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[ { "SST": [ { "chapter1": { "author": "", "chapter_title": "Major Landforms", "type": "", "content": "Ryan’s Social Studies class begins with the chapter on different landforms of the Earth.Mountains spread over 20 per cent of the Earth’s total land area. Their height rises more than 900 metres above the average sea level. The tip of the mountain is known as its peak or summit. These landforms have different heights and shapes, basis their age. Young mountains, such as the Himalayas and the Alps, are tall and have conical or pointed peaks. Old mountains, such as the Appalachians and the Aravallis, are low and have rounded peaks. Mountains protect us from extreme hot and cold winds, by acting as a physical wall. They are home to many rivers that provide water for irrigation. Various mountains are rich in pasture lands, forests and minerals. Unlike plains, mountains have sharp slopes and thin soil cover. Thus, it is difficult to grow crops on such terrains. Mountainous areas have less population due to unsuitable climate and lack of flat terrain that makes transportation difficult. Tablelands or plateaus are highlands with a flat top and steep slopes rising rapidly from the surrounding land. Plateaus have many rivers and streams. The climate here is cold due to the high altitude. The growing season is short. India’s Deccan Plateau is vast. The Tibetan Plateau in Asia is the highest and largest plateau of the world. The Bolivian Plateau (South America) and Colorado Plateau (North America) are other examples of vast-spread plateaus. A majority of the plateaus lie in dry regions, on the leeward side of the mountains. Canyons are a common feature in various plateaus. Plateaus comprise grasslands. Cattle and sheep are reared here. Many tablelands have rich deposits of minerals. Plains are low-lying and flat lands. The terrain can be level or slightly hilly. The slope of a plain is gentle. Plains, such as the northern plains of India, are formed by the deposition of silt and sand from rivers. More people live on plains, as opposed to mountains and tablelands. Many old civilizations emerged along the rivers on lowlands. This is because plains have fertile soil. They are suitable for growing crops. Many big cities and towns are situated in the plains. Owing to their flat and level terrain, it is easier to construct airfields, canals, roads and railways on plains. Deserts are dry landforms. They receive little or no rainfall. Some examples are the Sahara and the Kalahari Deserts in Africa and the Arabian Desert in Asia, among others. Deserts are characterised by hot days, cold nights and recurrent dust storms. Sand dunes are also found in deserts. Very few plants or crops grow here due to little or no rainfall. A majority of deserts are located towards the western side of continents and on the leeward side (the side of a mountain that is sheltered from winds) of mountains. There are natural channels on the Earth that carry rainwater or water from melted snow and ice from mountains to plains, lakes and seas. These channels are called rivers. They begin as streams and come together to form a river. A river goes through three courses from its location of origin to its mouth. A majority of rivers originate in the mountains. At this stage, its speed is very high. Rivers cut deep and narrow channels in the mountains. Canyons, waterfalls and rapids are some features of the upper course. This stage begins when the river leaves the mountains and enters the plains. Here, the speed of the river decreases and it forms loops called meanders. At this stage, the river joins a larger water body, such as a sea or a lake. Here, its speed is very slow. The river creates a delta by depositing the silt it carries near the mouth. A delta is a land, triangular in shape." }, "chapter2": null }, { "chapter1": null, "chapter2": { "author": "", "chapter_title": "Parallels and Meridians", "type": "", "content": "The Earth is spherical in shape. Spherical objects do not have corners or sides. Then, how do we locate places on the Earth? For this purpose, some imaginary lines are used as reference. These are known as parallels and meridians. The Earth rotates on its own axis. It is an imaginary line drawn through the middle of the Earth. Its end points are marked as poles. They are used as fixed points. At the top is the North Pole. The one at the base is the South Pole. Parallels or lines of latitude are lines of reference drawn on a globe. These are a set of circles, running from east to west. The Equator is the longest parallel. It divides the Earth into two equal halves, the Northern Hemisphere (northern half) and the Southern Hemisphere (southern half). Parallels help locate places in the north or south directions. Parallels are complete circles. As we move towards the poles and away from the Equator, the length of the parallels decreases. Parallels lie at an equal distance from one another. They neither cross nor touch each other. The Equator is marked as 0° latitude. We take it as the starting point to number the parallels. From there, the other parallels are marked from 0° to 90°. Thus, each parallel has a value. Moreover, they are also marked as N (North) or S (South), depending on their location. Lines of latitude are marked at 1° gap. In total, there are 181 parallels, including the Equator. The important parallels are the Equator (0°), the North Pole (90° N), the South Pole (90° S), the Tropic of Cancer (23½° N), the Tropic of Capricorn (23½° S), the Arctic Circle (66½° N) and the Antarctic Circle (66½° S). The Arctic and the Antarctic Circles are also called polar circles. Refer to Figure 2.1 to locate the major parallels. Meridians or lines of longitude locate places in the east or west directions. They are drawn from pole to pole and run from north to south. Refer to Figure 2.2 to see the depiction of meridians. All meridians have the same length. Towards the Equator, meridians have the maximum distance between them. This distance decreases as we move away from the Equator and towards the poles. The meridians meet with the parallels at right angles (90°). All the meridians meet at the poles. In 1884, Greenwich, a place near London, was affixed as the starting point for numbering the meridians. Prime Meridian is a line of longitude that passes through Greenwich. It is marked as 0°. Any meridian of a place is measured east or west of the Prime Meridian. Meridians are marked at a gap of 1° each. The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into two hemispheres, namely, the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. The Earth has 180 meridians each, towards the east and the west of the Prime Meridian. The longitude of 180° E and 180° W is the same line. If we travel halfway around the world from the Prime Meridian, we get the 180° longitude. Thus, there are 360 lines of longitude in total. The International Date Line is marked as 180°. You may locate a place on the globe by knowing the value of its parallel and meridian. The point where both intersect will give you the location of the place. This intersection point is known as a grid. Meridians help us calculate time. The time difference between two longitudes is 4 minutes. Let us understand how it is calculated. We know that the Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. Also, 1 hour = 60 min. Thus, the Earth takes 24 × 60 = 1440 minutes for one complete rotation. Again, we know that there is a total of 360 meridians. So, if we divide the total number of minutes by the total number of meridians, we will get the time difference between two longitudes. That is, 1440 ÷ 360 = 4 Furthermore, the places on the Eastern Hemisphere are a day ahead of those that lie in the Western Hemisphere. The International Date Line splits the Earth to give us two different dates on a calendar. For instance, India, a country on the Eastern Hemisphere, is 12 hours ahead of USA, a country in the Western Hemisphere." } } ] } ]

[ { "SST": [ { "chapter1": { "author": "", "chapter_title": "Rocks and Minerals", "type": "", "content": "Ryan and his friends are excited about their first day in Class 5. The Science teacher, Mr Khan, enters the class and introduces himself. He asks the students what they want to learn today. all students are curious to learn if there is something more precious than the gold after solving their ‘Icebreaker’ riddle. They ask Mr Khan about the same. He then starts explaining about ‘Rocks and inerals’.Rocks are made up of minerals. Minerals are natural non-living substances present in different quantities, qualities and arrangements within rocks.A rock may be made up of one or more minerals. Rocks are, thus, categorised into three groups – igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and hardening of hot liquid rock material, called magma. Magma is found in the underground pockets of the Earth. This magma is pushed upwards by the pressure of other rocks around it. Some of the magma cools and hardens below the Earth’s surface, while some flows out on the Earth’s surface and then hardens to form igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are found at the base of all landforms, such as plains, mountains, plateaus and ocean beds. Among all the landforms, rocks found in plateaus are usually rich in minerals (we will learn about minerals in the upcoming section). The type of igneous rock formed depends on the type of mineral that is present in magma and the size of the mineral particle.Sedimentary rocks cover the major portion of the Earth’s surface. These rocks are formed from pebbles, sand, mud, rocks or clay, deposited in the ocean and brought to the shore by lowing water or floating ice. Once on the shore, these materials pile up on each other and form different layers. The different layers are then cemented together by minerals. Some sedimentary rocks are formed by the shells of tiny sea creatures and some are formed from dissolved minerals that settle by ocean sides.Metamorphic rocks form by transformation of already existing rocks through a process called metamorphism. Most metamorphic rocks were once either igneous or sedimentary rocks. These rocks came under tons of pressure that led to heat build up, and finally, underwent metamorphosis.In some rocks, the minerals are broken down into smaller particles, whereas in others the minerals are stretched into flat particles.We already know that rocks are made up of minerals. These minerals can be either metallic or non-metallic in nature. Metallic minerals are used to obtain metals. The minerals from which metals can be profitably obtained are called ores. For example, haematite, bauxite, calamine and pyrite are some ores. We get iron, aluminium, zinc and copper,respectively, from these ores. These metals are generally used to make furniture, coins, machines, utensils and so on. Metals, such as gold, platinum and silver, are some precious metals that are used to make jewellery. Fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, are valuable resources that are found underground. They play a crucial role in providing energy supply. Coal is one of the most valuable mineral found under the Earth’s surface. It was formed thousands of years ago, when the land was low-lying and covered with thick swampy forest. As the plants died, they fell into the swamp and started to decay. The extreme pressure of the new vegetation over the dead plants at the bottom converted the vegetable matter to peat, lignite and coal. Coal is generally extracted from coal mines. In India, these coal mines are situated in Singrauli (Madhya Pradesh), Talcher (Odisha), Neyveli (Tamil Nadu), Raniganj (West Bengal) and Singareni (Telangana). Coal is generally used as fuel for cooking, heating homes and buildings, producing electricity in power plants, and in the steel industry for blast furnaces. Petroleum is another fossil fuel that provides half of the energy in the entire world. Petroleum is also known as black gold, liquid sunlight or rock oil. It is formed from remains of the dead plants and sea creatures that were buried millions of years ago in layers and gradually changed into oil and gas. In India, petroleum is obtained from Digboi (Assam), Ankleshwar (Gujarat) and Mumbai High, off the Mumbai coast.Petroleum is mainly used as fuel in different forms. Some of its other uses are in dry cleaning, printing ink, medicines and lubricating oil. Paraffin wax, obtained from petroleum, is used to make polish, candles and waterproof cartons. The increase in population has resulted in increased consumption of the natural resources.We must adopt steps to conserve natural resources so that they are available to our future generations as well. We should use coal, oil and petrol wisely. We can substitute them with inexhaustible natural resources, such as water, air and the Sun." }, "chapter2": null }, { "chapter1": null, "chapter2": { "author": "", "chapter_title": "Force and Energy", "type": "", "content": "We read about the different types of force in the previous class. Let us now learn more about force and energy. A force is a push or pull that when applied on any object tends to change the state, speed, direction and shape of the object. Muscular force: This force comes into play when we use muscles of our body to push or pull something. Some examples of muscular force are running, walking and bending. To apply this force, our body needs to be in contact with the surface of the other object. Hence, muscular force is a type of contact force. Gravitational force: Every object in this universe attracts other objects with a force known as gravitational force. When two bodies with some mass come closer to each other, they pull and attract each other. Gravitational force is always an attractive force. We are able to stand, walk, sit and be on the Earth’s surface due to the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on our body. Frictional force: It is the force that opposes the motion of an object moving on a surface. When a body moves on any surface, the surface exerts a force in the direction opposite to the motion of the object. This eventually stops the object. Some examples of frictional force are skating and driving a vehicle on the road. In addition to this, this force makes walking on the plains easier than on rocky mountains. Mechanical force: It is a contact force that acts between two bodies. A body that applies force on another tends to change the state of another one. Some examples of mechanical force include bending of a nail using pliers and drilling a hole into wood through a hand drill. Buoyant force or upthrust: When any object floating on water is pushed down, the water exerts an upward push on the object. This upward push is called upthrust. Human beings experience this force while entering a swimming pool. The ability to do work is called energy. Work is done when a force is able to produce movement in an object. Mechanical energy: It is the energy attained by the bodies on which work is being done. Mechanical energy is of two types – kinetic and potential. A body or an object has kinetic energy when it is in motion. A body or an object has potential energy when it is in stationary position. Solar energy: It is the form of energy obtained from the Sun. It is a renewable source of energy and does not cause any pollution to the environment.Geothermal energy: It is the energy that is derived from within the Earth. The hot water and steam generated within the Earth are used to produce electricity. Wind energy: It is the energy produced by moving air or wind. The kinetic energy of wind is converted into mechanical energy using wind turbines. The mechanical energy can further be transformed into electricity with the help of generators. Chemical energy: It is produced when different substances react with each other to form new substances. Electrochemical energy: It is the energy that is stored in batteries. Heat is an energy that is transferred from one body to another due to difference in temperature of the two bodies. Light is another form of energy that travels in straight lines pointed away from the source towards the viewer. Sound is also a form of energy produced due to the vibrations of different bodies. Electrical energy is generated due to the movement of electrical charges. As per this law, we cannot create or destroy energy. It can only be transferred from one form to another. The total energy of an object always remains the same." } } ] } ]

[ { "English": [ { "chapter1": { "author": "", "chapter_title": "Our Wonderful Land", "type": "story", "content": "It is the first day of Class 5. The English period is about to begin. Lina, Jas, Sam, Maria, Ryan and others are waiting for their class teacher. Ryan is telling a story to his friends. In a land far away, lived a young prince named Ryan. He loved to watch movies and cartoons. He also loved to read, write and play with his friends. Most of all, the young prince loved to roam the beautiful mountains, rivers and lands that surrounded the kingdom. One day, the young prince was returning home after a short stay with Athai*. On the way, he was tired and sleepy. He looked around for a place to rest and saw a large mountain sitting quietly. Ryan greeted the mountain with a smile. Ryan said Hello, Mighty Mountain! Why are you so glum and silent? Mountain said I am sad because I am lonely. My tough mountainous form keeps everyone away. No one talks to me. Day in and day out, I sit here all by myself. Ryan said Do not be sad, Mountain. You are strong and powerful. You protect people from extreme heat and cold winds. I know what you can do! You can speak to people more often. Show them your friendly side. Then, you will not be so lonely anymore. Mountain said You are right! I will greet people with a smile and try to make new friends. After resting for a while, Ryan continued on his journey. By noon, he arrived at a desert. The blazing desert wind seemed unfriendly. Ryan wiped his face and greeted Desert with a smile Ryan said Hello, Desert! I have been travelling and I am thirsty. Would you help me find an oasis? Desert said My dear child, you are in the desert. You will not find any water here. The desert is hot and dusty. It gets very little rainfall. People are scared to come here. Ryan said I like you, Desert. You may be hot and dusty, but you teach people to adapt and survive. That is why only the strong-willed are able to stay with you. Desert said Thank you. You may not come across an oasis here, but if you stay on this path, you will find a river up north. Ryan continued on his journey. As promised by Desert, he found a river flowing through the valley. It was calm. The gurgling sound of the river made Ryan think that it was laughing. Teacher’s Note: Tell the students that Ryan calls his aunt ‘Athai’. Ryan continued on his journey. As promised by Desert, he found a river flowing through the valley. It was calm. The gurgling sound of the river made Ryan think that it was laughing. Ryan said Hello, River! You always cheer me up. I am thirsty and tired. May I have some water? River said Certainly. You are a good child. But there are many people who pollute and misuse my water. Ryan said Oh, I am sorry to hear that. You are a source of life. You are always on the move. That is why I admire you. I am sorry for our careless behaviour towards you. River said Thank you. You may rest here for as long as you want. That evening, when Ryan reached the palace, Mummy* and Appa** welcomed him with hugs. Mummy looked smart in her pink gown. Appa wore a bandana that added to his kingly charm. They asked him about his journey. Ryan said Mummy, I saw such wonderful things on my way home! Now I know what makes our land. Teacher’s Note: *Tell the students that Ryan calls his mother ‘Mummy’. **Tell the students that Ryan calls his father ‘Appa’. Ryan narrates his story to Mummy. Mummy praises him for his imagination and creativity. Ryan tells her about the different landforms he had learnt about in class. “Did you know that the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world? It is 63 million square miles!” Ryan exclaims. “Do you know how many zeros there are in 63 million?” Mummy asks Ryan. He expands the number according to the international place value system. “There are six zeros after 63 in 63 million,” says Ryan. “Good!” says Mummy and gives Ryan a pat on his back. While returning from Athai’s place, Ryan met Mighty Mountain. Mountain was sad and lonely. Ryan asked him to be more friendly with people. Next, Ryan met Desert who was hot and dry. Ryan reminded Desert how he taught people to adapt and survive. Further on his journey, Ryan met River. She was calm and beautiful. River complained that people pollute and misuse water. Ryan told River that she is a source of life. Ryan’s Mummy and Appa welcomed him with hugs when he reached home. He told them all about the wonderful things he saw on the way. Ryan’s journey taught him what makes our land. When we visit various tourist sites, we should be mindful of the property. Do not scribble or scratch on walls. If you see someone else doing it, politely ask them to stop." }, "chapter1p": null, "chapter2": null }, { "chapter1": null, "chapter1p": { "author": "R L Stevenson", "chapter_title": "From a Railway Carriage", "type": "poem", "content": "Faster than fairies, faster than witches, Bridges and houses, hedges and ditches; And charging along like troops in a battle, All through the meadows the horses and cattle: All of the sights of the hill and the plain Fly as thick as driving rain; And ever again, in the wink of an eye, Painted stations whistle by. Here is a child who clambers and scrambles, All by himself and gathering brambles; Here is a tramp who stands and gazes; And there is the green for stringing the daisies! Here is a cart run away in the road Lumping along with man and load; And here is a mill and there is a river: Each a glimpse and gone for ever!" }, "chapter2": null }, { "chapter1": null, "chapter1p": null, "chapter2": { "author": " L. Frank Baum", "chapter_title": "The Cyclone", "type": "story", "content": "Ryan and Lina are talking. “What if we wake up one day to find out that the entire world has turned black and white?” exclaims Lina. Ryan laughs. “I have a story to tell you. It is in black and white!” He then tells Lina the story of ‘The Cyclone’ from the novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Dorothy lived with Uncle Henry and Aunt Em. Their house was small and stood in a grassland somewhere in America. The house had four walls, a floor and a roof, which made one single room. The room had a trapdoor in the middle of the floor. Down a ladder, it led to a small hole dug in the ground. This was the family’s cyclone cellar. The family could hide here in case of a cyclone. Dorothy had a small black dog, Toto. He had long silky hair and small black eyes. Toto made Dorothy laugh. They played together all day long. Dorothy loved him dearly. That day, however, they were not playing. Uncle Henry sat upon the doorstep and looked anxiously at the sky. The sky was greyer than usual. Dorothy stood at the door with Toto in her arms and looked at the sky too. Aunt Em was busy washing the dishes. Suddenly, they heard a low wail of the wind coming from the far north. The long grass bowed in waves. Then came a sharp whistling in the air from the south. A storm was coming. Suddenly, Uncle Henry stood up. “There’s a cyclone coming, Em,” he called to his wife. Then he ran towards the sheds where the cows and horses were kept. Aunt Em dropped her work and ran towards the door. She knew a great danger was at hand. “Quick, Dorothy!” she screamed, “Run for the cellar!” Toto jumped out of Dorothy’s arms and hid under the bed. Aunt Em, frightened, opened the trapdoor and climbed down the ladder. Dorothy caught Toto and started to follow her aunt. When she was halfway across the room, there came a great shriek from the wind. The house shook so hard that she lost her footing. Then a strange thing happened. The house whirled around two or three times. It rose slowly through the air. Dorothy felt as if she was going up in a balloon. The north and south winds met where the house stood. They made the house the centre of the cyclone. The great pressure of the wind raised the house higher and higher. It was now at the very top of the cyclone. The house was carried miles and miles away as easily as a feather. It was very dark, and the wind howled horribly. But Dorothy was at ease. After the first few whirls, she felt as if she was being rocked gently, like a baby in a cradle. Toto did not like it. He ran about the room barking loudly. Dorothy sat still on the floor and waited to see what would happen. At one point, Toto got too close to the edge of the trapdoor and fell out. At first, Dorothy thought she had lost him. Just then, she saw one of Toto’s ears sticking out. The air was keeping him up. She crept to the hole and caught Toto and dragged him back inside. She closed the trapdoor so that no more accidents could happen. Hour after hour passed away and slowly Dorothy got over her fright. The wind made loud noises around her. Dorothy wondered if she would get hurt when the house would fall again. But as time went by, nothing terrible happened. She stopped worrying. At last, Dorothy crawled to her bed and lay down upon it. Toto followed and lay down beside her. Though the house swayed and the wind wailed, Dorothy closed her eyes and fell asleep. Later that evening, Ryan tells Athai about the story. “It is an old story,” he says, “Older than the old buildings.” He asks Athai, “How do buildings get old, Athai? What are they made of?” “Buildings are made of different materials, depending upon the climate of that area. For example, in warmer areas, they are made of bricks and cement. The buildings get old with time. Sometimes, extreme climate can also cause damage to them,” Athai replied.Dorothy lived with Uncle Henry and Aunt Em. Dorothy had a dog, Toto. One day, they heard the winds whistling. A cyclone was coming. Everyone tried to hide in the cyclone cellar. But Dorothy and Toto couldn’t reach it. The house whirled around and reached the top of the cyclone. After the first few whirls, Dorothy felt as if she was being rocked gently, like a baby in a cradle. However, Toto ran about. Dorothy saved Toto by catching him and pulling him back inside. Dorothy stopped worrying when she realised nothing terrible had happened. Dorothy and Toto went to bed." } } ] } ]