README.md

---
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: image
    dtype: image
  - name: text
    dtype: string
  - name: id
    dtype: string
  - name: title
    dtype: string
  - name: description
    dtype: string
  - name: credits
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  - name: url
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  - name: Id
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  - name: Related releases
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  - name: Name
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  - name: Distance
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  - name: Constellation
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  - name: Category
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  - name: Position (RA)
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  - name: Position (Dec)
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  - name: Field of view
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  - name: cropped
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  - name: Related science announcements
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  - name: Related announcements
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  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 94474695584.124
    num_examples: 2706
  download_size: 61236366105
  dataset_size: 94474695584.124
license: cc-by-4.0
task_categories:
- text-to-image
language:
- en
tags:
- space
pretty_name: ESA Hubble Deep Space Images & Captions
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
---
# Dataset Card for ESA Hubble Deep Space Images & Captions

The ESA Hubble Deep Space Images & Captions dataset is composed primarily of Hubble deep space scans as high-resolution images, 
along with textual descriptions written by ESA/Hubble. Metadata is also included, which enables more detailed filtering and understanding of massive space scans.
The purpose of this dataset is to enable text-to-image generation methods for generating high-quality deep space scans from prompts.

## Examples

![opo9941a](https://cdn.spacetelescope.org/archives/images/thumb700x/opo9941a.jpg)
> A grazing encounter between two spiral galaxies: In the direction of the constellation Canis Major, two spiral galaxies pass by each other like majestic ships in the night. The near-collision has been caught in images taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and its Wide Field Planetary Camera 2.
> Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI)


![heic0604a](https://cdn.spacetelescope.org/archives/images/screen/heic0604a.jpg)
> The magnificent starburst galaxy Messier 82: This mosaic image of the magnificent starburst galaxy, Messier 82 (M82) is the sharpest wide-angle view ever obtained of M82. It is a galaxy remarkable for its webs of shredded clouds and flame-like plumes of glowing hydrogen blasting out from its central regions where young stars are being born 10 times faster than they are inside in our Milky Way Galaxy.
> Credit: NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA). Acknowledgment: J. Gallagher (University of Wisconsin), M. Mountain (STScI) and P. Puxley (NSF).


![heic0715a](https://cdn.spacetelescope.org/archives/images/screen/heic0715a.jpg)
> Extreme star cluster bursts into life in new Hubble image: The star-forming region NGC 3603 - seen here in the latest Hubble Space Telescope image - contains one of the most impressive massive young star clusters in the Milky Way. Bathed in gas and dust the cluster formed in a huge rush of star formation thought to have occurred around a million years ago. The hot blue stars at the core are responsible for carving out a huge cavity in the gas seen to the right of the star cluster in NGC 3603's centre.
> Credit: NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration


## Statistics

 * There are a total of 2,706 deep space images
 * The complete uncompressed size of the dataset is 120 GB, so definitely make use of [Streaming](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/stream)
 * The average image is 44 MB, while the max image size is 432 MB
 * The average image has a height of 2,881 pixels, and an average width of 3,267 pixels


## Collection

All images were collected from [https://esahubble.org/](https://esahubble.org/). 
Fullsize Original images & metadata were crawled from the ESA Hubble website using [Scrapy](https://scrapy.org/).
Images were downloaded as `.tiff` files with the following [code](https://github.com/Supermaxman/SpaceGAN), while 
additional metadata was later collected for each image using the following [code](https://github.com/Supermaxman/WebbDiffuser).


As the ESA Hubble website collects images from a wide variety of sources, images were filtered to try to avoid any non-space scan images as follows:
The ESA Hubble [Advanced Image Search](http://esahubble.org/images/archive/search) enables the following filtering parameters:
 * images with Minimum size greater than or equal to 400x300
 * Ranking greater than or equal to Fair or better
 * Type containing 'Observation'
This reduced significantly the number of images which had nothing to do with Hubble deep space scans.
A total of around 3,000 space images were collected with this method.


## Filtering

Further automatic and manual filtering was performed to remove the following:
 * improperly classified images
 * space renders
 * diagrams with text
 * images of celestial bodies within our solar system
This brought the total number of deep space images down to 2,593.
This process was not perfect, and there likely remain some images in the dataset that should be removed in the future.



## Preprocessing

Some of the deep space scans were as large as 34,372x19,345, with a bit depth of 24 (nearly 2 GB). 
Unfortunately, these images were too large to upload easily. 
Therefore, images were automatically subdivided in half if they were above 12,000 pixels in either height or width. 
Subdivided images were also tagged with additional metadata, such that users can reconstruct the original images if they would prefer.
Otherwise, metadata was copied across subdivided images.
This process resulted in 2,706 final deep space images.


## License

ESA/Hubble images, videos and web texts are released under the [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 
and may on a non-exclusive basis be reproduced without fee provided they are clearly and visibly credited.
See [https://esahubble.org/copyright/](https://esahubble.org/copyright/) for additional conditions for reproduction and copyright.


## Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite it as:

```
@misc{weinzierl2023hubble,
      author = {Weinzierl, Maxwell A.},
      title = {ESA Hubble Deep Space Images & Captions},
      year={2023},
      howpublished= {\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/Supermaxman/esa-hubble}}
} 
```