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= 2013 – 14 York City F.C. season =
The 2013 – 14 season was the <unk> season of competitive association football and 77th season in the Football League played by York City Football Club , a professional football club based in York , North Yorkshire , England . Their 17th @-@ place finish in 2012 – 13 meant it was their second consecutive season in League Two . The season ran from 1 July 2013 to 30 June 2014 .
Nigel Worthington , starting his first full season as York manager , made eight permanent summer signings . By the turn of the year York were only above the relegation zone on goal difference , before a 17 @-@ match unbeaten run saw the team finish in seventh @-@ place in the 24 @-@ team 2013 – 14 Football League Two . This meant York qualified for the play @-@ offs , and they were eliminated in the semi @-@ final by Fleetwood Town . York were knocked out of the 2013 – 14 FA Cup , Football League Cup and Football League Trophy in their opening round matches .
35 players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first @-@ team competition , and there were 12 different <unk> . Defender Ben Davies missed only five of the fifty @-@ two competitive matches played over the season . Wes Fletcher finished as leading scorer with 13 goals , of which 10 came in league competition and three came in the FA Cup . The winner of the <unk> of the Year award , voted for by the club 's supporters , was <unk> Oyebanjo .
= = Background and pre @-@ season = =
The 2012 – 13 season was York City 's first season back in the Football League , having won the Conference Premier play @-@ offs in 2011 – 12 after <unk> years in the Football Conference . Manager Gary Mills was sacked in March 2013 following an 11 @-@ match run without a victory , and was replaced by former Northern Ireland manager Nigel Worthington . Despite being in the relegation zone with three matches remaining , Worthington led the team to safety from relegation after a 1 – 0 win away to Dagenham & Redbridge on the final day of the season . York finished the season in 17th @-@ place in the 2012 – 13 League Two table .
Following the previous season 's conclusion Lee <unk> , Jon <unk> , Chris <unk> , Ben Everson , Scott Kerr , David <unk> , Patrick <unk> , Michael Potts , Jamie Reed and Jason Walker were released by York , while <unk> Blair departed for Fleetwood Town . David McGurk , <unk> Oyebanjo , Danny Parslow , Tom Platt and Chris Smith signed new contracts with the club . New players signed ahead of the start of the season were goalkeeper Chris <unk> on a season @-@ long loan from Blackpool , defender Ben Davies on loan from Preston North End , midfielders Craig Clay from Chesterfield and Lewis Montrose from Gillingham , winger <unk> Puri from St <unk> and strikers Ryan Bowman from Hereford United , Richard Cresswell from Sheffield United , Wes Fletcher from Burnley and Ryan Jarvis from Torquay United . Defender Mike Atkinson and striker Chris Dickinson entered the first @-@ team squad from the youth team after agreeing professional contracts .
York retained the previous season 's home and away kits . The home kit comprised red shirts with white sleeves , light blue shorts and white socks . The away kit included light blue shirts with white sleeves , white shorts and light blue socks . <unk> Health continued as shirt sponsors for the second successive season .
= = Review = =
= = = August = = =
York began the season with a 1 – 0 home win over the previous season 's play @-@ off finalists , Northampton Town , with <unk> Jarvis scoring the winning goal in the 90th @-@ minute . However , defeat came in York 's match against Championship side Burnley in the first round of the League Cup , going down 4 – 0 at home . The team endured their first league defeat of the season in the following game after being beaten 2 – 0 away by Dagenham & Redbridge , the home team scoring in each half . York then held Hartlepool United to a 0 – 0 home draw , before being beaten 3 – 2 away by Bristol Rovers , in which Jarvis scored twice before John @-@ Joe O 'Toole scored the winning goal for the home team in the 67th @-@ minute . Two signings were made shortly before the transfer deadline ; defender George Taft was signed on a one @-@ month loan from Leicester City , while Middlesbrough midfielder Ryan Brobbel joined on a one @-@ month loan . <unk> John <unk> , who had been told he had no future with the club , departed after signing for FC Halifax Town . Jarvis gave York the lead away at Exeter City before Alan <unk> scored in each half to see the home team win 2 – 1 .
= = = September = = =
York suffered their first home league defeat of the season after AFC Wimbledon won 2 – 0 , with Michael Smith scoring in each half . Former Ipswich Town midfielder Josh Carson , who had a spell on loan with York the previous season , signed a contract until the end of 2013 – 14 and Sheffield United midfielder Elliott <unk> signed on a one @-@ month loan . Brobbel opened the scoring in the second minute of his home debut against Mansfield Town , although the away team went on to score twice to win 2 – 1 . York 's run of four defeats ended following a 1 – 1 draw away to Wycombe Wanderers , in which McGurk gave York the lead before the home team levelled through Dean Morgan . Taft was sent back to Leicester after he fell behind McGurk , Parslow and Smith in the pecking order for a central defensive berth . York achieved their first win since the opening day of the season after beating Portsmouth 4 – 2 at home , with Fletcher ( 2 ) , Montrose and Jarvis scoring .
= = = October = = =
Defender Luke O 'Neill was signed from Burnley on a 28 @-@ day emergency loan . He made his debut in York 's 3 – 0 win away at Torquay , which was the team 's first successive win of the season . York were knocked out of the Football League Trophy in the second round after being beaten 3 – 0 at home by League One team Rotherham United , before their winning streak in the league was ended with a 3 – 0 defeat away to Newport County . York drew 2 – 2 away to Chesterfield , having taken a two @-@ goal lead through O 'Neill and Jarvis , before the home team fought back through Armand <unk> and Jay O <unk> . The team then hosted Fleetwood Town , and the visitors won 2 – 0 with goals scored in each half by Gareth Evans and <unk> Matt . Scunthorpe United were beaten 4 – 1 at home to end York 's three @-@ match run without a win , with all the team 's goals coming in the first half from Carson , Fletcher and Brobbel ( 2 ) .
= = = November = = =
Bowman scored his first goals for York away to Cheltenham Town , as York twice fought back from behind to draw 2 – 2 . York drew 3 – 3 away to Bristol Rovers to earn a first round replay in the FA Cup , taking the lead through Jarvis before Eliot Richards equalised for the home team . Carson scored a 30 yard volley to put York back in the lead , and after Bristol Rovers goals from Matt <unk> and Chris <unk> , Fletcher scored an 86th @-@ minute equaliser for York . Bowman scored with a header from an O 'Neill cross to open the scoring at home to Plymouth Argyle , which was the first goal the visitors had conceded in 500 minutes of action . However , Plymouth equalised 11 minutes later through <unk> <unk> and the match finished a 1 – 1 draw . York were knocked out of the FA Cup after losing 3 – 2 at home to Bristol Rovers in a first round replay ; the visitors were 3 – 0 up by 50 @-@ minutes before Fletcher pulled two back for York with a penalty and a long @-@ range strike .
Defender Keith Lowe , of Cheltenham , and goalkeeper Nick Pope , of Charlton Athletic , were signed on loan until January 2014 . They both played in York 's first league defeat in four weeks , 2 – 1 away , to Southend United . <unk> <unk> gave Southend the lead early into the match and Bowman equalised for York with a low strike during the second half , before Luke Prosser scored the winning goal for the home side in stoppage time . With Pope preferred in goal , <unk> returned to Blackpool on his own accord , although his loan agreement would stay in place until January 2014 . York then drew 0 – 0 away to Morecambe . After Pope was recalled from his loan by Charlton , York signed Wolverhampton Wanderers goalkeeper Aaron McCarey on loan until January 2014 . McCarey kept a clean sheet in York 's 0 – 0 home draw with Rochdale .
= = = December = = =
Cresswell retired from playing as a result of an eye complaint and a knee injury . York drew 1 – 1 away to Burton Albion , with an own goal scored by Shane <unk> @-@ <unk> giving York the lead in the 64th @-@ minute before the home team equalised eight minutes later through Billy <unk> . Atkinson was released after failing to force himself into the first team and signed for Scarborough Athletic , with whom he had been on loan . York drew 0 – 0 at home with second @-@ placed Oxford United , in which Carson came closest to scoring with a volley that <unk> across the face of the goal . This was followed by another draw after the match away to Accrington Stanley finished 1 – 1 , with the home team <unk> 10 minutes after a Fletcher penalty had given York the lead in the 35th @-@ minute . Striker <unk> McDonald , who had been released by Peterborough United , was signed on a contract until the end of the season . York 's last match of 2013 was a 2 – 1 defeat away at Bury , a result that ended York 's run of consecutive draws at five . The home team were 2 – 0 up by the 19th @-@ minute , before Michael Coulson scored York 's goal in the 73rd @-@ minute . This result meant York would begin 2014 in 22nd @-@ position in the table , only out of the relegation zone on goal difference .
= = = January = = =
Jarvis scored the only goal in York 's first win since October 2013 , a 1 – 0 home victory over Morecambe on New Year 's Day . McCarey was recalled by Wolverhampton Wanderers due to an injury to one of their <unk> , while O 'Neill was recalled by Burnley to take part in their FA Cup match . York achieved back @-@ to @-@ back wins for the first time since October 2013 after Dagenham & Redbridge were beaten 3 – 1 at home , with Bowman opening the scoring in the second half before Fletcher scored twice . Adam Reed , who had a spell on loan with York in the previous season , was signed on a contract until the end of the season after parting company with Burton . Davies ' loan was extended , while Brobbel and <unk> returned to their parent clubs . Cheltenham club captain Russell Penn , a midfielder , was signed on a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee . Lowe was subsequently signed permanently from Cheltenham on a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee . Having been allowed to leave the club on a free transfer , Ashley Chambers signed for Conference Premier club Cambridge United .
York achieved three successive wins for the first time in 2013 – 14 after beating Northampton 2 – 0 away , with Bowman and Fletcher scoring in three @-@ second half minutes . Defender John McCombe was signed on a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract following his release from Mansfield , before Clay and Jamal <unk> left York by mutual consent . Pope returned to York on loan from Charlton for the remainder of the season . York 's run of wins ended with a 0 – 0 draw at home to Bristol Rovers , before their first defeat of the year came after losing 2 – 0 away to Hartlepool . Preston winger Will Hayhurst , a Republic of Ireland under @-@ 21 international , was signed on a one @-@ month loan . York fell to a successive defeat for the first time since September 2013 after being beaten 2 – 0 at home by Chesterfield . Shortly after the match , Smith left the club by mutual consent to pursue first @-@ team football .
= = = February = = =
Fletcher scored a 90th @-@ minute winner for York away to Fleetwood in a 2 – 1 win , a result that ended Fleetwood 's five @-@ match unbeaten run . York then drew 0 – 0 at home to fellow mid @-@ table team Cheltenham , before beating Plymouth 4 – 0 away with goals from Fletcher , McCombe ( 2 ) and Carson as the team achieved successive away wins for the first time in 2013 – 14 . York went without scoring for a fourth consecutive home match after drawing 0 – 0 with Southend . Having worn the <unk> since an injury to McGurk , Penn was appointed captain for the rest of the season , a position that had earlier been held by Smith and Parslow .
= = = March = = =
York achieved their first home win in five matches after beating Exeter 2 – 1 , with first half goals scored by McCombe and Coulson . Hayhurst 's loan was extended to the end of the season , having impressed in his six appearances for the club . Coulson scored again with the only goal , a 41st @-@ minute header , in York 's 1 – 0 away win over AFC Wimbledon . Bowman scored the only goal with a 32nd @-@ minute penalty as York won 1 – 0 away against Mansfield , in which Fletcher missed the opportunity to extend the lead when his stoppage time penalty was saved by Alan Marriott . York moved one place outside the play @-@ offs with a 2 – 0 home win over Wycombe , courtesy of a second Bowman penalty in as many matches and a Carson goal from the edge of the penalty area . Coulson scored York 's only goal in a 1 – 0 away win over struggling Portsmouth with a low volley in the fifth @-@ minute ; this result meant York moved into the play @-@ offs in seventh @-@ place with eight fixtures remaining .
Striker Calvin Andrew , who had been released by Mansfield in January 2014 , was signed on a contract for the remainder of the season . He made his debut as a substitute in York 's 1 – 0 home win over bottom of the table Torquay , in which Hayhurst scored the only goal in the 11th @-@ minute with an 18 yard shot that <unk> off Aaron <unk> . Middlesbrough winger Brobbel rejoined on loan until the end of the season , following an injury to Carson . York 's run of successive wins ended on six matches after a 0 – 0 home draw with Burton , and this result saw York drop out of the play @-@ offs in eighth @-@ place . With the team recording six wins and one draw in March 2014 , including six clean sheets , Worthington was named League Two Manager of the Month .
= = = April = = =
Pope made a number of saves as York held league leaders Rochdale to a 0 – 0 away draw , with a point being enough to lift the team back into seventh @-@ place . York were prevented from equalling a club record of eight consecutive clean sheets when Accrington scored a stoppage time equaliser in a 1 – 1 home draw , in which York had taken earlier taken the lead with a Coulson penalty . A 1 – 0 win away win over Oxford , which was decided by a second half Coulson penalty , resulted in York moving one place above their opponents and back into seventh @-@ place . York consolidated their place in a play @-@ off position after beating Bury 1 – 0 at home with a fifth @-@ minute goal scored by Lowe from a Hayhurst corner . The result meant York opened up a five @-@ point lead over eighth @-@ placed Oxford with two fixtures remaining . A place in the League Two play @-@ offs was secured following a 1 – 0 win over Newport at home , in which Coulson scored the only goal in the 77th @-@ minute with a 25 yard free kick . Pope earned a nomination for League Two Player of the Month for April 2014 , having conceded only one goal in five matches in that period .
= = = May = = =
The league season concluded with an away match against divisional runners @-@ up Scunthorpe ; having gone two goals down York fought back to draw 2 – 2 with goals scored by Brobbel and Andrew . This result meant York finished the season in seventh @-@ place in League Two , and would thus play fourth @-@ placed Fleetwood in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final on the back of a 17 @-@ match unbeaten run . York lost 1 – 0 to Fleetwood in the first leg at <unk> Crescent ; the goal came from former York player <unk> Blair in the 50th @-@ minute , who scored from close range after Antoni <unk> 's shot was blocked on the line . A 0 – 0 draw away to Fleetwood in the second leg meant York were eliminated 1 – 0 on aggregate , ending the prospect of a second promotion in three seasons . At an awards night held at York Racecourse , Oyebanjo was voted <unk> of the Year for 2013 – 14 .
= = Summary and aftermath = =
York mostly occupied the bottom half of the table before the turn of the year , and dropped as low as 23rd in September 2013 . During February 2014 the team broke into the top half of the table and with one match left were in sixth @-@ place . York 's defensive record was the third best in League Two with 41 goals conceded , bettered only by Southend ( 39 ) and Chesterfield ( 40 ) . Davies made the highest number of appearances over the season , appearing in 47 of York 's 52 matches . Fletcher was York 's top scorer in the league and in all competitions , with 10 league goals and 13 in total . He was the only player to reach double figures , and was followed by Jarvis with nine goals .
After the season ended York released Tom Allan , Andrew , Dickinson , McDonald , Puri and Reed , while McGurk retired from professional football . Bowman and Oyebanjo left to sign for Torquay and Crawley Town respectively while Coulson signed a new contract with the club . York 's summer signings included goalkeeper Jason <unk> from Tranmere Rovers , defenders <unk> <unk> from Dagenham , Marvin McCoy from Wycombe and Dave Winfield from Shrewsbury Town , midfielders <unk> <unk> from Mansfield , Anthony <unk> from Southend and Luke <unk> from Shrewsbury and striker Jake Hyde from <unk> .
= = Match details = =
League positions are sourced by <unk> , while the remaining information is referenced individually .
= = = Football League Two = = =
= = = League table ( part ) = = =
= = = FA Cup = = =
= = = League Cup = = =
= = = Football League Trophy = = =
= = = Football League Two play @-@ offs = = =
= = <unk> = =
= = = In = = =
<unk> around club names denote the player 's contract with that club had expired before he joined York .
= = = Out = = =
<unk> around club names denote the player joined that club after his York contract expired .
= = = Loan in = = =
= = = Loan out = = =
= = Appearances and goals = =
Source :
Numbers in parentheses denote appearances as substitute .
Players with names struck through and marked left the club during the playing season .
Players with names in italics and marked * were on loan from another club for the whole of their season with York .
Players listed with no appearances have been in the <unk> squad but only as unused <unk> .
Key to positions : <unk> – <unk> ; <unk> – Defender ; <unk> – <unk> ; <unk> – Forward
) and 1 missing columns (
= Polyozellus =
Polyozellus is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae , a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery <unk> . A monotypic genus , it contains the single species Polyozellus multiplex , first described in 1899 , and commonly known as the blue chanterelle , the clustered blue chanterelle , or , in Alaska , the black chanterelle . The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple @-@ colored clusters of vase- or spoon @-@ shaped caps with <unk> wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem .
Polyozellus has had a varied taxonomic history and has been reclassified several times at both the family and genus level . The range of Polyozellus includes North America and eastern Asia , where P. multiplex may be found growing on the ground in coniferous forests , usually under spruce and fir trees . It is an edible species , and has been harvested for commercial purposes . Polyozellus multiplex contains the bioactive compound polyozellin , shown to have various physiological properties , including suppressive effects on stomach cancer .
= = History and taxonomy = =
The first published description of the species was written by botanist Lucien M. Underwood in 1899 , based on a specimen found the previous year in the woods of Mount Desert , Maine . Although he called the new species a Cantharellus , he noted that " the plant is a remarkable one and from its habit might well form a distinct genus since it has little in common with Cantharellus except its fold @-@ like gills . " In 1910 , William Murrill transferred it to the new genus Polyozellus ; Murrill thought the compound structure of the stem to be a sufficiently unique characteristic to warrant it being separated from Cantharellus species , which have simpler stem structures . In 1920 , specimens from a Japanese collection compiled by A. Yasuda were sent to mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd , who believed the fungus to be a new species and named it <unk> <unk> .
No further collections of the fungus were reported until 1937 , when it was found in Quebec , Canada . The next year , Paul Shope considered the genus Polyozellus to be superfluous , pointed out that the compound fruit bodies and the wrinkled hymenium were instead consistent with the genus Craterellus . In 1939 , American mycologist Lee Oras Overholts , in a letter to the journal Mycologia , opined that both of these authors had overlooked a 1925 publication by Calvin Henry Kauffman , who made notes and photos of the species collected in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado , and in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon . Kauffman believed the species to be merely " a very extreme growth condition " of Cantharellus clavatus ( now known as Gomphus clavatus ) and suggested there was no reason for transferring the species to the genus Craterellus . Mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Elizabeth Morse , in their 1947 publication on Cantharellus species in the United States , placed the species in a new section Polyozellus , but did not separate it from the genus Cantharellus ; they defined the distinguishing characteristics of Polyozellus as the small , roughened , hyaline spores and the color change of the flesh in potassium hydroxide solution , adding that " the spores are unusual for the genus but in our estimation do not warrant excluding the species . "
In 1953 , <unk> Imazeki took into consideration differences in spore characteristics : species in the genus Cantharellus were not known to have spores that were subglobose ( roughly spherical ) and tuberculate ( covered with wart @-@ like projections ) like Polyozellus ; however , these spore characteristics were common in species in the Thelephoraceae family ( Cantharellus belongs in a different family , the <unk> ) . Other characteristics linking the blue chanterelle with the Thelephoraceae included the dark color , the strong odor ( especially in dried specimens ) , and the presence of thelephoric acid , a mushroom pigment common in the family . Taken together , these factors led Imazeki to propose the new family <unk> . The suggested family @-@ level taxonomical change was not accepted by other authors ; for example , in 1954 , Seiichi Kawamura renamed it Thelephora multiplex . As of 2009 , both Index Fungorum and MycoBank list Polyozellus as being within the Thelephoraceae family , a grouping of mushrooms commonly known as the leathery <unk> . The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many , and oz , meaning branch . The specific epithet multiplex means " in many pieces " , referring to the compound nature of the fruit body . Common names for this species include the blue chanterelle and the clustered blue chanterelle . In Alaska , where specimens typically have very dark @-@ colored fruit bodies , it is called the black chanterelle , although this name is shared with some Craterellus species .
= = Description = =
Polyozellus multiplex is part of the group of fungi collectively known as <unk> mushrooms ( which includes the genera Cantharellus , Craterellus , Gomphus , and Polyozellus ) because of the similarity of their fruit body structures and the morphology of the spore @-@ producing region ( the hymenophore ) on the underside of the caps . The fan- or funnel @-@ shaped fruit bodies of the black chanterelle grow clustered together on the ground , often in large masses that may reach aggregate diameters of up to 1 meter ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) , although they are usually up to 30 centimeters ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) .
The individual caps , 3 – 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) wide and almost as long , are violet @-@ black , with edges that are initially whitish , and with a glaucous surface — a white powdery accumulation of spore deposit . The upper surface may be zonate — lined with what appear to be multiple concentric zones of texture caused by areas of fine hairs ( a tomentum ) ; and the edges of the caps have a layer of very fine hairs and are lobed and wavy . The underside of the caps bears the fertile , spore @-@ making tissue called the hymenium , which typically has shallow , crowded wrinkles or veins that are roughly the same color or paler than the top surface . Some variation in color has been observed depending on the collection location . For example , specimens found in Alaska are more likely to be jet @-@ black in color with a dark gray underside .
Fruit bodies may be up to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) high ( including the stem ) and 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) wide . Occasionally , much larger clusters of fused mushrooms are found , up to a meter in diameter . The stem is dark purplish @-@ black with a smooth ( glabrous ) and dry surface ; the stems are often fused at the base . It is typically 1 @.@ 5 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) wide and up to 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) long . The flesh is dark violet , soft but breaking easily . The spore deposit is white .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The spores are roughly spherical to broadly ellipsoid in shape , covered with small wart @-@ like projections ( <unk> ) , and have dimensions of 6 – 8 @.@ 5 by 5 @.@ 5 – 8 µm . Viewed microscopically , they are hyaline , meaning they appear translucent or colorless . Chemical tests may also be used to help distinguish the spores : in the presence of potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) , the spores turn slightly green ; the spores are not amyloid , meaning they do not take iodine when treated with Melzer 's reagent ; the spores are acyanophilous , meaning they do not readily absorb methyl blue stain . The cystidia that comprise the hymenium are filamentous and 3 – 4 µm wide by 28 – 40 µm long . The outer tissue layer of the cap — the cuticle , or pileipellis — is made of interwoven hyphae , and stains olive @-@ green in KOH . Clamp connections are present , but not at all the cell partitions . The basidia , the spore @-@ bearing cells , are 32 – 38 by 5 – 6 µm and four @-@ spored .
= = = Similar species = = =
The horn @-@ of @-@ plenty mushroom ( Craterellus <unk> ) also has a blackish fruit body and a smooth hymenium , but is distinguished from P. multiplex by its thin flesh , a trumpet- or tubular @-@ shaped fruit body ( rather than fan- or spoon @-@ shaped ) , and grey to black colors . A closely related species , the fragrant chanterelle ( Cantharellus odoratus ) , also tends to grow in dense clusters , but it is orange rather than blue . Craterellus <unk> does not form compound clusters , and is not restricted to coniferous forests . The pig 's ear Gomphus , species Gomphus clavatus , is similar in shape and form but fleshier , and light violet to pink .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Polyozellus multiplex is an ectomycorrhizal species , meaning that the hyphae of the fungus grow in a mutualistic association with the roots of plants , but the fungal hyphae generally do not penetrate the cells of the plant 's roots . The species grows in coniferous woods under spruce and fir , and more frequently at higher elevations . It is most often encountered in summer and fall .
This species is northern and alpine in distribution , and rarely encountered . Collections have been made in the United States ( including Maine , Oregon , Colorado , New Mexico , and Alaska ) , Canada ( Quebec and British Columbia ) , China , Japan , and Korea . The disjunct distribution of this species in North America and East Asia has been noted to occur in a number of other fungal species as well . Polyozellus multiplex is also found in the Queen Charlotte Islands , where it is commercially harvested .
= = Uses = =
= = = Edibility = = =
Polyozellus multiplex is edible , and is collected for sale in Asian countries such as Korea , Japan , and China . In North America , it is sometimes collected recreationally , and commercially . The taste is described as mild , and the odor as mild or aromatic . Mycologist David Arora claims the flavor to be inferior to Craterellus . Fruit bodies may be preserved by drying .
= = = Bioactive compounds = = =
The compound polyozellin — a chemical which can be isolated and purified from P. multiplex — inhibits prolyl endopeptidase ( PEP ) , an enzyme that has a role in processing proteins ( specifically , amyloid precursor protein ) in Alzheimer 's disease . Chemicals that inhibit PEP have attracted research interest due to their potential therapeutic effects . Further analyses of extracts from P. multiplex revealed similar <unk> derivatives of polyozellin , each with different chemical properties , including kynapcin @-@ 12 , kynapcin @-@ 13 and -28 , and <unk> . A total synthesis of kynapcin @-@ 24 was achieved in 2009 .
= = = <unk> properties = = =
Research conducted in 2003 suggests that extracts from Polyozellus multiplex may have suppressive effects on stomach cancer . The study showed that feeding a low concentration ( 0 @.@ 5 % or 1 % ) of the mushroom extract enhanced the activities of the enzymes glutathione S @-@ transferase and superoxide dismutase , and increased the abundance of the molecule glutathione . The extract also augmented the expression of the protein p53 . All of these substances protect the human organism against cancer . Additional studies reported in 2004 and 2006 attribute anti @-@ tumor properties to polyozellin .
= = Cited literature = =
Pilz D , Norvell L , <unk> E , Molina R ( 2003 ) . Ecology and management of commercially harvested chanterelle mushrooms . General Technical Report PNW @-@ GTR @-@ 576 ( PDF ) . Portland , OR : Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Research Station . Retrieved 2009 @-@ 09 @-@ 23 .
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= Polyozellus =
Polyozellus is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae , a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery <unk> . A monotypic genus , it contains the single species Polyozellus multiplex , first described in 1899 , and commonly known as the blue chanterelle , the clustered blue chanterelle , or , in Alaska , the black chanterelle . The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple @-@ colored clusters of vase- or spoon @-@ shaped caps with <unk> wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem .
Polyozellus has had a varied taxonomic history and has been reclassified several times at both the family and genus level . The range of Polyozellus includes North America and eastern Asia , where P. multiplex may be found growing on the ground in coniferous forests , usually under spruce and fir trees . It is an edible species , and has been harvested for commercial purposes . Polyozellus multiplex contains the bioactive compound polyozellin , shown to have various physiological properties , including suppressive effects on stomach cancer .
= = History and taxonomy = =
The first published description of the species was written by botanist Lucien M. Underwood in 1899 , based on a specimen found the previous year in the woods of Mount Desert , Maine . Although he called the new species a Cantharellus , he noted that " the plant is a remarkable one and from its habit might well form a distinct genus since it has little in common with Cantharellus except its fold @-@ like gills . " In 1910 , William Murrill transferred it to the new genus Polyozellus ; Murrill thought the compound structure of the stem to be a sufficiently unique characteristic to warrant it being separated from Cantharellus species , which have simpler stem structures . In 1920 , specimens from a Japanese collection compiled by A. Yasuda were sent to mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd , who believed the fungus to be a new species and named it <unk> <unk> .
No further collections of the fungus were reported until 1937 , when it was found in Quebec , Canada . The next year , Paul Shope considered the genus Polyozellus to be superfluous , pointed out that the compound fruit bodies and the wrinkled hymenium were instead consistent with the genus Craterellus . In 1939 , American mycologist Lee Oras Overholts , in a letter to the journal Mycologia , opined that both of these authors had overlooked a 1925 publication by Calvin Henry Kauffman , who made notes and photos of the species collected in the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado , and in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon . Kauffman believed the species to be merely " a very extreme growth condition " of Cantharellus clavatus ( now known as Gomphus clavatus ) and suggested there was no reason for transferring the species to the genus Craterellus . Mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Elizabeth Morse , in their 1947 publication on Cantharellus species in the United States , placed the species in a new section Polyozellus , but did not separate it from the genus Cantharellus ; they defined the distinguishing characteristics of Polyozellus as the small , roughened , hyaline spores and the color change of the flesh in potassium hydroxide solution , adding that " the spores are unusual for the genus but in our estimation do not warrant excluding the species . "
In 1953 , <unk> Imazeki took into consideration differences in spore characteristics : species in the genus Cantharellus were not known to have spores that were subglobose ( roughly spherical ) and tuberculate ( covered with wart @-@ like projections ) like Polyozellus ; however , these spore characteristics were common in species in the Thelephoraceae family ( Cantharellus belongs in a different family , the <unk> ) . Other characteristics linking the blue chanterelle with the Thelephoraceae included the dark color , the strong odor ( especially in dried specimens ) , and the presence of thelephoric acid , a mushroom pigment common in the family . Taken together , these factors led Imazeki to propose the new family <unk> . The suggested family @-@ level taxonomical change was not accepted by other authors ; for example , in 1954 , Seiichi Kawamura renamed it Thelephora multiplex . As of 2009 , both Index Fungorum and MycoBank list Polyozellus as being within the Thelephoraceae family , a grouping of mushrooms commonly known as the leathery <unk> . The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many , and oz , meaning branch . The specific epithet multiplex means " in many pieces " , referring to the compound nature of the fruit body . Common names for this species include the blue chanterelle and the clustered blue chanterelle . In Alaska , where specimens typically have very dark @-@ colored fruit bodies , it is called the black chanterelle , although this name is shared with some Craterellus species .
= = Description = =
Polyozellus multiplex is part of the group of fungi collectively known as <unk> mushrooms ( which includes the genera Cantharellus , Craterellus , Gomphus , and Polyozellus ) because of the similarity of their fruit body structures and the morphology of the spore @-@ producing region ( the hymenophore ) on the underside of the caps . The fan- or funnel @-@ shaped fruit bodies of the black chanterelle grow clustered together on the ground , often in large masses that may reach aggregate diameters of up to 1 meter ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) , although they are usually up to 30 centimeters ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) .
The individual caps , 3 – 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) wide and almost as long , are violet @-@ black , with edges that are initially whitish , and with a glaucous surface — a white powdery accumulation of spore deposit . The upper surface may be zonate — lined with what appear to be multiple concentric zones of texture caused by areas of fine hairs ( a tomentum ) ; and the edges of the caps have a layer of very fine hairs and are lobed and wavy . The underside of the caps bears the fertile , spore @-@ making tissue called the hymenium , which typically has shallow , crowded wrinkles or veins that are roughly the same color or paler than the top surface . Some variation in color has been observed depending on the collection location . For example , specimens found in Alaska are more likely to be jet @-@ black in color with a dark gray underside .
Fruit bodies may be up to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) high ( including the stem ) and 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) wide . Occasionally , much larger clusters of fused mushrooms are found , up to a meter in diameter . The stem is dark purplish @-@ black with a smooth ( glabrous ) and dry surface ; the stems are often fused at the base . It is typically 1 @.@ 5 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) wide and up to 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) long . The flesh is dark violet , soft but breaking easily . The spore deposit is white .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The spores are roughly spherical to broadly ellipsoid in shape , covered with small wart @-@ like projections ( <unk> ) , and have dimensions of 6 – 8 @.@ 5 by 5 @.@ 5 – 8 µm . Viewed microscopically , they are hyaline , meaning they appear translucent or colorless . Chemical tests may also be used to help distinguish the spores : in the presence of potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) , the spores turn slightly green ; the spores are not amyloid , meaning they do not take iodine when treated with Melzer 's reagent ; the spores are acyanophilous , meaning they do not readily absorb methyl blue stain . The cystidia that comprise the hymenium are filamentous and 3 – 4 µm wide by 28 – 40 µm long . The outer tissue layer of the cap — the cuticle , or pileipellis — is made of interwoven hyphae , and stains olive @-@ green in KOH . Clamp connections are present , but not at all the cell partitions . The basidia , the spore @-@ bearing cells , are 32 – 38 by 5 – 6 µm and four @-@ spored .
= = = Similar species = = =
The horn @-@ of @-@ plenty mushroom ( Craterellus <unk> ) also has a blackish fruit body and a smooth hymenium , but is distinguished from P. multiplex by its thin flesh , a trumpet- or tubular @-@ shaped fruit body ( rather than fan- or spoon @-@ shaped ) , and grey to black colors . A closely related species , the fragrant chanterelle ( Cantharellus odoratus ) , also tends to grow in dense clusters , but it is orange rather than blue . Craterellus <unk> does not form compound clusters , and is not restricted to coniferous forests . The pig 's ear Gomphus , species Gomphus clavatus , is similar in shape and form but fleshier , and light violet to pink .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Polyozellus multiplex is an ectomycorrhizal species , meaning that the hyphae of the fungus grow in a mutualistic association with the roots of plants , but the fungal hyphae generally do not penetrate the cells of the plant 's roots . The species grows in coniferous woods under spruce and fir , and more frequently at higher elevations . It is most often encountered in summer and fall .
This species is northern and alpine in distribution , and rarely encountered . Collections have been made in the United States ( including Maine , Oregon , Colorado , New Mexico , and Alaska ) , Canada ( Quebec and British Columbia ) , China , Japan , and Korea . The disjunct distribution of this species in North America and East Asia has been noted to occur in a number of other fungal species as well . Polyozellus multiplex is also found in the Queen Charlotte Islands , where it is commercially harvested .
= = Uses = =
= = = Edibility = = =
Polyozellus multiplex is edible , and is collected for sale in Asian countries such as Korea , Japan , and China . In North America , it is sometimes collected recreationally , and commercially . The taste is described as mild , and the odor as mild or aromatic . Mycologist David Arora claims the flavor to be inferior to Craterellus . Fruit bodies may be preserved by drying .
= = = Bioactive compounds = = =
The compound polyozellin — a chemical which can be isolated and purified from P. multiplex — inhibits prolyl endopeptidase ( PEP ) , an enzyme that has a role in processing proteins ( specifically , amyloid precursor protein ) in Alzheimer 's disease . Chemicals that inhibit PEP have attracted research interest due to their potential therapeutic effects . Further analyses of extracts from P. multiplex revealed similar <unk> derivatives of polyozellin , each with different chemical properties , including kynapcin @-@ 12 , kynapcin @-@ 13 and -28 , and <unk> . A total synthesis of kynapcin @-@ 24 was achieved in 2009 .
= = = <unk> properties = = =
Research conducted in 2003 suggests that extracts from Polyozellus multiplex may have suppressive effects on stomach cancer . The study showed that feeding a low concentration ( 0 @.@ 5 % or 1 % ) of the mushroom extract enhanced the activities of the enzymes glutathione S @-@ transferase and superoxide dismutase , and increased the abundance of the molecule glutathione . The extract also augmented the expression of the protein p53 . All of these substances protect the human organism against cancer . Additional studies reported in 2004 and 2006 attribute anti @-@ tumor properties to polyozellin .
= = Cited literature = =
Pilz D , Norvell L , <unk> E , Molina R ( 2003 ) . Ecology and management of commercially harvested chanterelle mushrooms . General Technical Report PNW @-@ GTR @-@ 576 ( PDF ) . Portland , OR : Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Pacific Northwest Research Station . Retrieved 2009 @-@ 09 @-@ 23 .
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" \n = Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII = \n \n Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII ( Japanese : <unk(...TRUNCATED) |
" \n = Stone @-@ Age Poland = \n \n The Stone Age in territory of today 's Poland is divided into th(...TRUNCATED) |
" \n = Something ( Beatles song ) = \n \n \" Something \" is a song by the Beatles , written by Geor(...TRUNCATED) |
" \n = Mount Vesuvius = \n \n Mount Vesuvius ( pronunciation : / <unk> / ; Italian : Monte Vesuvio [(...TRUNCATED) |
" \n = Entoloma austroprunicolor = \n \n Entoloma austroprunicolor is a species of agaric fungus in (...TRUNCATED) |
" \n = Battle of Bonchurch = \n \n The Battle of Bonchurch took place sometime in late July 1545 at (...TRUNCATED) |
" \n = Space Gun ( video game ) = \n \n Space Gun ( <unk> , <unk> Gan ) is a first @-@ person , shoo(...TRUNCATED) |
" \n = Prior to the Fire = \n \n Prior to the Fire is the second studio album by Canadian hard rock (...TRUNCATED) |
" \n = Mama ( Spice Girls song ) = \n \n \" Mama \" is a song by British pop group Spice Girls . It (...TRUNCATED) |
" \n = Bye Bye ( Mariah Carey song ) = \n \n \" Bye Bye \" is a song by American singer @-@ songwrit(...TRUNCATED) |
End of preview.
This one is not entirely identical to default "wiki.train.raw" dataset, used with llama.cpp, so instead of this one, get the recomended one from here: https://huggingface.co/datasets/ggml-org/ci
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