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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61293793

Bigger (Beyoncé song)

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Bigger (Beyoncé song) "Bigger" (stylized in uppercase) is a song by American singer Beyoncé from the 2019 album "" and featured in the 2020 film "Black Is King". Background. The song was penned at a writing camp at Beyoncé's studio and was created due to a bond with British singer-songwriter Raye and US songwriter Stacy Barthe. Raye told BBC Newsbeat: "I remember we were both in a really dark, sad place and we wanted to create something to empower ourselves. We spent maybe two or three hours on it. It was 3 a.m. and I remember Beyoncé's team came in and heard what we'd created so far and just completely freaked out. It was incredible." Raye also told Official Charts: "I wrote a lot of songs - I put a shift in. But [Beyoncé] fell in love with Bigger." Beyoncé informed Raye that "Bigger" would be the first song on the album at the 2019 "The Lion King" European premiere, and her reaction, as caught on video, went viral. Raye tweeted "Beyoncé told me I’ve written Track 1 on the new album ... it’s called Bigger . I can’t I can’t." Composition and lyrical interpretation. "Bigger" is preceded by "Balance", a Mufasa interlude voiced by James Earl Jones, which samples his "Circle of Life" speech from the 2019 film. The two tracks segue into each other. "Dazed" described this shift as "tying in nicely with the track’s lyrics." According to "The Atlantic", "Bigger" has an overarching theme of "royal succession" as well as an undercurrent exploration of the "ecological and existential" aspects of the "Circle of Life." Matzav Review described "Bigger" as an "ode to the natural riches of the African continent" whilst also serving as a tribute to Beyoncé's children, showing them the paraphrased "power of collective knowledge." Music video. A music video was released on July 19, 2019, as the second part from an extended edition of the music video from "Spirit", the lead single from the album. A second music video was released in "Black Is King". It features snippets of the original video with new footage filmed specifically for the movie. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57257423

Harriet White Fisher

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Harriet White Fisher Harriet White Fisher Andrew (1861–1939) was an American known for being the first woman to circle the globe in a Locomobile. Birth and early life. Harriet White was born in Crawford County, Pennsylvania on March 31, 1861. She was the daughter of Oscar A. White and Hannah Fisher, and was educated at The Young Women's Classical Seminary in Cleveland Ohio. At the time of the Johnstown Flood she took care of victims. Wu Tingfang, Chinese diplomat and politician, called Mrs. Harriet White Fisher "The most wonderful woman in America." Train accident. On October 8, 1902, two Pennsylvania Railroad passenger trains collided in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Harriet Fisher was severely injured. A report of her injuries stated she was in Presbyterian Hospital (New York City) for eight weeks, hospitalized with fractured hips, spinal injury, and internal injury. Steel industry. After her husband's death, Harriet Fisher took over the management of Eagle Steel Works (later named Fisher & Norris Anvil Works) in Trenton, New Jersey. She was the only woman member of the National Association of Manufacturers. She is quoted in "The Washington Post" in 1911, describing her involvement in the business: "Though I liked machinery even when a child," said Mrs. Fisher, "it was my husband's illness and the desire which every woman has to help in an emergency that led me to enter the Eagle Works, of which Mr. Fisher was the head. I went in as the 'boss'; but I soon learned that if I was to be respected by my employees, I would have to know more than they did. To this end, I began as a regular apprentice, learned to temper steel, chisel the face of an anvil, mold vises and make rails. In fact, I took a complete course in every department of the business, from melting pig-iron to bidding for contracts. Before I was through, I learned really to love the work with iron and steel, the whir of the machinery, and the sound of the forge." Her wealth was reported at $2,000,000 in 1906. "She underbid her rivals on part of the Panama Canal equipment and has made $1,000,000 on that feature of her plan's output." First woman to drive around the world. Initial reports prior to her journey revealed that her four-seat car was built in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and had a 40-horsepower engine with no special equipment. Her planned companions were Harold Fisher Brooks (a relative), a chef named Albert, and a maid. She also traveled with a pet monkey, a Bull Terrier, and a Pug. The planned route was to ship the car to England, travel to her Italian villa at Lake Como, and then continue through Egypt, India, Japan, and back to the United States A bon voyage party was announced in July 1909 at the Automobile Club of America. The travelers set off on July 19, 1909. It was reported that she arrived at Lake Como by November 1909. A contemporary newspaper account stated that Fisher and her entourage had completed their journey to the Japan and that the travelers and the vehicle were back in San Francisco, California. She arrived in Tarrytown, New York on August 16, 1910, completing her journey around the world. Fisher wrote a book about her adventure titled "A Woman's World Tour in A Motor". Personal life. Her first known marriage was to Clark Fisher. They were married in London, England on July 20, 1898. The report of their marriage in the "Trenton Evening Times" states the bride's name as Mrs. White, a widow who moved to Flushing, Queens in 1896. However, a later interview of Harriet Fisher, stated she was a "White" by birth and her mother was distantly related to her husband. Fisher died in 1903. She married again on April 27, 1912, to Silvano Alfredo Andrew, an officer in the Argentine Navy, in Manhattan. It was described as a quiet ceremony in the press because the groom's brother (Edgard) had died on the "Titanic" a few days earlier. Fisher was an anti-suffragist and testified against women's suffrage in New Jersey in 1913. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=86020

Iris (mythology)

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Iris (mythology) Ancient Greek personification of the rainbow In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Iris (; ; Greek: ,  ,  "rainbow," ) is a daughter of the gods Thaumas and Electra, the personification of the rainbow and messenger of the gods, a servant to the Olympians and especially Queen Hera. Iris appears in several stories carrying messages from and to the gods or running errands but has no unique mythology of her own. Similarly, very little to none of a historical cult and worship of Iris is attested in surviving records, with only a few traces surviving from the island of Delos. In ancient art, Iris is depicted as a winged young woman carrying a caduceus, the symbol of the messengers, and a pitcher of water for the gods. Iris was traditionally seen as the consort of Zephyrus, the god of the west wind and one of the four Anemoi, by whom she is the mother of Pothos in some versions. Etymology. The ancient Greek noun means both the rainbow and the halo of the Moon. An inscription from Corinth provides evidence for an original form ("wîris") with a digamma that was eventually dropped. The noun seems to be of pre-Greek origin. A Proto-Indo-European pre-form "*uh2i-r-i-" has been suggested, although Beekes finds it 'hard to motivate.' Family. According to Hesiod's "Theogony", Iris is the daughter of Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra and the sister of the Harpies: Arke and Ocypete. During the Titanomachy, Iris was the messenger of the Olympian gods while her sister Arke betrayed the Olympians and became the messenger of the gods' enemy, the Titans. She is the goddess of the rainbow. She also serves nectar to the goddesses and gods to drink. Zephyrus, who is the god of the west wind, is her consort. Together they had a son named Pothos, or alternatively they were the parents of Eros, the god of love, according to sixth century BC Greek lyric poet Alcaeus, though Eros is usually said to be the son of Ares and Aphrodite. According to the "Dionysiaca" of Nonnus, Iris' brother is Hydaspes. She is also known as one of the goddesses of the sea and the sky. Iris links the gods to humanity. She travels with the speed of wind from one end of the world to the other and into the depths of the sea and the underworld. Mythology. Titanomachy. Iris is said to travel on the rainbow while carrying messages from the gods to mortals. In some records, Iris is a sister to fellow messenger goddess Arke ("swift", "quick"), who flew out of the company of Olympian gods to join the Titans as their messenger goddess during the Titanomachy, making the two sisters enemy messenger goddesses. After the war was won by Zeus and his allies, Zeus tore Arke's wings from her and in time gave them as a gift to the Nereid Thetis at her wedding to Peleus, who in turn gave them to her son, Achilles, who wore them on his feet. Achilles was sometimes known as "podarkes" (feet like [the wings of] Arke). Podarces was also the original name of Priam, the king of Troy. Messenger of the gods. Following her daughter Persephone's abduction by Hades, the goddess of agriculture Demeter withdrew to her temple in Eleusis and made the earth barren, causing a great famine that killed off mortals, and as a result sacrifices to the gods ceased. Zeus then sent Iris to Demeter, calling her to join the other gods and lift her curse; but as her daughter was not returned, Demeter was not persuaded. In one narrative, after Leto and her children pleaded with Zeus to release Prometheus from his torment, Zeus relented, and sent Iris to order Heracles to free the unfortunate Prometheus. After Ceyx drowned in a shipwreck, Hera made Iris convey her orders to Hypnos, the god of sleep. Iris flew and found him in his cave, and informed him that Hera wished for Ceyx's wife, Alcyone, to be informed of her loved one's death in her dreams. After delivering Hera's command, Iris left immediately, not standing to be near Hypnos for too long, for his powers took hold of her, and made her dizzy and sleepy. In Aristophanes's comedy "The Birds", the titular birds build a city in the sky and plan to supplant the Olympian gods. Iris, as the messenger, goes to meet them, but she is ridiculed, insulted, and threatened with rape by their leader Pisetaerus, an elderly Athenian man. Iris appears confused that Pisetearus does not know who the gods are and that she is one of them. Pisetaerus then tells her that the birds are the gods now, the deities whom the humans must sacrifice to. After Pisetaerus threatens to rape her, Iris scolds him for his foul language and leaves, warning him that Zeus, whom she refers to as her father, will deal with him and make him pay. Iris also appears several times in Virgil's "Aeneid", usually as an agent of Juno. In Book 4, Juno dispatches her to pluck a lock of hair from the head of Queen Dido, so that she may die and enter Hades. In book 5, Iris, having taken on the form of a Trojan woman, stirs up the other Trojan mothers to set fire to four of Aeneas' ships in order to prevent them from leaving Sicily. According to the Roman poet Ovid, after Romulus was deified as the god Quirinus, his wife Hersilia pleaded with the gods to let her become immortal as well so that she could be with her husband once again. Juno heard her plea and sent Iris down to her. With a single finger, Iris touched Hersilia and transformed her into an immortal goddess. Hersilia flew to Olympus, where she became one of the Horae and was permitted to live with her husband forevermore. Trojan War. According to the lost epic "Cypria" by Stasinus, it was Iris who informed Menelaus, who had sailed off to Crete, of what had happened back in Sparta while he was gone, namely his wife Helen's elopement with the Trojan Prince Paris as well as the death of Helen's brother Castor. Iris is frequently mentioned as a divine messenger in "The Iliad", which is attributed to Homer. She does not, however, appear in "The Odyssey," where her role is instead filled by Hermes. Like Hermes, Iris carries a caduceus or winged staff. By command of Zeus, the king of the gods, she carries a ewer of water from the River Styx, with which she puts to sleep all who perjure themselves. In Book XXIII, she delivers Achilles's prayer to Boreas and Zephyrus to light the funeral pyre of Patroclus. In the last book, Zeus sends Iris to King Priam, to tell him that he should go to the Achaean camp alone and ransom the body of his slain son Hector from Achilles. Iris swiftly delivers the message to Priam and returns to Olympus. Other myths. According to the "Homeric Hymn to Apollo", when Leto was in labor prior to giving birth to her twin children Apollo and Artemis, all the goddesses were in attendance except for two, Hera and Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth. On the ninth day of her labor, Leto told Iris to bribe Eileithyia and ask for her help in giving birth to her children, without allowing Hera to find out. According to Callimachus, Iris along with Ares ordered, on Hera's orders, all cities and other places to shun the pregnant Leto and deny her shelter where she could bring forth her twins. After Asteria, now transformed into the island of Delos, offered shelter to Leto, Iris flew back to Hera to inform her that Leto had been allowed to give birth due to Asteria defying Hera's orders, and took her seat beside Hera. According to Apollonius Rhodius, Iris turned back the Argonauts Zetes and Calais, who had pursued the Harpies to the Strophades ("Islands of Turning"). The brothers had driven off the monsters from their torment of the prophet Phineus, but did not kill them upon the request of Iris, who promised that Phineus would not be bothered by the Harpies again. After King Creon of Thebes forbade the burial of the dead Argive soldiers who had raised their arms against Thebes, Hera ordered Iris to moisturize their dead bodies with dew and ambrosia. In a lesser-known narrative, Iris once came close to being raped by the satyrs after she attempted to disrupt their worship of Dionysus, perhaps at the behest of Hera. About fifteen black-and-red-figure vase paintings dating from the fifth century BC depict said satyrs either menacingly advancing toward or getting hold of her when she tries to interfere with the sacrifice. In another cup, Iris is depicted being assaulted by the satyrs, who apparently are trying to prevent Iris from stealing sacrificial meat from the altar of Dionysus, who is also present in the scene. On the other side, the satyrs are attacking Hera, who stands between Hermes and Heracles. The ancient playwright Achaeus wrote "Iris", a now lost satyr play, which might have been the source of those vases' subject. In Euripides' play "Heracles Gone Mad", Iris appears alongside Lyssa, the goddess of madness and insanity, cursing Heracles with the fit of madness in which he kills his three sons and his wife Megara. Iris also prepared the bed of Zeus and Hera. Worship. Cult. Unlike the other prominent messenger god of the Greeks, Hermes, Iris did not play a large part in the ancient Greek religion and was rarely worshipped. There are no known temples, shrines, or sanctuaries to Iris, or festivals held in her honour. While she is frequently depicted on vases and in bas-reliefs, few statues are known to have been made of Iris during antiquity. She was however depicted in sculpture on the west pediment of Parthenon in Athens. Iris does appear to have been the object of at least some minor worship, but the only trace preserved of her cult is the note by Athenaeus in "Scholars at Dinner" that the people of Delos sacrificed to Iris, offering her cheesecakes called "basyniae", a type of cake of wheat-flour, suet, and honey, boiled up together. Epithets. Iris had numerous poetic titles and epithets, including "chrysopteros" ( "golden winged"), "podas ōkea" ( "swift footed") or "podēnemos ōkea" ( "wind-swift footed"), "roscida" ("dewy", Latin), and "Thaumantias" or "Thaumantis" (, , "Daughter of Thaumas, Wondrous One"), "aellopus" ( "storm-footed, storm-swift). She also watered the clouds with her pitcher, obtaining the water from the sea. Representation. Iris is represented either as a rainbow or as a beautiful young maiden with wings on her shoulders. As a goddess, Iris is associated with communication, messages, the rainbow, and new endeavors. This personification of a rainbow was once described as being a link to the heavens and earth. In some texts she is depicted wearing a coat of many colors. With this coat she actually creates the rainbows she rides to get from place to place. Iris' wings were said to be so beautiful that she could even light up a dark cavern, a trait observable from the story of her visit to Somnus in order to relay a message to Alcyone. While Iris was principally associated with communication and messages, she was also believed to aid in the fulfillment of humans' prayers, either by fulfilling them herself or by bringing them to the attention of other deities. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64450824

Ioannis Kontoyiannis

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Ioannis Kontoyiannis Greek mathematician and information theorist Ioannis Kontoyiannis (born January 1972) is a Greek mathematician and information theorist. He is the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research with the Statistical Laboratory, in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, of the University of Cambridge. He is also a Fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge, an affiliated member of the Division of Information Engineering, Cambridge, a Research Fellow of the Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, a Senior Member of Robinson College, Cambridge, and a trustee of the Rollo Davidson Trust. His research interests are in information theory, probability and statistics, including their applications in data compression, bioinformatics, neuroscience, machine learning, and the connections between core information-theoretic ideas and results in probability theory and additive combinatorics. Academic biography. Kontoyiannis earned a B.S. in mathematics from Imperial College, University of London (1992), he obtained a distinction in Part III of the Cambridge University Pure Mathematics Tripos (1993), and he earned an M.S. in statistics (1997) and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering (1998), both from Stanford University. Between 1998 and 2018 he taught at Purdue University, Brown University, Columbia University, and at the Athens University of Economics and Business. In January 2018 he joined the Information Engineering Division at Cambridge University, as Professor of Information and Communications, and Head of the Signal Processing and Communications Laboratory. Since June 2020 he has been with the Statistical Laboratory, in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, University of Cambridge, where he holds the Churchill Chair in Mathematics. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12918217

Calgary Roller Derby

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Calgary Roller Derby Roller derby league Calgary Roller Derby is a not-for-profit women's flat-track roller derby league based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Calgary Roller Derby is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA). History and structure. Calgary Roller Derby was originally formed as the Sandstone City Roller Girls in 2006, and restructured as the Calgary Roller Derby Association the following year. The league is skater-owned and skater-operated and is a non-profit organization. In April 2018 the league announced a rebrand and dropped the "Association" from its name, and introduced an updated logo. Currently, there are three home teams within the league: The Cut-Throat Car Hops, the Thrashin' Lassies, the B-52 Bellas. There are two travel teams: the Jane Deere (B team) and the All Stars (WFTDA charter travel team). The Hellion Rebellion were renamed the All Stars in 2012. The Jane Deere was defunct as of summer 2009 and reformed in 2016. Each of these teams has a roster of 14-20 skaters. There is also a Fresh Meat team of new skaters. The league skates from April until September, at Triwood Arena, with charity and invitational scrimmages during the off-season. Skaters also frequently travel throughout the province to participate in invitational bouts. The league was accepted into the WFTDA Apprentice Program in January 2013. CRD achieved full member status in the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) in December 2013, becoming the first full WFTDA member league in Alberta. Calgary Junior Roller Derby is the league's JRDA-aligned junior roller derby league. WFTDA competition. Calgary first qualified for WFTDA Playoffs in 2016, entering the Division 2 tournament in Lansing, Michigan as the fifth seed. At Lansing, Calgary upset higher-seeded Cincinnati Rollergirls, Charm City Roller Girls (Baltimore) and ultimately defeated the seventh-seeded Charlottesville Derby Dames 189–165 to take first place in the tournament. The victory qualified Calgary for the Division 2 side of WFTDA Championships. At Championships in Portland, Calgary lost their opening game against the Blue Ridge Rollergirls 225–183, but then won a rematch against Charlottesville 252–197 to take third place in Division 2. In 2017, Calgary made their first appearance at Division 1 Playoffs at Malmö, but lost to both Rainy City Roller Derby and Helsinki Roller Derby to finish out of the medal round. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13197842

Life 24

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Life 24

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8101933

TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402

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TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 1996 aviation accident TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 was a scheduled domestic flight from São Paulo–Congonhas International Airport in São Paulo, Brazil to Recife International Airport in Recife via Santos Dumont Airport in Rio de Janeiro. On 31 October 1996, at 8:27 (UTC-2), the starboard engine of the Fokker 100 operating the route reversed thrust while the aircraft was climbing away from the runway at Congonhas. The aircraft stalled and rolled beyond control to the right, then struck two buildings and crashed into several houses in a heavily populated area only 25 seconds after takeoff. All 95 people on board were killed, as well as another 4 on the ground. It is the fourth deadliest accident in Brazilian aviation history, the second at the time. It is also the deadliest aviation accident involving a Fokker 100. Aircraft. The aircraft involved was a Fokker 100 with the registration PT-MRK. The aircraft made its first flight on 8 February 1993 and was acquired second-hand by TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais in April 1995; it had accumulated more than 8,000 flying hours. It wore a special promotional blue livery on its fuselage with the inscription "Number 1", in reference to TAM being awarded "Regional Airline of the Year" by "Air Transport World" magazine. Crew. The Captain was 35-year-old José Antonio Moreno, who had more than 9,000 hours of flight experience, including 3,000 hours on the Fokker 100. The first officer was 27-year-old Ricardo Luis Gomes, who had 4,000 flight hours, with 160 of them on the Fokker 100. There were also five flight attendants on board. Accident. The Fokker 100 aircraft incorporates a safety system to deal with an accidental deployment of a thrust reverser on take-off or when in flight; the system automatically moves the thrust control of the affected Rolls-Royce Tay 650-15 engine to reduce power, the aeroplane then being capable of climbing out safely on the full power of the one unaffected engine, or of maintaining normal flight at reduced power. In addition, a micro-switch, activated by the aircraft's main landing gear leaving the ground, disables the thrust reverser operating circuitry, preventing inadvertent operation of the thrust reverser in flight. As the aircraft lifted off the runway on the accident flight with both engines at full power, a faulty switch in conjunction with a possible short circuit caused the right engine's thrust reverser to deploy. The imbalance of power resulted in the aircraft rolling and veering to the right as it was climbing away from the runway. The safety system automatically cut the power to the engine with the malfunctioning thrust reverser. There was no alarm or other indication in the cockpit to indicate that a thrust reverser had been accidentally deployed. The crew had no way of knowing what the true problem was. The copilot, seeing the right engine power lever automatically move to the closed position, thought that the lever had slipped back due to a problem with the autothrottle system and pushed it back to the full power position alongside the left engine throttle lever. Once again, the automatic safety system closed the right engine throttle and the captain, who was conducting the takeoff, called for the autothrottle system to be switched off. After switching off the system, the copilot again pushed the right engine power lever fully forward and forcefully held it there. The safety system cable, responsible for pulling the power lever to the idle position, was no longer able to withstand the physical strain of being pulled one way by the actuator, while the copilot forced it the other way by pushing the throttle lever to the fully open position — the cable soon parted at a maintenance connection. With the lever no longer restrained by the safety system, the copilot continued to hold the right throttle fully open. The combination of the right engine at full thrust in reverse and the left engine still at normal forward take-off thrust caused the aircraft to roll violently to the right and descend into the ground. Investigation. In the subsequent investigation it was discovered that the flight crew had not been trained for such an occurrence as the aircraft's manufacturer, Fokker, had judged the failure mode to be so remote a possibility that training for recovery was not necessary. Dramatization. The crash was featured in the 15th season of the television documentary series "Mayday" in an episode titled "Carnage in São Paulo". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> External links. TAM 402 Footage 2 days before the crash.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38909223

Otto Koehler

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Otto Koehler Otto Koehler (20 December 1889 - 7 January 1974) was a German zoologist and pioneer ethologist. He was a founding editor, along with Konrad Lorenz of the "Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie" (Journal of animal psychology) which was later renamed as "Ethology". He was among the earliest to explore the numerical abilities of animals, and to use tools like film to study animal behaviour. Otto was born in Insterburg, Prussia, the fifth and the only child to survive of Lutheran pastor Eduard Koehler and his second wife Karoline née Heinrici. His mother died after his birth and his father died four years later leaving him in the care of his uncle Paul Heinrici. He went to the Royal school at Pforta in 1902 and matriculated in 1907 to then study at the University of Freiburg. He studied mathematics and history and attended August Weismann's classes on zoology and evolution. In 1908 he moved to the University of Munich where he studied botany and listened to lectures in physics from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. He studied the biology of a sea urchin "Strongylocentrotus lividus" under Richard von Hertwig and obtained a doctorate. He then worked as an assistant to Franz Doflein and then worked with Karl von Frisch. During the war Koehler was in charge of bacteriological examinations at a military hospital near Metz in 1914. He then set up a laboratory in Anatolia in 1916 and became an English prisoner of war in Nazareth. In 1919 he moved to Wroclaw where Franz Doflein had moved. Koehler studied geotaxis in "Paramecium", color vision in "Daphnia" and examined the perception of magnetic fields and UV in animals. He lectured on sensory physiology and animal psychology. Koehler worked with Karl von Frisch and trained dragonfly larvae to feed on yellow food thereby showing that they could recognize colour. In 1923 he became an associate professor in Munich and in 1925 he became directory of the Museum at the University of Königsberg. Koehler experimented on animals to identify if they had what was needed for human thinking and was especially interested in behaviours that demonstrated counting (which he called as unnamed thinking). He examined the behaviour of sandpiper's at the nest and used dummy eggs to check how the birds recognized their own eggs. He was also among the first biologists to use films to record animal behaviour for subsequent analysis. In 1937 he established the German Society for Animal Psychology and began its journal "Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie" with Konard Lorenz and Carl Kronacher. From 1986 it was renamed as "Ethology". After the war, Otto Koehler had lost his wife Annemarie Deditius whom he had married in Breslau in 1920 to an illness and Königsberg was in ruins. He was appointed a professor at the University of Freiburg in 1946 and he married a former student Amélie Hauchecorne, great-granddaughter of Wilhelm Hauchecorne. His first doctoral student Paul Leyhausen studied tiger-lion hybrids and he continued his research on the counting ability of animals. He also took an interest in bioacoustics. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11341610

Cork North (Dáil constituency)

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Cork North (Dáil constituency) Dáil constituency (1923–1961) Cork North was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1923 to 1961. The constituency elected 3 (and sometimes 4) deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) to the Dáil, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV). History. The constituency was created under the Electoral Act 1923, for the 1923 general election to Dáil Éireann, whose members formed the 4th Dáil. The constituency returned 3 Teachtaí Dála initially. The number of seats was increased to 4 for the 1937 general election but was reduced back to 3 for the 1948 general election. It succeeded the constituency of Cork Mid, North, South, South East and West. It was abolished under the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1961, when it was replaced by the new constituency of Cork North-East and Cork Mid. Boundaries. It consisted of the county electoral areas of Kanturk and Macroom in the administrative county of Cork. Elections. 1957 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1954 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1951 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1948 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1944 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1943 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1938 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1937 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1933 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1932 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> September 1927 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> June 1927 general election. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 1923 general election. Figures from the second count are not available. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49340832

Bill Meates (rugby union)

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Bill Meates (rugby union) NZ international rugby union player Rugby player William Anthony Meates (26 May 1923 – 1 February 2003) was a New Zealand rugby union player, soldier and schoolteacher. Biography. Meates was born in Greymouth in 1923, and was an elder brother of Kevin Meates. He received his education at Marist Brothers' School, Greymouth, and at St Bede's College in Christchurch. A wing three-quarter, Bill Meates represented and at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1949 and 1950. He played 20 matches for the All Blacks including seven internationals. Rejected for military service as an 18-year-old because of flat feet, Meates graduated from Christchurch Teachers' Training College in 1944. While there he served as vice-president of the student union, and his future wife Nancy was president. He was subsequently accepted for military service. However, by the time his contingent reached Egypt, Germany had surrendered. Following the end of the war, he toured Britain and France with the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force rugby team, known as the "Kiwis", playing in 13 matches. Back in New Zealand, worked as a teacher and studied at Canterbury University College, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1954. He taught at Aranui High School in Christchurch for 25 years, rising to deputy principal. As chairman of Sacred Heart Girls' College, he was influential in the integration of Catholic schools into the state system. With his wife Nancy, Meates had ten children, including David Meates who was CEO of the Canterbury District Health Board for 12 years. He died at Christchurch on 1 February 2003, and was buried at Ruru Lawn Cemetery. His wife, Nancy Meates, died in 2017. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54207744

Motilal Tejawat

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Motilal Tejawat Indian activistMotilal Tejawat (Hindi: मोतीलाल तेजावत), (1885–1963) was the leader of the Eki Movement that was agitated in the 1920s in the adivasi-dominated border areas of present-day Rajasthan and Gujarat. Early life. Motilal Tejawat was born in Koliyari (now in Jhadol tehsil, Udaipur district, Rajasthan) in 1886. After being educated to the fifth grade, he was employed in the Jhadol "thikana" (in present-day Jhadol tehsil) for some time. During his stint at Jhadol, he witnessed the oppressive behavior of the "thakur" and his henchmen towards the local Bhil people, which prompted him to resign his position in 1920. He then worked for a shopkeeper in Udaipur city. Soon after obtaining new employment, Tejawat was sent by his employer to Jhadol on business, where the "thakur" ordered him to hand over building material belonging to Tejawat's employer; he refused to oblige, and was beaten up and imprisoned by the "thakur" until Tejawat's employer was able to arrange for his release. Following this experience, Tejawat gave up his job in Udaipur and devoted himself to full-time political activity. Activism. Motilal Tejawat's immediate source of inspiration was the Bijolia movement. Tejawat came in contact with pamphlets originating from the Bijolia Movement and proceeded to make copies of and distribute the pamphlets in Bhil-majority areas. Tejawat organized several meetings in Bhil villages in the erstwhile estate of Jhadol, which resulted in the formation of a committee that sought to articulate the grievances and demands of the Bhil peasantry. Tejawat saw his movement as being part of the larger independence movement in India led by, among others, Gandhi. He is said to have stated during speeches that once 'Gandhi raj' was established, the agitators would have to pay only one anna in the rupee (i.e., 6%) to their rulers. Eki Movement. See Eki Movement. Position of national leaders. Gandhi did not approve of Tejawat's methods and distanced himself from Tejawat in an article in "Young India":I hear that a gentleman by name Motilal Pancholi hailing from Udaipur claims to be my disciple and to preach temperance and what not among the rustics of the Rajputana States. He is reported to be surrounded by an armed crowd of admirers and establishing his kingdom or some other -dom wherever he goes. He claims too, miraculous powers. He or his admirers are reported to have done some destructive work. I wish that people will once and for all understand that I have no disciples.Similarly, V.S. Pathik criticized Tejawat:One thing, however, is certain and that is that it was beyond Moti Lal's intellectual capacity to lead the public on the right path...nobody, even a child, would ever recognize Moti Lal as having a political aim or status, nor was he connected with any political society. Tejawat's arrest and imprisonment. Tejawat had been outlawed by the Udaipur state, which had announced a Rs-500 reward on his head. Tejawat was arrested in Khedbrahma on June 4, 1929, by police belonging to Idar State, and handed over the Mewar State. Tejawat was held in Udaipur, without trial, until his release on April 23, 1939. Post-Eki Movement activities. In December 1939, Tejawat announced to the Agra newspaper "Sainik" his intention to proceed to the "adivasi" areas of Mewar; he was barred by state authorities from doing so. However, in spite of state opposition to his activities, Tejawat continued to tour "adivasi" areas to advocate social reform, and was arrested again in Kotra on January 24,1946. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52096782

ECWA Women's Championship

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ECWA Women's Championship Professional wrestling women's championship The East Coast Wrestling Association Women's Championship (stylized as ECWA Women's Championship) was a women's professional wrestling championship in East Coast Wrestling Association. Title history. <templatestyles src="template:row hover highlight/styles.css"/> Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58205537

International Society of Dermatopathology

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International Society of Dermatopathology Professional medical organization The International Society of Dermatopathology is a non-profit, international society for the discipline of dermatopathology which was founded in 1979. It is based in Half Moon Bay, California, US. It publishes a peer-reviewed journal, "The American Journal of Dermatopathology" (AJDP). It was founded by Helmut Kerl, MD; Gérald E. Piérard, MD; Jorge Sánchez, MD; and the late A. Bernard Ackerman, MD. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6140803

Can't You Hear Me Knocking

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Can't You Hear Me Knocking 1971 song by the Rolling Stones "Can't You Hear Me Knocking" is a track by English rock band the Rolling Stones from their 1971 album "Sticky Fingers". The track is over seven minutes long, and begins with a Keith Richards open-G tuned guitar intro. The main song lasts for two minutes and 43 seconds, after which it transforms into an extended improvisational jam. The entire track was captured in one take, with the jam being a happy accident; the band had assumed the tape machine had been stopped, and were surprised to find the entire session had been captured. Originally they were going to end the song before the jam started, but were so pleased with the jam that they decided to keep it in. Besides the regular Rolling Stones members Mick Jagger (vocals), Keith Richards (guitar), Mick Taylor (guitar), Charlie Watts (drums) and Bill Wyman (bass), the track also features conga player Rocky Dijon, saxophonist Bobby Keys, organist Billy Preston and additional percussion by producer Jimmy Miller. Composition and recording. The track featured Rocky Dijon on congas; tenor saxophonist Bobby Keys performs an extended saxophone solo over the guitar work of Richards and Mick Taylor, punctuated by the organ work of Billy Preston. At 4:40 Taylor takes over from Richards and carries the song to its finish with a lengthy guitar solo. Richards described writing the guitar riff: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />"Can't You Hear Me Knocking" came out flying – I just found the tuning and the riff and started to swing it and Charlie picked up on it just like that, and we're thinking, hey, this is some groove. So it was smiles all around. For a guitar player it's no big deal to play, the chopping, staccato bursts of chords, very direct and spare. In 2002, Richards commented on the recording: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />The jam at the end wasn't inspired by Carlos Santana. We didn't even know they were still taping. We thought we'd finished. We were just rambling and they kept the tape rolling. I figured we'd just fade it off. It was only when we heard the playback that we realised, Oh, they kept it going. Basically we realised we had two bits of music. There's the song and there's the jam. Taylor recalled in a 1979 interview: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />"Can't You Hear Me Knocking"... is one of my favourites... [The jam at the end] just happened by accident; that was never planned. Towards the end of the song I just felt like carrying on playing. Everybody was putting their instruments down, but the tape was still rolling and it sounded good, so everybody quickly picked up their instruments again and carried on playing. It just happened, and it was a one-take thing. A lot of people seem to really like that part. Taylor added, "I used a brown Gibson ES-345 for 'Dead Flowers' and the solo on 'Can't You Hear Me Knocking'." Jagger noted in the Spotify Landmark interview on the album that the key was too high for his voice and that "I [did] lots of vocals, harmonies to sort of hide the fact that I didn't really hit the notes that great in the chorus bits." An early alternate take of the song (with dummy/placeholder lyrics) was released in June 2015 on the Deluxe and Super Deluxe editions of the reissued "Sticky Fingers" album. Accolades. In 2004, "Rolling Stone" magazine listed it at number 25 in "The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time." "Mick Taylor had the biggest influence on me, without me even knowing it," remarked Slash. "My favourite Stones records were "Beggars Banquet", "Let It Bleed" and "Sticky Fingers"… One of the greatest Mick Taylor solos is 'Can't You Hear Me Knocking'. It's the kind of stuff that's almost like old Eric Clapton – it's very simple stuff, but it's about how the notes are placed and how you approach them." The Rolling Stones live performances. The number was part of the Rolling Stones' concert repertoire during their Licks Tour in 2002–2003 and A Bigger Bang Tour in 2005–2007. In these renditions, Jagger played a harmonica solo after Keys' sax solo, and Ronnie Wood performed the extended guitar solo. A live recording was released on the band's 2003 DVD set "Four Flicks" and on the 2004 concert album "Live Licks". It was also performed live during shows in 2013, with Mick Taylor appearing as a special guest with the band. Another live version was published on the release "Sticky Fingers Live - From The Vault", recorded on 20 May 2015 at the Henry Fonda Theater in Los Angeles, California, where the band played the entire "Sticky Fingers" album. Personnel. "Sticky Fingers". The Rolling Stones Additional musicians "Live Licks". The Rolling Stones Additional musicians References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8644308

Natalie Imbruglia discography

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Natalie Imbruglia discography The discography of Natalie Imbruglia, an Australian pop/rock singer, consists of six studio albums, one compilation album, one extended play, and seventeen singles. Imbruglia debuted in 1994 as an actress on the Australian soap opera "Neighbours". In 1996, she began composing songs and signed a recording contract with RCA Records in the United Kingdom. Imbruglia's debut album "Left of the Middle" was released in November 1997. The album reached number one on Australian albums chart and was certified platinum five times by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). On the UK albums chart, it reached number five and was certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). "Left of the Middle" sold over seven million copies and produced three top five singles. Her second album, "White Lilies Island", was released in November 2001. It reached number three in Australia and was certified gold. The album reached number fifteen in the UK and was certified gold. "White Lilies Island" produced three singles, two of which reached the top forty in Australia. "Counting Down the Days", her third album, was released in April 2005. It reached number twelve in Australia and number one in the UK. It produced two singles and was certified gold in the UK. "", a greatest hits collection, was released in September 2007. It reached number five in the UK and was certified gold. Since 1997, Imbruglia has sold over 10 million albums worldwide. Other appearances. These songs have not appeared on a studio album released by Imbruglia. References. Notes <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> General <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> Specific <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69795791

HMS Surface (P269)

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HMS Surface (P269)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54525426

O Come to the Altar

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O Come to the Altar "O Come to the Altar" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, "Here as in Heaven" (2016). The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye. The song peaked at No. 2 on the Hot Christian Songs chart, their highest-charting entry. It stayed there for a record total of sixteen weeks, blocked by Lecrae's "I'll Find You" and Hillsong Worship's "What a Beautiful Name". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27283377

Alfred Horsford

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Alfred Horsford British Army general General Sir Alfred Hastings Horsford (1818 – 13 September 1885) was a senior British Army officer who went on to be Military Secretary. Military career. Born in Bath and educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Horsford was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade in 1833. He served in the Cape Frontier War in 1847 and was Commanding Officer of 1st Bn the Rifle Brigade during the 8th Xhosa War in 1852. He also served in the Crimean War and fought at the Battle of Alma, Battle of Inkerman, Battle of Balaklava and the early part of the Siege of Sevastopol. He served in the repression of the Indian Mutiny, having been made Commander of the 6th Brigade at the Capture of Lucknow. He was made Deputy Adjutant-General at Army Headquarters in 1860, a Brigade commander at Aldershot in 1866, Major-General on the General Staff at Malta in 1869 and General Officer Commanding South-Eastern District in January 1872. He went on to be Military Secretary in 1874. In retirement he was involved in an accident when Frederick Gye, Manager of the Royal Italian Opera, was assisting Horsford over a fence. Horsford's gun went off and shot Gye in the eye. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=122726

New Hampton, Missouri

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New Hampton, Missouri New Hampton is a city in southwest Harrison County, Missouri, United States. The population was 228 at the 2020 census. History. New Hampton was originally called Hamptonville, and under the latter name was platted in 1869 by Hampton Cox, and named for him. A post office called New Hampton has been in operation since 1881. Geography. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Demographics. <templatestyles src="US Census population/styles.css"/> 2010 census. At the 2010 census there were 291 people in 123 households, including 80 families, in the city. The population density was . There were 153 housing units at an average density of . The racial makup of the city was 95.5% White, 1.7% Native American, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3%. Of the 123 households, 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.0% were non-families. 30.9% of households were one person, and 20.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age was 38.1 years. 24.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.6% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. 2000 census. At the 2000 census there were 349 people in 142 households, including 92 families, in the city. The population density was . There were 170 housing units at an average density of . The racial makup of the city was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.72%. Of the 142 households, 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 31.0% of households were one person, and 16.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.12. In the city the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males. The median household income was $32,917 and the median family income was $40,536. Males had a median income of $23,125 versus $16,136 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,450. About 4.4% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=158799

Choline

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Choline Chemical compound and essential nutrient <templatestyles src="Chembox/styles.css"/> Chemical compound Choline ( ) is a cation with the chemical formula . Choline forms various salts, for example choline chloride and choline bitartrate. Chemistry. Choline is a quaternary ammonium cation. The cholines are a family of water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Choline is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine residue having three methyl groups attached to the same nitrogen atom. Choline hydroxide is known as choline base. It is hygroscopic and thus often encountered as a colorless viscous hydrated syrup that smells of trimethylamine (TMA). Aqueous solutions of choline are stable, but the compound slowly breaks down to ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, and TMA. Choline chloride can be made by treating TMA with 2-chloroethanol: The 2-chloroethanol can be generated from ethylene oxide. Choline has historically been produced from natural sources, such as via hydrolysis of lecithin. Choline in nature. Choline is widespread in nature in living beings. In most animals, choline phospholipids are necessary components in cell membranes, in the membranes of cell organelles, and in very low-density lipoproteins. Choline as a nutrient. Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals. Humans are capable of some "de novo" synthesis of choline but require additional choline in the diet to maintain health. Dietary requirements can be met by choline by itself or in the form of choline phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine. Choline is not formally classified as a vitamin despite being an essential nutrient with an amino acid–like structure and metabolism. Choline is required to produce acetylcholine – a neurotransmitter – and "S"-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a universal methyl donor. Upon methylation SAM is transformed into S-adenosyl homocysteine. Symptomatic choline deficiency causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and muscle damage. Excessive consumption of choline (greater than 7.5 grams per day) can cause low blood pressure, sweating, diarrhea and fish-like body smell due to trimethylamine, which forms in the metabolism of choline. Rich dietary sources of choline and choline phospholipids include organ meats, egg yolks, dairy products, peanuts, certain beans, nuts and seeds. Vegetables with pasta and rice also contribute to choline intake in the American diet. Metabolism. Biosynthesis. In plants, the first step in "de novo" biosynthesis of choline is the decarboxylation of serine into ethanolamine, which is catalyzed by a serine decarboxylase. The synthesis of choline from ethanolamine may take place in three parallel pathways, where three consecutive "N"-methylation steps catalyzed by a methyl transferase are carried out on either the free-base, phospho-bases, or phosphatidyl-bases. The source of the methyl group is "S"-adenosyl-L-methionine and "S"-adenosyl-L-homocysteine is generated as a side product. In humans and most other animals, de novo synthesis of choline is via the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway, but biosynthesis is not enough to meet human requirements. In the hepatic PEMT route, 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) receives 2 acyl groups from acyl-CoA forming a phosphatidic acid. It reacts with cytidine triphosphate to form cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol. Its hydroxyl group reacts with serine to form phosphatidylserine which decarboxylates to ethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) forms. A PEMT enzyme moves three methyl groups from three "S"-adenosyl methionines (SAM) donors to the ethanolamine group of the phosphatidylethanolamine to form choline in the form of a phosphatidylcholine. Three "S"-adenosylhomocysteines (SAHs) are formed as a byproduct. Choline can also be released from more complex choline containing molecules. For example, phosphatidylcholines (PC) can be hydrolyzed to choline (Chol) in most cell types. Choline can also be produced by the CDP-choline route, cytosolic choline kinases (CK) phosphorylate choline with ATP to phosphocholine (PChol). This happens in some cell types like liver and kidney. Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferases (CPCT) transform PChol to CDP-choline (CDP-Chol) with cytidine triphosphate (CTP). CDP-choline and diglyceride are transformed to PC by diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CPT). In humans, certain PEMT-enzyme mutations and estrogen deficiency (often due to menopause) increase the dietary need for choline. In rodents, 70% of phosphatidylcholines are formed via the PEMT route and only 30% via the CDP-choline route. In knockout mice, PEMT inactivation makes them completely dependent on dietary choline. Absorption. In humans, choline is absorbed from the intestines via the SLC44A1 (CTL1) membrane protein via facilitated diffusion governed by the choline concentration gradient and the electrical potential across the enterocyte membranes. SLC44A1 has limited ability to transport choline: at high concentrations part of it is left unabsorbed. Absorbed choline leaves the enterocytes via the portal vein, passes the liver and enters systemic circulation. Gut microbes degrade the unabsorbed choline to trimethylamine, which is oxidized in the liver to trimethylamine "N"-oxide. Phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholines are hydrolyzed via phospholipases to choline, which enters the portal vein. Due to their water solubility, some of them escape unchanged to the portal vein. Fat-soluble choline-containing compounds (phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins) are either hydrolyzed by phospholipases or enter the lymph incorporated into chylomicrons. Transport. In humans, choline is transported as a free molecule in blood. Choline–containing phospholipids and other substances, like glycerophosphocholines, are transported in blood lipoproteins. Blood plasma choline levels in healthy fasting adults is 7–20 micromoles per liter (μmol/L) and 10 μmol/L on average. Levels are regulated, but choline intake and deficiency alters these levels. Levels are elevated for about 3 hours after choline consumption. Phosphatidylcholine levels in the plasma of fasting adults is 1.5–2.5 mmol/L. Its consumption elevates the free choline levels for about 8–12 hours, but does not affect phosphatidylcholine levels significantly. Choline is a water-soluble ion and thus requires transporters to pass through fat-soluble cell membranes. Three types of choline transporters are known: SLC5A7s are sodium- (Na+) and ATP-dependent transporters. They have high binding affinity for choline, transport it primarily to neurons and are indirectly associated with the acetylcholine production. Their deficient function causes hereditary weakness in the pulmonary and other muscles in humans via acetylcholine deficiency. In knockout mice, their dysfunction results easily in death with cyanosis and paralysis. CTL1s have moderate affinity for choline and transport it in almost all tissues, including the intestines, liver, kidneys, placenta and mitochondria. CTL1s supply choline for phosphatidylcholine and trimethylglycine production. CTL2s occur especially in the mitochondria in the tongue, kidneys, muscles and heart. They are associated with the mitochondrial oxidation of choline to trimethylglycine. CTL1s and CTL2s are not associated with the acetylcholine production, but transport choline together via the blood–brain barrier. Only CTL2s occur on the brain side of the barrier. They also remove excess choline from the neurons back to blood. CTL1s occur only on the blood side of the barrier, but also on the membranes of astrocytes and neurons. OCT1s and OCT2s are not associated with the acetylcholine production. They transport choline with low affinity. OCT1s transport choline primarily in the liver and kidneys; OCT2s in kidneys and the brain. Storage. Choline is stored in the cell membranes and organelles as phospholipids, and inside cells as phosphatidylcholines and glycerophosphocholines. Excretion. Even at choline doses of 2–8 g, little choline is excreted into urine in humans. Excretion happens via transporters that occur within kidneys (see transport). Trimethylglycine is demethylated in the liver and kidneys to dimethylglycine (tetrahydrofolate receives one of the methyl groups). Methylglycine forms, is excreted into urine, or is demethylated to glycine. Function. Choline and its derivatives have many functions in humans and in other organisms. The most notable function is that choline serves as a synthetic precursor for other essential cell components and signalling molecules, such as phospholipids that form cell membranes, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the osmoregulator trimethylglycine (betaine). Trimethylglycine in turn serves as a source of methyl groups by participating in the biosynthesis of "S"-adenosylmethionine. Phospholipid precursor. Choline is transformed to different phospholipids, like phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins. These are found in all cell membranes and the membranes of most cell organelles. Phosphatidylcholines are structurally important part of the cell membranes. In humans 40–50% of their phospholipids are phosphatidylcholines. Choline phospholipids also form lipid rafts in the cell membranes along with cholesterol. The rafts are centers, for example for receptors and receptor signal transduction enzymes. Phosphatidylcholines are needed for the synthesis of VLDLs: 70–95% of their phospholipids are phosphatidylcholines in humans. Choline is also needed for the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant, which is a mixture consisting mostly of phosphatidylcholines. The surfactant is responsible for lung elasticity, that is for lung tissue's ability to contract and expand. For example, deficiency of phosphatidylcholines in the lung tissues has been linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Phosphatidylcholines are excreted into bile and work together with bile acid salts as surfactants in it, thus helping with the intestinal absorption of lipids. Acetylcholine synthesis. Choline is needed to produce acetylcholine. This is a neurotransmitter which plays a necessary role in muscle contraction, memory and neural development, for example. Nonetheless, there is little acetylcholine in the human body relative to other forms of choline. Neurons also store choline in the form of phospholipids to their cell membranes for the production of acetylcholine. Source of trimethylglycine. In humans, choline is oxidized irreversibly in liver mitochondria to glycine betaine aldehyde by choline oxidases. This is oxidized by mitochondrial or cytosolic betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenases to trimethylglycine. Trimethylglycine is a necessary osmoregulator. It also works as a substrate for the BHMT-enzyme, which methylates homocysteine to methionine. This is a "S"-adenosylmethionine (SAM) precursor. SAM is a common reagent in biological methylation reactions. For example, it methylates guanidines of DNA and certain lysines of histones. Thus it is part of gene expression and epigenetic regulation. Choline deficiency thus leads to elevated homocysteine levels and decreased SAM levels in blood. Content in foods. Choline occurs in foods as a free molecule and in the form of phospholipids, especially as phosphatidylcholines. Choline is highest in organ meats and egg yolks though it is found to a lesser degree in non-organ meats, grains, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Cooking oils and other food fats have about 5 mg/100 g of total choline. In the United States, food labels express the amount of choline in a serving as a percentage of daily value (%DV) based on the adequate intake of 550 mg/day. 100% of the daily value means that a serving of food has 550 mg of choline. "Total choline" is defined as the sum of free choline and choline-containing phospholipids, without accounting for mass fraction. Human breast milk is rich in choline. Exclusive breastfeeding corresponds to about 120 mg of choline per day for the baby. Increase in a mother's choline intake raises the choline content of breast milk and low intake decreases it. Infant formulas may or may not contain enough choline. In the EU and the US, it is mandatory to add at least 7 mg of choline per 100 kilocalories (kcal) to every infant formula. In the EU, levels above 50 mg/100 kcal are not allowed. Trimethylglycine is a functional metabolite of choline. It substitutes for choline nutritionally, but only partially. High amounts of trimethylglycine occur in wheat bran (1,339 mg/100 g), toasted wheat germ (1,240 mg/100 g) and spinach (600–645 mg/100 g), for example. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Daily values. The following table contains updated sources of choline to reflect the new Daily Value and the new Nutrition Facts and Supplement Facts Labels. It reflects data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central, 2019. Dietary recommendations. Insufficient data is available to establish an estimated average requirement (EAR) for choline, so the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) established adequate intakes (AIs). For adults, the AI for choline was set at 550 mg/day for men and 425 mg/day for women. These values have been shown to prevent hepatic alteration in men. However, the study used to derive these values did not evaluate whether less choline would be effective, as researchers only compared a choline-free diet to a diet containing 550 mg of choline per day. From this, the AIs for children and adolescents were extrapolated. Recommendations are in milligrams per day (mg/day). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations are general recommendations for the EU countries. The EFSA has not set any upper limits for intake. Individual EU countries may have more specific recommendations. The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) recommendations apply in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. Intake in populations. Twelve surveys undertaken in 9 EU countries between 2000 and 2011 estimated choline intake of adults in these countries to be 269–468 milligrams per day. Intake was 269–444 mg/day in adult women and 332–468 mg/day in adult men. Intake was 75–127 mg/day in infants, 151–210 mg/day in 1- to 3-year-olds, 177–304 mg/day in 3- to 10-year-olds and 244–373 mg/day in 10- to 18-year-olds. The total choline intake mean estimate was 336 mg/day in pregnant adolescents and 356 mg/day in pregnant women. A study based on the NHANES 2009–2012 survey estimated the choline intake to be too low in some US subpopulations. Intake was 315.2–318.8 mg/d in 2+ year olds between this time period. Out of 2+ year olds, only % of males and % of females exceeded the adequate intake (AI). AI was exceeded by % of 2- to 3-year-olds, % of 4- to 8-year-olds, % of 9- to 13-year-olds, % of 14–18 and % of 19+ year olds. Upper intake level was not exceeded in any subpopulations. A 2013–2014 NHANES study of the US population found the choline intake of 2- to 19-year-olds to be  mg/day and  mg/day in adults 20 and over. Intake was  mg/d in men 20 and over and 278 mg/d in women 20 and over. Deficiency. Signs and symptoms. Symptomatic choline deficiency is rare in humans. Most obtain sufficient amounts of it from the diet and are able to biosynthesize limited amounts of it via PEMT. Symptomatic deficiency is often caused by certain diseases or by other indirect causes. Severe deficiency causes muscle damage and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which may develop into cirrhosis. Besides humans, fatty liver is also a typical sign of choline deficiency in other animals. Bleeding in the kidneys can also occur in some species. This is suspected to be due to deficiency of choline derived trimethylglycine, which functions as an osmoregulator. Causes and mechanisms. Estrogen production is a relevant factor which predisposes individuals to deficiency along with low dietary choline intake. Estrogens activate phosphatidylcholine producing PEMT enzymes. Women before menopause have lower dietary need for choline than men due to women's higher estrogen production. Without estrogen therapy, the choline needs of post-menopausal women are similar to men's. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (genetic factors) affecting choline and folate metabolism are also relevant. Certain gut microbes also degrade choline more efficiently than others, so they are also relevant. In deficiency, availability of phosphatidylcholines in the liver are decreased – these are needed for formation of VLDLs. Thus VLDL-mediated fatty acid transport out of the liver decreases leading to fat accumulation in the liver. Other simultaneously occurring mechanisms explaining the observed liver damage have also been suggested. For example, choline phospholipids are also needed in mitochondrial membranes. Their inavailability leads to the inability of mitochondrial membranes to maintain proper electrochemical gradient, which, among other things, is needed for degrading fatty acids via β-oxidation. Fat metabolism within liver therefore decreases. Excess intake. Excessive doses of choline can have adverse effects. Daily 8–20 g doses of choline, for example, have been found to cause low blood pressure, nausea, diarrhea and fish-like body odor. The odor is due to trimethylamine (TMA) formed by the gut microbes from the unabsorbed choline (see trimethylaminuria). The liver oxidizes TMA to trimethylamine "N"-oxide (TMAO). Elevated levels of TMA and TMAO in the body have been linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis and mortality. Thus, excessive choline intake has been hypothetized to increase these risks in addition to carnitine, which also is formed into TMA and TMAO by gut bacteria. However, choline intake has not been shown to increase the risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases. It is plausible that elevated TMA and TMAO levels are just a symptom of other underlying illnesses or genetic factors that predispose individuals for increased mortality. Such factors may have not been properly accounted for in certain studies observing TMA and TMAO level related mortality. Causality may be reverse or confounding and large choline intake might not increase mortality in humans. For example, kidney dysfunction predisposes for cardiovascular diseases, but can also decrease TMA and TMAO excretion. Health effects. Neural tube closure. Low maternal intake of choline is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects. Higher maternal intake of choline is likely associated with better neurocognition/neurodevelopment in children. Choline and folate, interacting with vitamin B12, act as methyl donors to homocysteine to form methionine, which can then go on to form SAM ("S"-adenosylmethionine). SAM is the substrate for almost all methylation reactions in mammals. It has been suggested that disturbed methylation via SAM could be responsible for the relation between folate and NTDs. This may also apply to choline. Certain mutations that disturb choline metabolism increase the prevalence of NTDs in newborns, but the role of dietary choline deficiency remains unclear, as of 2015.[ [update]] Cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Choline deficiency can cause fatty liver, which increases cancer and cardiovascular disease risk. Choline deficiency also decreases SAM production, which partakes in DNA methylation – this decrease may also contribute to carcinogenesis. Thus, deficiency and its association with such diseases has been studied. However, observational studies of free populations have not convincingly shown an association between low choline intake and cardiovascular diseases or most cancers. Studies on prostate cancer have been contradictory. Cognition. Studies observing the effect between higher choline intake and cognition have been conducted in human adults, with contradictory results. Similar studies on human infants and children have been contradictory and also limited. Perinatal development. Both pregnancy and lactation increase demand for choline dramatically. This demand may be met by upregulation of PEMT via increasing estrogen levels to produce more choline "de novo", but even with increased PEMT activity, the demand for choline is still so high that bodily stores are generally depleted. This is exemplified by the observation that "Pemt −/−" mice (mice lacking functional PEMT) will abort at 9–10 days unless fed supplemental choline. While maternal stores of choline are depleted during pregnancy and lactation, the placenta accumulates choline by pumping choline against the concentration gradient into the tissue, where it is then stored in various forms, mostly as acetylcholine. Choline concentrations in amniotic fluid can be ten times higher than in maternal blood. Functions in the fetus. Choline is in high demand during pregnancy as a substrate for building cellular membranes (rapid fetal and mother tissue expansion), increased need for one-carbon moieties (a substrate for methylation of DNA and other functions), raising choline stores in fetal and placental tissues, and for increased production of lipoproteins (proteins containing "fat" portions). In particular, there is interest in the impact of choline consumption on the brain. This stems from choline's use as a material for making cellular membranes (particularly in making phosphatidylcholine). Human brain growth is most rapid during the third trimester of pregnancy and continues to be rapid to approximately five years of age. During this time, the demand is high for sphingomyelin, which is made from phosphatidylcholine (and thus from choline), because this material is used to myelinate (insulate) nerve fibers. Choline is also in demand for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which can influence the structure and organization of brain regions, neurogenesis, myelination, and synapse formation. Acetylcholine is even present in the placenta and may help control cell proliferation and differentiation (increases in cell number and changes of multiuse cells into dedicated cellular functions) and parturition. Choline uptake into the brain is controlled by a low-affinity transporter located at the blood–brain barrier. Transport occurs when arterial blood plasma choline concentrations increase above 14 μmol/L, which can occur during a spike in choline concentration after consuming choline-rich foods. Neurons, conversely, acquire choline by both high- and low-affinity transporters. Choline is stored as membrane-bound phosphatidylcholine, which can then be used for acetylcholine neurotransmitter synthesis later. Acetylcholine is formed as needed, travels across the synapse, and transmits the signal to the following neuron. Afterwards, acetylcholinesterase degrades it, and the free choline is taken up by a high-affinity transporter into the neuron again. Uses. Choline chloride and choline bitartrate are used in dietary supplements. Bitartrate is used more often due to its lower hygroscopicity. Certain choline salts are used to supplement chicken, turkey and some other animal feeds. Some salts are also used as industrial chemicals: for example, in photolithography to remove photoresist. Choline theophyllinate and choline salicylate are used as medicines, as well as structural analogs, like methacholine and carbachol. Radiolabeled cholines, like 11C-choline, are used in medical imaging. Other commercially used salts include tricholine citrate and choline bicarbonate. Antagonists and inhibitors. Hundreds of choline antagonists and enzyme inhibitors have been developed for research purposes. Aminomethylpropanol is among the first ones used as a research tool. It inhibits choline and trimethylglycine synthesis. It is able to induce choline deficiency that in turn results in fatty liver in rodents. Diethanolamine is another such compound, but also an environmental pollutant. "N"-cyclohexylcholine inhibits choline uptake primarily in brains. Hemicholinium-3 is a more general inhibitor, but also moderately inhibits choline kinases. More specific choline kinase inhibitors have also been developed. Trimethylglycine synthesis inhibitors also exist: carboxybutylhomocysteine is an example of a specific BHMT inhibitor. The cholinergic hypothesis of dementia has not only lead to medicinal acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, but also to a variety of acetylcholine inhibitors. Examples of such inhibiting research chemicals include triethylcholine, homocholine and many other "N"-ethyl derivates of choline, which are false neurotransmitter analogs of acetylcholine. Choline acetyltransferase inhibitors have also been developed. History. Discovery. In 1849, Adolph Strecker was the first to isolate choline from pig bile. In 1852, L. Babo and M. Hirschbrunn extracted choline from white mustard seeds and named it "sinkaline". In 1862, Strecker repeated his experiment with pig and ox bile, calling the substance "choline" for the first time after the Greek word for bile, "chole", and identifying it with the chemical formula C5H13NO. In 1850, Theodore Nicolas Gobley extracted from the brains and roe of carps a substance he named "lecithin" after the Greek word for egg yolk, , showing in 1874 that it was a mixture of phosphatidylcholines. In 1865, Oscar Liebreich isolated "neurine" from animal brains. The structural formulas of acetylcholine and Liebreich's "neurine" were resolved by Adolf von Baeyer in 1867. Later that year "neurine" and sinkaline were shown to be the same substances as Strecker's choline. Thus, Bayer was the first to resolve the structure of choline. The compound now known as neurine is unrelated to choline. Discovery as a nutrient. In the early 1930s, Charles Best and colleagues noted that fatty liver in rats on a special diet and diabetic dogs could be prevented by feeding them lecithin, proving in 1932 that choline in lecithin was solely responsible for this preventive effect. In 1998, the US National Academy of Medicine reported their first recommendations for choline in the human diet. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

00002e9331b9d7dca078c30f6dedebf6797950eef4953d1e3ea192f6f45669fe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3610337

Out of Myself

eng_Latn

Out of Myself Out of Myself is the debut studio album by Polish progressive rock band Riverside, released on 21 September 2004. It was first released under The Laser's Edge and is the first album in the boxed set "Reality Dream Trilogy" which includes "Out of Myself", "Second Life Syndrome" and "Rapid Eye Movement". Acclaim and reviews. Riverside's debut full album "Out of Myself" was met with critical acclaim among progressive rock and metal reviewers. The album was described as "a rare thing of beauty" by MetalCrypt reviewer Bruce Dragonchaser. Boris at Metal Reviews stated that he was "lucky" to have "stumbled" on the album. "...one of the most treasured pieces in my collection", noted Ivor at Metal Storm. Album style. "Out of Myself" has been described as an "emotional musical journey", "powerful in a subtle way", with "slight elements of metal, arena rock, grunge, and even dub." At the same time, the album has been termed "the band's gentle first outing." Built on the strength of Mariusz Duda's bass guitar, the music also relies on a soaring atmosphere of Jacek Melnicki's keyboards and "long, weeping, long stretched high guitar notes" of Piotr Grudziński's lead guitar. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

000036fced8ec2ff4c7c4a85ce217111d868a38e10cc71af1c77ce3c5b99e417

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27969216

Monastir offensive

eng_Latn

Monastir offensive World War I offensive in the Macedonian front The Monastir offensive was an Allied military operation against the forces of the Central Powers during World War I, intended to break the deadlock on the Macedonian front by forcing the capitulation of Bulgaria and relieving the pressure on Romania. The offensive took the shape of a large battle and lasted for three months and ended with the capture of the town of Monastir. On an average depth of 50km, the Bulgarian First Army (from the end of September German Eleventh Army) gave battle on six occasions, being forced to retreat five times. Background. In August 1916, Romania chose to join the war effort on the side of the Entente and concentrated most of its forces for an invasion of Transylvania, leaving its 3rd army to guard the border with Bulgaria. The Russian and French proposals for a joint attack of the Romanian Army and the Allied Salonika Army against Bulgaria were no longer realistic. The Allies, however, still planned a large offensive in the Macedonian front for the middle of August to support Romania's entry into the war and pin down as many Bulgarian forces as possible. The Bulgarian High Command suspected an impending offensive, and the fighting around Doiran that erupted on 9 August only confirmed these suspicions. On their part, the Bulgarians had urged for an offensive in Macedonia since the beginning of the year, now planning to strike with the First Army and Second Army on both Allied flanks. The Germans also gave their sanction for the plan as the former army was part of Army Group Mackensen. On 17 August, the Chegan and Struma offensives began. On the left flank, the Bulgarian Second Army, meeting little resistance on its way, seized all the Greek territory up to the Struma river. On the right flank, the Bulgarian First Army captured Lerin and continued advancing in the face of stiffening Allied resistance. The advance soon bogged down, the offensive was called off on 27 August, and the Bulgarian forces were ordered to dig in. This pre-emptive strike, however, thwarted general Sarrail's plans and forced him to postpone his offensive. The need for an Allied attack against Bulgaria became even more urgent in early September 1916, as the Bulgarian Third Army under general Stefan Toshev and field marshal Mackensen achieved decisive victories against the Romanian and Russians in the battles of Tutrakan and Dobrich. Opposing forces. By September 1916, the Allies had gathered a substantial force of 6 Serbian, 5 British, 4 French, 1 Italian infantry division and 1 Russian infantry brigade for operations on the Macedonian front. The ratio strength of this army reached between 369,000 and 400,000 men. The battle strength was deployed in 201 infantry battalions with 1,025 artillery pieces and 1,300 machine guns. The Central Powers could initially oppose these forces with the Bulgarian First Army, German Eleventh Army and Bulgarian Second Army in total 172 infantry battalions, c. 900 artillery pieces. In addition, there was also the 10th Bulgarian Infantry Division and the forces protecting the Aegean coast from the river Struma to the border with the Ottoman Empire – 25 infantry battalions, 31 artillery batteries and 24 machine guns. General Sarrail planned to strike at the right wing and center of the overextended First Army with his Serbian, French, Russian and Italian forces and content himself with only demonstrative attacks against the Vardar valley and the Struma, that were to be conducted by the British to pin down as many Bulgarian and German troops as possible. The offensive. Opening phase. On 12 September, the Allies opened their offensive with a powerful two-day artillery barrage and an attack by the Serbian Third Army and the French Army of the Orient against the Bulgarian 8th Tundzha Infantry Division and colonel Tasev's reinforced brigade. The situation soon deteriorated for the Bulgarians, and on 14 September, they were forced to retreat towards Lerin, leaving behind some of their artillery guns and abandoning Gornichevo to the Serbians. On 12 September, the Serbians also began their first attack on the Kaimakchalan ridge. The British also became active on the Struma front and tried to expand their footholds on its right bank. The Bulgarian First Army's western flank now managed to hold the Allies on the Lerin – Kajmakcalan line. The Allies, however, continued their attacks, and on 23 September, after heavy fighting, the French entered Lerin. The Bulgarians were still holding on Kajmakcalan, where the 1st Infantry Brigade of the 3rd Balkan Infantry Division was attacked by a superior number of Serbian troops supported by heavy French artillery. The fighting was very costly for the attackers and the defenders, as the bare, rocky ridge provided almost no cover from the Bulgarian machine gun fire or the Allied artillery. The Bulgarian setbacks attracted greater attention from both the Bulgarian and German high commands, and soon, several vital changes in the command structure were made. On 27 September, General Kliment Boyadzhiev was replaced as commander of the First Army by General Dimitar Geshov. The army itself exchanged headquarters with the Eleventh Army of General Arnold von Winkler. This was followed by the arrival on the front of General Otto von Below and the establishment of Army Group Below on 16 October, which included both the Eleventh and First Armies. On 30 September, after 18 days of heavy fighting, the Serbian Drina Division finally captured Kajmakcalan from the exhausted 1st infantry brigade of the 3rd Balkan Infantry Division, achieving a breakthrough in the Bulgarian defensive line. The German and Bulgarian commands regarded the loss of the position and seven artillery guns as irreversible due to the lack of a capable artillery reserve. General Winkler ordered the 8th Tundzha Divisions, the 1st and 3rd brigades of the 6th Bdin Division and the 2nd Brigade of the 9 Pleven Division to withdraw to a new defensive position. The 1st Brigade of the 3rd Balkan Division was reorganized, and its depleted nine battalions were scaled down to five, with four mixed companies with seven mountain guns and a pioneer company. The new Kenali defensive line was occupied from Lake Prespa to Kenali by the three independent infantry brigades(9/2 IB, 2/6 IB and 1/6 IB), from Kenali to the heights east of the Cherna river by the 8th division and from there to the Mala Rupa peak by the 1/3 Infantry Brigade. Further to the east were the remaining forces of the Eleventh Army – the rest of the 3rd Balkan Infantry Division, whose positions remained unchanged since they were occupied on 25 July 1916. Secondary operations. Around that time, when it became clear that the Allies were pulling troops from the eastern flank and were concentrating them against Monastir, the commander of the Bulgarian Second Army General Todorov ordered the 7th Rila Division to take positions for an attack over the Struma river, to assist the hard pressed Bulgarians and Germans west of the Vardar. The Bulgarian high command, however, refused to permit the attack. This hesitation allowed the British to consolidate their positions on the left bank of the Struma around the village of Karacaköy on 30 September. On 3 October, the 10th (Irish) Division attacked the Bulgarian positions in the village of Yenikoy that were defended by the 13th Rila Regiment of the 7th Division. The battle lasted for the entire day, and the Bulgarians, reinforced by the 14th Macedonian Regiment and 17th Artillery Regiment, retook the village twice after a fierce bayonet struggle. During the night after a third and final attack, the Irish division occupied it. Casualties on both sides were heavy due to the accurate artillery and machine gun fire. After the battle, the Bulgarian 13th Regiment was reorganized to a three-battalion strength instead of the usual four battalions. After 4 October, the Bulgarians set up positions on the nearby heights to the east while the right flank of the 7th Rila division remained in the valley to protect the Rupel Pass. From this point on, no large operations were conducted on the Struma front until the end of the offensive. Prelude to decisive battle. A prime problem for the Bulgarians was that their army and resources were stretched to the limits from Dobruja to Macedonia and Albania. The Bulgarian high command turned to its German allies. The Germans themselves had few reinforcements to offer as the Brusilov offensive had taken its toll, and the Battle of the Somme was still raging. They turned to the Ottoman Empire and convinced Enver Pasha to send the 11,979 men of the 50th Division to Macedonia. In October, these forces took up position on the Struma and, a month later, were joined by the 12,609 men of the 46th Ottoman Division. The two divisions formed the XX Corps and remained in the region until May 1917, when they were recalled to Mesopotamia. This freed some Bulgarian forces that could now be directed to reinforce the Eleventh Army. In addition, the Ottoman Rumeli Detachment (177th Regiment) of 3,598 men was also attached to General Winkler's forces. On 30 September, General Joffre informed General Sarrail of the impending great offensive of the Romanian and Russian forces under General Averescu against the Bulgarian Third Army in Dobrudja and their expected crossing of the Danube between Ruse and Tutrakan. The Allied Army of the East commander planned to now use this by coordinating it with a renewed push against the Eleventh Army's Kenali line and eventually knocking Bulgaria out of the war. On 4 October, the Allies attacked the French and Russians in the direction of Monastir – Kenali, the Serbian First and Third Army along the Kenali – Cherna Loop line, the Serbian Second Army against the Third Balkan Division – in the direction of Dobro Pole. The Allies had 103 battalions and 80 batteries against the 65 battalions and 57 batteries of the Central Powers in the area. Fall of Monastir and end of the offensive. The Battle of the River Cherna opened with the Serbians trying to gain a foothold on its northern bank. Their progress was slow, and further west, the initial French and Russian attacks were repulsed. During the following weeks, the battle developed into a series of attacks and counter-attacks in which the Allies gradually gained ground, owing to their artillery superiority. The Bulgarian and German commands also tried to stabilize the situation by reinforcing the Eleventh Army with troops transferred from the First and even the Second Army. For the duration of the battle at the Cherna Loop, some 14 Bulgarian and 4 German infantry regiments participated actively in the fighting. The French and Russians achieved a breakthrough around Kenali by the end of October but were soon halted by the Bulgarians and Germans. The Italian division was also brought to the front and supported the attacks around Monastir. By this time, however, General Below had decided to abandon Monastir, and on 18 November, while the heavy fighting was still going on, General der Infanterie Winckler ordered the Eleventh Army to retreat to new positions to the north of Monastir. The Bulgarian commander in chief, General Nikola Zhekov, protested this decision, but in the end, he couldn't stop its execution. On 19 November, French and Russian soldiers entered the town. The Bulgarians established a new position on the Chervena Stena – height 1248 – height 1050 – Makovo – Gradešnica defensive line. It came under attack almost immediately, but this time the new position held firm because the Allies were exhausted, having reached the limits of their logistical capacity. Thus all French and Serbian attempts to break through the line were defeated, and with the onset of winter, the front stabilized along its entire length. On 11 December, General Joffre called off the offensive. Aftermath. For the duration of the offensive, the Allies suffered around 50,000 battle casualties, the bulk of them Serbians. In addition, some 80,000 Allied troops died or had to be evacuated due to sickness and disease. This brought the total casualties to as high as 130,000 men, or a third of all Entente forces in the theatre. The front was moved by only about 50km at a heavy price, and in the end, the offensive did not prevent the defeat of Romania or knock Bulgaria out of the war. The Bulgarians and German casualties totalled around 61,000 men, and even though Monastir had to be abandoned, the new positions a few kilometres to the north provided excellent conditions for defence, assuring the dominance of the Bulgarian artillery over the town. The line here remained intact until the end of the war in Macedonia when the forces occupying it had to retreat due to the breakthrough at Dobro Pole. However, the offensive also provided some satisfaction as the Serbian troops managed to return to their country's border. The Bulgarians and Germans alike were also satisfied with their resistance to the superior numbers of the Entente. General Nikola Zhekov went as far as to describe the Battle of the River Cherna as "legendary" in terms of the tenacity of the Bulgarian defence – "conducted without regard of casualties." Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

0000379f92e38c8a5bdf2c404d5d52da8b87e0615f9266baf495952adb4d6b87

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69740807

Janet Adam

eng_Latn

Janet Adam Scottish potter and sculptor (1940–2021) Janet Adam (14 January 1940 – 1 September 2021) was a Scottish potter and sculptor. She was a founding member of the Scottish Potters Association and active in it for 47 years. Biography. Adam was born in Edinburgh on 14th January 1940, to Barbara Eunice Marindin and Captain Charles Adam, as one of four siblings. Adam attended West Heath Girls' School. After working as a secretary, she learned pottery on the Isle of Mull in the late 1960s. She moved to Edinburgh in the 1970s and was instructed in pottery through independent learning and a part-time course at Edinburgh College of Art. Adam first founded the Cannonmills Pottery in the 1970s on Warriston Road in Edinburgh. In 1983 the workshop moved to Henderson Row where it was named Adams Pottery. It served her and five other potters as a studio and workshop space. Adam's work was primarily based around making functional individual pieces of pottery. She was a founding member of the Scottish Potters Association and contributed to it for 47 years.

00003be7df4d484df070738312fa9f69ca3816576a760cc4df6bf5f3209f4748

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71423001

Billy Harris (tennis)

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Billy Harris (tennis) British tennis player Billy Harris (born 25 January 1995) is a British tennis player. Harris has a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 200 achieved on 20 December 2023. He also has a career high doubles ranking of No. 274 achieved on 10 April 2023. Harris has won one ATP Challenger doubles title at the 2022 Winnipeg National Bank Challenger with Kelsey Stevenson. Career. He reached his first singles Challenger final at the inaugural edition of the 2023 Challenger Club Els Gorchs in Las Franquesas del Valles, Spain as a qualifier where he lost to second seed Hugo Grenier. He made his ATP debut at the 2023 Sofia Open where as a qualifier he reached the main draw and defeated defending champion Marc-Andrea Huesler in the first round. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

00003c06083deca842d9e595a8da46face20ebfbe28db20bc10f4c1d2b523653

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56716185

Sonia Bunting

eng_Latn

Sonia Bunting Sonia Bunting, OLS (9 December 1922 – 24 March 2001) was a South African journalist, and a political and anti-apartheid activist. After being charged with treason and imprisoned, being detained a second time, and barred from publishing, she and her husband went into exile in London, where she joined the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) and organised the World Campaign for the Release of South African Political Prisoners. When the African National Congress (ANC) ban was lifted in 1991, she returned to South Africa where she was involved in political activism until her death in 2001. She was posthumously honored by the government of South Africa with the Order of Luthuli in Silver in 2010. Early life. Sonia Beryl Isaacman was born on 9 December 1922 in Johannesburg, South Africa to Dora and David Isaacman. Her parents were Jewish exiles, who had fled from Eastern Europe to escape anti-Semitic pogroms. After her matriculation from her secondary education, Isaacman enrolled at the University of the Witwatersrand to pursue medical studies. In 1942, while studying at university, she joined the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), the only multiracial political party in the country at that time. She began campaigning for universal suffrage and subsequently terminated her medical studies after completing one year of schooling. Career. Isaacman went to work in the offices of the SACP, where she met Brian Bunting, a young World War II veteran and fellow communist. In 1946, the couple married and they relocated to Cape Town, where their three children, Peter, Margaret and Stephen were born. Bunting continued working for the SACP there, and also began working at the Cape Town Peace Council as its secretary. When in 1950, Communism and the party were banned in South Africa, she began working at "The Guardian", a newspaper with communist ties. When it was banned and renamed "The Spark", and then subsequently banned and renamed "New Age", she continued working for the paper. Appointed as a member of the delegation led by Ahmed Kathrada to represent South Africa, at the 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students, she traveled to East Berlin in 1951. In 1953, the party reorganized under the name of the South African Communist Party (SACP), and Bunting was one of its founding members. In reaction to increased restrictive legislation passed by the pro-Apartheid government, she focused on political activity. As a white woman, she was in a unique position to speak out against racial oppression. She was invited as one of the platform speakers at the 1955 Congress of the People held in Kliptown, where the Freedom Charter was adopted. In 1956, Bunting, Kathrada, and 154 other activists were arrested and charged with high treason. The trial lasted until 29 March 1961, but Bunting was acquitted along with 91 others and returned to her home and children in October 1958. The year following her release, she was barred from attendance at meetings and forced to withdraw from twenty-six organizations with which she was affiliated. In March 1960 when the Sharpeville massacre occurred, Bunting was arrested again and held in the Pretoria Central Prison for more than three months. "New Age" was banned and closed in 1962, and all the journalists working there, which included Bunting, her husband, Ruth First and Govan Mbeki among others, were barred from publishing. She and her husband were placed under 24-hour house arrest for a five year period, making political activity impossible. The situation led the Buntings into deciding to leave South Africa for London in 1963. The exit visas for their exile stated that they could never return to South Africa. Upon arrival in London, Bunting joined the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) and continued her political work with the SACP. When Nelson Mandela was arrested, the World Campaign for the Release of South African Political Prisoners was established with Bunting as its organizer. She mobilized efforts to place economic sanctions on South Africa and isolate the country from the world economy, as well as headed up the efforts to publicize the situation in South Africa and the plight of Mandela and other political prisoners. She has been widely credited and is most remembered for her role in organizing the campaign to save Mandela from the gallows when the Rivonia Trial took place. When the trial ended and the defendants were sentenced to prison, she continued to work for their release, through the only "operating office of the SACP in the world", which was headquartered at 39 Goodge Street, London. Simultaneously, in 1968, she began coordinating the publishing efforts of the "African Communist", the quarterly journal of the SACP, while working full time at the "Inkululeko Publications". For almost two decades, she engaged in all of these activities as well as speaking engagements aimed at a free South Africa and a world which recognized the human rights of people throughout the world. In 1991, after twenty-eight years in exile, the couple returned to Cape Town, when the bans against the SACP and the African National Congress (ANC) were lifted. Bunting served for the ANC in the campaigns of the 1994 and 1999 elections and was one of the founders of the Cape Town Friends of Cuba, continuing her political activities until her death. Death and legacy. Bunting died on 24 March 2001 in Cape Town. In 2010 she was honored by President Jacob Zuma with the Silver Order of Luthuli for her commitment to racial equality, human rights and nation-building efforts in South Africa. References. Citations. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Bibliography. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18087410

50th Birthday Celebration Volume 1

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50th Birthday Celebration Volume 1 50th Birthday Celebration Volume 1 is a live album by the Masada String Trio documenting their performance at Tonic in September 2003 as part of John Zorn's month-long 50th Birthday Celebration concert series. Reception. The Allmusic review by Sean Westergaard awarded the album 4.5 stars stating "From soloing to comping, bowing to pizzicato techniques, the set is dazzling from start to finish. Only "Malkut" and "Karet" are anything but beautiful, sounding like pieces left more open to free improvisation than the others, and allowing other facets of the players' abilities to come out. The Masada songbook has elicited a rather large number of truly excellent recordings from its various ensembles. Add this one to the list. Recommended." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72670589

International Council on Social Welfare

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International Council on Social Welfare Social welfare organization The International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW) is a non-governmental organization whose activity is focused on undertaking research and organizing consultations for technical assistance and policy development aimed at improving social welfare, social justice and social development at the country and international levels.. History. The ICSW has its origins in 1928 when the International Conference on Social Work, its immediate predecessor, was born in Paris, with the aim of strengthening cooperation between various countries in promoting human welfare. The first Conference had a high proportion of women participating in its preparation and discussions, with nearly two-thirds of the attendees being women. Alice Masarykova, the President of the Czechoslovakian Red Cross, was elected as the first President of the International Conference on Social Work and René Sand became the first Secretary General. The International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) also have their origins in the International Conference on Social Work. Moreover, the three participate in the publication of the journal "International Social Work" with SAGE Publications. Since its founding in 1928, ICSW has focused its activity on promoting social welfare, technical assistance and knowledge creation, both locally and globally. ICSW actively contributes to international debates and meetings on social welfare, such as the World Summit for Social Development held in Copenhagen in 1995, where strong leadership was proven; the United Nations Commission for Social Development (CSocD), which has among its main purposes the development and implementation of the Copenhagen Declaration and Programme of Action, with ICSW having consultative status with the CSocD; The Global Agenda for Social Work and Social Development (2010); or the 2022 Global People's Summit ICSW organisational structure. The main organs of the organization are the General Assembly, the Supervisory and Advisory Board, and the Management Committee. The General Assembly is responsible for adopting the four-year global program and the biennial budgetary framework, as well as electing the President, Vice President, Treasurer and two other members of the Management Committee. The term is for approximately four years. The current president (2020-2024) is Dr. Sang-Mok Suh, past president of the Korea National Council on Social Welfare and Minister of Health and Welfare in the Korean Government in 1993-95. The ICSW Executive Director position is currently occupied by Dr. Antonio López Peláez, Professor of Social Work and Social Services at the National Distance Education University (UNED), Spain. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16679931

Maksim Kabanov

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Maksim Kabanov Russian footballer Maksim Borisovich Kabanov (; born 30 December 1982) is a Russian former footballer. Club career. A youth product of FC Spartak Moscow, he joined FC Fakel Voronezh on loan in February 2002. In December 2003, he signed a 5-year contract with FC Torpedo Moscow. He played 2 games in the UEFA Champions League 2001–02 for FC Spartak Moscow. Personal life. He is the older brother of Sergei Kabanov. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41903986

Edward H. Ripley

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Edward H. Ripley American Civil War officer and Vermont businessman (1839–1915) Edward Hastings Ripley (November 11, 1839 – September 14, 1915) was a Vermont businessman and Union Army officer in the American Civil War. He attained the rank of brevet brigadier general while commanding brigades in the XVIII and XXIV Corps, and led the first troops to enter Richmond after its surrender. Early life. Edward H. Ripley was born in Rutland, Vermont on November 11, 1839. He was educated locally and at Troy Conference Academy in Poultney (later called Green Mountain College). He attended Union College from 1858 to 1862, and was a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity. Civil War. Ripley left college near the end of his senior year to join the Army, enlisting as a private in the 9th Vermont Infantry in May 1862. Union College continued him on its student rolls and awarded him a Bachelor of Arts degree as a member of the Class of 1862. He attained the rank of sergeant, and then was commissioned as a captain and appointed to command the regiment's Company B, which he led during action in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign in the summer of 1862, including the Siege of Suffolk, Virginia. He received promotion to major that summer. In September 1862 Ripley was among those taken prisoner at the Battle of Harpers Ferry. After he was exchanged in January 1863 he continued to serve with the 9th Vermont during action in Virginia and North Carolina throughout 1863. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in May 1863, and received promotion to colonel and command of the regiment a week later. He was subsequently appointed to command a military district in the area of Beaufort and New Bern, North Carolina. In August 1864 Ripley was promoted to brevet brigadier general and assigned to command 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Army of the James. He later commanded the 2nd Brigade, including action at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm and the Second Battle of Fair Oaks. Ripley was wounded twice, and was later assigned to command 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIV Corps, which was assigned to lead the Union troops into Richmond after the Confederate surrender, with orders to extinguish fires, prevent looting and maintain order. Ripley commanded the military district which included Richmond until the city's civilian government was restored at the end of the war. When Abraham Lincoln visited Richmond from April 4 to 7, 1865, Ripley became aware of an assassination plot and met with Lincoln to urge him to take increased precautions for his safety. Lincoln declined, stating that it was more important that he be seen among the people as a sign that hostilities were over, and that if someone was determined to assassinate him, increased security would not prevent it. Ripley mustered out of the service in June 1865. Post-Civil War. After the war Ripley returned to Vermont, also maintaining a residence in New York City. In partnership with his brother William he operated the Ripley Sons marble business until selling it to the Vermont Marble Company, which was operated by fellow Civil War veteran Redfield Proctor. Ripley built the Holland House Hotel in New York City, which was owned by members of his wife's Van Doren family, and was responsible for the construction and operation of New Jersey’s Raritan River Railroad. He was a founder of the United States and Brazil Steamship Line and served on its board of directors. In addition, he served as President of the Rutland Marble Savings Bank, and Vice President of the Rutland County National Bank. He also operated a successful horse breeding farm, with many of his animals being purchased for use in South America. The location of Ripley's farm is now the site of the Sugar & Spice restaurant and gift shop, a business which specializes in maple products. The burial site of the horse Ripley rode for most of the Civil War, "Old John", is preserved at the location. A Republican, Ripley held local offices for the town of Rutland. He served in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1886 to 1887, representing the town of Mendon. Ripley was active in the Reunion Society of Vermont Officers, and elected President in 1887 and 1904. He was also an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Ripley's awards included an honorary master's degree from Norwich University (1910) and one from Union College (1915). Edward Ripley spoke and wrote about his Civil War experiences, and his works included a speech which was subsequently printed in book form, "The Capture and Occupation of Richmond, April 3, 1865" (1907). In addition, his diary was published in 1960 as "Vermont General, The Unusual War Experiences of Edward Hastings Ripley", edited by Otto Eisenschiml. Death and burial. Ripley died in Rutland on September 14, 1915. He is buried in Rutland's Evergreen Cemetery. Family. In 1878 Edward H. Ripley married Amelia Dyckman Van Doren (1845–1931). They had two daughters: Alice Van Doren Ripley (1881–1948), the wife of Alexander deTrofimoff Ogden Jones (1878–1943), and Amelia Sybil Huntington (1882–1963), the wife of Raphael Welles Pumpelly. The Ripley daughters were married in a double ceremony in 1909. Edward H. Ripley was the son of William Young Ripley, a prominent Vermont businessman and banker, and Jane Warren Ripley. Edward H. Ripley's siblings included: brother William Y. W. Ripley, a Civil War officer who received the Medal of Honor; and half-sister Julia Caroline Dorr, a famous poet and the wife of Seneca M. Dorr. His sister Helen was the mother of John Ripley Myers. The writer Clements Ripley was the grandson of William Y. W. Ripley and the grand-nephew of Edward H. Ripley. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=353206

Benjamin Graham

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Benjamin Graham American financial analyst, investor, and professor Benjamin Graham (; né Grossbaum; May 9, 1894 – September 21, 1976) was a British-born American financial analyst, investor and professor. He is widely known as the "father of value investing", and wrote two of the discipline's founding texts: "Security Analysis" (1934) with David Dodd, and "The Intelligent Investor" (1949). His investment philosophy stressed independent thinking, emotional detachment, and careful security analysis, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing the price of a stock from the value of its underlying business. After graduating from Columbia University at age 20, Graham started his career on Wall Street, eventually founding Graham–Newman Corp., a successful mutual fund. He also taught investing for many years at Columbia Business School, where one of his students was Warren Buffett. Graham later taught at UCLA Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles. Graham laid the groundwork for value investing at mutual funds, hedge funds, diversified holding companies, and other investment vehicles. He was the driving force behind the establishment of the profession of security analysis and the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. He also advocated the creation of index funds decades before they were introduced. Throughout his career, Graham had many notable disciples who went on to earn substantial success as investors, including Irving Kahn and Warren Buffett, who described Graham as the second most influential person in his life after his own father. Among other well-known investors influenced by Graham were Charles D. Ellis, John Neff and Sir John Templeton. Early life. Graham was born Benjamin Grossbaum in London, England, to Jewish parents. On his mother's side, he was the great-grandson of Rabbi Yaakov Gesundheit and a cousin of neuroscientist Ralph Waldo Gerard. He moved to New York City with his family when he was one year old. The family changed its name from Grossbaum to Graham to assimilate into American society and avoid anti-Semitic and anti-German sentiments. After the death of his father, who owned a successful porcelain shop, and the Panic of 1907, the family fell into poverty. That experience helped shape Graham's lifelong quest for investment values. Graham excelled as a student, graduating as salutatorian of his class at Columbia, finishing his studies in three-and-a-half years after entering at age 16. Before the end of his senior year, the college offered him teaching positions in three different departments: mathematics, English and philosophy. Graham chose instead to help support his widowed mother by taking a job on Wall Street, where he later ran private partnerships and, starting in 1936, the Graham-Newman fund. Early on, Graham made a name for himself with "The Northern Pipeline Affair", an early case of shareholder activism involving John D. Rockefeller. Graham's research indicated Northern Pipeline Co. held vast cash and bond assets that he believed were not being put to good use, and bought enough shares to force a proxy vote to distribute these assets to shareholders. Later, Graham patented two innovative hand-held calculators, wrote a Broadway play called "Baby Pompadour", and taught himself Spanish so he could translate a major Uruguayan novel, Mario Benedetti’s The Truce, into English. (By the end of his life, Graham knew at least seven languages.) Investment and academic career. His first book, "Security Analysis" with David Dodd, was published in 1934. In "Security Analysis", he proposed a clear definition of investment that was distinguished from what he deemed speculation. It read, "An investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and a satisfactory return. Operations not meeting these requirements are speculative." Warren Buffett describes "The Intelligent Investor" (1949) as "the best book about investing ever written." Graham exhorted the stock market participant to first draw a fundamental distinction between investment and speculation. Graham wrote that the owner of stocks should regard them first and foremost as conferring part ownership in a business. With that perspective in mind, the stock owner should be unconcerned with erratic fluctuations in stock prices, since in the short term the stock market behaves like a voting machine, but in the long term it acts like a weighing machine (i.e. its true value will be reflected in its stock price in the long run). Graham distinguished between defensive and enterprising investors. The defensive investor seeks to minimize the time and effort -- and, above all, the worry -- of investing. So the defensive investor seldom trades, renouncing the attempt to forecast market behavior and security prices, instead holding for the long term. The active investor, in contrast, is one who has more time, interest, and can devote the effort to original analysis seeking exceptional buys in the market. Graham recommended that enterprising investors devote substantial time and effort to analyze the financial state of companies. When a company is available at a discount to its intrinsic value, a "margin of safety" exists, which makes it suitable for investment. Graham wrote that "investment is most intelligent when it is most businesslike." By that he meant that investing, like running a business, is a systematic effort to maximize the likelihood of earning a reasonable return and to minimize the probability of suffering a severe loss. Thinking for yourself is vital: "You are neither right nor wrong because the crowd disagrees with you," Graham wrote. "You are right because your data and reasoning are right." Graham's favorite metaphor is that of Mr. Market, a fellow who turns up every day at the investor's door offering to buy or sell his shares at a different price. Usually, the price quoted by Mr. Market seems plausible, but occasionally it is ridiculous. The investor is free either to agree with his quoted price and trade with him, or to ignore him completely. Mr. Market doesn't mind this, and will be back the following day to quote another price. The investor should not regard the whims of Mr. Market as determining the value of the shares that the investor owns. The investor should profit from market folly rather than participate in it. The investor is best off concentrating on how the underlying businesses perform, not on how Mr. Market behaves. Graham was critical of the corporations of his day for obfuscated and irregular financial reporting that made it difficult for investors to discern the true state of the business's finances. He was an advocate of dividend payments to shareholders rather than businesses hoarding all of their profits as retained earnings. He also criticized those who advised that some types of stocks were a good buy at any price, because of the prospect of potentially unlimited earnings growth, without a thorough analysis of the business's actual financial condition. These observations remain relevant today. Graham's investment performance was approximately a ~20% annualized return over 1936 to 1956. The overall market performance for the same time period was 12.2% annually on average. Even so, both Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway vice chairman Charlie Munger have said they consider Graham's methods necessary but not sufficient for success in contemporary investing, because Graham placed too little emphasis on the potential for future growth. As Buffett told journalist Carol Loomis in 1988 for Fortune, "Boy, if I had listened only to Ben [and not also to Charlie Munger], would I ever be a lot poorer." Graham's largest gain was from GEICO, in which his Graham-Newman purchased a 50% interest in 1948 for $712,500. To comply with a regulatory limitation, Graham-Newman was ordered by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to distribute its GEICO stock to the fund's investors. An investor who owned 100 shares of the Graham-Newman fund in 1948 (worth $11,413) and who held on to the GEICO distribution would have had $1.66 million by 1972. Graham-Newman Corp. closed in 1956 when Graham retired from active investing. GEICO was eventually acquired in whole by Berkshire Hathaway in 1996, having previously been saved by Buffett and John J. Byrne in 1976. Personal life. Graham married three times and had four children. On September 21, 1976, Graham died in Aix-en-Provence, France, at the age of 82. Legacy. His contributions spanned numerous fields, primarily fundamental value investing. Graham is considered the "father of value investing," and his two books, "Security Analysis" and "The Intelligent Investor," defined his investment philosophy, especially what it means to be a value investor. His most famous student is Warren Buffett, who is consistently ranked among the wealthiest persons in the world. According to Buffett, Graham used to say that he wished every day to do something foolish, something creative, and something generous. And Buffett noted, Graham excelled most at the last. While many value investors have been influenced by Graham, his most notable investing disciples include Charles Brandes, William J. Ruane, Irving Kahn and Walter J. Schloss. In addition, Graham's thoughts on investing have influenced the likes of Seth Klarman and Bill Ackman. While some of Graham's investing concepts are now regarded as superseded or outdated, most are still recognized as important, and "Security Analysis" or "The Intelligent Investor" are required reading for new hires at many investment firms around the world. Graham also made contributions to economic theory. Most notably, he proposed a new basis for both U.S. and global currency as an alternative to the gold standard. Graham regarded this currency theory as his most important professional work; it gained renewed attention decades after his death in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 financial crisis. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=967892

Seosan

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Seosan Seosan () is a city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea, with a population of roughly 175,000 according to the 2017 census. Located at the northwestern end of South Chungcheong Province, it is bounded by Dangjin City, Naepo New Town, Yesan-gun and Hongseong-gun on the east, Taean-gun and the Yellow Sea on the west, south of Seoul, northwest of Daejeon and northwest of Naepo New Town. Seosan is the hub of transportation of the west coast where the Seohaean Expressway, Daejeon-Dangjin Expressway, National Highways No. 29, 32, 38 and 45 intersect. Culture and tourism. Although Seosan itself is fairly quiet and attracts relatively few tourists, there are a number of minor attractions in the rural areas outside of Seosan, most of which can be accessed within twenty minutes by car, or in an hour by bicycle. Many of these historic sites are well-known only among the locals and often have few visitors, which can make them appealing to those wishing to escape the crowded palaces and temples of Korea's major cities. For an exhaustive list of tourist attractions in the Seosan-Haemi area, detailed English-language maps are available at the Seosan Intercity Bus Terminal. Haemieupseong Fortress (해미읍성). Located in Haemi-eup, approximately from Seosan (15 minutes by car or local bus; 45 minutes by bike), Haemieupseong Fortress is among the best preserved examples of Korea's Joseon-era fortress architecture, and unlike most Joseon-era fortifications, it was built on a flat plain rather than on a hill or mountain. Haemieupseong Fortress was completed in 1491 (22nd year of King Seongjong's reign), and surrounded the entirety of Haemi-eup at the time of its completion. The fortress was used as a military command post controlling the Chuncheong-do region, and provided defense against Japanese pirates along Korea's western coast. As the town of Haemi expanded in the early 20th century, much of the fortress was torn down to allow additional urban development, but a major restoration work was undertaken in 1973. Today, the South Gate of Haemieupseong Fortress is original, along with certain parts of the walls, while the other gates are reconstructions. Along with Yeosutgol, Haemieupseong Fortress is considered to be a Holy Ground among Korean Catholics due to the Byeongin Persecutions of 1866, during which many Catholics living in the Chuncheong area were killed at the fortress. Yeosutgol Holy Ground (해미순교성지). Approximately 200 meters from Haemieupseong Fortress is the Yeosutgol Holy Ground, where Korean Catholics were buried alive, drowned and otherwise killed en masse during the Byeongin Persecutions. Although most of the site's remains were washed away by flooding, some of them were rediscovered in 1935. The site now contains a large memorial hall devoted to those who were martyred for their faith, and is now a major Catholic pilgrimage site. Yeonghyeon-ri Rock-carved Buddha Triad (용현리 마애여래삼존상). During the Three Kingdoms Period (~ 57 BCE - 668 CE), the Seosan-Haemi area was under the control of the Kingdom of Baekje (백제), and although there are very few ruins from this period in the Seosan-Haemi area, the Yeonghyeon-ri Rock-carved Buddha triad is a phenomenal exception. Carved in either the late 6th or early 7th century CE, the carving consists of a Buddha standing on a lotus leaf, flanked by two Bodhisattva. Although this carving has been designated a National Treasure of Korea, it receives relatively few visitors due to its isolation. The carving is best viewed in the morning, when the entirety of the triad is illuminated by the rising sun, and is accessible by local buses from Seosan and Unsan-ri, or by a half-hour drive or ninety-minute bike ride directly from Seosan. Bowonsa (보원사지). Built during the Unified Silla Period (668 - 935 CE), this small temple contains an iconic Baekje-style Pagoda, as well as a number of monuments which were added when the temple was expanded during the Goryeo Dynasty (918 - 1392 CE), and is considered to be a National Treasure of Korea. Bowonsa is about 500 meters from the Yeonghyeon-ri Rock-carved Buddha Triad, and is a quiet place for relaxation and meditation. Gaesimsa (개심사). Built in 1484 (15th year of King Seongjong's reign), Gaesimsa is one of only a handful of wooden buildings in Korea which date past the 17th century. The temple houses an Amitabha Buddha statue carved in the 14th century, as well as a hanging mural painted in the 15th century, both of which have won Gaesimsa the title of National Treasure of Korea. At the temple's rear is a mountain path which links to the Aramegil Hiking Trails, and can be used to reach Bowonsa and Yeonghyeon-ri on foot within a 90-120 minute hike. Climate. As with most of South Korea, Seosan has a humid subtropical climate/humid continental climate ("Cfa"/"Dfa"). In spring, mild temperatures are accompanied by strong winds bearing dust from the Chinese mainland. This unpleasant dust is named Hwangsa (황사) or Asian Dust, and prompts many Seosanites to wear face masks when walking or cycling. Seosan and the surrounding area are quite beautiful in Spring, however, particularly in the mountains and in Seosan's Lake Park. In summer, the monsoon season lasts about three weeks in June or July, and is characterised by very strong winds and heavy rainfall, although the severity of both of these phenomena have been decreasing in recent years. Seosan may be affected by mild typhoons during the summer season, as was the case in 2010, when Seosan was damaged by typhoon 'Kompasu'. Fall typically begins in mid-September and temperatures begin to drop rapidly by November. Snow generally appears in late November or early December, and continues until late February or early March. With the exception of occasionally snow storms, snowfall is generally very mild and rarely causes inconveniences for local traffic. The average temperature in Seosan is 11.8 degrees Celsius. Education. Hanseo University, a private university established in 1992, has 8,500 students and 50 departments that are staffed by 250 full-time faculty members. It is located about south-east of Haemi-eup and can be reached in 15 minutes by a local bus from Haemi. The university provides courses in Chiropractic, a wide range of liberal arts, design, and engineering disciplines, and hosts aviation and flight-training schools. Transportation. Seosan is served by Express and Intercity buses. Under optimal conditions, Express buses can reach Seoul's Gangnam Terminal in approximately 90 minutes, but can take up to 2.5 hours in the event of heavy traffic. Express buses to Seoul's Gangnam Terminal depart every half-hour, while intercity buses to other locations depart every hour. Seosan does not have a railway station; the nearest station is Hongseong Station, on the Janghang Line, approximately south of Seosan. A number of local buses serve the Seosan-Haemi area, with a fare between 960 and 1450 won. Local Specialties. Seosan is renowned for its locally farmed oysters and garlic, as well as a number of specialty dishes including "gegukji" () and marinated blue crab with soybean sauce (). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63636128

Old Town Hall, Swindon

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Old Town Hall, Swindon Municipal building in Swindon, Wiltshire, England The Old Town Hall is a former municipal building of 1854 in the High Street, Swindon, Wiltshire, England. It is a Grade II listed building. History. Until the construction of the town hall on the High Street, the town council had met in the "Goddard Arms" on the High Street. This small pub had been owned by the Goddard family since 1621 and was a small cottage alehouse known as the "Crown" until 1820. The "Goddard Arms" was used for public meetings in the early 19th century and was used in this way by Ambrose Goddard to report progress on the Wilts & Berks Canal. The town hall, which was designed by Sampson Sage and E Robertson in the neoclassical style, was completed in 1854. The main frontage has five bays separated by full-height Tuscan order pilasters, with arched windows on the ground floor, casement windows on the first floor and a pediment and roof lantern above. The building was extended to the northeast with a tower, as well as accommodation for a corn exchange at ground floor level, to the designs of Wilson and Willcox of Bath in 1866. A wine store was built on an adjoining site and its upper hall was used as a magistrates' court from 1871 to 1891. After civic functions transferred to the new town hall in 1891, the building became a roller skating rink in 1910, and a cinema known as the Rink in 1919. After the Second World War it was refurbished and re-opened as the Locarno Dance Hall. Performers at the dance hall included the singer, Cilla Black, in April 1964, followed by the rock bands, The Yardbirds in July 1964, The Who in October 1965 and the Small Faces in November 1965. The building subsequently served as a bingo hall but became vacant in the late 1970s. The building was acquired by bar owner, Gael Mackenzie, in 1999. Major fires occurred in the building in May 2003 and again in May 2004. In November 2016, Swindon council entered into a development agreement with Swindon Corn Exchange Limited, a business managed by housebuilder, Steve Rosier, under which Rosier agreed to pursue a development on the site. However, after no progress was made with the development and the building continued to decay, the Victorian Society added the structure to its list of most endangered buildings in September 2019. The council also threatened to use a compulsory purchase order to re-acquire the property in January 2020. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15189159

Lake Dive

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Lake Dive Lake Dive is located in the south east of the Egmont National Park at a height of 907 m above sea level. It was discovered in 1887 by Bradshaw Dive on his descent from the summit when he saw what he believed to be a lake. A party led by Thomas Dawson later confirmed that it was indeed a lake. In April 1964 the Lake Dive Hut was opened a short distance from the lake. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

0000513e47642d7d8fa347731fed12902eb609187453871ff97848c4999433f0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25246317

The Man I Want to Be (song)

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The Man I Want to Be (song) "The Man I Want to Be" is a song written by Brett James and Tim Nichols, and recorded by American country music artist Chris Young. It was released in November 2009 as the third single and title track from his album "The Man I Want to Be" (2009). The song is about the singer wanting to change who he is to make amends to a former lover. The song received positive reviews from critics who praised Young's vocal performance and James Stroud's production for saving the bland lyrics. "The Man I Want to Be" was Young's second of five consecutive number-one hits on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. It also peaked at numbers 48 and 81 on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100 respectively. The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA for selling over a million units in the United States. An accompanying music video for the song, directed by Chris Hicky, features Young at a bus stop making a call to God through a phone booth to help him find his former girlfriend. Content. "The Man I Want to Be" is a moderate up-tempo country song. The song's male narrator describes the kind of "man [he] wants to be." The first verse finds him realizing that he hasn't been the man he should ("I've spent my whole life gettin' it all wrong") and describing that he wants God's help to change. In the second verse, he longs to have his old lover back, and for him to be the perfect man for her ("I wanna be the kind of man that she sees in her dreams"). Critical reception. Juli Thanki of Engine 145 gave the song a "thumbs up," saying that while "some lyrics are a little too bland to be particularly moving," that "Young sells it, truly sounding as though he’s at the end of his rope and praying to anyone who’ll listen." Thanki also described Young's vocal performance as "slightly reminiscent" of Keith Whitley and "the best voice to hit commercial country since Josh Turner." Leeann Ward of Country Universe gave the song a B− rating, stating that while he "deserves lots of credit for a stellar vocal performance, solid contemporary country production and for being a generally inoffensive composition," the song itself has "lyrical and melodic weaknesses [that] are still impossible to overlook." In 2017, "Billboard" contributor Chuck Dauphin placed "The Man I Want to Be" at number one on his top 10 list of Young's best songs. Music video. The music video, which was directed by Chris Hicky, premiered on CMT on December 3, 2009. In the video, Young takes a seat next to a man waiting for a bus, who hands Young a quarter and advises him to make a phone call to God (rather than trying to call his girlfriend). Young then goes to a telephone booth, and while he makes his call, scenes of his former love interest lying in her bedroom are shown. A sign from God comes in the form of a large arrow in the bed of a passing pickup truck. He continues to follow signs, which lead him to a downtown coffee shop, where he meets his love interest on the sidewalk. The video ends with him making amends with her, while the man from the bus stop looks through the window of a passing Greyhound and smiles to himself. Chart performance. "The Man I Want to Be" debuted at number 58 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 28, 2009, and it debuted at number 98 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for the week of March 27, 2010. On the chart dated May 22, 2010, "The Man I Want to Be" became Young's second consecutive Number One single. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32378417

Seat belt legislation in Canada

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Seat belt legislation in Canada Seat belt legislation in Canada is left to the provinces. All provinces in Canada have primary enforcement seat belt laws, which allow a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if they observed a violation. Ontario was the first province to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts, a law that came into effect on January 1, 1976. The laws by province. This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in Canada. This list includes only seatbelt laws, which often do not themselves apply to children; however, all provinces and territories have separate child restraint laws. A subsequent offense may be higher.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31438273

"V" Is for Vengeance

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"V" Is for Vengeance 2011 novel by Sue Grafton "V" Is for Vengeance is the 22nd novel in Sue Grafton's "Alphabet" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California, a fictional version of Santa Barbara, California. The novel, set in 1988, was released in the United States in November 2011. Plot summary. For the fourth straight novel in the Alphabet Mystery series, the viewpoint alternates between Millhone and other characters, principally Nora Vogelsang and Lorenzo Dante. The opening chapter, however, is told from the perspective of a well-to-do young man, Phillip Lanahan, who borrows money from Dante, misses the payback date, and then loses it playing poker in Las Vegas. Dante and his brother Cappi show up, and Dante agrees to take Phillip's Porsche as satisfaction of the debt. However, after Dante sends Phillip and Cappi up to look at the car, Cappi has thugs throw Phillip off the top of the parking garage to his death. In the main storyline, Millhone witnesses a woman shoplifting with a confederate inside the department store Nordstrom's. She tells a nearby clerk, who alerts store security, and they capture and arrest the woman, named Audrey, before she can escape. While this is going on, Millhone follows her confederate and is almost run over by her in the parking garage. Right after her release from jail, Audrey apparently commits suicide. Shortly thereafter, Millhone runs into a former boyfriend in the police department, Cheney Phillips, who is out for the evening with a vice officer, Len Priddy, and his much-younger girlfriend, Abbey. Len Priddy was a friend of Millhone's first husband and is a longtime enemy of hers. Priddy mocks the theory that Audrey was part of a shoplifting ring, but Audrey's boyfriend hires Millhone to investigate that theory. Meanwhile, Dante realizes that the police are closing in on his operation. Audrey had been head of his shoplifting operation, but Cappi murders her upon her release from jail because he believed she was about to turn them in. Dante believes that Cappi has been giving information to Priddy to set up his brother, so that he can take over. Nora, who has been drifting apart from her husband for the last three years (which we later learn began with the death of her son Phillip from her first marriage), learns that her lawyer husband is having an affair with his secretary. She decides to sell some jewelry to provide her with enough money to be able to leave her husband. She is referred to Dante, who is instantly drawn to her and offers her more than fair value for the ring. Against her better judgement she agrees to meet Dante, who becomes fascinated by Nora and all that she represents. Kinsey, still investigating the death of Audrey, has a sudden flash of inspiration from an offhanded comment by her client; she returns to the department store to view the video footage and notices a bumper sticker on the car which had almost run her down. This leads her to the accomplice. She discovers after trailing her for several days that she is the drop off person who deposits stolen goods into a fake charity's drop off box. The bags are then picked up minutes later by a truck that takes them to Dante's warehouse for distribution to various second hand stores around Southern California. When Kinsey gives Cheney a copy of her findings thus far, he tells her to back off as she could be endangering the life of a confidential informant. This causes her to do the exact opposite. She investigates further and slowly peels back the layers of the syndicate. Her old friend Pinky Ford (the man who gave her her first set of lock picks) comes to her office and asks her to hold on to some photos for him. Kinsey refuses. Later Lt. Priddy comes to the office looking for the photos and threatens Kinsey physically. She manages to track down Pinky and find out that the photos are blackmail material that Priddy has been using to get information from Pinky about Dante's operation. Pinky leaves Kinsey's care and returns home. Kinsey tracks Pinky to his home, to find Cappi holding Pinky's wife hostage. Cappi orders Kinsey to burn the photos and the negatives in the fireplace. Cappi leaves without harming anyone further, but an enraged Pinky gets his shotgun from the closet and follows him out to the street and shoots at him, but misses Cappi completely. Cappi fires off a couple of rounds that seem to miss everyone, and he flees the scene. When Kinsey and Pinky go back into the house, they see that his wife has been shot. She is taken to the hospital, where Pinky worries about how they can afford her treatment. Kinsey tracks down Dante at his office, where she tells him what has happened. Dante takes the time to set up an account at the hospital to take care of Pinky's wife, even though he is in the middle of preparing to leave the country. After feeding bad information to his brother Cappi, whom he suspected of leaking information to Priddy, Dante had tried to convince Nora to join him. He confessed that it was because of him that her son had been murdered, but that it was done without his knowledge or consent. He explained his motivation for lending Phillip the money and gave her the details of his trip. He leaves hoping that she will join him. On the day that Dante had told Cappi the computer records would be wiped out, Pinky's wife dies from her gunshot wound. Kinsey goes to Dante's warehouse to try to keep Pinky from killing Cappi, and sees federal authorities preparing to raid the warehouse. Looking for Pinky at the warehouse, she encounters Dante again. When the raid begins, Pinky is wounded in the leg by Cappi, who is eventually shot by police. Dante punches Kinsey in the face, knocking her out and preventing her from getting between Cappi and Pinky and possibly being shot herself. He then disappears into the maze of tunnels under the warehouse. He is picked up by his real secretary and makes it to the airport, where he has chartered a flight out of the country. Just as his plane is taxiing away from the gate, Nora arrives and leaves with him. Weeks later Dante's secretary comes to Kinsey's office to give her an envelope full of cash to make up for Dante punching her in the face, and also as payment for a job he wants her to do for him. Dante had recorded a conversation with Priddy that would implicate him in trying to gain control of Dante's operations, and which would put him in prison. Wary of contacting the proper authorities who might bury the information and never go after Priddy, Kinsey calls a 'gung ho' reporter who she knows will publish the story, after which the authorities will have no choice but to arrest and prosecute Priddy. Title. In late-April 2010, Grafton reported being "around 100 pages into [writing] it [this novel]" and that she "hasn't glommed onto a title yet". The book's title was officially announced on the author's Facebook page on April 8, 2011. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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Lazar Krestin

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Lazar Krestin Lazar Krestin (10 September 1868, Kaunas – 28 February 1938, Vienna) was an artist famous in the German art world for Judaic genre scenes and his many sober portraits of Eastern European Jews. He was also a noted Zionist. His father was a Talmud teacher. His first lessons were at the drawing school in Vilnius, followed by studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna and the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich and he was one of the most prominent students of Isidor Kaufmann. He worked in Munich, Vienna and Odessa before going to Jerusalem in 1910 at the request of Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design founder, Boris Schatz. He later returned to Vienna and is buried in the Zentralfriedhof.

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St. Gabriel's Episcopal Church (Titusville, Florida)

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St. Gabriel's Episcopal Church (Titusville, Florida) Historic church in Florida, United States St. Gabriel's Episcopal Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic church in Titusville, Florida, United States. The church was built in 1887 on donated land and is located at 414 Pine Avenue. On December 5, 1972, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Central Florida References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47283232

1983–84 National Football League (Ireland)

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1983–84 National Football League (Ireland) The 1983–84 National Football League was the 53rd staging of the National Football League (NFL), an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland. Kerry defeated Galway in the final, Mikey Sheehy scoring 1-5. Format. Four divisions of 8 teams: each team plays all the other teams in its division once, earning 2 points for a win and 1 for a draw. Tie-breakers are played to separate teams (if necessary for promotion, relegation or knockout places). The top two teams in Divisions 2, 3 and 4 are promoted. The bottom two teams in Divisions 1, 2 and 3 are relegated. The NFL title is awarded after a knockout stage. Eight teams progress to the quarter-finals: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19263458

United States admiralty law

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United States admiralty law Body of legal rules that governs ships and shipping Admiralty law in the United States is a matter of federal law. Jurisdiction. In the United States, the federal district courts have jurisdiction over all admiralty and maritime actions; see  § 1333. In recent years, a non-historically-based conspiracy argument used by tax protesters is that an American court displaying an American flag with a gold fringe is in fact an "admiralty court" and thus has no jurisdiction. Courts have repeatedly dismissed this as frivolous. In United States v. Greenstreet, the court summarized their finding to this argument with, "Unfortunately for Defendant Greenstreet, decor is not a determinant for jurisdiction." Applicable law. A state court hearing an admiralty or maritime case is required to apply the admiralty and maritime law, even if it conflicts with the law of the state, under a doctrine known as the "reverse-"Erie" doctrine." The "Erie" doctrine, derived from "Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins", directs that federal courts hearing state actions must apply state law. The "reverse-"Erie" doctrine" directs that state courts hearing admiralty cases must apply federal admiralty law. This distinction is critical in some cases. For instance, U.S. maritime law recognizes the concept of joint and several liability among tortfeasors, while many states do not. Under joint and several liability, where two or more people create a single injury or loss, all are equally liable, even if they contributed only a small amount. A state court hearing an admiralty case would be required to apply the doctrine of joint and several liability even if state law does not contemplate the concept. Limitation of shipowner’s liability. One of the unique aspects of maritime law is the ability of a shipowner to limit its liability to the value of a ship after a major accident. An example of the use of the Limitation Act is the sinking of the RMS "Titanic" in 1912. Even though the "Titanic" had never been to the United States, upon her sinking the owners rushed into the federal courts in New York to file a limitation of liability proceeding. The Limitation Act provides that if an accident happens due to a circumstance which is beyond the "privity and knowledge" of the ship's owners, the owners can limit their liability to the value of the ship after it sinks. After the "Titanic" sank, the only portions of the ship remaining were the 14 lifeboats, which had a collective value of about $3,000. This was added to the "pending freight"—which means the ship's earnings from the trip from both passenger fares and freight charges—to reach a total liability of about $91,000. The cost of a first-class, parlor suite ticket was over $4,350. The owners of the "Titanic" were successful in showing that the sinking occurred without their privity and knowledge, and therefore, the families of the deceased passengers, as well as the surviving passengers who lost their personal belongings, were entitled only to split the $91,000. Another example was when Transocean filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas in 2010 to limit its liability to just its interest in the "Deepwater Horizon" which it valued at $26,764,083. This was in the wake of billions of dollars liabilities resulting from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that followed the sinking. The Limitation Act does not apply just to large ships. It can be used to insulate a motorboat owner from liability when he loans his boat to another who then has an accident. Even jet ski owners have been able to successfully invoke the Limitation Act to insulate themselves from liability. An unusual application involved the case Grubart v. Great Lakes Dredge and Dock Company, where a vessel performing piling operations in the Chicago River punctured a tunnel and caused the 1992 Chicago flood of many underground areas of the city’s downtown; the courts ruled that the vessel was in navigable waters covered by the admiralty law limitation clause. Many shipping contracts include "safe berth" clauses that assure that the area around the intended dock is clear for the arriving vessel. This has been determined by the Supreme Court to be a warranty of safety from the entity requesting the shipping, placing the burden of clearing the area and any subsequently liability for failure to do so on that entity rather than the vessel owner, as determined in the 2020 case "CITGO Asphalt Refining Co. v. Frescati Shipping Co." resulting from the oil spill on the Delaware River in 2004. Cargo claims. Claims for damage to cargo shipped by ocean carrier in international commerce into and out of the United States are governed by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA), which is the U.S. enactment of the Hague Rules. One of its key features is that a carrier is liable for cargo damaged from "hook to hook," meaning from loading to discharge, unless it is exonerated under one of 17 exceptions to liability, such as an "act of God," the inherent nature of the goods, errors in navigation, and management of the ship. A shipowner is generally entitled to limit its liability to $500 per package, unless the value of the contents is disclosed and marked on the container. There is significant litigation as to what constitutes a "package" for purposes of determining liability under COGSA. This practice has resulted in substantial and continuing litigation in the United States. Federal Courts in the United States, however, are reluctant to treat an ocean shipping container as a single COGSA package. The statute of limitations on cargo claims is one year. Personal injuries to seamen. Seamen injured aboard ship have three possible sources of compensation: the principle of maintenance and cure, the doctrine of unseaworthiness, and the Jones Act. The principle of maintenance and cure requires a shipowner to both pay for an injured seaman's medical treatment until maximum medical recovery (MMR) is obtained and provide basic living expenses until completion of the voyage, even if the seaman is no longer aboard ship. The seaman is entitled to maintenance and cure as of right, unless he was injured due to his own willful gross negligence. It is similar in some ways to workers' compensation. The doctrine of unseaworthiness makes a shipowner liable if a seaman is injured because the ship, or any appliance of the ship, is "unseaworthy," meaning defective in some way. The Jones Act allows a sailor, or one in privity to him, to sue the shipowner in tort for personal injury or wrongful death, with trial by jury. The Jones Act incorporates the Federal Employers Liability Act (FELA), which governs injuries to railway workers, and is similar to the Coal Miners Act. A shipowner is liable to a seaman in the same way a railroad operator is to its employees who are injured due to the negligence of the employer. The statute of limitation is three years. Not every worker injured on board a vessel is a "seaman" entitled to the protections offered by the Jones Act, doctrine of unseaworthiness, and principle of maintenance and cure. To be considered a seaman, a worker must generally spend 30% or more of his working hours onboard either a specific vessel or a fleet of vessels under common ownership or control. With few exceptions, all non-seamen workers injured over navigable waters are covered instead by the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act,  §§ 901–950, a separate form of workers' compensation. Emergency Expenditures. In the United States, U.S. individuals "evacuated on US government-coordinated transport, including charter and military flights or ships, even if those transports are provided by another country's government, must sign an Evacuee Manifest and Promissory Note (Form DS-5528) note prior to departure." This note is used as a reference, which is later used to issue a bill to these evacuees for the maximum practical reimbursement. Evacuees taking coordinated U.S. government transportation are required by law to pay the cost of reasonable commercial transport fare to the destination that was designated prior to the incident that resulted in the need for evacuation. There is an option for a repatriation loan program, which is issued by the Secretary of State in regards to 11 different requirements, including requiring a verifiable address and social security number and a written agreement with a repayment schedule from the borrower. The payment of the loan should be issued to the U.S. Department of State through the Comptroller and Global Financial Services office, in full and on time. Therefore, avoiding interest payments and other legal penalties, including the prevention of renewal or issuance of a U.S. passport. Agony of collision. The "agony of collision" is a defense to a statutory claim of negligence in ship collisions.

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The Tunnel (short story)

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The Tunnel (short story) "The Tunnel" is a 1952 short story by Friedrich Dürrenmatt. It belongs to the most important works of Dürrenmatt and is a classic among the surrealistic short stories. With the beginning of the story, Dürrenmatt parodies Thomas Mann. The first sentence is very long and nested. Furthermore, Dürrenmatt's student is in a train and likes cigars – just like the young man in "The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg)". Synopsis. The story follows a 24-year-old student who boards his usual train to reach his university. However, when the train enters a small tunnel, it doesn't end. The darkness continues for an extended period of time, causing the student to become nervous. Despite the imminent danger, the other passengers remain calm. The student seeks out the train conductor for answers, but initially receives evasive responses. Eventually, the conductor leads the student to the empty locomotive and reveals that the engineer had already jumped when he realized what was happening to the train. After a failed attempt to pull the emergency brake, the train accelerates and tips into an abyss. The falling student lands on the front glass of the still falling locomotive, where he stares into the oncoming darkness. The train conductor asks what they should do, but the student responds with "Nothing (...) God let us fall. And now we'll come upon him." Dürrenmatt later abridged the ending, omitting the last two sentences and ending the story with the word "Nothing". Interpretation. The racing train could be interpreted as every life that inescapably approaches a catastrophe (death, the unknown). Terror can be breaking in a life without warning, and the people hide themselves behind banality. The last sentence of the story interprets this terror as the will of God, but that does not make the terror clearer. Another interpretation is the story is a social commentary on the ignorance of society in the face of imminent disaster, as people place unquestioning trust in leaders without concern for where they are being led. The last sentence spoken by the student comments on the fall of the ultimate authority figure, God, and how placing trust in falsely constructed authority will only result in the downfall of society.

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Into The Fight 2018

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Into The Fight 2018 2018 DDT Pro-Wrestling event Into The Fight 2018 was a professional wrestling event promoted by DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). It took place on February 25, 2018, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Korakuen Hall. The event aired domestically on and AbemaTV, and globally on DDT Universe, DDT's video-on-demand service. Storylines. Into The Fight 2018 featured eight professional wrestling matches involving wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Event. During the event, "Shuten-dōji" (Kudo, Yukio Sakaguchi and Masahiro Takanashi) retained the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship by defeating the team of Ryuichi Sekine, Ryota Nakatsu and Fuminori Abe from Pro-Wrestling Basara, a sub-brand of DDT. In the next match, Yuko Miyamoto defended the DDT Extreme Division Championship against Shunma Katsumata in a hardcore match dubbed "Hardcore ＋ α". In this match, various weapons were placed around the ring and each competitor could choose an extra weapon to bring. Miyamoto chose a baseball bat coated in barbed wire, while Katsumata chose a box of thumbtacks. The next match saw the participation of Naomichi Marufuji from Pro Wrestling Noah. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65813810

Martha Naset

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Martha Naset American pianist Martha Ruth Naset (1947 – 22 August 1994) was an American pianist. Biography. Martha Ruth Naset was born in Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin, USA. She received her Masters and Doctor of Musical Arts degrees from the University of Michigan, where she studied with György Sándor. Naset made her European debut in 1977 playing with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. That same year she made her debut recording (with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra), which included the "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" and other works by Sergei Rachmaninoff. She died on 22 August 1994 at Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1042154

Nissan Fairlady Z (S30)

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Nissan Fairlady Z (S30) Japanese sports car produced 1969 to 1978 The Nissan S30, sold in Japan as the Nissan Fairlady Z and in other markets as the Datsun 240Z, then later as the 260Z and 280Z, is a grand tourer produced by Nissan from 1969 until 1978. The S30 was conceived of by Yutaka Katayama, the President of Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A., and designed by a team led by Yoshihiko Matsuo, the head of Nissan's Sports Car Styling Studio. It is the first car in Nissan's Z series of sports cars. Aiming to compete directly with established European sports cars, Datsun priced the new 240Z within $200 of the British MGB-GT in the United States, a five-year-old design that showed its age. The 240Z's styling, engineering, relatively low price, and impressive performance resonated with the public, received a positive response from both buyers and the motoring press, and immediately generated long waiting lists. As a halo car, the 240Z broadened the acceptance of Japanese car-makers beyond their economy image. Datsun's growing dealer network—compared to limited production imported sports cars manufactured by Jaguar, BMW, Porsche, Alfa Romeo, and Fiat—ensured both easy purchase and ready maintenance. All variants of the S30 have four-wheel independent suspension consisting of MacPherson struts in the front (borrowed from the Nissan Laurel C30) and Chapman struts in the back. Front disc brakes and rear drums were standard. The 240Z used twin SU-style Hitachi one-barrel side-draft carburettors. These were replaced on the 260Z with Hitachi one-barrel side-draft carburettors beginning with model year 1973 to comply with emissions regulations, resulting in diminished overall performance. A Bosch-designed L-Jetronic electronic fuel injection was added to US market 280Zs in 1975 to compensate. Continuing through the 1975–1978 model years, markets outside of the United States (and Japan, which only offered the 2-liter engine from 1974) still received the 260Z coupé and 2+2. The S30 240Z is unrelated to the later 240SX, which is sold as the Silvia in Japan. <templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" /> Fairlady Z. The Fairlady Z was introduced in late 1969 as a 1970 model, with the L20 2.0-liter straight-six SOHC engine, rear-wheel drive, and a stylish coupe body. In Japanese specs the engine, based on the Datsun 510's four-cylinder, produced JIS and came with a four- or a five-speed manual transmission. For 1973, power of the carburetted engine dropped to to meet stricter regulations. In Japan, the Fairlady was exclusive to Nissan Japanese dealerships called "Nissan Bluebird Stores". Japanese buyers could also get the L24-engined Fairlady 240Z model (HS30), although the larger engine placed it in a considerably higher tax category. The Japanese-spec 2.4-liter engine produces a claimed JIS at 5,600 rpm but was discontinued in 1973 as sales had dropped considerably as a result of the fuel crisis, and so until the August 1978 introduction of the Fairlady 280Z only two-liter Fairladys were available. When export models changed over to the larger 2.6-liter 260Z in 1974, only 2-liter models remained available to Japanese buyers. A Fairlady 260Z had been planned for release, but the impact of the oil crisis stopped the model, although the 260Z was available in Okinawa (which drove on the right side of the road until 1978). The Fairlady Z received all the changes as applied to the export models, including the addition of a long-wheelbase 2+2 model. Introduced in January 1974, this received the GS30 chassis code. In 1975 the L20 engine gained fuel injection to meet new emissions standards (A-S30, A-GS30) and once again provided JIS. At the end of July 1976 the car received the NAPS system, including an EGR system, to meet the stricter yet emissions standards in effect for this year, bringing with it a change in model codes to S31 (C-S31/C-GS31). At the same time, the more luxurious Fairlady Z-T model was introduced - this was strictly an equipment level and did not include a T-bar roof, which was first seen on the succeeding generation Fairlady. Fairlady ZG. The Japan-only HS30-H Nissan Fairlady 240ZG was released in Japan in October 1971 to homologate the 240Z for Group 4 racing. Differences between the Fairlady ZG and an export-market Datsun 240Z include an extended fiberglass "aero-dyna" nose, wider over-fenders riveted to the body, a rear spoiler, acrylic glass headlight covers and fender-mounted rear-view mirrors. The ZG's better aerodynamics allowed it to reach a top speed of , five more than the regular Fairlady 240Z (automatics' top speeds were another 5 km/h lower). The Fairlady ZG was available in three colors: Grand Prix Red, Grand Prix White, and Grand Prix Maroon. The "G" in Fairlady ZG stands for "Grande." Although the ZG was not sold in the US and was never sold outside Japan, in order for it to be eligible for competition in the US, Nissan sold the nose kit as a dealer's option which is known as the "G-nose". With the nose added, these 240Zs are often referred to as 240ZGs outside of Japan. Fairlady Z432. Packaging the S20 engine (originally designed by the former Prince engineers) from the Skyline GT-R created a faster Fairlady. "Z432" referred to 4 valves per cylinder, 3 Mikuni carburetors, and 2 camshafts. The model code is PS30. Approximately 420 were built. Some Z432s were used by the police in Japan. Fairlady Z432R. A Japan-only model Fairlady Z equipped with the twin cam 2.0 L inline six-cylinder "S20" engine shared with the KPGC10 Skyline GT-R was released in the Japanese domestic market (JDM) for homologation purposes (to enable its use as a rally car). The Z432R were all painted orange with black aluminum wheels and a low luster black hood. Z432R had lighter front guards, doors, and bonnet, as well as further engine enhancements over the Z432. In January 2020 a 1970 Z432R sold at auction in Japan for a record A$, about US$1. 240Z. The 1970 240Z was introduced to the American market by Yutaka Katayama, president of Nissan Motors USA operations, widely known as "Mister K". The early cars from 1969 to mid-1971 had some subtle differences compared to late-71 to 1973 cars. The most visible difference is: these early cars had a chrome "240Z" badge on the sail pillar, and two horizontal vents in the rear hatch below the glass molding providing flow through ventilation. In mid-1971, there were production changes, including exterior and interior colors, was restyling of the sail pillar emblems were with just the letter "Z" placed in a circular vented emblem, and the vents were eliminated from the hatch panel of the car, due to complaints of exhaust being circulated into the car. Design changes for the US model 240Z occurred throughout production but were not always reflected in the JDM Fairlady if they were specific to federal requirements, including interior modifications for the 1972 model year and a change in the location of the bumper over-riders, as well as the addition of some emission control devices and the adoption of a new style of emissions reducing carburetors for the 1973 model year. The 1970 models were introduced in October 1969, received the L24 2.4-liter engine with a manual choke and a four-speed manual. A less common three-speed automatic transmission was optional from 1971 on, and had a "Nissan full automatic" badge. Most export markets received the car as the "240Z", with slightly differing specifications depending on the various market needs. In 2004, "Sports Car International" named this car number two on their list of Top Sports Cars of the 1970s. World Rally Championship - round victories. In 1973, a 240Z, in the hands of Shekhar Mehta, won the 21st East African Safari Rally. 260Z. The 260Z was sold in the United States for the 1974 model year only, but was available in other countries until 1978 (aside from Japan, where this model was never regularly available except for in Okinawa). The engine was enlarged to 2.6 L by lengthening its stroke bringing with it the new model code RS30. In the US, federal emissions regulations forced a reduction in ignition timing and compression ratio, resulting in a lower power output of SAE net for the 260Z despite the additional displacement, whereas in other countries the power output increased to . There was also a 1974.5 model sold through the second half of 1974 in the US that had the full 165 hp with the addition of the larger 5 mph safety bumpers, that would become the standard for the 280Z. A four-speed or 5 speed (non US) manual remained standard equipment, with a three-speed automatic transmission optional. A 2+2 model built on a longer wheelbase was introduced, with larger opening quarter panel windows and a slightly notched roofline. The 2+2 looked largely identical inside (aside from the rear seat and its associated seat belt reels), but did receive a carpeted transmission tunnel rather than the quilted vinyl material used on the two-seater. The rear side windows on the 2+2 were push-out units, to add ventilation for rear seat occupants. The 260Z claimed a few updates and improvements over the 240Z. The climate controls were more sensibly laid out and easier to work, and those cars with air conditioning now had the A/C system integrated into the main climate control panel. There was also additional stiffness in the chassis due to a redesign of the chassis rails which were larger and extended further back than previous models. A rear sway bar was added as well. The 260Z debuted a redesigned dashboard and console, as well as new seat trim, and door panels for the interior. The tail lights were updated, moving the back up lights from the main tail light housing to the back panel. Early 1974 US 260Z models had bumpers that resembled those of the earlier 240Z, though increased slightly in size, pushed away from the body somewhat, and wearing black rubber bumper guards rather that the previous chrome bumper guards with rubber strips. These early cars still had the front turn signals located below the bumpers. Late 1974 U.S. 260Z models (often referred to as 1974.5 models) carried the heavier bumpers that would remain on the 1975-76 model years of the 280Z so as to be in compliance with United States bumper legislation in 1973. These late cars had the front turn signals relocated to the outer edges of the front grill, above the bumper. 280Z. Nissan released the Datsun 280Z model for the North American market in the 1975 model year. In a further effort to keep the S30 models sporting in the face of increasingly stringent U.S. emission and safety requirements, engine size was again increased, this time to 2.8 liters. The L26 engine was bored out to create the L28, and a Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection system was added. Canadian versions were uniquely equipped without the anti-smog components mandatory in the States. The model code is HS30, the same as for the original 240Z. The 1975 and 1976 models continued to be fitted with the U.S. federally-required impact absorbing bumpers that had been introduced for the mid-1974 model year of the 260Z. These bumpers were smooth surfaced, and blended into smooth black rubber extensions as they met the body of the car. The 1977 and 1978 models received bumpers with recessed channels added that blended into corrugated- or accordion-style black rubber extension trim. Also new for the 1977 model year, 280Zs no longer received the full-size spare tire, and instead had a "space saver" spare and a larger fuel tank. This resulted in a raised rear deck area made of fiberboard, reducing cargo space. In late 1976 and for most 1977–78 models, an optional five-speed manual transmission was available alongside the four-speed manual and the three-speed automatic options. It included a "5-speed" emblem on the left bottom edge of the rear hatch. For 1977 there was also an update from the charcoal painted hubcap style (with a chrome "Z" floating in the amber center emblems) to a hubcap that resembled an alloy wheel, bearing a center cap with a chrome "Z" floating in a black circle. In 1977 and 1978 respectively, Datsun offered two special edition models. The "Zap" edition was offered in 1977 as a "special decor package". Zap cars were finished in "sunshine yellow" paint, and sported black stripes down the center and sides, with yellow, red, and orange chevrons at the front ends of the stripes. An estimated 1,000 "Zap Z" cars were offered in 1977. The "Zap Z" model was also used as the pace car in the 1977 Long Beach Grand Prix. The Black Pearl edition (produced in 1978) came with black pearlescent paint and a "special appearance package" (SAP), which consisted of dual racing mirrors, rear window louvers, and unique red and silver striping. It has been estimated that each United States dealer was allocated one Black Pearl edition to sell, though due to high demand some dealers reportedly received additional allocation. It is estimated 750 to 1,500 of these cars were ultimately produced, however the exact number remains unknown. Both the two-seater and 2+2 280Z coupes remained available throughout the 1975–1978 model year run. The S30 series was replaced for 1979 by the Nissan S130. Racing. The Z was very successful in SCCA racing in the 1970s: Bob Sharp Racing out of Wilton, Connecticut with Sharp, Elliot Forbes-Robinson and later Paul Newman driving; and Brock Racing Enterprises (BRE) in the western US with John Morton driving a #46 240Z to the SCCA C Production national title in 1970 and 1971. Other drivers, such as Clearwater Florida (and later Maryland) racer Don Kearney had much success with the Z-car between 1970 and 1978. The Z and Datsun 510 are credited as catalyst for the US Japanese import performance parts industry. Nissan also supported and was associated with Bob Bondurant's race driving school from its inception. In 2013 Nissan claimed its 97th SCCA national championship victory with Greg Ira at the wheel of his orange #2 RevTech 240Z. On his way to his championship Ira set several road course records in SCCA's E Production class, beginning in 2006, including: Ira was awarded SCCA's prestigious Kimberly Cup in 2008. Previous Kimberly Cup recipients include Bob Holbert, Roger Penske, Mark Donohue, and Peter Revson. On September 27, 2015, Greg Ira won his second (and Nissan's 98th) SCCA National Championship, in his EP2 Revtech/Ztrix.com 240Z, at Daytona International Speedway. Relaunch attempts. From 1997 to 2002 Nissan did not offer the Z-car line outside of Japan, where the Fairlady Z (Z32) remained available until 2000. In 1998, Nissan launched a program to bring back the Z-car line by first purchasing original 240Zs, then restoring them to factory specifications, and finally selling them to dealerships for $24,000. This was an effort to keep Z-car interest alive. Nissan over-estimated the market for the cars and low demand (and the high price) meant that less than fifty cars were re-manufactured and sold. Furthermore, in 1999, a concept car was shown to the public in a plan to return to the fundamentals that made the 240Z a market success. References. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Sources. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55129545

École polyvalente Saint-Jérôme

eng_Latn

École polyvalente Saint-Jérôme École polyvalente Saint-Jérôme (EPSJ) is a public Francophone secondary school in Saint-Jérôme, Quebec. It is a part of the Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord. It serves sections of Saint-Jérôme, including Mirabel, Prévost, and Saint-Colomban. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12387135

Pickle Wars

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Pickle Wars Pickle Wars is an MS-DOS platform game created in 1993 by Karen Crowther through Redwood Games and published by MVP Software. A planet gets invaded by pickles. The player (alternating between playing a man and a woman) goes on a journey to find hidden weapons. The player needs to collect all the SaladShooters in the level to pass through the exit door. The player can then shoot salad at the aliens, and the aliens will faint. Junk food and pickles are collectible for points, and carrots are for health. There are three episodes. The first, "Invasion of the Pickle People", was released as shareware. The other two episodes were purchasable. Plot. Episode I: Invasion of the Pickle People. The peaceful planet of Arcadia, inhabited by humans, is attacked by pickles who want to take over the planet. Arcadia has no weapons because there has not been any need for centuries. It becomes Dave's quest to go and find a hidden "Depository" of weapons. He finds an old crazy man named Lord Geric who knows of a doomsday device. A character named Linda also comes to find hidden weapons, and becomes playable for the second half of the episode. Dave and Linda eventually find all of the secret weapons. The pickles decide to interrogate one of the humans, and grab Linda in a jar before she reveals the information she has found to Dave. Episode II: Escape from the Pickle Planet. Linda's escape from the Pickle Planet. Episode III: The Search for the Doomsday Machine. The pickles get a hold of the doomsday machine and arm it. Dave and Linda must do their best to save Arcadia. Legacy. As MVPSoft ended the sale of the game around 2009, they offer the registered game version as freeware download. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64999470

Highway 304 (Thailand)

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Highway 304 (Thailand) National highway of Thailand Highway 304 is a national highway of Thailand, leading from the Bangkok suburb city of Pak Kret to Nakhon Ratchasima in the country's Northeast. It forms the main link between the eastern and northeastern regions, and is one of the major alternative routes into the Northeast (the main route from Bangkok being Mittraphap Road, Highway 2). The highway is known by several names along its route. Chaeng Watthana Road () begins at Pak Kret in Nonthaburi Province, and leads eastward (and slightly south) to Lak Si Monument in Bangkok's Bang Khen District, where it crosses Phahon Yothin Road and from there becomes known as Ram Inthra Road (, also spelled Ramindra) until it reaches Min Buri in Bangkok's eastern fringes. It then becomes known as Suwinthawong Road () towards the town of Chachoengsao. From there, it continues mostly northeastward through the eastern province of the same name, past the town of Phanom Sarakham, then enters Prachin Buri Province where it crosses Highway 33 at Kabin Buri town. It then leads north, crossing the Sankamphaeng Mountains through a pass between Khao Yai and Thap Lan national parks into Nakhon Ratchasima Province. There, it passes through Wang Nam Khio and Pak Thong Chai districts before joining Mittraphap Road as it enters the city of Nakhon Ratchasima. Part of the highway is designated as Asian Highway 19. The road was constructed in segments. The Chaeng Watthana and Suwinthawong sections were named in 1950, while the section from Chachoengsao to Nakhon Ratchasima (originally designated Highway 23) was built from 1941, and was initially unpaved. The Kabin Buri–Nakhon Ratchasima section was built and paved from 1965 to 1968 with assistance from the United States Army to support the USAF bases in Thailand during the Vietnam War. The road, which cuts through the Dong Phayayen–Khao Yai Forest Complex World Heritage Site, underwent expansion into a four-lane highway from 2015 to 2018, which included the construction of bridges and underpasses to serve as wildlife corridors, the first in Thailand. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39214222

Methodist Church in Sri Lanka

eng_Latn

Methodist Church in Sri Lanka The Methodist Church of Sri Lanka ( ) (Tamil language: இலங்கை மெதடிஸ்த திருச்சபை "Illangai Methadistha Thiruchabai") is a Protestant Christian denomination in Sri Lanka. Its headquarters is in Colombo and was established on 29 June 1814. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the Christian Conference of Asia, the National Christian Council of Sri Lanka and the World Methodist Council. History. Thomas Coke, the right-hand man of the Reverend John Wesley, was chiefly responsible for the overseas mission to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) that set sail from Portsmouth harbor on 30 December 1813. During the voyage, Coke became ill, died, and was buried at sea on 3 May 1814. James Lynch, Thomas Hall Squance, William Ault, George Erskine and Benjamin Clough arrived in Galle on 29 June 1814. Squance, Clough, and Lynch made it to the Galle Harbour, and the boat carrying Ault and Erskine with their personal effects drifted towards Weligama and they landed there early next day. The missionaries travelled to different parts of Ceylon, with Squance and Lynch to Jaffna, Ault to Batticaloa, Erskine to Matara, and Clough remaining in Galle. Harvard who remained in Bombay due to family circumstances came to Galle in early 1815 and was posted to Colombo and Clough too joined him leaving Galle to be looked after by Erskine. In mid-1815, they purchased a portion of land on Dam Street and built a chapel that still stands there today as Methodist Church, Pettah, the oldest Methodist Church in Asia. They later started a children's Sunday school and a printing press in Colombo. Rev. Harvard, a printer by profession, supervised the work and started printing books for children. Meanwhile, a chapel called ‘The Wesleyan Mission House’ was completed and opened for worship in December 1816. In spite of attitudes against the education of woman at the time, in 1834, the missionaries established the Vembadi Girls' High School. Along with Pandit Arumuga Navalar, Peter Percival translated the Bible into Tamil. He also wrote the "Anglo-Tamil Dictionary" (1838), which together with his "A Collection of Proverbs in Tamil with their translation in English" was published by the Jaffna Book Society. These were two of the earliest Tamil books printed, alongside those by the American Ceylon Mission. His "Land of the Veda: India briefly described in some of its aspects, Physical, Social, Intellectual & Moral" was published in 1854. The missionaries worked with children throughout the country, as well as established homes for orphans and vocational training, such as those at Galle, Badulla, Diyatalawa, and Thummodera. This work continued, and, in the twentieth century, homes were established in Trincomalee, Chenkalady, Puthuyugam, and Nilavely. Catering to the emerging need to support the children of working parents, the Methodist Church founded day care centers and nurseries in Welimada, Moratumulla, Angulana, Panadura, and Maradana. Young girls travelling into cities for higher education and employment lacked safe accommodation, and so, with the support of local churches, women's hostels were set up in Colombo, Maradana, Moor Road, Badulla, and Katunayake. Elders' homes, for the support of the aged, were established in Badulla, Wellawatte, Moratumulla, and Putter, and cared for by the Methodist Women’s Fellowship. Many of the missionaries were involved with printing, with Harvard, Squance, Callaway, Spence, Hardy, and Gogerly all being printers by trade. Benjamin Clough published an English to Sinhala dictionary in 1821 and a Sinhala to English one in 1830. He also published the first Pali grammar and vocabulary book in English, and translated and printed sermons in Sinhala. The Wesleyan Press continued to print and publish scholarly books produced by missionaries such the Reverend D. J. Gorgerly and Percival. The press also printed the Sinhala Bibles for the Ceylon Bible Society Auxiliary for many years. The Methodist Church, known for some noted educators, set up many schools in Sri Lanka, including: However, in 1961, as many as 178 Methodist-run schools were converted by the government from "government assisted" schools to "government" schools. Only two schools, Wesley College, Colombo and Methodist College, Colombo, remained under the management of the church. Church leaders began medical work in Welimada in 1887. Their efforts developed into Wiseman's Hospital, a small women's hospital, in 1895. A small children’s hospital was also set up at Happy Valley in Uva. These facilities were built at a vital time of need, as there were not any government hospitals. Medical work was done in Batticaloa, Kalmunai, and Trincomalee. A missionary, Gertrude Nettleship, founded a hospital in Puthur in 1898, which was later renamed St. Luke’s Methodist Hospital, Puthur. This is the only of the Methodists' early hospitals still in use. Centers for vocational training were established, including the Jeevodhayam Farm, Polwatte Pottery Project, B.I.H. Electronics, and the City Mission Community Projects. In 2006, due to the ongoing war and prolonged state of emergency, the Church established a Justice and Peace Desk to keep track of the human rights situation and promote peace. The Church's Children’s Desk has attempted to promote the welfare of children in Sri Lanka. In June 1963, the British Conference passed a Resolution granting autonomy to the Methodist Church in Ceylon. The Deed of Foundation of the Ceylon Conference was signed in the Kollupitiya Methodist Church on 18 June 1964. Upon its signing, the President of the British Conference said “I declare the Methodist Church of Ceylon to be now inaugurated for the purpose of witnessing to the good news of Jesus Christ and spreading of Scriptural Holiness throughout the land and to the ends of the earth.” He then inducted Rev. Fred S. De Silva as the first President of the Methodist Church of Ceylon. The Governor-general of Ceylon was present at the Service. The Methodist Church of Sri Lanka celebrated its bicentenary on 29 June 2014 with a National Thanksgiving Service at the Cathedral of Christ the Living Saviour. More than 10,000 Methodist members from all over Sri Lanka attended.