Datasets:

SotiriosKastanas

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small_try

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[ "SAGE-Hindawi", "Access", "to", "Research", "Veterinary", "Medicine", "International", "Volume", "2010,", "Article", "ID", "485060,", "5", "pages", "doi:10.4061/2010/485060", "Research", "Article", "The", "Immune", "Enhancement", "of", "Sodium", "Lauryl", "Sulfoacetate", "in", "Chickens", "DaRong", "Cheng,1", "ShanYuan", "Zhu,2", "and", "HuaiChang", "Sun1", "1", "College", "of", "Veterinary", "Medicine,", "Yangzhou", "University,", "Yangzhou", "225009,", "China", "2", "Department", "of", "Pharmacy,", "Jiangsu", "Animal", "Husbandry", "and", "Veterinary", "College,", "Taizhou", "225300,", "China", "Correspondence", "should", "be", "addressed", "to", "DaRong", "Cheng,", "jsyzcdr@yahoo.com.cn", "Received", "27", "August", "2009;", "Revised", "10", "January", "2010;", "Accepted", "2", "March", "2010", "Academic", "Editor:", "Maurice", "Pensaert", "Copyright", "©", "2010", "DaRong", "Cheng", "et", "al.", "This", "is", "an", "open", "access", "article", "distributed", "under", "the", "Creative", "Commons", "Attribution", "License,", "which", "permits", "unrestricted", "use,", "distribution,", "and", "reproduction", "in", "any", "medium,", "provided", "the", "original", "work", "is", "properly", "cited.", "The", "purpose", "of", "this", "study", "is", "to", "investigate", "feasibility", "of", "sodium", "lauryl", "sulfoacetate", "(SLS)", "as", "an", "immunoadjuvant", "in", "chickens.", "After", "treating", "with", "62.5,", "125,", "250,", "or", "500", "μg/mL", "SLS", "in", "vitro,", "lymphocyte", "proliferation", "assay", "of", "chicken", "peripheral", "blood", "mononuclear", "cells", "showed", "that", "the", "OD570", "values", "of", "all", "experimental", "groups,", "as", "well", "as", "Con", "A-stimulated", "group,", "were", "significantly", "higher", "than", "that", "of", "the", "untreated", "control", "group.", "After", "injection", "with", "1.0,", "2.0,", "or", "4.0", "mg/kg", "of", "SLS", "for", "3", "consecutive", "days,", "chickens", "were", "vaccinated", "with", "an", "attenuated", "vaccine", "against", "Newcastle", "disease", "virus", "(NDV),", "and", "the", "immunoadjuvant", "effects", "of", "SLS", "were", "evaluated", "on", "the", "basis", "of", "immune", "organ", "index,", "antibody", "response,", "and", "CD4+/CD8+", "T-cell", "ratio.", "The", "results", "confirmed", "that", "SLS", "could", "enhance", "NDV-", "specific", "antibody", "response", "and", "increase", "CD4+/CD8+", "T-cell", "ratio", "in", "vivo.", "Furthermore,", "SLS", "could", "improve", "NDV-specific", "antibody", "response", "in", "thiamphenicol-treated", "chickens.", "These", "data", "indicate", "that", "SLS", "not", "only", "can", "improve", "humoral", "immune", "response", "but", "also", "reverse", "the", "immunosuppressive", "effect", "of", "thiamphenicol", "in", "chickens.", "1.", "Introduction", "Houttuynia", "cordata", "thunb", "(Saururaceae,", "HC)", "is", "a", "therapeutic", "drug", "which", "has", "been", "used", "for", "the", "treatment", "of", "infections,", "allergy", "and", "cancers", "[1–9].", "The", "major", "active", "component", "of", "the", "herb", "is", "houttuynin,", "which", "is", "present", "in", "the", "fraction", "of", "volatile", "oil", "with", "antimicrobial,", "antioxidative,", "antimuta-", "genic,", "and", "immunoadjuvant", "effects", "[10–12].", "The", "modified", "form", "of", "houttuynin,", "called", "sodium", "houttuyfonate", "(SH,", "C12H23NaO5S,", "MW", "302.36),", "has", "potent", "immunoadjuvant", "effects", "including", "promotion", "of", "phagocytosis", "and", "secretion", "of", "lysozyme,", "acidic", "phosphatase", "and", "IL-1β", "by", "macrophages", "[13–16].", "To", "reduce", "the", "cytotoxicitic", "effect", "of", "SH,", "sodium", "lauryl", "sulfoacetate", "(SLS,", "brand", "name", "is", "sodium", "new", "houttuy-", "fonate,", "SNH,", "C14H27NaO5S,", "MW", "330.4,", "Figure", "1)", "has", "been", "generated", "by", "additive", "reaction", "with", "houttuynin", "and", "sodium", "bisulfite,", "which", "has", "also", "been", "widely", "used", "for", "the", "treat-", "ment", "of", "infections,", "inflammation,", "anaphylaxis,", "and", "cancers", "[17,", "18].", "To", "investigate", "the", "feasibility", "of", "SLS", "as", "an", "immunoad-", "juvant", "for", "chickens,", "in", "this", "study", "lymphocyte", "prolifera-", "tion", "assay", "was", "performed", "using", "chicken", "peripheral", "blood", "mononuclear", "cells", "(PBMCs)", "in", "the", "presence", "of", "different", "doses", "of", "SLS.", "Then,", "the", "in", "vivo", "immunoadjuvant", "effect", "was", "confirmed", "according", "to", "the", "immune", "organ", "index,", "antibody", "response,", "and", "CD4+/CD8+", "T-cell", "ratio", "of", "the", "chickens", "vaccinated", "with", "an", "attenuated", "vaccine", "against", "Newcastle", "disease", "virus", "(NDV)", "with", "SLS", "or", "SLS", "plus", "thiamphenicol", "treatment.", "2.", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "2.1.", "Materials", "and", "Animals.", "11-day-old", "unvaccinated", "local", "breed", "Shanhuang", "chickens", "were", "provided", "by", "the", "Jiangsu", "Institute", "of", "Poultry", "Science.", "0.2%", "SLS", "in", "0.85%", "sodium", "chloride", "solution", "was", "provided", "by", "the", "Animal", "Pharma-", "ceutical", "Center,", "Jiangsu", "Animal", "Husbandry", "and", "Veteri-", "nary", "College.", "Ficoll-paque", "lymphocyte", "separation", "medium", "(5.7%", "(w/v)", "ficoll", "400,", "9.0%", "(w/v)", "sodium", "diatrizoate,", "and", "D", "=", "1.077", "±", "0.002)", "was", "from", "Shanghai", "Huajing", "Bio-tech", "Company", "Limited.", "RPMI", "1640", "medium", "was", "the", "product", "of", "GIBCO", "(USA).", "Fetal", "calf", "serum", "(FCS)", "was", "purchased", "from", "Hangzhou", "Sijiqing", "Biological", "Engineer-", "ing", "Materials", "Company", "Limited.", "Concanavalin", "A", "(Con", "A),", "methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium", "MTT", "bromide,", "and" ]

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[ "Three", "Dimensional", "Assessment", "of", "the", "Pharyngeal", "Airway", "in", "Individuals", "with", "Non-Syndromic", "Cleft", "Lip", "and", "Palate", "Tracy", "Cheung1,", "Snehlata", "Oberoi2*", "1", "University", "of", "California", "Los", "Angeles,", "Los", "Angeles,", "California,", "United", "States", "of", "America,", "2", "Division", "of", "Orthodontics,", "Department", "of", "Orofacial", "Sciences,", "School", "of", "Dentistry,", "University", "of", "California", "San", "Francisco,", "San", "Francisco,", "California,", "United", "States", "of", "America", "Abstract", "Introduction:", "Children", "with", "cleft", "lip", "and", "palate", "(CLP)", "are", "known", "to", "have", "airway", "problems.", "Previous", "studies", "have", "shown", "that", "individuals", "with", "CLP", "have", "a", "30%", "reduction", "in", "nasal", "airway", "size", "compared", "to", "non-cleft", "controls.", "No", "reports", "have", "been", "found", "on", "cross-sectional", "area", "and", "volume", "of", "the", "pharyngeal", "airway", "in", "clefts.", "Introduction", "of", "Cone-Beam", "CT", "(CBCT)", "and", "imaging", "software", "has", "facilitated", "generation", "of", "3D", "images", "for", "assessment", "of", "the", "cross-sectional", "area", "and", "volume", "of", "the", "airway.", "Objective:", "To", "assess", "the", "pharyngeal", "airway", "in", "individuals", "with", "CLP", "using", "CBCT", "by", "measuring", "volume", "and", "smallest", "cross-", "sectional", "areas", "and", "compare", "with", "19", "age-", "and", "sex-matched", "non-cleft", "controls.", "Methods:", "Retrospective", "study", "of", "CBCT", "data", "of", "pre-adolescent", "individuals", "(N", "=", "19,", "Mean", "age", "=", "10.6,", "7", "females,", "12", "males,", "UCLP", "=", "6,", "BCLP", "=", "3)", "from", "the", "Center", "for", "Craniofacial", "Anomalies.", "Volumetric", "analysis", "was", "performed", "using", "image", "segmentation", "features", "in", "CB", "Works", "3.0.", "Volume", "and", "smallest", "cross-sectional", "were", "studied", "in", "both", "groups.", "Seven", "measurements", "were", "repeated", "to", "verify", "reliability", "using", "Pearson", "correlation", "coefficient.", "Volume", "and", "cross-sectional", "area", "differences", "were", "analyzed", "using", "paired", "t-tests.", "Results:", "The", "method", "was", "found", "to", "be", "reliable.", "Individuals", "with", "CLP", "did", "not", "exhibit", "smaller", "total", "airway", "volume", "and", "cross", "sectional", "area", "than", "non-CLP", "controls.", "Conclusion:", "3D", "imaging", "using", "CBCT", "and", "CB", "Works", "is", "reliable", "for", "assessing", "airway", "volume.", "Previous", "studies", "have", "shown", "that", "the", "nasal", "airway", "is", "restricted", "in", "individuals", "with", "CLP.", "In", "our", "study,", "we", "found", "that", "the", "pharyngeal", "airway", "is", "not", "compromised", "in", "these", "individuals.", "Citation:", "Cheung", "T,", "Oberoi", "S", "(2012)", "Three", "Dimensional", "Assessment", "of", "the", "Pharyngeal", "Airway", "in", "Individuals", "with", "Non-Syndromic", "Cleft", "Lip", "and", "Palate.", "PLoS", "ONE", "7(8):", "e43405.", "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043405", "Editor:", "Noam", "A.", "Cohen,", "Hospital", "of", "the", "University", "of", "Pennsylvania,", "United", "States", "of", "America", "Received", "March", "21,", "2012;", "Accepted", "July", "20,", "2012;", "Published", "August", "29,", "2012", "Copyright:", "2012", "Cheung,", "Oberoi.", "This", "is", "an", "open-access", "article", "distributed", "under", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "Creative", "Commons", "Attribution", "License,", "which", "permits", "unrestricted", "use,", "distribution,", "and", "reproduction", "in", "any", "medium,", "provided", "the", "original", "author", "and", "source", "are", "credited.", "Funding:", "No", "current", "external", "funding", "sources", "for", "this", "study.", "Competing", "Interests:", "The", "authors", "have", "declared", "that", "no", "competing", "interests", "exist.", "*", "E-mail:", "sneha.oberoi@ucsf.edu", "Introduction", "Birth", "defects", "affect", "approximately", "3%", "of", "all", "births", "and", "contribute", "substantially", "to", "childhood", "morbidity", "in", "the", "United", "States", "[1].", "Orofacial", "defects", "like", "cleft", "lip", "and/or", "palate", "(CLP)", "occur", "in", "an", "estimated", "6,800", "children", "annually,", "making", "it", "the", "most", "common", "birth", "defect", "in", "the", "United", "States", "[2].", "Anatomical", "abnormalities", "associated", "with", "CLP", "increase", "the", "risk", "of", "airway", "complications", "[3].", "CLP", "are", "frequently", "associated", "with", "nasal", "abnormalities", "such", "as", "septal", "deviation,", "nostril", "atresia,", "turbinate", "hypertrophy,", "maxillary", "constriction,", "vomerine", "spurs,", "and", "alar", "constriction", "[4,5,6,7,8].", "These", "abnormalities", "are", "attributed", "in", "part", "to", "the", "congenital", "defect", "itself", "and", "partly", "to", "the", "surgeries", "done", "to", "repair", "the", "orofacial", "defect", "[9,10].", "Collectively,", "the", "nasal", "abnormalities", "tend", "to", "reduce", "the", "dimensions", "of", "the", "nasal", "cavity", "and", "lower", "airway", "function", "[6,11].", "Airway", "patency", "has", "been", "evaluated", "by", "two-dimensional", "(2D)", "radiographic", "imaging", "such", "as", "lateral", "and", "anterior-posterior", "cephalometric", "films", "and", "functional", "studies", "such", "as", "rhinomano-", "metry", "and", "plethysmography", "[12,13,14,15].", "A", "rhinomanometry", "study", "showed", "that", "individuals", "with", "bilateral", "CLP", "had", "a", "41%", "reduction", "in", "nasal", "airway", "compared", "to", "a", "19%", "reduction", "in", "individuals", "with", "unilateral", "CLP", "[15].", "Plethysmography", "showed", "that", "individuals", "with", "CLP", "had", "a", "30%", "reduction", "in", "the", "nasal", "airway", "compared", "to", "non-cleft", "controls", "[12].", "Lateral", "cephalometric", "films", "of", "children", "with", "CLP", "were", "compared", "with", "non-cleft", "controls", "and", "showed", "a", "reduction", "in", "the", "nasopharyngeal", "bony", "framework", "and", "pharyngeal", "airway", "[16].", "Furthermore,", "a", "reduction", "in", "the", "upper", "airway", "in", "juveniles", "with", "CLP", "was", "found", "when", "compared", "to", "gender", "and", "age", "matched", "non-cleft", "controls", "and", "were", "found", "to", "persist", "through", "adolescence", "when", "lateral", "cephalometric", "films", "were", "compared", "[13].", "Until", "recently,", "diagnostic", "imaging", "of", "the", "airway", "has", "been", "limited", "to", "2D", "studies.", "Two-dimensional", "imaging", "using", "lateral", "head", "films", "is", "useful", "for", "analyzing", "airway", "size", "in", "the", "sagittal", "plane,", "but", "does", "not", "depict", "the", "three-dimensional", "anatomy.", "The", "physiologi-", "cally", "most", "relevant", "information", "is", "obtained", "from", "axial", "images", "which", "are", "perpendicular", "to", "the", "direction", "of", "airflow,", "but", "the", "axial", "plane", "is", "not", "visualized", "on", "lateral", "cephalograms", "[17].", "In", "addition,", "lateral", "cephalometric", "films", "have", "many", "limitations,", "such", "as", "image", "enlargement", "and", "distortion,", "structure", "overlap,", "limited", "identifiable", "landmarks,", "and", "positioning", "problems", "that", "may", "adversely", "affect", "PLOS", "ONE", "|", "www.plosone.org", "1", "August", "2012", "|", "Volume", "7", "|", "Issue", "8", "|", "e43405" ]

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[ "Original", "Article", "Clinics", "in", "Orthopedic", "Surgery", "2011;3:279-284", "http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/cios.2011.3.4.279", "Medial", "Unicompartmental", "Knee", "Arthroplasty", "in", "Patients", "with", "Spontaneous", "Osteonecrosis", "of", "the", "Knee", "Won-Sik", "Choy,", "MD,", "Kap", "Jung", "Kim,", "MD,", "Sang", "Ki", "Lee,", "MD,", "Dae", "Suk", "Yang,", "MD,", "Choon", "Myeon", "Kim,", "MD,", "Ju", "Sang", "Park,", "MD", "Department", "of", "Orthopaedic", "Surgery,", "Eulji", "University", "School", "of", "Medicine,", "Daejeon,", "Korea", "Background:", "We", "analyzed", "the", "clinical", "and", "radiologic", "results", "of", "patients", "with", "spontaneous", "osteonecrosis", "of", "the", "knee", "treated", "by", "minimally", "invasive", "medial", "unicompartmental", "arthroplasty", "using", "Oxford", "Uni.", "Methods:", "We", "reviewed", "22", "knees", "in", "21", "patients", "which", "were", "treated", "for", "spontaneous", "osteonecrosis", "between", "2002", "and", "2006.", "Pa-", "tients", "included", "one", "male", "and", "20", "females.", "The", "mean", "age", "was", "70.8", "years", "(range,", "53", "to", "82", "years).", "The", "mean", "follow-up", "period", "was", "70.3", "months", "(range,", "48", "to", "93", "months).", "The", "clinical", "results", "were", "evaluated", "using", "the", "Hospital", "for", "Special", "Surgery", "(HSS)", "knee", "score", "and", "the", "range", "of", "motion", "of", "the", "knee", "preoperatively", "and", "at", "the", "final", "follow-up.", "Preoperative", "plain", "radiographs", "and", "magnetic", "reso-", "nance", "images", "were", "analyzed", "to", "determine", "the", "size", "and", "stage", "of", "osteonecrotic", "lesions.", "Results:", "The", "mean", "HSS", "knee", "score", "was", "64.3", "(range,", "54", "to", "75)", "preoperatively", "and", "92.0", "(range,", "71", "to", "100)", "at", "the", "final", "follow-up.", "The", "mean", "preoperative", "flexion", "contracture", "was", "8.9o", "(range,", "0", "to", "15o)", "and", "0.2o", "(range,", "0", "to", "5o)", "at", "the", "final", "follow-up.", "The", "mean", "fur-", "ther", "flexion", "increased", "from", "138.6o", "(range,", "100", "to", "145o)", "preoperatively", "to", "145.6o", "(range,", "140", "to", "150o)", "at", "the", "final", "follow-up.", "Active", "full", "flexion", "was", "possible", "within", "2", "months", "of", "the", "operation.", "The", "squatting", "position", "was", "possible", "in", "16", "patients", "(84.2%)", "out", "of", "19,", "except", "one", "case", "of", "bronchiectasis", "and", "one", "case", "of", "spine", "fracture.", "The", "cross-leg", "posture", "was", "possible", "in", "19", "patients", "(90.5%)", "out", "of", "21.", "The", "mean", "tibiofemoral", "angle", "was", "improved", "from", "varus", "0.98o", "to", "valgus", "3.22o.", "Meniscal", "bearing", "dislocation", "occurred", "in", "2", "cases", "and", "femoral", "component", "loosening", "occurred", "in", "1", "case.", "Conclusions:", "Unicompartmental", "knee", "arthroplasty", "using", "Oxford", "Uni", "could", "be", "an", "alternative", "treatment", "option", "in", "spontaneous", "os-", "teonecrosis", "of", "the", "knee.", "Keywords:", "Knee,", "Spontaneous", "osteonecrosis,", "Unicompartmental", "knee", "arthroplasty", "Spontaneous", "osteonecrosis", "of", "the", "knee", "(SPONK)", "was", "first", "reported", "by", "Ahlback", "et", "al.1)", "in", "1968.", "Since", "then,", "the", "terms", "SPONK", "and", "Ahlback’s", "disease", "have", "been", "used", "synony-", "mously.1)", "The", "typical", "SPONK", "patient", "is", "fifty-five", "years", "of", "age", "or", "older,", "has", "no", "risk", "factors,", "has", "unilateral", "monoar-", "ticular", "pain,", "has", "limited", "involvement", "of", "the", "periarticular", "Received", "April", "13,", "2011;", "Accepted", "August", "24,", "2011", "Correspondence", "to:", "Kap", "Jung", "Kim,", "MD", "Department", "of", "Orthopaedic", "Surgery,", "Eulji", "University", "School", "of", "Medicine,", "1306", "Dunsan-dong,", "Seo-gu,", "Daejeon", "322-799,", "Korea", "Tel:", "+82-42-611-3278,", "Fax:", "+82-42-259-1289", "E-mail:", "oskkj@eulji.ac.kr", "bone,", "and", "is", "involved", "mainly", "in", "medial", "femoral", "condyle.2)", "The", "clinical", "presentation", "of", "SPONK", "commonly", "includes", "sudden", "onset", "of", "acute", "pain", "which", "is", "frequently", "worse", "at", "night.2)", "The", "sudden", "acute", "onset", "of", "pain", "correlates", "with", "reports", "in", "the", "literature", "stating", "that", "insufficiency", "fractures", "with", "natural", "and", "expected", "surrounding", "necrosis", "of", "bone", "may", "be", "the", "underlying", "clinical", "pathology", "of", "this", "disorder.", "However,", "the", "exact", "pathogenesis", "is", "still", "unknown.", "The", "treatment", "options", "of", "SPONK", "are", "microfracture", "technique,", "high", "tibial", "osteotomy,", "unicompartmental", "knee", "arthroplas-", "ty,", "or", "total", "knee", "arthroplasty", "depending", "on", "the", "location,", "size,", "and", "progression", "of", "lesion,", "and", "on", "the", "patient's", "age", "and", "activity.", "In", "stages", "described", "as", "advanced", "by", "Mont", "clas-", "Copyright", "©", "2011", "by", "The", "Korean", "Orthopaedic", "Association", "This", "is", "an", "Open", "Access", "article", "distributed", "under", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "Creative", "Commons", "Attribution", "Non-Commercial", "License", "(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)", "which", "permits", "unrestricted", "non-commercial", "use,", "distribution,", "and", "reproduction", "in", "any", "medium,", "provided", "the", "original", "work", "is", "properly", "cited.", "Clinics", "in", "Orthopedic", "Surgery", "pISSN", "2005-291X", "eISSN", "2005-4408" ]

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[ "Critical", "Care", "June", "2004", "Vol", "8", "Suppl", "2", "Corwin", "Review", "Anemia", "and", "blood", "transfusion", "in", "the", "critically", "ill", "patient:", "role", "of", "erythropoietin", "Howard", "L", "Corwin", "Professor", "of", "Medicine", "and", "Anesthesiology,", "Dartmouth", "Medical", "School;", "Section", "Chief,", "Critical", "Care", "Medicine;", "Medical", "Director,", "Intensive", "Care", "Unit,", "Dartmouth-Hitchcock", "Medical", "Center,", "Lebanon,", "New", "Hampshire,", "USA", "Correspondence:", "Howard", "L", "Corwin,", "Howard.L.Corwin@Hitchcock.org", "Published", "online:", "14", "June", "2004", "This", "article", "is", "online", "at", "http://ccforum.com/content/8/S2/S42", "©", "2004", "BioMed", "Central", "Ltd", "Critical", "Care", "2004,", "8(Suppl", "2):S42-S44", "(DOI", "10.1186/cc2411)", "Abstract", "Critically", "ill", "patients", "receive", "an", "extraordinarily", "large", "number", "of", "blood", "transfusions.", "Between", "40%", "and", "50%", "of", "all", "patients", "admitted", "to", "intensive", "care", "units", "receive", "at", "least", "1", "red", "blood", "cell", "(RBC)", "unit", "during", "their", "stay,", "and", "the", "average", "is", "close", "to", "5", "RBC", "units.", "RBC", "transfusion", "is", "not", "risk", "free.", "There", "is", "little", "evidence", "that", "‘routine’", "transfusion", "of", "stored", "allogeneic", "RBCs", "is", "beneficial", "to", "critically", "ill", "patients.", "The", "efficacy", "of", "perioperative", "recombinant", "human", "erythropoietin", "(rHuEPO)", "has", "been", "demonstrated", "in", "a", "variety", "of", "elective", "surgical", "settings.", "Similarly,", "in", "critically", "ill", "patients", "with", "multiple", "organ", "failure,", "rHuEPO", "therapy", "will", "also", "stimulate", "erythropoiesis.", "In", "a", "randomized,", "placebo-controlled", "trial,", "therapy", "with", "rHuEPO", "resulted", "in", "a", "significant", "reduction", "in", "RBC", "transfusions.", "Despite", "receiving", "fewer", "RBC", "transfusions,", "patients", "in", "the", "rHuEPO", "group", "had", "a", "significantly", "greater", "increase", "in", "hematocrit.", "Strategies", "to", "increase", "the", "production", "of", "RBCs", "are", "complementary", "to", "other", "approaches", "to", "reduce", "blood", "loss", "in", "the", "intensive", "care", "unit,", "and", "they", "decrease", "the", "transfusion", "threshold", "in", "the", "management", "of", "all", "critically", "ill", "patients.", "Keywords", "anemia,", "blood", "transfusion,", "critical", "illness,", "erythropoietin", "Anemia", "is", "common", "in", "critically", "ill", "patients", "and", "appears", "early", "during", "their", "intensive", "care", "unit", "(ICU)", "course.", "By", "day", "3", "after", "ICU", "admission,", "almost", "95%", "of", "patients", "are", "anemic", "[1–3].", "The", "anemia", "in", "these", "critically", "ill", "patients", "persists", "throughout", "their", "ICU", "and", "hospital", "stay,", "with", "or", "without", "red", "blood", "cell", "(RBC)", "transfusion", "[3].", "Historically,", "the", "anemia", "observed", "in", "the", "critically", "ill", "resulted", "in", "a", "high", "number", "of", "RBC", "transfusions.", "Studies", "conducted", "a", "decade", "ago", "[4]", "revealed", "that", "50%", "of", "all", "patients", "admitted", "to", "the", "ICU", "are", "transfused", "during", "their", "stay.", "In", "addition,", "85%", "of", "patients", "with", "a", "prolonged", "ICU", "stay", "(>", "1", "week)", "received", "trans-", "fusions", "[5].", "On", "average,", "these", "latter", "patients", "were", "transfused", "9.5", "RBC", "units", "during", "their", "ICU", "stay.", "These", "transfusions", "are", "not", "restricted", "to", "the", "early", "ICU", "course;", "rather,", "patients", "are", "transfused", "at", "a", "rate", "of", "2–3", "units", "per", "week.", "An", "observational", "study", "of", "4892", "patients", "admitted", "to", "ICUs", "in", "the", "USA", "throughout", "2000", "and", "2001", "[3]", "found", "that", "almost", "50%", "of", "patients", "are", "still", "transfused.", "The", "results", "also", "showed", "that", "initial", "RBC", "transfusion", "tends", "to", "occur", "early", "in", "the", "ICU", "stay,", "with", "ongoing", "RBC", "transfusions", "throughout", "the", "ICU", "stay.", "The", "mean", "pretransfusion", "hemoglobin", "observed", "(i.e.", "the", "‘transfusion", "trigger’)", "was", "8.6", "±", "1.7", "g/dl", "–", "a", "value", "that", "is", "com-", "parable", "to", "that", "described", "in", "earlier", "reports", "[4,5].", "Interestingly,", "RBC", "transfusions", "were", "not", "restricted", "to", "the", "ICU;", "13%", "of", "patients", "received", "on", "average", "almost", "3", "units", "after", "ICU", "dis-", "charge.", "A", "similar", "observational", "study", "of", "transfusion", "practice", "in", "ICUs", "was", "performed", "across", "Western", "Europe", "[6].", "Data", "were", "col-", "lected", "for", "a", "maximum", "of", "28", "days", "on", "3534", "patients", "admitted", "to", "the", "ICU", "during", "a", "2-week", "period", "in", "late", "1999.", "Of", "these", "patients", "37%", "received", "a", "mean", "of", "4.8", "RBC", "units", "while", "in", "the", "ICU", "and", "12.7%", "of", "patients", "were", "transfused", "during", "the", "post-", "ICU", "period,", "for", "an", "overall", "transfusion", "rate", "of", "42%", "during", "the", "28-day", "study", "period.", "The", "mean", "pretransfusion", "hemoglobin", "level", "was", "8.4", "g/dl.", "S42", "EPO", "=", "erythropoietin;", "ICU", "=", "intensive", "care", "unit;", "RBC", "=", "red", "blood", "cell;", "rHuEPO", "=", "recombinant", "human", "erythropoietin." ]

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[ "Kruse", "et", "al.", "Head", "&", "Neck", "Oncology", "2010,", "2:24", "http://www.headandneckoncology.org/content/2/1/24", "R", "E", "S", "E", "A", "R", "C", "H", "Open", "Access", "Oral", "squamous", "cell", "carcinoma", "in", "non-smoking", "and", "non-drinking", "patients", "Astrid", "L", "Kruse*,", "Marius", "Bredell,", "Klaus", "W", "Grätz", "Abstract", "Introduction:", "Of", "the", "many", "different", "factors", "associated", "with", "an", "increased", "risk", "for", "oral", "squamous", "cell", "carcinoma", "(SCC),", "tobacco", "and", "alcohol", "seem", "to", "be", "the", "most", "studied.", "The", "aim", "of", "the", "current", "study", "was", "to", "evaluate", "the", "clinicopathologic", "characteristics", "of", "patients", "without", "the", "mentioned", "risk", "factors.", "Patients", "and", "Methods:", "Out", "of", "278", "patients", "(159", "male", "and", "119", "female", "patients)", "with", "oral", "SCC,", "67", "patients", "had", "no", "history", "of", "tobacco", "or", "alcohol", "use.", "The", "minimum", "follow-up", "time", "was", "12", "months.", "Results:", "Of", "the", "67", "patients,", "45", "(67.2%)", "were", "women,", "and", "the", "mean", "age", "was", "70", "years.", "The", "most", "common", "tumor", "sites", "were", "mandibular", "alveolar", "ridge", "(22)", "and", "maxilla", "(18).", "Fifteen", "patients", "experienced", "a", "recurrence,", "and", "10", "developed", "lymph", "node", "metastases", "during", "the", "follow-up", "period.", "Conclusion:", "The", "group", "of", "patients", "with", "no", "tobacco", "and", "alcohol", "use", "tends", "toward", "a", "higher", "proportion", "of", "females,", "a", "higher", "proportion", "of", "patients", "over", "70", "years,", "and", "a", "higher", "number", "of", "oral", "maxillary", "SCC.", "Introduction", "Of", "the", "many", "different", "factors", "associated", "with", "an", "increased", "risk", "for", "oral", "squamous", "cell", "carcinoma", "(SCC),", "tobacco", "and", "alcohol", "seem", "to", "be", "the", "most", "studied.", "Indi-", "viduals", "who", "smoke", "more", "than", "20", "cigarettes", "a", "day", "and", "consume", "more", "than", "100", "g", "of", "alcohol", "a", "day", "are", "at", "increased", "risk", "for", "oral", "epithelial", "dysplasia,", "but", "ex-smo-", "kers", "of", "10", "or", "more", "years", "seem", "to", "have", "no", "greater", "risk", "than", "non-smokers", "[1].", "In", "addition,", "alcohol", "has", "been", "found", "to", "be", "an", "independent", "risk", "factor", "for", "oral", "SCC", "among", "non-smokers", "[2]", "and", "tobacco", "smoke", "in", "non-", "drinkers", "[3,4].", "The", "combination", "of", "both", "factors", "seems", "to", "enhance", "the", "carcinogenic", "effect", "[5,6].", "Blot", "et", "al.", "(1988)", "[6]", "stated", "that", "tobacco", "smoking", "and", "alcohol", "drinking", "combine", "to", "account", "for", "approximately", "three-fourths", "of", "all", "oral", "and", "pharyngeal", "cancers", "in", "the", "United", "States.", "However,", "the", "other", "fourth", "of", "patients", "are", "then", "of", "special", "interest,", "because", "this", "group", "has", "rarely", "been", "studied.", "Regarding", "lung", "cancer", "in", "patients", "without", "tobacco", "use,", "some", "authors", "have", "stated", "that", "these", "cancers", "are", "their", "own", "entity", "due", "to", "their", "special", "characteristics.", "Therefore,", "the", "aim", "of", "the", "current", "study", "was", "to", "evalu-", "ate", "the", "clinicopathologic", "characteristics", "of", "the", "patient", "*", "Correspondence:", "astridkruse@gmx.ch", "University", "Hospital", "Zurich,", "Department", "of", "Craniomaxillofacial", "and", "Oral", "Surgery,", "Zurich/Switzerland", "group", "without", "the", "tobacco", "and", "alcohol", "risk", "factors,", "in", "particular", "concerning", "gender,", "location,", "TN", "status,", "and", "rates", "of", "metastases", "or", "recurrence.", "Patients", "and", "Methods", 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[ "BMC", "Neurology", "Research", "article", "Prediction", "of", "the", "survival", "and", "functional", "ability", "of", "severe", "stroke", "patients", "after", "ICU", "therapeutic", "intervention", "Moussa", "Riachy*1,", "Frida", "Sfeir1,", "Ghassan", "Sleilaty2,", "Samer", "Hage-Chahine†3,", "Georges", "Dabar1,", "Taha", "Bazerbachi1,", "Zeina", "Aoun-Bacha1,", "Georges", "Khayat1", "and", "Salam", "Koussa†3", "BioMed", "Central", "Open", "Access", "Address:", "1Department", "of", "Pulmonary", "and", "Critical", "Care", "Medicine,", "Hotel", "Dieu", "de", "France,", "Beirut,", "Lebanon,", "2Department", "of", "Cardiothoracic", "Surgery,", "Hotel", "Dieu", "de", "France,", "Beirut,", "Lebanon", "and", "3Department", "of", "Neurology,", "Hotel", "Dieu", "de", "France,", "Beirut,", "Lebanon", "Email:", "Moussa", "Riachy*", "-", "riachy@dm.net.lb;", "Frida", "Sfeir", "-", "fridasfeir@hotmail.com;", "Ghassan", "Sleilaty", "-", "sanasl@inco.com.lb;", "Samer", "Hage-", "Chahine", "-", "samerhagechahine@hotmail.com;", "Georges", "Dabar", "-", "gdabar@cyberia.net.lb;", "Taha", "Bazerbachi", "-", "tbazarbachi@hotmail.com;", "Zeina", "Aoun-Bacha", "-", "zeinaabacha@yahoo.com;", "Georges", "Khayat", "-", "gck@data2.dm.net.lb;", "Salam", "Koussa", "-", "koussalam@hotmail.com", "*", "Corresponding", "author", "†Equal", "contributors", "Published:", "26", "June", "2008", "BMC", "Neurology", "2008,", "8:24", "doi:10.1186/1471-2377-8-24", "This", "article", "is", "available", "from:", "http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/8/24", "Received:", "16", "December", "2007", "Accepted:", "26", "June", "2008", "©", "2008", "Riachy", "et", "al;", "licensee", "BioMed", "Central", "Ltd.", "This", "is", "an", "Open", "Access", "article", "distributed", "under", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "Creative", "Commons", "Attribution", "License", "(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),", "which", "permits", "unrestricted", "use,", "distribution,", "and", "reproduction", "in", "any", "medium,", "provided", "the", "original", "work", "is", "properly", "cited.", "Abstract", "Background:", "This", "study", "evaluated", "the", "benefits", "and", "impact", "of", "ICU", "therapeutic", "interventions", "on", "the", "survival", "and", "functional", "ability", "of", "severe", "cerebrovascular", "accident", "(CVA)", "patients.", "Methods:", "Sixty-two", "ICU", "patients", "suffering", "from", "severe", "ischemic/haemorrhagic", "stroke", "were", "evaluated", "for", "CVA", "severity", "using", "APACHE", "II", "and", "the", "Glasgow", "coma", "scale", "(GCS).", "Survival", "was", "determined", "using", "Kaplan-Meier", "survival", "tables", "and", "survival", "prediction", "factors", "were", "determined", "by", "Cox", "multivariate", "analysis.", "Functional", "ability", "was", "assessed", "using", "the", "stroke", "impact", "scale", "(SIS-16)", "and", "Karnofsky", "score.", "Risk", "factors,", "life", "support", "techniques", "and", "neurosurgical", "interventions", "were", "recorded.", "One", "year", "post-CVA", "dependency", "was", "investigated", "using", "multivariate", "analysis", "based", "on", "linear", "regression.", "Results:", "The", "study", "cohort", "constituted", "6%", "of", "all", "CVA", "(37.8%", "haemorrhagic/62.2%", "ischemic)", "admissions.", "Patient", "mean(SD)", "age", "was", "65.8(12.3)", "years", "with", "a", "1:1", "male:", "female", "ratio.", "During", "the", "study", "period", "16", "patients", "had", "died", "within", "the", "ICU", "and", "seven", "in", "the", "year", "following", "hospital", "release.", "The", "mean(SD)", "APACHE", "II", "score", "at", "hospital", "admission", "was", "14.9(6.0)", "and", "ICU", "mean", "duration", "of", "stay", "was", "11.2(15.4)", "days.", "Mechanical", "ventilation", "was", "required", "in", "37.1%", "of", "cases.", "Risk", "ratios", "were;", "GCS", "at", "admission", "0.8(0.14),", "(p", "=", "0.024),", "APACHE", "II", "1.11(0.11),", "(p", "=", "0.05)", "and", "duration", "of", "mechanical", "ventilation", "1.07(0.07),", "(p", "=", "0.046).", "Linear", "coefficients", "were:", "type", "of", "CVA", "–", "haemorrhagic", "versus", "ischemic:", "-18.95(4.58)", "(p", "=", "0.007),", "GCS", "at", "hospital", "admission:", "-6.83(1.08),", "(p", "=", "0.001),", "and", "duration", "of", "hospital", "stay", "-0.38(0.14),", "(p", "=", "0.40).", "Conclusion:", "To", "ensure", "a", "better", "prognosis", "CVA", "patients", "require", "ICU", "therapeutic", "interventions.", "However,", "as", "we", "have", "shown,", "where", "tests", "can", "determine", "the", "worst", "affected", "patients", "with", "a", "poor", "vital", "and", "functional", "outcome", "should", "treatment", "be", "withheld?", "Page", "1", "of", "8", "(page", "number", "not", "for", "citation", "purposes)" ]

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[ "Effect", "of", "C-factor", "and", "LED", "Curing", "Mode", "on", "Microleakage", "of", "Class", "V", "Resin", "Composite", "Restorations", "Qasem", "Diefallah", "Alomaria", "Kefah", "Barrieshi-Nusairb", "Mohammad", "Alic", "AbstrAct", "Objectives:", "To", "investigate", "the", "effects", "of", "cavity", "C-factor", "and", "LED", "curing", "mode", "on", "microleakage", "of", "class", "V", "resin", "composite", "restorations.", "Methods:", "Eighty", "extracted", "human", "maxillary", "premolars", "were", "divided", "into", "four", "groups.", "In", "groups", "I", "and", "II,", "V-shaped", "class", "V", "cavities", "(C-factor", "≈", "1.5)", "were", "prepared", "while", "box-shaped", "class", "V", "cavities", "(high", "C-factor", "≈", "4)", "were", "prepared", "in", "groups", "III", "and", "IV.", "All", "the", "cavities", "were", "prepared", "on", "the", "vestibular", "surfaces", "of", "the", "teeth.", "All", "the", "cavities", "were", "prepared", "by", "one", "operator", "with", "specific", "dimensions.", "The", "same", "adhesive", "system", "(Excite)", "and", "the", "same", "restorative", "composite", "(Tetric", "Ceram)", "were", "used", "in", "all", "the", "groups.", "The", "restorations", "in", "groups", "I", "and", "III", "were", "cured", "with", "the", "fast", "curing", "mode", "of", "LED", "curing", "light,", "while", "the", "restorations", "in", "groups", "II", "and", "IV", "were", "cured", "with", "the", "soft-start", "mode", "of", "the", "same", "cur-", "ing", "light.", "The", "samples", "were", "thermocycled,", "immersed", "in", "a", "0.5%", "basic", "fuchsin", "solution", "for", "24", "hours,", "and", "sectioned.", "The", "degree", "of", "dye", "penetration", "was", "measured", "quantitatively", "and", "then", "qualitatively", "at", "both", "enamel", "and", "dentin/cementum", "margins.", "Results:", "Quantitatively,", "there", "was", "no", "statistical", "difference", "in", "the", "degree", "of", "microleakage", "between", "the", "groups", "at", "the", "enamel", "margin", "(P>.05).", "At", "the", "dentin/cementum", "margin,", "group", "III", "showed", "signifi-", "cantly", "more", "dye", "penetration", "than", "the", "other", "groups", "(P<.001).", "Similarly,", "qualitative", "measurements", "of", "dye", "penetration", "showed", "that", "group", "III", "had", "higher", "microleakage", "at", "dentin/cementum", "margin", "than", "the", "remaining", "groups", "(I", "and", "III", "P<.001;", "II", "and", "III", "P<.01;", "III", "and", "IV", "P<.01).", "Paired", "sample", "statistics", "showed", "that", "microleakage", "at", "the", "dentin/cementum", "margin", "was", "not", "statistically", "different", "from", "enamel", "mi-", "croleakage", "(P>.05),", "except", "for", "group", "III", "(P<.000).", "Conclusions:", "Fast", "curing", "mode", "of", "LED", "curing", "light", "resulted", "in", "more", "microleakage", "at", "the", "gingi-", "val", "floor", "of", "class", "V", "cavities", "with", "high", "C-factor.", "There", "was", "no", "difference", "in", "dye", "penetration", "between", "enamel", "and", "dentin", "margins", "of", "the", "cavities", "except", "when", "the", "fast", "curing", "mode", "was", "used", "with", "high", "C-factor", "cavities.", "Both", "quantitative", "and", "qualitative", "measurements", "of", "microleakage", "gave", "the", "same", "results", "at", "both", "enamel", "and", "dentin", "margins.", "(Eur", "J", "Dent", "2011;5:400-408)", "Key", "words:", "Resin", "composite;", "Microleakage;", "C-factor;", "LED", "curing", "units;", "Curing", "modes.", "a", "Department", "of", "Restorative", "Sciences,", "Faculty", "of", "Dentistry,", "Kuwait", "University,", "Kuwait.", "b", "Deceased.", "c", "Department", "of", "Diagnostic", "Sciences,", "Faculty", "of", "Dentistry,", "Kuwait", "University,", "Kuwait.", "Corresponding", "author:", "Qasem", "Diefallah", "Alomari", "Department", "of", "Restorative", "Sciences,", "Faculty", "of", "Dentistry,", "Kuwait", "University,", "P.", "O.", "Box", "24923,", "Alsafat", "13110,", "Kuwait.", "E-mail:", "qalomari@hsc.edu.kw", "qasemalomari70@yahoo.com", "400", "European", "Journal", "of", "Dentistry" ]

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[ "Restless", "leg", "syndrome:", "is", "it", "a", "real", "problem?", "Paul", "E", "Cotter", "Shaun", "T", "O’Keeffe", "Department", "of", "Geriatric", "Medicine,", "Galway", "University", "Hospitals,", "Galway,", "Ireland", "Correspondence:", "S", "O’Keeffe", "Unit", "4,", "Merlin", "Park", "Regional", "Hospital,", "Galway,", "Ireland", "Tel", "+", "353", "91", "775", "561", "Fax", "+", "353", "91", "770", "515", "Email", "s.okeeffe@mailn.hse.ie", "R", "E", "V", "I", "E", "W", "Abstract:", "Restless", "legs", "syndrome", "(RLS)", "is", "a", "common", "condition", "that", "is", "frequently", "unrecognized,", "misdiagnosed", "and", "poorly", "managed.", "It", "is", "characterized", "by", "uncomfortable", "sensations", "deep", "in", "the", "legs", "developing", "at", "rest", "that", "compel", "the", "person", "to", "move;", "symptoms", "are", "worst", "at", "night", "and", "sleep", "disturbance", "is", "common.", "RLS", "occurs", "in", "7%–11%", "of", "the", "population", "in", "Western", "countries,", "and", "many", "such", "people", "experience", "troublesome", "symptoms.", "Primary", "RLS", "is", "familial", "in", "up", "to", "two", "thirds", "of", "patients.", "RLS", "may", "also", "be", "secondary", "to", "a", "number", "of", "conditions", "including", "iron", "deficiency,", "pregnancy", "and", "end-stage", "renal", "failure", "and,", "perhaps,", "neuropathy.", "Secondary", "RLS", "is", "most", "common", "in", "those", "presenting", "for", "the", "first", "time", "in", "later", "life.", "The", "pathogenesis", "of", "RLS", "probably", "involves", "the", "interplay", "of", "systemic", "or", "brain", "iron", "deficiency", "and", "impaired", "dopaminergic", "neurotransmission", "in", "the", "subcortex", "of", "the", "brain.", "RLS", "is", "very", "responsive", "to", "dopaminergic", "therapies.", "Rebound", "of", "RLS", "symptoms", "during", "the", "early", "morning", "and", "development", "of", "severe", "symptoms", "earlier", "in", "the", "day", "(augmentation)", "are", "problematic", "in", "those", "treated", "for", "a", "prolonged", "period", "with", "levodopa.", "Consequently,", "dopamine", "agonists", "have", "become", "first", "line", "treatment.", "Anti-convulsant", "medications", "and", "opioids", "are", "helpful", "in", "some", "patients.", "Correction", "of", "underlying", "problem", "wherever", "possible", "is", "important", "in", "the", "management", "of", "secondary", "RLS.", "Keywords:", "Restless", "legs", "syndrome;", "sleep;", "iron", "deficiency;", "neuropathy", "Introduction", "Restless", "Legs", "Syndrome", "(RLS)", "was", "first", "described", "in", "the", "medical", "literature", "by", "the", "anatomist", "and", "physician", "Thomas", "Willis", "in", "1685", "and", "has", "been", "recognized", "as", "a", "well-", "defined,", "common", "and", "frequently", "distressing", "entity", "since", "Ekbom’s", "classic", "description", "in", "1945.", "Nevertheless,", "RLS", "has", "attracted", "little", "attention", "in", "medical", "textbooks", "until", "recently,", "and,", "even", "now,", "it", "is", "often", "unrecognized,", "misdiagnosed", "and", "poorly", "managed.", "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "explore", "the", "reasons", "for", "the", "relative", "neglect", "of", "RLS,", "explain", "current", "thinking", "regarding", "the", "pathogenesis", "and", "management", "of", "the", "condition", "and", "show", "why", "patients", "with", "RLS", "will", "benefit", "from", "careful", "investigation", "and", "treatment.", "What", "is", "RLS?", "RLS", "is", "both", "a", "sensorimotor", "and", "a", "sleep", "disorder.", "It", "is", "characterized", "by", "unusual,", "uncomfortable", "sensations", "deep", "in", "the", "legs", "(and", "sometimes", "arms)", "that", "compel", "the", "person", "to", "move", "to", "relieve", "the", "sensation", "and", "that", "are", "brought", "on", "and", "exacerbated", "by", "rest;", "symptoms", "are", "particularly", "troublesome", "in", "the", "evening", "and", "at", "night,", "and", "sleep", "disturbance", "is", "common.", "The", "original", "report", "by", "Willis", "(1685)", "described", "the", "motor", "features", "and", "the", "sleep", "disruption", "but", "did", "not", "mention", "the", "sensory", "features", "that", "are", "often", "the", "main", "complaint", "of", "patients.", "In", "contrast,", "Karl-Axel", "Ekbom", "(1945)", "emphasized", "the", "importance", "of", "the", "sensory", "component", "of", "the", "condition.", "The", "current", "diagnostic", "criteria", "were", "developed", "at", "an", "National", "Institutes", "of", "Health", "(NIH)-supported", "workgroup", "on", "RLS", "and", "represent", "a", "slight", "modification", "of", "the", "original", "diagnostic", "criteria", "published", "by", "the", "International", "RLS", "Study", "Group", "in", "1995", "(Walters", "1995;", "Allen", "et", "al", "2003).", "There", "are", "four", "essential", "criteria", "and", "three", "supportive", "clinical", "features", "(Table", "1).", "Therapeutics", "and", "Clinical", "Risk", "Management", "2006:2(4)", "465–475", "©", "2006", "Dove", "Medical", "Press", "Limited.", "All", "rights", "reserved", "465" ]

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[ "Qian", "et", "al.", "Journal", "of", "Experimental", "&", "Clinical", "Cancer", "Research", "2010,", "29:111", "http://www.jeccr.com/content/29/1/111", "R", "E", "S", "E", "A", "R", "C", "H", "Open", "Access", "GTPase", "regulator", "associated", "with", "the", "focal", "adhesion", "kinase", "(GRAF)", "transcript", "was", "down-", "regulated", "in", "patients", "with", "myeloid", "malignancies", "Zhen", "Qian1,", "Jun", "Qian1*,", "Jiang", "Lin1,", "Dong-ming", "Yao1,", "Qin", "Chen1,", "Run-bi", "Ji1,", "Yun", "Li1,", "Gao-fei", "Xiao1,", "Jian-yong", "Li2", "Abstract", "Background:", "GTPase", "regulator", "associated", "with", "the", "focal", "adhesion", "kinase", "(GRAF),", "a", "putative", "tumor", "suppressor", "gene,", "is", "found", "inactivated", "in", "hematopoietic", "malignancies", "by", "either", "genetic", "or", "epigenetic", "abnormalities.", "However,", "the", "expression", "level", "of", "GRAF", "gene", "has", "not", "yet", "been", "studied", "in", "leukemia.", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "study", "was", "to", "investigate", "the", "expression", "level", "of", "GRAF", "gene", "in", "those", "patients", "with", "myeloid", "malignancies", "including", "acute", "myeloid", "leukemia", "(AML),", "myelodysplastic", "syndrome", "(MDS)", "and", "chronic", "myeloid", "leukemia", "(CML).", "Methods:", "The", "expression", "levels", "of", "GRAF", "transcript", "were", "determined", "in", "94", "patients", "using", "real-time", "quantitative", "PCR", "(RQ-PCR).", "Clinical", "and", "laboratory", "data", "of", "these", "patients", "were", "collected", "and", "analyzed.", "Results:", "The", "significantly", "decreased", "level", "of", "GRAF", "transcript", "was", "observed", "in", "three", "myeloid", "malignancies", "compared", "to", "controls.", "Within", "AML,", "there", "was", "no", "difference", "in", "the", "level", "of", "GRAF", "transcript", "among", "different", "FAB", "subtypes", "(P", ">", "0.05).", "Difference", "was", "not", "observed", "in", "the", "amount", "of", "GRAF", "mRNA", "between", "CML", "at", "chronic", "phase", "and", "controls.", "As", "CML", "progressed,", "GRAF", "transcript", "significantly", "decreased.", "In", "MDS,", "three", "cases", "with", "5q", "deletion", "had", "lower", "GRAF", "transcript", "than", "four", "without", "5q", "deletion", "(median", "0.76", "vs", "2.99)", "(P", ">", "0.05).", "Conclusion:", "our", "results", "demonstrate", "that", "the", "GRAF", "transcript", "is", "decreased", "in", "myeloid", "malignancies.", "Background", "Focal", "adhesion", "kinase", "(FAK),", "a", "non-receptor", "tyrosine", "kinase", "that", "resides", "at", "the", "sites", "of", "integrin", "clustering", "[1],", "plays", "an", "important", "role", "in", "the", "modulation", "of", "cell", "growth,", "proliferation,", "survival", "and", "migration", "[2].", "Recently,", "FAK", "has", "been", "found", "to", "be", "overexpressed", "and/", "or", "constitutively", "activated", "and", "correlated", "with", "increased", "motility,", "invasiveness,", "and", "proliferation", "of", "neoplastic", "cells", "of", "various", "tissue", "types", "[2].", "Two", "published", "articles", "revealed", "that", "aberrant", "expression", "of", "FAK", "was", "observed", "in", "CD34+", "leukemic", "cells", "and", "associated", "with", "enhanced", "blast", "migration,", "increased", "cellularity", "and", "poor", "prognosis", "[3,4].", "Le", "et", "al", "showed", "that", "FAK", "silencing", "inhibited", "leu-", "kemogenesis", "in", "BCR/ABL-transformed", "hematopoietic", "cells", "[5].", "Tyner", "et", "al", "also", "identified", "FAK", "as", "one", "of", "thera-", "peutic", "molecular", "targets", "in", "acute", "myeloid", "leukemia", "(AML)", "[6].", "*", "Correspondence:", "qianjun0007@hotmail.com", "1Department", "of", "Hematology,", "Affiliated", "People’s", "Hospital", "of", "Jiangsu", "University,", "Zhenjiang,", "Jiangsu", "212002,", "China", "Full", "list", "of", "author", "information", "is", "available", "at", "the", "end", "of", "the", "article", "FAK", "protein", "is", "composed", "of", "an", "N-terminal", "FERM", "domain,", "a", "central", "kinase", "domain,", "and", "a", "C-terminal", "domain", "that", "includes", "the", "focal", "adhesion", "targeting", "(FAT)", "sequence", "responsible", "for", "FAK’s", "localization", "to", "focal", "adhesions.", "Both", "the", "N-terminal", "and", "C-terminal", "domains", "have", "been", "shown", "to", "mediate", "FAK", "interaction", "with", "a", "variety", "of", "other", "proteins", "critical", "for", "activation", "of", "FAK", "by", "integrins", "or", "other", "cell", "surface", "receptors", "as", "well", "as", "FAK", "regulation", "of", "different", "cellular", "functions", "[2].", "GTPase", "regulator", "associated", "with", "focal", "adhesion", "kinase", "(GRAF)", "is", "a", "newly", "identified", "protein", "specifically", "binding", "to", "the", "proline-rich", "region", "in", "the", "COOH", "termi-", "nus", "of", "FAK", "and", "negatively", "regulates", "the", "small", "GTP-", "binding", "protein", "RhoA,", "which", "is", "well", "known", "for", "its", "growth-promoting", "effect", "in", "RAS-mediated", "malignant", "transformation", "[7,8].", "GRAF", "gene", "is", "located", "at", "chromo-", "some", "5q31", "and", "its", "protein", "is", "ubiquitously", "expressed", "in", "various", "tissues", "[9].", "Mutations", "and", "deletions", "of", "GRAF", "gene", "were", "found", "in", "some", "cases", "with", "AML", "or", "myelodys-", "plastic", "syndrome", "(MDS)", "with", "a", "deletion", "5q", "[9].", "Further-", "more,", "Bojesen", "et", "al", "[10]", "found", "that", "GRAF", "gene", "©", "2010", "Qian", "et", "al;", "licensee", "BioMed", "Central", "Ltd.", "This", "is", "an", "Open", "Access", "article", "distributed", "under", "the", "terms", "of", "the", "Creative", "Commons", "Attribution", "License", "(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0),", "which", "permits", "unrestricted", "use,", "distribution,", "and", "reproduction", "in", "any", "medium,", "provided", "the", "original", "work", "is", "properly", "cited." ]

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