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Transport was facilitated by waterways—by rivers and seas. | ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴶⵉⵔⵓⴰⵏ. |
These developments led to the rise of territorial states and empires. | ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⴱⵉⴻⵏ. |
In Crete the Minoan civilization had entered the Bronze Age by 2700 BCE and is regarded as the first civilization in Europe. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⵛⵔⵉⵜⴻ, ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⵉⴶⴰⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵣⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ 2700 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ. |
Over the following millennia, civilizations developed across the world. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵢⵏⴰⵉⵔⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵍⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴾ. |
In India, this era was the Vedic period (1750-600 BCE), which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 6th century BCE. | ⴻⴰⵗ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴱⵉⴷⵉⵈⵓⴻ (1750-600 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ), ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓⵓⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ 6ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ. |
During the formative stage in Mesoamerica (about 1500 BCE to 500 CE), more complex and centralized civilizations began to develop, mostly in what is now Mexico, Central America, and Peru. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⵓⵜⵓⴷ ⵙⴰ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵓ-ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ (ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 1500 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔ 500 ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ), ⵜⵢⵢⵉⵉⵜⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴼ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴻ ⵎⵆⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ. |
Karl Jaspers' Axial-Age theory also includes Persian Zoroastrianism, but other scholars dispute his timeline for Zoroastrianism.) | ⵜⴻⴾⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⵉⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵔⵍ ⵋⴰⵙⴷⴻⵔⵙ ⵉⵂⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵣⵓⵔⵓⴰⵙⵜⵔⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴱⴻⵔⵙⴻ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⴰⵔⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵂⵔⵓⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⴻ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵣⵓⵔⵓⴰⵙⵜⵔⵉⵙⵎⴻ). |
These were Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism. | ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵎⵉⵙⵎⴻ, ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⴶⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎⴻ. |
The great empires depended on military annexation of territory and on the formation of defended settlements to become agricultural centres. | ⵓⵉⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵣⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾ. |
There were a number of regional empires during this period. | Iⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵓⵎⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵉⴱⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ. |
The Median Empire gave way to successive Iranian empires, including the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE), the Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE), and the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE). | ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⴰ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⵉⴻ ⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵂⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴷⴻ (550-330 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ), ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵜⵂⴻ (247–224 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ) ⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⴷⴻ ( 224-651 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ). |
Later, Alexander the Great (356–323 BCE), of Macedon, founded an empire of conquest, extending from present-day Greece to present-day India. | ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⴻⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ (356-323 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴱⵉ Iⵙⵙⴰ), ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⴷⵓⵉⵏⴻ, ⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵂⴰ ⵗⴰⵜ, ⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵗⵔⵉⵛⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ Iⵏⴷⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰ. |
From the 3rd century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's Golden Age. | ⴰⴷⵉⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⴷ 3ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵗ, ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⴷⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴰ ⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ Iⵏⴷⴻ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ. |
The ensuing stability contributed to heralding in the golden age of Hindu culture in the 4th and 5th centuries. | ⵜⴻⴷⴰⴾⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵙⴰⴶⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴰ ⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓⴻ ⴷⴰ ⵗ 4ⴻ ⴰⴷ 5ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ. |
By the time of Augustus (63 BCE – 14 CE), the first Roman Emperor, Rome had already established dominion over most of the Mediterranean. | ⴻⴰ ⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴶⵓⵙⵜ (63 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⴱⵉ Iⵙⵙⴰ. – 14 ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵗ), ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ, ⵔoⵎⴻ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵗ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⴻⵔⵔⴰⵏⴻ. |
The Western empire would fall, in 476 CE, to German influence under Odoacer. | ⵜⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵉⴷⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⴷⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵗ 476 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⴰⵛⴻⵔ. |
The Han dynasty was comparable in power and influence to the Roman Empire that lay at the other end of the Silk Road. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ. |
As with other empires during the Classical Period, Han China advanced significantly in the areas of government, education, mathematics, astronomy, technology, and many others. | ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰⵙⴰⵙⴼⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⴻⵏ, ⵉⴻ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⴻ, ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ. |
Successful regional empires were also established in the Americas, arising from cultures established as early as 2500 BCE. | ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴰⴼⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 2500 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ. |
The great Mayan city-states slowly rose in number and prominence, and Maya culture spread throughout the Yucatán and surrounding areas. | ⵓⵉⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵉⵜⵉⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵉⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼo, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵉⴰ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵔⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵓⴰⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵣⵏⴻⵏ. |
There were, however, in some regions, periods of rapid technological progress. | ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏⴰⵜⵔⴰⴱⵏⴻⵏ. |
China's Han dynasty fell into civil war in 220 CE, beginning the Three Kingdoms period, while its Roman counterpart became increasingly decentralized and divided about the same time in what is known as the Crisis of the Third Century. | ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏoⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵛ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 220 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ, ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵔⵓⵉⵙ ⵔⵓⵉⴰⵓⵎⴻⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏⴻⵙ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵏⴻⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ IIIⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ. |
The development of the stirrup and the breeding of horses strong enough to carry a fully armed archer made the nomads a constant threat to the more settled civilizations. | ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴶⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵋⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⴰⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵓⵔⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵉⵎⵉⵜⴻ. |
The remaining part of the Roman Empire, in the eastern Mediterranean, continued as what came to be called the Byzantine Empire. | ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵜⴰ ⴷⵉⵜⵉⵈⵉⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⴻⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ, ⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ. |
The era is commonly dated from the 5th-century fall of the Western Roman Empire, which fragmented into many separate kingdoms, some of which would later be confederated under the Holy Roman Empire. | ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⵂⴰⵉⵓⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜ-ⵢⵎⴱⵉⵔⴻ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵈⵓ. |
South Asia saw a series of middle kingdoms of India, followed by the establishment of Islamic empires in India. | ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵉ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⵙⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ Iⵏⴷⴻ. |
This allowed Africa to join the Southeast Asia trading system, bringing it contact with Asia; this, along with Muslim culture, resulted in the Swahili culture. | ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵜⴰⵓⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ-ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵎⴷⵉⵙ ⴷ’ⴰⵙⵉⴻ, ⵎⴰⵎⵓⵙ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴰⵂⵉⵍⵉⴻ. |
This was also a cultural battle, with the Byzantine Hellenistic and Christian culture competing against the Persian Iranian traditions and Zoroastrian religion. | ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⴶⴰⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ, ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴻⵍⵍⵢⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵔⵢⵜⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴻ ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵔⵙⴻⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵔⵓⴰⵙⵜⵔⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ. |
From their centre on the Arabian Peninsula, Muslims began their expansion during the early Postclassical Era. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⴻ. |
Much of this learning and development can be linked to geography. | ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⵉⴰⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⴻ. |
The influence held by Muslim merchants over African-Arabian and Arabian-Asian trade routes was tremendous. | ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵓ-ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴻⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⵓ-ⴰⵙⵉⴰⵜⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ. |
Motivated by religion and dreams of conquest, European leaders launched a number of Crusades to try to roll back Muslim power and retake the Holy Land. | ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵓⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵈⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵔⴶⵉⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵛⵉⴷⵉⴶⴰⵏ. |
Arab domination of the region ended in the mid-11th century with the arrival of the Seljuq Turks, migrating south from the Turkic homelands in Central Asia. | ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ 11ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴶⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⵙⴻⵍⴷⵋⵓⵓⴾⵉⴷⴻⵙ, ⴰⵂⵓⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵈⵓⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ'ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ. |
The region will later be called the Barbary Coast and will host pirates and privateers who will use several North African ports for their raids against the coastal towns of several European countries in search of slaves to be sold in North African markets as part of the Barbary slave trade. | ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵜⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵂⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⵔⵙⴰⵉⵔⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ-ⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵣⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵓⵔⵓɗⴻⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵂⵉⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴻⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ-ⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⴻ. |
In the 8th century, Islam began to penetrate the region and soon became the sole faith of most of the population, though Buddhism remained strong in the east. | ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵜⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵂⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⵔⵙⴰⵉⵔⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ-ⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵣⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵓⵔⵓɗⴻⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵂⵉⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴻⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ-ⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⴻ |
After Genghis Khan died in 1227, most of Central Asia continued to be dominated by a successor state, Chagatai Khanate. | ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⴻⵏⴶⵉⵙ ⵆⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 1227, ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴶⵍⴰ ⴷⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴾⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⴶⴰⵜⴰⵉ. |
The region then became divided into a series of smaller khanates that were created by the Uzbeks. | ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜⵙ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ Oⵓⵣⴱⴻⴾⵙ. |
The barbarian invaders formed their own new kingdoms in the remains of the Western Roman Empire. | Iⵎⴰⵂⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵋoⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ Eⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ. |
Christianity expanded in western Europe, and monasteries were founded. | ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵜⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵔⵛⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵓⵔⴱⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ. |
Manorialism, the organization of peasants into villages that owed rents and labour service to nobles, and feudalism, a political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rents from lands and manors, were two of the ways of organizing medieval society that developed during the High Middle Ages. | ⵎⴰⵏⵓⵔⴰⵜ, ⵙⵉⴷⴰⵓⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⴶⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴷⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵂⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵉⴻ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴼⵉⵓⴷⵉⵙⵎⴻ, ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⵋⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵂⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴷⵉⴶⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵣⴻⵔⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⵙⴾⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⵉⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵓⵙⵓⴷⵉⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⵉⴻⵗⴰⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉɗⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ Hⴰⵓⵜ ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⴶⴻ |
Italian merchants imported slaves to work in households or in sugar processing. | ⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵏəⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵉⵙⵓⴾⴰⵔ. |
Famine, plague, and war devastated the population of western Europe. | ⵎⴰⵏⴰ, ⴷⴻⵙⵜⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ |
They eventually gave way to the Zagwe dynasty who are famed for their rock cut architecture at Lalibela. | ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵓⵜ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵤⴰⴶⵓⴻ, ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴱⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵉⴱⵍⴻⴰ. |
They controlled the trans-Saharan trade in gold, ivory, salt and slaves. | ⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵔⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴰⵗ, ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵉⵔⴻ, ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ. |
Central Africa saw the birth of several states, including the Kingdom of Kongo. | ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵓⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵆⵓⵏⴶⵓ |
They built large defensive stone structures without mortar such as Great Zimbabwe, capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Khami, capital of Kingdom of Butua, and Danangombe (Dhlo-Dhlo), capital of the Rozvi Empire. | ⴰⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵙⵜⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴻⵏⴷⴻ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵗⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵤⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⴻ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜəⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵤⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⴻ, ⵆⵂⴰⵎⵉ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵓⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⴻⴰⵏⴰⵏⴶⵓⵎⴱⴻ (ⴻⵂⵍⵓ-ⴻⵂⵍⵓ), ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵣⵗⵉ. |
The ninth century saw a Tripartite Struggle for control of northern India, among the Pratihara Empire, the Pala Empire, and the Rashtrakuta Empire. | ⵓⴰⵙⵜⴰⵣⴰ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴰⴱⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⴰⵜⵉⵂⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ Ɗⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵛⵜⵔⴰⴾⵓⵜⴰ. |
"The Tang dynasty eventually splintered, however, and after half a century of turmoil the Song dynasty reunified China, when it was, according to William McNeill, the ""richest, most skilled, and most populous country on earth""." | ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵉⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⴶ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴷⴰ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵆ, ⴶⵓⵔ ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵎⵛⵏⴻⵉⵍ,""ⴰⵆⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼ,ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ""." |
After about a century of Mongol Yuan dynasty rule, the ethnic Chinese reasserted control with the founding of the Ming dynasty (1368). | ⴻⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⵏⴶⵓⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵉⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⴰⵏ,ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻⵓⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵉⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴶ (1368). |
The Nara period of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state and is often portrayed as a golden age. | ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ 8ⴻ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴻ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴻⵔⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴻⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵆ. |
The feudal period of Japanese history, dominated by powerful regional lords (daimyos) and the military rule of warlords (shoguns) such as the Ashikaga shogunate and Tokugawa shogunate, stretched from 1185 to 1868. | ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⴼⵉⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏ, ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ (ⴷⴰⵉⵎⵉⵓⵙ) ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ (ⵙⵂⵓⴶⵓⵏⵙ) ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵂⵓⴶⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵂⵉⴾⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵂⵓⴶⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵟⵓⴾⵓⴶⴰⵓⴰ, ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔ ⴶⵓⵔ 1185 ⵂⴰⵔ 1868. |
Silla conquered Baekje in 660, and Goguryeo in 668, marking the beginning of the Northern and Southern States period (남북국시대), with Unified Silla in the south and Balhae, a successor state to Goguryeo, in the north. | ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴱⴰⴻⴾⵋⴻ ⴶⵓⵔ 660,ⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⴶⵓⵔⵉⴻⵓ ⴶⵓⵔ 668,ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⴶⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵏⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ (남북국시대), ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⴷⵏⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵍⵂⴰⴻ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵗⴶⵓⵔⵉⴻⵓ, ⴶⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
Starting in the 9th century, the Bagan Kingdom rose to prominence in modern Myanmar. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵙ 9ⴻ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⵉⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ. |
The Ancestral Puebloans and their predecessors (9th – 13th centuries) built extensive permanent settlements, including stone structures that would remain the largest buildings in North America until the 19th century. | ⴱⵓⴻⴱⵍⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ( Iⵆⴻ-ⵆIIIⴻ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ) ⴰⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵓ,ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵙⵎⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈoⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴷ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵆIⵆⴻ. |
In South America, the 14th and 15th centuries saw the rise of the Inca. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴷ,ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ 14ⴻ ⴰⴷ 15ⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴾⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ Iⵏⴾⴰⵙ. |
The Scientific Revolution received impetus from Johannes Gutenberg's introduction to Europe of printing, using movable type, and from the invention of the telescope and microscope. | ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵉⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴼⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⴻ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ Jⵓⵂⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵗⵓⵜⴻⵏⴱⴻⵔⴶ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴶⵉⵛⵂ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⴻⵙⴾⵓⴱⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⴾⵔⵓⵙⴾⵓⴱⴻ. |
The late modern period continues either to the end of World War II, in 1945, or to the present. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⴶⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴶⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ, ⴶⵓⵔ 1945, ⵎⴻⵆ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴻⵛⵂⴰⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⴶ. |
The early Modern period was characterized by the rise of science, and by increasingly rapid technological progress, secularized civic politics, and the nation state. | ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴻⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ,ⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⵓⴱ,ⴼⴰⵍ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
During the early modern period, Europe was able to regain its dominance; historians still debate the causes. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ,ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⵓⴶⵔⵓⵓ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ;ⵜⵓⵏⴼⴰⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵣⴶⴰⵎ. |
It had developed an advanced monetary economy by 1000 CE. | ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1000 ⵓⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵆ. |
It enjoyed a technological advantage and had a monopoly in cast iron production, piston bellows, suspension bridge construction, printing, and the compass. | ⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴱⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ,ⴰⵙⵂⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏ,ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ,ⵉⴻ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵎⴰⵙⴻⴾⵏⵉ. |
One theory of Europe's rise holds that Europe's geography played an important role in its success. | ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵉⴻ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⵓⵣⵜ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⴶⵙⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ. |
This gave Europe some degree of protection from the peril of Central Asian invaders. | ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵉ ⴻⵔoⴱⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴶⵂⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵆⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵆⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. |
The Golden Age of Islam was ended by the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258. | ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵆ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⴰⴾⵓ ⵎoⵓⵏⴶⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴶⴷⴰⴷ ⴶⵓⵔ 1258. |
Geography contributed to important geopolitical differences. | ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴻ ⴻⴱⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ. |
By contrast, Europe was almost always divided into a number of warring states. | ⴻⴰⴶ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴶⴰⵍ,ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⵛⵂ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ |
Nearly all the agricultural civilizations have been heavily constrained by their environments. | Iⵛⵂ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎəⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵂⵣⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ. |
Technological advance and the wealth generated by trade gradually brought about a widening of possibilities. | ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵜⴻ ⵏⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⴰ ⴰⴷoⵔⴰⵓ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ. |
Europe's maritime expansion unsurprisingly—given the continent's geography—was largely the work of its Atlantic states: Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands. | ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ,ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰ ⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⵈⵓⴻ :ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴶⴰⵍ, ⴻⵙⴱⴰⴶⵏⴻ, ⴰⵏⴶⵍⴻⵜⴻⵔⵔⴻ, ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏⴷⴻ. |
In North Africa, the Saadi Sultanate remained as an independent Berber state until 1659. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴷ,ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴰⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴶⵓⵔ 1659. |
The Swahili coast declined after coming under the Portuguese Empire and later the Omani Empire. | ⵜⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴰⵂⵉⵍⵉⴻ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴶⴰⵍ,ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ. |
The South African Kingdom of Zimbabwe gave way to smaller kingdoms such as Mutapa, Butua, and Rozvi. | ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴷ-ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵤⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⴻ ⵓⵉⴰ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⴻ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵓⵜⴰⴱⴰ,ⴱⵓⵜⵓⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵣⴱⵉ. |
Other civilizations in Africa advanced during this period. | ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵛⵂⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴶ |
Japan experienced its Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1603), followed by the Edo period (1603–1868). | ⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⴰⵣⵓⵛⵂⵉ-ⵎⵓⵎⵓⵉⴰⵎⴰ (1568-1603),ⵙⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴻⴷⵓ ( 1603-1868). |
The Johor Sultanate, centred on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, became the dominant trading power in the region. | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵂⴰⵔ,ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴶⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ,ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵎəⵍⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
Russia made incursions onto the northwest coast of North America, with a first colony in present-day Alaska in 1784, and the outpost of Fort Ross in present-day California in 1812. | ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⴶⴰ ⵓⴶⵉⵛⵂ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵓⵔⴷ-ⵓⵓⴻⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⴶⵓⵔ 1784,ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵜⴻ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⵔⵓⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵛⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵔⵏⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⴶⵓⵔ 1812. |
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and used new modes of production—the factory, mass production, and mechanization—to manufacture a wide array of goods faster and using less labour than previously required. | ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⴻⵜⴰⴶⵏⴻ-ⵟⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵙⵉⵏⴻⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵉⴶⵉⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⴷⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ. |
After Europeans had achieved influence and control over the Americas, imperial activities turned to the lands of Asia and Oceania. | ⴻⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵆ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⴰⵛⵂⵉⴶⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⴰⴷ Oⵛⵉⴰⵏⵉⴻ. |
The British also colonized Australia, New Zealand and South Africa with large numbers of British colonists emigrating to these colonies. | ⵆⴰⵍ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴻ, ⵏⵓⵓⴱⴻⵍⵍⴻ-ⵤⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴷ,ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵜⴻ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ. |
Within Europe, economic and military challenges created a system of nation states, and ethno-linguistic groupings began to identify themselves as distinctive nations with aspirations for cultural and political autonomy. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ,ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴾⴰⵔⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ,ⴰⴷ ⴶⵔⵓⴱⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵙⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⴰⵉ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵆⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵎəⵏⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ. |
Meanwhile, industrial pollution and environmental damage, present since the discovery of fire and the beginning of civilization, accelerated drastically. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏ,ⴻⴶⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵆⴰⵛⵂⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵣⴰⵓⴰⵏ,ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ,ⵓⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵆⵏⴰ ⴰⵂⵓⵛⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ. |
Much of the rest of the world was influenced by heavily Europeanized nations: the United States and Japan. | ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⴶⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ : ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏ. |
World War I led to the collapse of four empires – Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire – and weakened the United Kingdom and France. | ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵉⵓⴰⵉⴷ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵓⵣ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ – ⴰⵓⵜⵔⵉⵛⵂⴻ-ⵂⵓⵏⴶⵔⵉⴻ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴻⵎⴰⵏⴷ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ Oⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⴻ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵉⴰⵓⵎⴻ-Uⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵉⴰ. |
Ongoing national rivalries, exacerbated by the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, helped precipitate World War II. | ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⴶⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⴰⵆⵓⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⵓⴱ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ. |
The Cold War ended peacefully in 1991 after the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent fall of the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact. | ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵔⵂⵓ ⴶⵓⵔ 1991 ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰⵎ-ⴶⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷⴻ, ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⴰⵔⵛⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣoⵍⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴻⵔⵍⵉⵏ, ⴻⵜ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵓⴱⵉⴻ. |
In the early postwar decades, the colonies in Asia and Africa of the Belgian, British, Dutch, French, and other west European empires won their formal independence. | ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵂⵙⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⴻⵍⴶⴻ, ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⵂⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵜⴰⵏ,ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵜ. |
The European Union's effectiveness was handicapped by the immaturity of its common economic and political institutions, somewhat comparable to the inadequacy of United States institutions under the Articles of Confederation prior to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States that came into force in 1789. | ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵆⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷⴻ ⵜⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴶⵓⵔ 1789. |
In the decades after World War II, these advances led to jet travel, artificial satellites with innumerable applications including the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the Internet. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵜⵉⴻⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵜ əⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶoⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴾⵓⵍ (ⵗⴱⵙ), ⴰⴷ ⵉⴻ ⵉⵏⵜⴻⵔⵏⴻⵜ. |
Worldwide competition for natural resources has risen due to growing populations and industrialization, especially in India, China, and Brazil. | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵉⴶⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵉⴻ ⵉⴶⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴶⵓⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ,ⴰⴷⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴶⵓⵔ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴱⵔⴻⵙⵉⵍ. |
An archive is an accumulation of historical records – in any media – or the physical facility in which they are located. | ⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⴻⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ –ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⴷ ⴾⵓⵍ-ⵎⴻⴶ ⴰⴼⴰⵜⴰⵆ ⵉⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵂⴰ. |
"They have been metaphorically defined as ""the secretions of an organism"", and are distinguished from documents that have been consciously written or created to communicate a particular message to posterity." | " ⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ""ⵉⴶⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ"", ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ |
This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings. | ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴻⴱⴰⴷⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵏⴶⴰⵣⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴻⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴶoⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴼo ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⵉⵆⴰⵛⵎⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵏ |
Archaeologists have discovered archives of hundreds (and sometime thousands) of clay tablets going back to the third and second millennia BC in sites like Ebla, Mari, Amarna, Hattusas, Ugarit, and Pylos. | ⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ (ⵉⵣⵔ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⴼⴷⴰⵏ) ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⵜⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⴶⵓⵔ ⵉⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵓ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⴱⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴰ. ⴷⴰⴶ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴻⴱⵍⴰ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵏⴰ, ⵂⴰⴼⵓⵙⴰⵙ, ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵍⵓⵙ. |
However, they have been lost, since documents written on materials like papyrus and paper deteriorated at a faster pace, unlike their stone tablet counterparts. | ⴰⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏ, ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⴶⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ, ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⴼⵍⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵛⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴱⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⵜⴰⵈ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ. |
England after 1066 developed archives and archival research methods. | ⴰⵏⴶⵍⵜⴻⵔⵔⴻ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ 1066,ⵜⴰⴾⵔⴰⵛ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵆ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ. |
While there are many kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identifies five major types: academic, business (for profit), government, non-profit, and other. | ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴰⵉ ⵙⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ : ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵆⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ,ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵂⴻⴱⵓ (ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼ), ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵂⴰⴾⵓⵎ, ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵂⴰ ⵂⴻⴱⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ |
Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only; some have posted hours for making inquiries. | ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴶⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴶ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵏ ;ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴻⵙⵜⴰⵏ. |
Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola), Procter and Gamble, Motorola Heritage Services and Archives, and Levi Strauss & Co. These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history and administration of their companies. | ⵗⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ,ⵏⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⴰⵓⵍⴰ (ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴻⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵓⵔⵍⴷ ⵓⴼ ⵛⵓⵛⴰ-ⵛⵓⵍⴰ), ⴱⵔⵓⵛⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⵏⴷ ⵗⴰⵎⴱⵍⴻ, ⵎⵓⵜⵓⵔⵓⵍⴰ ⵂⴻⵔⵉⵜⴰⴶⴻ ⵙⴻⵔⵗⵉⵛⴻ ⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⴱⴻⵙ,ⴰⴷ ⵍⴻⴱⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⴰⵓⵙ & ⵛⵓ. ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵆⴰⵍ ⵓⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴰⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ. |
Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background. | Iⵎⴰⵛⴰⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵔⴷ, ⵜⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵎⴻⵆ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ. |
In the United States, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the District of Columbia and College Park, Maryland, with regional facilities distributed throughout the United States. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ, ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⴱⴻ ⴰⵏⴷ ⵔⴻⵛⵓⵔⴷⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ (ⵏⴰⵏⴰ) ⵜⴰⵜⴰⴼ ⵓⴶⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⵍⵍⴻⴶⴻ ⴱⴰⵔⴾ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴶⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰ |