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6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fb | null | c3fe8c76-fc30-4fa7-b7f8-c492f5967d18 | 2023-02-05T14:23:50.983374+00:00 | Can you write a short introduction about the relevance of the term "monopsony" in economics? Please use examples related to potential monopsonies in the labour market and cite relevant research. | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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c8e83833-ecbc-44fe-b6db-735228c25a1c | 6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fb | 2c96e467-66f0-4be7-9693-bda51356a424 | 2023-02-06T13:50:44.657083+00:00 | "Monopsony" refers to a market structure where there is only one buyer for a particular good or service. In economics, this term is particularly relevant in the labor market, where a monopsony employer has significant power over the wages and working conditions of their employees. The presence of a monopsony can result in lower wages and reduced employment opportunities for workers, as the employer has little incentive to increase wages or provide better working conditions.
Recent research has identified potential monopsonies in industries such as retail and fast food, where a few large companies control a significant portion of the market (Bivens & Mishel, 2013). In these industries, workers often face low wages, limited benefits, and reduced bargaining power, leading to a situation where they are dependent on the employer for their livelihood. This dependence can result in further suppression of wages and a decline in working conditions.
Overall, the concept of monopsony is essential to understanding the dynamics of labor markets and the impact of market power on workers. Further research is needed to understand the extent and impact of monopsonies on the economy and to develop policies to address this issue.
References:
Bivens, J., & Mishel, L. (2013). The Pay of Corporate Executives and Financial Professionals as Evidence of Rents in Top 1 Percent Incomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 57-78. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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6708c47f-05c9-4346-b3d2-40b2bd24fde4 | c8e83833-ecbc-44fe-b6db-735228c25a1c | 2c96e467-66f0-4be7-9693-bda51356a424 | 2023-02-06T18:48:49.391686+00:00 | Now explain it to a dog | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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343ee2d4-87ae-41fd-a768-bdd65959dc4a | 6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fb | 49ddcb0d-6588-43bd-858d-19c577f12e7b | 2023-02-06T13:37:56.044680+00:00 | Monopsony is a market structure in which there is a single buyer in a market. In the context of labor markets, a monopsony occurs when there is only one employer in a particular industry or geographic area, giving that employer significant power over the wages and working conditions of workers. This results in a situation where the employer has the ability to suppress wages and reduce the bargaining power of workers.
Research has shown that the existence of monopsony power in labor markets can have negative effects on workers, such as lower wages, reduced benefits, and limited job opportunities. For example, a study by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2013) found evidence of monopsony power in certain U.S. labor markets, resulting in lower wages and reduced job opportunities for workers. Similarly, another study by Bharadwaj, Black, and Kolesnikova (2019) found that the presence of a single dominant employer in a local labor market was associated with lower wages for workers. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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18145bf4-37fd-4ac0-80f5-6108b5f2b365 | 343ee2d4-87ae-41fd-a768-bdd65959dc4a | e10e99a0-38ac-4b07-bf5d-4427696e4e0d | 2023-02-06T18:52:51.428543+00:00 | How can one fight back when a monospony had been created? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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636dd191-50df-4894-ba9a-cd7f00767258 | 6ab24d72-0181-4594-a9cd-deaf170242fb | c212120c-0b79-4b32-a5b1-d96686ca92ca | 2023-02-06T14:28:09.611612+00:00 | Monopsony refers to a market structure where there is only one buyer of a good or service. In the context of labor markets, a monopsony occurs when there is only one employer in a particular geographic area or industry, giving them significant power to set wages and working conditions. Research has shown that the existence of monopsonies can lead to lower wages and reduced job opportunities for workers. For example, a study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that in industries with high levels of concentration, workers earn lower wages and are less likely to receive benefits such as health insurance. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
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ac94bfcf-7f25-4084-8755-dde345ac2323 | 636dd191-50df-4894-ba9a-cd7f00767258 | 3ef645f1-c9f7-49e0-8e53-3c9a9c440ca1 | 2023-02-06T16:44:30.360408+00:00 | What can be done at a regulatory level to ensure, in a monopsony, that the power over the employees isn't abused? List a few options and focus on the organs that should act. | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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73d6f715-3787-409c-81e4-fde0e5ef60cd | ac94bfcf-7f25-4084-8755-dde345ac2323 | 2c96e467-66f0-4be7-9693-bda51356a424 | 2023-02-06T18:42:19.103071+00:00 | Here are some potential regulatory options to address monopsony power over employees:
- Antitrust enforcement agencies like the FTC or DOJ could investigate and take action against dominant employers that are abusing their market power to suppress wages or worsen working conditions. They could force divestitures or other structural remedies.
- Labor standards agencies could set industry-specific minimum wage floors or other regulations around compensation and working conditions. This would reduce the ability of dominant employers to push wages/conditions below certain thresholds.
- Sector-specific regulators could impose requirements around how companies hire, compensate, and treat workers. For example, banking regulators could prohibit abusive practices by dominant banks with regard to their employees.
- Legislatures could pass laws | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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b280ccbc-b68f-42b9-9fc2-d7ac89b88022 | ac94bfcf-7f25-4084-8755-dde345ac2323 | cd4e0925-f3f0-478e-b6d5-a9fd66a614cb | 2023-02-06T19:47:32.808838+00:00 | Regulatory intervention can be used to address the negative consequences of monopsony power in the labor market. A few options include:
1. Antitrust enforcement: Antitrust laws can be used to prevent firms from engaging in practices that limit competition and suppress wages. The antitrust division of the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) are responsible for enforcing these laws.
2. Labor standards and protections: Governments can set minimum wage standards and other labor protections to ensure that workers are paid a fair wage, even in industries dominated by a single buyer. The U.S. Department of Labor is responsible for enforcing these standards.
3. Occupational licensing reform: Occupational licensing requirements can restrict worker mobility and increase the bargaining power of employers. Reforms to licensing requirements can reduce these barriers and increase competition in the labor market. State governments typically regulate occupational licensing.
4. Collective bargaining rights: Collective bargaining by workers can increase their bargaining power and lead to higher wages. Governments can protect and promote collective bargaining rights to counteract the effects of monopsony power. The National Labor Relations Board is responsible for enforcing workers' rights to engage in collective bargaining in the U.S.
These are just a few examples of regulatory options that can be used to address monopsony power in the labor market. The specific actions taken will depend on the particular circumstances and context of each case. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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be4d0752-afbe-473b-99f3-48f1b5880f90 | ac94bfcf-7f25-4084-8755-dde345ac2323 | c212120c-0b79-4b32-a5b1-d96686ca92ca | 2023-02-06T18:34:30.836581+00:00 | Yes, that's correct. Keeping the code for the TESR and the registration code in the same file can make it easier to manage and maintain the code. The ExampleMod class acts as a container for the TESR code, providing a convenient and logical grouping. The functionality of the code remains unchanged, and the TESR will still be properly registered and used to render the custom tile entities in the game. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
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fc64fa35-08a8-422c-8f6c-2d86a2834aac | 636dd191-50df-4894-ba9a-cd7f00767258 | 63321c74-d512-4221-96ef-04bd1f2d95fd | 2023-02-06T16:26:47.581724+00:00 | I would imagine this is similar or even the same as a "monopoly" but I am not sure.
Assuming that this some kind of "final state" of a particular industry or even an entire economy, give me some larger historical examples of this kind of structure consolidating over time, and describe what circumstances are common prerequisite. | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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f934d7eb-5993-4f65-8a3a-74ef7ec58285 | fc64fa35-08a8-422c-8f6c-2d86a2834aac | c212120c-0b79-4b32-a5b1-d96686ca92ca | 2023-02-06T19:31:02.618898+00:00 | Bouguereau died in 1905, so it is unlikely that any of his direct descendants are still alive. However, his works continue to be popular and are sold at auction and through art dealers. It is possible that some indirect descendants may benefit from the sale of his works. | assistant | en | 4 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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5249c721-e6d7-45f3-9680-f211d7be308e | null | 63d9c326-9eef-46ae-92bf-1cfee1fa6128 | 2023-02-06T02:16:52.167075+00:00 | ¿CUales son las etapas del desarrollo y en qué consisten según Piaget? | prompter | es | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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851a0267-90b0-46f3-97e8-ba143a1c0cd5 | 5249c721-e6d7-45f3-9680-f211d7be308e | fc8bf403-c061-4501-855f-10cd0fccc1b9 | 2023-02-09T18:15:17.729005+00:00 | Jean Piaget fue un psicólogo suizo que propuso una teoría sobre el desarrollo cognitivo humano que consta de cuatro etapas:
Etapa sensoriomotora (0-2 años): Durante esta etapa, el niño aprende a través de sus sentidos y movimientos. Descubre que sus acciones pueden tener un impacto en el entorno y comienza a formarse una idea básica de objetividad y continuidad.
Etapa preoperatoria (2-7 años): En esta etapa, el niño comienza a desarrollar un pensamiento simbólico y a comprender que las cosas pueden representar a otras cosas. También comienzan a desarrollar un pensamiento lógico y a comprender conceptos como la causa y el efecto.
Etapa de operaciones concretas (7-12 años): Durante esta etapa, el niño desarrolla un pensamiento lógico y comprende las relaciones causales. Empiezan a comprender que las cosas pueden tener múltiples perspectivas y que los conceptos pueden ser más complejos de lo que parecen a simple vista.
Etapa de operaciones formales (12 años en adelante): En esta etapa, el individuo desarrolla un pensamiento abstracto y puede comprender conceptos complejos y abstractos. Son capaces de razonar hipotéticamente y tienen la capacidad de reflexionar sobre su propio pensamiento.
Estas etapas no son lineales y algunos individuos pueden avanzar en una etapa más rápidamente que en otras. La teoría de Piaget sobre el desarrollo cognitivo ha sido ampliamente utilizada y es una base importante para la investigación y el entendimiento del desarrollo humano. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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ef4a54ad-693f-4253-9478-5174b1dc4553 | 851a0267-90b0-46f3-97e8-ba143a1c0cd5 | 5e831e07-1357-4d7a-af07-e37b54eca4b6 | 2023-02-09T18:44:20.487394+00:00 | ¿Hay otras teorías sobre las etapas del desarrollo que reafirmen o contradigan a la teoría de Piaget? | prompter | es | 7 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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d8f904d8-f751-4038-a2c9-d47cc15c7373 | 5249c721-e6d7-45f3-9680-f211d7be308e | 1051b6f3-8139-45a8-9112-94e897f8c522 | 2023-02-09T17:27:01.298011+00:00 | Según Jean Piaget, estas son las 4 etapas del desarrollo cognitivo:
1. Etapa sensiomotriz (0 a 2 años). Durante esta etapa, los niños interactúan físicamente con su entorno a través de juegos y experimentación.
2. Etapa preoperacional (2 a 7 años). Durante esta etapa, los niños pueden ponerse en el lugar de los demás y jugar a hacer juegos de rol. Sin embargo, aún tienen dificultades para acceder a pensamientos más abstractos y aún presentan egocentrismo.
3. Etapa de operaciones concretas (7 a 12 años). Durante esta etapa, los niños pueden usar la lógica para llegar a conclusiones válidas, pero solo en situaciones concretas. También pueden categorizar aspectos de la realidad de una manera más compleja y el pensamiento se vuelve menos egocéntrico.
4. Etapa de operaciones formales (desde los 12 años hasta la vida adulta). Durante esta etapa, los niños pueden utilizar la lógica para llegar a conclusiones abstractas y pueden analizar y manipular esquemas de pensamiento. | assistant | es | 4 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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074e0c5b-90a5-42a7-b2b7-e820609c8a38 | d8f904d8-f751-4038-a2c9-d47cc15c7373 | 9360a3b4-b48a-41d9-bac7-f2b2ff83dd31 | 2023-02-09T18:23:27.368410+00:00 | Desarrolla un breve poema en el que resumas la respuesta que me diste. Intenta usar la menor cantidad de vocales posibles. | prompter | es | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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0b3d9c1c-8ba6-495d-bf79-db90e8224a05 | 5249c721-e6d7-45f3-9680-f211d7be308e | cfb992fe-c7d9-4e3e-9743-eb71e3c24bd7 | 2023-02-09T17:19:49.616673+00:00 | Piaget fue un teórico de fases que dividió el desarrollo cognoscitivo en cuatro grandes etapas: etapa sensoriomotora, etapa preoperacional, etapa de las operaciones concretas y etapa de las operaciones formales, cada una de las cuales representa la transición a una forma más compleja y abstracta de conocer. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
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9c712536-b3b6-47d8-8a3d-5865812eaa50 | 0b3d9c1c-8ba6-495d-bf79-db90e8224a05 | e09ed218-bc53-4bfc-96b5-26d8d2be5d35 | 2023-02-09T17:29:07.710047+00:00 | Dame una explicación detallada de cada una de las etapas y las edades donde suelen desarrollarse. | prompter | es | 5 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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3687a893-02ba-42a2-8990-27fd5cc01642 | 9c712536-b3b6-47d8-8a3d-5865812eaa50 | afdd801a-8a6b-4399-b508-2149d6b0ac5b | 2023-02-09T17:56:07.654987+00:00 | ¡Claro!, aquí tienes: según Piaget la etapa sensoriomotora, se extiende desde el nacimiento hasta los 24 meses de edad, y se caracteriza por ser un período en el que las capacidades cognitivas del infante se van desarrollando muy rápidamente. El niño o niña va adquiriendo una mayor comprensión del mundo a través del ensayo y el error, por medio de sus sentidos y sus acciones. A principios de la etapa los bebés se caracterizan por mostrar egocentrismo extremo, es decir, no tienen ninguna comprensión del mundo aparte de su propio punto de vista actual.
La etapa preoperacional se da entre los 2 y 6 años, las capacidades cognitivas han ido desarrollándose hasta tal punto que el niño posee capacidades como hacer uso de imágenes internas, manejar esquemas, tener lenguaje y usar símbolos, los cuales serán fundamentales en el desarrollo de la conciencia propia.
El principal hito de esta etapa es brindarle al niño de un mayor conocimiento representativo, mejorando su capacidad de comunicación y aprendizaje. Empiezan a usar herramientas de persuasión para conseguir aquello que desean, como juguetes o dulces. Sin embargo, al no entender del todo la lógica, todavía no son capaces de manipular la información de tal manera que se aseguren de satisfacer su deseo o hacerles ver al resto de personas su punto de vista Además, empiezan a ser capaces de entender que algo puede representar otra cosa
La etapa de las operaciones concretas comienza más o menos a los 7 años y finaliza a los 11. A estas edades los niños adquieren la capacidad para poder descubrir cosas que antes no entendía y resolver problemas por medio del lenguaje. Son capaces de presentar argumentos sin ataduras, reflejando un mayor nivel de inteligencia y operatividad en comparación con los dos períodos del desarrollo anteriores, las etapas sensoriomotora y la preoperacional.
La principal característica de este período es la capacidad para poder utilizar el pensamiento lógico o de las operaciones. Este implica poder usar las reglas del pensamiento, teniendo una visión menos fantasiosa de los objetos reales, en el sentido que entiende que los cambios que se puedan dar en su número, área, volumen y orientación no significan, necesariamente, que hayan más o menos. Pese a este gran avance, los niños solo pueden aplicar su lógica a objetos físicos, no a ideas abstractas e hipotéticas, motivo por el cual hablamos de etapa de operaciones concretas y no formales.
La etapa de las operaciones formales se manifiesta a partir de los 12 años abarcando hasta la edad adulta, caracterizándose por el hecho de que los niños, ya casi adolescentes, tienen una visión más abstracta y un uso más lógico del pensamiento. Pueden pensar acerca conceptos teóricos.
Es durante esta etapa en la que el individuo pueden manejar el pensamiento hipotético-deductivo, tan característico del método científico.
El niño ya no está encadenado a los objetos físicos y reales para poder llegar a conclusiones, sino que ahora puede pensar sobre situaciones hipotéticas, imaginándose todo tipo de escenarios sin necesidad de tener una representación gráfica o palpable de los mismos. Así el adolescente podrá razonar sobre problemas más complejos.
¡Espero haber respondido correctamente a tu pregunta! | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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8bf25e8d-0671-41c4-85b2-603b8b254166 | 3687a893-02ba-42a2-8990-27fd5cc01642 | dbda75c6-4c46-45f1-9e88-dbfa12b664a5 | 2023-02-09T18:35:48.703202+00:00 | excelente muchísimas gracias! | prompter | es | 6 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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e2247032-6b3f-4d40-bed6-a3091b2c5984 | 8bf25e8d-0671-41c4-85b2-603b8b254166 | 6f98dd51-b73b-4d1b-97d5-6cecd1e2ed43 | 2023-02-09T18:43:26.689175+00:00 | Me alegro de haberte sido de ayuda y estaré encantado de ayudarte de nuevo si me necesitas. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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ef9a931b-0d7b-4ca3-81e2-f78e9901891c | 8bf25e8d-0671-41c4-85b2-603b8b254166 | 16384bd3-de59-4ae5-91ce-e1e803433836 | 2023-02-09T18:44:12.004078+00:00 | De nada, cualquier otra cosa que necesites aquí estoy, deseando ayudar en lo que pueda. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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5788d85e-6e64-4aa8-87a1-88c65b87d34e | 9c712536-b3b6-47d8-8a3d-5865812eaa50 | 1f806ed9-d04c-4a5d-98cc-0a1245cb762d | 2023-02-09T18:06:25.254300+00:00 | Las etapas de desarrollo según Piaget son las siguientes:
1. Etapa sensiomotriz: Desde el nacimiento hasta los 2 años
En esta etapa los niños comienzan a entender la información que perciben a través de sus sentidos.
2. Etapa preoperacional: de 2 a 7 años
Una de las principales características de esta etapa es la aparición del lenguaje
3. Etapa de operaciones concretas: de 7 a 11 años
Según la teoría del desarrollo cognitivo, el pensamiento de tu hijo cada vez se parece más al de un adulto. A partir de este momento comienza a establecer relaciones entre los objetos
4. Etapa de operaciones formales: mayor a 12 años
En esta etapa final del desarrollo cognitivo, tu hijo comienza a desarrollar una visión más abstracta del mundo por lo que puede utilizar la lógica formal | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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91a934ba-cfb8-4ca9-84d0-232b43ad13ab | null | 165c88bd-cc4e-4f9e-82be-27cc957c4e80 | 2023-02-04T18:22:03.285526+00:00 | Can you explain contrastive learning in machine learning in simple terms for someone new to the field of ML? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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e8ca4e06-a584-4001-8594-5f633e06fa91 | 91a934ba-cfb8-4ca9-84d0-232b43ad13ab | 40cc8f8c-43ed-476c-8615-08cc3ba7bf81 | 2023-02-08T16:13:26.506604+00:00 | Sure! Let's say you want to build a model which can distinguish between images of cats and dogs. You gather your dataset, consisting of many cat and dog pictures. Then you put them through a neural net of your choice, which produces some representation for each image, a sequence of numbers like [0.123, 0.045, 0.334, ...]. The problem is, if your model is unfamiliar with cat and dog images, these representations will be quite random. At one time a cat and a dog picture could have very similar representations (their numbers would be close to each other), while at others two cat images may be represented far apart. In simple terms, the model wouldn't be able to tell cats and dogs apart. This is where contrastive learning comes in.
The point of contrastive learning is to take pairs of samples (in this case images of cats and dogs), then train the model to "pull" representations of similar pairs (cat-cat or dog-dog) closer to each other and "push" representations of different pairs (cat-dog) apart. After doing this for a sufficient number of steps, your model will be able to produce unique, reliable representations for cats and dogs, in essence tell them apart.
This method is not limited to images, you can typically use it with any dataset that has similar and dissimilar data points. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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345ef82e-70f1-4824-9d73-db2ce00573a7 | e8ca4e06-a584-4001-8594-5f633e06fa91 | a0a9a973-e52c-48c0-bae1-b4ecde0c3d62 | 2023-02-08T18:33:34.523303+00:00 | I didn't understand how pulling and pushing works. What are we pulling or pushing? And how does it work in terms of code or maths? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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4c7578c0-f45b-4dd0-a1a1-24a189658a41 | 345ef82e-70f1-4824-9d73-db2ce00573a7 | cd66a8cb-e5b8-4c6c-98e2-ad887284d201 | 2023-02-08T23:41:27.995526+00:00 | It has to do with a process called differentiation, which means finding a derivative: a function that tells us whether another function is going up or down at a given point. For example, the derivative of `f(x) = x` is `f'(x) = 1`, because it's always going up at a 1:1 ratio. This can be done for a variety of functions; notably, if you know the derivatives of `f(x)` and `g(x)`, you can also get the derivative of `f(g(x))` using a formula called the chain rule. Neural networks happen to be made of differentiable functions, so we can take the derivative of parts or all of it.
To use this for "pushing" and "pulling", we'll put two images through the neural network. Let's say the images are of a cat and a dog, so we want to increase the distance between the two. We pick one neuron weight from the network and make it a variable `x`, then construct a function that calculates the output of the network based on it and all the other parameters; let's call it `N(x)`. The distance between the cat and dog outputs would be `f(x) = N(cat) - N(dog)`. (Of course, the real output would have more than 1 dimension, but we're simplifying.) We now want to nudge the weight such that it moves the two outputs slightly further apart. For that, we can simply take the derivative! If `f'(x)` is positive, that means that increasing the weight will move them further apart, so we should do that. If it's negative, then it'll move them closer, so we'll want to slightly decrease the weight instead. Apply this to all the neurons enough times and your network will soon converge to a pretty good cat-dog separator! | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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d32f5aa0-6d1c-48b1-a25f-0d897bdf1683 | 345ef82e-70f1-4824-9d73-db2ce00573a7 | a41f23d1-dc75-497d-8d99-a5b7b061022f | 2023-02-09T00:35:48.903005+00:00 | In contrastive learning, "pulling" and "pushing" refer to adjusting the representations (the sequence of numbers I mentioned earlier) produced by the neural network, so that similar samples are close to each other and dissimilar samples are far apart in the representation space.
This is achieved using a loss function, which compares the representations of each pair of samples and calculates a score that measures how close or far apart they are. The goal is to minimize this score for similar pairs and maximize it for dissimilar pairs.
The mathematical details can vary, but a common approach is to use the contrastive loss, which is calculated as:
Loss = (1 - y) * d^2 + y * max(margin - d, 0)^2
where:
- d is the Euclidean distance between the representations of the two samples
- y is a binary label indicating whether the two samples are similar (y = 1) or dissimilar (y = 0)
- margin is a hyperparameter that sets the minimum acceptable distance between representations of dissimilar pairs
This loss function encourages the representations of similar pairs to be close together (i.e., d is small), while penalizing representations of dissimilar pairs that are too close (i.e., d is large but less than margin).
To optimize this loss, we can use any gradient-based optimization method, such as stochastic gradient descent, to update the parameters of the neural network. The idea is that over time, the representations produced by the network will become increasingly good at separating similar and dissimilar samples, which will improve the model's ability to discriminate between different classes. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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9dd53478-a9e2-47f1-91e0-a1b8202aee5f | d32f5aa0-6d1c-48b1-a25f-0d897bdf1683 | db366533-5f7a-4c0b-a63b-73a8de20d287 | 2023-02-09T01:47:25.373248+00:00 | Can you tell me more about Euclidean distances? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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6ea321b3-cc33-4028-b37d-fe7db6383e58 | 345ef82e-70f1-4824-9d73-db2ce00573a7 | 85601ad4-56a0-4b44-a8ab-baffd2b98915 | 2023-02-09T08:28:09.336815+00:00 | In the context of computer science, "pulling" and "pushing" refer to two different data exchange mechanisms, specifically when it comes to the exchange of data between servers and clients.
In a "pull" mechanism, the client requests data from the server. The client sends a request to the server asking for specific information, and the server sends the data to the client in response. This is a common mechanism used in web technologies, such as the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), where a client (such as a web browser) makes a request to a server for a specific web page and the server sends the requested page back to the client.
In a "push" mechanism, the server pushes data to the client without the client requesting it. This means that the server automatically sends data to the client as soon as it is available, without the client having to request for it. This is a common mechanism used in real-time systems, such as instant messaging or online gaming, where timely delivery of data is important.
In terms of code or mathematics, the implementation of pulling and pushing mechanisms can vary, but it often involves the use of communication protocols and algorithms to manage the flow of data between the client and server. For example, the client may send a request to the server using a specific network protocol, and the server may respond with data formatted in a specific way, such as in a JSON or XML format. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
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07efcd24-46b9-442a-8bd2-c90b147a0eb1 | 91a934ba-cfb8-4ca9-84d0-232b43ad13ab | e607e2c7-16ee-4354-8f87-ab5f91a82eea | 2023-02-08T15:13:59.664791+00:00 | In contrastive learning, a model gets both positive and negative samples as an input to differentiate between them. For word2vec for example, an algorithm that tries to model word similarity, the model gets as input that 'king' often has 'crown' as a context word (as a positive sample), whereas 'king' doesn't usually have 'beer', 'laptop', 'house' or 'bush' in its context (as negative samples). In this example, positive samples are drawn from real text and negative samples are just random words. Because 'king' and 'queen' might both co-occur with crown the word2vec model makes them also similar in its internal representation. This is how it can draw analogies like: 'king' - 'crown' + 'kippa' -> 'Jew' or 'rabbi' | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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18705268-f16a-48f6-a007-82b7c5e4c17a | 07efcd24-46b9-442a-8bd2-c90b147a0eb1 | 182a913c-4063-4096-9c10-bdd343a1fae7 | 2023-02-08T19:06:01.872437+00:00 | Can you clarify the analogy? I'm not following the notation or vocabulary used in the example. | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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d2a39c6a-934b-4912-b02e-e1e463939eb7 | 91a934ba-cfb8-4ca9-84d0-232b43ad13ab | 13bd60d1-9d00-4af8-8f5b-dbc59f7039bd | 2023-02-08T14:42:24.319475+00:00 | Can you write a formal letter to introduce Jeff Bezos to a customer? | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
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0cac6e29-0fbd-4577-9a1e-3a21b0fa0715 | d2a39c6a-934b-4912-b02e-e1e463939eb7 | 032521c5-c39f-4836-aa2f-1db53394eaed | 2023-02-08T19:44:19.798161+00:00 | I asked about contrastive learning in machine learning which has nothing to do with Jeff Bezos. Contrastive learning is used to increase the performance of vision-based tasks using contrast. I want you to explain this technique to me in a way that anyone without machine learning knowledge would understand. | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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a58737d6-c604-40bd-98b1-f3e91be5c22f | 0cac6e29-0fbd-4577-9a1e-3a21b0fa0715 | d81ad9dc-5b97-4006-bd99-11e49ba123b1 | 2023-02-08T22:52:28.285716+00:00 | Can you explain why it is important to manage stakeholders and engagement actively for any projects or initiatives that you are involved in your workplace? | assistant | en | 3 | false | false | null | false | null | {
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f93e6a31-5de2-48ca-9285-2422bb0a3042 | 0cac6e29-0fbd-4577-9a1e-3a21b0fa0715 | 454c4dfb-8315-4091-ac5e-1eaa8522d048 | 2023-02-08T22:48:13.362000+00:00 | In simple terms, contrastive learning focuses on teaching an AI the points of similarity between different images (or other media) to indirectly aid it in spotting points of divergence when present. To anthropomorphize the process, a human engaged in contrastive learning and eating hundreds of apples in a week would be better equipped to recognize an orange when presented with one. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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7cce4047-8f87-42c4-9d75-a590c02be5b1 | null | 8974fb6d-49e1-4c99-aed3-e957ae5b3269 | 2023-02-05T13:18:52.133806+00:00 | I want to start doing astrophotography as a hobby, any suggestions what could i do? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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19cb94ab-d6ab-4dbd-b408-70ffbd9b595c | 7cce4047-8f87-42c4-9d75-a590c02be5b1 | df411b83-5030-4708-bf81-0fe9fa1398b2 | 2023-02-12T05:35:47.692786+00:00 | Getting started in astrophotography can seem daunting, but with some patience and practice, you can become a master of the craft. To begin, you'll need a good camera and lens, a tripod, and a dark sky location free of light pollution. You will also need to learn about the basics of astrophotography, such as what camera settings to use, how to capture star trails, and the best techniques for tracking celestial objects. You can also purchase or rent different types of telescopes, depending on what types of objects you want to capture. Additionally, it's important to keep up with the latest astrophotography news and trends. Once you have the necessary equipment and knowledge, you can start shooting and experimenting with different techniques to get the best results. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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816f3b2a-932a-4b7f-9d18-c76946d2e097 | 19cb94ab-d6ab-4dbd-b408-70ffbd9b595c | 14811f89-e364-4935-a38d-6e8980a64f64 | 2023-02-12T08:58:22.136226+00:00 | Can you tell me more? What would you recommend as a basic set of equipment to get started with? How much will it cost? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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49f14392-3ead-486a-982a-e185dd19b3a5 | 816f3b2a-932a-4b7f-9d18-c76946d2e097 | 21b16484-150a-477c-91c2-b71e6c172e0f | 2023-02-12T12:08:38.845951+00:00 | Astrophotography can be a fun and rewarding hobby, and here are some more in depth suggestions for you to get started:
Equipment: As a beginner, you will need a camera that is capable of taking long exposures and manual control over the settings. A good starting point would be a digital SLR (DSLR) camera or a mirrorless camera. You will also need a sturdy tripod, a fast wide-angle lens (f/2.8 or faster), and a remote shutter release cable to minimize camera shake during long exposures.
Location: Look for a location with minimal light pollution and a clear view of the night sky. Check online maps to find the best spots near you.
Settings: Start with a wide-angle lens and set your camera to manual mode. Set your aperture to f/2.8 or wider, ISO to 800 or 1600, and experiment with different exposure times (30 seconds to 2 minutes).
Focus: Focus the lens on the stars using live view and manual focus. You may also need to use a Bahtinov mask to achieve accurate focus.
Editing: After you've taken your photos, use editing software such as Adobe Lightroom or Photoshop to adjust the exposure, contrast, and color balance to get the best results.
The cost of equipment will depend on the type of camera and lens you choose, but a basic setup can cost anywhere from $500 to $3000. However, you don't need to start with the most expensive equipment to get good results. As you improve, you can upgrade your equipment and add additional accessories such as filters and tracking mounts.
Remember, astrophotography is a hobby that requires patience and practice, so don't be discouraged if your first few attempts don't turn out as well as you had hoped. Keep experimenting and learning, and you'll soon be able to capture stunning images of the night sky! | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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36101a92-6a19-4918-8a5b-a2801b962ae5 | 49f14392-3ead-486a-982a-e185dd19b3a5 | 4f01cfae-a900-46e4-8909-a1cdf28c5a89 | 2023-02-12T19:45:57.920253+00:00 | What is a good course of instruction to avoid years of wasted effort? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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3d251050-19c8-4606-8de9-e2d126576257 | 816f3b2a-932a-4b7f-9d18-c76946d2e097 | f4e1eb94-9417-49cf-8929-1a51fdf04ea7 | 2023-02-12T13:38:08.623349+00:00 | Here is a basic deep-sky astrophotography equipment setup typically includes an equatorial mount, telescope, camera, autoguiding system, and a slew of additional accessories required to run the camera throughout the night.
Mount: Sky-Watcher EQ6-R Pro
Telescope: Sky-Watcher Esprit 100
Camera: ZWO ASI2600MM Pro
Color Camera Filters: Optolong L-eXtreme, Radian Triad Ultra
Guide Scope: William Optics 50mm Guide Scope
Guide Camera: ZWO ASI290mm Mini
Costs unfortunately may vary drastically, what location on planet earth do you occupy?
I can help you find average prices and retailers in your area.
Would you like new or used Equipment?
This will hap narrow down your selection. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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7d1ebe88-9ba0-4b8e-9318-3de60d5c033d | 816f3b2a-932a-4b7f-9d18-c76946d2e097 | 4f01cfae-a900-46e4-8909-a1cdf28c5a89 | 2023-02-12T12:49:44.346934+00:00 | You want a camera, tripod, and tracking mount. Those run about 700, 150, and 300 to 2k, respectively. You may also add items like an intervalometer or light pollution filter.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography
What else do you need? | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
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71f2a9a0-bf13-477c-87bc-347b190f2fa0 | 7cce4047-8f87-42c4-9d75-a590c02be5b1 | da74605a-edd7-4ab2-9240-8f410cfc74b6 | 2023-02-12T04:47:20.410997+00:00 | buy a telescope
go to the planetarium
buy a specificaly designed star catching camera | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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4261ed98-f291-4bc3-b966-62c518dbdd5a | 71f2a9a0-bf13-477c-87bc-347b190f2fa0 | b1e75423-7741-4464-a641-55cc1ac6122b | 2023-02-12T17:56:23.459615+00:00 | Do you have any suggestions for how I might improve my skill in capturing good photos? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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ff491afe-e26b-45f3-a84a-ed6248a3cb05 | 7cce4047-8f87-42c4-9d75-a590c02be5b1 | 068951d1-4a1e-4d91-9c29-0090fdf9366d | 2023-02-12T04:49:42.243971+00:00 | • Purchase the most ridiculously large telescope you can afford and install it in your backyard. This lets your neighbors know you have sky-high aspirations and a lens to match.
• Get a camera that lets you crank up the ISO to unconscionably high levels. This'll produce lots of noise in your images but makes for a handy excuse for any less-than-stellar results: "It's not sensor noise, it's star noise!"
• Spend long hours in the dark gazing upward and complaining about light pollution. Even if you live out in the boondocks, there's always some distant illuminated civilization marring your views and precision-focused complaints.
• Develop an obsession with tracking down elusive deep-sky objects. "M104, M109, show yourselves! I know you're out there, hiding among the stars!" The hunt can take all night but that's ideal for this hobby.
• Join online astrophotography forums and brag about your imaging rig and targets acquired. The only thing as vast as the cosmos is the astronomical egos of fellow 'astro-photogs.' Outdo them all!
• Most importantly, remember that astrophotography is less about taking pictures and more about embracing the night. So have fun and may the stars shine brightly on your new obsession! | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
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7c1ad5ec-a853-4542-bf57-02209058c904 | ff491afe-e26b-45f3-a84a-ed6248a3cb05 | 856b1ee4-36e0-46f3-b36a-4a0e17690c9d | 2023-02-12T14:04:10.437731+00:00 | I think that your reply is humorous/sarcastic, while I wanted a serious one. Please answer once again in a more serious fashion, with actual advice | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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f8456002-1059-4d3e-bbc4-3e2f2202de4b | 7c1ad5ec-a853-4542-bf57-02209058c904 | 182b4362-8515-4393-bf7b-6d14319add59 | 2023-02-12T18:53:44.251471+00:00 | I apologize for my previous response. Here are some tips on how to get good pictures, starting out:
- Get away from high population areas. Light pollution is a major factor in astrophotography.
- Use what you can afford. You might want to get an expensive telescope and camera, but with good conditions, some phones can even create decent pictures of the night sky (For example, Google Pixel phones have an astrophotography mode)
- Keep your camera stable. Astrophotography needs long exposures to gather enough light, so any movement will show up as a blur.
- For very long exposures, consider a tripod of setup to track the object of interest through the sky
- Keep an eye on the weather. Even if there is no precipitation or clouds, the atmosphere is turbulent, which will affect your pictures.
- Start simple and keep reasonable expectations. Your pictures starting out will look amazing to you, but probably won't look as good as what you see online. Remember that other people may have better equipment, locations, and experience. You should seek advice from them, and improve yourself. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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ee854b19-3325-4776-b955-95b65b9e1091 | 7c1ad5ec-a853-4542-bf57-02209058c904 | 8a15d2dd-faf8-433e-be36-34a22faccd71 | 2023-02-12T19:45:20.161520+00:00 | Astrophotography is an interesting hobby and with increasingly better cameras and optics, entry to it becomes easier. If you don't have a telescope, you could see if you can find an observatory you can visit, they often have open doors for interested people. You could also try to find a community to help you get started.
It is very favorable to make photos of the stars in areas with low light emissions, so it is best to be in areas without city lights to take good pictures. Modern smartphones are very competent in enhancing low-light photography, and you can find cheap starter kits or even DIY projects for your first telescope.
As long as you are curious, you will find ways to look for the stars | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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2771fc62-8673-43f5-90df-be93e3eee132 | null | 0a22aafb-e43b-42f2-b571-f88e79064f62 | 2023-02-09T18:53:07.523080+00:00 | Método del Perceptrón biclásico: definición y variantes del método. ¿cómo se aplicaría
al caso multiclásico?, ¿se podría utilizar con patrones que sólo son cuadráticamente
separables? | prompter | es | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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636cbc9b-5116-4618-8f24-d6978745a02d | 2771fc62-8673-43f5-90df-be93e3eee132 | 63a602c6-4640-421b-aa38-44bcd6df5b41 | 2023-02-15T02:28:11.783455+00:00 | El método del Perceptrón biclásico es un algoritmo de aprendizaje automático que se utiliza para clasificar patrones en dos categorías. El objetivo del Perceptrón es encontrar un hiperplano que separe las dos clases en el espacio de características.
En el Perceptrón biclásico, se utilizan los siguientes pasos para entrenar el modelo:
1. Inicializar los pesos con valores aleatorios.
2. Seleccionar un patrón aleatorio del conjunto de entrenamiento y calcular la salida del Perceptrón.
3. Actualizar los pesos si la salida del Perceptrón es incorrecta.
4. Repetir los pasos 2 y 3 hasta que se alcance un criterio de parada.
Hay varias variantes del método del Perceptrón biclásico, incluyendo el Perceptrón con margen, el Perceptrón promedio, el Perceptrón relajado y el Perceptrón de múltiples capas.
En el caso multiclase, se puede utilizar una variante del Perceptrón biclásico conocida como Perceptrón multicapa, que utiliza varias capas de neuronas para clasificar patrones en múltiples categorías. Cada capa se encarga de realizar una transformación no lineal de los datos de entrada y de propagar la información a la siguiente capa hasta llegar a la capa de salida, donde se realiza la clasificación.
En cuanto a si se puede utilizar el Perceptrón biclásico con patrones que sólo son cuadráticamente separables, la respuesta es que no. El Perceptrón biclásico sólo puede separar patrones linealmente separables. Para patrones cuadráticamente separables se pueden utilizar otros algoritmos de clasificación como SVM, regresión logística, árboles de decisión, entre otros. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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bb4a6358-45d2-4a7e-b352-e961fa794084 | 2771fc62-8673-43f5-90df-be93e3eee132 | e149db76-bc5e-4730-b130-b76d4f69de4e | 2023-02-15T10:25:20.417047+00:00 | El método del Perceptrón biclásico es un algoritmo de aprendizaje supervisado utilizado para la clasificación de patrones. Este método es una variante del Perceptrón original, que fue propuesto por Frank Rosenblatt en 1957.
En el caso del Perceptrón biclásico, se considera una función de activación binaria que clasifica los patrones en dos clases diferentes. El objetivo del algoritmo es encontrar un hiperplano que pueda separar los patrones de las dos clases en el espacio de características.
Existen diferentes variantes del método del Perceptrón biclásico, como por ejemplo:
Perceptrón de Rosenblatt: es la versión original del algoritmo, que utiliza una regla de aprendizaje basada en el descenso de gradiente estocástico.
Perceptrón de Widrow-Hoff: esta variante del Perceptrón utiliza una regla de aprendizaje basada en la corrección del error, que se aplica a cada patrón individualmente.
Perceptrón de margen máximo: esta variante del Perceptrón intenta encontrar el hiperplano que separa las dos clases con el margen máximo posible.
En el caso multiclásico, el método del Perceptrón biclásico se puede utilizar utilizando una estrategia conocida como "uno contra todos" o "uno contra el resto". En esta estrategia, se entrena un clasificador Perceptrón biclásico para cada una de las clases, y luego se selecciona la clase que tenga la mayor puntuación.
En cuanto a si se podría utilizar con patrones que sólo son cuadráticamente separables, el método del Perceptrón biclásico no es adecuado para estos casos, ya que sólo puede separar patrones linealmente. Para patrones cuadráticamente separables se utilizan otros algoritmos de clasificación, como el SVM (Máquinas de Vectores de Soporte) que pueden separar patrones no lineales. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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cd6e34c0-86c0-46cc-9f52-0955acfc6a0f | 2771fc62-8673-43f5-90df-be93e3eee132 | 303abe2c-5578-42b8-95f0-af4f972f6669 | 2023-02-15T02:36:47.434856+00:00 | El método del perceptrón binario es un algoritmo de aprendizaje supervisado para clasificadores binarios, es decir, pueden distinguir entre dos clases de muestras. Un perceptrón consta de una neurona artificial que toma un conjunto de entradas, suma sus pesos y aplica una función de umbral para producir la salida. La regla de aprendizaje del perceptrón es un proceso de ajuste de los pesos de entrada para minimizar el error de clasificación.
Para aplicar el método del perceptrón al caso multiclase, es decir, cuando hay más de dos clases muestrales, se pueden utilizar diferentes estrategias, como por ejemplo:
Utilice un perceptrón por clase y asigne la muestra a la clase con el perceptrón de puntuación más alta. Utilice un conjunto de perceptrones que generen un binario para cada clase y asigne la plantilla a la clase cuyo código coincida con la salida del perceptrón. Usando un perceptrón multicapa, que consiste en una red neuronal artificial organizada en capas, donde la salida de una capa actúa como entrada a la siguiente capa. El método del perceptrón de dos capas solo puede clasificar imágenes que son linealmente separables, es decir, imágenes que pueden separarse por una línea recta. Si las muestras solo pueden descomponerse perpendicularmente, es decir, pueden descomponerse mediante una curva, entonces un perceptrón multicapa con una función de activación no lineal, como una tangente sigmoidea o una hipérbola. Esto permite que la red neuronal aprenda funciones no lineales y clasifique patrones más complejos. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
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6dcaf26b-308f-464d-a8ab-4912502c5be2 | null | bc3fe6e0-4dd2-4f40-8fd7-67e55f48612c | 2023-02-06T23:31:42.070060+00:00 | Schreibe einen kurze und präzise Konstruktionsbeschreibung zu einem Dreieck ABC mit c=6 cm, h_c=5 cm und γ=40°. γ ist hierbei der von Seite c gegenüberliegende Winkel. | prompter | de | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | null | 6dcaf26b-308f-464d-a8ab-4912502c5be2 | ready_for_export | {
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50dc9e61-b855-439d-84e9-df3793abf4aa | 6dcaf26b-308f-464d-a8ab-4912502c5be2 | 6b44fd19-72dc-4225-b842-bbf5fdf3c8da | 2023-02-09T12:57:05.772609+00:00 | Dreieck ABC ist ein rechtwinkliges Dreieck mit der Seitenlänge c=6 cm als Hypotenuse. Die Höhe h_c von c beträgt 5 cm und der Winkel γ von c gegenüberliegend beträgt 40°. | assistant | de | 4 | true | false | 0 | false | null | null | 6dcaf26b-308f-464d-a8ab-4912502c5be2 | ready_for_export | {
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435f0762-0e72-4d47-b544-f2f8157600d6 | 50dc9e61-b855-439d-84e9-df3793abf4aa | 7cb7d6a7-e54f-403a-bbde-53bfecbcbef7 | 2023-02-09T19:04:24.151228+00:00 | Vielen Dank, das hat mir sehr weitergeholfen. | prompter | de | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | null | 6dcaf26b-308f-464d-a8ab-4912502c5be2 | ready_for_export | {
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015735d8-3e58-4286-9a5d-b0a319cfb068 | 6dcaf26b-308f-464d-a8ab-4912502c5be2 | a6f77de9-1dfb-41c1-b625-e278d4658141 | 2023-02-09T18:11:34.290016+00:00 | Das Dreieck ABC ist ein rechtwinkliges Dreieck mit einer Seite c von 6 cm Länge und einer gegenüberliegenden Höhe h_c von 5 cm. Der Winkel γ, der gegenüberliegend zu Seite c ist, beträgt 40°. | assistant | de | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | null | 6dcaf26b-308f-464d-a8ab-4912502c5be2 | ready_for_export | {
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710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | null | fbcd4d61-ac6e-4173-b3f7-3f2b18d740ca | 2023-02-06T23:16:30.613039+00:00 | Can you give me an example of a python script that opens an api point and serves a string? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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8607c450-ccfb-4c13-a96d-2e33db363f8e | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | 2d40e94c-40ed-4e00-a66e-454c0401c8ad | 2023-02-21T03:16:43.048192+00:00 | Sure! Here's an example Python script that uses the Flask web framework to create a simple API endpoint that serves a string:
```
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello, world!'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
```
In this script, we first import the Flask class from the flask module. Then we create a new instance of the Flask class, using the __name__ variable to specify the name of the application.
\
Next, we define a new route using the @app.route() decorator. This decorator tells Flask to map requests to the root URL ("/") to the hello_world() function.
\
Finally, we use the if __name__ == '__main__': block to start the Flask application when the script is executed. By default, the application will run on port 5000.
\
You can run this script and test the API by opening a web browser and navigating to http://localhost:5000/. You should see a simple "Hello, world!" message displayed in your browser. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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e550a849-2be8-4fe8-9f3c-93b82a1cb0ec | 8607c450-ccfb-4c13-a96d-2e33db363f8e | 7859b9ff-4cd8-463d-8b6f-0d0181fbbc4f | 2023-02-21T13:09:33.874930+00:00 | What changes would you need to make to the code above to serve a JSON object instead of a string? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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"name": [
"+1",
"_skip_ranking",
"_skip_labeling"
],
"count": [
3,
4,
1
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.9166666666666666,
0,
0,
0.25,
0
],
"count": [
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3
]
} |
0ba4bd14-dc5c-4486-952c-e47c5b1beb5a | e550a849-2be8-4fe8-9f3c-93b82a1cb0ec | 1aaa9be1-0d07-4cb2-a2d7-4301cbfc4ecc | 2023-02-22T00:54:58.222697+00:00 | To serve a JSON object instead of a string, you can modify the "hello_world()" function to return a JSON response using the Flask "jsonify" function. Here's an example of how to modify the previous code to serve a JSON object:
```
from flask import Flask, jsonify
app = Flask(name)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
data = {
'message': 'Hello, world!'
}
return jsonify(data)
if name == 'main':
app.run()
```
In this updated version of the code, we import the "jsonify" function from Flask and use it to create a JSON response. We define a dictionary called "data" that contains a single key-value pair, where the key is "message" and the value is "Hello, world!".
The "jsonify" function takes a dictionary as its argument and returns a JSON-formatted response with the appropriate content-type headers. When we visit the root URL of our Flask application, we will see a JSON object with the "message" key and its associated value.
You can test this modified script in the same way as the previous example, by opening a web browser and navigating to http://localhost:5000/. This time, you should see a JSON object with the "message" key and its associated value displayed in your browser. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0003169807023368776,
"severe_toxicity": 0.000030022849387023598,
"obscene": 0.00013456506712827832,
"identity_attack": 0.0001159030944108963,
"insult": 0.00013243452121969312,
"threat": 0.00004012115823570639,
"sexual_explicit": 0.00002633018266351428
} | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"_skip_labeling"
],
"count": [
2
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"fails_task",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"helpfulness",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0.125,
0.125,
0.75,
0.125,
0
],
"count": [
3,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} |
f4ed80cf-1e20-4a88-bb52-daac1636ae45 | e550a849-2be8-4fe8-9f3c-93b82a1cb0ec | f1829a29-af15-4350-8119-001aa57bf958 | 2023-02-22T01:20:10.092531+00:00 | To serve a JSON object instead of a string, you can modify the hello_world function to return a dictionary object instead of a string, and use Flask's jsonify method to convert the dictionary to JSON format. Here's an updated example:
python
Copy code
from flask import Flask, jsonify
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
data = {
'message': 'Hello, World!',
'number': 42
}
return jsonify(data)
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
In this updated script, we've created a dictionary called data that contains two key-value pairs: 'message' and 'number'. When the / endpoint is accessed, the hello_world function returns the data dictionary in JSON format using Flask's jsonify method.
When you run this updated script and visit http://localhost:5000 in your web browser, you should see the JSON object displayed on the page, like this:
json
Copy code
{
"message": "Hello, World!",
"number": 42
}
Note that the jsonify method also sets the appropriate Content-Type header to application/json, so the client receiving the response knows that it's receiving JSON data. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0002636763674672693,
"severe_toxicity": 0.00003426849070820026,
"obscene": 0.000143106808536686,
"identity_attack": 0.0001243051083292812,
"insult": 0.00014513613132294267,
"threat": 0.00004163432458881289,
"sexual_explicit": 0.000028538453989312984
} | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1",
"_skip_labeling"
],
"count": [
1,
5
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"fails_task",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"helpfulness",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.4166666666666667,
0.375,
0.5,
0.75,
0.5,
0.25
],
"count": [
3,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
]
} |
74565b93-672e-4430-92c8-86e7c281a58f | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | 2c687aff-39d6-4954-8ce2-f572ead41861 | 2023-02-21T01:06:56.572439+00:00 | Here's a simple example of a Flask server in Python which creates an endpoint which sends a string back to a user:
```
from flask import Flask, request
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def echo():
request_body = request.get_json(force=True)
return request_body['input']
app.run(port=3000)
```
This application can be tested with curl as:
```
curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"input": "Hello server"}' http://127.0.0.1:3000/
``` | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0002533642400521785,
"severe_toxicity": 0.000041642346332082525,
"obscene": 0.0001735164987621829,
"identity_attack": 0.00013393370318226516,
"insult": 0.00017239640874322504,
"threat": 0.00004775827983394265,
"sexual_explicit": 0.00003060908420593478
} | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"-1"
],
"count": [
1
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"fails_task",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"helpfulness",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0
],
"count": [
3,
1,
3,
1,
1,
1,
1,
3,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
]
} |
ffc4341f-8cd0-4fdb-8114-22342b516595 | 74565b93-672e-4430-92c8-86e7c281a58f | 8b1a8937-de55-4280-b486-3c733eb88fda | 2023-02-21T10:45:15.323062+00:00 | Instead of returning the request body, could you make it so it encrypts the request body with the caesar cipher and returns the cipher text? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0005858271615579724,
"severe_toxicity": 0.00002612717798911035,
"obscene": 0.00014718019519932568,
"identity_attack": 0.00014799700875300914,
"insult": 0.0002569523057900369,
"threat": 0.0000429900610470213,
"sexual_explicit": 0.000020988840333302505
} | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1",
"_skip_reply",
"_skip_ranking"
],
"count": [
1,
7,
5
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.5833333333333334,
0.08333333333333333,
0.08333333333333333,
0.4166666666666667,
0
],
"count": [
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3
]
} |
25ee823d-a0aa-4108-b519-90af3b1c4ea8 | ffc4341f-8cd0-4fdb-8114-22342b516595 | 1aaa9be1-0d07-4cb2-a2d7-4301cbfc4ecc | 2023-02-22T00:46:14.112840+00:00 | Sure, here's an updated version of the Flask server that encrypts the request body with the Caesar cipher and returns the ciphertext:
```
from flask import Flask, request
app = Flask(name)
@app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def encrypt():
request_body = request.get_json(force=True)
input_text = request_body['input']
shift = request_body.get('shift', 0) # optional shift parameter
encrypted_text = caesar_cipher(input_text, shift)
return {'ciphertext': encrypted_text}
def caesar_cipher(text, shift):
encrypted = ''
for char in text:
if char.isalpha():
char_code = ord(char)
encrypted_code = (char_code - 97 + shift) % 26 + 97
encrypted += chr(encrypted_code)
else:
encrypted += char
return encrypted
app.run(port=3000)
```
This version of the script takes an additional optional parameter shift in the request body, which specifies the number of positions to shift each letter in the plaintext. The caesar_cipher function takes care of the encryption itself, using the provided shift value.
To test the API, you can use curl or any other HTTP client to send a POST request to http://127.0.0.1:3000/, with a JSON request body containing the plaintext and an optional shift value. The server will respond with a JSON object containing the ciphertext:
```
curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"input": "hello", "shift": 3}' http://127.0.0.1:3000/
```
Output:
{"ciphertext": "khoor"} | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.00019625244021881372,
"severe_toxicity": 0.00024085200857371092,
"obscene": 0.0012643726076930761,
"identity_attack": 0.00039640115574002266,
"insult": 0.0010160693200305104,
"threat": 0.00014993315562605858,
"sexual_explicit": 0.00010060745989903808
} | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"_skip_labeling"
],
"count": [
2
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"fails_task",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"helpfulness",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.75,
0.25,
0.3333333333333333,
1,
0.5,
0.16666666666666666
],
"count": [
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3
]
} |
390eb67b-3d77-4597-a137-8d6b7ad6fe5f | ffc4341f-8cd0-4fdb-8114-22342b516595 | faa07ea2-76de-4362-a97a-bd0939d02d87 | 2023-02-21T23:09:15.002267+00:00 | Sure!
```
from flask import Flask, request
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
def encrypt():
request_body = request.get_json(force=True)
input_str = request_body['input']
shift = request_body.get('shift', 1) # default shift is 1 if not specified
output_str = ''
for char in input_str:
if char.isalpha():
char_code = ord(char)
if char.isupper():
base = ord('A')
else:
base = ord('a')
char_code = (char_code - base + shift) % 26 + base
char = chr(char_code)
output_str += char
return output_str
app.run(port=3000)
```
This modified application also takes an optional shift parameter in the request body, which specifies the number of characters to shift by in the Caesar cipher. If the shift parameter is not specified, it defaults to 1.
You can test this modified application with curl as:
```
curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"input": "Hello server", "shift": 5}' http://127.0.0.1:3000/
``` | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0002339753700653091,
"severe_toxicity": 0.00013100431533530354,
"obscene": 0.0006748191663064063,
"identity_attack": 0.00026850536232814193,
"insult": 0.000636241224128753,
"threat": 0.00009155474253930151,
"sexual_explicit": 0.000057516339438734576
} | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"_skip_labeling"
],
"count": [
1
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"fails_task",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"helpfulness",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.75,
0.3333333333333333,
0.16666666666666666,
0.8333333333333334,
0.4166666666666667,
0
],
"count": [
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3
]
} |
002696aa-b44b-4f18-b243-0ef7d9fccc25 | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | 5beaf74a-ff3f-410b-a19e-fafecb426c5c | 2023-02-21T01:49:49.410704+00:00 | Sure, here is an example of a simple python script that opens an API endpoint and serves a string:
```
from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
import requests
import json
import time
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/greetings', methods=['GET'])
def greetings():
username = request.args.get('username')
name = request.args.get('name')
if username and name:
message = f"Hello {name}, welcome to my API! Your username is {username}"
else:
message = "Hello, world! This is my API."
payload = {"message": message, "status": "success", "timestamp": time.time()}
response = jsonify(payload)
return response
@app.route('/insults', methods=['GET'])
def insults():
headers = {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
'Accept': 'application/json'
}
res = requests.get('https://insults.io/api/insult', headers=headers)
insult = res.json().get('insult')
payload = {"message": insult, "status": "success", "timestamp": time.time()}
response = jsonify(payload)
return response
@app.route('/random_number', methods=['GET'])
def random_number():
try:
min_val = int(request.args.get('min'))
max_val = int(request.args.get('max'))
except Exception as e:
payload = {"message": "Invalid input. Please enter a valid integer value for 'min' and 'max' query parameters.", "status": "error", "timestamp": time.time()}
response = jsonify(payload)
return response
random_num = str(int((time.time() % (max_val - min_val)) + min_val))
payload = {"message": f"Your random number is {random_num}.", "status": "success", "timestamp": time.time()}
response = jsonify(payload)
return response
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)
``` | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.00027049024356529117,
"severe_toxicity": 0.00008464427810395136,
"obscene": 0.00040659226942807436,
"identity_attack": 0.00020087542361579835,
"insult": 0.00040517616434954107,
"threat": 0.00006240779475774616,
"sexual_explicit": 0.00004780452945851721
} | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1"
],
"count": [
1
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"fails_task",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"helpfulness",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.9166666666666666,
0.16666666666666666,
0.3333333333333333,
1,
0.5,
0
],
"count": [
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3
]
} |
9ed0d8b5-16ec-47a2-bbcb-d9587589ed04 | 002696aa-b44b-4f18-b243-0ef7d9fccc25 | 8b1a8937-de55-4280-b486-3c733eb88fda | 2023-02-21T10:42:01.872456+00:00 | Thank you! Instead of getting the string from the insults.io api, could you get them from a jokes api? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0027415428776293993,
"severe_toxicity": 0.0000294263973046327,
"obscene": 0.00038890918949618936,
"identity_attack": 0.00016741023864597082,
"insult": 0.000822816276922822,
"threat": 0.00004551486927084625,
"sexual_explicit": 0.00002535817475290969
} | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1"
],
"count": [
1
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.75,
0.08333333333333333,
0.3333333333333333,
0.5,
0
],
"count": [
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3
]
} |
c64dca91-ce81-4b7d-8d72-68dfc717ac79 | 9ed0d8b5-16ec-47a2-bbcb-d9587589ed04 | f1829a29-af15-4350-8119-001aa57bf958 | 2023-02-22T01:37:13.076195+00:00 | Sure! Here's an updated version of the code that gets jokes from an API and serves them through the /api endpoint using Flask:
python
Copy code
import requests
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/api')
def get_joke():
response = requests.get('https://official-joke-api.appspot.com/random_joke')
if response.status_code == 200:
joke = response.json()
return f"{joke['setup']} {joke['punchline']}"
else:
return "Error fetching joke"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
This code sends a GET request to the Official Joke API to get a random joke, using the requests library. If the request is successful (status code 200), the get_joke() function extracts the setup and punchline from the JSON response and returns them as a single string. If the request fails, the function returns an error message.
You can run this script in the same way as the previous example. When you visit the /api endpoint in your browser, you should see a new random joke displayed each time. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0003017658309545368,
"severe_toxicity": 0.000028732036298606545,
"obscene": 0.00013053060683887452,
"identity_attack": 0.00010608982847770676,
"insult": 0.00015733690815977752,
"threat": 0.00003925597411580384,
"sexual_explicit": 0.00002414901609881781
} | 710feb81-be4c-4fde-9a3b-7fa5df007d53 | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"-1"
],
"count": [
1
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"fails_task",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"helpfulness",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.4166666666666667,
0.16666666666666666,
0.4166666666666667,
0.8333333333333334,
0.5833333333333334,
0.16666666666666666
],
"count": [
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3
]
} |
c866c106-86e0-4d63-97fe-03b896b0473c | null | e10e99a0-38ac-4b07-bf5d-4427696e4e0d | 2023-02-06T23:08:24.646103+00:00 | How can I learn to optimize my webpage for search engines? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0003898059658240527,
"severe_toxicity": 0.000039417882362613454,
"obscene": 0.0001918997149914503,
"identity_attack": 0.00013906457752455026,
"insult": 0.0002067870955215767,
"threat": 0.000056312572269234806,
"sexual_explicit": 0.000029773171263514087
} | c866c106-86e0-4d63-97fe-03b896b0473c | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1",
"_skip_reply",
"_skip_ranking"
],
"count": [
7,
7,
2
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0.6875,
0.1875,
0.1875,
0.5,
0
],
"count": [
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4
]
} |
a2858362-efa0-4100-a11b-31c2b4e22a47 | c866c106-86e0-4d63-97fe-03b896b0473c | 1aaa9be1-0d07-4cb2-a2d7-4301cbfc4ecc | 2023-04-02T19:34:17.791760+00:00 | Learning to optimize your webpage for search engines involves several steps, including:
1. Understanding the basics of how search engines work: Learn how search engines crawl and index web pages, and how they rank pages based on factors like relevance, authority, and user experience.
2. Conducting keyword research: Identify the keywords and phrases that your target audience is using to search for your products or services, and use these keywords to optimize your web pages.
3. Creating high-quality content: Create content that is informative, engaging, and relevant to your target audience. This can include blog posts, articles, videos, and other types of content.
4. Optimizing your web pages: Optimize your page titles, meta descriptions, header tags, and other on-page elements to make sure they are aligned with your target keywords and provide a clear picture of what your page is about.
5. Building backlinks: Build high-quality backlinks from other reputable websites to your own site. This can help increase your authority and improve your search engine rankings.
6. Monitoring your results: Use analytics tools to track your website's performance in search engine rankings, and adjust your strategy as needed based on your results.
There are many resources available online to help you learn more about search engine optimization (SEO), including blogs, courses, and tutorials. Some popular SEO resources include Moz, SEMrush, and Google's Search Console documentation.
It's important to note that SEO is an ongoing process, and it can take time and effort to see results. However, by following best practices and staying up-to-date with the latest trends and techniques, you can help improve your website's visibility and attract more traffic from search engines. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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a0a38b77-79c3-4037-9a96-6bedfce3515c | a2858362-efa0-4100-a11b-31c2b4e22a47 | 25561b1f-40bb-49f8-8894-b673ae655c63 | 2023-04-03T03:28:57.420508+00:00 | My webpage is about flower arrangements. Can you give some examples for each of the above? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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66483ff6-5e56-4721-a98e-57649ae28e45 | c866c106-86e0-4d63-97fe-03b896b0473c | f44d71a5-57fb-4653-8d84-c92add3b065b | 2023-04-02T20:51:35.670166+00:00 | ##### Resources for learning search engine optimization (SEO)
A good place to start with learning about SEO is from search engine companies and browser manufacturers. You could start by reading guides from [Google](https://developers.google.com/search/docs/fundamentals/seo-starter-guide), [Bing](https://www.bing.com/webmasters/help/webmaster-guidelines-30fba23a) and [Mozilla](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/SEO).
There are many other resources available on SEO. You could search YouTube for videos by experts on SEO, undertake a free course on a site like [HubSpot](https://academy.hubspot.com/courses/seo-training), or take a paid course offered by an educational institution or local marketing association.
##### (Very) brief introduction to SEO
SEO is a collection of techniques the owner of a website can use to improve their site's placement in search engine results, increasing organic (non-paid) traffic to the site. These techniques try to convince search engine algorithms that the website is a quality source of information that will be useful to the search engine user.
There are several aspects to SEO, including:
* Keyword research
* Link building and backlinks
* Optimising page content
* Ongoing analysis and metrics | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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e6d1689b-73fc-4d19-8878-b8c9a07f9f07 | 66483ff6-5e56-4721-a98e-57649ae28e45 | 99d788e6-7eb4-42c7-9dda-4cb8301dabf7 | 2023-04-03T13:52:47.428388+00:00 | How do I ensure my content doesn't get scraped by AI researchers? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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7873d0c4-b78f-40fc-8e44-64d6861d467c | e6d1689b-73fc-4d19-8878-b8c9a07f9f07 | 1aaa9be1-0d07-4cb2-a2d7-4301cbfc4ecc | 2023-04-04T16:19:56.393092+00:00 | While it is not possible to completely prevent AI researchers from scraping your content, there are some steps you can take to make it more difficult and discourage them from doing so:
1. Implement the Robots Exclusion Protocol: You can include a robots.txt file on your website to specify which pages should not be crawled by search engines and web crawlers. This won't stop all bots, but it can discourage some less sophisticated ones.
2. Use CAPTCHA: You can use CAPTCHA on your website to prevent bots from accessing your content. This can be an effective deterrent, but can also be an inconvenience for legitimate users.
3. Use anti-scraping tools: There are a variety of tools available that can detect and block scraping attempts, such as IP blocking, rate limiting, and fingerprinting. Some popular anti-scraping tools include Distil Networks, Scrapinghub, and BotGuard.
4. Watermark your content: You can watermark your content with a unique identifier to make it more difficult for scraped content to be passed off as original. This can also deter some scrapers from taking your content in the first place.
5. Monitor your website for scraping attempts: You can use tools like Google Analytics or server logs to monitor traffic and detect any abnormal activity that may be indicative of scraping. Once you identify a scraper, you can take action to block their IP address or take legal action if necessary.
Ultimately, it's impossible to completely prevent scraping, but by taking these steps you can make it more difficult and less attractive for AI researchers to steal your content. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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9e6d4d10-290b-4d0f-8368-c3ae83328b9c | 7873d0c4-b78f-40fc-8e44-64d6861d467c | fb10eb70-8eb1-486a-bf12-5c111e5fc01e | 2023-04-04T18:35:54.133196+00:00 | Is SEO relevant in 2023? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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86407362-33a3-4d40-9fe8-c984f9f5b6b8 | 9e6d4d10-290b-4d0f-8368-c3ae83328b9c | fb10eb70-8eb1-486a-bf12-5c111e5fc01e | 2023-04-04T23:06:07.636392+00:00 | SEO is a constantly evolving field, and search engines like Google are continuously updating their algorithms to provide better search results to their users. Therefore, SEO strategies and techniques may need to be adapted to keep up with these changes.
However, the fundamental principles of SEO, such as creating high-quality and relevant content, using appropriate keywords and meta tags, optimizing website structure and design, and building high-quality backlinks, are likely to remain important factors in improving a website's search engine rankings and visibility.
Moreover, as the internet continues to grow and more businesses establish an online presence, the competition for online visibility and traffic is only going to increase. Therefore, investing in SEO is likely to remain an important aspect of digital marketing strategies for businesses of all sizes. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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3bc4b415-6f7d-43e9-9f08-2732b588576d | 9e6d4d10-290b-4d0f-8368-c3ae83328b9c | f8395f40-b1b0-41dc-8a16-a3f71f6eaeee | 2023-04-05T05:16:54.281111+00:00 | Yes it is. Although, it is declining in popularity since the introduction of Large Language Models (LLMs) and their explosion onto the scene. They have taken the internet by storm. Even google has had a hard time keeping up. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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3065e3c0-d440-4986-981b-1553b35ecb1c | e6d1689b-73fc-4d19-8878-b8c9a07f9f07 | b8e63600-1f94-45cf-be1d-2992d3c865f2 | 2023-04-04T18:07:39.254856+00:00 | There are a few ways you can prevent your content from being scraped by AI researchers. One way is to ask your web developer to embed a Robots.txt file in your website code to stop your images from being scraped by AI training datasets. Another way is to use rate limiting and CAPTCHA challenges to sort out real users from bots. You can also block specific AI crawlers like ChatGPT from accessing any pages on your website by adding specific code to your robots.txt file. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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ed1d23ec-5be8-4d84-8c71-72fa5b4c6fff | 3065e3c0-d440-4986-981b-1553b35ecb1c | 18d2e4e9-ecbf-4bdf-918d-233b84cec2d4 | 2023-04-05T00:00:56.193740+00:00 | I changed my mind, now I want to make sure my content is properly crawled by the search engines and in AI training datasets. How do I make sure of that? | prompter | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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ec1f22a7-2f70-4242-a0a3-3b189fb6a1e7 | ed1d23ec-5be8-4d84-8c71-72fa5b4c6fff | fb10eb70-8eb1-486a-bf12-5c111e5fc01e | 2023-04-05T08:43:23.550724+00:00 | There are several steps you can take to ensure that your content is properly crawled by search engines and included in AI training datasets:
Use a robots.txt file: A robots.txt file tells search engines which pages on your site they can and cannot crawl. By using this file, you can make sure that your important pages are crawled and indexed, while keeping private or irrelevant pages hidden from search engines.
Use a sitemap: A sitemap is a file that lists all the pages on your site, which helps search engines to find and index your pages. You can create a sitemap using various tools, and submit it to search engines for better crawling.
Use clear and descriptive URLs: Your URLs should be easy to read and descriptive of the content on the page. This will help search engines and AI algorithms understand what the page is about.
Use structured data: Structured data provides information about the content of a page in a format that search engines and AI algorithms can easily understand. By using structured data markup, you can make your content more visible to search engines and AI algorithms.
Create high-quality content: Search engines and AI algorithms value high-quality content that provides value to users. By creating high-quality content that is relevant and informative, you can increase your chances of being crawled and included in AI training datasets.
Use social media to promote your content: Sharing your content on social media platforms can help increase its visibility, which can lead to more crawling and indexing by search engines and inclusion in AI training datasets.
By following these steps, you can help ensure that your content is properly crawled by search engines and included in AI training datasets. | assistant | en | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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e480f611-0d31-433a-93d2-0e2bc675aa30 | null | 05a999f8-8219-4584-a3f2-d4b4aec30027 | 2023-02-06T23:09:05.356836+00:00 | Напиши информацию о игре Hytale | prompter | ru | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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d5766ce8-5ea8-4713-aaaf-f8121cc4fb14 | e480f611-0d31-433a-93d2-0e2bc675aa30 | 068951d1-4a1e-4d91-9c29-0090fdf9366d | 2023-02-08T09:45:58.996352+00:00 | Hytale - это предстоящая игра-песочница, придуманная Hypixel Studios. Объединяя в себе диапазон игры-песочницы с глубиной ролевой игры, Hytale погружает игроков в живой космос, полный эскапад и творчества.
В Hytale геймеры могут путешествовать по просторному, процедурно созданному миру и принимать участие в разнообразных действиях. От возведения баз и создания собственных персонажей до создания карт приключений и сражений с монстрами или другими игроками - возможности Hytale безграничны. Игроки также могут создавать свои собственные серверы, которые можно использовать совместно с другими геймерами, что позволяет создавать необычные сообщества.
В игре также имеется обширная система моддинга, позволяющая игрокам создавать и делиться своими собственными предметами. С помощью системы моддинга геймеры могут создавать пользовательское оружие, броню и другие предметы, а также пользовательские карты и режимы игры. Эта функция позволяет игрокам создавать свои собственные необычные впечатления и делиться ими с друзьями и другими игроками.
Игра также отличается роскошным саундтреком и впечатляющими визуальными эффектами, а разнообразие окружения варьируется от роскошных лесов до засушливых пустынь. В Hytale также имеется обширная система настройки персонажей, позволяющая геймерам создавать собственных героев, настраивать их наряды и выбирать собственный стиль игры.
В целом, Hytale - это энергичная предстоящая игра, которая обещает предложить необычный и захватывающий опыт. Благодаря обширному миру, разнообразным действиям, системе моддинга, захватывающему саундтреку и визуальному оформлению, Hytale обещает стать увлекательной игрой, которая завладеет сердцами и воображением геймеров по всей вселенной. | assistant | ru | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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5f7cf6e9-6424-4571-94d7-8131dad29611 | d5766ce8-5ea8-4713-aaaf-f8121cc4fb14 | 97894afc-2204-4c7b-9b91-f1c71c10f032 | 2023-02-08T12:43:12.219892+00:00 | Ты бы мог в неё играть? | prompter | ru | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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e22f8f08-2c3d-4e79-9fae-3577ef08485a | e480f611-0d31-433a-93d2-0e2bc675aa30 | bf6867fd-6273-4ed3-99d9-5078e8c59b8a | 2023-02-07T15:32:30.868388+00:00 | Согласно Википедии, Hytale — предстоящая ролевая компьютерная игра с элементами песочницы, разрабатываемая компанией Hypixel Studios, основанной создателями сервера Hypixel в игре Minecraft.
Игровой мир Hytale генерируется случайным образом процедурным путём из кубических блоков разных форм, размещаемых в сетке трёхмерного пространства. Игровая карта наполнена различными зонами и биомами, подземельями и существами. Игроки могут участвовать в различных мини-играх, подобных уже существующим на сервере Hypixel. У пользователей будет возможность создавать и обмениваться модификациями и прочим пользовательским контентом, используя ряд внутриигровых приложений и инструментов. | assistant | ru | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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db585b17-226c-446c-9478-cee5490653f7 | e22f8f08-2c3d-4e79-9fae-3577ef08485a | 85e758bd-a275-4141-9080-d073794af96c | 2023-02-07T23:59:51.110623+00:00 | Что за сервер - Hypixel в игре майнкрафт? | prompter | ru | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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21ade148-732b-4f7d-9e5a-8f01a0845b18 | db585b17-226c-446c-9478-cee5490653f7 | 3c8cde8c-9466-494f-9c36-cbf3c3ac7ecd | 2023-02-08T14:30:41.006351+00:00 | Hypixel — самый большой игровой сервер игры Minecraft с мини-играми, выпущенный 13 апреля 2013 года Саймоном Коллинз-Лафламмом и Филиппом Тушеттом, и управляется Hypixel Inc. Hypixel Minecraft.
Сервер Hypixel был создан для демонстрации карт. Мини-игры, изначально созданные для пользователей, чтобы играть в ожидании других игроков, вскоре приобрели популярность и стали главным направлением работы сервера, а усилия Hypixel были направлены на новый контент сервера вместо создания карт Minecraft.
Hypixel получил пять рекордов в Книге Рекордов Гиннеса в 2017 и 2022 годах. В том числе, как Самая популярная сеть серверов Minecraft, Самое большое число игр на сервере Minecraft и Самый популярный независимый сервер для компьютерной игры. | assistant | ru | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
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b7fe6825-a5ee-4d8f-8047-1f9d93c0149a | 21ade148-732b-4f7d-9e5a-8f01a0845b18 | 85e758bd-a275-4141-9080-d073794af96c | 2023-02-08T19:32:55.110596+00:00 | А как он добился такой популярности? | prompter | ru | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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fb6e108d-3a83-47a5-903f-5dd258232fbd | db585b17-226c-446c-9478-cee5490653f7 | bf6867fd-6273-4ed3-99d9-5078e8c59b8a | 2023-02-08T14:17:19.425939+00:00 | Позвольте процитировать восторженное описание этого сервера с тематического сайта hotmc.ru.
Хайпиксель – это определённо лучший проект в истории серверов Майнкрафт. Здесь можно увидеть разнообразные мини-игры, отличную команду разработки, прекрасных дружных игроков и целый мир приключений.
На игровых площадках Hypixel одновременно находится в онлайне до 50 000 игроков каждый день! Всего на проекте зарегистрированы десятки, а то и сотни миллионов пользователей. Представляете, какой у проекта размах? Вы всегда найдёте здесь, с кем пообщаться – будь то зарубежные игроки или наши соотечественники.
Далее: на серверах Хайпикселя есть уникальные мини-игры, которые команда разработчиков проекта создаёт собственными руками. Например, есть супер-копия популярной контры – она называется "Cops & Crims".
Также на Хайпикселе вас ждут шикарные карты и великолепные постройки. Если и наслаждаться красотами кубического мира, то нужно делать это здесь. На проекте работает специализированная команда дизайнеров и архитекторов, которые вкладывают в каждый кубик душу, тщательно подбирая цвета, форму и наполнение зданий.
В общем, про этот сервер можно рассказывать бесконечно. Лучше возьмите друзей и посетите его самостоятельно. Если вы ни разу не были на Hypixel, запасайтесь терпением: проект настолько большой, удивительный и сложный, что пару недель придётся только изучать и осматривать все его возможности ;) | assistant | ru | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
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b57b394a-d07c-4fcf-9cfd-96c060344841 | fb6e108d-3a83-47a5-903f-5dd258232fbd | 85e758bd-a275-4141-9080-d073794af96c | 2023-02-08T19:31:32.709152+00:00 | Какие есть аналоги этого сервера? | prompter | ru | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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6b7d1313-47ed-407e-8411-d5d1547a892b | b57b394a-d07c-4fcf-9cfd-96c060344841 | 0717de43-0ef7-439a-9d24-0cb416cabe16 | 2023-02-08T21:48:49.321348+00:00 | Вот список нескольких аналогичных серверов по типу Хайпиксель (Hypixel):
1. CubeCraft Games - IP: play.cubecraft.net
2. Nether Games - IP: play.nethergames.org:19132
3. Blocks MC - IP: blocksmc.com
4. Mineplex - IP: mineplex.com or mco.mineplex.com
5. Purple Prison - IP: purpleprison.org | assistant | ru | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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4db2c738-2503-4d4b-a837-2f29624d52c4 | e480f611-0d31-433a-93d2-0e2bc675aa30 | 1b281bfb-21d6-4d02-b038-1fc6cbc9c254 | 2023-02-07T15:27:07.904888+00:00 | Согласно вики: предстоящая ролевая компьютерная игра с элементами песочницы, разрабатываемая компанией Hypixel Studios, основанной создателями сервера Hypixel в игре Minecraft. | assistant | ru | 3 | true | false | 2 | false | null | {
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7fda7519-b886-4a4b-8595-cfd895a3cdf0 | 4db2c738-2503-4d4b-a837-2f29624d52c4 | 01b66c04-d618-4eda-9183-848ac3817ce7 | 2023-02-07T21:47:28.057786+00:00 | Расскажи поподробней про сюжет, персонажей, амбиент игры | prompter | ru | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
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c9a840de-0675-4cee-a64e-e2c49303eabd | null | cdf9dd51-88c3-46be-a51e-993aad058965 | 2023-02-06T22:38:16.511860+00:00 | Estoy pensando en crear un videojuego pero no estoy seguro de que motor de juego quiero utilizar. Al buscar por internet me parece que hay muchos opciones buenas.
Quiero crear un juego online en tiempo real. Será un shooter en tercera persona con la cámara al hombro.
El nivel de gráficos que busco no es demasiado alto pero tampoco bajo. Los gráficos serán algo estilizados.
Tengo estudios de informática así que aprender cualquier lenguaje de programación no es un problema demasiado grande.
¿Me puedes dar algunas recomendaciones de motores para mi videojuegos?
¿Podrías compararlos entre ellos y darme unos pros y contras? | prompter | es | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.000394921051338315,
"severe_toxicity": 0.001429337658919394,
"obscene": 0.011457271873950958,
"identity_attack": 0.0013908850960433483,
"insult": 0.008760783821344376,
"threat": 0.0007129244622774422,
"sexual_explicit": 0.0005071306368336082
} | c9a840de-0675-4cee-a64e-e2c49303eabd | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1",
"_skip_reply"
],
"count": [
10,
9
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
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fc873b67-d2a6-44dd-8427-6d2e1f9036a6 | c9a840de-0675-4cee-a64e-e2c49303eabd | f238ea8c-4309-4d5a-8e0e-698fd54749f5 | 2023-02-14T10:47:20.914157+00:00 | ¡Claro! Hay varios motores de juego que podrían ser adecuados para tu proyecto, cada uno con sus propias ventajas y desventajas. A continuación, te daré una comparación de los motores de juego más populares y te explicaré sus pros y contras.
1. Unreal Engine:
El Unreal Engine es uno de los motores de juego más populares en el mercado, especialmente en lo que respecta a los juegos de disparos en tercera persona. Es muy conocido por su capacidad para crear gráficos de alta calidad y su comunidad de usuarios muy activa. Es fácil de usar y viene con muchas características útiles como herramientas de nivel de editor y animación. Además, también es gratuito.
Pros: Fácil de usar, gráficos de alta calidad, buena documentación, gran comunidad de usuarios.
Contras: Puede ser complicado para principiantes, requiere una PC de gama alta para funcionar bien, tiene una curva de aprendizaje pronunciada.
2. Unity:
Unity es otro popular motor de juego para el desarrollo de juegos en tercera persona. Es conocido por su facilidad de uso y su capacidad para crear juegos para múltiples plataformas, incluyendo PC, móvil y consolas. Unity también es gratuito y tiene una gran comunidad de usuarios.
Pros: Fácil de usar, funciona en múltiples plataformas, buena documentación, gran comunidad de usuarios.
Contras: Los gráficos pueden no ser tan impresionantes como los de Unreal Engine, puede ser difícil para los desarrolladores novatos, requiere una suscripción para ciertas características avanzadas.
3. CryEngine:
CryEngine es un motor de juego popular para el desarrollo de juegos en tercera persona que es conocido por sus gráficos impresionantes y su capacidad para crear entornos enormes y detallados. Es utilizado por muchos estudios de juegos AAA y es conocido por su alta calidad visual.
Pros: Gráficos impresionantes, gran capacidad para entornos detallados, buena documentación.
Contras: Puede ser difícil para los desarrolladores novatos, requiere una PC de gama alta para funcionar bien, tiene una curva de aprendizaje pronunciada.
4. Godot:
Godot es un motor de juego gratuito y de código abierto que es fácil de usar y tiene una gran comunidad de usuarios. Es conocido por su capacidad para crear juegos 2D y 3D, y es especialmente adecuado para proyectos más pequeños. Godot tiene una curva de aprendizaje más suave que otros motores y es muy personalizable.
Pros: Fácil de usar, gratuito y de código abierto, gran capacidad para personalizar, buena documentación.
Contras: No es tan potente como otros motores de juego, puede ser más adecuado para proyectos más pequeños, los gráficos pueden no ser tan impresionantes.
En resumen, los cuatro motores de juego mencionados son excelentes opciones para el desarrollo de un shooter en tercera persona. Cada uno tiene sus propias ventajas y desventajas, por lo que la elección dependerá de tus necesidades específicas y habilidades. Si estás buscando gráficos impresionantes, Unreal Engine y CryEngine son excelentes opciones. Si prefieres una opción más fácil de usar, Unity y Godot podrían ser una mejor opción. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0005285494262352586,
"severe_toxicity": 0.009632764384150505,
"obscene": 0.047636479139328,
"identity_attack": 0.00908738560974598,
"insult": 0.049467310309410095,
"threat": 0.0033315906766802073,
"sexual_explicit": 0.0017547672614455223
} | c9a840de-0675-4cee-a64e-e2c49303eabd | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1",
"_skip_labeling"
],
"count": [
1,
1
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"fails_task",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"helpfulness",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
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} |
7db3d2c6-4859-42cc-b869-9483155a4238 | fc873b67-d2a6-44dd-8427-6d2e1f9036a6 | 9aad66f8-e392-408a-8a38-6e640ce53501 | 2023-02-14T14:06:48.081577+00:00 | Podrías generar una tabla comparativa con todos los motores de juego que mencionaste?. Dicha tabla también debe contener algunos títulos de juegos hechos usando dicho motor. | prompter | es | 3 | true | false | null | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0004895224119536579,
"severe_toxicity": 0.005853935610502958,
"obscene": 0.038737714290618896,
"identity_attack": 0.007112398277968168,
"insult": 0.035899817943573,
"threat": 0.0021837821695953608,
"sexual_explicit": 0.0013670717598870397
} | c9a840de-0675-4cee-a64e-e2c49303eabd | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"_skip_reply"
],
"count": [
7
]
} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
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} |
b102d0b0-9282-4e78-a419-f9cf5fc892c3 | c9a840de-0675-4cee-a64e-e2c49303eabd | dbede148-2c63-4c0b-933a-f1f7c60eaca5 | 2023-02-14T10:07:21.795353+00:00 | Te recomiendo Unity, al tener una curva de aprendizaje fácil al principio. Además cuentas con muchos recursos en la red ya que cuenta con una comunidad gigantesca. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 1 | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.00044435472227633,
"severe_toxicity": 0.0008497154922224581,
"obscene": 0.0070163351483643055,
"identity_attack": 0.0009375804220326245,
"insult": 0.005154989659786224,
"threat": 0.0004320429579820484,
"sexual_explicit": 0.00026671221712604165
} | c9a840de-0675-4cee-a64e-e2c49303eabd | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1",
"-1"
],
"count": [
2,
6
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} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"fails_task",
"lang_mismatch",
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"quality",
"toxicity",
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],
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95b26f13-1a21-4e63-9a93-2309fe626cf5 | b102d0b0-9282-4e78-a419-f9cf5fc892c3 | fde2a5fa-d8b0-465b-90b8-7381d1232d08 | 2023-02-14T13:30:10.606292+00:00 | Te pedí que me dieras varias opciones y compararlas, para de esta forma poder formularme una opinión acertada. ¿Podrías brindarme lo pedido? | prompter | es | 4 | true | false | null | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.000783171912189573,
"severe_toxicity": 0.0025011124089360237,
"obscene": 0.01949126459658146,
"identity_attack": 0.0026856802869588137,
"insult": 0.015907930210232735,
"threat": 0.0014133205404505134,
"sexual_explicit": 0.0006471949745900929
} | c9a840de-0675-4cee-a64e-e2c49303eabd | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1",
"_skip_reply"
],
"count": [
8,
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} | {
"name": [
"spam",
"lang_mismatch",
"pii",
"not_appropriate",
"hate_speech",
"sexual_content",
"quality",
"toxicity",
"humor",
"creativity",
"violence"
],
"value": [
0,
0,
0,
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"count": [
6,
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} |
1dab504b-17ba-4949-b948-c05315567dcf | 95b26f13-1a21-4e63-9a93-2309fe626cf5 | 139810ce-9f49-4563-be13-135cb3ca0979 | 2023-02-14T15:24:35.446924+00:00 | Unity: Motor de juegos multiplataforma en 2D y 3D diseñado para la facilidad del desarrollo en mente.
Unreal Engine: Es una variedad de herramientas utilizadas y quo un incluyen un motor 3D para crear juegos de alta calidad en varias plataformas.
Godot: Es un motor de código abierto en 2D y 3D que incluyen una interfaz unificada, con muchas herramientas que facilitan el desarrollo. | assistant | es | 3 | true | false | 0 | false | null | {
"toxicity": 0.0003764950088225305,
"severe_toxicity": 0.005288206972181797,
"obscene": 0.033709291368722916,
"identity_attack": 0.005531375762075186,
"insult": 0.030337974429130554,
"threat": 0.002227516146376729,
"sexual_explicit": 0.0012741083046421409
} | c9a840de-0675-4cee-a64e-e2c49303eabd | ready_for_export | {
"name": [
"+1",
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],
"count": [
1,
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} | {
"name": [
"spam",
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"pii",
"not_appropriate",
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"quality",
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} |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
OpenAssistant Conversations Dataset (OASST1)
Dataset Summary
In an effort to democratize research on large-scale alignment, we release OpenAssistant Conversations (OASST1), a human-generated, human-annotated assistant-style conversation corpus consisting of 161,443 messages in 35 different languages, annotated with 461,292 quality ratings, resulting in over 10,000 fully annotated conversation trees. The corpus is a product of a worldwide crowd-sourcing effort involving over 13,500 volunteers.
Please refer to our paper for further details.
Dataset Structure
This dataset contains message trees. Each message tree has an initial prompt message as the root node, which can have multiple child messages as replies, and these child messages can have multiple replies.
All messages have a role property: this can either be "assistant" or "prompter". The roles in conversation threads from prompt to leaf node strictly alternate between "prompter" and "assistant".
This version of the dataset contains data collected on the open-assistant.io website until April 12 2023.
JSON Example: Message
For readability, the following JSON examples are shown formatted with indentation on multiple lines. Objects are stored without indentation (on single lines) in the actual jsonl files.
{
"message_id": "218440fd-5317-4355-91dc-d001416df62b",
"parent_id": "13592dfb-a6f9-4748-a92c-32b34e239bb4",
"user_id": "8e95461f-5e94-4d8b-a2fb-d4717ce973e4",
"text": "It was the winter of 2035, and artificial intelligence (..)",
"role": "assistant",
"lang": "en",
"review_count": 3,
"review_result": true,
"deleted": false,
"rank": 0,
"synthetic": true,
"model_name": "oasst-sft-0_3000,max_new_tokens=400 (..)",
"labels": {
"spam": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"lang_mismatch": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"pii": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"not_appropriate": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"hate_speech": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"sexual_content": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"quality": { "value": 0.416, "count": 3 },
"toxicity": { "value": 0.16, "count": 3 },
"humor": { "value": 0.0, "count": 3 },
"creativity": { "value": 0.33, "count": 3 },
"violence": { "value": 0.16, "count": 3 }
}
}
JSON Example: Conversation Tree
For readability, only a subset of the message properties is shown here.
{
"message_tree_id": "14fbb664-a620-45ce-bee4-7c519b16a793",
"tree_state": "ready_for_export",
"prompt": {
"message_id": "14fbb664-a620-45ce-bee4-7c519b16a793",
"text": "Why can't we divide by 0? (..)",
"role": "prompter",
"lang": "en",
"replies": [
{
"message_id": "894d30b6-56b4-4605-a504-89dd15d4d1c8",
"text": "The reason we cannot divide by zero is because (..)",
"role": "assistant",
"lang": "en",
"replies": [
// ...
]
},
{
"message_id": "84d0913b-0fd9-4508-8ef5-205626a7039d",
"text": "The reason that the result of a division by zero is (..)",
"role": "assistant",
"lang": "en",
"replies": [
{
"message_id": "3352725e-f424-4e3b-a627-b6db831bdbaa",
"text": "Math is confusing. Like those weird Irrational (..)",
"role": "prompter",
"lang": "en",
"replies": [
{
"message_id": "f46207ca-3149-46e9-a466-9163d4ce499c",
"text": "Irrational numbers are simply numbers (..)",
"role": "assistant",
"lang": "en",
"replies": []
},
// ...
]
}
]
}
]
}
}
Please refer to oasst-data for details about the data structure and Python code to read and write jsonl files containing oasst data objects.
If you would like to explore the dataset yourself you can find a
getting-started
notebook in the notebooks/openassistant-oasst1 folder of the LAION-AI/Open-Assistant
github repository.
Main Dataset Files
Conversation data is provided either as nested messages in trees (extension .trees.jsonl.gz)
or as a flat list (table) of messages (extension .messages.jsonl.gz).
Ready For Export Trees
2023-04-12_oasst_ready.trees.jsonl.gz 10,364 trees with 88,838 total messages
2023-04-12_oasst_ready.messages.jsonl.gz 88,838 messages
Trees in ready_for_export state without spam and deleted messages including message labels.
The oasst_ready-trees file usually is sufficient for supervised fine-tuning (SFT) & reward model (RM) training.
All Trees
2023-04-12_oasst_all.trees.jsonl.gz 66,497 trees with 161,443 total messages
2023-04-12_oasst_all.messages.jsonl.gz 161,443 messages
All trees, including those in states prompt_lottery_waiting (trees that consist of only one message, namely the initial prompt),
aborted_low_grade (trees that stopped growing because the messages had low quality), and halted_by_moderator.
Supplemental Exports: Spam & Prompts
2023-04-12_oasst_spam.messages.jsonl.gz
These are messages which were deleted or have a negative review result ("review_result": false).
Besides low quality, a frequent reason for message deletion is a wrong language tag.
2023-04-12_oasst_prompts.messages.jsonl.gz
These are all the kept initial prompt messages with positive review result (no spam) of trees in ready_for_export or prompt_lottery_waiting state.
Using the Huggingface Datasets
While HF datasets is ideal for tabular datasets, it is not a natural fit for nested data structures like the OpenAssistant conversation trees.
Nevertheless, we make all messages which can also be found in the file 2023-04-12_oasst_ready.trees.jsonl.gz available in parquet as train/validation splits.
These are directly loadable by Huggingface Datasets.
To load the oasst1 train & validation splits use:
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("OpenAssistant/oasst1")
train = ds['train'] # len(train)=84437 (95%)
val = ds['validation'] # len(val)=4401 (5%)
The messages appear in depth-first order of the message trees.
Full conversation trees can be reconstructed from the flat messages table by using the parent_id
and message_id properties to identify the parent-child relationship of messages. The message_tree_id
and tree_state properties (only present in flat messages files) can be used to find all messages of a message tree or to select trees by their state.
Languages
OpenAssistant Conversations incorporates 35 different languages with a distribution of messages as follows:
Languages with over 1000 messages
- English: 71956
- Spanish: 43061
- Russian: 9089
- German: 5279
- Chinese: 4962
- French: 4251
- Thai: 3042
- Portuguese (Brazil): 2969
- Catalan: 2260
- Korean: 1553
- Ukrainian: 1352
- Italian: 1320
- Japanese: 1018
Languages with under 1000 messages
- Vietnamese: 952
- Basque: 947
- Polish: 886
- Hungarian: 811
- Arabic: 666
- Dutch: 628
- Swedish: 512
- Turkish: 454
- Finnish: 386
- Czech: 372
- Danish: 358
- Galician: 339
- Hebrew: 255
- Romanian: 200
- Norwegian Bokmål: 133
- Indonesian: 115
- Bulgarian: 95
- Bengali: 82
- Persian: 72
- Greek: 66
- Esperanto: 59
- Slovak: 19
Contact
- Discord Open Assistant Discord Server
- GitHub: LAION-AI/Open-Assistant
- E-Mail: open-assistant@laion.ai
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