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In the UK, the National Archives (formerly known as the Public Record Office) is the government archive for England and Wales. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⵔⵓⵉⴰⵓⵎⴻ-ⵓⵏⵉ, ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ (ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛ ⵔⴻⵛⵓⵔⴷ Oⴼⴼⵉⴰⴻ) ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵈⵓⵎ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⴻⵜⴻⵔⵔⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴱⴰⵉⵙ ⴷⴻ ⵗⴰⵍⵍⴻⵙ. |
Put together, the total volume of archives under the supervision of the French Archives Administration is the largest in the world. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⴻⴷⴰⴰⵏ, ⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴰⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵜⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ. |
Archdioceses, dioceses, and parishes also have archives in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches. | ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴶⵔⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵍⴰⴶⵔⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴶⵔⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵆⴰⵜⵂⵓⵍⵉⴾⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⵉⴰⴰⵜⴰⵏ |
Often these institutions rely on grant funding from the government as well as the private funds. | ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ. |
Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces. | Iⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵔⴰⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ |
This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed. | ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⴰⴾⴻⵍ ⴻⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ 1,3% ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ. |
The archive's mission is to gather stories from women who want to express themselves, and want their stories heard. | ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴼⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ. |
The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records, such as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondence, and meeting minutes. | ⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ (ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵎⴻⵆ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⵓⵎ) ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵆⴰⵍ, ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵂⴻⴱⵓ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵆⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⴰⵓⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵆⵉⵎⵉⵜⴻⵏ. |
Many of these donations have yet to be cataloged, but are currently in the process of being digitally preserved and made available to the public online. | Iⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⴶⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ,ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ. |
International partners for archives are UNESCO and Blue Shield International in accordance with the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property from 1954 and its 2nd Protocol from 1999. | Iⵎⴰⵛⴰⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵙⴻⴼⴰO ⴰⴷ ⴱⵍⵓⴻ ⵙⵂⵉⴻⵍⴷ Iⵏⵜⴻⵔⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⴷⴰⵍ, ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵉⴻ ⵉⴻ ⵉⴶⵓⵣ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴶⵓⵔ 1954 ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ 1999 |
"Page, Morgan M. ""One from the Vaults: Gossip, Access, and Trans History-Telling.""" | ⴱⴰⴶⴻ, ⵎⵓⵔⴶⴰⵏ ⵎ. "" ⵓⵏⴻ ⴼⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⵂⴻ ⴱⴰⵓⵍⵜⵙ: ⵗⵓⵙⵙⵉⴱ, ⴰⴰⴰⴻⵙ, ⴰⵏⴷ ⵟⵔⴰⵏⵙ ⵂⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉ-ⵟⴻⵍⵍⵉⵏⴶ."" |
An example of this is Morgan M. Page’s description of disseminating transgender history directly to trans people through various social media and networking platforms like tumblr, Twitter, and Instagram, as well as via podcast. | Iⵔⵉ ⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴶⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⵙⵜ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⴱ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⴰⵆⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⴶⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵣⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴱⵍⵔ, ⵟⵓⵉⴼⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ Iⵏⵙⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ |
"With the options available through counter-archiving, there is the potential to ""challenge traditional conceptions of history"" as they are perceived within contemporary archives, which creates space for narratives that are often not present in many archival materials." | "ⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⴾⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ""ⴰⴷⵉⵙⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⵓⵓⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ"ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴻⵍ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ." |
A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life. | ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ, ⵎⴻⵆ ⵈⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴼⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ. |
Biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life. | ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴶⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ. |
"Another well-known collection of ancient biographies is De vita Caesarum (""On the Lives of the Caesars"") by Suetonius, written about AD 121 in the time of the emperor Hadrian." | "Iⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴹⴻ ⵗⵉⵜⴰ ⵙⴰⴻⵙⴰⵔⵓⵎ (""ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵙⴰⵔⵙ""(ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵜⵓⵢⵜⵓⴻ, ⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 121 ⴰⴷ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉ Iⵙⵙⴰ, ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⴷⵔⵉⴻⵏ." |
Hermits, monks, and priests used this historic period to write biographies. | ⵆⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⴰ, ⴰⵎⴰⵗⵙⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵓⴾ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴻⵏ. |
One significant secular example of a biography from this period is the life of Charlemagne by his courtier Einhard. | ⴰⵙⴰⴶⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⴰⴶⵔⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⴶⵏⴻ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⵓⵉⵏⵂⴰⵔⴷ. |
They contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period. | ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ. |
By the late Middle Ages, biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of kings, knights, and tyrants began to appear. | ⵜⴰⵆ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⴶⴻ, ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴶⵉⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵆ ⵢⴶⵍⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ, ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜⵉ. |
Following Malory, the new emphasis on humanism during the Renaissance promoted a focus on secular subjects, such as artists and poets, and encouraged writing in the vernacular. | ⵢⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵍⵓⵔⵉ, ⵓⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴻⵏⴰⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵜⴻⵆⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵢⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓⵙⴾⵓ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⴷⴰⵆ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⴾⴰⵍ. |
Two other developments are noteworthy: the development of the printing press in the 15th century and the gradual increase in literacy. | ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ : ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴱⵔⵉⵎⴻⵔⵉⴻ ⴷⴰⵆ 15ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵙⵉⵓⵉⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵆⵉⵔ. |
Influential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates, A General History of the Pyrates (1724), by Charles Johnson, is the prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates. | Iⵂⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼoⵔⵎⴰⵜⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⴾⵉⵔⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰ ⵗⴻⵏⴻⵔⴰⵍ ⵂⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⴼ ⵜⵂⴻ ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⴻⵙ (1724), ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⵍⴻⵙ ⵋoⵂⵏⵙⵓⵏ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵈⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⴾⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ. |
Carlyle asserted that the lives of great human beings were essential to understanding society and its institutions. | ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉⵍⴻ ⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⵉⵂⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵜⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵙ. |
Boswell's work was unique in its level of research, which involved archival study, eye-witness accounts and interviews, its robust and attractive narrative, and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character – a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day. | ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵙⵓⴻⵍⵍ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵆⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵆ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵆⴰⵔⴻ ⵏⵓⴰⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵋⵓⵂⴻ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵜⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⵉⴶⵔⴰⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵆⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵂⵏⵙⴰⵏ - ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜo ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵆⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⴻ ⴰⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔ ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉⴷⴰⵗ. |
However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public. | ⴰⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵉ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⵛⵉⴾ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴱⴰ ⵏəⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵆⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵂⵔⴰⵓ. |
Periodicals began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches. | ⴰⵍⴰⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵂⴻⴰⵜⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ. |
"Sociological"" biographies conceived of their subjects' actions as the result of the environment, and tended to downplay individuality." | ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⴻ "ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ" ⵙⴰⵎⴰⴾⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵆⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵓⵈ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⵉⵉ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ." |
The conventional concept of heroes and narratives of success disappeared in the obsession with psychological explorations of personality. | ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵓⵂⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵂ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵛⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ. |
"Up until this point, as Strachey remarked in the preface, Victorian biographies had been ""as familiar as the cortège of the undertaker"", and wore the same air of ""slow, funereal barbarism.""" | ⴰⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵜⵔⴰⵛⵂⴻⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ, ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ""ⵜⴻⵔⵓⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵆ ⴰⵆⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⴼⴰⵙⴰⵏ-ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏⵜ"" ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ "ⵜⴰⵍⴰⴼⴻⵏ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵂⴰⵉ". |
The book achieved worldwide fame due to its irreverent and witty style, its concise and factually accurate nature, and its artistic prose. | ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⴻⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴱⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⴰⵍⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⵏⵉⴱⴰ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵉⴰⵜ, ⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵍⴰⵈⴰ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⴷⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵔ. |
"Robert Graves (I, Claudius, 1934) stood out among those following Strachey's model of ""debunking biographies.""" | "ⵔⵓⴱⴻⵔⵜ ⵗⵔⴰⴱⴻⵙ (ⵍ, ⵛⵍⴰⵓⴷⵉⵓⵙ, 1934) ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵜⵔⴰⵛⵂⴻⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ""ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ"". |
By World War I, cheap hard-cover reprints had become popular. | ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⴻⵎⵉⵉⵔⴻ ⵗⵓⴻⵔⵔⴻ ⵎⵓⵏⴷⵉⴰⵍⴻ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴻⴱⵓ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴶⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ. |
Along with documentary biographical films, Hollywood produced numerous commercial films based on the lives of famous people. | ⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⵏⴻⵏ, ⵂⵓⵍⵍⵉⵓⵓⵓⴷ ⵉⴶⴰ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏ. |
Unlike books and films, they often do not tell a chronological narrative: instead they are archives of many discrete media elements related to an individual person, including video clips, photographs, and text articles. | ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⴶⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⵏⴰ ⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ : ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⵉⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⴷⴻⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵂⴰⵜⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⵏⴻⵏ. |
"General ""life writing"" techniques are a subject of scholarly study." | "ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ "ⴾⴰⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ" ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵆⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ |
"The information can come from ""oral history, personal narrative, biography and autobiography” or ""diaries, letters, memoranda and other materials""." | "ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ "ⴾⴰⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ" ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴰ ⵜⴰⵆⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ |
European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes. | ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵍⵎⴰⵆⵏⴰ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ 9ⴻ ⴰⴷ 10ⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴻⵎⴱⵉⵔⴻ ⵛⴰⵔⵓⵍⵉⵏⴶⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵉⴻ ⴱⵓⴷⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍⵉⵏⴻⵙ ⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴶⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ |
Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes, and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community, such as mills, fertile land, or a water source. | ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵆⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜəⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ əⵏⴼⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰoⵂⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴶⵏⵉⴾⴰⴶⵏⵉⴾⴰ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵉⵔⵋⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵆ ⴰⵛⴰⵛⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ. |
In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, a scientific approach to castle defence emerged. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ 12ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ 13ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴰⵓⵂⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵎⴰⵆⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ |
These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades, such as concentric fortification, and inspiration from earlier defences, such as Roman forts. | ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵓⵜⵓⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵏ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵜ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ |
Although gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 14th century, it did not significantly affect castle building until the 15th century, when artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. | ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴻⵋⴻⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻⴷⴰⵗ 14ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵓⴰⵔⵜⵉⴶⵔⴻⵓ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ 15ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴼⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ |
Feudalism was the link between a lord and his vassal where, in return for military service and the expectation of loyalty, the lord would grant the vassal land. | ⴼⴻⵓⴷⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎⵉⵉⴰ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵎⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⵉⵓⵔ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⵙⴾⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵂⴰⴾⵓ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵛⴰⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ |
Castles served a range of purposes, the most important of which were military, administrative, and domestic. | ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵆⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⵓⵉⵙ ⵓⵉⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏ, ⴱⵓⵔⴰⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏⴻ. |
As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵉⵍⵍⴰⵓⵎⴻ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵛⵓⴰⵔ ⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⴻⵜⴻⵔⵔⴻ, ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵓⵂⵓⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵆⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴱⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ |
A castle could act as a stronghold and prison but was also a place where a knight or lord could entertain his peers. | ⴻⵏⵓ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⴻ ⵙⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵙⵓ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵓⵔ ⴻⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⴻⵆ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵉⴶⵔⵉⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏⴻⵙ. |
In different areas of the world, analogous structures shared features of fortification and other defining characteristics associated with the concept of a castle, though they originated in different periods and circumstances and experienced differing evolutions and influences. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⵆⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵆⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵆⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵙⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵓⵆⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏ |
By the 16th century, when Japanese and European cultures met, fortification in Europe had moved beyond castles and relied on innovations such as the Italian trace italienne and star forts. | ⴻⵗ ⵆⵠIⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏⴰⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⵏⴻⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵈⵓⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ oⴾⴰⵉ ⴻⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵜⵔⴰⵏ. |
The excavation of earth to make the mound left a ditch around the motte, called a moat (which could be either wet or dry). | ⴻⵗⴻⵛ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵆⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵉⵓ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵛⴰ ( ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴱⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵆ ⴰⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ). |
It was a common feature of castles, and most had at least one. | ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵍⵆⴰ ⵜⴰoⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴾ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵉⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ. |
Water was supplied by a well or cistern. | ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵂⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⵙⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵆ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴼⵜ. |
Although often associated with the motte-and-bailey type of castle, baileys could also be found as independent defensive structures. | ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵛ-ⴰⴷ-ⴱⴰⵉⵍⴻⵉ, ⴱⴰⵉⵍⴻⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵆⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ. |
"Keep"" was not a term used in the medieval period – the term was applied from the 16th century onwards – instead ""donjon"" was used to refer to great towers, or turris in Latin." | ⴻⵓⵏⵋⵓⵏ" ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵈⴻⵍ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⵉⴻⴱⴰⵍⴻ – ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 16ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ, ""ⴷⵓⵏⵋⵓⵏ"" ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵉⵈⵉⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⴾⵓⵏⴰⵏ, ⵎⴻⵆ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ." |
Although often the strongest part of a castle and a last place of refuge if the outer defences fell, the keep was not left empty in case of attack but was used as a residence by the lord who owned the castle, or his guests or representatives. | ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⴻ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴶⵉⵜ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴶⴰⵎⴰ, ⴷⵓⵏⵋⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵈⴻⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴱⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⵜⵓⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ, ⵉⴻ ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰⵆⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵆ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ. |
Walkways along the tops of the curtain walls allowed defenders to rain missiles on enemies below, and battlements gave them further protection. | ⴻⴰⴶⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴶⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴶⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴱⵔⵓⵋⴻⵛⵜⵉⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵛⵓⵏⴶⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⴻⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵛⵔⴻⵏⴻⴰⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵣⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰ |
The front of the gateway was a blind spot and to overcome this, projecting towers were added on each side of the gate in a style similar to that developed by the Romans. | ⴻⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵂⵉⵔ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵂⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ, ⴻⴶⵉⵍⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⴰⵣⴰⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴼⵉⵔⴷⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⵂⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ |
The passage through the gatehouse was lengthened to increase the amount of time an assailant had to spend under fire in a confined space and unable to retaliate. | ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⴰⵉⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⴰⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⵉⴷ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⴻ ⵎⴰⵆⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⴾⵉⵉ ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴼⴻⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵆ |
They were most likely used to drop objects on attackers, or to allow water to be poured on fires to extinguish them. | ⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴶⵓⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵆⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵎⴻⵆ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⴱⴻⵏ ⵉⴰ ⵙⴰⴶⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴻⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵉⵏ. |
A smaller horizontal opening could be added to give an archer a better view for aiming. | ⵙⵂⵉⵔ ⴰⵔⵉⴶⴰⵉⵔⴰⴶⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷoⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵉⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴻⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⴾ ⵏⴻⵔⴻ ⵉⵜⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵙⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂ |
The earliest fortifications originated in the Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and China where settlements were protected by large walls. | ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏⴻ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵓⵂⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵔⵋⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⴶⴰⵔⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵓⵉ Iⵏⴷⵓⵙ, Eⴶⵉⴱⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵣⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴰoⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ |
Many earthworks survive today, along with evidence of palisades to accompany the ditches. | ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉⴷⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵓⵏ ⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴻⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵛⵉⵓⴻⵏ |
Although primitive, they were often effective, and were only overcome by the extensive use of siege engines and other siege warfare techniques, such as at the Battle of Alesia. | ⴻⴰⵜ ⵆIIⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵏⴻⵎⴰⵔⴾ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⴻⵜⴻⵔⵔⴻ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵈ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵎ |
Discussions have typically attributed the rise of the castle to a reaction to attacks by Magyars, Muslims, and Vikings and a need for private defence. | ⴱⴰⵜⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏⴾⵉⵔ ⵏⴰ ⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⴶⵉⴰⵔⵙ, Iⵏⵉⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵠⵉⴾⵉⵏⴶⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵏⴻⵙ |
Some high concentrations of castles occur in secure places, while some border regions had relatively few castles. | Iⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⴷⵓⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ əⵏⵜⵉⴼⵍⵉⵙⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴻⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⵓⵏⵜⵉⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ |
Building the hall in stone did not necessarily make it immune to fire as it still had windows and a wooden door. | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⵜⵉⴶⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵂⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵓⵉⵔ ⵉⴻ ⴰⴼⴻⵓ, ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⴾⴰⵔⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵙⵂⵉⵔ ⵓⵏ ⵏⴰⵛⵆⴻⵔ |
Castles were not just defensive sites but also enhanced a lord's control over his lands. | ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵈⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴶⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⵣⴰⵏ, ⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴻ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴶⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ |
In 864 the King of West Francia, Charles the Bald, prohibited the construction of castella without his permission and ordered them all to be destroyed. | ⴻⴰⵗ 864, ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ, ⵛⵂⴰⵔⵍⴻⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵓⴱⴻ, ⵉⴷⴶⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵙⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⵔⵣⵉⵏⵂⴻⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ |
Switzerland is an extreme case of there being no state control over who built castles, and as a result there were 4,000 in the country. | ⵙⵓⵉⵙⵙⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵣⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵔⵉⵜⵓⴶⵓ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵍⴰ 4 000 |
In 950 Provence was home to 12 castles, by 1000 this figure had risen to 30, and by 1030 it was over 100. | ⴻⴰⵗ 950, ⴱⵔⵓⴱⴻⵏⵛⴻ ⵙⴰⴷⴰⵏ 12 ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ 1000 ⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ 30, ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ 1030 ⵓⴾⴰⵉ 100Dⴰɣ |
In the early 11th century, the motte and keep – an artificial mound with a palisade and tower on top – was the most common form of castle in Europe, everywhere except Scandinavia. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ 11ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵓⵏⵋⵓⵏ – ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵉⵔ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵆⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵆⵍⵉⵜ - ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⵣⵉⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ, ⴷⴰⵂⴰⵜⵉⴾⴻⴷ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵛⴰⵏⴷⵉⵏⴰvⴻⵜⴰⵏ |
Although stone construction would later become common elsewhere, from the 11th century onwards it was the primary building material for Christian castles in Spain, while at the same time timber was still the dominant building material in north-west Europe. | ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵆ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵂⴰⵏ, ⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⴷ 11ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⵓⵙⵓⵆⵉⵏ əⵏ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵔⴻⵜⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ Eⵙⴱⴰⴶⵏⴻ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⵉⵛⴰⵆⴻⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵉⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏəⵙⵓⵙⵓⵆⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⴱⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ |
Before the 12th century castles were as uncommon in Denmark as they had been in England before the Norman Conquest. | ⴻⴰⵜ ⵆIIⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴻⴰⵏⴻⵎⴰⵔⴾ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⴻⵜⴻⵔⵔⴻ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵈ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏⴷⴻ |
Their decoration emulated Romanesque architecture, and sometimes incorporated double windows similar to those found in church bell towers. | ⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴶⴰⵛ ⵓⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵏⴾⵓⵔⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⴼⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵛⵍⵓⵛⵂⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴻⴶⵍⵉⵙⴻⵜⴰⵏ |
Although superseded by their stone successors, timber and earthwork castles were by no means useless. | ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ, ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵆⴻⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵈⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ |
Until the late 12th century castles generally had few towers; a gateway with few defensive features such as arrowslits or a portcullis; a great keep or donjon, usually square and without arrowslits; and the shape would have been dictated by the lay of the land (the result was often irregular or curvilinear structures). | ⵂⴰⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵆIIⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵆⵍⴰⵉ, ⵏⴰⵙⵂⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵓⴶⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵆ ⵂⴻⵔⵙⴻ, ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵏⵋⵓⵏ, ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴷ ⵉⵛⵓⴶⵓⵛⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ (ⵉⴷⵉⴶⵎⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵆ ⴰⵆⵉⵔⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ) |
The towers would have protruded from the walls and featured arrowslits on each level to allow archers to target anyone nearing or at the curtain wall. | ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵆⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵛⵓⴶⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⴼ ⴷǎⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵂⵉⵣⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜⵓⵉⵔ ⵎⴻⵆ ⵉⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⵂⴰ ⴷⵉⵍⴰⵏ |
Where keeps did exist, they were no longer square but polygonal or cylindrical. | ⴻⵉⵂⴰ ⵉⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵏⵋⵓⵏ, ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵈⴻⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴶⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵆ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴾⴱⴰⵜ |
Probably developed in the 12th century, the towers provided flanking fire. | ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆIIⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵜəⵙⵉⵆⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⴾ |
It seemed that the Crusaders had learned much about fortification from their conflicts with the Saracens and exposure to Byzantine architecture. | ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵉⵎⵓⵈⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵔⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⴶⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴻ |
Legends were discredited, and in the case of James of Saint George it was proven that he came from Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche, in France. | ⵍⴻⴶⴻⵏⴷⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵋⴰⵛⵈⵓⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜ-ⵗⴻⴰⵔⴶⴻⵙ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵉⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜ-ⵗⴻⵓⵔⴶⴻⵙ-ⴻⵙⴱⴻⵔⴰⵏⵛⵂⴻ, ⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ |
"The castle builders of Western Europe were aware of and influenced by Roman design; late Roman coastal forts on the English ""Saxon Shore"" were reused and in Spain the wall around the city of Ávila imitated Roman architecture when it was built in 1091." | "ⴰⵎⵓⵆⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵔoⵎⴰⵉⵏⴻ ; ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵜⵉⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⴼⴰⵍ "ⵙⴰⵆⵓⵏ ⵙⵂⵓⵔⴻ" ⵏⴰⵏⴶⵍⴰⵉⵙ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴻⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⵆⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵙⴱⴰⴶⵏⴻ, ⵉ ⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏⴰⵆⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⴶⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ 1091 |
An example of this approach is Kerak. | Uⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵓⵂⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⴻⵔⴰⴾ |
The castles they founded to secure their acquisitions were designed mostly by Syrian master-masons. | ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴶⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⵉⵣ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵉⴰⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ-ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵆⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ |
While castles were used to hold a site and control movement of armies, in the Holy Land some key strategic positions were left unfortified. | Iⵣⴰⵔ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵓⴼ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⵎⵓⵜⵓⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⵉ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⴷⵉⴶⴰⵏ, ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⴱⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵈⴻⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⴰⵏ |
Design varied not just between orders, but between individual castles, though it was common for those founded in this period to have concentric defences. | ⴰⵏⵓⵙⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⴶ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵓ ⵙⴰ ⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵓⵏⴻⵏ |
If assailants made it past the first line of defence they would be caught in the killing ground between the inner and outer walls and have to assault the second wall. | ⴰⴼⴰⵍ əⵎⴰⴾⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⵣ, ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ |
For instance, it was common in Crusader castles to have the main gate in the side of a tower and for there to be two turns in the passageway, lengthening the time it took for someone to reach the outer enclosure. | ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵂⵉⴻ ⵓⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵂⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵏⴰⵆⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵂⴰⴶⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵔⴰⵓⵉⴷ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ |
Although there were hundreds of wooden castles in Prussia and Livonia, the use of bricks and mortar was unknown in the region before the Crusaders. | ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ əⵏ ⵛⴰⵆⴻⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵙⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⴻ, ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵏⴷⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ |
Arrowslits did not compromise the wall's strength, but it was not until Edward I's programme of castle building that they were widely adopted in Europe. | ⴰⵎⵓⵂⵓⵉⴰ ⵓⴰⵣⵉⵣⴶⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴶⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴻⴷⵓⵓⴰⵔⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⵏⴱⴻ |
Although machicolations performed the same purpose as the wooden galleries, they were probably an Eastern invention rather than an evolution of the wooden form. | ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵂⵉⵛⵓⵓⵍⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⵆⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵆⴻⵔⴰⵏ , ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵆⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵆ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵆⴻⵔⴰⵏ |
Conflict and interaction between the two groups led to an exchange of architectural ideas, and Spanish Christians adopted the use of detached towers. | ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴶⵔⵓⵓⴱⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵂⴰⴾⴻ ⵏⵉⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵔⴻⵜⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵙⴱⴰⴶⵏⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ |
"French historian François Gebelin wrote: ""The great revival in military architecture was led, as one would naturally expect, by the powerful kings and princes of the time; by the sons of William the Conqueror and their descendants, the Plantagenets, when they became dukes of Normandy." | "ⴰⵓⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴰⵉⵙ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵓⵉⵙ ⵗⴻⴱⴻⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱ : ""ⵓⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⴰⵉⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⴻⵎⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⴶⵉⴷ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵉⵍⵍⴰⵓⵎⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⵈⵓⴻⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵓⴰ ⵓⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴱⵍⴰⵏ.ⵜⴰⴶⴻⵏⴻⵜⵙ, ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵛⵙ ⴷⴻ ⵏⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⴻ."" |
The new castles were generally of a lighter build than earlier structures and presented few innovations, although strong sites were still created such as that of Raglan in Wales. | ⵓⵉⵉⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵙⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ əⴷ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴻⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵔⴰⴶⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵉⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵍⵍⴻⵙ. |
These guns were too heavy for a man to carry and fire, but if he supported the butt end and rested the muzzle on the edge of the gun port he could fire the weapon. | ⵆⴰⵏⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵂⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⴰⵏⴶⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵂⴰⴱⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴻ ⵛⵔoⵙⵙⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵏⴼⵓ ⴻⵎ ⴼⴰⵜ ⴻⴼⴰⴷⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵓⵏ, ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⴰⴼⴻⵓ |
This adaptation is found across Europe, and although the timber rarely survives, there is an intact example at Castle Doornenburg in the Netherlands. | ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵂⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⴰⵆⴻⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⵉⵏⵜⵉⵍⴰ, ⵉⵍⴻⵉ ⴰⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏⴱⵓⵔⴶ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵉⵙ-ⴱⴰⵙ |
Other types of port, though less common, were horizontal slits – allowing only lateral movement – and large square openings, which allowed greater movement. | ⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵓⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⴶⴰⵉⵔⴰⴶⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ – ⵓⴰⵔⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵜⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ- ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⵎⴰⴶoⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏⴻ, ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⴶⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ. |
Ham is an example of the trend for new castles to dispense with earlier features such as machicolations, tall towers, and crenellations. | ⵂⴰⵎ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵍⵆⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵂⵉⵛⵓⵓⵍⵉⵜⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵓⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵉⵆⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵔⴻⵏⴻⴰⵓⵜⴰⵏ |
In an effort to make them more effective, guns were made ever bigger, although this hampered their ability to reach remote castles. | ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓⵛⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ, ⵛⴰⵏⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⵜəⵎⵆⵉⵔⴻ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵍ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ oⴶⵉⴶⵏⴻⵏ |
While this sufficed for new castles, pre-existing structures had to find a way to cope with being battered by cannon. | ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴶⴷⵂⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴷⵉⴶⵔⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵏⵉⴶⵉ əⵏⴷⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵓⵏ |
A solution to this was to pull down the top of a tower and to fill the lower part with the rubble to provide a surface for the guns to fire from. | ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⵜⴻⵏⴰⵆⴻ ⵏⴻⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵆⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵔ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴶⵔⴰvⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵓⵔ ⴾⴰⵏⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴻⵓⴻⵜ |