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Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] The Google Ngram Viewer or Google Books Ngram Viewer is an online search engine that charts the frequencies of any set of comma-delimited search strings using a yearly count of -grams found in sources printed between 1500 and 2008 in Google's text corpora in English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, or Spanish. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] There are also some specialized English corpora, such as American English, British English, English Fiction, and English One Million; and the 2009 version of most corpora is also available.
The program can search for a single word or a phrase, including misspellings or gibberish. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] The n-grams are matched with the text within the selected corpus, optionally using case-sensitive spelling (which compares the exact use of uppercase letters), and, if found in 40 or more books, are then plotted on a graph.
The Google Ngram Viewer, , supports searches for parts of speech and wildcards.
The program was developed by Jon Orwant and Will Brockman and released in mid-December 2010. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] It was inspired by a prototype (called "Bookworm") created by Jean-Baptiste Michel and Erez Aiden from Harvard's Cultural Observatory and Yuan Shen from MIT and Steven Pinker.
The Ngram Viewer was initially based on the 2009 edition of the Google Books Ngram Corpus. , the program can search an individual language's corpus within the 2009 or the 2012 edition.
Commas delimit user-entered search-terms, indicating each separate word or phrase to find. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] The Ngram Viewer returns a plotted line chart within seconds of the user pressing the Enter key or the "Search" button on the screen.
As an adjustment for more books having been published during some years, the data is normalized, as a relative level, by the number of books published in each year.
Google populated the database from over 5 million books published up to 2008. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] Accordingly, as of January 2016, no data will match beyond the year 2008, no matter if the corpus was generated in 2009 or 2012. Due to limitations on the size of the Ngram database, only matches found in at least 40 books are indexed in the database; otherwise the database could not have stored all possible combinations.
Typically, search terms cannot end with punctuation, although a separate full stop (a period) can be searched. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] Also, an ending question mark (as in "Why?") will cause a 2nd search for the question mark separately.
Omitting the periods in abbreviations will allow a form of matching, such as using "R M S" to search for "R.M.S." versus "RMS".
The corpora used for the search are composed of total_counts, 1-grams, 2-grams, 3-grams, 4-grams, and 5-grams files for each language. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] The file format of each of the files is tab-separated data. Each line has the following format:
The Google Ngram Viewer uses match_count to plot the graph.
As an example, a word "Wikipedia" from the Version 2 file of the English 1-grams is stored as follows:
The graph plotted by the Google Ngram Viewer using the above data is here. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP]
The data set has been criticized for its reliance upon inaccurate OCR, an overabundance of scientific literature, and for including large numbers of incorrectly dated and categorized texts. Because of these errors, and because it is uncontrolled for bias (such as the increasing amount of scientific literature, which causes other terms to appear to decline in popularity), it is risky to use this corpus to study language or test theories. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] Since the data set does not include metadata, it may not reflect general linguistic or cultural change and can only hint at such an effect.
Another issue is that the corpus is in effect a library, containing one of each book. A single, prolific author is thereby able to noticeably insert new phrases into the Google Books lexicon, whether the author is widely read or not.
Optical character recognition, or OCR, is not always reliable, and some characters may not be scanned correctly. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] In particular, systemic errors like the confusion of "s" and "f" in pre-19th century texts (due to the use of the long s which was similar in appearance to "f") can cause systemic bias. | 0 |
Google Ngram Viewer [SEP] Although Google Ngram Viewer claims that the results are reliable from 1800 onwards, poor OCR and insufficient data mean that frequencies given for languages such as Chinese may only be accurate from 1970 onward, with earlier parts of the corpus showing no results at all for common terms, and data for some years containing more than 50% noise.
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Mrs. A. F. Rossi House [SEP] The Mrs. A.F. Rossi House in Boise, Idaho, is a 1-story cottage in the Colonial Revival style with "proto-bungaloid" elements. The house was designed by Tourtellotte & Co. and constructed in 1906. Its prominent feature is an outset, left front center porch. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
Lola L. Lindsey and Alexander F. Rossi were married February 25, 1903, in Boise. | 1 |
Mrs. A. F. Rossi House [SEP] Alexander Rossi was associated with W.H. Ridenbaugh in logging and lumber enterprises until 1908, and they owned the A.F. Rossi Company, a South Boise lumber mill. | 1 |
Mrs. A. F. Rossi House [SEP] In 1905 sister and brother Adaline Bennett and Alex Rossi deeded property in South Boise to Lola Rossi, and on the lot a six-room cottage was constructed in 1906 according to plans drawn by Tourtellotte & Co. The Rossis may have occupied the house until 1926, when they moved to Idaho City and became proprietors of the Luna House hotel, named for original owner M.G. Luney. The hotel was identical in name to the Luna House in Lewiston, an early stagecoach stop in Idaho Territory.
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Epidendrum sect. Sarcophylla [SEP] The section Epidendrum" sect. " Sarcophylla is a subsection of subgenus "E". subg. "Epidendrum" of the genus "Epidendrum" of the Orchidaceae. In 1861, Reichenbach recognized one species in this section:
| 2 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP] The Quadrangle is the common name for a cluster of museums and cultural institutions in Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, on Chestnut Street between State and Edwards Streets.
The Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden, in the center of the Quadrangle, is surrounded by a park, a library, five museums, and a cathedral. A second cathedral is just on the Quadrangle's periphery. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP]
On the corner of Chestnut and State Streets, Merrick Park is distinguished by sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens "The Puritan", a statue depicting one of Springfield's settlers, Deacon Samuel Chapin. Springfield Central Library and Christ Church Cathedral are adjacent to the park.
The Central Library, constructed in 1913, was paid for by Andrew Carnegie. It is the second library to be built at that location. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP] The nonfiction department is based in Rice Hall (named for William Rice), consisting of a main floor and mezzanine. Opposite Rice Hall is the Arts and Music Hall, where multimedia, periodicals, and the computer lab are based. The circulation desk lies in the rotunda between the two halls. Fiction, children's literature, and community rooms are in the basement. The Central Library also has a Teen Advisory Board — a grouping of teenagers who help make decisions and organize events at the library geared towards teenagers. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP]
The Roman Catholic St. Michael's Cathedral adjoins the neo-classical Springfield City Library at the southeast corner of the Quadrangle.
Also located near that edge of the Quadrangle is the Episcopal Diocese of Western Massachusetts' Christ Church Cathedral.
Springfield Museums Corporation operates the Dr. Seuss Memorial and five museums on the Quadrangle. In 2013, the Springfield Museum consortium achieved national accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums, a distinction awarded to only 6% of national museums in the US. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP] In September 2016, Springfield Museums was named as a Smithsonian affiliate, opening up new opportunities for cultural and historical exhibits, as well as educational programs.
The George Walter Vincent Smith Art Museum is the oldest museum on the Quadrangle. The museum is named for the collection's original owner. Its exhibits express the taste of Smith and his wife, Belle, and they bequeathed their notable collection to begin the museum. The building dates from 1895 and was designed by Renwick, Aspinwall and Russell and Walter T. Owen. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP]
The Ancient Treasures Gallery displays objects from ancient Egypt, China, Greece and Rome. The gallery also presents Greek and Roman sculpture from the recently acquired Blake/Purnell Collection of antiquities, and ancient Chinese ceramics and bronzes from the Bidwell Collection. Greek pottery and glass from the George Walter Vincent Smith Collection complement the classical sculptures. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP]
The Japanese Arms and Armor Gallery, in addition to holding Smith's extensive collection of Oriental armor, is the site of an ornate Shinto wheel shrine carved during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Among other collections is a 150-piece holding of Chinese cloisonne work, one of the most extensive collections outside of China.
The Michele & Donald D’Amour Museum of Fine Arts features mostly American and European works including those of Massachusetts native John Singleton Copley and lithographs of Currier and Ives. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP] Works by Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, and others can be found in the European collection. The Museum features many interactive exhibits as well. It also has Late Medieval and Renaissance paintings by Spinello Aretino, Nicolás Francés, Domingo Valls, Pordenone, Daniele da Volterra ("Diana"), and Goswin van der Weyden. It also has Baroque and 18th Century paintings by Pierre Patel, Jacob Jordaens, Emanuel de Witte, Jan van Goyen, Ferdinand Bol, Jean-Étienne Liotard, Canaletto, and Giovanni Paolo Panini. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP] There are also American paintings by Erastus Salisbury Field, Frederic Edwin Church, George Bellows, and Georgia O'Keeffe. There are also contemporary works of art by Helen Frankenthaler, Joseph Grillo, and Lisa Hoke.
The Springfield Science Museum displays elements of natural and physical science from the Eco-Center featuring live animals, to the African Hall, which gives visitors a ground-sky perspective of an ecosystem on the Savannah. Dinosaur Hall includes a lifesize "Tyrannosaurus rex" model and skeletons from other dinosaurs. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP] The museum also features a planetarium – the first built in the United States, and one of the very few of the era not built by Zeiss – and earth science exhibits. Additionally, the museum has its own observatory with a telescope that is periodically open to the public.
The Quadrangle's perimeter was at one time open to vehicles, but was closed off in the 1990s, becoming a pedestrian-only park. Soon after that, the Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden was opened. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP] Several statues depicting Springfield native Theodor Geisel (Dr. Seuss) and many of his creations were sculpted and placed on the Quadrangle green. Starting in 2017, the William Pynchon Memorial Building, which formerly housed the Connecticut Valley Historical Museum, reopened as the Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum in June 2017.
The newest museum at the Quadrangle is the Lyman and Merrie Wood Museum of Springfield History. It opened in the fall of 2009 on the former site of famed painter James MacNeill Whistler's childhood home. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP] It tells the story of Springfield, and in particular, highlights its role as "The City of Progress" and "The City of Firsts". The collection features exhibits on the numerous inventions and pioneering manufacturing techniques innovated there, the city's role in American history, as well as examining Springfield in a broader context as a city during various eras, (e.g. different wars, several mass immigrations, and changing transportation technology). | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP] Exhibits of antique cars and firearms, formerly housed at the Connecticut Valley Historical Museum, showcase the city's various industries. Also included is a large number of items from the former Indian Motorcycle Museum.
The museum also houses the Springfield History Library and Archives, a collection of historical papers and documents, including genealogical records and over 20,000 books related to genealogy. | 3 |
Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts) [SEP]
The newest museum on the Quadrangle, opened in 2017, The Amazing World of Dr. Seuss museum blends artifacts and information about the life and work of Dr. Seuss with interactive exhibits aimed at children.
| 3 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] The Stations of the Resurrection, also known by the Latin name Via Lucis (Way of Light), are a form of Christian devotion, encouraging meditation upon the Resurrection of Jesus Christ and some of the Resurrection appearances and other episodes recorded in the New Testament. The term may also be used as a name for a series of pictures or sculptures representing the various episodes, although these are nowhere near as common as those for the Stations of the Cross, depicting the stages of the Passion of Jesus. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] The concept was devised in 1988.
The Stations of the Resurrection complement the Stations of the Cross or "Via Crucis" (the term "Via Lucis" is intentionally reminiscent of this), a traditional Catholic devotion commemorating the Passion of Jesus. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] Unlike the traditional form of the Stations of the Cross—though in common with the revised form of that devotion introduced by Pope John Paul II on Good Friday 1991—all the Stations of the Resurrection are based on scripturally-recorded incidents contained in the four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles.
As with the Stations of the Cross, the devotion takes no fixed form, but typically includes for each Station a reading from Scripture, a short meditation, and a prayer. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] Where a series of pictures is used to aid the devotion, it takes the form of a procession, with movement from one Station to the next sometimes being accompanied by the singing of one or more verses of a hymn.
In the traditional scheme of the Stations of the Cross, the final Station is the burial of Jesus. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] Though this constitutes a logical conclusion to the "Via Crucis", it has been increasingly regarded as unsatisfactory as an end-point to meditation upon the Paschal mystery, which according to Christian doctrine culminates in, and is incomplete without, the Resurrection (see, for example, 1 Corinthians 15.17–20). For this reason a fifteenth Station, representing the Resurrection, is sometimes added to the Stations of the Cross. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] Even this practice has, however, been subject to criticism as insufficiently representing the two-fold dynamic of the Paschal mystery: the suffering and death of Jesus on the one hand, and on the other his Resurrection and glorification. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP]
In the summer of 1988, Father Sabino Palumbieri, Professor of Anthropology at the Salesian University in Rome, proposed the creation of a new set of stations, centred upon the Resurrection and the events following from it, so as to emphasise the positive, hopeful aspect of the Christian story which, though not absent from the Stations of the Cross, is obscured by their emphasis upon suffering. The first major public celebration of this devotion was in 1990, after which it gained greater currency. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP]
In December 2001, the Holy See promulgated a "Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy", which commended the "Via Lucis" as follows:
A pious exercise called the "Via Lucis" has developed and spread to many regions in recent years. Following the model of the "Via Crucis", the faithful process while meditating on the various appearances of Jesus – from his Resurrection to his Ascension – in which he showed his glory to the disciples who awaited the coming of the Holy Spirit (cf. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] John 14, 26; 16, 13-15; Lk 24, 49), strengthened their faith, brought to completion his teaching on the Kingdom and more closely defined the sacramental and hierarchical structure of the Church.br
br
Through the "Via Lucis", the faithful recall the central event of the faith – the resurrection of Christ – and their discipleship in virtue of Baptism, the paschal sacrament by which they have passed from the darkness of sin to the bright radiance of the light of grace (cf. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] Col 1, 13; Eph 5, 8).br
br
For centuries the "Via Crucis" involved the faithful in the first moment of the Easter event, namely the Passion, and helped to fix its most important aspects in their consciousness. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] Analogously, the "Via Lucis", when celebrated in fidelity to the Gospel text, can effectively convey a living understanding to the faithful of the second moment of the Paschal event, namely the Lord's Resurrection.br
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The "Via Lucis" is potentially an excellent pedagogy of the faith, since "per crucem ad lucem" ["through the Cross (one comes) to the light"]. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] Using the metaphor of a journey, the "Via Lucis" moves from the experience of suffering, which in God's plan is part of life, to the hope of arriving at man's true end: liberation, joy and peace which are essentially paschal values.br
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The "Via Lucis" is a potential stimulus for the restoration of a "culture of life" which is open to the hope and certitude offered by faith, in a society often characterized by a "culture of death", despair and nihilism. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP]
there is no universally-agreed list of Stations of the Resurrection, nor have any Church authorities sought to impose a definitive list, and as a result some churches have commissioned sets of sculptures for the Stations according to their own distinctive scheme which may not be followed elsewhere. ( This is similar to the history of the Stations of the Cross, which attained their normative form only after many centuries of widely varying local practice.) | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP] As to the "number" of Stations, however, there is general agreement that in order to emphasise the complementarity between the Stations of the Cross and the Stations of the Resurrection there should be fourteen Stations of the Resurrection, as is traditionally the case with the Stations of the Cross. | 4 |
Stations of the Resurrection [SEP]
In spite of continuing local variability, there appears nevertheless to be an increasing convergence upon the following as a recognised list of Stations of the Resurrection:
Other sources, however, including some recent ones, replace some of these Stations with others, such as:
Stations of the Light: Renewing the Ancient Christian Practice of the Via Lucis as a Scriptural Tool for Today, Mary Ford-Grabowsky, Image Book, Doubleday, 2005, 0385511655
| 4 |
Pennsauken–Route 73 station [SEP] Pennsauken–Route 73 station is a station on NJ Transit's River Line light rail system, located on River Road in Pennsauken Township, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States.
The station opened on March 15, 2004. Southbound service from the station is available to Camden, New Jersey. Northbound service is available to the Trenton Rail Station with connections to NJ Transit trains to New York City, SEPTA trains to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Amtrak trains. | 5 |
Pennsauken–Route 73 station [SEP] Transfer to the PATCO Speedline is available at the Walter Rand Transportation Center. Transfer to the Atlantic City Line is available at the Pennsauken Transit Center.
Park and ride service is available at this station, as are some NJ Transit and South Jersey Transportation Authority buses. Despite being partially named for Route 73, the station is located not only west of Route 73, but also west of the Pennsauken Creek. | 5 |
Pennsauken–Route 73 station [SEP] The closest resemblance to an encounter with Route 73 is a bridge built over the road from the days when the line was owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad.
| 5 |
Triglyphus primus [SEP] Triglyphus primus is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera. The larvae seem to be host-specific to an aphid species "Cryptosiphum artemisiae" which creates galls on Mugwort "Artemisia vulgaris".
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Phacelia submutica [SEP] Phacelia submutica is a rare species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common name De Beque phacelia. It is endemic to Colorado in the United States, where it is limited to the Piceance Basin in two counties. It is threatened by petroleum exploration. It was federally listed as a threatened species of the United States on July 27, 2011, a ruling which took effect on August 26, 2011.
This plant is sometimes treated as a variety of the more common "Phacelia scopulina". | 7 |
Phacelia submutica [SEP] It was first collected in 1911 at De Beque, Colorado. It is an annual herb with a stem just a few centimeters long that lies flat on the ground, producing a small clump of leaves. The leaves are often reddish in color and measure up to 1.5 centimeters in length. They are covered in short, stiff hairs. The tiny tubular flowers are cream-colored or yellowish with a purple tinting.
The plant is known only from Garfield and Mesa Counties in western Colorado. | 7 |
Phacelia submutica [SEP] There are 39 occurrences, but 13 have not been observed in over fifteen years. Population sizes are quite variable, and the plant can be locally common in some years depending on environmental conditions such as the amount of precipitation. It can be absent from an area one year and present the next year. This makes it difficult to estimate the current population. The plant grows in forest and woodland or shrubland habitat typically dominated by either Utah juniper or sagebrush. | 7 |
Phacelia submutica [SEP] It grows on certain members of the Wasatch Formation where the soils support few other plant species. The phacelia does sometimes grow among pointed gumweed and Gordon's buckwheat.
This plant is threatened by several processes, especially natural gas development. Many occurrences are on land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, which leases it for gas extraction. Associated harmful activities include road construction and the installation of pipes and tanks. Other threats may include damage to the soil by livestock and competition from introduced species of plants.
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MV St Catherine [SEP] MV "St Catherine is a Roll-on/roll-off car and passenger ferry. She served the Wightlink crossing from Portsmouth to Fishbourne, Isle of Wight from 1983 to 2009. In 2010, she was sold to Delcomar and renamed GB Conte."
"St Catherine" was built by Robb Caledon Shipbuilders, of Leith at a cost of £5 million. | 8 |
MV St Catherine [SEP] When she entered service on 3 July 1983, she was the biggest ferry ever in the Sealink Isle of Wight fleet, and the first able to carry more than 100 cars. Local papers reported that she made the other Isle of Wight ferries looked like toys in comparison to her. " St Catherine" remained the largest ship in the fleet only until her sister, entered service later in 1983.
"St Catherine" was present at the International Fleet Review in 2005, representing Wightlink with a number of her sisters. | 8 |
MV St Catherine [SEP] She was later laid up at Hythe in Hampshire.
In 2010 "St Catherine" was sold to Delcomar and sailed from Hythe to Sardinia as 'GB Conte' on 31 July 2010, with a crew of 11 on board. | 8 |
MV St Catherine [SEP] In March 2015, it was announced that sisters 'St Catherine' ('GB Conte') and 'St Helen' were being reunited, after spending five years apart, as 'St Helen' has also been sold to Delcomar, she has been repainted with their logo and renamed "Anna Mur", she was reunited with her sister in September 2015.
"St Catherine" was the first of the Isle of Wight ferries to use a Voith Schneider asymmetric three-propeller layout with a bridge mounted forward. | 8 |
MV St Catherine [SEP] Two decks of passenger accommodation are provided above the car deck, with two bar areas and seating space. One of the fastest car ferries in the company at the time, she allowed Wightlink to provide a 35-minute crossing of the Solent. Two older ferries on the route were withdrawn from service, whilst another, was transferred to join her sisters on the Lymington to Yarmouth route.
"St Catherine" entered service with Sealink in 1983, becoming Wightlink in 1991. | 8 |
MV St Catherine [SEP] She sailed between Portsmouth, on the English mainland and Fishbourne, Isle of Wight until 2009. GB Conte and Anna Mur currently sail between the Isola di San Pietro and Portovesme an approximately 40 minute service with a frequency of 17 ferries a day in each direction during the summer season.
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Eureka Tower [SEP] Eureka Tower is a skyscraper located in the Southbank precinct of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Construction began in August 2002 and the exterior completed on 1 June 2006. The plaza was finished in June 2006 and the building was officially opened on 11 October 2006. The project was designed by Melbourne architectural firm Fender Katsalidis Architects and was built by Grocon (Grollo Australia). | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP] The developer of the tower was Eureka Tower Pty Ltd, a joint venture consisting of Daniel Grollo (Grocon), investor Tab Fried and one of the Tower's architects Nonda Katsalidis. It was the world's tallest residential tower when measured to its highest floor, until surpassed by Ocean Heights and the HHHR Tower in Dubai. It is the second tallest building in Australia, behind Q1, Queensland, and is the tallest to roof (excluding spire). | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP] As of 2016 it was the 15th tallest residential building in the world.
Eureka Tower is named after the Eureka Stockade, a rebellion during the Victorian gold rush in 1854. This has been incorporated into the design, with the building's gold crown representing the gold rush and a red stripe representing the blood spilt during the revolt. The blue glass cladding that covers most of the building represents the blue background of the stockade's flag and the white lines also represent the Eureka Stockade flag. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP] The white horizontal stripes also represent markings on a surveyor's measuring staff.
At the base of the tower is an art installation containing bees inside a white box, resembling a manmade beehive. There are two regular sized bees outside the box, and one queen bee on the top. The gold colour of the bees complements the gold at the top of the tower. The installation was created by Richard Stringer and Nonda Katsalidis, and was complete in December 2007. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP]
When measured either by the height of its roof, or by the height of its highest habitable floor, Eureka Tower was the tallest residential building in the world when completed. It is also currently the building with the most floors available for residential occupancy in the world. The building stands in height, with 91 storeys above ground plus one basement level. It is one of only seven buildings in the world with 90 or more storeys and is the equal 77th tallest building in the world. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP] It is also the second-tallest building in Australia and the tallest building in Melbourne. The single level basement and first 9 floors contain car parking. The building's proximity to the water table as well as the Yarra River made the construction of a basement car park uneconomical. In all, there are 84 floors of apartments (including some floors shared between car parking and apartments), with the remainder being used for building facilities and the observation deck. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP]
According to the ranking system developed by the U.S.-based Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, the Eureka Tower qualifies as the tallest building in three of the four categories in which heights are ranked, namely height to the floor of the highest occupied floor of the building. For comparison, the Q1 apartment tower on the Gold Coast has its highest habitable floor (the observation deck), reaching a height of , some lower than Eureka Tower's highest habitable floor. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP] Q1's highest penthouse apartment is whilst Eureka's penthouse is high. However, the spire attached to the top of Q1 exceeds the Eureka Tower in the other two categories, namely "Height to the tip of spire, pinnacle, antenna, mast or flag pole" – in this case, spire – and height to architectural top of the building. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP]
Floors 82 to 87, marketed as "Summit Levels", contain only one apartment per floor, each with an original price of A$7 million for the unfurnished floor space alone.
The highest floors of the tower house an observation deck (level 88), restaurant (level 89), communication rooms and balcony (90) and water tanks (90 and 91). A system of pumps constantly moves water between the two 300,000 litre tanks to counteract wind-induced oscillations. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP]
The observation deck (Eureka Skydeck 88) occupies the entire 88th floor of the Eureka Tower and is the highest public vantage point in a building in the Southern Hemisphere at . It opened to the public on 15 May 2007. An entry fee applies to access the Skydeck.
The Skydeck features thirty viewfinders that help visitors to pinpoint numerous significant landmarks around all parts of Melbourne, along with several free binoculars. There is a small outside area called "The Terrace" which is closed in high winds. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP] There is also a glass cube called "The Edge", which extends itself from the building to hang over the edge of the tower and add to the viewing experience.
On 10 January 2005, Grocon, the firm building Eureka Tower, proposed adding a communications mast/observation tower. The proposal is currently before the local planning commission. This mast would be a significant structure, used for providing an adventure climb to the tip of the summit. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP]
On 16 April 2006, a new proposal was announced that the construction company and developers were considering options for the building to have a "skywalk" that would take daring people up high. The proposed structure may also include a communications tower.
Skydeck 88 features "The Edge" – a glass cube which projects out from the building with visitors inside, suspended almost above the ground. When one enters, the glass is opaque as the cube moves out over the edge of the building. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP] Once fully extended over the edge, the glass becomes clear.
From June 2013, Grant Harris, environmental scientist, Stu Jones structural engineer, and Lloyd Godman, an ecological artist, carried out an experiment by placing Tillandsia plants on four locations on the tower. Two different species were placed at four levels: 56, 65, 91, and on top at level 92. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP] These plants grow with no soil or watering / nutrient system and on Eureka Tower were exposed to the elements where they proved to grow through winter, salt winds over and a hot dry summer. The plants were checked over a 12-month period, grew and even flowered. As far as can be ascertained this is the highest building with plants on and the experiment paved the way for utilizing Tillandsia on high-rise buildings.
Construction began August 2002 and took 4 years and 2 months. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP]
The tower was built using reinforced concrete using a slipform method. Eureka Tower's lift core superseded the height of Rialto Towers on 9 November 2004.
On 23 May 2006, the crane on top of the tower was dismantled by a smaller crane, which was dismantled by a smaller crane that could be taken down the service elevator.
Eureka Tower has 24 carat (99.9%) gold plated glass windows on the top 10 floors of the building. Installation of the gold glass was completed in March 2006. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP] Apartment owners and tenants had taken up residence in the building between Ground Level and Level 80 as of July 2006.
On 11 October 2006, the tower was officially opened by then Premier of Victoria, Steve Bracks.
A 2-floor Grocon-Lubeca jumpform system was used to halve work time, concrete and joints required in the core, as well as increasing structural integrity.
Grocon purchased the Singapore company Lubeca in 2000, and then did more R&D to design the 2-floor jumpform system. | 9 |
Eureka Tower [SEP]
Since 2012 the Eureka Climb event has been held annually. Participants climb 1642 steps to the observation deck. The current record is 7 minutes to climb up 88 floors.
| 9 |
Brenthia catenata [SEP] Brenthia catenata is a species of moth of the family Choreutidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1907. It is found in India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines and Samoa.
The larvae feed on "Erythrina" species.
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Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] Hevea brasiliensis, the Pará rubber tree, "sharinga" tree, seringueira, or, most commonly, the rubber tree or rubber plant, is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is the most economically important member of the genus "Hevea" because the milky latex extracted from the tree is the primary source of natural rubber. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP]
"H. brasiliensis" is a tall deciduous tree growing to a height of up to in the wild, but cultivated trees are usually much smaller because drawing off the latex restricts the growth of the tree. The trunk is cylindrical and may have a swollen, bottle-shaped base. The bark is some shade of brown, and the inner bark oozes latex when damaged. The leaves have three leaflets and are spirally arranged. The inflorescence include separate male and female flowers. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] The flowers are pungent, creamy-yellow and have no petals. The fruit is a capsule that contains three large seeds; it opens explosively when ripe.
In the wild, the tree can reach a height of up to . The white or yellow latex occurs in latex vessels in the bark, mostly outside the phloem. These vessels spiral up the tree in a right-handed helix which forms an angle of about 30 degrees with the horizontal, and can grow as high as 45 ft. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP]
In plantations, the trees are generally smaller for two reasons: 1) trees grow more slowly when they are tapped for latex, and 2) trees are generally cut down after only 30 years, because latex production declines as trees age, and they are no longer economically productive. The tree requires a tropical or subtropical climate with a minimum of about 1,200 mm per year of rainfall, and no frost. If frost does occur, the results can be disastrous for production. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] One frost can cause the rubber from an entire plantation to become brittle and break once it has been refined."
The natural rubber tree takes between seven and ten years to deliver the first harvest.
Harvesters make incisions across the latex vessels, just deep enough to tap the vessels without harming the tree's growth, and the latex is collected in small buckets. This process is known as rubber tapping. Latex production is highly variable from tree to tree and across clone types. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP]
As latex production declines with age, rubber trees are generally felled when they reach the age of 25 to 30 years. The earlier practice was to burn the trees, but in recent decades, the wood has been harvested for furniture making.
The South American rubber tree grew only in the Amazon rainforest, and increasing demand and the discovery of the vulcanization procedure in 1839 led to the rubber boom in that region, enriching the cities of Belém, Santarém, Manaus and Iquitos, Peru, of 1840 to 1913. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] In Brazil, the initial name of the plant was "pará rubber tree." The name of the tree derives from Grão-Pará and Rio Negro or only Grão-Pará (Great-Pará), the largest Brazilian province until 1850, the capital of which is Belém, where most of the fluid, also called "latex", was extracted and exported. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] In Peru, in addition to the hispanic-speaking countries of the Amazon region, the name given was "árbol del caucho", with the fluid extracted called "caucho". These trees were used to obtain rubber by the natives who inhabited its geographical distribution. The Olmec people of Mesoamerica extracted and produced similar forms of primitive rubber from analogous latex-producing trees such as "Castilla elastica" as early as 3,600 years ago. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] The rubber was used, among other things, to make the balls used in the Mesoamerican ballgame. Early attempts were made in 1873 to grow "H. brasilensis" outside Brazil. After some effort, 12 seedlings were germinated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. These were sent to India for cultivation, but died. A second attempt was then made, some 70,000 seeds being smuggled to Kew in 1875, by Henry Wickham, in the service of the British Empire. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] About four percent of these germinated, and in 1876, about 2,000 seedlings were sent, in Wardian cases, to Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka) and 22 were sent to the Botanic Gardens in Singapore. Once established outside its native country, rubber was extensively propagated in the British colonies. Rubber trees were brought to the botanical gardens at Buitenzorg, Java, in 1883. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] By 1898, a rubber plantation had been established in Malaya, with imported Chinese field workers being the dominant work force in rubber production in the early 20th-century. Today, most rubber tree plantations are in South and Southeast Asia, the top rubber producing countries in 2011 being Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, India and Vietnam.
The cultivation of the tree in South America (Amazon) ended early in the 20th century because of blight. | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] The blight, called South American leaf blight, is caused by the ascomycetes, "Microcyclus ulei" or "Pseudocercospora ulei".
The toxicity of arsenic to insects, bacteria, and fungi has led to the heavy use of arsenic trioxide on rubber plantations, especially in Malaysia.
The majority of the rubber trees in Southeast Asia are clones of varieties highly susceptible to the South American leaf blight—"Microcyclus ulei". | 11 |
Hevea brasiliensis [SEP] For these reasons, environmental historian Charles C. Mann, in his 2011 book, "1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created", predicted that the Southeast Asian rubber plantations will be ravaged by the blight in the not-too-distant future, thus creating a potential calamity for international industry.
The genus "Hevea" is also known as:
| 11 |
Big Dipper [SEP] The Big Dipper (US, Canada) or the Plough (UK, Ireland) is a large asterism consisting of seven bright stars of the constellation Ursa Major; six of them are of second magnitude and one, Megrez (δ), of third magnitude. Four define a "bowl" or "body" and three define a "handle" or "head". It is recognized as a distinct grouping in many cultures. | 12 |
Big Dipper [SEP]
The North Star (Polaris), the current northern pole star and the tip of the handle of the Little Dipper (Little Bear), can be located by extending an imaginary line through the front two stars of the asterism, Merak (β) and Dubhe (α). This makes it useful in celestial navigation.
The constellation of Ursa Major (Latin: Greater Bear) has been seen as a bear, a wagon, or a ladle. | 12 |
Big Dipper [SEP]
The "bear" tradition is Greek, but apparently the name "bear" has parallels in Siberian or North American traditions.
The name "Bear" is Homeric, and apparently native to Greece, while the "Wain" tradition is Mesopotamian.
Book XVIII of Homer's "Iliad" mentions it as "the Bear, which men also call the Wain". In Latin, these seven stars were known as the "Seven Oxen" (', from '). | 12 |
Big Dipper [SEP] Classical Greek mythography identified the "Bear" as the nymph Callisto, changed into a she-bear by Hera, the jealous wife of Zeus.
In Ireland and the United Kingdom, this pattern is known as the Plough. The symbol of the Starry Plough has been used as a political symbol by Irish Republican and left wing movements. Former names include the Great Wain (i.e., wagon) or Butcher's Cleaver. The terms Charles's Wain and Charles his Wain are derived from the still older "Carlswæn". | 12 |
Big Dipper [SEP] A folk etymology holds that this derived from Charlemagne, but the name is common to all the Germanic languages and intended the churls' wagon (i.e., "the men's wagon"), in contrast with the "women's wagon" (the Little Dipper). An older "Odin's Wain" "may" have preceded these Nordic designations.
In German, it is known as the "Great Wagon" (') and, less often, the "Great Bear" ('). | 12 |
Big Dipper [SEP] In Scandinavia, it is known by variations of "Charles's Wagon" (", , or "), but also the "Great Bear" (). In Dutch, its official name is the "Great Bear" (""), but it is popularly known as the "Saucepan" (""). In Italian, too, it is called the "Great Wagon" (""). | 12 |
Big Dipper [SEP]
In Romanian and most Slavic languages, it is known as the "Great Wagon" as well. In Hungarian, it is commonly called "Göncöl's Wagon" (') or, less often, "Big Göncöl" (') after a táltos ("shaman") in Hungarian mythology who carried medicine that could cure any disease. | 12 |
Big Dipper [SEP] In Finnish, the figure is known as with established etymology in the archaic meaning 'salmon net', although other uses of the word refer to 'bear' and 'wheel'. The bear relation is claimed to stem from the animal's resemblance to—and mythical origin from—the asterism rather than vice versa.
In the Lithuanian language, the stars of Ursa Major are known as "Didieji Grįžulo Ratai" ("Stars of the Riding Hall's Wheels"). | 12 |
Big Dipper [SEP] Other names for the constellation include "Perkūno Ratai" ("Wheels of Perkūnas"), "Kaušas" ("Bucket"), "Vežimas" ("Carriage"), and "Samtis" ("Summit"). | 12 |
Big Dipper [SEP]
In traditional Chinese astronomy, which continues to be used throughout East Asia (e.g., in astrology), these stars are generally considered to compose the Right Wall of the Purple Forbidden Enclosure which surrounds the Northern Celestial Pole, although numerous other groupings and names have been made over the centuries. Similarly, each star has a distinct name, which likewise has varied over time and depending upon the asterism being constructed. | 12 |
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