Khurki karkashin umurnin Capt. MN Mulla Bayan yakin, Lt-Cdr. An karrama Khan da lambar yabo ta gallantry kuma an umurce shi da ya halarci kwas a kan karatun Yaƙin a Islamabad, daga ƙarshe ya sami MSc a karatun yaƙi a shekara ta alif 1980, A cikin shekara ta alif 1980s, Cdre. AU Khan ta umarci Squadron a matsayin jami'inta a cikin umarnin dabaru Cdre. Daga baya an sanya Khan a matsayin sojan ruwa na Navy ga Royal Navy a High Commission of Pakistan a Kasar London a Kasar Burtaniya A cikin shekara ta alif 1993–zuwa 1994, Rear-Admiral AU Khan ya sami karin girma a matsayin kwamandan rundunar, Kwamandan Pakistan Fleet, inda ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen bayar da shawarwari masu karfi don samo dukkanin rundunar jiragen ruwa na Type-21 daga Royal Navy, suna halartar bikin tare Mataimakin Burtaniya Admiral Roy Newman, Jami'in Tutar na Plymouth, wanda ya ba da <i id="mwbA">Ambuscade</i> wanda aka sanya shi a matsayin <i id="mwbg">Tariq</i> a matsayin jagoran jirgin A cikin shekara ta alif 1994, R-Adm. Khan ya karbi jagorancin Kwamandan Jirgin Ruwa kuma an sanya shi a matsayin DCNS (Ayyuka) a Navy NHQ. A shekara ta alif 1994, Adm. Saeed Mohammad Khan ya zabi R-Adm. Khan a matsayin shugaban kungiyar ta biyu da ta ziyarci Faransa yayin da kungiyar farko a karkashin R-Adm. Javed Iftikhar ya ziyarci Kingdomasar Ingila don mallakar jiragen ruwa da aka shigo da su. An ruwaito shi a cikin kafofin watsa labarai cewa R-Adm AU Khan ya ba da babbar himma da shawarwari don neman fasahar AIP daga kasar Faransa ta hanyar musayar fasaha maimakon samun Mai <i id="mwgg">tallata</i> daga Kingdomasar Ingila R-Adm. Khan wanda aka horar a jirgin ruwa na Faransa ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shawo kan gwamnati ta samo fasahar AIP daga Faransa kan hangen nesa na dogon lokaci, kuma wannan dangantakar mai matukar rikitarwa an sanya hannu a shekara ta alif 1994, tare da Faransa duk da Adm. Saeed Mohammad Khan 's urgings. A shekara ta alif 1995, an daukaka Mataimakin Admiral Khan a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa, kuma gwamnatin Benazir ta dauke shi a matsayin ta biyu a matsayin shugaban Kamfanin Jirgin Ruwa na Kasa (PNSC) a shekara ta alif 1996, wanda ya yi aiki ta hanyar fadada aikin har zuwa shekara ta 2000, lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga shekaru 42 na aikin soja. A cikin shekara ta 2001 zuwa 2002, V-Adm. AU Khan ta sanya shi a cikin Lissafin Kulawa da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen sasanta yarjejeniyar don siyan fasahar jiragen ruwa na Agosta 90Bravo</i>, duk da cewa gwamnati ta warware sunansa nan da nan, tana mai cewa kura-kurai ne. A cikin shekara ta 2018, V-Adm. Khan ya halarci babban taro a bikin "don girmama jirgin karkashin ruwa don yalwata abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta alif 1971", yayin da yake duba gidan kayan gargajiya na karkashin ruwa, a Pakistan Naval Museum a garin Karachi. Duba kuma Sojojin ruwan Pakistan Marayu a lokacin da aka raba Indiya Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1940 Mutanen Kashmiri Mutane Pashtun Pages with unreviewed

30822

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matasa%20Don%20Kare%20Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam

Matasa Don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam

Matasa Don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Turanci "Youth for Human Rights International (YHRI)" kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka Masanan Kimiyya sun kafa kuma mafi yawan ma'aikata da kuma samar da kudade, manufar da aka bayyana ita ce "Don koyar da matasa a duniya game da 'yancin ɗan adam, don haka taimaka musu su zama masu ba da shawara mai mahimmanci don inganta haƙuri da zaman lafiya." Ƙungiyar ta inganta wanda ya kafa Scientology L. Ron Hubbard rubuce-rubucen game da yancin ɗan adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Gamayyar Sanarwana Yancin Dan Adam, ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyin rubutun da zane-zane da kuma samar da kayan aiki ga ɗalibai da jagororin koyarwa ga makarantu. A cewar Cocin "Church of Scientology International", Scientologist Mary Shuttleworth kafa ƙungiyar a watan Agusta 2001 a cikin daidaitawa da Church of Scientology International ta Human Rights Office". Shafin yanar gizon Scientology ya bayyana cewa a shekara ta 2004 ya kafa ayyuka a fiye da ƙasashe 26, ciki har da Mexico, Amurka da Suwidin. Jagoranci Shugaban YHRI kuma wanda ya kafa shi ne Mary Shuttleworth (tsohuwar Mary Untiedt), tsohuwar shugabar ƙungiyar iyaye ta YHRI ta kasa da kasa Foundation for Human Rights and Tolerance Har ila yau, ta kafa makarantun da aka yi amfani da su a Makarantar Shuttleworth Academy" da "Gidan Makarantar Maryamu." Shuttleworth yana riƙe da babban matsayi a TXL Films, kamfanin da ya kirkiro bidiyon kiɗan UNITED tare da YHRI. Masanin kimiyya ce. A cewar jaridar "Newsletter Church of Scientology International", babban darektan YHRI shine Tim Bowles, tsohon abokin tarayya na Bowles &amp; Moxon, yana aiki a matsayin babban majalisa na shari'a na Cocin Scientology. Bowles kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Scientology's Citizens Commission on Human Rights Lynsey Bartilson, wanda ya bayyana a kan jerin talabijin na Grounded for Life, babban mai magana da yawun YHRI ne. Ta girma kuma ta kasance Masanin Kimiyyar Kimiyya, kuma mahaifiyarta Laurie Bartilson tsohuwar abokiyar doka ce a Moxon Bartilson. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta na kan layi, ta bayyana cewa ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire kuma mawaƙa don Cibiyar Celebrity Center ta Scientology "Yara kan Stage don Mafi kyawun Duniya." Shirye-shirye YHRI ya haɗu tare da TXL Films (wanda Taron Lexton ya kafa, ɗan YHRI wanda ya kafa Mary Shuttleworth don ƙirƙirar bidiyon kiɗan da ya lashe kyautar, "UNITED." A cikin Yuni 2006, sun fito da sanarwar sabis na jama'a na 30 don TV, suna kwatanta kowane haƙƙin 30 a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Duniya wanda Sashen Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Cocin Scientology International na YHRI ya kirkira. Ayyuka da abubuwan da suka faru YHRI tana rarraba kayan da ke da alaƙa da fassararta na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da shirye-shiryen YHRI, ga yan makaranta a ƙasashe daban-daban na ci gaba, irin su Amurka, Australia, United Kingdom da kuma Jamhuriyar Czech. YHRI kuma yana aiki a Jamus. A ƙasar Belgium, ta ba da kyauta, sannan kuma ta gudanar da bikin bayar da kyautuka a kasar Bulgeriya don samun kyauta daya. YHRI ta ba da kyauta guda ɗaya ga wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta kasar Sin, wadda ta inganta ra'ayoyin kungiyar a shafinta na yanar gizo, da kuma wani ga wani matashin Masanin Kimiyya na Isra'ila wanda ya nuna fim din, UNITED, kuma ya rarraba kayan YHRI a makarantarsa. An gudanar da taro a Zurich. Ta tattauna shirin gabatar da lacca da raba kayanta ga daliban makarantar Ghana da Laberiya. Ta ba da shawarar biyan ƙananan makarantu a Uganda, da gudanar da taron zaman lafiya a Najeriya. A Afirka ta Kudu, asalin ƙasar Mary Shuttleworth, tana yunƙurin ganin an yi "watannin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam." Aikin ƙungiyar yana samun goyon bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma masanin kimiyya Tom Cruise kuma yana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin ɗan adam, kamar, zargin, surori na gida na Amnesty International A cewar <i id="mwcg">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i>, babu Amnesty a Berlin ko hedkwatar hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Amnesty International a London da ke da masaniya game da irin wannan haɗin gwiwar da Amnesty International, tun daga Maris 2013, an cire su daga jerin masu haɗin gwiwa a kan gidan yanar gizon YHRI. A cikin 2005, Youth for Human Rights International ta shirya taro a babbar Makarantar Los Angeles. Stephen Strachan, shugaban makarantar sakandaren Jordan, ya ce ko da yake ya san wasu daga cikin masu shirya su Masana Kimiyya ne, bai san dangantakar YHRI da Ikilisiya ba har sai an jera Ikilisiyar Scientology akan kayan tallatawa a matsayin mai tallafawa. Bayan samun labarin haɗin gwiwar, an yi yarjejeniya don cire duk wani ambaton Cocin Scientology daga wallafe-wallafe, kuma an aika wasiku ga iyaye cewa ɗalibai za su buƙaci izini don halartar taron. A shekara ta 2007, YHRI ta jagoranci wani kwas na haƙƙin ɗan adam na matukin jirgi a lardin KwaZulu-Natal na Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta rarraba ƙasida ta L. Ron Hubbard <i id="mwfw">Hanyar Farin Ciki</i> ga ɗalibai masu shekaru tsakanin 12 zuwa 17, kuma sun koya musu ilimin kimiyyar jargon kamar Sikelin sautin, yayin ƙoƙarin shigar da su cikin Drug Free Marshalls, ƙungiyar Scientology kamar Narconon Wani jami'in gwamnatin lardin ya ce yana fatan kawo shi ga yara miliyan 4.44 na lardin. Suka A cikin 2007, a wani taron matasa na 'yancin ɗan adam wanda YHRI ta shirya, a Sydney, Ostiraliya, ɗalibai uku daga Makarantar Sakandare ta ƴan mata ta Canterbury sun nuna damuwa game da abubuwan da suka shafi Scientology a cikin kayan talla. Daya ta ce ta ji "an yi amfani da ita." Sashen ilimi na duba korafe-korafen daliban. Duk da haka, David Clarke, wani mai sassaucin ra'ayi na New South Wales babban gida kuma memba na kungiyar Katolika Opus Dei, ya ce shi ma bai san wata alaka mai karfi tsakanin dandalin matasa da Cocin Scientology ba. Amma, Clarke ya kara da cewa, “Ni dan Katolika ne. Babu wani turawa kamar yadda na iya gani na Scientology." Wani ɗan jarida na Jamus ya zargi Scientology da tallace-tallace na karya ta hanyar YHRI, ɗaukar mambobi a kaikaice, kuma jami'an gwamnati a Jamus sun ce YHRI yana aiki a matsayin dabarar ɓoyewa ga Scientology. Gidan tarihin Holocaust na Florida ya koka da cewa ba a bayyana haɗin YHRI da Scientology ba lokacin da suka yi aiki tare da su don shirya zanga-zangar ƴancin ɗan adam a St. Petersburg, Florida a cikin Maris 2007. A cikin kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ke sama mai shirya YHRI ya amsa cewa, yayin da Ikilisiyar Scientology ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar su, taron YHRI ne, ba taron Ikilisiya ba kuma saƙon haƙƙin ɗan adam ne, ba Scientology ba. Duk da haka, Herald ya ruwaito cewa, a kan kayan da aka raba a taron a Australia, hoton L.Ron Hubbard da furucin sun fi dacewa fiye da na masu gwagwarmaya irin su Martin Luther King da Mahatma Gandhi Ursula Caberta, Kwamishinan Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Hukumar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Hamburg, ƙungiyar masu sa ido kan ilimin kimiyya, ta bayyana cewa YHRI na daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da Scientology wadanda ke rufe alaƙarsa da cocin kuma suna neman jawo hankalin matasa da kuma daukar nauyin matasa. A cikin 1995, Majalisar Dattijai ta Hamburg ta fitar da rahoto game da Kimiyyar Kimiyya, inda ya kwatanta tsarinsa da kuma hadarin da ya gabatar wa mutane da al'umma. Ɗaya daga cikin nassi, yana ambaton takardun Scientology, ya bayyana matsayin dukan ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda, kamar YHRI, suna da alaƙa da coci. "A cikin bayanin cikin gida, Scientology ya bayyana aikin ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa: Duk ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi suna samar da hanyar sadarwa ta duniya. Kowannensu yana da nasa matsayin da nauyinsa. Amma duk kungiyoyin sabis suna da burin jawo hankali ga fasahar L.Ron Hubbard da isar da ita ga jama'a.' Don haka, kowane aiki, duk da haka yana da alaƙa da Kimiyyance, ya dace da tsarin dabarun dogon lokaci, wanda mafi girman gudanarwa ke jagoranta." Kimiyya, YHRI Da Haƙƙin Dan Adam a Turai Dangane da gidan yanar gizon Scientology na hukuma, YHRI wani ɓangare ne na yakin neman zabe gaba daya. YHRI, wanda aka fi sani da Jamusanci a matsayin "Jugend für Menschenrechte," yana aiki a Switzerland da Jamus, yana shirya taron kare haƙƙin bil'adama ga matasa don inganta haɗin kai na addini. Dangane da yakin neman zaben, Antje Blumenthal, dan majalisar dokokin Jamus, ya nuna damuwarsa cewa ana amfani da kyakkyawar manufa ta matasa. Gwamnatocin Faransa da Jamus sun bincika Scientology game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, binciken da ƙungiyar Scientology ta kira nuna wariya. Ya ba da amsa tare da kamfen na adawa ta hanyar Cocin Scientology International Ofishin Turai na Harkokin Jama'a da Haƙƙin Dan Adam, ta amfani da sanarwar sabis na jama'a da YHRI ta bayar, kuma Sashen Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Cocin na Scientology International ya ƙirƙira. Manazarta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

24132

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM

RAM

Memory-access Memory RAM /r æ m wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta wanda za'a iya karantawa da canzawa a kowane tsari, yawanci ana amfani dashi don adana bayanan aiki da lambar inji. A bazuwar-access ƙwaƙwalwar na'urar damar data abubuwa da za a karanta ko rubuta a kusan wannan adadin lokaci ba tare da la'akari da jiki wuri na data cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar. Sabanin haka, tare da sauran hanyoyin adana bayanai kai tsaye kai tsaye kamar su diski mai wuya, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs da tsofaffin kaset magnetic da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, lokacin da ake buƙata don karantawa da rubuta abubuwan bayanan ya bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin jikinsu akan rikodin matsakaici, saboda iyakance na inji kamar saurin juyawar kafofin watsa labarai da motsi hannu. RAM ya ƙunshi kewayewa da yawaita abubuwa masu yawa, don haɗa layukan bayanai zuwa ajiyar adireshi don karantawa ko rubuta shigarwa. Galibi ana samun damar adana bayanai fiye da ɗaya ta adireshin guda, kuma na'urorin RAM galibi suna da layukan bayanai da yawa kuma ana cewa su "8-bit" ko "16-bit", da dai sauransu. A cikin fasahar yau, ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ba ta ɗauke da sifar kwakwalwan kwamfuta mai haɗawa (IC) tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor). RAM ne kullum hade tare da maras tabbas iri memory (kamar tsauri bazuwar-access memory (DRAM) kayayyaki inda adana bayanai da aka rasa idan ikon da aka cire, ko da yake ba maras tabbas RAM kuma an ci gaba. Akwai wasu nau'ikan abubuwan da ba a iya canzawa ba waɗanda ke ba da damar samun dama don ayyukan karantawa, amma ko dai ba su ba da izinin ayyukan rubutu ko samun wasu nau'ikan iyakancewa a kansu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yawancin nau'ikan ROM da nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai suna NOR-Flash Manyan nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwa guda biyu masu rikitarwa sune ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bazuwar samun dama (SRAM) da ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ta bazuwar (DRAM). Amfani da kasuwanci na RAM na semiconductor ya koma 1965, lokacin da IBM ya gabatar da guntu na SP95 SRAM don Kwamfutar su /360 Model 95, kuma Toshiba yayi amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM don Toscal BC-1411 na lantarki na lantarki, duka biyun sun dogara ne da transistors bipolar Memory na MOS na kasuwanci, wanda ya danganta da transistors na MOS, an haɓaka shi a ƙarshen 1960s, kuma tun lokacin shine tushen duk ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor. An ƙaddamar da guntun DRAM IC na kasuwanci na farko, Intel 1103, a cikin Oktoba 1970. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai rikitarwa (SDRAM) daga baya an yi muhawara tare da guntuwar Samsung KM48SL2000 a cikin 1992. Tarihi Kwamfutocin farko sun yi amfani da relays, lissafin injin ko jinkirta layuka don manyan ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Lissafin jinkiri na Ultrasonic sune na'urorin serial waɗanda ke iya sake haifar da bayanai kawai a cikin tsari da aka rubuta. Ana iya faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a farashi mai ɗan tsada amma ingantaccen dawo da abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana buƙatar sanin yanayin yanayin gangar don inganta saurin. Latches gina daga injin tube triodes, kuma daga baya, daga mai hankali transistors, aka yi amfani da karami da kuma sauri tunanin kamar rajista. Irin wannan rijistar ta kasance babba kuma tana da tsada don amfani don yawan bayanai; gaba ɗaya kawai 'yan dozin ko hundredan ɗari na irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar za a iya ba su. The first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube starting in 1947. It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube. Since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access. The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was much smaller, faster, and more power-efficient than using individual vacuum tube latches. Developed at the University of Manchester in England, the Williams tube provided the medium on which the first electronically stored program was implemented in the Manchester Baby computer, which first successfully ran a program on 21 June 1948. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the Baby, the Baby was a testbed to demonstrate the reliability of the memory. An ƙirƙiri ƙwaƙwalwar Magnetic-core a cikin 1947 kuma ya haɓaka har zuwa tsakiyar 1970s. Ya zama silar tartsatsi na ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama, ta dogara da tsararren zoben magnetized. Ta hanyar canza ma'anar magnetization na kowane zobe, ana iya adana bayanai tare da adana bit ɗaya a kowane zobe. Tunda kowane zobe yana da haɗin wayoyin adireshi don zaɓar da karantawa ko rubuta shi, samun dama ga kowane wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a kowane jerin yana yiwuwa. Magnetic core memory ya kasance da daidaitaccen nau'i na kwamfuta memory tsarin har gudun hijira da m-jihar MOS karfe-oxide-silicon semiconductor memory a hadedde haihuwarka (ICs) a lokacin farkon 1970s. Kafin haɓaka haɓakar madaidaiciyar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (ROM), madaidaiciya (ko karanta-kawai ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar dama ana yawan gina ta ta amfani da matattarar diode ta hanyar adiresoshin adiresoshin, ko kuma musamman ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar igiya Memiconductor memory ya fara a cikin 1960s tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda yayi amfani da transistors bipolar Yayin da ya inganta aiki, ba zai iya yin gasa da ƙaramin ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ba. MOS RAM Ƙirƙiri MOSFET (ƙarfe-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), wanda kuma aka sani da transistor MOS, na Mohamed M. Atalla da Dawon Kahng a Bell Labs a 1959, ya haifar da haɓaka ƙarfe-oxide- ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor (MOS) ta John Schmidt a Fairchild Semiconductor a 1964. Baya ga babban aiki, ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor na MOS ta kasance mai rahusa kuma ta cinye ƙasa da ƙarfi fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Ci gaban fasahar silicone-gate MOS hade da kewaye (MOS IC) ta Federico Faggin a Fairchild a 1968 ya ba da damar samar da kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar MOS. Ƙwaƙwalwar MOS ta mamaye ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar Magnetic azaman babbar fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a farkon 1970s. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai rikitarwa mai rikitarwa (SRAM) Robert H. Norman ya ƙirƙira shi a Fairchild Semiconductor a 1963. Ya biyo bayan ci gaban MOS SRAM na John Schmidt a Fairchild a 1964. SRAM ya zama madadin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, amma yana buƙatar transistors na MOS guda shida don kowane ɗan bayanai. Amfani da kasuwanci na SRAM ya fara ne a 1965, lokacin da IBM ya gabatar da guntun ƙwaƙwalwar SP95 don Tsarin/360 Model 95 Dynamic memory-access memory (DRAM) ya ba da damar maye gurbin madaidaiciyar madaidaicin 4 ko 6 transistor latch guda ɗaya don kowane bit na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yana ƙaruwa ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ƙwarai a ƙimar canji. An adana bayanai a cikin ƙaramin ƙarfin kowane transistor, kuma dole ne a sanyaya shi lokaci -lokaci kowane 'yan mintoci kaɗan kafin cajin ya ɓace. Toshiba 's Toscal BC-1411 kalkuleta na lantarki, wanda aka gabatar a 1965, yayi amfani da wani nau'i na DRAM bipolar capacitive, yana adana bayanai 180-bit akan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya masu rarrafe, wanda ya ƙunshi transistors bipolar germanium. Duk da yake yana ba da ingantaccen aiki akan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, DRAM na bipolar ba zai iya yin gasa tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar magnetic-core ba. Fasahar MOS ita ce tushen DRAM na zamani. A cikin 1966, Dr. Robert H. Dennard a Cibiyar Bincike ta IBM Thomas J. Watson yana aiki akan ƙwaƙwalwar MOS. Yayin da yake nazarin halayen fasahar MOS, ya gano yana da ikon gina masu haɓakawa, kuma adana cajin ko babu caji a kan MOS capacitor na iya wakiltar 1 da 0 na kaɗan, yayin da MOS transistor zai iya sarrafa rubuta cajin ga capacitor. Wannan ya haifar da haɓaka ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM guda ɗaya. A cikin 1967, Dennard ya ba da takardar izini a ƙarƙashin IBM don ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM guda ɗaya, dangane da fasahar MOS. Chip ɗin DRAM IC na kasuwanci na farko shine Intel 1103, wanda aka ƙera akan 8<span about="#mwt126" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw0A" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span m MOS aiwatar da damar 1kbit, kuma an sake shi a 1970. Memory-synnosis dynamic memory-access memory (SDRAM) Samsung Electronics ne ya haɓaka shi. Chip ɗin SDRAM na kasuwanci na farko shine Samsung KM48SL2000, wanda ke da damar 16Mbit Samsung ne ya gabatar da shi a 1992, kuma aka samar da shi a 1993. DDR SDRAM na kasuwanci na farko ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar bayanai sau biyu SDRAM) guntu ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine Samsung na 64Mbit DDR SDRAM guntu, wanda aka saki a watan Yuni 1998. GDDR (DDR graphics) wani nau'i ne na DDR SGRAM (RAM masu kama da juna), wanda Samsung ya fara fitar da shi a matsayin 16Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Mbit a 1998. Nau'ukan Nau'ikan RAM guda biyu da aka yi amfani da su su ne Static RAM (SRAM) da RAM mai ƙarfi (DRAM). A cikin SRAM, ana adana ɗan bayanai ta amfani da yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar transistor guda shida, yawanci ta amfani da MOSFET shida (ƙarfe-oxide-semiconductor filin-sakamako transistors). Wannan nau'in RAM ya fi tsada don samarwa, amma gabaɗaya yana da sauri kuma yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi fiye da DRAM. A cikin kwamfutocin zamani, galibi ana amfani da SRAM azaman ƙwaƙwalwar cache don CPU DRAM yana adana ɗan bayanai ta amfani da transistor da capacitor biyu (yawanci MOSFET da MOS capacitor, bi da bi), wanda tare ya ƙunshi sel na DRAM. Capacitor ɗin yana riƙe da cajin babba ko ƙarami (1 ko 0, bi da bi), kuma transistor ɗin yana aiki azaman mai canzawa wanda ke ba da damar kewayon sarrafawa akan guntu ya karanta yanayin cajin capacitor ko canza shi. Da yake wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba ta da tsada don samarwa fiye da RAM ɗin da ke tsaye, ita ce mafi girman nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta da ake amfani da ita a cikin kwamfutocin zamani. Dukansu a tsaye da tsayayyen RAM ana ɗaukar su marasa ƙarfi, saboda yanayin su ya ɓace ko sake saitawa lokacin da aka cire wuta daga tsarin. Sabanin haka, ƙwaƙwalwar-karanta-kawai (ROM) tana adana bayanai ta hanyar kunna ko kashe na’urorin transistor na dindindin, ta yadda ba za a iya canza ƙwaƙwalwar ba. Bambance -bambancen rubuce -rubuce na ROM (kamar EEPROM da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha suna raba kaddarorin duka ROM da RAM, yana ba da damar bayanai su ci gaba ba tare da iko ba kuma a sabunta su ba tare da buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman ba. Waɗannan nau'ikan dindindin na semiconductor ROM sun haɗa da kebul na filasha na USB, katunan ƙwaƙwalwa don kyamarori da na'urori masu ɗaukuwa, da daskararru masu ƙarfi Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ECC (wanda zai iya zama SRAM ko DRAM) ya haɗa da kewaya ta musamman don ganowa da/ko gyara kuskuren bazuwar (kurakuran ƙwaƙwalwa) a cikin bayanan da aka adana, ta yin amfani da rabe -raben daidaituwa ko lambobin gyara kuskure Gabaɗaya, kalmar RAM tana nufin kawai ga na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙarfi (ko DRAM ko SRAM), kuma musamman musamman babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a yawancin kwamfutoci. A cikin ajiya na gani, kalmar DVD-RAM tana da ɗan kuskure tunda tunda, sabanin CD-RW ko DVD-RW baya buƙatar sharewa kafin sake amfani dashi. Duk da haka, DVD-RAM yana yin kama da rumbun diski idan ɗan hankali. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ita ce ginshiƙin ginin ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa ta lantarki ce da ke adana ɗan bitar bayanai na binary kuma dole ne a saita ta don adana dabaru 1 (babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki) da sake saitawa don adana dabaru 0 (ƙananan ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki). Ana kiyaye darajar sa/adana shi har sai an canza shi ta hanyar saita/sake saiti. Ana iya samun ƙima a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar karanta shi. A cikin SRAM, ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wani nau'in juzu'in juzu'i ne, galibi ana aiwatar da shi ta amfani da FETs Wannan yana nufin cewa SRAM yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi lokacin da ba a isa gare shi ba, amma yana da tsada kuma yana da ƙarancin ajiya. Nau'i na biyu, DRAM, an kafa shi ne kusa da capacitor. Cajin da fitar da wannan capacitor na iya adana “1” ko “0” a cikin tantanin halitta. Koyaya, cajin da ke cikin wannan capacitor sannu a hankali yana ɓacewa, kuma dole ne a sabunta shi lokaci -lokaci. Saboda wannan tsari na wartsakewa, DRAM yana amfani da ƙarin ƙarfi, amma yana iya samun babban adadi na ajiya da ƙananan farashin raka'a idan aka kwatanta da SRAM. Yin jawabi Don zama da amfani, ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya dole ne a iya karanta su kuma a iya rubuta su. A cikin na'urar RAM, ana amfani da juzu'i da juzu'i mai jujjuyawa don zaɓar ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Yawanci, na'urar RAM tana da saitin adireshin A0. An, kuma ga kowane haɗin ragowa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ga waɗannan layin, an kunna saitin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Saboda wannan magana, na'urorin RAM kusan koyaushe suna da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda shine ikon biyu. Yawanci ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da yawa suna raba adireshi ɗaya. Misali, guntu na RAM mai bit 4 'yana da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya 4 ga kowane adireshin. Sau da yawa faɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na microprocessor sun bambanta, don microprocessor 32 bit, za a buƙaci kwakwalwan RAM guda takwas 4. Sau da yawa ana buƙatar adiresoshi fiye da yadda na'urar za ta iya bayarwa. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da mahara da yawa na waje zuwa na'urar don kunna madaidaicin na'urar da ake isa. Matsayin ƙwaƙwalwa Mutum na iya karantawa da sake rubuta bayanai a cikin RAM. Mutane da yawa kwamfuta tsarin da memory matsayi kunshi processor rajista, a-mutu SRAM makon jiya, inda, external makon jiya, inda, DRAM, paging tsarin da mai rumfa memory ko canza sarari a kan wani rumbun kwamfutarka. Yawancin masu haɓakawa da yawa za a iya kiran wannan ɗimbin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a matsayin "RAM", duk da cewa tsarin haɗin gwiwa daban -daban na iya samun lokutan samun dama daban -daban, suna keta manufar asali bayan lokacin samun dama a cikin RAM. Ko da a cikin matakin matsayi kamar DRAM, takamaiman jere, shafi, banki, matsayi, tashar, ko ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na abubuwan da aka gyara suna canza lokacin samun dama, kodayake ba har zuwa lokacin samun damar yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na juyawa ko tef yana canzawa. Babban burin yin amfani da tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine samun mafi girman matsakaicin damar yin aiki yayin rage girman jimlar duk tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (gabaɗaya, tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar yana bin lokacin samun dama tare da rijistar CPU mai sauri a saman da jinkirin rumbun kwamfutarka. a kasa). A cikin kwamfutoci masu zaman kansu da yawa na zamani, RAM yana zuwa cikin sauƙaƙe ingantattun nau'ikan kayayyaki waɗanda ake kira ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwa ko samfuran DRAM game da girman 'yan sandunan taunawa. Za'a iya maye gurbin waɗannan da sauri idan sun lalace ko lokacin canza buƙatun suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin ajiya. Kamar yadda aka ba da shawara a sama, ƙaramin adadin RAM (galibi SRAM) suma an haɗa su a cikin CPU da sauran ICs akan motherboard, da kuma cikin rumbun kwamfutoci, CD-ROMs, da sauran sassan tsarin kwamfuta. Wasu amfani na RAM Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa Yawancin tsarin aiki na zamani suna amfani da hanyar faɗaɗa ƙarfin RAM, wanda aka sani da "ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa". An keɓe wani sashi na rumbun kwamfutarka don fayil ɗin paging ko ɓangaren karce, kuma haɗuwar RAM ta zahiri da fayil ɗin paging sune babban adadin ƙwaƙwalwar tsarin. (Misali, idan kwamfutar tana da 2 GB (1024 3 B) na RAM da fayil ɗin shafi na 1 GB, tsarin aiki yana da 3 GB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke akwai. Lokacin da tsarin yayi ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar jiki, zai iya musanya ɓangarorin RAM zuwa fayil ɗin paging don samun damar sabbin bayanai, gami da karanta bayanan da aka musanya a baya zuwa RAM. Amfani da yawa na wannan injin yana haifar da buguwa kuma gaba ɗaya yana kawo cikas ga aikin tsarin gabaɗaya, musamman saboda rumbun kwamfutoci suna da hankali fiye da RAM. RAM faifai Software na iya “raba” wani sashi na RAM na kwamfuta, yana ba shi damar yin aiki azaman rumbun kwamfutarka mafi sauri wanda ake kira faifan RAM Faifan RAM yana rasa bayanan da aka adana lokacin da aka rufe kwamfutar, sai dai idan an tsara ƙwaƙwalwar don samun tushen batir mai jiran aiki. RAM inuwa Wasu lokuta, ana kwafin abubuwan da ke cikin guntun ROM mai ɗan jinkiri don karantawa/rubuta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don ba da damar gajerun lokutan samun dama. An kashe guntu na ROM yayin da aka kunna wuraren ƙwaƙwalwar da aka fara a kan toshe adireshin (galibi ana rubuta kariya). Wannan tsari, wani lokaci ana kiranta inuwa, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin kwamfutoci da tsarin da aka saka A matsayin misali na yau da kullun, BIOS a cikin kwamfutoci na sirri na yau da kullun yana da wani zaɓi da ake kira "amfani da inuwa BIOS" ko makamancin haka. Lokacin da aka kunna, ayyukan da ke dogaro da bayanai daga BIOS na ROM maimakon amfani da wuraren DRAM (galibi kuma suna iya canza inuwar katin bidiyo ROM ko wasu sassan ROM). Dangane da tsarin, wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka aiki, kuma yana iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa. Misali, wasu kayan masarufi ba sa iya shiga tsarin aiki idan ana amfani da inuwa RAM. A kan wasu tsarin fa'idar na iya zama tsinkaye saboda ba a amfani da BIOS bayan an yi booting don samun damar kayan aikin kai tsaye. Ana rage ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta girman girman ROMs masu inuwa. Abubuwan da ke faruwa kwanan nan Sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan RAM <i id="mwAWI">marasa ƙarfi</i>, waɗanda ke adana bayanai yayin da aka rage su, suna kan ci gaba. Fasahohin da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da abubuwan nanotubes na carbon da hanyoyin amfani da ramin magnetoresistance Daga cikin ƙarni na 1 na MRAM, an ƙera guntun 128 kbit 128 210 bytes) tare da 0.18. technologym fasaha a lokacin bazara na 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, Infineon Technologies ta bayyana 16 MB (16 Ƙari 2 20 bytes) samfur kuma wanda ya danganci 0.18 technologym fasaha. Akwai fasahohin tsara ƙarni na biyu a halin yanzu a cikin ci gaba: sauyawa mai taimako (TAS) wanda fasahar Crocus ke haɓakawa, da jujjuyawar juyawa (STT) wanda Crocus, Hynix, IBM, da wasu kamfanoni da yawa ke aiki. Nantero ya gina ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar nanotube mai aiki 10 GB (10 Ƙari 2 30 bytes) a 2004. Ko wasu daga cikin waɗannan fasahohin na ƙarshe za su iya ɗaukar babban kaso na kasuwa daga ko dai DRAM, SRAM, ko fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, duk da haka, za a gani. Tun daga 2006, daskararrun masu tuƙi (dangane da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha) tare da ƙarfin da ya wuce gigabytes 256 da aikin da ya wuce diski na gargajiya ya zama akwai. Wannan ci gaban ya fara ɓarna ma'ana tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ta gargajiya da “diski”, yana rage banbancin aiki sosai. Wasu nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar samun dama, kamar EcoRAM an tsara su musamman don gonar uwar garke, inda ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki ya fi sauri sauri. Bango na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya "Bangon ƙwaƙwalwa" shine haɓaka saurin haɓaka tsakanin CPU da ƙwaƙwalwa a waje da guntun CPU. Wani muhimmin dalili na wannan banbancin shine ƙarancin bandwidth na sadarwa fiye da iyakokin guntu, wanda kuma ake kira bangon bandwidth Daga 1986 zuwa 2000, saurin CPU ya inganta a shekara -shekara na 55% yayin da saurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai ya inganta a 10%. Ganin waɗannan abubuwan, ana tsammanin jinkirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zai zama babban cikas a cikin aikin kwamfuta. Haɓaka saurin CPU ya ragu sosai saboda manyan shinge na jiki kuma wani ɓangare saboda ƙirar CPU na yanzu sun riga sun bugi bangon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta wata ma'ana. Intel ya taƙaita waɗannan abubuwan a cikin takaddar 2005. Da farko, yayin da geometries guntu ke raguwa kuma mitar agogo ta tashi, ƙarar transistor na yanzu yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da yawan amfani da wuta da zafi. Abu na biyu, fa'idodin saurin agogo mafi girma wani ɓangare ne ta hanyar jinkirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunda lokutan samun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba su iya yin tafiya tare da haɓaka mitar agogo. Na uku, don wasu aikace-aikace, gine-ginen jerin shirye-shiryen gargajiya na zama ƙasa da inganci yayin da masu sarrafawa ke saurin sauri (saboda abin da ake kira ƙwallon ƙwal na Von Neumann yana ƙara karkatar da duk wata ribar da adadin ƙaruwa zai iya saya in ba haka ba. Bugu da kari, a wani bangare saboda iyakancewa a cikin hanyoyin samar da fitarwa a cikin ingantattun na'urori na jihar, jinkirin-ƙarfin (RC) jinkirin watsa siginar yana ƙaruwa yayin da girman sifofi ke raguwa, yana sanya ƙarin ƙalubalen da ƙara ƙaruwa baya magancewa.An kuma lura da jinkirin RC a cikin watsa siginar a cikin "Rate Clock versus IPC: The End of the Road for Conventional Microarchitectures" wanda yayi hasashen matsakaicin ci gaban aikin CPU na shekara -shekara na 12.5% tsakanin 2000 da 2014. Wani ra'ayi daban shine ragin aikin processor-memory, wanda za a iya magance shi ta hanyar haɗaɗɗun da'irar 3D wanda ke rage tazara tsakanin dabaru da ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwa waɗanda ke nesa da juna a cikin guntu na 2D. Tsarin ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana buƙatar mai da hankali kan rata, wanda ke ƙaruwa cikin lokaci. Babbar hanyar da ake bi don cike gibin shine amfani da caches ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai sauri wanda ke ɗauke da ayyukan kwanan nan da umarni kusa da mai sarrafawa, yana hanzarta aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ko umarni a lokutan da ake kiran su akai-akai. An haɓaka matakan caching da yawa don magance gibin da ke yaɗuwa, kuma aikin manyan kwamfutoci na zamani masu ɗorewa ya dogara da haɓaka dabarun caching. Za a iya samun bambanci tsakanin 53% tsakanin haɓaka cikin saurin mai sarrafawa da saurin jinkirin samun babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Hard diski-hard hard sun ci gaba da ƙaruwa cikin sauri, daga 400 Mbit/s ta SATA3 a 2012 har zuwa 3 GB/s ta NVMe PCIe a cikin 2018, yana rufe rata tsakanin RAM da saurin faifai, kodayake RAM na ci gaba da zama umarni na girma da sauri, tare da DDR4 3200 mai layi ɗaya mai iya 25 GB/s, da GDDR na zamani har ma da sauri. Mai sauri, mai arha, rumbun kwamfutoci marasa ƙarfi sun maye gurbin wasu ayyuka da RAM ke aiwatarwa, kamar riƙe wasu bayanai don samun kai tsaye a cikin gonakin uwar garke 1 terabyte na ajiyar SSD za a iya samun 200, yayin da 1 TB na RAM zai kashe dubban na daloli. Lokaci SRAM DRAM Duba kuma Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

29379

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar%20Taal

Umar Taal

Hadji Oumarûl Foutiyou TALL Umar ibn Sa'id al-Futi Tal, 1864 CE an haife shi a yankin Futa Tooro, Senegambia, shugaban siyasar yammacin Afirka ne, malamin Islama, Tijani Sufi da kwamandan sojan Toucouleur wanda kuma ya kafa Daular Toucouleur na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda ya kuma mamaye yawancin abin da ake kira Guinea, Senegal, da Mali Suna An rubuta sunan Omar Tall daban-daban: musamman, sunansa na farko yawanci ana fassara shi da Faransanci da sunan Omar, kodayake wasu kafofin sun fi son Umar da patronymic, ibn Sa'id, sau da yawa kuma yana tsallake. da kuma karshe kashi na sunansa, Tall ana rubuta su daban-daban da tsayi, Taal ko Tal A honorific El Hadj (wato al-Hajj ko el-Hadj), ajiye wani Musulmi wanda ya samu nasarar sanya Hajj zuwa Makka, Earsbe Omar Tall sunan da yawa a cikin matani, musamman waɗanda suke a cikin Larabci. Daga baya kuma ya dauki manyan masu daraja Amir al-Mu'minin, Khalifa, Qutb (tushen duniya), wazirin Mahdi, Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya (majikin hatimin waliyyai), da Almami (Imam). Rayuwar farko An haifi Omar Tall kimanin shekara ta 1794 a Halwar a cikin Imaman Futa Toro Senegal a yau); shi ne na goma cikin yara goma sha biyu. Mahaifinsa shi ne Saidou Tall, daga kabilar Torodbe, mahaifiyarsa kuwa Sokhna Adama Thiam. Omar Tall ya halarci wata madrassa kafin nazari a kan Hajj a shekara ta 1828, ya dawo a shekara ta 1830 El Hadj da aka qaddamar a cikin Tijaniyya, sa'an nan Ya daidaita a kan khalifa na Tijaniyya sufi 'yan'uwantaka a cikin Sudan El-Hadj ya dauki Khalifat Khatim al-Awliya mai daraja Tijjani Wannan ikon zai zama ginshikin ikonsa na kansa wanda ya zama dole don jagorantar 'yan Afirka. Lokacin da ya dawo daga aikin Hajji ya yada zango kusa da Damascus a can ya haɗu da Ibrahim Pasha, Omar Tall yayi abokantaka da Pasha ya ya bawa dansa maganin zazzaɓi kuma ya warke daga zazzaɓi mai kisa, Omar Tall ya samu kwarin guiwa sosai da yanayin da Pasha ya kafa. Ya zauna a Sakkwato Daga shekara ta 1831 zuwa shekara ta 1837, ya auri mata da dama, daya daga cikinsu diyar Halifan Fulani ce ta Khalifan Sokoto, Muhammed Bello A cikin 1836, Omar Tall ya koma Imamancin Futa Jallon, sannan ya koma Dinguiraye a shekara ta 1840, a Guinea ta yau, inda ya fara shirye-shiryen jihadinsa A can ya tsara mabiyansa zuwa ƙwararrun runduna ta kusan 50,000, ɗauke da makaman Faransa da masu ba da shawara na yamma. A shekara ta 1852 ya shelanta jihadi a kan maguzawa, da maguzawan musulmi, da turawa masu kutse, da sarakunan Futa Toro da Futa Jallon masu ja da baya. Omar Tall ya yi iƙirarin ikon mallaka na wuce gona da iri. Ya musanta muhimmancin riko da Mazhaba kuma ya fifita Ijtihadi ko hukunci na addini. Ya koyar da cewa ya kamata mumini ya bi shiriyar Shaihin Sufaye wanda yake da ilimin gaskiya na Ubangiji nan take. Ko da yake Omar Tall bai taba daukar Mujaddadi ko Mahdi ba, amma mabiyansa suna kallonsa a matsayin haka. Ya zama torodbe manufa na farfaɗo da addini da cin nasara a kan arna. Cin nasara na farko Omar Tall ya yi kira ga al’ummar Futa Toro bisa korafe-korafen da suke yi da manyan sojoji. Har ila yau, al'ummarsa sun yi kira ga mutane marasa tushe daga kabilu dabam-dabam wadanda suka sami sabon salo na zamantakewa da kuma damar cin galaba a karkashin tsarin Musulunci. Jihadinsa ya fara ne da cin Futa Toro kuma a shekara ta 1862 daularsa ta hada da Timbuktu, Masina, Hamdallahi, da Segu A cikin shekara ta 1848, sojojin Omar Tall's Toucouleur, sanye take da makaman Faransa, sun mamaye yankuna da yawa makwabta, arna, Malinké kuma sun sami nasara cikin gaggawa. Omar Tall ya matsa zuwa yankin Kayes na kasar Mali a yau, inda ya ci garuruwa da dama tare da gina wani katafaren katanga a kusa da birnin Kayes wanda a yau ya zama wurin yawon bude ido. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 1857, Omar Tall ya shelanta yaki a kan masarautar Khasso. Ya shiga rikici da Faransawa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin kafa ikon kasuwancinsu a gefen kogin Senegal. Omar Tall ya yiwa sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa kawanya a sansanin Madina Yakin bai yi nasara ba a ranar 18 ga Yuli na wannan shekarar lokacin da Louis Faidherbe, gwamnan Faransa na Senegal, ya isa tare da dakarun agaji. A shekara ta 1860 Omar Tall ya kulla yarjejeniya da Faransawa wadanda suka gane nasa, da mabiyansa, fannin tasiri a Futa Toro kuma ya sanya musu jihohin Bambara na Kaarta da Segu Bambara da Masina Omar Tall ya ɗora ɗansa Ahmadu Tall a matsayin limamin Segu, ya yi tattaki zuwa Nijar, kan imaman Masarautar Hamdullahi. Fiye da 70,000 sun mutu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku da suka biyo baya. Mafi yanke hukunci shine a Cayawel, inda Amadu III, Sarkin Masina, ya ji rauni. Djenné ya fadi da sauri sannan faɗuwar ƙarshe da halaka Hamdullahi a watan Mayu 1862. Mutuwa da gado A cikin shekara ta 1862, a cikin neman sabon yanki, Omar Tall da mabiyansa sun mamaye Masarautar Massina (Masina), wanda babban birninta ya kasance a Hamdullahi Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti, na darikar Sufi Qadari, ya jagoranci hadakar wasu jahohin kasar domin tinkarar wannan farmakin da Ahmad ya yi tir da shi da cewa haramtacciyar yakin musulmi ne akan musulmi. Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da, Inter alia, Masina da Timbuktu Omar Tall ya kama Hamdullahi a ranar 15 ga Mayun shekara ta 1862. A yanzu Omar Tall yana iko da Nijar ta Tsakiya gabaɗaya, ya ƙaura zuwa Timbuktu, amma a shekara ta 1863 rundunar hadaka ta Tuaregs, Moors, da Fulas suka fatattake su A shekara ta 1863, kawancen ya yi galaba a kan sojojin Omar Tall da dama, inda suka kashe hafsoshin Tall Alpha Umar (Alfa 'Umar), Thierno Bayla da Alfa 'Uthman. A halin da ake ciki kuma, an yi tawaye a ƙasar Masina a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ba Lobbo, kani ga sarkin Masina da aka kashe, Amadu III A wajen murkushe tawaye, A lokacin bazara na 1863, Omar Tall ya sake mamaye birnin Hamdullahi, kuma a watan Yuni rundunar Balobo ta hadakar Fulas da Kountas sun yiwa sojojin Omar Tall kawanya a can. Mabiya Balobo sun kama Hamdallahi a watan Fabrairun 1864. Omar Tall ya gudu ya yi nasarar kai shi wani kogo a Degembere (a cikin Bandiagara Escarpment inda ya rasu a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1864. Yayan Omar Tall Tidiani Tall ya gaje shi a matsayin sarkin Toucouleur, ko da yake dansa Ahmadu Tall, wanda ke aiki daga Ségou, ya yi aiki da yawa wajen kiyaye daular. Duk da haka, Faransanci ya ci gaba da ci gaba, a ƙarshe ya shiga Ségou kanta a 1890. Jihar jihadi ta Omar Tall ta shiga cikin daular Faransa ta yammacin Afirka da ke girma. Omar Tall ya kasance fitaccen mutum a Senegal, Guinea, da Mali, duk da cewa gadonsa ya bambanta da kasa. Inda 'yan Senegal da yawa sukan tuna da shi a matsayin gwarzo na adawa da Faransa. Mali kafofin ayan bayyana shi a matsayin mai mamaye wanda ya shirya hanya domin ta Faransa ta raunanar da yammacin Afirka. Omar Tall kuma yayi fice a cikin littafin tarihin Maryse Condé na Segu Har wala yau ya kasance mai fada a ji a cikin darikar Tijjaniyya da sauran kungiyoyin kawo sauyi, wadanda suka jaddada muhimmancin tsarin addinin Musulunci. Jihar Umar Tall ta hana rawa, shan taba, barasa, laya, bukukuwan maguzawa, da bautar gumaka. An dakatar da ayyuka da yawa da ba na Musulunci ba. An kuma aiwatar da waɗannan dokokin sosai, musamman ma hana barasa. Omar Tall ya soke harajin da ba a san shi ba ya maye gurbinsu da zakka, harajin filaye, da jizya An iyakance masu auren mace fiye da ɗaya ga mata huɗu kawai. Omar Tall kuwa, ba ya sha’awar abubuwan dabaru na cusa addinin Musulunci kamar ginin kotuna, madrassa, da masallatai. Babban aikin da gwamnatin Umar Tall ta yi shi ne yaƙin farauta, bauta, tara ganima, da gyara ɗabi'u. A cikin Senegambia, ana tunawa da muhimmancinsa a lokacin "lokacin jihadi" a matsayin "ba juriya ga Turawa ba amma "lalata arna" a yammacin Sudan. A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2019, gwamnatin Faransa ta mayarwa gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Senegal abin da ake kira takobin Omar Tall wanda a zahiri takobin Ahmadu Tall ne, dan Omar Tall ga gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Senegal. Zuriyar sarauta Bayanan kula da nassoshi Asalin wannan labarin ya dogara ne akan fassarar labarin da ya dace daga Wikipedia na Faransa, wanda aka dawo dashi ranar 1 ga Yuli, shekara ta 2005, wanda kuma ya kawo maɓuɓɓuka masu zuwa: Tushen harshen Ingilishi Davidson, Basil Afirka a Tarihi New York: Simon Schuster, 1995. BO Oloruntimehin. Daular Segu Tukulor New York: 'Yan Jarida (1972). Farashin 391002066 Willis, John Ralph. A Tafarkin Allah: Son al-Hajj Umar London: Kasa, 1989. Mai hikima, Christopher. Tekun Hamada: Adabin Sahel Boulder London: Lynne Rienner, 2001. Mai hikima, Christopher. Yambo Ouologuem: Marubuci Bayan Mulkin Mallaka, Tsagerun Musulunci Boulder London: Lynne Rienner, 1999. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Legends na Afirka Taswirar Daular Toucouleur Fayilolin sauti Wolof Yabon Wakar Umar Tall RealAudio file) Manazarta Tarihin Mali Sufi Sufaye Malaman Musulunci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50364

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmah%20el%20Yunusiya

Rahmah el Yunusiya

Articles with hCards Rahmah el Yunusiyah (Van Ophuijsen Spelling Rahmah el Joenoesijah, aranar 26 watan Oyktoba shekara ta 1900 -ranar 26 watan Febuwaru 1969) 'yar Indiyace ta Gabas kuma 'yar siyasar Indonesiya ne malama kuma mai fafutuka kan ilimin mata ne. An haife ta a cikin fitattun dangin malaman addinin Musulunci, an sanya ta ta bar makaranta domin ai mata aure tun tana matashiya. Bayan 'yan shekaru da auren el Yunusiyah bayan aurenta ya mutu ne ta koma makaranta karatunta. A shekarar 1923, ta kafa makarantar Islamiyya ta farko madrasa) ga 'yan mata a Indiya. Yayin da makarantar ke girma kuma ta kafu, el Yunusiyah ta taimaka wajen samar da karin makarantu uku na mata na 'yan mata da kuma cibiyar horar da malamai. Hukumomin kasar Holland sun daure el Yunusiyah akan kishin islama kafin Indonesiya ta samu 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1955 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Ba da Shawarar Jama'a ta Indonesiya mai zaman kanta a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Masyumi. Ta rasu tana da shekaru 68 a shekarar 1969 acikin garinsu, Padang Pajang. Rayuwarta ta baya. An haifi El Yunusiyah a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba 1900 a Bukit Surungan, Padang Panjang, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. Ita ce karama a cikin fitattun dangin Minangkabau da ke cikin ulamaMahaifinta sanannen qadi ne mai suna Muhammad Yunis binu Imanuddin, mahaifiyarta kuwa sunanta Rafi'ah. Kakanta, Sheikh Imaduddin, kuma sanannen malamin addinin musulunci ne, masanin falaki kuma shugaban reshen Naqshbandi. Duk da cewa ta fara samun koyarwar koyarwa ta asali a wurin mahaifinta, amma ya rasu tana da shekara shida. Bayan haka ta fara samun ilimi daga wasu tsoffin daliban mahaifinta, nan ta koyi karatu da rubutu. Ta kuma samun wasu horo kan aikin ungozoma a wani asibitin kusa da gida. Aurenta Iyalinta sun shirya daurin aurenta da wani malami Bahauddin Lathif a shekarar 1916, tun tana daliba a Padang Panjang. Duk da haka ta ci gaba da karatunta na Islama a cikin da'irar karatu na sirri tun daga 1918. A shekarar 1922, mijinta ya kara auren mata biyu, kuma el Yunusiyah mijinta ya saketa kafin ta koma karatunta ba su haifi 'ya'ya ba a iya lokacin zaman aurensu. Harkar ilimi da shugabanci Iyalan El Yunusiyah sun dade suna shiga harkar ilimin addinin musulunci a yammacin Sumatra, kuma a shekarar 1915 da dan uwanta Zainuddin Labay el Yunusi ya kafa makarantar Dinayah Rahmah ta zama daliba a can. Bayan ta koma karatu a can sanda da aurenta ya mutu a shekarar 1922, ta jagoranci zaman karatu a tsakanin ‘yan matan da ba sa zuwa aji. Ruhana Kuddus ta ta yi tasiri a wannan da'irar binciken an kira kungiyar mata da ‘yan mata. Diniyah Putri El Yunusiyah bata gamsu da irin yadda ake koyar da ‘ya’ya mata na Musulunci a makarantun da suke da su ba, da kuma yanayin zamantakewar da ya hana su samun cikakken ilimi a makarantun da suka hada da jinsin maza. Ta yi shawara da malamai na gida, kuma tare da goyon bayan ɗan'uwanta, Zainuddin, da da'irar karatunta, ta buɗe makaranta ta musamman ga 'yan mata a cikin watan Nuwamba 1923. Wannan makaranta da ke Padang Panjang ana kiranta da ana kyautata zaton ita ce makarantar addinin Musulunci ta farko a kasar ga yara mata. Da farko makarantar ba ta da nata ginin kuma ana gudanar da ita daga wani masallaci, inda ita ce babbar malamar makaranta. Tawagar farko ta dalibai ta ƙunshi mata 71, galibinsu matasan matan gida ne daga yankin da ke kewaye; manhajar ta ta kunshi ilimi na asali na Musulunci, nahawun Larabci, wasu makarantun turawa na zamani, da kuma sana’o’in hannu. Kasancewar makarantar ta ‘yan mata na zamani ne ba ta samu cikakkiyar karbuwa ba a cikin al’umman,ta fuskanci tsangwama da suka. El Yunusiyah, mace mai addini sosai, tayi imanin cewa Musulunci ya bukaci karramawa ga ilimin mata da mata. A cikin shekarar 1924, an gina aji na dindindin na makarantar a cikin wani gida. A wannan shekarar ne yayanta Zainuddin ya rasu duk da fargabar rashin daukar nauyin karatunsa na nufin karshen makarantar, el Yunusiyah ta cigaba da kokarinta. Har ila yau El Yunusiyah ta fara wani shiri ga tsofaffin mata da ba su da ilimin da ya dace, duk da cewa an yanke shi bayan girgizar kasa ta Padang Panjang a shekara ta 1926 ta lalata ginin makarantar Diniyah. Azuzuwan sun hadu a cikin gine-gine na shekaru da yawa kuma Muhammadiya ya tunkare ta datayin karbar aikin makarantar da kuma taimakawa wajen sake kafata ta yanke shawarar ba zata yarda da tayinba. Ta zagaya ko'ina a Indiya don tara kuɗi kuma an gina sabon gini na dindindin kuma an buɗe shi acikin shekara ta 1928. 'Yar kishin kasa Rasuna Said ta kasance daliba a makarantar Dinayah mai hade da jinsi, inda tazama mataimakiyar malama a makarantar 'yan matan a shekarar 1923. Said ta shigar da siyasa karara a cikin karatunta, wanda ya haifar da rashin jituwa da el Yunusiyah. Said ta bar makarantar zuwa Padang a shekara ta 1930. Makarantar ta cigaba da samun karbuwa zuwa karshen shekara 1930 tana da dalibai kusan dari biyar. Masanin Audrey Kahin ya kira Diniyah Putri daya daga cikin mafi nasara da tasiri a makarantun mata" a Indonesia kafin samun 'yancin kai. Ci gaba da shawarwari El Yunusiyah taƙi yin hulɗa da Dutch ba kamar sauran mata masu zamani na zamani irin su ba Kartini, ba tada abokai na Turai kuma bata da wani babban matsayi a cikinsu. Da gangan taki ta karɓi tallafin da gwamnati ke bawa makarantunta kuma duk da haka wasu abubuwa na makaranta irin na Turawa, sutura, tsarin kalandar da tsarin karatun sunfi mayar da hankali ne ga Musulunci. Kamar ƙungiyar Taman Siswa na makarantu masu zaman kansu, tayi ƙoƙari sosai don gudun kada a hukunta ta da dokokin Holland a kan abin da ake kira daji ko makarantun da ba bisa doka ba. A cikin shekarun 1930, el Yunusiyah ta cigaba da bunkasa ilimin mata na Islama a yammacin Sumatra kuma ta cigaba da goyon bayanta ga yunkurin kishin kasa na Indonesiya duk da laifin aikata laifuka daga Holland. A shekarar 1933 ta kafa kungiyar mata malaman addinin Islama, kuma a shekara ta 1934 ta gudanar da taron rattaba hannu kan mata don gudanar da harkokin kasar Indonesia. Ta shiga cikin Persatuan Musulman Indonesiya, ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta Indonesiya mai ɗabi'ar Musulunci. A wannan lokacin 'yan kasar Holland sunci tararta saboda ta tattauna batun siyasa a cikin tarurrukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin shekara ta 1935, el Yunusiyah ta kafa ƙarin makarantu biyu a Jakarta, da kuma makarantar sakandare a Padang Panjang a 1938. Ta kuma kafa cibiyar horar da malamai a 1937, (KMI). Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da lokacin 'yancin kai A lokacin mamayar da Jafanawa suka yi wa Indiyawan Gabas ta Gabas, el Yunusiyah ta yi aiki tare da Jafananci kuma ta jagoranci rukunin Giyūgun a Padang Panjang. Duk da haka, ta yi adawa da yadda Japanawa ke amfani da 'yan Indonesiya a matsayin mata masu ta'aziyya tare da yakin neman zabe. A lokacin yakin, ta kuma yi ƙoƙari don tallafa wa tsoffin ɗalibanta. A cikin shekarar 1945, da jin shelar 'yancin kai na Indonesiya, nan da nan ta ɗaga tutar Indonesian ja-da-fari a farfajiyar makaranta a Diniyah Putri. Bayan karshen yakin, a lokacin juyin juya halin Indonesiya, ta kafa sashin samar da kayayyaki don tallafawa bangaren Republican a kan Yaren mutanen Holland. Hukumomin Holland sun tsare ta tsawon watanni bakwai a cikin 1949, kuma an sake ta bayan taron Teburin Zagaye na Dutch-Indonesian. Siyasa An dauki El Yunusiyah don shiga cikin Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen 'Yancin Indonesiya. Sabuwar jamhuriyar Indonesiya ta kawo cikakken juyin juya hali a cikin illimin kasar, kuma ta halarci wasu manyan tarukan farko game da sabunta tsarin ilimi a ƙarshen 1949. A shekara ta 1955, an zabi el Yunusiyah a matsayin majalisar ba da shawara ta jama'ar Indonesia ta farko, daya daga cikin 'yan majalisar mata na farko. An rantsar da ita a ƙarshen Maris 1956. An zabe ta a matsayin wakiliyar jam'iyyar Masyumi mai ra'ayin Islama, wadda ta kasance mai goyon baya a farkon. Sumatra. A ƙarshen 1956 kuma ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Banteng a ƙarƙashin Lt. Col. Ahmad Hussaini. Kungiyar Husein wani yunkuri ne na gidauniyar adawa da gwamnatin tsakiya; majalisar ta sami goyon baya sosai a yammacin Sumatra. A cikin shekarar 1958, ta zo don tallafawa Gwamnatin Juyin Juya Hali ta Jamhuriyar Indonesiya (PRRI), ƙungiyar adawa da gwamnati wadda ta fi girma a Sumatra. Goyon bayanta na wannan yunkuri ya kara dagula mata tsangwamar da tsohuwar abokiyar aikinta Rasuna Said, wacce a yanzu tana da alaka da Sukarno. Saboda goyon bayanta ga PRRI, el Yunusiyah ta rasa kujerarta a Majalisar. An kama ta a shekarar 1961 amma daga baya aka sake ta a karkashin wata abubuwan da sukarno suka samu tawajen tsoffin mayakan PRRI. Ilimi A cikin 1950 el Yunusiyah ta koma Padang Panjang don kula da makarantar Diniyah Putri, wacce ta sake yin aiki bayan yakin. A cikin shekarar 1956, Abd al-Rahman Taj, Babban Limamin Jami'ar Al-Azhar ta Masar, ta ziyarci makarantar el Yunusiyah a Padang Panjang. Taj ya burge ta, kuma a shekarar 1957, an gayyaci el Yunusiyah zuwa Al-Azhar, jim kadan bayan ta kammala aikin hajjin ta zuwa Makka. Makarantar Al-Azhar ta ba ta lambar Syeikah, wanda ba su taba ba mace ba. Bayan haka, hukumomin Masar sun ba wa daliban da suka kammala karatun Diniyah Putri guraben karatu don ci gaba da karatu a Al-Azhar. A cikin shekarar 1960, bayan aikinta na siyasa, el Yunusiyah ta koma fagen fafutukar neman ilimi, ta kuma yi yunkurin kafa jami'ar Musulunci musamman na mata. A cikin shekarar 1967, ƙoƙarinta tayi nasara, kuma aka buɗe jami'ar mata ta yammacin Sumatra gwamnan Harun Zain. Ta mutu a ranar 26 ga Febuwaru 1969, a Padang Panjang. Kabarinta, wanda ke a harabar dakin kwanan dalibai na makarantar Diniyah Putri, kungiyar kare al'adu ta Yamma Sumatra ce ta lissafa a matsayin wurin tarihi na al'adu. Gabobin kula Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50437

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley%20Ackerman

Shelley Ackerman

Shelley Ackerman (watan Oktoba ranar 14, shekara ta 1953 watan Fabrairu ranar 27, 2020) 'yar tauraruwar Ba'amurke ce, marubuciya 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙiya. Ta kasance mai yawan baƙo da sharhi kan labaran rediyo da talabijin da shirye-shiryen nishaɗi. Tarihin Rayuwarta Rayuwarta ta farko 'Yar rabbi, Ackerman an haifeta kuma ta girma a Manhattan Ta halarci Cibiyar Ibrananci ta Gabas ta Gabas ta Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma ta kammala karatun digirinta tareda girmamawa daga Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha tana da shekaru 16 a cikin shekara ta 1970. Aikinta sana'arta Ta fara aikinta tun tana da shekaru 17 a matsayin mawaƙiya mai ban dariya (kuma mai jiran gado) a The Improvisation kuma tana da shekaru 19 a Catch a Rising Star a New York Tayi aiki duka a farkon shekarar 1980s, kuma alokaci guda tayi acikin manyan ɗakunan cabaret na NY ciki harda: Playboy Club, Continental Baths, Reno Sweeney's, Les Mouches, The Grand Finale, Freddy's Supper Club, Ted Hook's OnStage, da Lox Around the Agogo. Tayi karatu tare da Stella Adler a farkon shekarar 1980s, kuma ta fito a titin 92nd Y a New York acikin fitattun Littattafai da Likitoci a cikin shekara ta 1985, wanda Maurice Levine ya jagoranta. A canne ta kama ido (da kunne) Elly Stone, wanda ta tunada muryarta ashekara ta 1987 lokacin da itada mijinta Eric Blau (wanda ya fassara kalmomin Flemish Brel zuwa Turanci) suna jefawa don bikin cika shekaru 20 da suka gabata na samar da Jacques Brel shine. Rayuwa da Lafiya da Rayuwa a Paris Tayi tauraro acikin samar da Jacques Brel na shekarar 1988 tareda Karen Akers a Hall Hall a New York da kuma Cibiyar Kennedy a Washington, DC Ta kuma taka rawar gani da yawa na fina-finai, gami da fina-finan Taking Off (1971), Garbo Talks (1984), The Flamingo Kid (1984), The Purple Rose na Alkahira (1985), da kuma Crossing Delancey (1988), kuma a talabijin nuna Kate &amp; Allie da Jagora haske Acikin 1990, tasami lambar yabo ta Backstage Bistro don Mafiya kyawun Mawaƙiya a Birnin New York. Tauraruwar Ackerman tayi ikirarin cewa an haifeta da ikon tunawa da ranar haihuwa kuma ta haɓaka sha'awarta game da ilimin taurari tun farkon kuruciyarta. Acikin shekara ta1974 ita da saurayinta na lokacin, Richard Belzer, sun sami taswirar taurari na farko na kwamfuta daga Astroflash, ƙaramin rumfar da aka kafa a Grand Central Terminal a birnin New York wanda tabada horoscope na farko na kwamfuta. Sha'awarta ta girma a cikin shekara ta1970s kuma a matsayinta na mai son taurari ta tattara bayanai (kwanakin haihuwa, lokuta, da wuraren) na abokan wasanta tsakanin nunin aduka The Improv da Catch a Rising Star. Matsayinta na farko amatsayin masaniyar taurari ta kasance a Gurney's Inn a Montauk, New York a ƙarshen 4 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 1992, kuma ta bada babbar gudummawa ta farko ga al'ummar taurari daga baya alokacin bazara ta hanyar samun haihuwar Bill Clinton daga mahaifiyarsa Virginia Kelley A shekara ta 1996 ta zama shugabar reshen New York na Tarayyar Amurka na Astrologers Ta kuma kasance mai aiki acikin New York babi na Majalisar Kasa don Binciken Geocosmic, kuma ta koyar a New York Theosophical Society (1996-2006). Tayi lacca, koyarwa, kuma ta ga abokan ciniki a duk faɗin Amurka, Turai, da Kanada, kuma ta rubuta da yawa don Beliefnet Bayyanarniyar kafofin watsa labarai Ackerman ta fito a shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, ciki har da: Factor O'Reilly (2000-01) Labaran Duniya Yanzu (Janairu 2005) Yawon shakatawa tare da Kotu TV (2005; don haɓaka Ganewa na Psychic Shiga Hollywood a 2005-06, 2008-09 "Shin 07/07/07 Rana ce Mai Kyau don Daure?" WABC-TV Labaran Shaidar Ido (Janairu 17, 2007) MSNBC (Fabrairu 9, 2007) Nunin Yau (10 ga Fabrairu, 2007) WTTG FOX5 DC (Maris 12, 2007) Labaran Maraice na CBS Ƙari Caroline Rhea Show Rikicin Lake Show Camilla Scott Show Fox &amp; Abokai Ta kasance mai bada gudummawa ta mako-mako ga shirin rediyo na Doug Stephan shekara ta (1997–99); ta bayyana kuma ta kasance bakuwa akan: Sisters Sisters Rediyon Jama'a na Kasa WOR Nunin Safiya SIRIUS Taurari Ta bayyana acikin The New York Times, The New York Daily News, New York Post, Time Out New York, Courier-Post, The Washington Post, USA Today, AOL News, The Philadelphia Inquirer, da Time Out Rayuwarta ta sirri Ackerman ta mutu a Manhattan a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2020, tanada shekaru 66 aduniya. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na hukumar, Karmic Relief Mutuwan 2020 Haifaffun 1953 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

26008

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di

Di

Di ko DI na iya nufin to: Zane-zane da kafofin watsa labarai Kiɗa Di, sautin a cikin solfège yana hawa sikelin chromatic wanda ke tsakanin Do da Re dizi (kayan aiki) ko di, sarkar sarewa ta China <i id="mwEQ">DI</i> (band), ƙungiyar punk daga Kudancin California <i id="mwFQ">DI</i> (EP), 1983 EP ta wannan rukunin da ke sama Sauran kafofin watsa labarai DI, fim ɗin soja na 1957 na Jack Webb Dagens Industri, jaridar kuɗi ta Sweden DI. FM sabis na rediyon intanet Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Defence Intelligence, hukumar leken asirin sojan Burtaniya ce Defensa Interior, ƙungiyar masu fafutukar yaƙi da Franco a cikin 1960s Spain Masana'antu na Deseret, kantin sayar da kayayyaki na LDS Desert Inn, tsohon gidan caca a Las Vegas Direction Italiya, jam'iyyar siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayin mazan jiya a Italiya Dirgantara Indonesia, kamfanin jirgin sama na Indonesiya Cibiyar Bincike, ƙungiya mai ba da shawara ta ƙira mai hankali Norwegian Air UK, kamfanin jirgin sama na Burtaniya (mai tsara IATA) DynCorp International, babban dan kwangilar tsaron Amurka Ilimi Diplomi-insinööri, digiri na injiniya na shekaru 6 na Finnish Umarni kai tsaye, hanyar koyarwa ta mai da hankali kan ƙirar tsarin manhaja Kimiyyar halitta Di, prefix da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sunaye na sunadarai Didymium, cakuda abubuwan praseodymium da neodymium sau ɗaya ana tunanin su zama abubuwa Diopside, ma'adinai na clinopyroxene Band 3, furotin Ruwa mai narkewa, nau'in ruwan da aka hana ƙazantar ƙazamar yanayin ionic Ciwon sukari insipidus, cuta Iodothyronine deiodinase nau'in I, ɗaya daga cikin dangin dangin enzymes masu mahimmanci a cikin kunnawa da kashewa na hormones na thyroid. Dentinogenesis imperfecta cuta ce ta ƙwayar cuta ta haɓaka hakora Mutane Kungiyoyin kabilu Di wata ƙabilar da ta mamaye arewacin China a lokacin Masarautu goma sha shida Beidi ko Arewacin Di kabilun da ke zaune a arewacin China yayin daular Zhou Daidaikun mutane Di (sunan mahaifi) sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin wani lokaci kuma yana jujjuya Dee, musamman: Di Renjie wani jami'in daular Tang daga baya ya zama almara a cikin jerin labaran masu binciken Sinawa Siffar dimbin sunayen: Diana (sunan da aka bayar) Diane (rashin fahimta) Dianne (ba a sani ba) Diana, Princess of Wales (1961 1997), wanda aka fi sani da Princess Di ko Lady Di Fasaha Matsakaici na dijital, tsarin yin fim bayan samarwa Allurar dogaro, hanyar yanke abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a cikin software Naúrar DI ko akwatin shigar da kai tsaye, na'urar sauti da ake amfani da ita tare da tsarin PA kuma a cikin ɗakunan rikodin sauti Rijistar DI, ko alamar alkibla, a cikin tsarin kwamfuta na x86 Alamar jagora, kayan aiki a cikin jirgin sama wanda kuma aka sani da alamar jagora Kashe kai tsaye, duba Mai Rarraba Ƙararrawa kai tsaye Allurar kai tsaye, wani nau'in allurar mai Addini da kalmar Sinanci da ake aiki da ita sunayen haikalin na sarakunan Sinawa da aka girmama Shangdi (Sinanci:, lit. "Ubangiji a Sama"), sunan Sinawa na babban allahn sama ko dai a cikin imani na Sinawa na asali ko a cikin fassarar bangaskiyar tauhidi kamar Kiristanci da Islama <i id="mwjA">di</i> (ra'ayin Sinanci) manufar "ƙasa" a cikin al'adun gargajiyar Sinawa na gargajiya di, jam'in Latin wanda ba a saba da shi ba jam'in deus ("allah", "allah") Sauran amfani Sifeto Sufeto, matsayi a cikin wasu jami'an 'yan sanda Di (cuneiform), tsohuwar rubutacciyar alama Diamita, nisa tsakanin tsakiyar da'irar Sashen Di, ɗaya daga cikin sassan takwas na Lardin Sourou a Burkina Faso 501 (lamba) a cikin lambobi na Roman Inshorar nakasassu, wani nau'in inshora ne wanda ke ba da tabbacin samun kudin shiga na mai amfana daga haɗarin cewa naƙasa za ta sa aiki ya zama mara daɗi Takardar Shaidar Hong Kong, wanda Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice ta Hong Kong ta bayar Malamin motsa jiki, jami'in da ba a ba da izini ba a cikin sojoji da 'yan sanda da yawa Duba kuma Lady Di (rashin fahimta) Mutuwa

58810

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAW%20harsashe

CLAW harsashe

Hasashen CLAW yana ba da shawarar madauki mara kyau wanda ke aiki tsakanin yanayin yanayin teku da yanayin duniya.[1] Hasashen yana ba da shawara musamman cewa phytoplankton na musamman waɗanda ke samar da dimethyl sulfide suna amsawa ga bambance-bambancen tilasta yanayi, kuma waɗannan martanin suna aiki don daidaita yanayin yanayin duniya. Asalin CLAW Robert Jay Charlson, James Lovelock, Meinrat Andreae da Stephen G. Warren ne suka gabatar da shi, kuma ya ɗauki gajarta daga harafin farko na sunayen sunayensu. CLAW Harsashe Hasashen yana bayyana madaidaicin ra'ayi wanda ke farawa tare da haɓaka ƙarfin da ake samu daga rana yana aiki don haɓaka ƙimar girma na phytoplankton ta ko dai tasirin ilimin lissafi (saboda girman zafin jiki) ko haɓakar photosynthesis (saboda ƙarar haske). Wasu phytoplankton, irin su coccolithophoids, kira dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), da haɓakar haɓakarsu yana ƙara samar da wannan osmolyte. Hakanan, wannan yana haifar da haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar samfuransa, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), na farko a cikin ruwan teku, sannan a cikin yanayi. DMS yana oxidized a cikin yanayi don samar da sulfur dioxide, kuma wannan yana haifar da samar da sulfate aerosols. Wadannan aerosols suna aiki a matsayin jijiyar jijiyar girgije kuma suna ƙara lambar digowar girgije, wanda hakan ke haɓaka abun cikin ruwan ruwa na gajimare da yankin girgije. Wannan yana ƙara haɓaka albedo, yana haifar da mafi girman hasken hasken rana da ke faruwa, da raguwar tilastawa wanda ya fara wannan jerin abubuwan. Hoton da ke hannun dama yana nuna taƙaitaccen zane. Lura cewa madauki na amsawa na iya aiki ta hanyar juyawa, kamar raguwar makamashin hasken rana yana haifar da raguwar murfin gajimare kuma ta haka zuwa karuwar adadin kuzarin hasken rana da ke kaiwa saman duniya. Muhimmiyar sigar ma'amalar mu'amala da aka kwatanta a sama ita ce, tana haifar da madauki mara kyau, ta yadda canjin yanayin yanayin (ƙaramar rage shigar da hasken rana) ya zama mai muni da madauki. Don haka, hasashe na CLAW yana ba da misali na homeostasis na sikelin duniya ko tsarin daidaitawa, daidai da hasashen Gaia wanda ɗaya daga cikin ainihin mawallafa na hasashen CLAW ya tsara, James Lovelock. Wasu binciken da suka biyo baya na hasashen CLAW sun gano shaidar da za ta goyi bayan tsarinta, kodayake wannan ba shakka ba ne. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa na'ura mai kama da CLAW na iya aiki a cikin zagayowar sulfur na duniya ba tare da buƙatar wani ɓangaren ilimin halitta mai aiki ba. Wani labarin bita na 2014 ya soki hasashe don kasancewa da ƙari kuma cewa tasirin zai iya zama rauni fiye da yadda aka tsara. Hasashen Anti-CLAW In his 2006 book The Revenge of Gaia, Lovelock proposed that instead of providing negative feedback in the climate system, the components of the CLAW hypothesis may act to create a positive feedback loop. Under future global warming, increasing temperature may stratify the world ocean, decreasing the supply of nutrients from the deep ocean to its productive euphotic zone. Consequently, phytoplankton activity will decline with a concomitant fall in the production of DMS. In a reverse of the CLAW hypothesis, this decline in DMS production will lead to a decrease in cloud condensation nuclei and a fall in cloud albedo. The consequence of this will be further climate warming which may lead to even less DMS production (and further climate warming). The figure to the right shows a summarising schematic diagram. Evidence for the anti-CLAW hypothesis is constrained by similar uncertainties as those of the sulfur cycle feedback loop of the CLAW hypothesis. However, researchers simulating future oceanic primary production have found evidence of declining production with increasing ocean stratification,leaving open the possibility that such a mechanism may exist.

47993

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabashin%20Afirka

Gabashin Afirka

Gabashin Afirka, Gabashin Afirka، ko Gabashin Afirka. A cikin tsarin Sashen Kididdiga na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yankuna, yankuna 10-11-(16 sun hada da Gabashin Afirka: Yarjejeniyar kimiyya ta bayyana cewa yankin Gabashin Afirka shine inda mutane na zamani suka fara samo asali kimanin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata kafin su yi ƙaura zuwa arewa da gabas daga Afirka. Saboda tarihin Daular Omani da yankunan mulkin mallaka na British East Africa Protectorate da Jamusanci East Africa, ana amfani da kalmar Gabashin Afirka (musamman a cikin harshen Ingilishi) don nunawa musamman ga yankin da yanzu ya ƙunshi ƙasashe uku na Kenya, Tanzania, da Uganda. Koyaya, wannan bai taɓa zama taron ba a wasu harsuna da yawa, inda kalmar gabaɗaya tana da faɗin ƙasa, sabili da haka yawanci sun haɗa da Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha, da Somalia. Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Sudan ta Kudu mambobi ne na Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka. An haɗa biyar na farko a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. Burundi da Rwanda a wasu lokuta ana daukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na Afirka ta Tsakiya. Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha da Somaliya an san su da Horn of Africa. Yankin shine mafi gabashin tsinkaye na nahiyar Afirka. Comoros, Mauritius, da Seychelles ƙananan tsibirai a cikin Tekun Indiya. Réunion, Mayotte (a fannin ƙasa wani ɓangare ne na Tsibirin Comoro) da Tsibirin da aka Scattered a cikin Tekun Indiya yankunan kasashen waje na Faransa kuma a cikin Tekin Indiya. Mozambique da Madagascar galibi ana ɗaukar su wani ɓangare na Kudancin Afirka, a gefen gabashin yankin. Madagascar tana da alaƙa ta al'adu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Gabashin Afirka, da tsibirin Tekun Indiya. Malawi, Zambia, da Zimbabwe sau da yawa ana haɗa su a Kudancin Afirka, kuma a baya sun kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (wanda aka fi sani da Tarihin Rhodesia da Nyasaland). Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan gabaɗaya suna cikin kwarin Nilu. Suna cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin nahiyar. Har ila yau, membobin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (COMESA) yankin cinikayya kyauta. Yanayi da yanayi Wasu sassan Gabashin Afirka sun shahara saboda yawan dabbobi na daji, kamar su "babban biyar": giwa, buffalo, zaki, baƙar fata rhinoceros, da leopard, kodayake yawan jama'a suna raguwa a ƙarƙashin karuwar damuwa a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, musamman na rhino da giwa. Yanayin Gabashin Afirka sau da yawa yana da ban sha'awa da kuma kyan gani. An tsara shi ta hanyar dakarun tectonic na duniya waɗanda suka haifar da Rift na Gabashin Afirka, Gabashin Afirka shine shafin Dutsen Kilimanjaro da Dutsen Kenya, tsaunuka biyu mafi tsawo a Afirka. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da tafkin ruwa mai laushi na biyu mafi girma a duniya, Tafkin Victoria, da kuma tafkin ruwa na biyu mafi zurfi a duniya, tafkin Tanganyika Yanayin Gabashin Afirka ya fi dacewa da yankunan equatorial. Saboda haɗuwa da tsawo mai tsawo na yankin da inuwa mai ruwan sama na iskar ruwan sama ta yamma da Dutsen Rwenzori da Dutsen Habasha suka kirkira, Gabashin Afirka yana da ban mamaki kuma ya bushe saboda latitude. A zahiri, a bakin tekun Somaliya, shekaru da yawa na iya wucewa ba tare da ruwan sama ba. A wsu wurre ruwn sama na shekara-shekara yana ƙaruwa zuwa kudu kuma tare da tsawo, yana kusa da (16 in) a Mogadishu da 1,200 (47 in) a Mombasa a bakin tekun, yayin da ƙasa yana ƙaruwa daga kusan (5 in) a Garoowe zuwa sama da 1,100 mm (43 in) a Moshi kusa da Kilimanjaro. Ba a saba da shi ba, yawancin ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a cikin lokutan rigar guda biyu, ɗayan yana tsakiyar Afrilu ɗayan kuma a watan Oktoba ko Nuwamba. Wannan yawanci ana danganta shi da wucewar Yankin Intertropical Convergence a fadin yankin a cikin waɗannan watanni, amma kuma yana iya zama daidai da ruwan sama na kaka na sassan Sri Lanka, Vietnam, da Arewa maso gabashin Brazil. Yammacin tsaunukan Rwenzoris da Habasha, yanayin ruwan sama ya fi dacewa da wurare masu zafi, tare da ruwan sama a duk shekara kusa da ma'auni da kuma lokacin rigar guda ɗaya a mafi yawan tsaunukan Habasha daga Yuni zuwa Satumba yana kwangila zuwa Yuli da Agusta a kusa da Asmara. Ruwan sm n shekara-shekara a nan ya kasance daga sama da 1,600 (63 in) a kan gangaren yaa zuwa kusan 1,250 mm (49 in) a Addis Ababa da mm (22 in) a Asmara. tsaunuka masu tsawo ruwan sama na iya zama sama da 2,500 mm (98 in). Ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka yana da manyan lokutan ruwan sama guda biyu, ruwan sama mai tsawo daga Maris zuwa Mayu da gajeren ruwan sama daga Oktoba-Disamba. Bambancin ruwan sama yana rinjayar abubuwan da suka faru na El Niño da kuma Dipole mai kyau na Tekun Indiya. Abubuwan da suka faru na El Nino suna ƙara ruwan sama sai dai a arewa da yammacin yankunan Habasha da Eritrea, inda suke haifar da fari da ambaliyar Nilu mara kyau. Hakazalika, kyakkyawan Dipole na Tekun Indiya yana haifar da yanayin zafi na teku a bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka kuma yana haifar da karuwar ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka. Yanayin zafi a Gabashin Afirka, ban da a kan zafi da kuma ruwan zafi na bakin teku, suna da matsakaici, tare da matsakaicin kusan C (77 da mafi ƙarancin C (59 a tsawo na mita 1,500 (4,921 A tsawo sama da mita 2,500 (8,202 sanyi ya zama ruwan dare a lokacin fari kuma mafi girma yawanci game da C (70 ko ƙasa. Yanayin ƙasa na musamman da bayyanar dacewa don noma ya sanya Gabashin Afirka ya zama manufa ga binciken Turai, amfani da mulkin mallaka a karni na sha tara. A yau, yawon bude ido wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, da Uganda. Yankin gabashin nahiyar, wato Ras Hafun a Somaliya, yana da muhimmancin archaeological, tarihi da tattalin arziki. Tarihi Tarihi na farko Dangane da ka'idar asalin Afirka na kwanan nan na mutane na zamani, imani da aka fi sani da shi tsakanin yawancin masu binciken tarihi, Gabashin Afirka a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka shine inda mutane na zamani suka fara bayyana. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da ko akwai fitowa guda ɗaya ko da yawa; samfurin watsawa da yawa ya haɗa da ka'idar Yaduwar Kudancin. Wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa Arewacin Afirka shine yankin Afirka daga inda mutane na zamani suka fara tafiya daga nahiyar. Dangane da shaidar kwayar halitta da burbushin halittu, an nuna cewa <i id="mw5Q">Homo sapiens</i> na archaic ya samo asali ne a cikin mutane na zamani a cikin Horn na Afirka kusan shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata kuma ya warwatse daga can. Sanar da Homo sapiens idaltu da Omo Kibish a matsayin mutane na zamani zai tabbatar da bayanin mutane na zamani tare da sunan Homo sapiens sapiens. Saboda farkon soyayyarsu da halaye na musamman na jiki idaltu da kibish suna wakiltar kakanninmu na yanzu na mutane na zamani kamar yadda ka'idar Out-of-Africa ta ba da shawarar. A cikin 2017 binciken gawarwakin mutane na zamani, wanda ya kasance kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata a Jebel Irhoud a Maroko, ya ba da shawarar cewa mutane na zamani sun tashi a baya kuma mai yiwuwa a cikin yanki mafi girma na Afirka fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya. Gabashin Afirka yana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na farko inda aka yi imanin cewa Homo sapiens sun rayu. An sami shaidar a cikin 2018, wanda ya kasance kimanin shekaru 320,000 da suka gabata, a shafin yanar gizon Kenya na Olorgesailie, game da farkon fitowar halayen zamani da ke da alaƙa da Homo sapiens, gami da: cibiyoyin cinikayya na nesa (wanda ya haɗa da kayayyaki kamar obsidian), amfani da pigments, da yiwuwar yin maki. Marubutan binciken 2018 guda uku sun lura da shi a shafin, cewa shaidar waɗannan halaye kusan zamani ne ga farkon burbushin Homo sapiens da aka sani daga Afirka (kamar a Jebel Irhoud da Florisbad), kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa halayen rikitarwa da na zamani sun riga sun fara a Afirka a lokacin fitowar Homo sapiens. A watan Satumbar 2019, masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton ƙudurin kwamfuta, bisa ga binciken CT 260, na siffar kwanyar kama-da-wane na kakannin ɗan adam na ƙarshe ga mutane na zamani H. sapiens, wakilin Homo sapiens na farko, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa Homo sapiens ya tashi tsakanin shekaru 350,000 da 260,000 da suka gabata ta hanyar haɗuwa da yawan jama'a a Kudu da Gabashin Afirka. Hanyar ƙaura ta ka'idar "Fitar da Afirka" mai yiwuwa ta faru ne a Gabashin Afirka duk da haka ta hanyar Bab el Mandeb A yau a Bab-el-Mandeb straits, Bahar Maliya tana da nisan kilomita 12 miles (19 km) (kilomita 19) amma shekaru 50,000 da suka gabata ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma matakan teku sun kasance mita 70 ƙasa. Kodayake ba a taɓa rufe ƙuƙwalwar gaba ɗaya ba, akwai yiwuwar akwai tsibirai a tsakanin waɗanda za a iya isa ta amfani da rafts masu sauƙi. An samo wasu daga cikin kasusuwan hominin na farko a cikin yankin da ya fi girma, gami da burbushin da aka gano a cikin kwarin Awash na Habasha, da kuma Koobi Fora a Kenya da Olduvai Gorge a Tanzania. Yankin kudancin Gabashin Afirka ya mamaye har zuwa kwanan nan ta hanyar mafarauta-mai tarawa na Khoisan, yayin da a cikin tsaunukan Habasha jaki da irin waɗannan shuke-shuke na amfanin gona kamar teff sun ba da damar fara aikin gona a kusa da 7,000 KZ. Duk da haka, shingen ƙasa da cututtukan da tsetse fly ke ɗauka sun hana jaki da aikin gona daga yaduwa zuwa kudu. Sai kawai a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan aikin gona ya bazu zuwa yankunan da suka fi zafi a kudancin ma'auni, ta hanyar yaduwar shanu, tumaki da amfanin gona kamar millet. Rarraba harsuna sun nuna cewa wannan mai yiwuwa ya faru ne daga Sudan zuwa yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, tunda yarukan Nilotic da waɗannan manoman pre-Bantu ke magana suna da danginsu mafi kusa a tsakiyar kogin Nilu. Tarihin Da Djibouti, Eritrea, Habasha, Somalia, da gaɓar Bahar Maliya ta Sudan ana ɗaukar su ne mafi kusantar wurin ƙasar da tsoffin Masarawa suka sani da Punt. Magana ta farko da aka ambaci tsohuwar masarautar ta kasance a karni na 25 KZ. Tsohon Puntites al'umma ce ta mutanen da ke da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Fir'auna Masar a zamanin Fir'auna Sahure da Sarauniya Hatshepsut Masarautar Aksum daular kasuwanci ce da ke tsakiyar Eritrea da arewacin Habasha Ya wanzu daga kimanin 100940 AZ, yana girma daga zamanin ƙarfe na Aksumite don samun matsayi a ƙarni na 1 AZ. An ambaci masarautar a cikin Periplus na Tekun Erythraean a matsayin muhimmiyar kasuwa ga hauren giwa, wanda aka fitar dashi a duk faɗin duniya ta dā. Aksum a lokacin yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Zoskales, wanda kuma ke mulkin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Adulis. Shugabannin Aksumite sun sauƙaƙa cinikayya ta hanyar yin kuɗin Aksumite nasu. Har ila yau, jihar ta kafa ikonta a kan mulkin Kush mai raguwa kuma a kai a kai ta shiga siyasar masarautun a kan tsibirin Larabawa, a ƙarshe ta mika mulkinta a kan yankin laraba tare da cin nasarar Masarautar Himyarite. Yaɗuwar Bantu Tsakanin shekaru 2500 zuwa 3000 da suka gabata, al'ummar Bantu masu magana sun fara ƙaura na tsawon shekaru dubunnan zuwa gabas daga ƙasarsu ta kudancin Kamaru. Wannan fadada Bantu ya gabatar da aikin noma zuwa yawancin yankin manyan tabkunan Afirka. A cikin ƙarni goma sha biyar da suka biyo baya, Bantu sannu a hankali sun ƙarfafa noma da kiwo a duk yankuna masu dacewa na Gabashin Afirka, a cikin wannan tsari suna tuntuɓar mazauna Austronesian da Larabci mazauna yankunan kudancin bakin teku. Na karshen kuma ya yada addinin Islama zuwa bel na bakin teku, amma yawancin Bantu sun kasance masu bin Addinin Gargajiya na Afirka A cikin ƙarnuka da yawa, yawancin mutanen da ke farautar abinci sun yi hijira kuma al'ummomin Bantu masu shigowa sun shawo kansu, da kuma al'ummar Nilotic daga baya. Yaduwar Bantu ya kasance jerin dogon lokaci na ƙaura ta jiki, yaduwar harshe da ilimi a ciki da ciki daga maƙwabta, da kuma kirkirar sabbin ƙungiyoyin al'umma da suka haɗa da aure tsakanin al'ummomi da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da ke motsawa zuwa al'ummomin da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin da ke motsa zuwa sababbin yankuna. Bayan motsawa daga asalin ƙasarsu a Yammacin Afirka, Bantus kuma sun haɗu da mutanen tsakiyar gabashin Afirka na asalin Cushitic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Kamar yadda kalmar shanu da ake amfani da ita tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin makiyaya na Bantu na zamani ke nunawa, 'yan gudun hijirar Bantu za su sami shanu daga sabbin maƙwabtansu na Cushit. Shaidar harshe ta kuma nuna cewa Bantus mai yiwuwa ya karɓi al'adar shayar da shanu kai tsaye daga mutanen Cushitic a yankin. A yankin bakin teku na yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, wani al'umma mai gauraye na Bantu ya ci gaba ta hanyar hulɗa da ƴan kasuwa Musulmi Larabawa da Farisa, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban jihohin Larabawa, Farisa da Afirka na Swahili. Al'adun Swahili da suka fito daga waɗannan musayar sun nuna tasirin Larabawa da Islama da yawa waɗanda ba a gani a al'adun gargajiya na Bantu ba, kamar yadda yawancin mambobin Afirka-Arabiya na mutanen Bantu Swahili suke yi. Tare da al'ummarta ta asali da ke kan yankunan bakin teku na Tanzania (musamman Zanzibar) da Kenya da ke bakin teku da ake kira Swahili Coast yaren Bantu Swahili ya ƙunshi kalmomin aro na Larabci da yawa sakamakon waɗannan hulɗar. Mutanen Bantu na farko na gabar gabashin Kenya da Tanzania da waɗannan mazauna Larabawa da Farisa suka haɗu da su an gano su daban-daban tare da ƙauyukan kasuwanci na Rhapta, Azania da Menouthias da aka ambata a farkon rubuce-rubucen Helenanci da Sinanci daga 50 AZ zuwa 500 AZ, wanda ya haifar da sunan Tanzania. Waɗannan rubuce-rubucen farko wataƙila sun rubuta raƙuman farko na mazauna Bantu don isa tsakiyar gabashin Afirka yayin ƙaura. Tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 15, manyan masarautu da jihohin Great Lakes na Afirka sun fito, kamar masarautun Buganda da Karagwe na Uganda da Tanzania. Tarihin zamani Zamanin Larabawa da Mutanen Fotugal Portuguese sune Turawa na farko da suka binciki yankin Kenya, Tanzania, da Mozambique ta teku. Vasco da Gama ya ziyarci Mombasa a cikin 1498. Tafiyar Da Gama ta yi nasara wajen isa Indiya, wanda ya ba da damar Portuguese su yi ciniki tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya kai tsaye ta teku. Wannan kuma ya kalubalanci tsofaffin hanyoyin kasuwanci na hanyoyin ƙasa da na teku, kamar hanyoyin kasuwancin kayan yaji waɗanda ke amfani da Tekun Farisa, Bahar Maliya, da kuma raƙuma don isa gabashin Bahar Rum. Jamhuriyar Venice ta sami iko a kan yawancin hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Turai da Asiya. Bayan da Turks na Ottoman suka rufe hanyoyin ƙasa na gargajiya zuwa Indiya, Portugal na fatan amfani da hanyar teku da da da Gama ya jagoranci don karya ikon cinikin Venetian. Mulkin Portuguese a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka ya fi mayar da hankali a kan wani bakin teku da ke kewaye da Mombasa. Kasancewar Portuguese a yankin ya fara ne bayan 1505, lokacin da flagships a karkashin umurnin Don Francisco de Almeida suka ci Kilwa, tsibirin da ke cikin abin da ke yanzu kudancin Tanzania. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1505, bayan ya karbi nadin mataimakin sarki na sabuwar yankin da aka ci nasara a Indiya daga Manuel I na Portugal, ya tashi daga Lisbon a matsayin kwamandan babban jirgin ruwa mai karfi, kuma ya isa watan Yuli a Quiloa (Kilwa), wanda ya mika shi kusan ba tare da gwagwarmaya ba. Moors na Mombasa sun ba da juriya mai ƙarfi. Koyaya, an kwace garin kuma an lalata shi, kuma manyan dukiyarsa sun tafi don ƙarfafa albarkatun Almeida. Hare-haren sun biyo baya a kan Hoja (wanda yanzu ake kira Ungwana, wanda ke bakin Kogin Tana), Barawa, Angoche, Pate da sauran garuruwan bakin teku har zuwa yammacin Tekun Indiya ya zama mafaka mai aminci ga bukatun kasuwanci na Portugal. A wasu wurare a kan hanyarsa, kamar tsibirin Angediva, kusa da Goa, da Cannanore, Portuguese sun gina sansanoni, kuma sun dauki matakai don tabbatar da ikon Portuguese. Lokacin mulkin mallaka na Turawa Tsakanin karni na 19 da 20, Gabashin Afirka ya zama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gasa tsakanin manyan kasashen Turai masu mulkin mallaka na lokacin. Manyan launuka uku na ƙasar Afirka sune beige, ja, da shuɗi. Jar ya tsaya ga Turanci, shuɗi ya tsaya ga Faransanci, kuma beige ya tsaya ga Jamus a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A lokacin Scramble for Africa, kusan kowace ƙasa a cikin yankin da ya fi girma zuwa digiri daban-daban sun zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Turai. Portugal ta fara kafa ƙarfi a kudancin Mozambique da Tekun Indiya tun daga ƙarni na 15, yayin da a wannan lokacin dukiyarsu ta karu ciki har da sassa daga arewacin Mozambique na yanzu, har zuwa Mombasa a Kenya ta yanzu. A Tafkin Malawi, a ƙarshe sun sadu da Ƙungiyar Burtaniya ta Nyasaland (yanzu Malawi), wanda ke kewaye da tafkin mai suna a bangarori uku, ya bar Portuguese ikon mallakar gabashin tafkin. Daular Burtaniya ta kafu a cikin yankunan da suka fi amfani da su da kuma alkawura da ke samun abin da ke Uganda a yau, da Kenya. The Protectorate of Uganda da Colony of Kenya sun kasance a cikin wani yanki mai arziki gonar da ya fi dacewa da noman amfanin gona kamar kofi da shayi, da kuma kiwon dabbobi tare da kayayyakin da aka samar daga shanu da awaki, kamar naman awaki, naman sa da madara. Bugu da ƙari, wannan yanki yana da damar fadada zama mai mahimmanci, ya dace da sake komawa yawancin 'yan Burtaniya zuwa yankin. Yanayin yanayi da ke faruwa da yanayin yanayin yankuna sun ba da damar kafa ƙauyuka masu tasowa na Turai kamar Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amélia, Lourenço Marques da Entebbe. Faransanwa sun zauna tsibirin mafi girma a Tekun Indiya (kuma na huɗu mafi girma a duniya), Madagascar, tare da ƙungiyar ƙananan tsibirai da ke kusa, wato Réunion da Comoros. Madagascar ta zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallaka na Faransa bayan yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na soja a kan Masarautar Madagascar, wanda ya fara bayan ya shawo kan Burtaniya ta bar abubuwan da take so a tsibirin don musayar ikon Zanzibar a bakin tekun Tanganyika, wani muhimmin tsibirin tsibirin cinikin kayan yaji. Har ila yau, Burtaniya ta mallaki tsibirai da yawa a yankin, gami da tsibirin Seychelles da tsibirin noma mai arziki na Mauritius, a baya a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Faransa. Daular Jamus ta sami iko da babban yanki mai suna Jamus Gabashin Afirka, wanda ya ƙunshi Rwanda, Burundi da kuma yankin Tanzania mai suna Tanganyika. A shekara ta 1922, Birtaniya ta sami umarnin League of Nations a kan Tanganyika wanda ta gudanar har sai an ba da 'ƴancin kai ga Tanganyika a 1961. Bayan juyin juya halin Zanzibar na 1965, jihar Tanganyika mai zaman kanta ta kafa Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania ta hanyar kirkirar hadin kai tsakanin yankin, da tsibirin tsibirin Zanzibar. Zanzibar yanzu jiha ce mai cin gashin kanta a cikin hadin gwiwa tare da babban yankin wanda aka hada kai kuma ana kiransa Tanzania. Jamusanci Gabashin Afirka, ko da yake yana da yawa, ba shi da irin wannan mahimmancin dabarun kamar yankunan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a arewa: zama a waɗannan ƙasashe yana da wahala kuma saboda haka yana da iyaka, galibi saboda yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa na gida. Italiya ta sami iko da sassa daban-daban na Somaliya a cikin shekarun 1880. Kudancin kashi uku cikin hudu na Somaliya ya zama mai kula da Italiya (Italian Somaliland). A halin yanzu, a cikin 1884, wani karamin bakin teku na Somaliland ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Burtaniya (British Somaliland). Wannan kariya ta Somaliland ta kasance a gaban mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya na Aden a yankin Larabawa. Tare da waɗannan yankuna da aka tabbatar, Burtaniya ta sami damar zama mai tsaron ƙofar hanyar teku da ke kaiwa Indiya ta Burtaniya. A cikin 1890, farawa da sayen ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa na (Asseb) daga wani sultan na gida a Eritrea, Italiyanci sun mallaki dukan Eritrea. A shekara ta 1895, daga sansanoni a Somaliya da Eritrea, Italiyanci sun kaddamar da Yakin Italiya na farko da Habasha a kan Daular Orthodox ta Habasha. A shekara ta 1896, yakin ya zama bala'i ga Italiyanci kuma Habasha ta sami damar riƙe 'yancin kanta. Habasha ta kasance mai zaman kanta har zuwa 1936 lokacin da, bayan Yaƙin Italo-Abyssinian na Biyu, ta zama wani ɓangare na Gabashin Afirka ta Italiya. Kasuwancin Italiya na Habasha ya ƙare a 1941 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin Gabashin Afirka .Har ila yau, Faransanci sun kafa wani sansanin Gabashin Afirka a kan hanyar zuwa Indochina ta Faransa. Farawa a cikin shekarun 1850, ƙaramin mai kariya na Djibouti ya zama Somaliland na Faransa a cikin 1897. Yanayi Gabashin Afirka yana da sauye-sauyen yanayi daban-daban wanda ya kunshi yankuna masu zafi, yankunan hamada masu bushe, masu sanyi, da tsaunuka. Shahararrun hotuna Akwai fina-finai da suka nuna Gabashin Afirka a cikin siffofi daban-daban. 7 Days a Entebbe, Sarkin Scotland na Ƙarshe, Daga Afirka, Sarauniyar Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Otal Rwanda, The Good Lie, da Kyaftin Phillips wasu daga cikin fina-fallafen da aka yaba da su. A cikin wasannin bidiyo Halo 2 da Halo 3, Gabashin Afirka yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare don kamfen ɗin. Fasaha Addini Kasashe, manyan birane da manyan birane A cewar CIA, tun daga shekarar 2017, kasashen da ke gabashin Afirka suna da yawan jama'a kusan mazauna miliyan 537.9. Manazarta

22402

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%27adam%20Na%20Ruwa%20Da%20Tsafta

Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta

Hakkin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS), ƙa'ida ce wacce ta yarda cewa tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. Majalissar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan adam a ranar 28 ga watan Yulin a ta shekarar 2010. HRWS an amince da ita a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idojin. Da Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa fiye da ƙudurin Babban Taro daga Mataki na 11.1 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziƙi, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR), suna mai da ita dokar data zama ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da HRWS a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2010. Sun yarda cewa akwai haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da nasaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasashen, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta cigaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin shekarata 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 sun amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam, lafiyayye da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da kuma tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yarda da samun damar tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai gudana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta da juna to amma sun daidaita. Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Babban Sharhi na 15 ne ya fitar da ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin sharhi 15 wanda aka tsara a shekarata 2002. Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karfin iko, mai isa ga jiki da kuma arha don amfanin kansa da na gida." HRWS ts tilastama gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓa, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. domin samun rahusa ta amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ya buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da kai ga wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. Gabaɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce 3-5% na kuɗin shigar iyalai. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, na dacewa don isa tushen da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana cewa bai kamata ruwa ya wuce mita dubu 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 ba kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin minti 30. Samuwar ruwa yayi la'akari da cewa shin ana samun wadatar ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da cigaba. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da gane ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyukan. Don karɓar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙanshi kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi kowane launi ba. ICESCR tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun cigaba da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dasu tabbatar da suna tsabbace dukkanin abinda ya dace na ruwa da muhallin su. Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri dan inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. dama wasu abubuwan more rayuwa Yanayin duniya Hukumar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO UNICEF don samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane kimanin miliyan 663 ba su sami ingantattun samun ruwan sha ba kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a shekarar 2015. Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona, kare maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da tattara ruwa. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna da aka jinkirta musamman, kamar Saharar Afirka". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun zuwan su makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta." Tushen shari'a da amincewa Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR) na shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adujin wanda aka samo a cikin Sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka yarda da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanaji waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsafta. Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da nuna wariya ga mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa suna shiga tare da fa'idantar da cigaban karkara kuma, domin zasu tabbatarwa da mata yancin kan su day suke da shi dama wasu mahimman hakkokin su… (h) Don jindaɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa. Yarjejeniyar ta shekarar 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yara don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma gyara lafiyar… 2 Bangarorin Jihohi za su nemi cikakken aiwatar da wannan 'yancin kuma, musamman, za su dauki matakan da suka dace (c) Don yaki da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin suna iya samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan 'yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da takwas 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da' yancin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da Samar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu da sauran mutane, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da arha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙanta da nakasa bukatun su. "Dokar 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta Duniya" wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labari na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); a shekarar 1948: Mataki na ashirin da biyar 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) sun yi rubuce-rubucen canjin' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya. Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil'adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin abinci ko abinsha, haƙƙin lafiya, ko mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa. Gleick ya kara da cewa: "samun damar samun ruwa na asali hakki ne na dan'adam a fili kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, ayyanawa, da kuma aikin Gwamnati." Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke shawara iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. Ya gano cewa haƙƙin ruwa a fakaice ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadataccen jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Adadin ruwa mai lafiya ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da ruwa da kuma samar da amfani, girki, buƙatun tsafta na mutum da na gida. Countriesasashe da yawa sun amince kuma bisa ƙa'ida sun yarda da haƙƙin ruwa don kasancewa wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyarsu a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; Netherlands bayan wallafa Babban Magana 15. Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimaka wa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta ‘yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008. Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a cikin 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsaftace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli. Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), duk wasu na ganin shifa ruwa kawai kayi amfani da shi ne a inda ka tsinci kan wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), da kuma samun karfin jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da sauran 'yancin ɗan adam". A watan Satumban 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da cewa 'yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar: bautar da Jama'a domin hakkim samun ruwa da tsafface muhalli(2010); Kudade don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); Gudanar da ruwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013); da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 don zama na biyu Rapporteur na Musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsafta. Resoludurin da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa aikin Wakilin Musamman kuma ya bayyana matsayin kowace jiha a cikin girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A mafi yawan 'yan Majalisar Resolution 7/169 na 2015 da aka kira wani furucin da "The Human Rights zuwa Safe Shan Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli. Ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ruwa da haƙƙin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin kula da tsafta da aka manta da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa. Fikihun duniya Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam An yi la’akari da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da ke Yancin Dan Adam na Humanungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A cikin 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga ƙasar wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan su, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam shigar da hakkin rayuwa. Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu. Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka jari Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes ICSID sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Kodayake shari'o'in suna la'akari da tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu shiri na taka rawa sosai wajen ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kotuna game da filayen mutane. Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara daga 1990s kuma ci gaba mai yawa a harkar cinikayyar ya ci gaba zuwa 2000s. Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Babban sananne na farko game da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da sabanin da ya taso daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya kasance maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyakokin karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki, tsarin ruwa mai tsafta. Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwantiragi da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu 2005, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aiki. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin ta game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. bata bada komai, yarda da cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin takaddamar. 'Yancin ruwa a cikin dokar gida Ba tare da kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta ta ba, haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dogara da ayyukan kotunan ƙasa. Tushen wannan an kafa shi ta hanyar tsarin mulki na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya da kullum da akeyi ESCR ta ɗayan hanyoyi biyu: azaman "ƙa'idodin umarni" waɗanda suke da maƙasudai kuma galibi ba masu adalci ba ne; ko kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna. Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin samun ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi kaɗan na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wanda ake kira "ƙirar dokokin ƙira". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abun ciki da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsayuwa na tsarin mulki. Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Babban sananne na farko wanda kotuna suka aikata shine Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan Wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin matsi. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa a tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci. Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Economicancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ke akwai ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wani matakan cin amana. Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Shafi na 15. Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za'a bayar a cikin Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko girka mitatun ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a babbar kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba sannan kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar an gama samar da ruwan sha kyauta, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa na asali na lita 50 kowane mutum a kowace rana. Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin 2008 ta BENNY don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da ƙididdigar bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa. Manyan wadanda ake kara sun gabatar da karar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Koli SCA wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin garin na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka ware shi. Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na mutum daya a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin. Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. da kotun tsarin kuma gudanar da shi ne wani al'amari ga majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ma'aikata na gwamnatin da aiki a cikin allowance na kasafin kudi da kuma cewa ta bincika shirye-shirye ne wani al'amari na mulkin demokra en Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa gaba kuma baya dacewa bai kamata kotu ta yanke hukunci ga nasarar duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa ba. Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take bi suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta don yin nazari akai. An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen ra'ayi na girmamawa ga shari'a". Indiya Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiya game da haƙƙin ruwa suna misalta cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kotuna sun fassara ta cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa. Delhi Ruwayar v. Jihar Haryana Anan wata takaddama ta amfani da ruwa ta samo asali saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. Anyi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida. Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar Har ila yau sananne shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shari'ar bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rai, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta tanada, ya haɗa da haƙƙin more ruwa mara ƙazanta. Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an gabatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai karar ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki. 'Yancin Duniya na Ranar Ruwa Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu gami da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun ruwa mai tsabta da isasshe haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba. Saboda haka, Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) yana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin ruwa) ta hanyar dacewa da aka gabatar da doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. Dangane da haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don ruwa a 1927. Ranar Ranar 'Yancin Ruwa ta Duniya ta yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da 'yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya. New Zealand Ba a kariya ga ESCR a bayyane a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand ta kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Amurka A cikin Pilchen v. Birnin Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kudin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta rufe hidimarta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda hakan yasa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A cikin 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwan ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba sakamakon jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa. Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka A cikin 2016, akwai shahararren shari'ar da aka sani da Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe suka ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farawa a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta biyu ta Dakota ta Kudu da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da kan iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana ba da buƙatun ruwa na asali ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Gina bututun mai na nufin akwai yiwuwar fuskantar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya sabawa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA) da kuma dokar tarihi ta kasa (NHA). Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ta kasa zuwa ga ƙarshe, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayanan. Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma kabilar ta Rock Rock na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun. Ostiraliya Hankali a Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin ofan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-ya mamaye mulkin yau da ke tsara tsarin amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma mafi yawansu basu cika yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mallakar toan asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsafta ba A cikin <i id="mwAVo">Mabo v Queensland</i>, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean ativean asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a cikin kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba. Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana tsara ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa raƙuman ruwa sune farkon ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta sami iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da rantsarfin Ba da Talla, Kasuwanci da Comarfin Kasuwanci. A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani yana iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa ba azaman al'adar gargajiya. A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin National Water Initiative (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai kyau na rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin Australiya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa. Tattaunawa da suka rage Tasirin wuce gona da iri Ganin cewa samun ruwa shine tushen damuwa da rikice rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, Gabashin Bahar Rum da sassan Arewacin Amurka tsakanin sauran wurare, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da masana suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin samun ruwa kuma yana da yanayin canjin ƙasa ko na waje. Suna jayayya cewa idan aka yi la’akari da cewa samar da ruwa a dabi'ance ya wuce kuma ya tsallaka kan iyakoki, jihohi ma suna da hurumin doka kada su yi aiki ta hanyar da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu jihohin. Amincewa da wannan aikin na doka na iya hana mummunan tasirin tasirin "matsalar ruwa" a duniya (a matsayin barazanar nan gaba da sakamako mara kyau na yawan mutane Karancin ruwa da kuma yawan amfani da ruwan sha na sanya wannan haƙƙin ya zama mai rikitarwa. Yayinda yawan mutanen duniya ke karuwa cikin sauri, karancin ruwa zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Karancin ruwa mai yawa ya kawo batun ko ya kamata a canza ruwa daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata. Rigimar ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan Takaddama kan ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ta rinjayi ƙarancin ruwa a yankin Asiya ta Kudu Kasashen biyu suna da wata yarjejeniya wacce aka riga aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus An kafa yarjejeniyar ne don takaita rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan dangane da amfani da kogin Indus da kuma samar da ruwa ga kasashen biyu bayan da kasashen suka sami 'yencin kai. Koyaya, rashin jituwa game da shi ya bayyana. A cewar yarjejeniyar, an bar Indiya ta yi amfani da gabar kogin yamma don ban ruwa da kuma dalilan da ba na cuwa-cuwa ba, yayin da Pakistan ke da rinjaye a kan jirgin. Koyaya, Pakistan ta nuna damuwarta cewa ginin Indiya akan kogunan na iya haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a Pakistan. Bugu da ƙari, Pakistan ta yi furucin cewa ana iya amfani da madatsun ruwan da Indiya ta gina don dalilai marasa amfani don juya ruwa da kuma kawo cikas ga samar da ruwan Pakistan. Bugu da kari, yarjejeniyar ta shafi kogunan da suka samo asali daga Jammu da Kashmir, wadanda aka cire su daga kula da jikinsu na ruwa. Kasuwancin ruwa da samarda jiha Akwai takaddama game da wanda, idan kowa, alhakin sa ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Sau da yawa, makarantun tunani guda biyu suna fitowa daga irin wannan maganganun: hakkin jihar ne ta samar da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta ga mutane ta hanyar ba da tallafi da tsabtace muhalli. Ana ba da kasuwancin ruwa a matsayin amsa ga ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa wanda ya haifar saboda yawan mutanen duniya sau uku yayin da buƙatar ruwa ya ƙaru sau shida. Ka'idodin muhalli na kasuwa suna amfani da kasuwanni azaman mafita ga matsalolin muhalli kamar lalacewar muhalli da rashin amfani da albarkatu. Magoya bayan masana harkokin tsabtace muhalli sun yi imanin cewa sarrafa ruwa a matsayin fa'idar tattalin arziki ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zai kasance mafi inganci fiye da gwamnatocin samar da albarkatun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa Irin wadannan masu ikirarin suna ikirarin cewa kudin da gwamnati ke kashewa don bunkasa abubuwan more rayuwa don rabon albarkatun ruwa bai cancanci amfanin kadan na samar da ruwa ba, don haka suke ganin jihar a matsayin mai samar da ruwa mara tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, ana jayayya cewa sake ruwa yana haifar da ci gaba da gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi ga masu amfani da su don amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Abokan adawar sun yi imanin cewa sakamakon ruwa kasancewar haƙƙin ɗan adam ne ban da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana buƙatar a ba da ruwa ga dukkan mutane saboda yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Samun ruwa a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar yaƙi da yunƙurin sayar da kamfanoni. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa "galibi yana kan dalilai biyu: rashin maye gurbin ruwan sha mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa da kuma gaskiyar cewa wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka yarda da su a fili a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an tsara su a kan (ɗauka) samun ruwa (misali yancin cin abinci Ra'ayoyin jamaa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi Hikimar yalwar jamaa na kara samun karfi, tare da tunanin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa ga kasar tasu mai muhimmanci da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asali, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. Determinationudurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su iya sarrafa ikon kansu ta hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu ICESCR ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye na 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfani da ruwa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare ‘yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana game da jamaa game da dukansu su yi amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa iko ɗaya a kan shari'a-da-hali. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin jituwa sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa marasa karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike. Kungiyoyi Listedungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa. Nationsungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam) UNDP UNICEF Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya) GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya) SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland) EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka) Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF) Jini: Ruwa Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa Freshwater Action Network (FAN) Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa Cibiyar Pacific Aikin Ruwa Cibiyar kasa da kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa UUSC WaterAid WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2020) Zaman LafiyaJam Duba kuma Bayani Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ruwayar Ruwa 'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) na GIZ 'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na shayarwa akan Humanium Pages with unreviewed

30019

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20mallakar%20fasaha

Dokar mallakar fasaha

Zane-zanen (topography) na haɗaɗɗun da'irori wani fanni ne a cikin kariyar mallakar fasaha A cikin dokar mallakar fasaha ta ƙasar Amurka, "aikin abin rufe fuska" tsari ne mai girma biyu ko uku ko hoto na wani hadedde da'ira (IC ko "guntu"), watau tsari akan guntu na'urorin semiconductor kamar transistor da kayan aikin lantarki masu wucewa. kamar resistors da interconnections. Ana kiran shimfidar wuri aikin abin rufe fuska saboda, a cikin ayyukan photolithographic, yawancin etched yadudduka a cikin ainihin ICs an ƙirƙira su ta amfani da abin rufe fuska, wanda ake kira photomask, don ba da izini ko toshe haske a takamaiman wurare, wani lokacin don ɗaruruwan kwakwalwan kwamfuta akan wafer lokaci guda. Saboda yanayin aikin jumlolin abin rufe fuska, ƙirar da ba za a iya kiyaye su yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin mallaka (sai dai ƙila a matsayin kayan ado). Hakazalika, saboda aikin mashin lithographic na mutum ba abu ne mai kariya a sarari ba; Hakanan ba za a iya kiyaye su da kyau a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin mallaka ba, kodayake duk wani tsari da aka aiwatar a cikin aikin yana iya zama haƙƙin mallaka. Don haka tun daga shekarun 1990s, gwamnatocin ƙasa suna ba da haƙƙin mallaka-kamar keɓantaccen haƙƙoƙin da ke ba da keɓancewar lokaci mai iyaka don haifuwa na musamman. Matsakaicin haƙƙin haƙƙin kewayawa yawanci yakan gajarta fiye da haƙƙin mallaka waɗanda ke aiki akan hotuna. Dokokin kasa da kasa An gudanar da taron diflomasiyya a Washington, DC, a cikin 1989, wanda ya amince da Yarjejeniya kan Kaddarorin Ilimi game da Haɗin Kai, wanda kuma ake kira Yarjejeniyar Washington ko Yarjejeniyar IPIC. Yarjejeniyar, wacce aka sanya wa hannu a Washington a ranar 26 ga Mayu, shekarata 1989, tana buɗe ne ga ƙasashe membobi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Hankali ta Duniya (WIPO) da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin da suka cika wasu sharudda. An shigar da yarjejeniyar ta hanyar yin la'akari da yarjejeniyar tafiye -tafiye na kungiyar ciniki ta duniya (WTO), bisa ga gyare-gyare masu zuwa: wa'adin kariya ya kasance akalla shekaru 10 (maimakon shekaru takwas) daga ranar shigar da aikace-aikacen ko na cin kasuwa na farko a duniya, amma Membobi na iya ba da wa'adin kariya na shekaru 15 daga ƙirƙirar shimfidar-tsarin; keɓantaccen haƙƙi na mai ƙaƙƙarfan tsare-tsare, in har ya ci gaba da ƙunsar ƙirar shimfidar wuri da aka sake bugawa ba bisa ka’ida ba; yanayin da za a iya amfani da zane-zane na shimfidawa ba tare da izinin masu haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba; wasu ayyukan da aka yi cikin rashin sani ba za su zama ƙeta ba. Yarjejeniyar IPIC ba ta aiki a halin yanzu, to Kuma amma an haɗa wani bangare cikin yarjejeniyar TAFIYA. Mataki na 35 na tafiye-tafiye dangane da yarjejeniyar IPIC ya ce:Membobi sun yarda da ba da kariya ga zane-zane-zane (topographies) na haɗaɗɗun da'irori (wanda ake magana da shi a cikin wannan Yarjejeniyar a matsayin "tsari-tsari") daidai da Articles 2 zuwa 7 (ban da sakin layi na 3 na Mataki na 6), Mataki na 12 da sakin layi 3 na Mataki na ashirin da 16 na Yarjejeniya Ta Hanyar Hankali Game da Haɗin Kai, da kuma, a Bugu da kari, don biyan waɗannan tanadi. Takardun TAFIYA Mataki na 2 na yarjejeniyar IPIC yana ba da ma'anoni masu zuwa: Ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar IPIC, kowane Ƙungiya mai Kwangila ya wajaba don tabbatacciyar haƙƙin mallaka, Kuma a duk faɗin yankinta, ko a'a. Irin wannan wajibcin ya shafi zane-zane na asali ta ma'ana cewa sakamakon kokarin basirar mahaliccinsu ne kuma ba ruwan kowa ba ne a tsakanin masu yin shimfidar shimfidar wuri da masu kera na'urori masu hadewa a lokacin halittarsu. Ƙungiyoyin masu Kwangila dole ne, aƙalla, suyi la'akari da waɗannan ayyuka a matsayin haramun idan an yi su ba tare da izinin mai haƙƙin haƙƙin ba: haifuwa na ƙirar ƙira, da shigo da, siyarwa ko wasu rarraba don dalilai na kasuwanci. layout-tsarin ko haɗaɗɗen da'ira wanda aka haɗa ƙirar-tsarin. Koyaya, ana iya yin wasu ayyuka cikin 'yanci don dalilai masu zaman kansu ko don dalilai kawai na ƙima, bincike, bincike ko koyarwa. Dokokin kasa Amurka Lambar Amurka (USC) ta ayyana aikin abin rufe fuska a matsayin "jerin hotuna masu alaƙa, duk da haka ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ko sanya su, suna da ko wakiltar ƙayyadaddun tsari, nau'i uku na ƙarfe, rufi, ko kayan semiconductor wanda ke nan ko cire su daga yadudduka na samfurin guntu na semiconductor, kuma a cikin abin da dangantakar hotuna da juna ya kasance kamar kowane hoto yana da tsarin saman nau'i ɗaya na samfurin guntu" [(17 USC 901 (a) (2))]. An fara ba da haƙƙin keɓantaccen aikin abin rufe fuska a cikin Amurka ta Dokar Kariya ta Semiconductor Chip na shekarata 1984 A cewar 17 USC 904, hakkoki a cikin abin rufe fuska na semiconductor yana aiki na shekaru 10 na ƙarshe. Wannan ya bambanta da wa'adin shekaru 95 don ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka na zamani tare da marubucin kamfani; 17 17 USC 117 yana ba da software na kwamfuta Duk da haka, kamar yadda shari'a ta amince da amfani da adalci a ayyukan haƙƙin mallaka fiye da ɗari ɗari kafin a tsara su a cikin Dokar Haƙƙin mallaka na shekarata 1976, yana yiwuwa kotunan su ma su sami irin wannan kariya ta shafi aikin rufe fuska. Alamar da ba ta wajaba ba da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin sanarwar kariyar aikin abin rufe fuska ita ce M an rufe shi a cikin da'ira; lambar lambar Unicode U+24C2 U+1F1AD ko mahallin haruffa HTML #9410; ko *M*. Haƙƙin keɓantaccen haƙƙin a cikin aikin abin rufe fuska sun ɗan yi kama da na haƙƙin mallaka haƙƙin sake yin aikin abin rufe fuska ko (da farko) rarraba IC da aka yi ta amfani da aikin abin rufe fuska. Kamar koyaswar siyarwa ta farko, halaltaccen mai mallakar IC mai izini wanda ya ƙunshi aikin abin rufe fuska na iya shigo da shi, rarrabawa ko amfani da yardar rai, amma ba zai sake haifar guntu (ko abin rufe fuska ba). Kariyar aikin rufe fuska ana siffanta shi azaman haƙƙin sui generis, watau, wanda aka ƙirƙira don kare takamaiman haƙƙoƙin inda wasu (mafi yawan gama-gari) dokokin ba su isa ba ko kuma basu dace ba. Lura da cewa keɓantaccen haƙƙoƙin da aka bai wa masu aikin rufe fuska sun fi iyakancewa fiye da waɗanda aka baiwa masu haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin mallaka. Misali, gyare-gyare (ayyukan da aka samo asali) ba keɓantaccen haƙƙi bane na masu aikin abin rufe fuska. Hakazalika, keɓancewar haƙƙin mai haƙƙin mallaka don "amfani" abin ƙirƙira ba zai hana aikin abin rufe fuska da aka ƙirƙira na joometry iri ɗaya ba. Bugu da ƙari, haɓakawa don aikin injiniya na baya na aikin abin rufe fuska doka ta ba da izini ta musamman. Kamar yadda yake da haƙƙin mallaka, haƙƙin aikin rufe fuska suna wanzuwa lokacin da aka ƙirƙira su, ba tare da la’akari da rajista ba, sabanin haƙƙin mallaka, waɗanda ke ba da haƙƙoƙi kawai bayan aikace-aikacen, jarrabawa da bayarwa. Haƙƙoƙin aikin rufe fuska suna da alaƙa da haƙƙin mallaka fiye da sauran haƙƙoƙin keɓaɓɓen kamar haƙƙin mallaka ko alamun kasuwanci To A gefe guda kuma, ana amfani da su tare da haƙƙin mallaka don kare abin da ake karantawa kawai (ROM) wanda ke ɗauke da software na kwamfuta. Mawallafin software don na'ura wasan bidiyo na tushen harsashi na iya neman kariya ta lokaci guda na kadarorinsa a ƙarƙashin gine-ginen doka da yawa: Rijistar alamar kasuwanci akan taken wasan da yuwuwar wasu alamomi kamar kyawawan sunayen duniya da haruffan da aka yi amfani da su a wasan (misali, PAC-MAN®); Rijistar haƙƙin mallaka akan shirin azaman aikin adabi ko akan nunin gani na kaset da aikin ya samar; kuma Rijistar aikin rufe fuska akan ROM wanda ya ƙunshi binary. Dokar haƙƙin mallaka ta al'ada ta shafi software mai tushe (tushen, binary) da haruffa na asali da fasaha. To Amma ranar karewa na wa'adin ƙarin haƙƙin keɓantacce a cikin aikin da aka rarraba ta hanyar abin rufe fuska ROM zai dogara ne akan wani ɗan Fassarar da ba a gwada ainihin buƙatun 902(b):(b) Kariya a ƙarƙashin wannan babin (watau, azaman aikin abin rufe fuska) ba zai kasance don aikin abin rufe fuska ba wanda (1) ba na asali ba; ko (2) ya ƙunshi ƙira waɗanda ke da mahimmanci, na yau da kullun, ko kuma sanannun masana'antar semiconductor, ko bambancin irin waɗannan ƙira, waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyar da, la'akari gabaɗaya, ba asali bane. 17 USC 902, ).A ƙarƙashin fassarar guda ɗaya, aikin abin rufe fuska mai ɗauke da taken wasan gaba ɗaya ba na asali bane, saboda abin rufe fuska ROM gabaɗaya yana iya zama sanannen ƙira, ko ƙaramin bambancin aikin abin rufe fuska don kowane taken farko da aka saki don wasan bidiyo a yankin. Sauran kasashe Akwai makamantan doka a Ostiraliya, Indiya da Hong Kong Dokar Ostiraliya tana nufin ayyukan abin rufe fuska a matsayin "shimfidu masu cancanta" ko ELs. A Kanada ana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin [Haɗin gwiwar Dokokin Topography (a shekarata 1990, c. 37)]. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, an gabatar da wani tsari na sui generis da ke kare ƙirar kayan da umarnin 87/54/EEC wanda aka watsa a duk ƙasashe membobin. Indiya tana da Dokar Tsare-tsaren Tsare-tsare na Semiconductor Integrated Circuits, shekarar 2000 don irin wannan kariyar. Japan ta dogara da "Dokar Game da Tsarin Da'irar Na'urar Haɗin Kan Semiconductor". Brazil ta kafa Doka No. 11484, na shekarata 2007, don tsara kariya da rajistar haɗe-haɗe da hotuna. Duba wasu abubuwan Yarjejeniyar kan Abubuwan da suka danganci ciniki na Haƙƙin mallaka na hankali (TRIPS) Semiconductor ginshiƙan mallakin hankali Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rubutun yarjejeniyar Washington akan kariyar IC Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30043

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98washe%20sharar%20gida%20a%20New%20Zealand

Ƙwashe sharar gida a New Zealand

Gudanar da sharar gida a New Zealand, ya zama mafi tsari dan rage abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli. Dangane da bayanan OECD, New Zealand ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi ɓarna a cikin OECD. Tarihi Har zuwa kwanan nan, an kwashe sharar gida a cikin jujjuyawar gida ba tare da sanin inda aka ajiye su ba. Sau da yawa juji suna kusa da hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an ƙarfafa wuraren da ake zubar da juji kuma yanzu an gina su a matsayin wuraren tsabtace muhalli don hana zubar da abin cikin cikin ruwa. Tashoshin canja wuri, musamman a cikin birane, suna aiki ne a matsayin wurin da ake tarawa a cikin gida inda ake tattara sharar kafin a kai su zuwa wurin zubar da ƙasa mafi kusa. A cikin shekarata 2007 Binciken Ayyukan Muhalli na OECD don sharar gida ya ba da shawarwari masu zuwa: haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasa don sarrafa datti masu haɗari fadadawa da haɓaka wuraren sharar gida da zubar da shara ƙara goyon bayan tsari don farfadowa ko sake amfani da su fayyace tsare-tsare na alhaki don gyara wuraren da suka gurbata Mass Ana samar da kimanin tan miliyan 1.6 a kowace shekara daga masana'antar gine-gine da rugujewa wanda ke wakiltar kashi 50% na jimillar sharar gida. Christchurch Adadin sharar gida daga tarin kerbside ya kusan tan 40,000 amma an ragu bayan bullo da sake amfani da kerbside da raguwar adadin jakunkunan shara kyauta. A cikin shekarata 2009 Majalisar ta gabatar da kwalabe na wheelie mai lita 140 don tarin kerbside bayan haka adadin sharar ya fara tashi. Nau'ukan Robobin noma Noma yana daya daga cikin manyan sassan tattalin arziki a ƙasar New Zealand kuma saboda haka ana samar da adadi mai yawa na sharar gida dangane da sauran masana'antu. To Amman Ana gudanar da tattara kwantena masu dauke da sinadarai na noma a wasu yankuna. An haramta kona sharar robobi a shekarun baya bayan nan saboda fitar da gurbatacciyar iska. Sharar gida Sharar gida Sharar ta hanyar lantarki wani yanki ne na karuwa a cikin sharar kuma Ma'aikatar Muhalli tana binciken hanyoyin magance shi. EDay na shekara-shekara, wanda ya fara daga gwaji a shekarata 2006, ana amfani da shi azaman hanyar tattara sharar lantarki don sake amfani ko sake amfani da su. Sharar abinci Ba a san jimillar adadin abincin da aka zubar a New Zealand ba. An gudanar da bincike a cikin shekarar 2014 game da sharar abinci, wanda gidaje ke samarwa, wanda aka zubar da shi ta hanyar tara shara. Binciken ya gano cewa tan 229,022 na abinci ana aika gida ne a duk shekara. Daga cikin wannan kusan kashi 50% ko tan 122,547 sharar abinci ce da za a iya kaucewa. Kudin sharar abinci na gida da za'a iya kaucewa zubar da shi a cikin shekarun 2014/2105 ya kai dala miliyan 872. Cikakken rahoto da ake samu akan gidan yanar gizon WasteMINZ yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da sharar abinci na gida. Babu wani bincike da aka gudanar ya zuwa yau game da sharar abinci na kasuwanci ko sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Rage sharar gida A shekara ta 1996 biranen New Zealand na Auckland, Waitakere, North Shore da Lower Hutt sun sami akwatunan sake amfani da kerbside A cikin New Plymouth, Wanganui da Upper Hutt an tattara kayan da za a sake yin amfani da su idan an sanya su cikin jakunkuna masu dacewa. A shekara ta 2007 73% na New Zealanders sun sami damar sake amfani da kerbside. Majalisar gundumar Mackenzie da Majalisar gundumar Timaru ne ke gudanar da tarin sharar kwayoyin Kerbside. Majalisar birnin Christchurch ta bullo da tsarin tattara shara a matsayin wani bangare na sake amfani da kerbside. Wasu majalisu suna gudanar da gwaji. Sharar gida don ƙonewa makamashi Kwanan nan, an sami karuwar sha'awar sharar-zuwa-makamashi, inda sharar ke zama makamashi don amfani da al'umma. Duk da haka, bincike ya gano cewa wannan hanya za ta iya haifar da ƙarin al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli, tare da kimanin ton 1.2 na CO 2 da aka samar ga kowane tonne na sharar gida. Mai binciken gurbataccen robobi Trisia Farrelly ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan wata dabara ce mai ɓatacciya wacce "take lalata albarkatu masu kima da kuma ci gaba da yin sharar gida". Dokokin sharar gida New Zealand ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kariya da Gurbacewar Ruwa Daga Jiragen Ruwa, a shekarata 1973 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar a shekarar 1978 ta gyara, wanda akafi sani da MARPOL Jam'iyyar Green Party ta gabatar da Dokar Rana Sharar Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya zama doka a cikin shekarar 2008 azaman Dokar Rage Sharar gida Manyan tanade-tanaden dokar sun hada da: haraji kan sharar shara, inganta tsare-tsare na kula da kayayyaki, wasu bayanan sharar da suka wajaba, da fayyace rawar da hukumomin yankin ke takawa dangane da rage sharar, da kafa hukumar ba da shawara ga sharar gida. Sharar gida (sharar gida) Adadin wuraren zubar da shara a New Zealand yana raguwa. A cikin shekarata 1995 akwai 327 da 115 a cikin shekarar 2002 tare da ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan da ke sanya adadin a ƙasa da 100. Fitattun wuraren zubar da shara suna nan a: Redvale, Albany Whitford, Auckland Hampton Downs, Yankin Waikato an buɗe 2005, Kate Valley, Canterbury Green Island, Dunedin Duba wasu abubuwan Muhalli na New Zealand Litter a New Zealand Gudanar da sharar gida Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafi na sharar gida a ma'aikatar muhalli WasteMINZ Cibiyar Kula da Sharar New Zealand Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40864

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman%20Mai%20Girma

Suleiman Mai Girma

Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish; 6 Nuwamba 14946 Satumba 1566), wanda aka fi sani da Suleiman Mai Girma a Yamma da Suleiman Mai Ba da Doka (Ottoman Turkish) a mulkinsa, shi ne Sarkin Musulmi na goma kuma mafi dadewa a kan daular Usmaniyya daga 1520 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1566. A karkashin gwamnatinsa, daular Usmaniyya ta yi mulki sama da akalla 25 mutane miliyan. Suleiman ya gaji mahaifinsa, Selim I, a matsayin sarki a ranar 30 ga watan Satumbar 1520 kuma ya fara mulkinsa tare da yakin adawa da ikon Kirista a tsakiyar Turai da Bahar Rum. Belgrade ya fada masa a 1521 da tsibirin Rhodes a 1522-23. A Mohács, a cikin watan Agusta 1526, Suleiman ya karya ƙarfin soja na Hungary. Suleiman ya zama fitaccen sarki a Turai a karni na 16, wanda ya jagoranci kolin daular Usmaniyya ta tattalin arziki, soja da siyasa. Suleiman da kansa ya jagoranci sojojin daular Usmaniyya wajen cin galaba a kan matsugunan Kiristoci na Belgrade da Rhodes da kuma mafi yawan kasar Hungary kafin a duba yakinsa a kewayen Vienna a shekara ta 1529. Ya mamaye gabas ta tsakiya da yawa a cikin rikicinsa da Safawiyawa da manyan yankuna na Arewacin Afirka har zuwa yammacin Aljeriya. A karkashin mulkinsa, rundunar Ottoman ta mamaye tekuna daga Bahar Rum zuwa Bahar Maliya da kuma ta Tekun Fasha. A jagorancin daula mai faɗaɗawa, Suleiman da kansa ya kafa manyan sauye-sauye na shari'a da suka shafi al'umma, ilimi, haraji da kuma dokokin laifuka. Gyaran da ya yi, wanda aka yi tare da babban jami'in shari'a na daular Ebussuud Efendi, ya daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin nau'o'i biyu na dokokin Ottoman: Sultan (Kanun) da na addini (Shari'a). Ya kasance fitaccen mawaki kuma maƙerin zinariya; ya kuma zama babban majibincin al'adu, yana kula da zamanin "Golden" na Daular Usmaniyya a fannin fasaha, adabi da raya gine-gine. Da yake karya al'adar Ottoman, Suleiman ya auri Hürrem Sultan, wata mace daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Kiristan Orthodox 'yar Ruthenia wanda ya karbi Musulunci, kuma wanda ya shahara a Yamma da sunan Roxelana, saboda jajayen gashinta. Ɗansu, Selim II, ya gaji Suleiman bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1566 bayan shekaru 46 yana mulki. Sauran magada Suleiman, Mehmed da Mustafa, sun rasu; Mehmed ya mutu a shekara ta 1543 daga cutar sankarau, kuma Mustafa an shake shi har lahira a shekara ta 1553 bisa umarnin sarkin musulmi. An kashe dansa Bayezid a 1561 bisa umarnin Suleiman, tare da ’ya’yan Bayezid hudu, bayan tawaye. Ko da yake malamai yawanci suna ɗaukar lokacin bayan mutuwarsa a matsayin tashin hankali da daidaitawa maimakon raguwa mai sauƙi, ƙarshen mulkin Suleiman ya zama ruwan dare a tarihin Ottoman. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan Suleiman, daular ta fara samun sauye-sauye na siyasa, hukumomi, da tattalin arziki, al'amarin da aka fi sani da Canji na Daular Ottoman. Madadin sunaye da lakabi Sulaiman Mai Girma Muḥteşem Suleyman), kamar yadda aka san shi a Yamma, ana kuma kiran sa Suleiman na Farko Sulṭān Süleymān-ı Evvel), and Suleiman the Lawgiver Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Suleymān don gyara tsarin shari'ar Ottoman. Ba a san lokacin da ainihin kalmar Kanunî (Mai ba da doka) ta fara amfani da ita a matsayin abin koyi ga Suleiman ba. Ba ya nan gaba ɗaya daga tushen Ottoman na ƙarni na sha shida da na sha bakwai kuma yana iya kasancewa tun farkon ƙarni na 18. Akwai al’adar asalin yammaci, wanda a cewar Suleiman Mai Girma shine “Suleiman II”, amma wannan al’adar ta ginu ne a kan kuskuren zaton cewa za a amince da Suleyman Çelebi a matsayin halaltaccen sarki. Rayuwar farko An haifi Suleiman a Trabzon a kudancin bakin tekun Black Sea zuwa Şehzade Selim (daga baya Selim I), mai yiwuwa a ranar 6 gawatan Nuwamba 1494, kodayake ba a san wannan kwanan wata da cikakkiyar tabbaci ko shaida ba. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Hafsa Sultan, musuluntar da ba a san asalinta ba, wadda ta rasu a shekara ta 1534. A lokacin yana dan shekara bakwai, Suleiman ya fara karatun kimiyya, tarihi, adabi, tiyoloji da dabarun soja a makarantun fadar Topkapı da ke Konstantinoful. Sa’ad da yake matashi, ya yi abota da Pargalı Ibrahim, bawan ƙasar Girka wanda daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mashawarta da ya fi amincewa da shi (amma daga baya aka kashe shi bisa umarnin Suleiman). Yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, an nada shi a matsayin gwamnan Kaffa na farko (Theodosia), sannan Manisa, tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci a Edirne.

22329

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20ta%20Duniya

Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya

Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya FIDH Tarayya ce mai zaman kanta ta kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. An kafa ta a cikin shekara ta 1922, FIDH ita ce ta biyu mafi tsufa ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya bayan Anti-Slavery International Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, kungiyar ta kunshi kungiyoyi membobi 184 ciki har da Ligue des droits de l'homme a cikin kasashe sama da 100. FIDH bata da bangaranci, bashi da tsari, kuma yana da 'yanci ga ko wacce gwamnati. Babban aikin ta shine inganta girmama dukkan haƙƙoƙin da aka bayyana a cikin sanarwar Universalan Adam na Duniya, Yarjejeniyar onasa ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa, da Yarjejeniyar Internationalasa ta Duniya game da' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu FIDH tana haɓakawa da tallafawa haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci Bayani An kafa FIDH a shekarar 1922, lokacin da ta hade kan kungiyoyin kasa guda goma. Yanzu ta zama tarayyar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam 178 a kusan kasashe 100. FIDH tana haɓakawa da tallafawa ayyukan ƙungiyoyin membobinta, a cikin gida, yanki da matakan ƙasa. FIDH bashi da wata alaka da wani bangare ko addini, kuma yana cin gashin kansa. FIDH tana da matsayin tuntuba a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, UNESCO da Majalisar Turai, da matsayin mai sanya ido a gaban Kwamitin Kula da Hakkokin Dan Adam da na Afirka, Kungiyar kasashen duniya de la Francophonie da Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya FIDH kuma tana "tuntuɓar yau da kullun" tare da Tarayyar Turai, Organizationungiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai a Turai (OSCE), ofungiyar Amurka, Developmentungiyar Ci gaban Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya, Tradeungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Bankin Duniya, da Organizationungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi aiki da Ci gaba Umurnin FIDH "shi ne bayar da gudummawa wajen mutunta dukkan haƙƙoƙin da aka ayyana a cikin sanarwar hakkokin Adam na Duniya." Yana da nufin samar da ingantaccen kariya ga wadanda abin ya shafa, rigakafin take hakkin Dan-Adam da kuma hukuncin wadanda suka aikata su." Abubuwan da suka fifita sune aka kafa ta Majalisar Dattijai ta Duniya da Hukumar ta Duniya (mambobi 22) tare da goyon bayan sakatariyar ta ta Duniya (mambobi 45). Kudade Jimlar kudin shiga na FIDH a shekarar 2012 ya kasance 5,362,268 (kusan dalar Amurka 7.1m), wanda kusan kashi 80% ya fito daga "tallafi da gudummawa". FIDH tana fitar da bayanan kudi na shekara-shekara a shafinta na intanet. Abubuwan fifiko Kare masu kare hakkin ɗan adam Don kare masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, FIDH da Worldungiyar kuungiyar yaƙi da Azabtarwa ta Duniya (OMCT) sun ƙirƙiri kungiyar Kula da Kare Hakkokin 'Yan Adam. Matsayinta shi ne kafa hujjoji, faɗakar da al'ummomin duniya, yin tattaunawa tare da hukumomin ƙasa da haɓaka ƙarfafa hanyoyin don kare masu kare haƙƙin bil'adama a matakan ƙasa, yanki da na duniya. Tallafawa da kare haƙƙin mata Nuna bambanci da cin zarafin mata har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a jihohi da yawa. FIDH na kokarin kawar da wariya, saukaka wa mata damar yin adalci, da kuma yaki da hukunci ga masu aikata laifukan lalata da aka aikata yayin rikici. Kare haƙƙin baƙin haure: Amurka ta tsawwala stricter controls a kan mutane ta ƙungiyoyi an rage ma'aikata muhajirai zuwa mere kasuwanci kaya, da barin su m ga amfani FIDH Investigates da take hakkin 'yan gudun hijiran hakkin daga kasar na asalin da ƙasar manufa, masu bayar da shawarwarin domin majalisu da kuma sake fasalin harkokin, da kuma litigates kawo cin zarafin da keta zuwa adalci A watan Yunin shekarata 2013, FIDH ta ba da taimako na shari'a ga wasu biyu da suka tsira daga jirgin 'hagu don mutuwa': 'Yan ci-rani 72 daga Saharar Afirka sun bar Libya a shekarata 2011 a cikin karamin kwale-kwale, sun rasa mai kuma sun tashi "tsawon makonni biyu tare daya na hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su a duniya An gabatar da korafi tare da FIDH da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu uku a matsayin jam’iyyun farar hula a kan sojojin Faransa da na Spain saboda gazawar ‘taimakawa mutane cikin hadari’. Inganta ingantattun hanyoyin shari'a waɗanda ke girmama 'yancin ɗan adam: FIDH na neman karfafa tsarin shari'a mai zaman kanta da kuma tallafawa matakan adalci na rikon kwarya wadanda ke mutunta hakkin wadanda aka zalunta Lokacin da komawa ga magungunan ƙasa ba shi da tasiri ko ba zai yiwu ba, FIDH yana taimaka wa waɗanda abin ya shafa ko dai su sami damar zuwa kotuna a wasu ƙasashe ta hanyar ikon mallakar ƙasashen waje, ko kuma gabatar da ƙararrakinsu zuwa Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) ko kotunan kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na yanki. FIDH tana shiga cikin ƙarfafa waɗannan hanyoyin yanki da na duniya. Cimma kawar da hukuncin kisa a da kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin yin shari’ar gaskiya, gami da yaki da ta’addanci, su ma makasudin FIDH ne. Karfafa girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam dangane da yanayin dunkulewar duniya: Takaddun FIDH da yin tir da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi hukumomi da buƙatun cewa a hukunta masu rawar tattalin arziki, gami da yin shari'a. FIDH na da burin ganin an tsayar da hakkin dan adam a cibiyar zuba jari da tattaunawar kasuwanci, kuma tana kokarin aiwatar da ingantattun hakkokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu Kare ƙa'idodin dimokiradiyya da tallafawa waɗanda aka cuta a lokacin rikici: FIDH tana amsa buƙatun daga ƙungiyoyi membobinsu a lokacin rikici ko rikice-rikicen siyasa da cikin ƙasashe masu ruɗaɗɗu. Tana gudanar da bincike-bincike na gaskiya a cikin fagen kuma tattaro al'ummomin duniya ta hanyar kungiyoyin ƙasa da na yanki, ƙasashe na uku da sauran masu tasiri. Ayyuka Kulawa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam, taimaka wa waɗanda abin ya shafa Wadannan ayyukan, gami da binciken gaskiya da ayyukan lura da gwaji, bincike, bayar da shawarwari da kararraki, kwararrun masu rajin kare hakkin dan adam ne daga dukkan yankuna ke aiwatar da su. A cikin shekarata 1927, FIDH ta gabatar da "Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam", sannan Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya A shekarar 1936, FIDH ta amince da karin sanarwa ciki har da hakkin uwaye, yara da tsofaffi, yancin yin aiki da walwala yancin hutu da yancin neman ilimi Tsakanin shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2012, an saki 576 masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma shari'ar da aka yiwa masu kare ta 116 ta ƙare. Motsa kan al'ummomin duniya FIDH tana ba da jagoranci da tallafi ga ƙungiyoyin membobinta da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa na cikin hulɗar su da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin ƙasashe da na yanki (IGOs). FIDH ta kafa wakilai a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da New York, a Tarayyar Turai a Brussels sannan, tun daga 2006, a Kungiyar Hadin kan Kasashen Larabawa a Alkahira. Daga shekarata 2004 zuwa shekarata 2005, FIDH sun gabatar da tallafi sama da shari'u 500 gaban IGOs na duniya. FIDH tana shiga cikin tsarin daidaitaccen tsari kuma yana haɓaka kafa hanyoyin sa ido. Tallafawa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da haɓaka ƙarfin su FIDH, tare da mambobinta da kawayenta, suna aiwatar da shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwa a matakin kasa, da nufin karfafa karfin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. FIDH tana ba da horo da taimako a samar da dama don tattaunawa da hukumomi. Daga shekarata 2004 zuwa shekarata 2005, FIDH sun gudanar da irin wadannan shirye-shiryen a kasashe 32 na Afirka, 16 a Latin Amurka, 3 a Asiya da 10 a Arewacin Afirka yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya Wayar da kan jama'a sanarwa, faɗakarwa, yin shaida FIDH tana jawo hankalin jama'a game da sakamakon ayyukanta, sakamakon bincikenta da kuma bayanan shaidun gani da ido na take hakkin dan adam, ta hanyar sakin labarai, taron manema labarai, bude wasiku, rahotannin manufa, kira na gaggawa, koke-koke da shafin yanar gizo na FIDH (a Turanci, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya, Rashanci, Larabci, Farisanci da Baturke A cikin shekarata 2005, zirga-zirgar intanet akan www.fidh.org sun kai kimanin shafuka miliyan 2 da aka ziyarta, kuma an lissafa nassoshi 400 zuwa FIDH a kowace rana akan shafukan yanar gizo da ke cikin ƙasashe sama da 100. Tsarin FIDH tana da cibiyarsa a Faris Ya dogara da farko a kan ɗakunan sadaukar da kai na sadaukarwa. Tsarin kungiya ya kunshi zababbun kwamitocin da karamar kungiyar ma'aikata na dindindin wadanda ke tallafawa ayyukan mambobin kwamitin da wakilan manufa. Kowace shekara uku, Majalisar FIDH tana tattara ƙungiyoyin membobin don zaɓar Hukumar Internationalasa ta Duniya, gyara abubuwan da suka fi fifiko a cikin ƙungiyar da yanke shawara kan ba da mambobi ga sabbin abokan hulɗa ko kuma keɓe ƙungiyoyin membobin waɗanda ba su sake biyan buƙatunta. Kwamitin kasa da kasa na FIDH ya kunshi Shugaba, Ma’aji, mataimakan shugaban kasa 15 da Sakatarorin Janar 5, dukkansu suna aiki ne bisa son rai kuma suna wakiltar dukkan yankuna na duniya. Shugabannin girmamawa suna da matsayin tuntuba a kan Hukumar Internationalasa ta Duniya. Hukumar Kasa da Kasa takan hadu sau uku a kowace shekara don fayyace hanyoyin siyasa da dabarun FIDH da zanawa da amincewa da kasafin. Kwamitin zartarwa ya hada da Shugaban kasa, Ma’aji da kuma Sakatarorin Janar 5, kuma sune ke da alhakin kula da FIDH a kowace rana. Wannan ƙungiyar tana haɗuwa sau ɗaya a wata don ɗaukar yanke shawara game da damuwa da buƙatun yau da kullun waɗanda mambobin ƙungiyar suka gabatar. Kwamitocin guda biyu suna kira ga kwarewar sauran masu hadin gwiwa a cikin ayyukan FIDH, gami da wakilai na dindindin ga kungiyoyin gwamnatoci da wakilan masu manufa. Tawagar wakilan mishan ta tattara mutane ɗari ɗari daga kowane yanki. Sakatariyar ta duniya tana zaune ne a Paris, tare da wakilai zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da New York City, zuwa Tarayyar Turai a Brussels, zuwa Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya da ke Hague, da Tarayyar Afirka a Nairobi da kuma Asean a Bangkok Hakanan tana da ofisoshin yanki a Abidjan, Bamako, Alkahira, Conakry da Tunis Yana aiwatar da shawarar da Internationalasashen Duniya da Hukumomin zartarwa suka yanke kuma yana tabbatar da tallafi na yau da kullun ga ƙungiyoyin membobin. Sakatariyar tana daukar ma'aikata na dindindin 45, waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar da masu sa kai suka taimaka. Manazarta Bayani Kudade abubuwan fifiko Ayyuka Majiyoyi Pages with unreviewed

50026

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendolyn%20Zoharah%20Simmons

Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons

Articles with hCards Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons, tsohuwar Gwendolyn Robinson, mataimakiyar farfesa ce a fannin addini a Jami'ar Florida, inda ta yi bincike game da mata na Musulunci da kuma tasirin shari'ar Musulunci ga mata musulmi.Ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, tana aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanar da Haɗin Kai na Student (SNCC) da Nation of Islam (NOI). Simmons ta karɓi manyan abokan tarayya,game da Fulbright Fellowship, USAID Fellowships, da Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas ta Amur Karen. Kuruciya da ilimi An haifi Gwendolyn Zoharah Simmons a Memphis, Tennessee, inda kakarta ta Baptist, Rhonda Bell Robinson ta girma. Babbar jikanyar bawa, Simmons ta girma tare da sanin tarihin danginta da kuma hanyoyin da bauta da abubuwan da suka shafe ta. Iyalinta suna daraja ta kuma suna ƙarfafa ta don neman ilimi, kuma ta zama ta farko a cikin danginta da ta halarci Simmons ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Spelman a 1962. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta fara darasi, shugaban ɗalibai ya kira ta,wanda ya ɗauka cewa gashinta ya zama"abin kunya" ga makarantar da tsammanin dalibai su kasance "masu kyau." Wannan zai zama ɗaya daga cikin rikice-rikice da yawa Simmons ta fuskanta tare da gwamnatin Spelman yayin da shigarta tare da gwagwarmayar ɗalibai ya fara karuwa. A cikin 1989, Simmons ta kammala BA a Jami'ar Antioch,inda ta karanta Ayyukan Dan Adam.Ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Temple,inda ta sami MA da Ph.D. a addini tare da mayar da hankali kan Musulunci,da kuma takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri a cikin karatun mata. Ta rubuta matsalarta a kan "Tasirin Zamani na Shari'a ga Rayuwar Mata a Jordan da Falasdinu." Ƙaunar ɗalibi Simmons an yi wahayi zuwa gare ta don shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam ta hanyar furofesoshi biyu, Staughton Lynd da Esta Seaton, waɗanda suka tsara tarihin gwagwarmayar Ba-Amurke. Har ila yau, masu tasiri a Simmons 'ƙara yunƙurin su ne Howard Zinn, Shugaban Sashen Tarihi na Spelman, Vincent Harding, da Rosemarie Freeny Harding, masu gudanarwa na Gidan Mennonite na Atlanta. Simmons ta fara aikin ta kai a hedkwatar Kwamitin Gudanar da Haɗin Kai (SNCC) da ke kusa tare da shugaban SNCC John Lewis, Sakataren zartarwa na SNCC James Forman, da ɗalibin Spelman Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Simmons ta yi taka tsantsan don shiga aikin ofis kawai,inda ba ta da yuwuwar jawo hankali daga danginta da kuma gwamnatin Spelman. Ta kuma shiga cikin kwamitin neman 'yancin ɗan adam tun da wuri lokacin da take a Spelman. A cikin 1963, ta yi nasarar gudu don zama wakilin Spelman a kwamitin gudanarwa na SNCC. A farkon Janairu 1964, an kama Simmons tare da wasu ɗaliban Spelman don halartar zanga-zangar abincin rana a gidan cin abinci na Pickrick na Lester Maddox .Ta kwana a gidan yari kuma shugaban dalibai ya sake kiranta, wanda ya sanya ta a jarrabawar karatu saboda ta keta hani na Spelman na zanga-zangar 'yancin jama'a. Wannan bai hana Simmons shiga wani zama a wani gidan cin abinci na Krystal kwanaki ba, inda aka sake kama ta. A wannan karon shugaban Spelman Manley ya tsawaita mata,kuma aka soke karatun ta. Dangane da waɗannan matakan ladabtarwa, abokai da ƴan'uwanmu masu zanga-zanga a duk faɗin Cibiyar Jami'ar Atlanta sun yi gangamin goyon bayan Simmons,tare da shirya tattaki zuwa gidan Shugaba Manley. Sakamakon haka,an bar Simmons ta ci gaba da zama a Spelman,ko da yake yana ƙarƙashin tsauraran gwaji. Simmons ta ci gaba da daukar darasi a lokacin bazara na 1964,kuma ta taimaka wa Staughton Lynd wajen haɓaka manhaja don aikin bazara na'Yanci na Mississippi mai zuwa da shirya kayayyaki don Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party. An haɗa shi da kayan bazara na 'Yanci da ƙarfafa ta 'yan'uwan ɗalibai, Staughton Lynd, da Vincent Harding, Simmons ta yanke shawarar ciyar da bazara na 1964 aikin sa kai tare da aikin 'Yancin Mississippi. Ma'aikatan Spelman sun sanar da dangin Simmons wannan shawarar, waɗanda ke tsoron amincin Simmons na aiki a yankin da aka sani da tashin hankalin Ku Klux Klan Sun yi tsayuwar daka don hana ta fita, suka kawo ta gida suka sa baki daga SNCC. Ta hanyar musayar kuɗi na sirri daga SNCC, Simmons a ƙarshe ta sami damar tafiya zuwa Mississippi, wanda ya ba danginta mamaki. Duk da wannan rashin amincewa, Simmons ta yi tafiya zuwa Oxford, Ohio don daidaitawa, sannan ta wuce Mississippi. A Oxford, Simmons ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da ayyuka,tana aiki tare da Staughton Lynd a matsayinsa na darektan daidaitawa, da kuma Vincent Harding. A Mississippi, an aika Simmons zuwa birnin Laurel a cikin gundumar Jones, yankin da ya shahara ga tashin hankalin Klan. A cikin wannan mahallin, Simmons ta ji tsoro don rayuwarta,a kai a kai tana fuskantar ƙiyayya da tsangwamar 'yan sanda Lokacin da aka tura darektan ayyukanta, Lester McKinney, gidan yari,an nada Simmons don maye gurbinsa,duk da rashin kwarewar shirya filin.Ta haka ta zama ɗaya daga cikin darektocin ayyukan bazara na Freedom Summer.A karkashin jagorancin Simmons, 'yan sa kai na Summer sun gudanar da Makarantar 'Yanci,sun buɗe kulawar rana,masu jefa ƙuri'a, da kuma kafa ɗakin karatu. Hakkokin jama'a A ƙarshen Lokacin bazara, Simmons ta yanke shawarar zama a Laurel maimakon komawa Spelman. Yayin da Simmons ke aiki a Laurel, ta zauna a kusa da birnin Hattiesburg, tunda Laurel yana da haɗari sosai don zama a ciki.Ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan makarantar 'yanci na aikin Laurel Mississippi na SNCC,yana kara haɓaka tsarin karatu don makarantun 'yanci.A matsayin matashiyar, baƙar fata,da shugabar mata a SNCC, Simmons ta fuskanci duka wariyar launin fata da jima'i Ta kuma ji tsoron cin zarafin jima'i, saboda ita ce ke da alhakin gungun masu sa kai da galibi fararen fata ne kuma ta riga ta fuskanci cin zarafi yayin zamanta a Ohio.Don haka,ta ƙirƙiri wata manufa ta cin zarafin jima'i ga Laurel Project, wanda ta sanya wa suna"Amazon Project" manufar tana ɗaya daga cikin irinta na farko a SNCC. A lokacin da take a Mississippi ne Simmons ta fara bayyana a matsayin mace A cikin 1965, bayan ta shafe watanni goma sha takwas a Laurel, Simmons ta koma Atlanta, saboda tashin hankali da ta gani.Bisa shawarar James Forman,ta huta daga shiryawa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tara kuɗi a ofishin SNCC na birnin New York. Bayan shekara guda, Simmons ta koma gwagwarmaya a Kudu.A cikin 1966,an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a kan sabuwar kafa ta SNCC Atlanta Project tare da ɗan'uwan SNCC ɗan gwagwarmaya Bill Ware a unguwar Vine City The Atlanta yayi aikin a farkon kungiyoyi magana na Black Power, mayar da hankali ga kokarin da siyasa motsi da kuma birane inganta. Simmons kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta tare da shirye-shiryen makarantar 'yanci tare da Aikin. Simmons ta yi amfani da lokacinta akan Aikin Atlanta don kimanta dabarun ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam da haɓaka ka'idodin farko na Black Power. Misali,ta taimaka wajen rubuta takardan matsayi na aikin akan Black Power, wanda ya zama mai kawo cece-kuce game da sharhinsa kan fararen fata na SNCC. Simmons ta ɗauki baƙin ciki da yawa tare da masu shirya SNCC farar fata, waɗanda ta ji ba a mutunta ikonta kuma ta yi amfani da albarkatun wajen horar da su don yin aiki a cikin al'ummomin baƙi.Don haka ta ba da shawarar cewa farar fata su yi aiki a kan al'amurran da suka shafi adalci na launin fata a cikin al'ummomin fararen fata, inda za su iya aiki tare da masu shirya baƙi. Wadannan matakan, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin takardar matsayi na Black Power na aikin,sun kasance masu rikici kuma ba lallai ba ne su nuna ra'ayoyin shugabannin SNCC,ciki har da James Forman da shugaban bincike Jack Minnis Simmons ta kuma bi sahun mata bakar fata masu fafutuka na SNCC wajen sukar karuwar alaka tsakanin bakaken fata da mata farare, wadanda aka dauka a matsayin kin mata bakar fata. A lokacin da take a SNCC, Simmons ta fara jin Malcolm X akan rikodin kuma nan take ya jawo saƙonsa.Ta shiga kungiyar Nation of Islam (NOI) a hukumance a shekarar 1967 kuma ta musulunta. Yayin da yake memba na NOI, Simmons kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da yankin Midwest na Majalisar Matan Negro ta Kasa (NCNW) yayin da yake zaune a Chicago. Daga Chicago, Simmons da mijinta Michael Simmons sun koma New York,tare da shiga Masallacin Minista Louis Farrakhan na 7. A cikin tunaninta na lokacin da ta yi tare da NOI, Simmons ta nuna rashin jin daɗinta da tsarin jinsi wanda ke tafiyar da iyakacin rawar da mata ke da shi a cikin tsari: Simmons ta ci karo da koyarwar NOI kai tsaye ta hanyoyi da dama,alal misali,ta hanyar amfani da kariyar haihuwa duk da imanin shugaban NOI Iliya Muhammad, wanda ya kalli hana haihuwa a matsayin hari kan iyalai baƙar fata. Simmons ta kuma dena sanya rigar horar da 'yan mata musulmi da lullubi, inda ta zabi kada ta dagula yunkurinta na shiryawa da kalaman addini. Sauran sukar Simmons da aka bayyana game da NOI sun shafi fifikon kuɗin da ke ɗora wa membobin matalauta nauyi,soja da matsayi na jinsi,da kuma amfani da hukunce-hukuncen jiki. Ta bar kungiyar a 1972. Bincike da shawarwari na mata na Musulunci Tun daga shekara ta 1971, Simmons ta yi shekaru goma sha bakwai a matsayin almajiran Sufi Sheikh Muhammad Raheem Bawa Muhaiyaddeen,sanannen shugaban sufancin Musulunci. Simmons ta sami sunan "Zoharah" daga Muhaiyaddeen. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa na farko na Amur Karen, kuma ta kasance memba mai ƙwazo a cikin Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship da Masallaci. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta a fannin ilimi, Simmons ta yi bincike game da tasirin Sharia na zamani akan mata musulmi a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban, tafiya zuwa Jordan, Masar, Falasdinu, da Siriya .Ta kuma zauna a Amman, Jordan,don gudanar da bincike don kammala karatunta na ilimi. Koyarwarta a Jami'ar Florida ta shafi kabilanci,jinsi, da addini, musamman kan al'adun addini na Amurkawa da dangantakar mata da Musulunci. A cikin aikinta na yanzu,tana neman raba addinin Musulunci tare da fassarori daban-daban na al'adu, wani lokaci tana duba tarihi don tafsirin mantawa da watsi da su. Ta yi imanin cewa ta hanyar daidaiton jinsi ne kawai Musulunci zai iya samun nasarar bunkasuwa a Amurka, kuma ta nuna rashin jin dadinta kan jahilcin al'ummomin musulmin Amurka na kungiyar mata ta Musulunci. Har ila yau,ta yi imanin cewa addinin mata na Musulunci yana tunawa da mutunta mata da aka bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani da kuma koyarwar Annabi Muhammad (S A w)da aka manta da su a cikin fassarar zamani. Rubuce-rubucenta kuma sun yi magana game da batutuwan da ke fuskantar Amurkawa na Afirka,kamar juna biyu na matasa,da kuma manyan abubuwan da suka shafi rashin adalcin duniya na uku Rayuwa ta sirri Simmons ta kulla alaƙar soyayya da Michael Simmons, ɗan'uwan mai shirya ayyukan Atlanta,bayan ya ɗauke shi aiki a 1965 don yin aiki a yaƙin neman zaɓe na Julian Bond na kujerar majalisar dokokin jihar Georgia. An bukaci ma'auratan da su yi aure bayan sun shiga cikin al'ummar Islama don ci gaba da rayuwa tare. Suna da 'ya daya, Aishah Shahidah Simmons, wacce ta kasance mai shirya fina-finai na mata. Dukansu Simmons da 'yarta sun yi magana game da abubuwan da Aishah ta fuskanta game da fyade da lalata. Rubuce-rubuce "Kokarin kare 'Yancin Mata Musulmi Kafin da Bayan Beijing," Jami'ar Syracuse Press (2000) "Racism in Higher Education," Jami'ar Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy (2002) "Shin mun kai ga kalubale? Bukatar sake yin oda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na maganganun Musulunci akan mata," Oneworld Publications (2003) "Musulunci na Ba'amurke a matsayin Bayyanar Bangaskiya ta Addini da Mafarki da Mafarki na Kasa," Jami'ar Texas Press (2006) "Daga Musulmai a Amurka zuwa Musulman Amurka," Journal of Islamic Law and Culture (2008) "Mama ta gaya mini kada in tafi," Pearson Prentice Hall (2008) "Martin Luther King Jr. Ya Sake Ziyara: Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Mata (2008) "Daga Little Memphis Girl zuwa Mississippi Amazon," Jami'ar Illinois Press'' (2010) Manazarta Haifaffun 1944 Rayayyun

40918

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20Revolution

Cultural Revolution

Juyin juya halin al'adu, wanda aka fi sani da Babban juyin al'adun gargajiya na Proletarian, yunkuri ne na zamantakewar al'umma a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) wanda Mao Zedong ya kaddamar a shekarar 1966, kuma ya daɗe har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1976. Manufarta ita ce kiyaye tsarin gurguzu na kasar Sin ta hanyar kawar da ragowar abubuwan jari-hujja da na gargajiya daga al'ummar kasar Sin. Juyin juya halin ya nuna yadda Mao-wanda har yanzu shi ne shugaban jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP) ya dawo ƙaragar mulki, bayan wani lokaci na kauracewa kai da mika kai ga jagoranci maras tushe bayan Mao. Ya jagoranci Great Leap Forward debacle da Great Chinese famine (1959-1961) juyin juya halin ya kasa cimma manyan manufofinsa. Kaddamar da wannan yunkuri a watan Mayun 1966 tare da taimakon kungiyar juyin juya halin al'adu, Mao ya yi zargin cewa 'yan bourgeois sun kutsa cikin gwamnati da al'umma da nufin dawo da tsarin jari-hujja. Mao ya yi kira ga matasa da su "ɗana bama-bamai a hedkwatar", ya kuma yi shelar cewa "to rebel is justified". Matasan sun mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa Red Guards da "kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye" a duk fadin kasar. An tattara zaɓin maganganun Mao a cikin little red book wanda ya zama rubutu mai tsarki ga ɗabi'ar Mao. Sun gudanar da "taro na tozarta" kan masu bita akai-akai, kuma sun karbe mulki daga kananan hukumomi da rassan CCP, inda suka kafa kwamitocin juyin juya hali a 1967. Kwamitocin sukan rabu gida biyu suna gaba da juna sannan suka shiga fadan da aka fi sani da "gwagwarmayar tashin hankali", wanda dole ne a tura sojoji domin dawo da zaman lafiya. Mao ya ayyana juyin juya halin a shekarar 1969, amma aikin juyin juya halin zai kasance har zuwa akalla 1971, lokacin da Lin Biao, wanda ake zargi da yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Mao, ya gudu ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama. A cikin shekarar 1972, Gang of Four ya hau kan karagar mulki kuma juyin juya halin al'adu ya ci gaba har zuwa mutuwar Mao da kama Gang of Four a 1976. Juyin juya halin al'adu ya kasance da tashin hankali da hargitsi. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya banbanta sosai, inda kiyasin wadanda suka mutu a lokacin juyin juya halin ya kai daga dubunnan daruruwan zuwa miliyoyi. Tun daga watan Agustan nan na birnin Beijing, an yi kisan kiyashi a duk fadin kasar, ciki har da kisan kiyashi na Guangxi, wanda a cikinsa ma aka yi kisa mai yawa; lamarin da ya faru a Mongoliya ta ciki; Kisan Kisan Guangdong; Kisan kiyashin Yunnan; da Kisan Hunan. Jami'an tsaro na Red Guard sun lalata kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi, tare da lalata wuraren al'adu da na addini. Rashin gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Bankiao na shekarar 1975, daya daga cikin manyan bala'o'in fasaha na duniya, shi ma ya faru a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu. A halin da ake ciki, an tsananta wa dubun-dubatar mutane: manyan jami'ai, musamman shugaban kasar Sin Liu Shaoqi, tare da Deng Xiaoping, da Peng Dehuai, da He Long, an wanke su ko kuma a yi gudun hijira; miliyoyin da ake zargi da kasancewa mambobi ne na biyar Black Categories, fama da wulakanci jama'a, kurkuku, azabtarwa, wahala, kwace dukiya, da kuma wani lokacin kisa ko hargitsi a cikin kashe kansa; an dauki masu hankali a matsayin "Tsohowar Tsohuwar Wari" kuma an tsananta musu sosai manyan malamai da masana kimiyya irin su Lao She, Fu Lei, Yao Tongbin, da Zhao Jiuzhang an kashe su ko kuma suka kashe kansu. An rufe makarantu da jami'o'i tare da soke jarabawar shiga kwalejin. Sama da 10 Miliyoyin matasa masu ilimi na gari an tura su karkara a cikin Harkar Down zuwa Karkara. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1978, Deng Xiaoping ya zama sabon shugaban kasar Sin, inda ya maye gurbin shugabar Hua Guofeng, kuma ya fara shirin "Boluan Fanzheng" wanda sannu a hankali ya wargaza manufofin Maoist da ke da alaka da juyin al'adu, kuma ya dawo da kasar cikin tsari. Daga nan sai Deng, tare da abokansa, suka fara wani sabon mataki a kasar Sin, ta hanyar kaddamar da shirin yin gyare-gyare da bude kofa ga kasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 1981, CCP ta bayyana kuma ta yarda cewa juyin juya halin al'adu ba daidai ba ne kuma "yana da alhakin koma baya mafi girma da kuma asarar mafi girma da mutane, kasa, da jam'iyyar suka fuskanta tun lokacin da aka kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'a." A kasar Sin ta zamani, akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da juyin juya halin al'adu. A cikin wasu, ana kiranta da "shekaru goma na hargitsi". Fage Great Leap Forward A shekara ta 1958, bayan shirin farko na shekaru biyar na kasar Sin, Mao ya yi kira da a kafa tsarin gurguzu mai tushe domin kara habaka shirinsa na mayar da kasar Sin kasa mai ci gaban masana'antu na zamani. A cikin wannan ruhi, Mao ya ƙaddamar da Babban Babban Haɓaka, ya kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin karkara, kuma ya fara tattara jama'a zuwa ga ƙungiyoyi. An ba wa al'ummomi da yawa damar samar da kayayyaki guda karfe. Mao ya sha alwashin kara yawan noma zuwa ninki biyu na matakan 1957. Great Leap ya kasance gazawar tattalin arziki. Yawancin manoma da ba su yi karatu ba an janye su daga noma da girbi, maimakon haka aka ba su umarnin su samar da karafa a ma'auni mai yawa, wani bangare na dogaro da tanderun bayan gida don cimma burin samar da kayan aikin da 'yan sanda suka gindaya. Karfe da aka samar ba shi da inganci kuma galibi mara amfani. Great Leap ya rage girman girbi kuma ya haifar da raguwar samar da mafi yawan kayayyaki banda baƙin ƙarfe da ƙarfe mara inganci. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙananan hukumomi suna yawan wuce gona da iri na yawan kayan da ake samarwa, suna ɓoyewa da tsananta matsalar shekaru da yawa. A halin da ake ciki, hargitsi a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a, rashin kyawun yanayi, da fitar da abinci da ake buƙata don tabbatar da kuɗi mai wuya ya haifar da Great Chinese famine. Abinci ya kasance cikin matsananciyar rashin ƙarfi, kuma samarwa ya ragu sosai. Yunwa ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane fiye da 30 mutane miliyan, musamman a yankunan da suka fi fama da talauci. Rashin nasarar great Leap ya rage darajar Mao a cikin CCP. A shekarar 1959, Mao ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban kasar Sin, kuma shugaban kasar Sin Liu Shaoqi ya gaje shi, yayin da Mao ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin kuma babban kwamanda. A watan Yuli, manyan jagororin jam'iyyar sun yi taro a filin wasa na Dutsen Lu don tattauna manufofin. A wajen taron, Marshal Peng Dehuai, Ministan Tsaro, ya soki manufofin Great Leap a cikin wata wasika ta sirri ga Mao, inda ya rubuta cewa yana fama da rashin kulawa da kuma yin taka tsantsan game da daukaka akidar siyasa a kan dokokin tattalin arziki. Duk da madaidaicin sautin wasiƙar Peng, Mao ya ɗauki ta a matsayin hari na kashin kai ga shugabancinsa. Bayan taron, Mao ya cire Peng daga mukamansa, kuma ya zarge shi da kasancewa "right opportunist". An maye gurbin Peng da Lin Biao, wani janar na sojan juyin juya hali wanda ya zama babban mai goyon bayan Mao daga baya a cikin aikinsa. Yayin da taron na Lushan ya kasance tamkar kisa ga Peng, babban mai sukar Mao, ya kai ga sauya mulki zuwa masu sassaucin ra'ayi karkashin jagorancin Liu Shaoqi da Deng Xiaoping, wadanda suka dauki nauyin tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kasar sosai bayan 1959. A farkon shekarun 1960, yawancin manufofin tattalin arziki na great Leap sun koma baya ta hanyar yunƙurin da Liu, Deng, da Firimiya Zhou Enlai suka jagoranta. Wannan matsakaita rukuni na masana ilimin tunani ba su da sha'awar ganin Mao na utopian. A shekara ta 1962, yayin da Zhou, Liu da Deng ke gudanar da harkokin gwamnati da tattalin arziki, Mao ya janye daga yanke shawara kan tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata, kuma ya mai da hankali sosai a lokacinsa wajen kara yin la'akari da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ka'idar zamantakewar Marxist-Lenin, gami da ra'ayin ci gaba da juyin juya hali". Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

25936

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Sarki%20Abdulaziz

Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz

Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz (Kau) jami'a ce ta jama'a a Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. An kuma kafa ta a shekarar 1967 a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta, ta gungun 'yan kasuwa karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Abu Bakr Bakhashab har da marubuci Hamza Bogary. A shekara ta 1974, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz ta koma jami'ar gwamnati ta hanyar shawarar Ministocin Majalisar kasar Saudi Arabia karkashin umarnin Sarki Faisal na lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an sanya ta a matsayin jami'ar Larabawa ta #1 ta Babban Ilimi na Times. An sanya Jami'ar King Abdulaziz a cikin manyan jami'o'i guda 200 a duniya ta manyan tebura huɗu. Tarihi Jami'a mai zaman kanta A cikin shekara ta 1964, Mohammed Ali Hafiz ne ya gabatar da manufar kafa jami'a mai zaman kanta a birnin Jidda. A cikin wannan shekarar, an kafa kwamitin shirya mambobi guda 6, da suka hada da Mohamed Ali Hafiz da Muhammad Abu Bakr Bakhashab. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Yarima Faisal na sarauta a lokacin ya amince da ra'ayin. A shekara ta 1965, an kafa kwamitin zartarwa na jami'ar. A cikin shekara ta 1966, KAU ta yi gasa don tsara tambarin su. Abdul-Halim Radwi, wani mawaƙi na cikin gida daga Jeddah ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙirar nasara. A cikin shekarar 1967, an kafa Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz a matsayin jami'a mai zaman kanta, tare da burin yada ilimi mai zurfi a yankin yammacin Saudi Arabia Kafin wannan ranar babu manyan makarantun ilimi a Jidda. An kuma cimma wadannan manufofi ta hanyar kokarin manyan 'yan kasuwa da fitattun mutanen Saudiyya; kuma bugu da kari tare da taimakon karfafawa Sarki Faisal da tallafin kudi. Jami'ar ta fara shekarar ilimi ta farko a 1968, tare da ɗimbin ɗaliban ɗalibai (68 namiji 30 mace). A 1969, na farko baiwa aka kafa (Faculty of Economics and Administration). A cikin 1970, an kafa Faculty of Arts and Humanities. Jami'ar jama'a (1974-present) A shekara ta 1974, Majalisar Ministocin Saudiya ta yanke shawarar hade jami’ar da gwamnati; maida shi zuwa jami’ar gwamnati. tana da ɗalibai kusan 31,000, wanda 28% na ƙasashen duniya ne. Fazlur Rahman Khan mai zanen gine-gine dan asalin kasar Bangaladesh ne ya tsara ginin. A cikin shekarar 2018, an sanya ta a matsayin jami'ar Larabawa ta 1st ta Babban Ilimi na Times saboda tasirin tasiri mai ƙarfi da hangen nesa na duniya. Har ila yau, ba ta da daraja. 1 a yawan jimlar wallafe -wallafe tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya, bisa ga martabar Labaran Amurka. Shirye -shiryen bincike Tsakanin shekarata 2004 da 2014, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz ta kafa wani shiri don jawo hankalin ƙasashen duniya kuma ta yi maraba da kusan bincike 150 ko fannoni daban -daban. Jami'ar ta haɓaka abokan bincike na ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da a Maroko inda ta haɓaka shirin bincike na wata tare da Masana'antar Oukaïmeden Jami'ar tana da cibiyoyin bincike daban -daban guda 13, galibi a fannonin magani (kwayoyin halittar jinya da osteoperosis), muhalli da makamashi, canjin yanayi, da lalata abubuwa. An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1970s ta Sami Angawi, cibiyar bincike kan aikin hajji a Makka (Cibiyar Binciken Aikin Hajji) tana gudanar da jerin ayyuka a kusa da taron addini, musamman kan bangarorin dabaru da ke kewaye da aikin hajji. The university has 13 different research centers, predominantly in the fields of medicine (medical genomes and osteoperosis), environment and energy, climate change, and desalination. Tsangayoyin Ilimi Ilimin Injiniya ABET ta amince da waɗannan shirye -shiryen a matsayin Shirye -shiryen Daidaita Tun daga shekara ta 2003. Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa Kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa ita ce kwaleji ta farko da aka kafa a Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz, kuma har zuwa yau ana kiran ta "The Base of the Founder's University," tana nufin wanda ya kafa ƙasar. Sashen Gudanar da Kasuwanci Ma'aikatar Kudi Sashen Kasuwanci Ma'aikatar Kula da Albarkatun Dan Adam Ma'aikatar Lissafi Ma'aikatar Bayanai na Gudanarwa Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Jama'a Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki Ma'aikatar Shari'a (ta ƙare a 2012; rabu cikin sabon baiwa) A cikin shekara ta 2015, FEA ta sami lambar yabo ta duniya ta huɗu, AACSB ta mai da ita ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin kasuwanci a gabas ta tsakiya da kuma duniya baki ɗaya. Ilimin Shari'a An kafa Faculty of Law a cikin shekara ta 2012 kamar yadda aka ware daga kwalejin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa. Dokar Jama'a Dokar sirri Wasu ikon tunani Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Arts da 'Yan Adam Faculty of Communication da Media Faculty of Computing da Information Technology Faculty of Meteorology, Muhalli da Aikin Gona Ƙasa Faculty of Nursing Ilimin Kimiyya Faculty of Pharmacy Faculty of Dentistry Ilimin Kimiyyar Duniya Faculty of muhalli Designs Faculty of Home Tattalin Arziki Faculty of Marine Kimiyya Faculty of Tourism Faculty of Nazarin Maritime Matsayi Jami'ar King Abdulaziz tana matsayi tsakanin 101 zuwa 150 tun daga shekara ta 2020 ta Matsayin Ilimi na Jami'o'in Duniya Bugu da ƙari, a cewar US News &amp; World Report Best Global Ranking Ranking, Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz tana matsayi na 51 a 2020. Kuma bisa ga martabar Jami'ar QS ta Duniya, Jami'ar King Abdulaziz tana matsayi na 143 a shekara ta2021 a cikin manyan jami'o'in duniya da Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) na London ke jagoranta. KAU ta fuskanci suka kan zargin biyan manyan masu binciken da aka ambata daga ko'ina cikin duniya don ambaci KAU a matsayin "alaƙar karatun sakandare" don haɓaka martabarsu. Sanannen tsoho Nahed Taher, wanda ya kafa Saudiyyan kuma babban jami'in bankin zuba jari na Gulf One, wanda ke da hedikwata a Bahrain. A cikin 2006, mujallar Forbes ta sanya Taher a matsayi na 72 a cikin jerin mata 100 mafi ƙarfi a duniya. Sulaiman Abdul Aziz Al Rajhi, hamshakin attajirin dan kasar Saudiyya, ma'abocin bankin Al Rajhi, mutum na 38 mafi kudi a duniya Adel Fakeih, hamshakin attajirin Saudiyya kuma tsohon magajin garin Jidda. Manal al-Sharif, mai rajin kare hakkin mata na Saudiyya. Abdallah Bin Bayyah, malamin musulmi, yana koyarwa a jami'a; Bin Bayyah yana da zama dan kasar Mauritania Adel Al-Hussain, BS, Digiri na farko a fannin lissafi tare da girmamawa, (1992) Amr Dabbagh, masanin tattalin arzikin Saudiyya kuma dan kasuwa. Memba na Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya kuma wanda ya kafa Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Jidda Shalimar Sharbatly, ɗan zane mai zane Said Aqil Siradj, shugaban Nahdlatul Ulama, babbar kungiyar musulunci a duniya a Indonesia Duba kuma Jerin jami'o'i a Saudi Arabia Jami’ar Musulunci ta Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina Jami'ar Sarki Saud Jami’ar Ummul Qura Manazarta Hanyoyin waje KAU ranking from Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Faculty of Design and Arts Makaranta Makarantu Makaranta masu zaman kansu Ilimi Jami'a Jami'o'i Pages with unreviewed

51445

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Elior

Rachel Elior

Rachel Elior(an haife ta 28 Disamba 1949) farfesa ce ta Isra'ila a falsafar Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima a Urushalima,Isra'ila.Manyan batutuwan bincikenta sune Hasidism da tarihin sufancin Yahudawa na farko. Aikin ilimi Elior ita ce John da Golda Cohen Farfesa na Falsafar Yahudawa da Tunanin Sufanci na Yahudawa a Jami'ar Ibrananci,inda ta koyar tun 1978.A halin yanzu ita ce shugabar Sashen Tunanin Yahudawa.Ta sami PhD Summa cum laude a 1976. Kwarewarta sune Sufancin Yahudawa na farko,Littattafan Tekun Matattu, Littattafan Hekhalot,Almasihu, Sabbatianism,Hasidism,Chabad, Frankism da kuma rawar mata a al'adun Yahudawa. Ta kasance malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Princeton,UCL,Jami'ar Yeshiva,Jami'ar Tokyo,Jami'ar Doshisha a Kyoto,Case Western Reserve University.a Cleveland,a Jami'ar Chicago da Jami'ar Michigan-Ann Arbor Ita mamba ce a kwamitin majalisar kasa da kasa na Asusun Sabon Isra'ila Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin 2006,Elior ya sami lambar yabo ta Gershom Scholem don Bincike a Kabbalah daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bil'adama ta Isra'ila. Suka da jayayya A fannin ƙwarenta na farko,Hasidism, Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern,Farfesa a Arewa maso Yamma,ya ce"Elior yana amfani da wani tsohon ra'ayi na motsi [hasidic]don tabbatar da labarinta.Ta bar ra'ayi,ra'ayoyi,fahimta da bayanan da masana suka tattara waɗanda suka daɗe sun rabu da tsarin tunanin Dinur ko Scholem."Kuma cewa Elior,da sauransu,"ya kamata ya sake duba tsarin ra'ayi na[marubuta na farko na labarun hasidic'],wanda kafofin suka kasance tare a cikin yanayin da ba na zamani ba kuma suna magana da juna cikin yardar kaina,a matsayin ra'ayoyi a cikin duniyar Platonic." Rubutun Tekun Matattu Ka'idarta ta tushen sufanci a cikin ajin firist ta fuskanci kalubale daga Prof. Yehuda Liebes na Jami'ar Ibrananci, kuma fahimtarta game da tsohuwar kalandar Sacha Stern ta ƙi.Eibert Tigchelaar ta lura cewa misalan nata suna da"rashin ƙayyadaddun tarihi waɗanda ke da damuwa da takaici."Yusuf Dan ya kare ta.Farfesan Princeton Peter Schaefer ya ce ta ɓata bambance-bambance tsakanin rubutu da lokuta,kuma ba ta kula da mahimman abubuwan da ke faruwa.Ya kuma lura cewa ra’ayinta game da mala’iku a Qumran da kalandar ba daidai ba ne.Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb ta ga aikin Elior"ba zai yuwu ba".Himmelfarb ya ce Elior ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin haɗin kai, alaƙar tarihi ba tare da tushe ba,kuma yana ganin abubuwan da kawai"ba a can." Elior yayi iƙirarin cewa Essenes, waɗanda ake zaton marubutan Littafin Tekun Matattu ba su taɓa wanzuwa ba.Ta yi jayayya(kamar yadda Lawrence Schiffman,Moshe Goshen-Gottstein,Chaim Menachem Rabin,da sauransu suka yi) cewa Essene da gaske ’ya’yan Zadok ne masu tawaye,wani rukunin firist da sarakunan Girka suka kore daga Haikali na Urushalima a ƙarni na biyu BC.Ta yi zato cewa an ɗauke littattafan da aka kore su."A Qumran,an sami ragowar babban ɗakin karatu,"in ji Elior,tare da wasu nassosin Ibrananci na farko tun daga ƙarni na 2 BC.Har sai an gano Littafin naɗaɗɗen Tekun Matattu,farkon sanannen sigar Tsohon Alkawari tun daga ƙarni na 9 AD.“Littattafai sun tabbatar da gadon firistoci na Littafi Mai Tsarki,”in ji Elior,wanda ya yi hasashen cewa an ɓoye littattafan a Qumran don adanawa. James Charlesworth,darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidin Tekun Matattu kuma farfesa a Makarantar tauhidin tauhidin Princeton,ya ce akwai"babban shaida game da wanzuwar Essenes"kuma"Ba shi yiwuwa Josephus ya kirkiro ƙungiyar da Philo ya riga ya ambata,wanda ya ziyarci Urushalima."Farfesa Martha Himmelfarb, farfesa a addinin Princeton,ta ce ba ta tunanin aikin Elior ya kasance kamar "sanarwa ta tarihi"kamar yadda sauran bincike kan Littattafai,tana mai cewa,"[Elior] ba ya son yin amfani da tarihin tarihi wanda aikin sauran malamai ke yi." Duba kuma Moshe Idel Ada Rapoport-Albert Nassoshi Littafi Mai Tsarki Isra'ila Ba'al Shem Tov da mutanen zamaninsa,Kabbalists,Sabbatians, Hasidim da Mithnagdim, Urushalima Karmel Publication House 2014 Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa da Mantuwa:Sirrin Rubuce-rubucen Tekun Matattu,Cibiyar Van Leer da Hakibutz haMeuchad,2009 Dybbuk da matan Yahudawa, Urushalima da New York,Urim Publications,2008 Littattafan Heikhalot da Al'adar Merkavah Tsohuwar Sufancin Yahudawa da Tushensa,Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronot;Sifrei Hemed:2004 (Ibrananci) Herut al Haluhot-Nazari a cikin Tushen Sufi na Hasidism,Tel Aviv: Jami'ar Cast mai Yadawa: Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Press 1999. Paneiah ha-Shonot shel ha-Herut -Iyunim be-Mistika Yehudit(Alpayim 15,Am Oved 1998) Torat HaElohut BaDor haSheni shel Hasidut Habad,Jerusalem:Jami'ar Hebrew:Magnes Press 1982 (Ibrananci) Heikhalot Zutarti:Rubutun Sufi na Farko na Lokacin Talmudic Mishnaic, Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci: Magnes Press 1982(Ibrananci) Galia Raza:Rubutun Kabbalistic na Karni na 16,Urushalima:Jami'ar Ibrananci 1981(Ibrananci) Judah Liebes,"Yaran Rana vs.Yaran wata"Haaretz 4/6/2003 Sacha Stern,"Rachel Elior akan Kalandar Yahudawa na Tsohuwa: Ƙwarai"Aleph:Nazarin Tarihi a Kimiyya da Yahudanci-Volume 5, 2005,shafi. 287-292 Peter Schaffer,Critical edition na Heikhalot Zutarti,Tarbiz 54 (1985)Ibrananci,nazari mai mahimmanci na aikinta David Tamar,Mahimman bita na bugunta na Galia Razia Nazarin Jerusalem a Tunanin Yahudawa 2 Ibrananci(1983) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin Facebook Prof. Shafin gidan Elior a Jami'ar Hebrew Asalin Rubutun Tekun Matattu ya haifar da muhawara Bayahuden Isra'ila Rayayyun

40486

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Steinberg

Benjamin Steinberg

Benjamin Steinberg (An haifeshi ranar 15 ga watan Maris din shekarar 1915 29 ga Janairu 1974) ya kasance ɗan wasan violin na kide-kide na Amurka, jagora, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, wanda aka fi tunawa da shi a matsayin babban darektan fasaha na Symphony of the New World, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko mai haɗakar wariyar launin fata a Amurka. Waƙar ta farko ta kasance a Hall Carnegie ta New York a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1965. Kiɗa Violinist Gyara Steinberg ya kasance tushe a cikin violin a sashin farko na violin na NBC Symphony Orchestra, yana kuma wasa akan watsa shirye-shiryensu na rediyo a cikin 1943 a ƙarƙashin sandar madugu Arturo Toscanini. Daga baya ya zama ɗan wasan violin na farko tare da Symphony na Pittsburgh wanda Fritz Reiner ya jagoranta, wanda shi ma ya yi karatun gudanarwa. Sauran shugabannin da Steinberg ya yi a karkashin su sune Otto Klemperer da Leopold Stokowski. darektan kiɗa Gyara Steinberg ya fara gudanarwa a cikin 1941 tare da National Youth Administration (NYA) Symphony, bayan ya yi karatu a karkashin Pierre Monteux. Ya gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon Amurka mai duhu, wanda marubucin Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka William Grant Still ya rubuta a cikin 1924. An watsa wasan kwaikwayon a gidan rediyon WNYC (AM) a birnin New York a ranar 16 ga Afrilun shekarata 1941. A cikin bayanan shirin mawaƙin, Har yanzu ya rubuta cewa yanki "wakilin Negro ne na Amurka. An gabatar da gefensa mai tsanani kuma an yi niyya don ba da shawarar cin nasara ga mutane a kan bacin rai da addu'a mai tsauri... da addu'ar ruhi, maimakon ruhohi masu bacin rai. Benjamin Steinberg ya fara aiki tare da baƙaƙen madugu Dean Dixon da Everett Lee don kafa ƙungiyar kade-kade ta ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mawaƙa ta farko a cikin U.S.A, Amurka Zai ɗauki wasu shekaru ashirin kafin a cimma, duk da haka. Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya Yayin da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a na shekarun 1960 suka sami ƙarfi a cikin Amurka, Steinberg ya kafa kwamiti don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ƙwararrun mawaƙa da masu gudanarwa, ba tare da la'akari da launin fata ba. Bayanin manufa na Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya an rubuta watanni biyu kafin a sanya hannu kan Dokar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta shekarata 1964 ta zama doka. Steinberg ya karɓi mukamin darektan kiɗa kuma ya sami kuɗi don kakar farko ta ƙungiyar makaɗa. An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta farko a cikin Amurka a Carnegie Hall a ranar Mayu 6, 1965, watanni biyu kafin Dokar Haƙƙin Zaɓe ta 1965 ta zama doka. Steinberg ya ce game da kokarin, "Muna da basira da yawa a wannan birni, kuma dole ne mu samar da damar da za mu gabatar da shi ga jama'a". Masu tallafawa sun haɗa da Samuel Barber, Leonard Bernstein, Ruby Dee, Langston Hughes, William Warfield, Aaron Copland, Duke Ellington, da Zero Mostel. Yayin da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta haɓaka, Marian Anderson da Leontyne Price sun shiga Hukumar Gudanarwa, kuma James DePriest ya zama Babban Jagoran Baƙi. Wani fitaccen shugabar bako shine Everett Lee. Mawakan kade-kade sun kasance wadanda suka sauke karatu daga makarantun kade-kade kamar Juilliard (Elayne Jones), Makarantar Kida ta Eastman, Makarantar Kida ta Manhattan, da New England Conservatory. An watsa shirye-shiryensa a gidan rediyon Muryar Amurka da na Sojoji ga masu sauraro a duk duniya. Mujallar Ebony ta furta ta, "saboda fasaha da dalilai na zamantakewa, wani babban ci gaba a tarihin kiɗa na Amurka". Bayan watan Agustan shekarar 1969, wasan kwaikwayo na Symphony na interracial, Asbury Park Press (NJ) ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a cikin yabon Steinberg a matsayin "hasken jagora" na kungiyar makada a cikin imani cewa "wariya ba ta da wuri a cikin duniyar mawaƙa." Mai sukar Charles Hill ya yaba da yadda yake gudanar da aikinsa saboda "kyakkyawan nagarta". Yayin da darektan kiɗa na Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya, Steinberg ya haɗu tare da mawaƙin Pulitzer wanda ya lashe kyautar George Walker a farkon Address na Orchestra na Walker, wanda Symphony of the New World ya yi a 1968. A cikin 1970, Steinberg ya gudanar da Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya a Cibiyar Lincoln, New York, a cikin wasan kwaikwayon I Have a Dream, girmamawa ga Martin Luther King Jr. Pulitzer mai sukar kiɗan da ya lashe lambar yabo Donal Henahan ya ce na daya- Symphony na baƙar fata na uku na Sabuwar Duniya a cikin 1970, "yana nuna a kai a kai yana nuna ingancin matsayinsa a cikin mafi yawan lili-fararen symphonic duniya". Steinberg ya ci gaba da zama darektan kiɗa na Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya har zuwa Oktoba 1971, lokacin da ya yi murabus bayan takaddamar manufofin siyasa tare da kwamitin ƙungiyar makaɗa. A lokacin da ya yi murabus, kungiyar tana da mawaka 80.Takardun Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya suna zaune a Cibiyar Bincike ta Schomburg a cikin Al'adun Baƙar fata. The Ballet Tsakanin shekarata 1945-1947, Steinberg shine Mataimakin Jagora na Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ballet na Amurka. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1947, ya gudanar da farkon jigo da Bambance-bambance, wanda George Balanchine ya rubuta don prima ballerina assoluta Alicia Alonso da Igor Youskevitch. Steinberg ya kuma yi yawon shakatawa na Kudancin Amirka tare da Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo tare da Alonso da Youskevitch a ƙarshen 1940s, da kuma tare da Melissa Hayden da Barbara Fallis, dukansu sun shiga kamfanin ballet na Alonso a Cuba a 1959. A cikin 1959, Steinberg ya zama darektan kiɗa na farko kuma madugu na Ballet na Cuban National Ballet, kamfanin ballet wanda Alonso ke gudanarwa, wanda aka sake masa suna lokacin da Fidel Castro ya hau mulki a waccan shekarar. Steinberg ya kasance a wannan mukamin har zuwa 1963, lokacin da ya koma Amurka bayan wani rangadin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin jagoran kungiyar kade-kade ta Ballet Symphony na Kuba. mutuwa Benjamin Steinberg ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1974, daga pancreatic (ciwon daji) =Manazarta Haifaffun 1915 Mutuwan

47970

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasahar%20Afirka

Fasahar Afirka

Fasahar Afirka ta bayyana zane-zane na zamani da na tarihi, siffofi, shigarwa, da sauran al'adu na gani daga ƴan asalin Afirka ko ƴan asalin Afirka da nahiyar Afirka. Ma'anar na iya haɗawa da fasahar Afirka, kamar: Afirkawan-Amurka, Caribbean ko fasaha a cikin al'ummomin Kudancin Amurka waɗanda al'adun Afirka suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Duk da wannan bambancin kuma, akwai jigogi na fasaha da ke tattare da juna yayin la'akari da dukkan al'adun gani daga nahiyar Afirka. Ginin tukwane, aikin ƙarfe, zane-zane, gine-gine, zane-zanen masana'antu da zane-zanensa sune mahimman siffofin zane-zane a duk faɗin Afirka kuma ana iya haɗa su a cikin nazarin fasahar Afirka. Kalmar "Fasahar Afirka" yawanci ba ta haɗa da fasahar yankunan Arewacin Afirka a bakin tekun Bahar Rum, saboda irin waɗannan yankuna sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adu daban-daban. Fiye da shekaru dubu, fasahar irin waɗannan yankuna sun zama wani ɓangare na Berber ko fasahar Islama, kodayake suna da halaye da yawa na gida. Fasahar Habasha, tare da kuma doguwar al'adar Kirista, ta bambanta da na mafi yawan Afirka, inda addinin gargajiya na Afirka (tare da Islama a arewa) ya kasance mai rinjaye har zuwa karni na 20. Fasahar Afirka ta haɗa da fasahar prehistoric da tsohuwar, fasahar Islama ta Yammacin Afirka, fasahar Kirista ta Gabashin Afirka, da kayan gargajiya na waɗannan da sauran yankuna. Yawancin siffofin Afirka sun kasance a tarihi a cikin itace da sauran kayan halitta waɗanda ba su tsira daga baya fiye da ƴan ƙarni da suka gabata ba, kodayake ana iya samun tukwane da adadi na ƙarfe a wasu yankuna. Wasu daga cikin kayan ado na farko, kamar su beads na harsashi da shaidar fenti, an gano su a Afirka, tun daga Zamanin Tsakiya. Masks abubuwa ne masu mahimmanci a cikin fasahar mutane da yawa, tare da kuma siffofin mutane, kuma galibi suna da Stylized sosai. Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban, sau da yawa suna bambanta a cikin wannan mahallin asalin kuma dangane da amfani da abu, amma yanayin yanki mai yawa a bayyane yake; zane-zane ya fi yawa a tsakanin "ƙungiyoyin manoma da suka zauna a yankunan da kogin Nijar da Kongo suka zubar" a Yammacin Afirka. Hotuna kai tsaye na alloli ba su da yawa, amma masks musamman ana yin su ko kuma ana yin su ne don bukukuwan al'ada. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 an sami karuwar fasahar Afirka a cikin tarin Yamma, mafi kyawun sassan da aka nuna a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin mulkin mallaka. Fasahar Afirka tana da muhimmiyar tasiri a kan fasahar zamani ta Turai, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar sha'awar su ga zane-zane. Wannan godiya ce ga siffofin Afirka da aka danganta da ainihin manufar "fasahar Afirka", kamar yadda masu zane-zane da masana tarihi na Turai da Amurka suka gani. Al'adun Yammacin Afirka sun haɓaka gyaran tagulla don zane-zane, kamar sanannun Benin Bronzes, don yin ado da manyan gidaje da kuma shugabannin sarauta masu kyau daga kusa da garin Bini na Benin City, Jihar Edo, da kuma a cikin terracotta ko ƙarfe, daga ƙarni na 12th. Nauyin zinare na Akan wani nau'i ne na ƙananan siffofin ƙarfe da aka samar a cikin shekara ta 1400-1900; wasu a bayyane suke wakiltar karin magana, suna ba da gudummawa ga wani labari mai ban sha'awa a cikin siffofin Afirka; kuma sarauta sun haɗa da abubuwa masu ban sha'awar zinariya. Ana kuma amfani da adadi da yawa na Yammacin Afirka a cikin al'adun addini kuma galibi ana rufe su da kayan da aka sanya a kansu don hadayu na bikin. Mutanen da ke magana da Mande na wannan yankin suna yin ɓangarori daga itace tare da fadi, shimfidar wurare da makamai da kafafu masu kama da cylinders. A Afirka ta Tsakiya, duk da haka, manyan halaye masu banbanci sun haɗa da fuskoki masu kama da zuciya waɗanda aka lankwasa zuwa ciki kuma suna nuna alamun da'irori da dots. Abubuwan da ke tattare da jigogi A cikin fasahar Yammacin Afirka, akwai mayar da hankali kan kasancewa mai bayyanawa da na musamman yayin da har yanzu fasahar waɗanda suka zo kafin ke rinjayar su. Fasahar mutanen Dan misali ne na wannan, kuma ya bazu zuwa al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka a waje da nahiyar. Ƙaddamarwa akan adadi na ɗan adam: Adadin ɗan adam koyaushe shine babban batun ga yawancin fasahar Afirka, kuma wannan jaddadawa har ma ya rinjayi wasu al'adun Turai. Misali, a cikin karni na goma sha biyar, Portugal ta yi ciniki tare da al'adun Sapi kusa da Ivory Coast a Yammacin Afirka, wanda ya kirkiro kayan gishiri na hauren hauren hawan hawan hauren halayen hawan halayen halayen halayyar hawan hawar hawan halayyar. Siffar mutum na iya nuna alamar masu rai ko matattu, na iya ambaton shugabannin, masu rawa, ko sana'o'i daban-daban kamar masu bugawa ko mafarauta, ko ma yana iya zama wakilcin mutum na allah ko kuma yana da wasu ayyuka na rantsuwa. Wani batu na yau da kullun shine inter-morphosis na mutane da dabba. Bayanan gani: Ayyukan zane-zane na Afirka suna son abubuwan gani a kan wakilcin halitta. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin zane-zane na Afirka suna da ka'idojin salo. Yankin da ake ciki Nazarin fasahar Afirka har zuwa kwanan nan ya mayar da hankali kan fasahar gargajiya na wasu sanannun kungiyoyi a nahiyar, tare da mai da hankali kan zane-zane na gargajiya, abin rufe fuska da sauran al'adun gani daga Afirka ta Yamma, Afirka ta Tsakiya, da kuma Kudancin Afirka tare da mai mai da hankali ga ƙarni na 19 da 20. Kwanan nan, duk da haka, an sami motsi tsakanin masana tarihi na fasaha na Afirka da sauran malaman don haɗawa da al'adun gani na wasu yankuna da lokutan lokaci. Manufar ita ce ta hanyar hada dukkan al'adun Afirka da al'adunsu na gani a tsawon lokaci a cikin fasahar Afirka, za a sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da kyawawan abubuwan gani na nahiyar a duk tsawon lokaci. A ƙarshe, zane-zane na mutanen Afirka, a Brazil, Caribbean da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, suma sun fara shiga cikin nazarin fasahar Afirka. Kayan aiki Ana samar da fasahar Afirka ta amfani da kayan aiki iri-iri kuma tana ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban. Saboda itace abu ne na yau da kullun, siffofin katako sun zama mafi yawan fasahar Afirka. Gishiri sanannen nau'in fasaha ne kuma ana amfani dashi don nuna matsayi, alaƙa da rukuni, ko kuma kyawawan abubuwa. Ana yin kayan ado na Afirka daga irin waɗannan kayan da suka bambanta kamar dutsen ido na Tiger, haematite, sisal, kwalba na kwakwa, beads da itacen ebony. Abubuwan da aka zana na iya zama katako, yumbu ko sassaƙa daga dutse kamar sanannun siffofin Shona, kuma kayan ado ko kayan kwalliya sun fito ne daga yankuna da yawa. Ana yin nau'ikan tufafi daban-daban ciki har da chitenge, zane-zane da zane-zane. Mosaics da aka yi da fuka-fukan malam buɗe ido ko yashi mai launi sun shahara a yammacin Afirka. Ana iya gano siffofin Afirka na farko kamar yadda aka yi da terracotta da tagulla. Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka Addinan gargajiya na Afirka sun kasance da tasiri sosai a kan siffofin fasahar Afirka a duk faɗin nahiyar. Fasahar Afirka sau da yawa ta samo asali ne daga jigogi na alamomin addini, aiki da amfani, kuma an halicci abubuwa da yawa na fasaha don ruhaniya maimakon dalilai masu ban sha'awa. Yawancin al'adun Afirka suna jaddada muhimmancin kakanninmu a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin masu rai, alloli, da babban mahalicci, kuma ana ganin fasaha a matsayin hanyar tuntuɓar waɗannan ruhohin kakanninmu. Hakanan ana iya amfani da fasaha don nuna alloli, kuma ana darajarsa don manufar aiki. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa isowar Kiristanci da Islama sun yi tasiri sosai ga fasahar nahiyar Afirka, kuma an haɗa al'adun duka biyu cikin imani da zane-zane na addinin gargajiya na Afirka. Tarihi Nok male figure; 500 BC-500 AD; terracotta; 49.5 22.2 16.8 cm (19.4 8.7 6.6 in); from northern Nigeria; Kimbell Art Museum (Fort Worth, Texas, USA)Benin plaque; 16th-17th century; bronze; from the Kingdom of Benin; Ethnological Museum of Berlin (Germany)Head from Ife (Nigeria); 14th-15th century AD; bronze; height: 36 cm (141⁄8 a cikin); Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya (London) Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Asalin fasahar Afirka ya kasance tun kafin tarihin da aka rubuta. Tsohon beads da aka sani a yankin an yi su ne daga harsashi na Nassarius kuma an sa su azaman kayan ado na mutum shekaru 72,000 da suka gabata. A Afirka, shaidar yin fenti ta hanyar tsari mai rikitarwa ta wanzu daga kimanin shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata da kuma amfani da Sinadaran pigments daga kimanin shekaru 320,000 da suka gabata. Hotunan dutse na Afirka a cikin Sahara a Nijar suna adana zane-zane masu shekaru 6,000. Tare da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, zane-zanen al'adu na yamma, zane-zane da kayan tarihi na Masar na dā, da kuma sana'o'in kudancin asali suma sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga fasahar Afirka. Sau da yawa yana nuna yawan yanayin da ke kewaye da shi, zane-zane sau da yawa fassarar dabbobi ne, rayuwar shuka, ko ƙirar halitta da siffofi. Masarautar Nubian ta Kush a Sudan ta zamani tana cikin kusanci kuma sau da yawa tana da ƙiyayya da Masar, kuma ta samar da siffofi masu ban mamaki galibi waɗanda suka samo asali ne daga salon da ba su kai ga arewa ba. A Yammacin Afirka, siffofin da aka fi sani sun fito ne daga al'adun Nok wanda ya bunƙasa tsakanin 1,500 BC da 500 AD a Najeriya ta zamani, tare da siffofin yumɓu yawanci tare da jiki mai tsawo da siffofin kusurwa. Tarihin fasahohin Afrika daga kabilu Tarihin fasahar Afirka yana da sarƙaƙiya kuma iri-iri, yana nuna al'adu daban-daban da suka wanzu a nahiyar tsawon ƙarnuka. Ga taƙaitaccen bayani na wasu manyan al'adun fasaha na Afirka: Al'adar Nok (500 BC 200 AD): Al'adun Nok, wanda yake a Najeriya a yanzu, an san shi da zane-zanen terracotta na mutum, dabbobi, da abin rufe fuska. Waɗannan sassaƙaƙƙen an yi su sosai kuma suna da fasalin fuska da ƙima da ƙima. Fasahar Masarawa ta dā (3100 BC 30 BC): Fasahar tsohuwar Masar ta shahara don gine-ginen gine-ginenta, ƙaƙƙarfan zane-zane, da zane-zane da sassaƙaƙƙen gaske. Fasahae Masar tana nuna aƙidar addini, tatsuniyoyi, da al'adun zamantakewa na lokacin. Fasahar Ife (ƙarni na 12-15): Fasahar Ife, tun daga yanzu Nijeriya, tana da siffofi na zahiri da na dabi’a na mutane, wanda galibi ana nuna su a tsarin sarauta ko na sarauta. An yi waɗannan sassaƙaƙe da jan ƙarfe, tagulla, ko terracotta kuma suna da daraja sosai don ƙwarewar fasaha. Fasahar Benin (ƙarni na 13 19): Sana'ar Benin, tun daga Najeriya a yanzu, an santa da tsattsauran ra'ayi na tagulla na mutane, dabbobi, da kayan ado. Waɗannan sassake-zanen galibi suna nuna abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar kotu da kuma bukukuwan addini. Fasahar Yarabawa (ƙarni na 15 20): Fasahar Yarabawa, daga yanzu Nigeria da Benin, ana siffanta ta da amfani da alamar alama da tauhidi don wakiltar tunanin ruhaniya da falsafa. Wannan fasaha ta haɗa da abin rufe fuska, sassaka-tsalle, da yadi, galibi suna nuna alamu masu launi da ƙira. Fasahar Ashanti (ƙarni na 17 19): fasahar Ashanti, daga kasar Ghana a yanzu, an santa da kayan adon zinare da kayan kwalliya, da kuma sassakaken katako da kayan masaku. Sana'ar Ashanti galibi tana fasalta zane-zane na geometric da abubuwan alama, suna nuna dabi'u da imani na mutanen Ashanti. Fasahar Kuba (ƙarni na 19-20): fasahar Kuba, daga ƙasar da ake kira Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango a yanzu, ana siffanta shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi da sarkakkun zane, galibi ana yin su ta amfani da rigar raffia ko kwalliya. Fasahar Kuba ta haɗa da abin rufe fuska, yadi, da kwanduna, kuma tana da ƙima sosai don ƙwarewar fasaha da kyawunta. Aikin Dogon (ƙarni na 13 yanzu): Aikin Dogon, daga abin da yake a yanzu Mali, yana da siffofi na katako na mutane, dabbobi, da siffofi na geometric. Wadannan sassake-zanen suna wakiltar tatsuniyoyi da akidar kabilar Dogon, wadanda ke da tsarin addini da al'adu masu sarkakiya. Senufo art (ƙarni na 17 yanzu): Senufo art, daga abin da yake a yanzu Ivory Coast, an san shi da zane-zane na katako da abin rufe fuska, wanda sau da yawa yakan kwatanta dabbobi da mutane a cikin salo da siffofi. Ana daraja fasahar Senufo don ikon bayyanawa da kuma ikon sa na isar da ma'anoni masu sarkakiya. Baule art (ƙarni na 18 yanzu): Baule art, daga abin da yake a yanzu Ivory Coast, an siffanta ta da katako sculptures na mutum Figures, sau da yawa nuna a cikin salo da kuma manufa hanya. Fasahar Baule sau da yawa tana wakiltar ra'ayoyin addini da al'adu, kuma ana daraja ta sosai don ƙwarewar fasaha da kyawunta. Aikin Luba (ƙarni na 19 yanzu): fasahar Luba, daga kasar Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a yanzu, an san ta da sassakaki na katako da abin rufe fuska, wanda galibi ke nuna kimar dan Adam cikin yanayin dabi'a da bayyananniyar salo. Fasahar Luba galibi tana wakiltar ra'ayoyi na siyasa da na addini, kuma tana da kima sosai saboda muhimmancinta na ruhaniya da kyakkyawa. Makonde art (karni na 20 yanzu): Makonde art, daga abin da yake Tanzaniya da Mozambik a yanzu, ana siffanta shi da zane-zane na katako na siffofi na mutum da kuma siffofin da ba a iya gani ba, sau da yawa ana yin su ta hanyar amfani da fasaha mai zurfi da cikakkun bayanai. Fasahar Makonde tana nuna al'adun al'adu da sauye-sauyen zamantakewar al'ummar Makonde, kuma ana daraja ta saboda mahimmancin fasaha da tarihi.

51306

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohie%20El%20Din%20El%20Ghareeb

Mohie El Din El Ghareeb

Mohie El Din Abu Bakr Moussa Mohamed Elgharieb 1933-3 Maris 2023) masanin tattalin arzikin Masar ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi El Ghareeb a shekarar 1933 a Giza, Masar ga babban iyali. El Ghareeb ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu daga aurensa na farko. Bayan matarsa ta rasu, ya auri wata mace wacce ta haifi ɗa na uku. A shekarar 1999 ya auri matarsa ta uku. Siyasa El Ghareeb ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sasantawa na Bankin Duniya kuma gwamnan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya. Ya kuma kasance minista a gwamnatin Masar tsawon shekaru 14. Ya kasance Ministan Kudi daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 1999. A matsayinsa na jagoran masana tattalin arziki a jam'iyyar National Democratic Party ta Masar ya kasance mataimakin bayan, shugaba Hosni Mubarak na Masar. Ya kuma riƙe mukamin babban mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki na gwamnatoci da dama da suka hada da Masarautar Burtaniya, da kuma na gwamnatocin Jamus, Faransa, Rasha, China, Italiya, Japan, Saudi Arabia, da kuma United Kingdom. Daular Larabawa. Ilimin tattalin arziki El Ghareeb ya kirkiri ka'idar Biyan Bashi, kuma yana gudanar da taruka da/ko laccoci na lokaci-lokaci game da ka'idodinsa a fannin Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa a yawancin jami'o'i da cibiyoyi a duniya. Ya rubuta litattafai da yawa ciki har da littafin da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin jagorar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya a yanzu da taken The Modern State: Siyasa Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki. Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu shine ƙirƙirar tsarin tattalin arziki na farko (kuma kawai) na UAE da yankin Gulf Persian. Ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa sabon tsarin tattalin arzikin Yuro da Tarayyar Turai tare da hadin gwiwar UBS (Babban Bankin Duniya). Kasuwanci El Ghareeb a matsayin firayim ministan iyalinsa, ya gudanar da wani gungun kudade na kasa da kasa wanda ya kunshi hadakar iyalan Larabawa; El Ghareeb (Alkahira Suez, Masar), Bin Ladin (Jaddah, Saudi Arabia), Al Saud (Riyad, Saudi Arabia), Al Nahyan (Abu Dhabi, UAE), da Al Maktoum (Dubai, UAE). Ayyukan rukuni na yanzu sun haɗa da sayar da mota, dandamalin hako mai mai nauyi, samar da mai da fitarwa har ma da ginin jirgin ruwa na Supertanker. Sauran jeri na kasuwanci na Rukunin sun haɗa da tsarin makamashin nukiliya, masana'antar binciken makamashin hydrogen, da bincike na kayan haɓaka da dakunan gwaje-gwaje. A halin yanzu ana kimanta ƙungiyar da darajar fiye da dala Tiriliyan 2 (Dala Tiriliyan Biyu). The Group trade s da ko mallakar hannun jari a wasu kasa da kasa hukumomi, ciki har da 15% na DaimlerChrysler, 11% na Siemens Group, 51% na Saudi Aramco (babban mai samar da man fetur a duniya), 12% na Microsoft, 12% na Volkswagen kungiyar, jimlar 25% na EADS (ciki har da Airbus 51% na Saudi Binladin Group, 10% na Citigroup, da 10% na Bayer. Har ila yau, an yi ta yayata cewa El Ghareeb a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na Rasha ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin masu safarar makamai a duniya wanda ya haifar da zargin cewa yawancin kasuwancin El Ghareeb na sirri ne kawai. jayayya El Ghareeb ya shiga manyan rigingimu da gwamnatin Masar A watan Fabrairun 2002, kuma tsawon watanni 24 ana tafka muhawara a kotuna, jaridun TV da kuma tsarewa. Daga karshe dai kotun da ke sauraron karar ta same shi da laifin da ake tuhumar sa. Bayan da aka ayyana shi ba shi da laifi, gwamnatin Masar karkashin jagorancin Atef Ebeed a wancan lokacin ta yi murabus kuma wata sabuwar gwamnati ta dauki alhakin abin da jama'a ke ganin shi ne kudirin da tsohuwar gwamnatin ta biya na wadannan rigingimu. Duba kuma Bankin Duniya Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya Asusun Raya Jari na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Manazarta Sources Money Banki na Prof. Dr. Mohie El Din El Ghareeb. Halin Zamani: Siyasa Tattalin Arziki da Siyasar Tattalin Arziki na Prof. Dr. Mohie El Din El Ghareeb. Kasuwancin Kyauta na Waje na Prof. Dr. Mohie El Din El Ghareeb. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party ta Masar Winne: The Rebirth Egypt Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50515

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuri%20Mai%20Tsarki

Wuri Mai Tsarki

Angel Sanctuary Tenshi Kinryōku?) est un manga shojo de Kaori Yuki en vingt tomes, initialement publié dans le magazine Hana to yume (alif dari tara da casa'in da hudu zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu). Arc na farko na manga Assiah an daidaita shi zuwa anime azaman OVA uku. Fantasy a cikin nau'i da wahayi daga tatsuniyoyi na Yahudanci-Kirista a cikin tsarin Japan na zamani na wallafe-wallafe, jerin zane-zane suna ma'amala da soyayya, tashin hankali, hauka da ɗabi'a, musamman lalata, da yanayin Allah da sauran tambayoyin falsafa Takaitaccen labarin Tsakanin mahaifin da ba ya nan da wata uwa da aka sake ta, wani matashi dan kasar Japan mai shekaru goma sha shida, Setsuna Mudô, ya nutse cikin aikata laifi kuma ya fuskanci soyayya mai tsauri ga kanwarsa, Sara, ita kadai ce za ta iya hana shi fashe-fashen tashin hankali. Wata rana, ya sadu da wata yarinya mai farin jini da kawarta mai suna Kouraï da Arachnée. Ya gano yanayin aljani na duo, wanda ke bayyana masa ainihin ainihin sa. Setsuna ya zama reincarnation na ƙarshe na mala'ikan da ya mutu Alexiel, wanda aka la'anta don ya tayar da tawaye ga Allah. A lokaci guda kuma, wani saurayi mai ban mamaki da tattoo a goshinsa, cherub Katan, yana neman kammala sakin ubangidansa. Rochel, ɗan'uwan tagwaye na azzalumi kuma megalomaniac Alexiel, 'yar uwarsa ta kulle don dakatar da yuwuwar halaka, ya dawo duniya sannan ya fara bin Setsuna. Yana son halayen Alexiel da aka binne ya sake tashi, wanda yake jin cakuda ƙaya da ƙayatarwa da ƙiyayya Halaye Bugawa An fara buga wannan manga a mujallar Hana zuwa Yume, daga shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu Akwai bugu biyu na ɗaure, a cikin mujalladi ashirin da goma bi da bi. An buga fitowar juzu'i ashirin a cikin Faransanci ta bugun Tonkam juzu'i 1 ISBN 2-84580-373-7 juzu'i 2 ISBN 2-84580-025-8 juzu'i 3 ISBN 2-84580-026-6 juzu'i 4 ISBN 2-84580-080-0 juzu'i 5 ISBN 2-84580-081-9 juzu'i 6 ISBN 2-84580-082-7 juzu'i 7 ISBN 2-84580-110-6 juzu'i 8 ISBN 2-84580-111-4 juzu'i 9 ISBN 2-84580-137-8 juzu'i 10 ISBN 2-84580-141-6 juzu'i na 11 ISBN 2-84580-168-8 juzu'i na 12 ISBN 2-84580-023-1 juzu'i na 13 ISBN 2-84580-170-X juzu'i na 14 ISBN 2-84580-171-8 juzu'i na 15 ISBN 2-84580-172-6 juzu'i na 16 ISBN 2-84580-248-X juzu'i na 17 ISBN 2-84580-249-8 juzu'i na 18 ISBN 2-84580-250-1 juzu'i na 19 ISBN 2-84580-293-5 juzu'i na 20 ISBN 2-84580-018-5 Tonkam a halin yanzu tana fitar da wani tsari mai mahimmanci na reissue na Angel Sanctuary, yana haɗa ayyuka daban-daban (misali. The Underworld, a cikin wani juzu'i). An riga an fitar da juzu'i goma na wannan bugu na deluxe. Baya ga labarin, akwai katuna masu launi guda biyu a kowane juzu'i. An ƙara ƙamus zuwa shafukan ƙarshe na waɗannan sake fitowa. Viz Communications ne ke kula da bugu na Ingilishi, kuma Tong Li Publishing ya yi bugu na Sinanci. Buga na Jamus, wanda Carlsen Comics ta yi, an buga shi tsakanin Afrilu 2001 da Yuni 2004 A cikin Italiyanci, Planet Manga ta buga wannan manga daga Maris 2001 zuwa Afrilu 2003 Mayu shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu, an fitar da mabiyi kuma an buga shi a cikin mujallar kan layi ta Jafananci Hana Yume Ai a ƙarƙashin taken "Mai Tsarkin Mala'iku Tokyo Chronos". Ma'aikatan OVA Studio Zauren Fim Darakta Kiyoko Sayama mai tsara hali Shuichi Shimamura Mawaƙiya Hikaru Nanase A cewar aikin Kaori Yuki Daraktocin fasaha Junichiro Nishikawa, Itsuko Takeda, Shuichi Shimamura, Hitoshi Morikawa Rubutun Kiyoko Sayama Animation Shuichi Shimamura, Masami Shimodo Production Satoshi Kubo, Katsunori Haruta Karin bayani Littafi Mai Tsarki Patrick Gaumer, Angel Sanctuary dans Dictionnaire mondial de la BD, Paris, Larousse, 2010 (ISBN 9782035843319), p. 

21501

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Tarok

Mutanen Tarok

Tarok al'umma ce ta noma a cikin tsaunuka da filayen kudu maso gabashin jihar Filato, Tsakiyar, Najeriya Mutanen Tarok Mutanen Tarok suna kiran kansu oTárók, yarensu na iTárók da ƙasarsu ìTàrók. Ana samun su musamman a Langtang-North, Langtang-South, Wase, Mikang da Kanke Kananan hukumomin (LGAs) na jihar Plateau a Tsakiyar Nigeria Babban garin su na Langtang yana da tazarar kusan kilomita 186 kudu maso gabashin Jos, babban birnin jihar. Ana kuma samun su da yawa a cikin Shendam, Qua'an-Pan, Kanam, Lkss da kuma wani yanki na Tafawa Balewa LGA na jihar Bauchi Sur (Tapshin). Yankunan da ke warwatse a cikin jihohin Nasarawa da Taraba al’umman Tarok ne. Fitzpatrick (1910), Roger Blench, Lamle (1995), Famwang da kuma Longtau (1997) ne suka bayyana mutanen har zuwa wani ɗan lokaci a cikin ayyukan ɗan adam da na ɗabi'a. OTárók haɗuwa ce ta mutane daban-daban waɗanda yanzu suka kafa ƙungiya 'mai kama da juna'. Mazaɓun sun kasance daga Pe, Ngas, Jukun, Boghom, Tel Montol kuma wataƙila asalin Tal ne, yayin da wasu kuma har yanzu basu da tabbas ko ba'a sani ba. Al'adar a ƙaramar matakin tana nuna wannan haɗakar mutanen Tarok. Maida hankali anan shine bayanin yaren su. Sunan Yaren A cikin adabin, an yi amfani da wasu sunaye don Tarok azaman Appa, Yergam da ire-irensu na Yergum da Yergem. Sunan Tarok da kansa wasu sun rubuta shi da kuskure kamar yadda Taroh. Sunan Appa a wani bangaren Jukun na amfani da shi don komawa oTarok a matsayin kalmar abota. Waɗannan sabbin fahimtar suna nuni zuwa ga ƙarshe cewa Tarok wani laƙabi ne da aka ba baƙin haure Tal Ngas. Sunan rukunin asali ya ɓace kuma an maye gurbinsa da laƙabi. Kalmar Pe-Tarok tana nufin mutanen da suka fara magana da ainihin asalin harshen da ake kira Tarok a yau rashin daidaito duk da haka. Asalin mutane na iya zama batun magana, amma a bayyane yake cewa Proto-Tarok shine mahaifin yare wanda aka sani da Tarok a yau (duk abinda ya kasance asalin sunan su). Tarok a cikin teku na yarukan Chadi Longtau ya bayyana Tarok a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Benuwe Kongo wanda kusan yake nitse cikin ruwan tekun Chadi. Waɗannan yarukan sun hada da Ngas, Tel, Boghom, Hausa Fulfulde da Yiwom. Makwabtanta wadanda ba ‘yan Chadi ba su ne Pe, Jukun-Wase da Yangkam. Tarok ya yadu sosai a karni na ashirin kuma yanzu yana iyaka da garin Wapan a kudu maso gabas. Harsunan Chadic suna cikin dangin harshe daban da ake kira Afroasiatic Longtau ya bayyana cewa Tarok ya zauna a gidan su na yanzu tun kafin motsi na gabas da kudu na Boghom da Ngas bi da bi. Tarihin Tarok Nankap Elias Lamle (2001) wani masanin halayyar ɗan adam wanda yake koyarwa a Jami'ar Jos a Nijeriya ya bayyana cewa a farkon ƙarni na ashirin mutane daga wasu ƙabilu kamar Tal, Ngas, Jukun, Tel (Montol Dwal) da Yiwom (Gerkawa) suka yi ƙaura suka zauna tare da dangin Timwat da Funyallang na farko. Mutane daga waɗannan ƙabilun sun zo ne a matsayin baƙi masu aiki. Mutanen Timwat da Funyallang sun basu filaye don zama a Tarokland bayan sun yiwa tsohuwar aiki. Mulkin mallaka da Kiristanci sun shigo Tarokland ta shekarar 1904 (Lamle 1995). Mazaunan farko ba za su iya amincewa da mishaneri da masu mulkin mallaka ba saboda irin wannan ba ya ƙarfafa mutanensu su haɗu da su. tare da shigar da zamani zamani masu hijira daga baya zuwa Tarokland sun yi amfani da alaƙar su da mishaneri da ‘yan mulkin mallaka don samun ilimin yamma da shiga soja. A yau waɗannan 'yan ciranin na baya suna kan jagorancin al'amuran Najeriya saboda irin wannan kokarin amfani da tasirinsu don canza tarihi (cf. Lamle 2005). Bugu da ƙari, Lamle ya tabbatar da cewa tsarin ƙaura na Tarok yana goyan bayan maganganun a sama kuma ya dogara ne da cewa harshen Tarok ɓangare ne na dangin yare na Benuwe Congo. Koyaya, sauran mutanen gidan masu yaren Cadi, kamar su Ngas, Boghom, Tel (Montol) da Yiwom, sun koma gidan Benuwe Kongo kuma an basu cikakken matsayin Tarok (Lamle 1998). Hakanan Jukun, wanda ke magana da yarukan gidan harsunan Benuwe Congo, ya shiga cikin Tarok. Abin da ake kira mutanen Tarok hakika haɗuwa ce da yawa daga ƙungiyoyin yare da yare (Lamle a shekarae shekarar 2008). Al'adu Mutanen Tarok suna da tsafin kakanninsu wanda ke riƙe da babbar daraja da mahimmancin gaske, duk da yawan shigar Kiristanci yankin. Magabatan, orìm, suna da wakiltar maza da mata masu maza bayan haihuwa. Ayyuka na ƙungiya suna faruwa a cikin tsaffin kurmi a gefen kusan duk ƙauyukan Tarok. Yawanci ana jin Orím, amma ana fitowa a matsayin adadi a cikin wasu yanayi, musamman don horon mata 'masu taurin kai' da yin annabce-annabce. Ƙididdigar Orìm suna magana ta hanyar muryar murya a cikin harshe mai ɗigo da kalmomin lambobi duk da cewa an tsara su a cikin daidaitaccen Tarok kuma ana fassara maganganun su ta hanyar adon da ba a rufe su ba. Kowane yanki na Tarok kowane irin girma yana da tsattsarkan alfarma a wajan sa, wanda aka kiyaye shi azaman wurin theauren ko kakanni. Kalmar mufuradi, rìrìm, ana amfani da ita ne ga mutumin da ya mutu ko kakanni, yayin da orìm ke nufin magabata da kuma al'adun kansu. Maza sama da wasu shekarun suna da izinin shiga cikin kurmi kuma suyi hulɗa tare da kakanni. Waɗannan suna zaune a cikin ƙasar da suka mutu kuma don haka suna cikin haɗuwa da duk waɗanda suka mutu, gami da matasa da yara waɗanda ba a ba su izinin wannan ba. A wasu ranaku lokacin da 'orím suka fita', dole ne mata da yara su zauna a gidajensu. Hakanan ana iya ganin Orim 'sanye da tufafi', watau ya zama kamar mastarori, lokacin da suke hulɗa da mata ta hanyar mai fassara. Abin mamaki, yawancin Tarok Krista ne kuma Langtang yana karɓar baƙuncin wasu manyan majami'u, amma haɗuwa da ƙaura tare da iko yana tabbatar da cewa waɗannan tsarin biyu suna ci gaba da rayuwa tare. Tabbas, an ce orím na kula da ziyartar gidajen janar-janar da suka yi ritaya da sauran manyan mutane masu fada a ji da daddare don karfafa dankon da ke tsakanin nau’ikan iko biyu daban. Ìungiyar Orím tana da daraja, a ma'anar cewa akwai mambobin da ba a fara su ba don haka ba za a bari su shiga cikin sirrin cikin jama'a ba. Wasu kalmomin ma'anar sune don ɓoyewa na ciki, ma'ana, akwai kalmomin kalmomi tsakanin membobin dattawa don ɓoye ma'anar abin da ake faɗi daga ƙananan membobi. Babban aikin ƙa'idoji daga mahangar waje shine kiyaye tsari, na ruhaniya da na zahiri, a tsakanin al'umma amma kuma don shirin yaƙi da sauran ayyukan gama kai. A aikace, kiyaye oda alama ce ta ladabtar da mata, waɗanda aka tilasta su dafa abinci azaman horo na kasala ko 'taurin kai'. Ana kiran wannan rukuni na orìm orìm aga., A zahiri 'masquerade wanda ke ba da matsala' kuma ƙwarewarta ita ce tarar mata. Akwai lokacin musamman, aga. 'lokacin wahala', don biyan tara ga masu laifi. Hakanan ma'anar suna cikin ma'amala da matattu kuma an yi imanin cewa ruhohin yara da suka mutu suna buƙatar ciyarwa; saboda haka za su nemi abinci na musamman daga uwar irin waɗannan yara. Orìm kuma suna da aiyukan kashe aure; misali, ƴan mata suna gaya wa orim sunan saurayin da za su so su aura, kuma suna neman hanyoyin isar da saƙo. Yanar gizo Tarok An ƙirƙira rukunin gidan yanar gizon mutanen Tarok kwanan nan kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Disamba, 27th 2013. An ƙirƙireshi ne da nufin bunƙasa al'adunsu da al'adunsu, wanda zai zama babbar hanya ga tsara mai zuwa. Hakanan yana matsayin hanya don hulɗa tsakanin membobinta kuma azaman murya don fitar da ra'ayoyinsu. Ana nufin inganta haɗin kai ta hanyoyi daban-daban tsakanin Taroks. An dakatar da shi a ƙarshen 2014. Fitattun mutanen Tarok Domkat Bali, soja Joseph Nanven Garba, soja Dindam D. Killi, Esq, lauya kuma mai fafutuka Beni Lar, ɗan siyasa (majalisar wakilai) Solomon D. Lar, shugaba Daniel Lamda Bongtur, (HRH Madakin Langtang), Masarauta Victor Lar, ɗan siyasa (Majalisar Dattawa) John Nanzip Shagaya, soja Jeremiah Useni, soja []Jonah Domfa Wuyep]], soja Esther Bali, marubuciya Sim Shagaya, Dan Kasuwa Makale Ya Bongtur, Mawaki, Mai wasan kwaikwayo Solomon Selcap Dalung, Dan siyasa (minista) Manyil Dashe, Mai bincike Manazarta Mutanen Afirka Mutanen Najeriya Al'ada Al'umma Al'ummomi Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun Najeriya Harsunan

30229

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafin%20Kansa

Zafin Kansa

Ciwo a cikin ciwon daji na iya tasowa daga matsewar ƙwayar cuta ko shiga sassan jikin da ke kusa; daga jiyya da hanyoyin bincike; ko daga fata, jijiya da sauran canje-canjen da ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa na hormone ko amsawar rigakafi. Yawancin ciwo na yau da kullum (dadewa) yana haifar da rashin lafiya kuma mafi yawan ciwo mai tsanani (na gajeren lokaci) yana haifar da magani ko hanyoyin bincike. Koyaya, aikin rediyo, tiyata da chemotherapy na iya haifar da yanayi mai raɗaɗi wanda ke daɗe bayan an gama jiyya. Kasancewar jin zafi ya dogara ne akan wurin da ciwon daji yake da kuma matakin cutar. A kowane lokaci, kusan rabin mutanen da aka gano suna da mummunar cutar kansa suna fama da ciwo, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku na wadanda ke fama da ciwon daji suna fama da zafi na irin wannan tsanani wanda ya yi mummunar tasiri ga barci, yanayi, zamantakewar zamantakewa da kuma ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullum. Tare da ingantaccen kulawa, ana iya kawar da ciwon daji ko kuma sarrafa shi sosai a cikin 80% zuwa 90% na lokuta, amma kusan 50% na masu fama da ciwon daji a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suna samun ƙasa da kulawa mafi kyau. A duk duniya, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji suna samun ɗan magani kaɗan ko babu. Ciwon daji a cikin yara da kuma mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ba a yi musu magani ba. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da sauran su ne suka buga ka'idojin amfani da kwayoyi wajen kula da ciwon daji. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna da haƙƙin ɗabi'a don tabbatar da cewa, duk lokacin da zai yiwu, majiyyaci ko mai kula da majiyyaci suna da masaniya game da haɗari da fa'idodin da ke tattare da zaɓuɓɓukan sarrafa ciwo Ingantacciyar kulawar jin zafi na iya ɗan ɗan rage rayuwar mutum da ke mutuwa. Ciwo An lasafta ciwo a matsayin m (gajeren lokaci) ko na yau da kullum (dogon lokaci). Jin zafi na yau da kullun na iya kasancewa mai ci gaba tare da haɓaka mai kaifi lokaci-lokaci cikin ƙarfi (flares), ko tsaka-tsaki: lokutan rashin jin zafi da ke haɗuwa da lokutan zafi. Duk da jin zafi da ake sarrafa shi da kyau ta hanyar magunguna masu dadewa ko wasu jiyya, ana iya jin bacin rai lokaci-lokaci; wannan shi ake kira ciwon ci gaba, kuma ana bi da shi tare da maganin analgesics masu saurin aiki. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da ciwo mai tsanani suna lura da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da matsalolin kulawa. Gwajin tunani mai ma'ana ya samo matsaloli tare da ƙwaƙwalwa, hankali, ikon magana, sassaucin tunani da saurin tunani. Har ila yau, ciwo yana haɗuwa da ƙara yawan damuwa, damuwa, tsoro, da fushi. Ciwo mai tsayi yana rage aiki da kuma rayuwar rayuwa gabaɗaya, kuma yana lalata da rashin ƙarfi ga mutumin da ke fama da ciwo da kuma waɗanda ke kula da su. Ƙarfin zafi ya bambanta da rashin jin daɗi. Alal misali, yana yiwuwa ta hanyar ilimin halin mutum da wasu magungunan ƙwayoyi, ko kuma ta hanyar shawarwari (kamar yadda yake a cikin hypnosis da placebo don rage ko kawar da rashin jin daɗi na ciwo ba tare da rinjayar ƙarfinsa ba. Wani lokaci, ciwon da ake samu a wani sashe na jiki yana jin kamar yana fitowa daga wani sashe na jiki. Wannan shi ake kira ciwon kai Za a iya haifar da ciwo a cikin ciwon daji ta hanyar inji (misali pinching) ko sinadarai (misali kumburi) ƙwanƙwasawa na ƙwararrun jijiyoyi masu alamar ciwo da aka samo a yawancin sassan jiki (wanda ake kira ciwon nociceptive ko kuma yana iya haifar da cututtuka, lalacewa ko matsawa. jijiyoyi, a cikin abin da ake kira ciwon neuropathic Ciwon neuropathic sau da yawa yana tare da wasu ji kamar fil da allura Bayanin mai haƙuri shine mafi kyawun ma'aunin zafi; yawanci ana tambayar su don ƙididdige ƙima akan sikelin 0-10 (tare da 0 ba tare da ciwo ba kuma 10 shine mafi munin zafi da suka taɓa ji). Wasu marasa lafiya, duk da haka, na iya kasa ba da amsa ta baki game da zafinsu. A cikin waɗannan lokuta dole ne ku dogara ga alamun ilimin lissafi kamar yanayin fuska, motsin jiki, da murya kamar nishi. Dalili Kimanin kashi 75 cikin dari na ciwon daji na haifar da cutar da kanta; mafi yawan saura ana haifar da su ta hanyoyin bincike da magani. Tumor mai alaƙa Ciwon ciwace-ciwace suna haifar da zafi ta hanyar murƙushewa ko shigar da nama, haifar da kamuwa da cuta ko kumburi, ko sakin sinadarai waɗanda ke sa abubuwan motsa jiki marasa raɗaɗi. Mamaye kashi ta hanyar ciwon daji shine mafi yawan tushen ciwon daji. Yawancin lokaci ana jin shi azaman taushi, tare da ciwon baya akai-akai da kuma lokuta na tashin hankali na kai tsaye ko motsi, kuma ana bayyana shi akai-akai da mai tsanani. Karayar haƙarƙari ya zama ruwan dare a cikin ƙirjin nono, prostate da sauran cututtukan daji tare da metastases. Tsarin jijiya (jini) na iya shafar ciwace-ciwace masu ƙarfi. Tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 25 na thrombosis mai zurfi yana haifar da ciwon daji (sau da yawa ta hanyar ciwace-ciwacen daji) kuma yana iya zama alamar farko cewa ciwon daji ya kasance. Yana haifar da kumburi da zafi a ƙafafu, musamman maraƙi, da (da wuya) a cikin hannuwa. Mafi girma vena cava (babban jijiya dauke da kewayawa, de-oxygenated jini a cikin zuciya) na iya matsawa da wani ƙari, haifar da m vena cava ciwo, wanda zai iya haifar da kirji bango zafi a tsakanin sauran bayyanar cututtuka. Lokacin da ciwace-ciwacen daji suka damfara, mamayewa ko ƙone sassa na tsarin jijiya (kamar kwakwalwa, kashin baya, jijiyoyi, ganglia ko plexa suna iya haifar da ciwo da sauran alamun. Ko da yake naman kwakwalwa ba su ƙunshi na'urori masu auna zafi ba, ciwon daji na kwakwalwa na iya haifar da ciwo ta hanyar danna kan tasoshin jini ko membrane da ke rufe kwakwalwa meninges ko a kaikaice ta hanyar haifar da tarin ruwa edema wanda zai iya matsawa nama mai jin zafi. Jin zafi daga ciwon daji na gabobin, irin su ciki ko hanta ciwowar visceral yana yaduwa kuma yana da wuya a gano, kuma sau da yawa ana magana da shi zuwa mafi nisa, yawanci na sama, shafuka. Mamaye nama mai laushi ta hanyar ciwace-ciwacen daji na iya haifar da ciwo ta hanyar kumburi ko injin motsa jiki na na'urori masu auna zafi, ko lalata tsarin wayar hannu kamar ligaments, tendons da skeletal tsokoki. Ciwon da ciwon daji ke haifarwa a cikin ƙashin ƙugu ya bambanta dangane da abin da ya shafa. Yana iya bayyana a wurin ciwon daji amma sau da yawa yana haskakawa zuwa cinya na sama, kuma yana iya komawa zuwa ƙananan baya, al'aurar waje ko perineum Hanyoyin bincike Wasu hanyoyin bincike, irin su lumbar huda (duba post-dural-puncture ciwon kai venipuncture, paracentesis, da thoracentesis na iya zama mai raɗaɗi. Jiyya da ke da alaƙa Maganin ciwon daji mai iya ƙunawa sun haɗa da: immunotherapy wanda zai iya haifar da haɗin gwiwa ko ciwon tsoka; radiotherapy, wanda zai iya haifar da halayen fata, enteritis, fibrosis, myelopathy, necrosis kashi, neuropathy ko plexopathy chemotherapy, sau da yawa hade da chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy, mucositis, ciwon haɗin gwiwa, ciwon tsoka, da ciwon ciki saboda zawo ko maƙarƙashiya; maganin hormone, wanda wani lokaci yana haifar da ciwo mai zafi; hanyoyin da aka yi niyya, irin su trastuzumab da rituximab, wanda zai iya haifar da tsoka, haɗin gwiwa ko ciwon kirji; masu hana angiogenesis kamar bevacizumab, wanda aka sani a wasu lokuta yana haifar da ciwon kashi; tiyata, wanda zai iya haifar da ciwon bayan tiyata, ciwo bayan yankewa ko kuma myalgia na pelvic. Kamuwa da cuta Canje-canjen sinadarai da ke da alaƙa da kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta ko naman da ke kewaye da shi na iya haifar da haɓakar zafi da sauri, amma kamuwa da cuta wani lokaci ana mantawa da shi azaman mai yiwuwa dalili. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa kamuwa da cuta shine dalilin ciwo a cikin kashi hudu na kusan mutane 300 da ke fama da ciwon daji da aka kira don rage jin zafi. Wani rahoto ya bayyana wasu mutane bakwai da ke fama da cutar kansa, wadanda a baya-bayanan ciwon da aka sarrafa su ya karu sosai a cikin kwanaki da yawa. Maganin rigakafi ya haifar da jin zafi a cikin su duka a cikin kwanaki uku. Gudanarwa Maganin ciwon daji yana nufin sauƙaƙe zafi tare da ƙananan sakamako masu illa na jiyya, ƙyale mutum kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa da matakin aiki da kuma mutuwa marar zafi. Kodayake kashi 80-90 na ciwon daji za a iya kawar da shi ko kuma a sarrafa shi sosai, kusan rabin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba da kuma fiye da kashi 80 cikin dari na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji a duk duniya suna samun kulawa mafi kyau. Ciwon daji yana canzawa a tsawon lokaci, kuma kulawa da ciwo yana buƙatar yin la'akari da wannan. Ana iya buƙatar nau'ikan magani daban-daban yayin da cutar ke ci gaba. Masu kula da ciwo ya kamata su bayyana wa marasa lafiya a fili dalilin ciwon da kuma yiwuwar jiyya daban-daban, kuma ya kamata suyi la'akari, da kuma maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, gyaran gyare-gyaren cututtuka kai tsaye, tayar da kofa na ciwo, katsewa, lalata ko ƙarfafa hanyoyin jin zafi, da bada shawara. gyara salon rayuwa. Taimakawa na tunani, zamantakewa da damuwa na ruhaniya shine mabuɗin mahimmanci a cikin ingantaccen kulawar ciwo. Mutumin da ba za a iya sarrafa ciwonsa da kyau ba ya kamata a tura shi zuwa ga likitan kwantar da hankali ko ƙwararren kula da ciwo ko asibiti. Ilimin halin dan Adam Dabarun magancewa Hanyar da mutum ke amsawa ga jin zafi yana rinjayar tsananin zafin su (matsakaici), matakin nakasa da suke fuskanta, da kuma tasirin zafi akan yanayin rayuwarsu Dabarun da mutane ke amfani da su don magance ciwon daji sun haɗa da neman taimakon wasu; dagewa tare da ayyuka duk da ciwo; karkatarwa; sake yin tunani mara kyau; da addu'a ko al'ada. Wasu mutanen da ke fama da ciwo suna mayar da hankali kan da kuma kara girman ma'anar barazanar zafi, kuma suna kimanta ikon su na magance ciwo a matsayin matalauta. Ana kiran wannan ɗabi'a "catastrophizing". Ƙananan binciken da aka gudanar a yanzu zuwa bala'i a cikin ciwon daji sun nuna cewa yana da alaƙa da matakan zafi da damuwa na tunani. Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji waɗanda suka yarda cewa jin zafi zai dawwama kuma duk da haka suna iya yin rayuwa mai ma'ana ba su da sauƙi ga bala'i da baƙin ciki a cikin binciken daya. Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji waɗanda ke da maƙasudin maƙasudi, da dalili da kuma nufin cimma waɗannan manufofin, an samo su a cikin binciken biyu don samun ƙananan ƙananan matakan zafi, gajiya da damuwa. Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji waɗanda ke da kwarin gwiwa kan fahimtar yanayin su da maganinta, kuma suna da tabbaci kan iyawar su (a) sarrafa alamun su, (b) yin haɗin gwiwa cikin nasara tare da masu kula da su na yau da kullun da (c) sadarwa yadda ya kamata tare da masu ba da kiwon lafiya sun sami kwarewa mafi kyau. sakamakon zafi. Don haka ya kamata likitoci su ɗauki matakai don ƙarfafawa da sauƙaƙe sadarwa mai inganci, kuma yakamata suyi la'akari da shiga tsakani na zamantakewa Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Cutar

30356

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hardkiss

The Hardkiss

Hardkiss (Mai salo kamar The HARDKISS ƙungiya ce ta mawakan rock na kasar Ukraine. Hardkiss ya shiga cikin zaɓi na ƙasar Ukraine don Gasar Waƙar Eurovision 2016 tare da waƙar "Helpless". Kungiyar ta sanya ta 2 a wasan karshe na kasa. Tarihi An kafa Hardkiss a shekara ta 2011 wanda mawaƙiya Julia Sanina da mawakin jita Valeriy Bebko suka samar. A watan Satumba kungiyar ta gabatar da su wakar su na bidiyo na farko "Babila". Sun bude taro da wakar Hurts a ranar 20 ga Oktoba da Solange Knowles a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba a Kyiv. A cikin 2012, an zabi Hardkiss don kyautar MTV Europe Music Award for Best Ukrainian Act. Ƙungiyar ta yi wasa a bikin MIDEM na ranar 29 ga Janairu. A cikin 2013, Hardkiss sun lashe lambobin yabo biyu "Best New Act" da "Best Music Video" (ga furodusa Valeriy Bebko don shirin Make-Up na lambar yabo ta A ranar 18 ga Mayu, ƙungiyar ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Green a birnin Kyiv. Sun bude lambar yabo ta Muz-TV Music Awards a ranar 7 ga Yuni. A waccan shekarar Hardkiss ya zama "murya da fuska" na Pepsi a Ukraine. Ƙungiyar ta shiga cikin yawon shakatawa na Pepsi Stars na Yanzu (a cikin garuruwa 16). A cikin 2014 Hardkiss sunyi wasan kai tsaye a Park Live Festival, kuma ya raba matakin tare da The Prodigy, Deftones, da Skillet. A cikin 2015, an sake zabar kungiyar don lambar yabo ta YUNA, bayan da ya ci nasara a cikin zabuka biyu "The best music album" (album Stones and Honey) da kuma "The best song" (single Stones). A cikin 2016, sun shiga cikin zaɓi na ƙasar Ukraine don gasar Eurovision Song Contest 2016. Julia Sanina ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai huɗu a jerin na bakwai na The X Factor Ukraine. A cikin 2018, ƙungiyar ta sami lambobin yabo biyu a YUNA: Best Rock Band da kuma Best Song in Ukraine ("Zhuravli"). Membobi Current members Julia Sanina vocals (2011–present) Valeriy "Val" Bebko guitar (2011–present) Klim Lysiuk bass guitar (2016–present) Yevhen Kibeliev drums (2019–present) Former members Pol Solonar keyboards (2011–2013) Vitaliy Oniskevich keyboards (2013–2016) Roman Skorobahatko guitar (2013–2018) Kreechy (Dmytro Smotrov) drums (2011–2019) Mawallafin waƙoƙin kungiyar itace Julia Sanina da Valeriy Bebko. Har ila yau, Valeriy Bebko shi ne mai shirya fina-finai na The Hardkiss da darektan bidiyo. Wakoki Albam 2014 Duwatsu da zuma 2017 Cikakkiyar Ƙarya 2018 2021 Albam na kai-tsaye 2020 Rayuwa EPs 2015 Cold Altair Singles 2011 "Babila" 2011 "Dance Tare da Ni" 2012 "Make-Up" 2012 "Oktoba" 2013 "Sashe Na Ni" 2013 "A Soyayya" 2013 "A ƙarƙashin Sun" 2013 "Shadows of Time" 2013 "Ka Faɗa Mani Ɗan'uwa" 2014 "Hurricane" 2014 "Dutse" 2014 "Strange Moves" feat. KAZAKY 2015 "PiBiP" 2015 "Organ" 2015 "Tony, Magana!" 2016 "Babu Taimako" 2016 "cikakke!" 2016 "Rain" 2016 "Kusa" 2017 "Antida" 2017 "Uravli" 2017 "Masoya" 2017 "Kwafi" 2018 "MAYADIYA" 2018 "Ku 'Yantar da ni" 2018 "Kasuwanci" 2019 "Tsarin" 2019 2019 "Yiva" 2020 "Kashi" 2020 "Gora" 2020 feat. MONATIK 2020 "Babu mai kyau" 2021 "Mai" 2021 "7 2021 "Serstra" Duba kuma Ukraine a gasar Eurovision Song Contest 2016 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje The Hardkiss's channel on YouTube The HARDKISS on Facebook The Hardkiss on Instagram The HARDKISS on VK Kungiyar mawakan Ukraine Kungiyar mawaka na mata Kungiyoyin da aka kirkira a

9037

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajuru

Kajuru

Kajuru Adara: Ajure) karamar hukuma ce a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. Hedkwatarta tana cikin garin Kajuru. Karamar hukumar tana kan Longitude 9° 59'N da 10° 55'N da latitude 7° 34'E da 8° 13'E, mai fadin 2,229 km2 Tarihi An sassaka ta ne daga karamar hukumar Chikun a watan Maris a shekara ta 1997 da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Gen. Gwamnatin Sani Abacha A lokacin halitta, ta ƙunshi gundumomi biyu na gargajiya, Kajuru da Kufana. An ƙirƙiri ƙarin gundumomi, wanda ya kawo adadin zuwa gundumomi 14 (Toro 2001), yanzu 10. Iyakoki Karamar hukumar Kajuru tana da iyaka da karamar hukumar Igabi a arewa, karamar hukumar Chikun daga yamma, karamar hukumar Kauru a gabas, karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf da karamar hukumar Kachia a kudu maso yamma da kudu. Ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa Karamar hukumar Kajuru ta kunshi sassa 10 (bangaren gudanarwa na biyu), wato: Afogo Buda Idon Kajuru Kallah Kasuwan Magani Kufana Maro Rimau Tantattu Yawan jama'a Karamar Hukumar Kajuru Ajure tana da yawan jama'a 109,810 bisa ga kidayar jama'ar kasa ta shekarar 2006. Hukumar Kididdiga ta Najeriya da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Kasa ta yi hasashen yawanta zai kai 148,200 nan da 21 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2016. Mutane Babbar kabilar ita ce Adara Bahaushe na kiran mutanen Adara da Kadara Sauran sun hada da Hausawa da mazauna yankin kamar Hausawa, Fulani, Yarbawa, da Igbo, da dai sauransu daga sassa daban-daban na jiha da kasa. Addini Manyan addinai guda uku a kasar, Kiristanci, Musulunci da kuma Addinin Afirka na gargajiya, ana yin su a yankin. Yanayi Bisa ga rabe-raben yanayi na Köppen, karamar hukumar Kajuru na yankin Aw ne da ke dauke da damina da rani daban-daban. Mafi mahimmancin sauyin yanayi a yankin binciken sun haɗa da yanayin zafi, ruwan sama da ɗanɗano zafi. Zazzabi Yankin binciken yana fuskantar babban zafin jiki a duk shekara, wanda shine yanayin yanayin zafi. Matsakaicin zafin rana a yankin na iya kaiwa sama da 34 °C tsakanin watannin Maris da Mayu. Zazzabi zai iya zama ƙasa da 20 °C tsakanin Disamba zuwa Janairu. Wannan ƙananan zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa da zafi saboda bushewar iskar harmattan. Ruwan sama da yanayin zafi Yankin binciken yana da yanayi guda biyu kamar yadda aka ambata a baya. Wadannan yanayi guda biyu an ƙaddara su ta hanyar iska guda biyu masu rinjaye da ke kadawa a yankin a lokuta daban-daban a cikin shekara. Daya daga cikin yawan iska shine arewa maso gabas, wanda shine yawan iskar nahiyoyin da ke tashi daga watan Nuwamba zuwa farkon Maris. A wannan lokacin, hazo yana da ƙasa sosai ko ba ya nan. Yawan iska ya bushe kuma yana ɗauke da ƙura. Yawan iska na biyu shine kudu maso yamma, wanda ke farawa daga ƙarshen Maris kuma ya ƙare a kusa da watan Oktoba. A wannan lokacin, hazo da zafi suna da yawa sosai kuma ruwan sama ya wuce 1,300mm a shekara. Ana samun mafi yawan ruwan sama a cikin watan Agusta; a wannan lokacin, ruwan sama yakan yi yawa sosai tare da tsawa. Dangantakar zafi tana tsakanin kashi 65 zuwa 70% a lokacin damina da tsakanin 18% zuwa 38% a lokacin rani. Taimako da magudanar ruwa Yankin na daga cikin filayen fadada arewacin Najeriya. Gabaɗaya taimako na yankin yana da kyau a sarari, tare da keɓantattun ɓangarorin dutse na inselbergs da aka samu a yankin, don haka haifar da rashin daidaituwa. Inselbergs asalinsu granitic ne, waɗanda aka samo su daga rikitattun duwatsun ginshiƙan ƙasa. Ana samun damuwa tare da darussan ruwa inda koguna ke faruwa. Yankin binciken yana gudana ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa na koguna waɗanda ke samun tushen su galibi a cikin keɓantattun wurare masu tuddai da aka samu a kusa da su. R. Rimau, R. Iri, R. kKutura. Geology da ƙasa An gano yankin da ake binciken a kan katafaren ginin kasa na kristal na arewacin Najeriya. Duwatsun ginshiƙan ƙaƙƙarfan duwatsu ne masu katsalandan da suka kasance tun zamanin Precambrian. A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta FAO, karamar hukumar Kajuru tana kunshe da kasa mai zafi mai zafi wacce ta samo asali daga yanayin yanayi mai tsanani da kuma granitisation na ginshiki, wanda ita kanta ta kunshi migmatites, gneiss, granite da schist. Gabaɗaya waɗannan ƙasa suna da magudanar ruwa da yawa kuma galibi yashi-loam da ƙasa mai laushi a cikin filayen, yayin da a cikin kwaruruka akwai wuraren da ke da ƙasa mai ruwa, waɗanda ke mamaye filayen koguna. Ƙasar da ke yankin na da ma'adinan ma'adinai don haka tana goyon bayan yawan amfanin gona a yankin. Tsire-tsire Karamar hukumar Kajuru tana yankin savannah na arewacin Najeriya-Guinea bisa la'akari da ciyayi. Tsire-tsire a nan suna fama da rikice-rikice na ɗan adam ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi don itacen mai, noma, da ayyukan gine-gine. Haka nan kiwo na dabbobi yana da yawa, hade da kona daji na yanayi wanda ya shahara a lokacin rani. An rage ciyayi zuwa ciyawa, shrubs da filin shakatawa; Ana samun 'yan dogayen bishiyu, galibi a kan hanyoyin ruwa. Ana samun bishiyoyin wuraren shakatawa a fili da ake noma, inda kusan ko'ina ake samun ciyayi sai wuraren da ake noman. Bishiyoyin gama gari da aka samu a yankin sun hada da Isoberlinia doka, African locust bean, gao tree, African mahogany, mango, da dai sauransu. Haka kuma ana kashe ciyayi masu yawa musamman a lokacin damina. Wannan yana tallafawa yawancin shanu da sauran dabbobi masu ciyawa a lokacin damina. Nau'in ciyawa na kowa shine Albazia zygia, Tridax procumbens, da Landolphia spp da sauransu. A lokacin damina ciyayi suna koraye amma suna yin launin ruwan kasa a lokacin rani. Ayyukan tattalin arziki Kajuru tattalin arzikin noma ne mai tushen noma tare da noma a matsayin babban aikinsa na tattalin arziki, wanda ke zama tushen sauran ayyukan. Wadannan ayyuka sun hada da noman abinci da tsabar kudi, kiwon dabbobi, cinikin kaji da sana'o'in hannu. Babban tsarin noma da ake yi shi ne noman da manoma ke nomawa, inda mutane kalilan ne suka saka hannun jarin noma na kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dimbin kayan amfanin gona. Ana yin noman rani kadan a yankin ta mutanen da ke kusa da koguna. Ana noman tumatir, barkono, kayan lambu, albasa, okra da rake a yankin Fadama. Waɗannan ƙarin samfuran suna jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa daga garuruwan da ke kewaye kamar Kachia, Kafanchan da garin Kaduna, wanda hakan ya zama babbar hanyar samun kuɗi. Kiwon Dabbobi kuma sana’a ce mai matukar muhimmanci wacce ake gudanar da ita ta hanyar hada-hadar noma, baya ga Fulanin yankin da suka dogara da kiwon shanu. Wadannan dabbobin suna ba da taki ga gonaki, suna ba da kudin shiga kuma ana amfani da su don amfani. Dabbobi irin su shanu, awaki, alade, tumaki da kaji su ne manyan dabbobin da ake kiwo a yankin. Har ila yau, ayyukan ciniki sun zama wata muhimmiyar sana'a wadda ta haɗa duka kayan aikin noma da na noma da aka yi daga sana'a. Abubuwan jan hankali da gine-gine Kajuru Castle is a Kajuru LGA. Daban-daban Lambar gidan waya na yankin ita ce 800. Duba kuma 2019 Jihar Kaduna Kajuru Castle Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

38677

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garkuwa%20da%20mutane%20a%20Najeriya

Garkuwa da mutane a Najeriya

Garkuwa da mutane babbar matsala ce a Najeriya a farkon karni na 21. Sace-sacen da 'yan fashi da masu tayar da kayar baya ke kitsawa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan laifukan da suka addabi al'ummar Najeriya kuma babban ƙalubale ne ga tsaro a kasar. Tarihi Ana kallon satar mutane a matsayin kasuwanci mai ƙazamar riba kuma mafi karancin hanyoyin samun arziki daga masu hannu a cikin wannan laifi. Guguwar sace-sacen da ake yi a ƙasar a halin yanzu ya sa kowane mutum akan iya sacewa ba tare da la’akari da waye shi ba walau mai kuɗi ko talaka. Wannan ya sha bamban da irin garkuwa da mutane da ake yi a can baya: Satar Siyasa Wannan yana nufin sace-sacen siyasa da aka fara a masana'antar man fetur a yankin Niger Delta mai arzikin man fetur a Najeriya a farkon shekarun 2000: A yankin Neja-Delta, masu tayar da kayar baya sun yi garkuwa da ’yan ƙasashen waje da ke aiki tare da manyan kamfanonin mai na kasa da kasa, don tilasta wa kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a wurin gudanar da ayyukan ci gaban al’umma don amfanin al’ummomin da ke karɓar bakuncin ko kuma tilasta wa gwamnati yin shawarwari don samun karin fa’idojin tattalin arziki da ke tattare da baitul malin tarayya. yankin. Sace-sacen Boko Haram Boko Haram a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ta fara satar mutane a shekarar 2009 a dai dai lokacin da ake fama da rikici yankin. Sace-sacen da 'yan ta'addar masu kishin Islama wanda aka fi sani da Boko Haram ke yi, suna wannan mummunar ta'ada ne don cimma manufofinta, ɗaukar mayaka, sanya tsoro, samun ƙarin farin jini a duniya tare da tilastawa gwamnati tattaunawa da ita don neman kuɗin fansa wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi na samar da kudade don gudanar da ayyukan ta'addanci. Boko Haram sun yi garkuwa da dalibai da dama. Kafofin yaɗa labarai na duniya sun yi ta yada labarin sace ‘yan mata 276 da aka yi a shekarar 2014 a makarantar Sakandare a garin Chibok na jihar Borno, lamarin da ya sa miliyoyin mutane suka fahimci wannan takamammen laifi da kuma ta’addanci. Kungiyar Boko Haram ta kan bukaci iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa ko gwamnati ta biya su kuɗin fansa, ko kuma gwamnati ta sako fursunonin da ke cikin kungiyarsu a matsayin musaya. Kungiyar Boko Haram dai ta na tilasta wa wasu daga cikin matasan da ta yi garkuwa da su shiga kungiyar tasu don cigaba da kai hare-hare da suka haɗa har da na kuna bakin wake. 'Yan Boko Haram sun tilasta wa yawancin 'yan matan da aka kashe su aure su. Satar mutane don ƙazamin Kasuwanci Satar mutane don neman kudin fansa ya zama ruwan dare a Najeriya a shekarar 2011 ya yadu a dukkan jihohi 36 da Abuja babban birnin kasar. A watan Fabrairun 2021, 'yar jaridar Najeriya Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani ta rubuta wa BBC News, "Da alama gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da shawarar cewa ba za a iya dogaro da ita ba don kiyaye lafiyar 'yan kasa." Satar Mutane Arewa Jihar Zamfara Jihar Zamfara, ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ake fama da matsalar tsaro. Najeriya na fama da rikicin makiyaya da manoma da garkuwa da mutane da kuma fashi da makami a jihar da wasu jihohi a faɗin ƙasar. A watan Yunin 2019 ne wasu ‘yan bindiga suka kai wa wani gida hari inda suka kama mutumin tare da matansa uku da ɗansa dan shekara 13. A watan Agusta ne aka yi garkuwa da Daraktan Ƙasafin Kuɗi na jihar yayin da aka kashe mataimakinsa da su ke tafiya tare a harin. A shekarar 2019 ne gwamnan jihar Zamfara, Bello Matawalle ya ƙaddamar da shirin zaman lafiya da sulhu domin dawo da ‘yan fashin da ke kai hari tare da yin garkuwa da mutanen kauyukan zuwa gida inda za a ba su aikin yi a madaɗin garkuwa da mutane da fashi da makami da su ke yi. A watan Agustan 2019 sama da mutane 300 da aka yi garkuwa da su, wadanda aka kama suna jiran a biya su kuɗin fansa da 'yan uwa suka yi. Kwanaki kaɗan kuma an sako wasu rukunin mutane su 40 da aka yi garkuwa da su. Satar mutane a Makurɗi A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2021, wasu ‘yan bindiga sun yi garkuwa da dalibai daga Jami’ar Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Makurdi a Jihar Benue. A cewar shaidun gani da ido, an yi garkuwa da dalibai uku, amma an tabbatar da sace dalibai biyu daga baya. Wannan shi ne karo na biyar da aka yi garkuwa da mutane a Najeriya daga wata cibiyar ilimi a shekarar 2021. Hakan ya zo ne kwanaki huɗu bayan Garkuwa da wasu ɗalibai a jami'ar Greenfield, dake Jihar Kaduna. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2021, jami'ar ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke tabbatar da dawowar ɗaliban da aka sace. A cewar kakakin jami’ar, ɗaliban biyu sun dawo ne a ranar 27 ga watan Afrilun 2021 ba tare da jin rauni ba. Kudu-maso-Gabas An yi garkuwa da shugaban Cocin Methodist a Najeriya. An yi garkuwa da shugaban cocin Methodist a Najeriya, Samuel Kanu a ranar Lahadi 26 ga Mayu, 2022. An yi garkuwa da mutanen ne a kan wata babbar hanya a jihar Abia da ke kudu maso gabashin kasar. Shi da wasu limaman coci da ke tafiya filin jirgin sama na Owerri bayan wani taron coci, an yi garkuwa da su ne bayan tayoyin maharan da muka harba musu. Wata kungiyar masu garkuwa da mutane ta kasuwanci ce ta yi garkuwa da su, wadanda suka yi ikirarin sa ido kan garkuwa da mutane a yankin. Kungiyar ta kunshi galibin ‘yan ciranin Fulani ne daga kasashe da dama a yankin Sahel kamar Nijar da Mali da kuma Sudan. Duk da haka waɗannan baƙin sun yi rayuwa mai yawa a Najeriya kuma suna jin Igbo yaren asali na yankin, sosai. Karkashin barazanar kisa ta hanyar yanke gashin kai (kamar yadda abin ya faru na wadanda aka kashe ba tare da hadin kai ba), an tilasta wa firistoci biyan kudin fansa na Naira miliyan dari. Anyi hakan ta wayar tarho zuwa ga shuwagabanni da membobin cocin. An yi nufin raba kuɗaɗen ne a tsakanin ‘ya’yan kungiyar masu garkuwa da mutane da ke wurin, amma akasari ana aika su ne ga wasu manyan jami’an ƙungiyar masu garkuwa da mutane, da kuma waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyinsu. Duba kuma Manyan manyan garkuwa da mutane da suka afku a tarihin Najeriya. Sune kamar haka; Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping Satar Mutane a Jami'ar Greenfield Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kankara Satar Kaduna Garkuwa Da mutane A Kagara Satar Mutane a Jami'ar Greenfield Garkuwa da Mutane a Zamfara Harin jirgin ƙasar Abuja-Kaduna

31297

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taslim%20Olawale%20Elias

Taslim Olawale Elias

Taslim Olawale Elias (11 Nuwamba 1914 14 ga Agusta 1991) masanin shari’a ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance babban lauya kuma babban alkalin Najeriya sannan kuma alkali kuma shugaban kotun kasa da kasa. Malami ne wanda ya zamanantar da dokokin Najeriya kuma yayi mata kwaskwarima sosai. Kuruciya da karatu An haifi Elias ga dangin sarakunan gargajiya na Legas, sannan babban birnin Najeriya, a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1914. Ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a Makarantar Grammar ta Church Missionary Society da kuma Kwalejin Igbobi da ke Legas. Ya auri Ganiat Yetunde Fowosere, kuma ma’auratan za su haifi ‘ya’ya biyar tare (’ya’ya maza uku, mata biyu). Bayan ya ci jarrabawar satifiket na makarantar Cambridge, ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki a Ma’aikatar Audit na Gwamnati. A shekarar 1935 ya shiga aikin layin dogo na Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki a babban ofishin akanta na tsawon shekaru tara. Yayin da yake aiki a tasahr jirgin kasan Najeriya, Elias ya zama dalibi a jami’ar Landan, sannan ya ci jarrabawar matsakaitan digiri na BA da LLB. Ya bar Najeriya zuwa kasar Ingila a shekarar 1944 kuma ya samu gurbin shiga Jami'ar College London Kamar yadda wannan ya kasance a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, tare da Landan da ake kaiwa hari akai-akai, ya shafe wani lokaci a Kwalejin Trinity na Cambridge Ya kammala karatunsa da BA a shekarar da ya shiga Jami'ar College London kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya sami LLB. A 1947 aka kira shi zuwa mashaya a cikin Haikali na ciki, inda ya kasance Yarborough Anderson Scholar, kuma a wannan shekarar ya sami digiri na LLM. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa na digiri kuma ya zama dan Afirka na farko da ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar London a 1949. A cikin 1951 an baiwa Elias lambar yabo ta UNESCO don gudanar da bincike kan matsalolin shari'a, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Afirka. Daga baya wannan shekarar ya sami nadin karatunsa na farko, Simon Senior Research Fellow a Jami'ar Manchester A can ya kasance malami a fannin shari'a da ilimin halin ɗan adam. A shekarar 1951 ne kuma ya wallafa littafinsa na farko mai suna Nigerian Land Law and Custom Rayuwar aiki Elias ya ƙaura daga Manchester zuwa Oxford a 1954 lokacin da ya zama mabiyi a kungiyar Bincike na Oppenheimer a Cibiyar Nazarin Commonwealth, Kwalejin Nuffield da Gidan Sarauniya Elizabeth. Ya ci gaba da bincike a kan dokokin Najeriya kuma ya buga Groundwork of Nigerian Law a cikin wannan shekarar. A cikin 1956 ya kasance malami mai ziyara a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Delhi. Ya taka rawar gani wajen shirya kwasa-kwasan gwamnati, shari'a, da zamantakewar al'umma da kuma kafa Sashen Nazarin Afirka. Elias kuma ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Aligarh, Allahabad, Bombay, da Calcutta. A wannan shekarar kuma ya buga littattafai guda biyu, Makers of Nigerian Law and The Nature of African Customary Law. Ya koma Landan a shekara ta 1957 kuma an nada shi Gwamnan makarantar School of Oriental and African Studies. A matsayinsa na mai ba da shawara kan tsarin mulki da shari'a ga Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru (wanda daga baya ya zama taron kasa na 'yan Najeriya), ya halarci taron kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya na 1958 a Landan. Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka tsara tsarin mulkin Najeriya. A 1960 aka gayyaci Elias ya zama babban lauyan Najeriya kuma ministan shari’a. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi a cikin dukan jamhuriyar farko. Ko da yake daga baya aka kore shi bayan juyin mulkin a watan Janairun 1966, an mai da shi bakin aiki a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Baya ga ba da gudummawa ga dokokin Najeriya da na Afirka, Elias ya dade yana taka rawa a fagen dokokin kasa da kasa. Ya kasance memba a Hukumar Dokokin Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1961 zuwa 1975, ya zama Janar Rapporteur daga 1965 zuwa 1966 kuma ya kasance shugabanta a 1970. Ya kasance shugaban wakilan Najeriya da suka halarci taron da aka gudanar domin duba daftarin yarjejeniyar sasanta rikicin saka hannun jari tsakanin jihohi da ‘yan kasar a shekarar 1963 da kuma kwamitin musamman kan ka’idojin dokokin kasa da kasa da suka shafi dangantakar abokantaka da hadin gwiwa. tsakanin Jihohi a 1964. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Kwararru na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ya tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Kongo, 1961-1962. Ya kuma taimaka wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU), da kuma ka'idojinta na sasantawa, sulhu da sasantawa. Elias ya kuma wakilci OAU da Najeriya a gaban kotun duniya a shari'ar da ta shafi matsayin Namibiya. An zabe shi a matsayin abokin tarayya na Institut de droit international a 1969. Ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Gabaɗaya a taron Vienna kan Dokar Yarjejeniya a tsakanin (1968-1969). A 1966 an nada Elias Farfesa kuma shugaban tsangayar shari'a a Jami'ar Legas. Shekaru hudu a baya ya sami digiri na LLD daga Jami'ar London don aikinsa a kan dokokin Afirka da kuma dokokin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. (Zai ci gaba da samun digirin girmamawa na digiri 17 daga jami'o'i daban-daban na duniya Ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara karbar lambar yabo ta kasa ta Najeriya a shekarar 1979. Yawancin ayyukansa akan batutuwan shari'a daban-daban sun zamo darussan karatu a makarantun shari'a a Afirka na tsoffin ƙasashen Burtaniya. Daga baya a 1966, an sake nada Elias a matsayin babban Lauyan Najeriya kuma kwamishinan shari'a (a matsayin da ya rike yayin da ya ci gaba da zama Dean kuma Farfesa a Jami'ar Legas), har zuwa 1972, lokacin da ya zama Alkalin Alkalan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya. A karshen watan Yulin 1975 ne gwamnatin soja da ta karbi mulki a Najeriya ta kore shi daga wannan mukamin. Bayan 'yan watanni (a cikin Oktoba 1975), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka zabe shi a Kotun Duniya ta Hague. A 1979, abokan aikinsa suka zabe shi mataimakin shugaban kasa a waccan kotun. A cikin 1981, bayan mutuwar Sir Humphrey Waldock, Shugaban Kotun, ya zama shugaban riko. A shekarar 1982, mambobin Kotun suka zabe shi Shugaban Kotun. Don haka ya zama masanin shari'a na farko na Afirka da ya sami wannan girma. Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an kuma nada Eliyas a Kotun Dindindin na Arbitration a Hague. Mutuwa Elias ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Agusta 1991, a Lagos, Nigeria. Sunayen 'ya'yansa biyar su ne Gbolahan, Olusoji, Olufemi, Yeside da kuma Olufolake Elias. Duba kuma Kudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 708 Manazarta Manyan Alkalan Najeriya Lauyoyi daga jihar Legas Mutanen Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka Haihuwan 1914 Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar Kwalejin Landan Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba