source_sentence
stringlengths 23
473
| target_sentence
stringlengths 9
462
|
|---|---|
Recent evidence suggests the oceans may have begun forming as early as 4.4 Ga. By the start of the Archean eon, they already covered much of the Earth. | Iⵙⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵗⴰⵔ 4,4 ⵗⴰ. ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵂⴰⴻⵏ, ⴰⴱⵉⵔⴰⵏⴱⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
Thus, the Sun has become 30% brighter in the last 4.5 billion years. | ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ 30 % ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵗⴻ ⵗⴰⵔ 4,5 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ. |
There are many models, but little consensus, on how life emerged from non-living chemicals; chemical systems created in the laboratory fall well short of the minimum complexity for a living organism. | Iⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴰⵏⵜ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵎⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵔ; ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵎⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵗⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ. |
Although atmospheric composition was probably different from that used by Miller and Urey, later experiments with more realistic compositions also managed to synthesize organic molecules. | ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵍⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴻⵉ, ⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⵓⵍⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ. |
RNA would later have been replaced by DNA, which is more stable and therefore can build longer genomes, expanding the range of capabilities a single organism can have. | ⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴻⵏ, ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⴾⵓ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⴶⵔoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵂⵔⴰⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⵗ ⴻⵓⴰⵍⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ. |
A difficulty with the metabolism-first scenario is finding a way for organisms to evolve. | ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ. |
"Research in 2003 reported that montmorillonite could also accelerate the conversion of fatty acids into ""bubbles"", and that the bubbles could encapsulate RNA attached to the clay." | "Iⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ 2003 ⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵔⵓⴱ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ""ⵜⴰⴾⵓⴼⴻ"", ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ". |
This LUA cell is the ancestor of all life on Earth today. | ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵍⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
The change to an oxygen-rich atmosphere was a crucial development. | Iⴾⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⴷⵓ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ. |
They used fermentation, the breakdown of more complex compounds into less complex compounds with less energy, and used the energy so liberated to grow and reproduce. | ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎ, ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵣⵍⵉⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵏ,ⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴰ. |
Most of the life that covers the surface of the Earth depends directly or indirectly on photosynthesis. | ⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵓⵉ ⵍⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵈⵓⴷ ⵎⴻⵗ Iⴱⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵓⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉ. |
To supply the electrons in the circuit, hydrogen is stripped from water, leaving oxygen as a waste product. | ⵗⴻ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴻⴰⵜⵔⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵔⴰⵜ,ⴰⴷⵓ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ. |
The simpler anoxygenic form arose about 3.8 Ga, not long after the appearance of life. | Iⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵓⵆⵉⴶⵉⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜⵔⴰⵗⵙⴻ ⵜⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 3,8 ⵗⴰ, ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ. |
At first, the released oxygen was bound up with limestone, iron, and other minerals. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜo, ⵓⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ. |
Though each cell only produced a minute amount of oxygen, the combined metabolism of many cells over a vast time transformed Earth's atmosphere to its current state. | ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙ,ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵋⵔⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵗ. |
The ozone layer absorbed, and still absorbs, a significant amount of the ultraviolet radiation that once had passed through the atmosphere. | ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵎ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵎ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ, ⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵋⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵙⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ. |
As a result, the Earth began to receive more heat from the Sun in the Proterozoic eon. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵂⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵓⵙⵙⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ. |
Glacial deposits found in South Africa date back to 2.2 Ga, at which time, based on paleomagnetic evidence, they must have been located near the equator. | ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵋⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ 2,2 ⵗⴰ, ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵜⵓⵗ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴻⵗⴰⴰⵜ ⴻⴷⴻⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴻⵜ. |
The Huronian ice age might have been caused by the increased oxygen concentration in the atmosphere, which caused the decrease of methane (CH4) in the atmosphere. | ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵔⵓⵏⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷoⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵂⴰⵏⴻ (ⵛⵂ4) ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
However, the term Snowball Earth is more commonly used to describe later extreme ice ages during the Cryogenian period. | ⴰⵋⵓⴷⴻⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⴰⵗⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴻⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⴶⵉⵏⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ. |
Carbon dioxide combines with rain to weather rocks to form carbonic acid, which is then washed out to sea, thus extracting the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. | ⴻⵉⵓⵆⵉⴷⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴻ ⵉⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵉⴷⴻ ⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ, ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴾⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵣ ⴰⴾⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
The Bacteria domain probably first split off from the other forms of life (sometimes called Neomura), but this supposition is controversial. | ⵜⴰⴾⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴰⵜⴻⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵓⵉⵉⴰⴷⴷⴻⵏ (ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴻⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰ) ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⵋ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵉⵛ. |
The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date to the Paleoproterozoic era, some 2.4 ago; these multicellular benthic organisms had filamentous structures capable of anastomosis. | Iⵋⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵣⵍⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵎⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵉⵓⴷⵔⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ 2,4 ⴻⵍⴰⵏ; ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵔ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵉⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵗⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ. |
Perhaps the large cell attempted to digest the smaller one but failed (possibly due to the evolution of prey defenses). | ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⴰⵎⴰⵛ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵔⴰⵙ (ⵉⵂⴰⵎⴰⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⵓⵣⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⵏ). |
Using oxygen, it metabolized the larger cell's waste products and derived more energy. | ⵓⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵛⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴾⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⴻⵏ. |
Soon, a stable symbiosis developed between the large cell and the smaller cells inside it. | ⵙⵉⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⴾⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴰⵍ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ. |
A similar event occurred with photosynthetic cyanobacteria entering large heterotrophic cells and becoming chloroplasts. | Iⵎⴻⵛⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴰⵜⴻⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴶⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⵓⵍⴰⵜⴻⵏ. |
Besides the well-established endosymbiotic theory of the cellular origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, there are theories that cells led to peroxisomes, spirochetes led to cilia and flagella, and that perhaps a DNA virus led to the cell nucleus, though none of them are widely accepted. | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵓⴰⵂⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵍⵓⵔⵓⴷⵍⴰⵙⵜⴻⵙ,ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⴻⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴻⵔⵓⵆⵉⵙⵓⵎⴻⵙ, ⵙⴱⵉⵔⵓⵛⵂⵉⵜⴻⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉ, ⵉⵂⴰⵎⴰⵛ ⵗⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ,ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵔⴷ. |
Around 1.1 Ga, the supercontinent Rodinia was assembling. | Iⴱⵔⴻⵜ 1,1 ⵗⴰ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⴰ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓ. |
Although the division between a colony with specialized cells and a multicellular organism is not always clear, around 1 billion years ago, the first multicellular plants emerged, probably green algae. | ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⴾⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵋⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⴻⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ 1 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵔⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ, ⵉⵂⴰⵛⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ. |
Paleomagnetic poles are supplemented by geologic evidence such as orogenic belts, which mark the edges of ancient plates, and past distributions of flora and fauna. | Iⵛⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⴼⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴶⴱⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⵛⵓⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⵜⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵂⴰⵛⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ. |
About 1000 to 830 Ma, most continental mass was united in the supercontinent Rodinia. | Iⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ 1000 ⴰⵙ 830 ⵎⴰ, ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⴰ. |
The hypothetical supercontinent is sometimes referred to as Pannotia or Vendia. | ⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵏⵏⵓⵜⵉⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵗⴻⵏⴷⵉⴰ |
The intensity and mechanism of both glaciations are still under investigation and harder to explain than the early Proterozoic Snowball Earth. | ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵗⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰ. |
Because CO2 is an important greenhouse gas, climates cooled globally. | ⵛO2 ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴶⴰⵣ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵓⵙⵙⴻ, ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴻⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
Increased volcanic activity resulted from the break-up of Rodinia at about the same time. | ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴾⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ. |
The new forms of life, called Ediacara biota, were larger and more diverse than ever. | Iⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ,ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⵉⴰⴰⵔⴰ,ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⴻ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ. |
It consists of three eras: The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, and is the time when multi-cellular life greatly diversified into almost all the organisms known today. | ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ: ⴱⴰⵍⵉⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ, ⵎⵉⵙⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ, ⴰⴷ ⵛⵉⵏⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴰⵋⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵉⴻ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴰ ⴻⴷⴻⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉ. |
This causes the sea level to rise. | ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵓⵉⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵏⴶ. |
Traces of glaciation from this period are only found on former Gondwana. | Iⴷⵔⴰⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵎⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵔⵂⴻⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵗⵓⵏⴷⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ. |
The continents Laurentia and Baltica collided between 450 and 400 Ma, during the Caledonian Orogeny, to form Laurussia (also known as Euramerica). | ⴻⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵓⵔⴻⵏⵜⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⵉⵛⴰ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 450 ⵂⴰⵔ 400 Mⴰ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵍⵉⴷoⵏⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵓⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴻ (ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ). |
The collision of Siberia with Laurussia caused the Uralian Orogeny, the collision of Gondwana with Laurussia is called the Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny in Europe or the Alleghenian Orogeny in North America. | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⴻⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⴻⵔⵉⴻ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴰⵓⵔⴻⵏⵜⵉⴻ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵓⵔⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⴻⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵏⴷⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ Lⴰⵓⵔⴻⵏⵜⵉⴻ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵓⵉⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵂⴻⵔⴰⵉⵏⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ Eⵓⵔⵓⴷⴻ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ. |
Whereas the Ediacaran life forms appear yet primitive and not easy to put in any modern group, at the end of the Cambrian most modern phyla were already present. | ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵗⵔⵓⴼⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⴰⵛⴰⵔⵉⴻⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵜⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴻⵏ, ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏ. |
Some of these Cambrian groups appear complex but are seemingly quite different from modern life; examples are Anomalocaris and Haikouichthys. | Iⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵉⴻⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵜ ; ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓⴰⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵉⴾⵓⵓⵉⵛⵂⵜⵂⵉⵙ. |
A creature that could have been the ancestor of the fishes, or was probably closely related to it, was Pikaia. | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵗⵍⵓⴾ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵜ ⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ, ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⵓ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰ. |
Fish, the earliest vertebrates, evolved in the oceans around 530 Ma. | ⴻⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⵉⵔⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 530 ⵎⴰ |
The oldest fossils of land fungi and plants date to 480–460 Ma, though molecular evidence suggests the fungi may have colonized the land as early as 1000 Ma and the plants 700 Ma. | ⵓⵉ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴶⵓⵍⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵎⴷⵉⴶⵏoⵏⵜⴰⵏ 480–460 ⵎⴰ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 1000 ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵂⵉⵛⴾⴰⵏ 700 ⵎⴰ. |
Fins evolved to become limbs that the first tetrapods used to lift their heads out of the water to breathe air. | ⴻⴼⵔⴻⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓəⵙ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⵓⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⴷⵣⴰⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⴼⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⴶⴰⵎⴰ. |
Eventually, some of them became so well adapted to terrestrial life that they spent their adult lives on land, although they hatched in the water and returned to lay their eggs. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ, ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵛⵉⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵂⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴻⵔⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ. |
Plants evolved seeds, which dramatically accelerated their spread on land, around this time (by approximately 360 Ma). | ⴻⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ (ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 360 ⵎⴰ) ⵓⴰⵙ ⵉⵂⵉⵙⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵏⴱⴰⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵓɗ ⵏəⵎⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
Another 30 million years (310 Ma) saw the divergence of the synapsids (including mammals) from the sauropsids (including birds and reptiles). | ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ 30 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ (310 ⵎⴰ) ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏⴰⴷⵙⵉⴷⴻⵙ (ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⴾⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ) ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵓⵔⵓⴷⵙⵉⴷⴻⵙ (ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ). |
The Triassic–Jurassic extinction event at 200 Ma spared many of the dinosaurs, and they soon became dominant among the vertebrates. | ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⴾⵉ əⵏ ⵟⵔⵉⴰⵙ-ⵋⵓⵔⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⴷⴰⵗ 200 ⵎⴰ, ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⵉⵏoⵙⴰⵓⵔⴻⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵉⴾⵛⵉⴾ ⴰⵉⴻⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ. |
60% of marine invertebrates became extinct and 25% of all families. | 60% ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⵔⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎəⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ 25% ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵔⵓⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ. |
The third mass extinction was the Permian-Triassic, or the Great Dying, event was possibly caused by some combination of the Siberian Traps volcanic event, an asteroid impact, methane hydrate gasification, sea level fluctuations, and a major anoxic event. | ⵓⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉⴾⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⴱⴻⵔⵎⵉⴻⵏ-ⵟⵔⵉⴰⵙ, ⵎⴻⵗ ⵗⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ : ⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴾⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⴻⵏ, ⵓⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ⴰⴷⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵜⵂⴰⵏⴻ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏoⵆⵉⵈⵓⴻ. |
This was by far the deadliest extinction ever, with about 57% of all families and 83% of all genera killed. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉⴶ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⴾⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵂⵓⵉⵛⵉ 57% ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵔⵓⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⴷ 83 % ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ. |
By the early Paleocene the earth recovered from the extinction, and mammalian diversity increased. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵉⵓⵉⵏⴻ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⵉ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴷ |
Grassless savanna began to predominate much of the landscape, and mammals such as Andrewsarchus rose up to become the largest known terrestrial predatory mammal ever, and early whales like Basilosaurus took control of the seas. | ⴰⵍⴻⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵓⴰⵔⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⵓⵣ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⴻⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⵂⵓⵙ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴾⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍⵓⵙⴰⵓⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴶⵉⵔⵓⴰⵏ. |
Giant ungulates like Paraceratherium and Deinotherium evolved to rule the grasslands. | Iⵔⵉⵣⴻⴶⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴱⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵛⴻⵔⴰⵜⵂⴻⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴹⴻⵉⵏⵓⵜⵂⴻⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴱⵔⴰⵉⵔⵉⴻⵙⵜⴰⵏ. |
The Tethys Sea was closed off by the collision of Africa and Europe. | ⴻⴶⴰⵔⴻⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵉⵜⵂⵉⵙ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⴾⵓⵛⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⴷ Eⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ. |
The land bridge allowed the isolated creatures of South America to migrate over to North America, and vice versa. | ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⵍⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵉⴻ ⴰⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ. |
The ice ages led to the evolution of modern man in Saharan Africa and expansion. | ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ƭⴰⵓⴰƭ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵂⴰⵔⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ. |
It is believed by many that a huge migration took place along Beringia which is why, today, there are camels (which evolved and became extinct in North America), horses (which evolved and became extinct in North America), and Native Americans. | ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⴰⵗⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵎⴻⵛⵓⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴼⴰⴷⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵏⴶⵉⴻ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵍ, ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉ, ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵙ ( ⵓⵉ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ), ⵉⴱⵉⵋⵓⴰⵏ (ⵓⵉ ⴰⵓⵉɗⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ) ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ. |
Brain size increased rapidly, and by 2 Ma, the first animals classified in the genus Homo had appeared. | ⵜⴻⴱⴰⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵈⵉⵍⵈⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵛⵉⴾⵛⵉⴾ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 2 ⵎⴰ, ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵣⴻⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⵓ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ. |
The ability to control fire probably began in Homo erectus (or Homo ergaster), probably at least 790,000 years ago but perhaps as early as 1.5 Ma. | ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜⴻ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵏⴰⵂⵉⴷ ⵉⴰ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⵓⵎⵓ ⴻⵔⴻⴰⵜⵓⵙ (ⵎⴻⵗ ⵂⵓⵎⵓⴻⵔⴶⴰⵙⵜⴻⵔ), ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 790 000 ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⵏəⵎ 1,5 ⵎⴰ. |
It is more difficult to establish the origin of language; it is unclear whether Homo erectus could speak or if that capability had not begun until Homo sapiens. | ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ; ⵓⴰⵔⵏⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵂⵓⵎⵓ ⴻⵔⴻⴰⵜⵓⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵎⵓⵙⴰⴱⵉⴻⵏⵙ. |
Social skills became more complex, language became more sophisticated, and tools became more elaborate. | ⴱⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ oⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ, ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ oⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⴶⴰⵔ. |
The first humans to show signs of spirituality are the Neanderthals (usually classified as a separate species with no surviving descendants); they buried their dead, often with no sign of food or tools. | ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴰⵏⴷⴻⵔⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ (ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵜⵍⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴻⵔⵓⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ); ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⵉⵏⵙⵉ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵏ. |
As language became more complex, the ability to remember and communicate information resulted, according to a theory proposed by Richard Dawkins, in a new replicator: the meme. | Iⵣⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ oⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰśⵓⵂⵓ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⴾⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵙoⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⴰⵂⴰⵔⴷ ⴹⴰⵓⴾⵉⵏⵙ, ⵉⴻ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵏⵉɗ : ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴻⵎⴰⵏⴻⵙ. |
Between 8500 and 7000 BC, humans in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals: agriculture. | ⵗⴰⵔ 8500 əⴷ 7000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⴱⵉ Iⵙⵙⴰ., ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⴰ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ-Oⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵛⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴷ ⵔⵉⵣⴻⴶⴰⵏ : ⵉⵎⴰⴶⵉⴰⴾⴰⵏ. |
However, among those civilizations that did adopt agriculture, the relative stability and increased productivity provided by farming allowed the population to expand. | ⴻⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾⴰⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵜⴻⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴻ ⴰⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜ. |
This led to Earth's first civilization at Sumer in the Middle East, between 4000 and 3000 BC. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵉⴻ ⵙⵓⵎⴻⵔ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ-Oⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜ, ⴶⴰⵔ 4000 ⴰⴷ 3000 ⴷⴰⵜ. |
Humans no longer had to spend all their time working for survival, enabling the first specialized occupations (e.g. craftsmen, merchants, priests, etc.). | ⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵓⴾⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ (ⴰⵜⴰⵎoⵙⵏⴻⵏ, ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏⵛⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⵉⵉⴰⴷ.). |
By around 500 BC, there were advanced civilizations in the Middle East, Iran, India, China, and Greece, at times expanding, at times entering into decline. | Iⴱⵔⴻⵜ əⴰⵏ 500 ⴷⴰⵜ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉ Iⵙⵙⴰ., ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵛⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎoⵉⴻⵏ-Oⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ Iⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⴻ əⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵔⵉⴰⴻ, ⵙⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵛⴰⵔⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ. |
This civilization developed in warfare, arts, science, mathematics and in architect. | ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ, ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⴶⴰⵏ. |
The Roman Empire was Christianized by Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century and declined by the end of the 5th. | ⵜⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔoⵎⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵔⴻⵜⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵓⵏⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏ Iⵗⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴻⵔⴾⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵗⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ. |
The House of Wisdom was established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq. | ⵜⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵈⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴶⴷⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ Iⵔⴰⴾ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷⴻ. |
In the 14th century, the Renaissance began in Italy with advances in religion, art, and science. | ⴷⴰⵗ14ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵙⴻⵏⴰⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⴻ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰ Iⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ. |
European civilization began to change beginning in 1500, leading to the scientific and industrial revolutions. | ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 1500, ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴻⵜⴰⵏ. |
From 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1945, nations around the world were embroiled in world wars. | ⴻⴰⵗ 1914 ⵂⴰⵔ 1918 ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ 1939 ⵂⴰⵔ 1945, ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ. |
After the war, many new states were formed, declaring or being granted independence in a period of decolonization. | ⴻⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ. |
Technological developments include nuclear weapons, computers, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology. | ⵜⴻⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵛⵉⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴶⴻⵏⵉⵜⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵏⵓⵜⴻⵛⵂⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⴻ. |
Major concerns and problems such as disease, war, poverty, violent radicalism, and recently, human-caused climate change have risen as the world population increases. | ⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⵉⵏⴰ, ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⴰⵍⴰⴾⵉⵓⴰⵏ, ⵜⴻⵔⵓⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴻⵗⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ, ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵆⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵜ. |
Human history, or recorded history, is the narrative of humanity's past. | ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵉⵉⵎⴰⵜ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵓⵜ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⴷⵜⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ. |
The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin, between 10,000 and 5000 BCE, in the Near East's Fertile Crescent. | ⵏⵉⵓⵍⵉⵜⵂⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⵓⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵓⴰƭ ⵙⵓⴶⵉⴰⴾ, ⴶⴰⵔ 10 000 ⴰⴷ 5 000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⴰƭ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵓⵛⵂⴻ-Oⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜ. |
As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⵉⵉⴾ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾ ⵓəⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵙⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵙⵉⵈⵉⵉⵎⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵙⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾⴰⵏ. |
Hinduism developed in the late Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent. | ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓⵓⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵣⴻ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ. |
"Post-classical history (the ""Middle Ages,"" c. 500–1500 CE,) witnessed the rise of Christianity, the Islamic Golden Age (c. 750 CE – c. 1258 CE), and the Timurid and Italian Renaissances (from around 1300 CE)." | " ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ-ⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⴻ (ⵍⴻ ""ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⴶⴻ"", ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ 500-1500 ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ) ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵂⵔⵉⵙⵜⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎⴻ, ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵓⵔⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ (ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 750 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ-ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 1258 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ), ⴰⴷ ⵕⴻⵏⴰⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⴻ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴷⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 1300 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ)." |
By the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period, which started around 1800 and has continued through the present. | ⵜⴰⵗ 18ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵓⵙⵓⴷⵉⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵓⴰƭ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵉⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⴶⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 1800 əⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉⴷⴰⵗ. |
Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa about 300,000 years ago, and achieved behavioral modernity about 50,000 years ago. | ⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵜⵓⵎⵉⵈⵓⴻⵎⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 300 000 ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵓⴰⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 50 000 ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ. |
Perhaps as early as 1.8 million years ago, but certainly by 500,000 years ago, humans began to use fire for heat and cooking. | Iⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 1,8 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ 500 000 ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ, ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴼⴻⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵓⴷⵓⵓⴰⵏ. |
Paleolithic humans lived as hunter-gatherers, and were generally nomadic. | ⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵉⵓⵍⵉⵜⵂⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵉⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵉⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⵓⵎⴰ əⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵗⵈⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ. |
The rapid expansion of humankind to North America and Oceania took place at the climax of the most recent ice age. | ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵔ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ Oⵛⴻⴰⵏⵉⴻ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵜⴰ ⵓⴰⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴷⴻ. |
The Yellow River valley in China cultivated millet and other cereal crops by about 7000 BCE; the Yangtze valley domesticated rice earlier, by at least 8000 BCE. | ⵗⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⵉⴰ ⴷⵉⴶⵉⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵍⴻⵜ əⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ 7000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ; ⴶⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵏⴶⵜⵣⴻ ⴰⵜⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵉⴾ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 8000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ. |
Metalworking, was first used in the creation of copper tools and ornaments around 6000 BCE. | ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵓⴾⵓ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 6000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ. |
Cities were centres of trade, manufacturing and political power. | ⴻⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏⵛⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⴻⵏ. |
The development of cities was synonymous with the rise of civilization. | ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵓⵗⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵂⵉⴾⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ. |
These cultures variously invented the wheel, mathematics, bronze-working, sailing boats, the potter's wheel, woven cloth, construction of monumental buildings, and writing. | ⴰⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵣⴻ, ⴰⴾⵔⴰⴱⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴻⵓⴰⵏ, ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⵉⴻⵔ, ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵉ, ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ. |
Typical of the Neolithic was a tendency to worship anthropomorphic deities. | ⵏⵉⵓⴻⵍⵉⵜⵂⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵎⵓⵔⴱⵂⴻⵙ. |
These settlements were concentrated in fertile river valleys: the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile in Egypt, the Indus in the Indian subcontinent, and the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China. | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⴱⵉⴰⵍⴻⵙ ⴼⴻⵔⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙ : ⵟⵉⴶⵔⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵓⴱⵂⵔⴰⵜⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵙⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵎⵉⴻ, ⵏⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵙⵔ, Iⵏⴷⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵏⴶⵜⵣⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ. |
Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs, whose pictorial representations eventually became simplified and more abstract. | ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⵉⵉⴼⵓⵔⵎⴻ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴰⵜⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎⵎⴻⵙ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴰⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⵏⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴱⵓⵜ. |