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[ "" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Jennifer_Provencher_cropped.jpg" ]	[ "Jennifer F. Provencher (born 22 October 1979) is a Canadian conservation biologist. She is an early-career researcher and a spokesperson for the awareness of plastic contaminants in marine wildlife, pollution and climate change. Many of her work focus on the impact of human activities on the health of Arctic seabirds and marine ecosystems.", "Provencher received her B.Sc. in Marine Biology and her B.Ed. in Senior Sciences and Biology from the University of British Columbia. She then received a M.Sc. from the University of Victoria for her work on seabirds as indicators of change in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Her Ph.D. in Biology (Environmental and Chemical Toxicology) at Carleton University focused on parasites and mercury as possible drivers of avian health and reproduction.\nShe received a W. Garfield Weston Post-doctoral Fellowship in 2016 and a Liber Ero Post-doctoral Fellowship in 2018 to work in Northern Research at Acadia University.", "", "After graduating with a Bachelor’s degree in Marine Biology and Education in 2004, Provencher taught and assisted in research projects at the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre on Vancouver Island, Canada as a teacher and a scientific diver. In 2008, she decided to return to school to pursue a M.Sc. at the University of Victoria.", "In 2010, Provencher worked with the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) in association with the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) to lead the education and outreach assessment of activities conducted during the 2007-2009 International Polar Year. In the following years, she once again returned to graduate school as she undertook a Ph.D. at Carleton University, and she remained engaged as a member of the APECS executive committee and guest poster.\nProvencher has acted as committee chair or organizer for several international conferences, including the 2012 Inuit Studies Conference APECS workshop, Washington DC, USA; the 2013 ArcticNet Annual Science Meeting, Halifax, Canada and the 2018 Arctic Biodiversity Congress, Helsinki, Finland.\nBetween 2014 and 2019, Provencher gave over two dozen invited presentations all around the world on various topics related to contaminants or northern studies, among others. Some of the organizations that invited her included the American Academy for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation. In 2019, she was among the scientists invited to speak in a joint Canada-Monaco-France event on plastic pollution in the environment, namely at Maison Des Oceans, Paris, and the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, Monaco. That same year, she was called upon to testify in front of the Canadian Senate Committee on the Arctic and speak at the Belfer School for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University. Some of her other invited speeches were at the 2012 University of the Arctic Communications Workshop, Tromsø, Norway. She has been nominated to represent the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) at planning group for the April 2020 International Symposium on Plastics in the Arctic and Sub‐Arctic Region, Reykjavik, Iceland.", "Since 2018, Provencher is Head of the Wildlife Health Unit at the Canadian Wildlife Service (Environment and Climate Change Canada), and her work focuses on the effect of diseases, parasites and contaminants on the conservation of wildlife. As of 2019, she is an adjunct researcher at three Canadian universities: Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario; Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia; and Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.", "Part of the Circumpolar Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) working group, under the Arctic Council, Provencher was coordinator for the Arctic Migratory Bird Initiative (AMBI). She worked with member and observer states to coordinate and implement conservation efforts for breeding birds throughout international flyways. She established a task force focused on the illegal killing of migratory waterbirds in the East Asian Australasian Flyway. This task force currently works to identify major sources of mortality in birds in the East Asian Australasian Flyway, and cooperate with local organizations and national governments to minimize the negative effects on bird populations. At the 2017 Conference of the Parties in Manilla, Philippines, she also co-lead the development of the initiative into a more comprehensive task force for all birds under the Convention for Migratory Species (CMS). She worked with communicators to inform and engage policy makers with research and science.\nProvencher collaborated on a research program to develop a Canadian ingested plastic research framework used to monitor plastic ingestion in seabirds and investigate questions related to the impact of plastic pollution on marine wildlife. She further co-developed and co-lead related workshops such as the Learning about Ringed Seal Health from Contaminants Science and Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit to further inform Inuit communities about contaminants while meshing with Inuit Knowledge and science. The ongoing community-based science communication program is now co-lead by the Government of Nunatsiavut.\nAside from her numerous peer-reviewed publications as a researcher, Provencher is an author for several book chapters and gray literature articles, some of which were about the challenges of women and early career researchers in the science community.", "Provencher has received numerous awards as a researcher and educator. The following are selected awards.\n2018: Liber Ero Post-doctoral Fellowship\n2018: NSERC Post-doctoral Fellowship\n2016, 2017: W. Garfield Weston Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Northern Research\n2014: Jennifer Robinson Memorial Award, Arctic Institute of North America\n2014, 2015, 2016: Bonnycastle Fellowship in Wetland and Waterfowl Biology, Ducks Unlimited Canada\n2013: Lorraine Allison Memorial Award, Arctic Institute of North America\n2013: W. Garfield Weston Award for Northern Research (PhD)", "Provencher has presence in various radio, television and interviews with local, national and international outlets. This includes Newsweek, Maclean's, CBC, and The Guardian. The following are selected media and outreach activities.\nIn 2011, her work on plastic assessment in northern marine birds, “Plenty of plastics in Canada’s Arctic birds” was written by Margaret Munro, science writer and journalist.\nIn 2012, the Aboriginal Affairs and Northern development Canada (AANDC) produced a video featuring Provencher’s work with Inuit to study Eider Ducks. Provencher was also featured in Duck’s Unlimited’s magazine, The Conservator, for this Fellowship winning work. In 2015, the Smithsonian magazine featured Provencher in an article highlighting how seabirds act as vectors of marine contaminants dumped back on land.\nShe was then interviewed in 2017 for CBC reports on the billions of plastic particles brought into Arctic waters through the ocean ‘conveyor belt’.\nIn 2018, Provencher and the minister of Environment and Climate Change, Catherine McKenna, visited Nova Scotia, as they discussed plastic pollution and its threat to seabirds and the Atlantic coast. The minister later expressed her pride to have worked with such a dedicated public servant as Provencher, mentioning that Provencher's talk about work-life balance was an important message.\nThat same year, she was part of a CBC radio coverage about a UK ban of plastic straw and other single use items and what could be done in Canada, titled \"'We need to rethink the entire plastics industry': Why banning plastic straw isn't enough.\"\nIn 2019, she was featured in a Maclean's article \"Is That My Plastic Bag in the Mariana Trench?\" and was one of three guest plastic researchers part of a live panel discussion about the plastics in the oceans at the 2019 Advancement of Science meeting, Washington, D.C.", "\"Reports and Newsletters – ACUNS/AUCEN\". Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Meet The Fellows\". Liber Ero Fellowship Program. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Acadia University - Dr. Jennifer Provencher wins prestigious Liber Ero Post-Doctoral Award\". Education News Canada. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"The Benefits of Long Term Data\". Ocean News - A Newsletter from the Public Education Program of the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre. 2007.\nGovernment of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada. \"Information archivée dans le Web\" (PDF). publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Association of Polar Early Career Scientists - IPY Education and Outreach Lessons Project Assistent [sic] hired\". www.apecs.is. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Polar Research, Education, Outreach and Communication during the Fourth IPY\" (PDF). International Arctic Science Committee. 2011.\n\"Jennifer Provencher: Seabirds in High Arctic ingesting more plastic\". carleton.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"New APECS director eager to begin shaping the future of polar research\". Arctic Council. 2012. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\nBorealis, Science (2014-03-19). \"Polar Week 3: Arctic seabirds, canaries of global change\". ScienceBorealis.ca Blog. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"APECS continues to Shape the Future of Polar Social Sciences Research\" (PDF). Northern Notes - International Arctic Social Sciences Association. 2012.\n\"ArcticNet - 2013 Annual Scientific Meeting\" (PDF). ArcticNet Meetings. 2013.\n\"Program 2018 - Arctic biodiversity, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)\". www.arcticbiodiversity.is. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"2018 ArcticNet Annual Scientific Program\" (PDF). ArcticNet Meetings. 2018.\n\"Scientists track DNA of seabirds killed in Nunavut turbot fishery\". Nunatsiaq News. 2018.\n\"DC – 2019 AAAS Meeting, Plastics in the Oceans: Sources, Sinks and Solutions\". Journeys of Dr. G. 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Curiosity on Stage: Evening Edition - The Frontiers of Ocean Exploration and Marine Conservation \| Ingenium\". ingeniumcanada.org. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\nCelton, Valérie. \"Réseau-Cétacés – Conférence \" Microplastiques, Méga dégâts \", le mardi 26 février 2019 à la Maison des Océans (Paris)\". Réseau-Cétacés (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-30.\nCanada, Senate of (2017-12-07). \"Senate of Canada - Special Senate Committee on the Arctic\". Senate of Canada. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Proceedings of the Special Senate Committee on the Arctic\" (PDF). Senate of Canada. 2019.\n\"The Wilson Center & Icelandic Chairmanship of the Arctic Council Workshop on Policy & Action on Plastic in the Arctic Ocean\" (PDF). Harvard Kennedy School - Belfer Centre. 2019.\n\"Final Program: UArctic Communications Workshop: 25 January, 2012\". News. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Microplastics and Litter Work Plan\" (PDF). Arctic Observing Networks. 2019.\n\"Jennifer Provencher \| Head of the Wildlife Health Unit\". Seat of your pants. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Jennifer Provencher\". carleton.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"PhD Assistantship: Memorial University – Pacific Seabird Group\". Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"CAFF - Plastics and Seabirds\". www.caff.is. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Arctic Migratory Birds Initiative; Mid-Term Evaluation\" (PDF). Arctic Council. 2017.\n\"Arctic policy must embrace Indigenous knowledge and Arctic science\". Policy Options. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"CSPC 2013: Jennifer Provencher\". Canadian Science Policy Centre. 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels - The World Seabird Union forms a committee for seabirds and plastic pollution\". acap.aq. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Learning about ringed seal health from contaminants science and Inuit knowledge\" (PDF). Arctic Institute of North America's publications server. 2016.\n\"Evaluating Contaminants Learning: the experience of the Nunavut Arctic College Environmental Technology Program's wildlife, contaminants and health workshop\". UArctic - University of the Arctic. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Mercury and marine birds in Arctic\". carleton.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Communications, capacity and outreach\". Government of Canada. 2018.\n\"J F Provencher - Google Scholar Citations\". scholar.google.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"Jennifer Provencher\". Research Gate.\n\"How Work-Family Justice Can Bring Balance to Scientist Moms\". Scientific American. 2019.\n\"NSERC Postgraduate Scholarships-Doctoral and Postdoctoral Fellowships - 2018 Competition Results\" (PDF). Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.\n\"Arctic Institute of North America - Annual Report 2014 and 2015\" (PDF).\n\"Toxic Traces\". Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research.\n\"Final annual report 2013\". ISSUU.\n\"Grad Students Win Prestigious Northern Awards\".\nMunro, Margaret (2012-07-04). \"Plenty of plastics in Canada's Arctic birds\". Margaret Munro. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\nJennifer Provencher: On Working with Inuit to Study Eider Ducks, retrieved 2019-12-30\nKruse, Mitch (2015). \"Warm warnings\". Conservator \| The Magazine of Ducks Unlimited Canada.\nLearn, Joshua (2015). \"Seabirds Are Dumping Pollution-Laden Poop Back on Land\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\nWright, Laura (2017). \"Billions of plastic pollutants being dragged into Arctic waters\". CBC.\nMinister McKenna with Wildlife Scientist, Jennifer Provencher, retrieved 2019-12-30\nMcKenna 🇨🇦, Catherine (2018-06-12). \"Thanks @jenni_pro! Proud to work with dedicated public servants like you working hard to serve Canadians\". Twitter. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\nChung, Emily (2018). \"'We need to rethink the entire plastics industry': Why banning plastic straws isn't enough\". CBC.\n\"Is that my plastic bag in the Mariana Trench?\". Macleans. Retrieved 2019-12-30.\n\"#517 - Life in Plastic, Not Fantastic: Science for the People\". Science for the People. 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-30.", "Jennifer Provencher on Twitter\nJennifer Provencher on Instagram" ]	[ "Jennifer Provencher", "Education", "Work", "Before 2010: Career foundation", "2010-2018: Early career stage", "2018-present: Career advancement", "Significant contributions", "Awards and recognition", "Media and outreach", "References", "External links" ]	Jennifer Provencher	http://jenniferprovencher.com/	[ 0 ]	[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 ]	Jennifer Provencher Jennifer F. Provencher (born 22 October 1979) is a Canadian conservation biologist. She is an early-career researcher and a spokesperson for the awareness of plastic contaminants in marine wildlife, pollution and climate change. Many of her work focus on the impact of human activities on the health of Arctic seabirds and marine ecosystems. Provencher received her B.Sc. in Marine Biology and her B.Ed. in Senior Sciences and Biology from the University of British Columbia. She then received a M.Sc. from the University of Victoria for her work on seabirds as indicators of change in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Her Ph.D. in Biology (Environmental and Chemical Toxicology) at Carleton University focused on parasites and mercury as possible drivers of avian health and reproduction. She received a W. Garfield Weston Post-doctoral Fellowship in 2016 and a Liber Ero Post-doctoral Fellowship in 2018 to work in Northern Research at Acadia University. After graduating with a Bachelor’s degree in Marine Biology and Education in 2004, Provencher taught and assisted in research projects at the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre on Vancouver Island, Canada as a teacher and a scientific diver. In 2008, she decided to return to school to pursue a M.Sc. at the University of Victoria. In 2010, Provencher worked with the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) in association with the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) to lead the education and outreach assessment of activities conducted during the 2007-2009 International Polar Year. In the following years, she once again returned to graduate school as she undertook a Ph.D. at Carleton University, and she remained engaged as a member of the APECS executive committee and guest poster. Provencher has acted as committee chair or organizer for several international conferences, including the 2012 Inuit Studies Conference APECS workshop, Washington DC, USA; the 2013 ArcticNet Annual Science Meeting, Halifax, Canada and the 2018 Arctic Biodiversity Congress, Helsinki, Finland. Between 2014 and 2019, Provencher gave over two dozen invited presentations all around the world on various topics related to contaminants or northern studies, among others. Some of the organizations that invited her included the American Academy for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation. In 2019, she was among the scientists invited to speak in a joint Canada-Monaco-France event on plastic pollution in the environment, namely at Maison Des Oceans, Paris, and the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, Monaco. That same year, she was called upon to testify in front of the Canadian Senate Committee on the Arctic and speak at the Belfer School for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University. Some of her other invited speeches were at the 2012 University of the Arctic Communications Workshop, Tromsø, Norway. She has been nominated to represent the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) at planning group for the April 2020 International Symposium on Plastics in the Arctic and Sub‐Arctic Region, Reykjavik, Iceland. Since 2018, Provencher is Head of the Wildlife Health Unit at the Canadian Wildlife Service (Environment and Climate Change Canada), and her work focuses on the effect of diseases, parasites and contaminants on the conservation of wildlife. As of 2019, she is an adjunct researcher at three Canadian universities: Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario; Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia; and Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. Part of the Circumpolar Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) working group, under the Arctic Council, Provencher was coordinator for the Arctic Migratory Bird Initiative (AMBI). She worked with member and observer states to coordinate and implement conservation efforts for breeding birds throughout international flyways. She established a task force focused on the illegal killing of migratory waterbirds in the East Asian Australasian Flyway. This task force currently works to identify major sources of mortality in birds in the East Asian Australasian Flyway, and cooperate with local organizations and national governments to minimize the negative effects on bird populations. At the 2017 Conference of the Parties in Manilla, Philippines, she also co-lead the development of the initiative into a more comprehensive task force for all birds under the Convention for Migratory Species (CMS). She worked with communicators to inform and engage policy makers with research and science. Provencher collaborated on a research program to develop a Canadian ingested plastic research framework used to monitor plastic ingestion in seabirds and investigate questions related to the impact of plastic pollution on marine wildlife. She further co-developed and co-lead related workshops such as the Learning about Ringed Seal Health from Contaminants Science and Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit to further inform Inuit communities about contaminants while meshing with Inuit Knowledge and science. The ongoing community-based science communication program is now co-lead by the Government of Nunatsiavut. Aside from her numerous peer-reviewed publications as a researcher, Provencher is an author for several book chapters and gray literature articles, some of which were about the challenges of women and early career researchers in the science community. Provencher has received numerous awards as a researcher and educator. The following are selected awards. 2018: Liber Ero Post-doctoral Fellowship 2018: NSERC Post-doctoral Fellowship 2016, 2017: W. Garfield Weston Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Northern Research 2014: Jennifer Robinson Memorial Award, Arctic Institute of North America 2014, 2015, 2016: Bonnycastle Fellowship in Wetland and Waterfowl Biology, Ducks Unlimited Canada 2013: Lorraine Allison Memorial Award, Arctic Institute of North America 2013: W. Garfield Weston Award for Northern Research (PhD) Provencher has presence in various radio, television and interviews with local, national and international outlets. This includes Newsweek, Maclean's, CBC, and The Guardian. The following are selected media and outreach activities. In 2011, her work on plastic assessment in northern marine birds, “Plenty of plastics in Canada’s Arctic birds” was written by Margaret Munro, science writer and journalist. In 2012, the Aboriginal Affairs and Northern development Canada (AANDC) produced a video featuring Provencher’s work with Inuit to study Eider Ducks. Provencher was also featured in Duck’s Unlimited’s magazine, The Conservator, for this Fellowship winning work. In 2015, the Smithsonian magazine featured Provencher in an article highlighting how seabirds act as vectors of marine contaminants dumped back on land. She was then interviewed in 2017 for CBC reports on the billions of plastic particles brought into Arctic waters through the ocean ‘conveyor belt’. In 2018, Provencher and the minister of Environment and Climate Change, Catherine McKenna, visited Nova Scotia, as they discussed plastic pollution and its threat to seabirds and the Atlantic coast. The minister later expressed her pride to have worked with such a dedicated public servant as Provencher, mentioning that Provencher's talk about work-life balance was an important message. That same year, she was part of a CBC radio coverage about a UK ban of plastic straw and other single use items and what could be done in Canada, titled "'We need to rethink the entire plastics industry': Why banning plastic straw isn't enough." In 2019, she was featured in a Maclean's article "Is That My Plastic Bag in the Mariana Trench?" and was one of three guest plastic researchers part of a live panel discussion about the plastics in the oceans at the 2019 Advancement of Science meeting, Washington, D.C. "Reports and Newsletters – ACUNS/AUCEN". Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Meet The Fellows". Liber Ero Fellowship Program. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Acadia University - Dr. Jennifer Provencher wins prestigious Liber Ero Post-Doctoral Award". Education News Canada. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "The Benefits of Long Term Data". Ocean News - A Newsletter from the Public Education Program of the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre. 2007. Government of Canada, Public Services and Procurement Canada. "Information archivée dans le Web" (PDF). publications.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Association of Polar Early Career Scientists - IPY Education and Outreach Lessons Project Assistent [sic] hired". www.apecs.is. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Polar Research, Education, Outreach and Communication during the Fourth IPY" (PDF). International Arctic Science Committee. 2011. "Jennifer Provencher: Seabirds in High Arctic ingesting more plastic". carleton.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "New APECS director eager to begin shaping the future of polar research". Arctic Council. 2012. Retrieved 2019-12-30. Borealis, Science (2014-03-19). "Polar Week 3: Arctic seabirds, canaries of global change". ScienceBorealis.ca Blog. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "APECS continues to Shape the Future of Polar Social Sciences Research" (PDF). Northern Notes - International Arctic Social Sciences Association. 2012. "ArcticNet - 2013 Annual Scientific Meeting" (PDF). ArcticNet Meetings. 2013. "Program 2018 - Arctic biodiversity, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)". www.arcticbiodiversity.is. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "2018 ArcticNet Annual Scientific Program" (PDF). ArcticNet Meetings. 2018. "Scientists track DNA of seabirds killed in Nunavut turbot fishery". Nunatsiaq News. 2018. "DC – 2019 AAAS Meeting, Plastics in the Oceans: Sources, Sinks and Solutions". Journeys of Dr. G. 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Curiosity on Stage: Evening Edition - The Frontiers of Ocean Exploration and Marine Conservation \| Ingenium". ingeniumcanada.org. Retrieved 2019-12-30. Celton, Valérie. "Réseau-Cétacés – Conférence " Microplastiques, Méga dégâts ", le mardi 26 février 2019 à la Maison des Océans (Paris)". Réseau-Cétacés (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-30. Canada, Senate of (2017-12-07). "Senate of Canada - Special Senate Committee on the Arctic". Senate of Canada. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Proceedings of the Special Senate Committee on the Arctic" (PDF). Senate of Canada. 2019. "The Wilson Center & Icelandic Chairmanship of the Arctic Council Workshop on Policy & Action on Plastic in the Arctic Ocean" (PDF). Harvard Kennedy School - Belfer Centre. 2019. "Final Program: UArctic Communications Workshop: 25 January, 2012". News. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Microplastics and Litter Work Plan" (PDF). Arctic Observing Networks. 2019. "Jennifer Provencher \| Head of the Wildlife Health Unit". Seat of your pants. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Jennifer Provencher". carleton.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "PhD Assistantship: Memorial University – Pacific Seabird Group". Retrieved 2019-12-30. "CAFF - Plastics and Seabirds". www.caff.is. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Arctic Migratory Birds Initiative; Mid-Term Evaluation" (PDF). Arctic Council. 2017. "Arctic policy must embrace Indigenous knowledge and Arctic science". Policy Options. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "CSPC 2013: Jennifer Provencher". Canadian Science Policy Centre. 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels - The World Seabird Union forms a committee for seabirds and plastic pollution". acap.aq. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Learning about ringed seal health from contaminants science and Inuit knowledge" (PDF). Arctic Institute of North America's publications server. 2016. "Evaluating Contaminants Learning: the experience of the Nunavut Arctic College Environmental Technology Program's wildlife, contaminants and health workshop". UArctic - University of the Arctic. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Mercury and marine birds in Arctic". carleton.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Communications, capacity and outreach". Government of Canada. 2018. "J F Provencher - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "Jennifer Provencher". Research Gate. "How Work-Family Justice Can Bring Balance to Scientist Moms". Scientific American. 2019. "NSERC Postgraduate Scholarships-Doctoral and Postdoctoral Fellowships - 2018 Competition Results" (PDF). Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. "Arctic Institute of North America - Annual Report 2014 and 2015" (PDF). "Toxic Traces". Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research. "Final annual report 2013". ISSUU. "Grad Students Win Prestigious Northern Awards". Munro, Margaret (2012-07-04). "Plenty of plastics in Canada's Arctic birds". Margaret Munro. Retrieved 2019-12-30. Jennifer Provencher: On Working with Inuit to Study Eider Ducks, retrieved 2019-12-30 Kruse, Mitch (2015). "Warm warnings". Conservator \| The Magazine of Ducks Unlimited Canada. Learn, Joshua (2015). "Seabirds Are Dumping Pollution-Laden Poop Back on Land". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2019-12-30. Wright, Laura (2017). "Billions of plastic pollutants being dragged into Arctic waters". CBC. Minister McKenna with Wildlife Scientist, Jennifer Provencher, retrieved 2019-12-30 McKenna 🇨🇦, Catherine (2018-06-12). "Thanks @jenni_pro! Proud to work with dedicated public servants like you working hard to serve Canadians". Twitter. Retrieved 2019-12-30. Chung, Emily (2018). "'We need to rethink the entire plastics industry': Why banning plastic straws isn't enough". CBC. "Is that my plastic bag in the Mariana Trench?". Macleans. Retrieved 2019-12-30. "#517 - Life in Plastic, Not Fantastic: Science for the People". Science for the People. 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-30. Jennifer Provencher on Twitter Jennifer Provencher on Instagram
[ "Uzunkopru", "Turkish Embassy in Washington D.C", "Istanbul 1880s - Pascal Sebah" ]	[ 1, 5, 14 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Uzunk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_%282%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/TurkishEmbassyWashingtonDC.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Istanbul_-_Pascal_Sebah_%281823-1886%29_-_Vue_de_Constantinoples_-_5_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Sainte_Sophie_-_1880s.jpg" ]	[ "Ismet Erikan (10 February 1960) is a Turkish diplomat, art enthusiast, serving the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1979. Ideologically a defender of soft power diplomacy through culture, and arts. Erikan debuted his career at the Ministry of foreign affairs of the republic of Turkey as an administrative officer in Ankara. Erikan was appointed in numerous foreign missions in Bulgaria, United States, France and Taiwan. In 2011, Erikan was posted to Taipei at the helms of the Turkish Trade Office as the Representative of Turkey. As a senior diplomat, utilizing vast international experience and professional contacts Erikan facilitated and increased trade and investment partnerships across Turkey and Taiwan. Currently Erikan is chief secretary to the deputy undersecretary to the directorate of eastern Asia affairs at the Ministry of Foreign affairs in Ankara - Turkey.\nErikan was born and raised in Edirne - Turkey, and attended Gazi University. He met Rezzan Gulluoglu in Ankara and married her in 1981.", "Ismet Erikan was born in the early months of 1960 at Başağıl - Uzunköprü in Edirne - Turkey. Son of Fikri, a health personnel and Hatice, housewife, he has 4 siblings with one elder brother, two younger sisters and a younger brother. His family was Turkish speaking, middle-class and his elders are known to have origins ultimately descending from the Ottoman Empire. Erikan attended primary school at Edirne Ataturk School in Uzunkopru and attended middle school in Edirne II. Murat School. As an active student leader, avid reader, Erikan attended high school in Edirne Uzunkopru in 1977 which also marked his first trip to the United States of America as part of the AFS Intercultural Program being the first student in the region to participate in this program. Throughout his year of exchange student Erikan experienced and lived the American culture in Pennsylvania.\nUpon graduating from high school, Erikan joined the Turkish Ministry of foreign affairs in February 1979 where after a year joined Gazi Universitesi in Ankara - Turkey. Ismet married Rezzan in October 1982 in Ankara, and their first child Irem was in 1983. In 1984, Erikan received his bachelor's degree in the faculty of English Language Education. He is fluent in English, Bulgarian and pro-efficient in French.", "", "Erikan debuted his career at the Ministry of foreign affairs of the republic of Turkey in 1979 as an administrative officer in the archives department in which six months later was transferred to the general directorate of protocol affairs. In August 1979 Erikan was no longer a candidate but a confirmed administrative officer followed with a role of examiner until 1984. In July 1984, Erikan joined the mandatory military service headquartered in Ankara for one year mainly responsible for paperwork related affairs. Back to the ministry in 1985, Erikan was appointed to his first posting abroad to the Turkish Embassy in Sofia- Bulgaria as an administrative attaché. Erikan's five-year posting in Bulgaria was notably marked by Zhivkov's regime with the campaign of forcible assimilation of Bulgaria's Turkish minority. By 1989, resistance to this policy led to riots, which resulted in multiple deaths. In May 1989, Zhivkov ordered an expulsion of Turks (and Muslims) to Turkey across the then Iron Curtain boundary between these two countries. This led to the largest ethnic cleansing in Europe during the Cold War, in which over 360,000 Turks (and Muslims) were targeted within three months. With Mesut Yilmaz in office as the minister of foreign affairs, Erikan acted as the official translator in diplomatic talks between Turkish and Bulgarian.\nIn August 1990, Erikan returned home to Turkey where Ismet and Rezzan's second child Can was born. Erikan was then appointed to the Office of the minister for the following two years in Ankara.", "Two years later Erikan was appointed to the General Consulate of Turkey in Houston - United States of America in 1992. In this role Erikan pursued his role of administrative attaché for four years until 1996.", "Arriving to France in 1998, Erikan was appointed to the permanent delegation of Turkey to the OECD. With the aim of promoting policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world, Erikan's role was to support the delegation as an expert. In 2002, Erikan returned home to Ankara and was appointed to the residence of the minister of foreign affairs as the residence director. Throughout his tenure at the residence, Erikan served under minister Ismail Cem, minister Sukru Sina Gurel and former President of Turkey Abdullah Gul.", "2004 marked Erikan's return to the United States in Washington DC. Erikan was appointed to the Embassy of Turkey as vice consul for the following four years until 2008. Coming back to Turkey in October 2008, Erikan took over the role of expert in the head of protocol affairs department. During his tenure, Erikan was part of the former president of Turkey Abdullah Gül's and current President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan's foreign official visits.", "In 2010, Erikan returned to the United States of America for his third official posting. As Consul of the Turkish General Consulate in New York City, Erikan's role was to assist Turkish and foreign nationals with the full range of consular services, including issuing of passports and entry visas, legalizations and other notarial functions, paralegal advice, and assistance when required in residency, citizenship, marital, investment and other cases. During his tenure in New York City, Erikan played a major role in the promotion of Turkish painter such as Eren Eyüboğlu, Hikmet Çetinkaya, İsmail Ateş, Adnan Turani, Ahmet Yeşil, Canan Tolon and ceramic artist Mustafa Tunçalp", "In 2011, Erikan was posted to Taipei at the helms of the Turkish Trade Office as the Representative of Turkey. As a senior diplomat, utilizing vast international experience and professional contacts Erikan facilitated and increased trade and investment partnerships across Turkey and Taiwan. Assisting Taiwanese and Turkish companies to develop new markets and gain foothold in the region, Erikan has marked the bilateral tourism and trade by establishing the e-visa program in 2013 and launch of direct flights between Turkey and Taiwan in 2015. With the belief of establishing soft diplomacy through arts Erikan continued promoting Turkish culture in Taipei together with Devrim Erbil's exhibition at the National Museum of History and Art Center of Kuo Mu Sheng Foundation, Ahmet Yesil's Exhibition to promote friendship at Taipei 101 building, as well as a photography exhibition called \"Picture of the World\" from Burhan Dogancay", "Erikan's first accomplishment in Taipei was in 2013 when the e-visa program was established between the two countries. This allowed tourists to travel faster, cheaper and more frequently increasing the number from 40,000 to 100,000 in one year only. At the time of the launch of the e-visa program, Turkey became one of the only two countries in the world allowing tourists from Taiwan with the possibility of obtaining an electronic visa. In 2016, Turkey - Taiwan launched the bilateral free e-visa program.", "The launch of direct flights between Turkey and Taiwan has been accomplished with the aim of impacting the boost of bilateral tourism and trade reaching a higher potential. Erikan believed this will open new doors in both ways by not only increasing tourism trades but also academic cooperation in every field. In March 31, 2015, Turkey's national flag carrier was set to offer daily flights making it easier to reach another 50 countries. A year later in 2016, EVA Air, Taiwan's national airline follows Turkey's national flag carrier by launching non-stop flights from Taipei to Istanbul.", "", "30 March 2015 marked the agreement between Machine Tools Industrialists and the Businessmen Association (TiAD) of Turkey and Taiwan External Trade Development Council (TAITRA). The agreement enhanced the bilateral cooperation and creates an even closer ties between those in the exhibition industry and machine tools industry to foster business alliances. The MoU encouraged both bodies to foster business relationships among member companies and developed a mutually beneficial framework for exchange of industry reports, delegations, and business visits.", "In February 2017, Taiwan's representative Tai-hsiang Cheng and Erikan the \"Agricultural Cooperation Memorandum\" with the aim of improving agricultural economic fundamental relations between the two countries by eliminating the barriers to trade in agricultural products.\nReturning to Ankara in 2017, Erikan took over the Eastern Asia office at the ministry of foreign affairs as head of branch.", "Erikan's passion for art enlightened itself in the mid 80's throughout his tenure in Sofia, Bulgaria. With regular visit to the Center of Bulgarian artists, Erikan visited galleries and have personally met various emerging Bulgarian artists notably Vezhdi Rashidov a prominent Bulgarian sculptor and Hristo Yotov. In 1989 the Communist Party was forced to give up its political monopoly on 10 November 1989 under the influence of the Revolutions of 1989 which helped the art scene grow and come to light. Taking this into advantage through personal friendships, Erikan brought closer ties between Bulgarian and Turkish culture with co-exhibitions for the first time ever.\nAn important encounter and two decades long friendship was marked in the early 90's in Houston, USA when Erikan met Burhan Doğançay. Dogancay being a former Turkish diplomat in the early 1960s, Erikan and Dogancay naturally had common grounds and developed a family friendship. Throughout Erikan's passion for art, Dogancay remained to be his favorite artist devoting himself to promoting Turkish culture through the eyes. In 2016 in the honor of Dogancay, Erikan put all efforts to organize in Taiwan National History Museum. a Picture the World: Burhan Dogançay as Photographer exhibition. \nIn January 18, 2003, a photography exhibition named \"Sebah, Joalier and Lekegian Photographs\" was opened at AFSAD studios, consisting of 60 photographs of Pascal Sebah, Polycarpe Joalier and Lekegian. The newest of these photographs is 110 years old, carrying a document of history, in which Erikan was interviewed on the topic of \"Collections, Photography, Photography Collecting in Turkey\". The \"Foto Sabah\" studio in Pera, Constantinople was the most prestigious photography studio in the city for many decades during the 19th and 20th centuries.\nThroughout his postings abroad Erikan has not only devoted himself to his duty as a diplomat but also ensured a soft power was formed through the exchange of culture. In 2011, in New York City, USA Erikan played a major role in the promotion of Turkish painter such as Eren Eyüboğlu, Hikmet Çetinkaya, İsmail Ateş, Adnan Turani, Ahmet Yeşil, Canan Tolon and ceramic artist Mustafa Tunçalp. In Taipei, Erikan remained active in curating cultural exchanges with Devrim Erbil's exhibition at the National Museum of History, Isil Ozisik and Devrim Erbil at the National Museum of History and Art Center of Kuo Mu Sheng Foundation for an exhibit named \"The City of Sultans: Istanbul, Two Painters, One City\", \"Scenes from Turkey\" watercolor solo exhibit of Isil Ozisik at National Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Ahmet Yesil's Exhibition to promote friendship at Taipei 101 building, Yalcin Gokcebag at Carrie Chang Fine Arts Center of Tamkang University [8] , ,Tanini Trio & Yildiz Ibrahimova's concert at Taipei Zhongshan Hall.", "\"Turkish Trade Office in Taipei\", Wikipedia, 2018-12-19, retrieved 2019-01-02\n\"Turkish Office touts direct flight launch - Taipei Times\". www.taipeitimes.com. Retrieved 2019-01-02.\n\"Taiwan hosts Turkish exhibition to promote friendship\". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2019-01-08.\nDergi, Raff. \"Burhan Doğançay'ın Fotoğrafları Taipei'de\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2019-01-02.\n\"Turkish Office touts direct flight launch - Taipei Times\". www.taipeitimes.com. Retrieved 2019-01-08.\n\"EVA Air launches non-stop flights from Taipei to Istanbul\". rci-ventures. 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2019-01-13.\n\"Closer-ties between TiAD and TAITRA \| News on Taiwantrade.com\". www.taiwantrade.com. Retrieved 2019-01-08.\n[http://www.belgeselfotograf.com/aid=281.phtml \"FOTO�RAF - Belgesel Foto�raf \| Sebah&Joalier Fotograflar� Kolleksiyoncusu �smet Erikan'la s�yle�i \| Sebah&Joalier Fotograflar� Kolleksiyoncusu �smet Erikan'la s�yle�i\"]. www.belgeselfotograf.com. Retrieved 2019-01-12. \n\"Taipei Turkish art exhibit to inspire interest in Istanbul \| News on Taiwantrade.com\". www.taiwantrade.com. Retrieved 2019-01-13." ]	[ "Ismet Erikan", "Early life", "Diplomatic career", "Early Years - Ankara, Sofia (1979 - 1990)", "Houston (1992 - 1996)", "Paris (1998 - 2002)", "Washington D.C (2004 -2008)", "New York City (2010 - 2011)", "Taipei (2011 - 2017)", "E-visa Program", "Direct Flight Launch", "Memorandum of Agreement", "Agreement between machine tools", "Agricultural Cooperation", "Enthusiasm to art", "References" ]	Ismet Erikan	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismet_Erikan	[ 1, 2, 3 ]	[ 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 ]	Ismet Erikan Ismet Erikan (10 February 1960) is a Turkish diplomat, art enthusiast, serving the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1979. Ideologically a defender of soft power diplomacy through culture, and arts. Erikan debuted his career at the Ministry of foreign affairs of the republic of Turkey as an administrative officer in Ankara. Erikan was appointed in numerous foreign missions in Bulgaria, United States, France and Taiwan. In 2011, Erikan was posted to Taipei at the helms of the Turkish Trade Office as the Representative of Turkey. As a senior diplomat, utilizing vast international experience and professional contacts Erikan facilitated and increased trade and investment partnerships across Turkey and Taiwan. Currently Erikan is chief secretary to the deputy undersecretary to the directorate of eastern Asia affairs at the Ministry of Foreign affairs in Ankara - Turkey. Erikan was born and raised in Edirne - Turkey, and attended Gazi University. He met Rezzan Gulluoglu in Ankara and married her in 1981. Ismet Erikan was born in the early months of 1960 at Başağıl - Uzunköprü in Edirne - Turkey. Son of Fikri, a health personnel and Hatice, housewife, he has 4 siblings with one elder brother, two younger sisters and a younger brother. His family was Turkish speaking, middle-class and his elders are known to have origins ultimately descending from the Ottoman Empire. Erikan attended primary school at Edirne Ataturk School in Uzunkopru and attended middle school in Edirne II. Murat School. As an active student leader, avid reader, Erikan attended high school in Edirne Uzunkopru in 1977 which also marked his first trip to the United States of America as part of the AFS Intercultural Program being the first student in the region to participate in this program. Throughout his year of exchange student Erikan experienced and lived the American culture in Pennsylvania. Upon graduating from high school, Erikan joined the Turkish Ministry of foreign affairs in February 1979 where after a year joined Gazi Universitesi in Ankara - Turkey. Ismet married Rezzan in October 1982 in Ankara, and their first child Irem was in 1983. In 1984, Erikan received his bachelor's degree in the faculty of English Language Education. He is fluent in English, Bulgarian and pro-efficient in French. Erikan debuted his career at the Ministry of foreign affairs of the republic of Turkey in 1979 as an administrative officer in the archives department in which six months later was transferred to the general directorate of protocol affairs. In August 1979 Erikan was no longer a candidate but a confirmed administrative officer followed with a role of examiner until 1984. In July 1984, Erikan joined the mandatory military service headquartered in Ankara for one year mainly responsible for paperwork related affairs. Back to the ministry in 1985, Erikan was appointed to his first posting abroad to the Turkish Embassy in Sofia- Bulgaria as an administrative attaché. Erikan's five-year posting in Bulgaria was notably marked by Zhivkov's regime with the campaign of forcible assimilation of Bulgaria's Turkish minority. By 1989, resistance to this policy led to riots, which resulted in multiple deaths. In May 1989, Zhivkov ordered an expulsion of Turks (and Muslims) to Turkey across the then Iron Curtain boundary between these two countries. This led to the largest ethnic cleansing in Europe during the Cold War, in which over 360,000 Turks (and Muslims) were targeted within three months. With Mesut Yilmaz in office as the minister of foreign affairs, Erikan acted as the official translator in diplomatic talks between Turkish and Bulgarian. In August 1990, Erikan returned home to Turkey where Ismet and Rezzan's second child Can was born. Erikan was then appointed to the Office of the minister for the following two years in Ankara. Two years later Erikan was appointed to the General Consulate of Turkey in Houston - United States of America in 1992. In this role Erikan pursued his role of administrative attaché for four years until 1996. Arriving to France in 1998, Erikan was appointed to the permanent delegation of Turkey to the OECD. With the aim of promoting policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world, Erikan's role was to support the delegation as an expert. In 2002, Erikan returned home to Ankara and was appointed to the residence of the minister of foreign affairs as the residence director. Throughout his tenure at the residence, Erikan served under minister Ismail Cem, minister Sukru Sina Gurel and former President of Turkey Abdullah Gul. 2004 marked Erikan's return to the United States in Washington DC. Erikan was appointed to the Embassy of Turkey as vice consul for the following four years until 2008. Coming back to Turkey in October 2008, Erikan took over the role of expert in the head of protocol affairs department. During his tenure, Erikan was part of the former president of Turkey Abdullah Gül's and current President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan's foreign official visits. In 2010, Erikan returned to the United States of America for his third official posting. As Consul of the Turkish General Consulate in New York City, Erikan's role was to assist Turkish and foreign nationals with the full range of consular services, including issuing of passports and entry visas, legalizations and other notarial functions, paralegal advice, and assistance when required in residency, citizenship, marital, investment and other cases. During his tenure in New York City, Erikan played a major role in the promotion of Turkish painter such as Eren Eyüboğlu, Hikmet Çetinkaya, İsmail Ateş, Adnan Turani, Ahmet Yeşil, Canan Tolon and ceramic artist Mustafa Tunçalp In 2011, Erikan was posted to Taipei at the helms of the Turkish Trade Office as the Representative of Turkey. As a senior diplomat, utilizing vast international experience and professional contacts Erikan facilitated and increased trade and investment partnerships across Turkey and Taiwan. Assisting Taiwanese and Turkish companies to develop new markets and gain foothold in the region, Erikan has marked the bilateral tourism and trade by establishing the e-visa program in 2013 and launch of direct flights between Turkey and Taiwan in 2015. With the belief of establishing soft diplomacy through arts Erikan continued promoting Turkish culture in Taipei together with Devrim Erbil's exhibition at the National Museum of History and Art Center of Kuo Mu Sheng Foundation, Ahmet Yesil's Exhibition to promote friendship at Taipei 101 building, as well as a photography exhibition called "Picture of the World" from Burhan Dogancay Erikan's first accomplishment in Taipei was in 2013 when the e-visa program was established between the two countries. This allowed tourists to travel faster, cheaper and more frequently increasing the number from 40,000 to 100,000 in one year only. At the time of the launch of the e-visa program, Turkey became one of the only two countries in the world allowing tourists from Taiwan with the possibility of obtaining an electronic visa. In 2016, Turkey - Taiwan launched the bilateral free e-visa program. The launch of direct flights between Turkey and Taiwan has been accomplished with the aim of impacting the boost of bilateral tourism and trade reaching a higher potential. Erikan believed this will open new doors in both ways by not only increasing tourism trades but also academic cooperation in every field. In March 31, 2015, Turkey's national flag carrier was set to offer daily flights making it easier to reach another 50 countries. A year later in 2016, EVA Air, Taiwan's national airline follows Turkey's national flag carrier by launching non-stop flights from Taipei to Istanbul. 30 March 2015 marked the agreement between Machine Tools Industrialists and the Businessmen Association (TiAD) of Turkey and Taiwan External Trade Development Council (TAITRA). The agreement enhanced the bilateral cooperation and creates an even closer ties between those in the exhibition industry and machine tools industry to foster business alliances. The MoU encouraged both bodies to foster business relationships among member companies and developed a mutually beneficial framework for exchange of industry reports, delegations, and business visits. In February 2017, Taiwan's representative Tai-hsiang Cheng and Erikan the "Agricultural Cooperation Memorandum" with the aim of improving agricultural economic fundamental relations between the two countries by eliminating the barriers to trade in agricultural products. Returning to Ankara in 2017, Erikan took over the Eastern Asia office at the ministry of foreign affairs as head of branch. Erikan's passion for art enlightened itself in the mid 80's throughout his tenure in Sofia, Bulgaria. With regular visit to the Center of Bulgarian artists, Erikan visited galleries and have personally met various emerging Bulgarian artists notably Vezhdi Rashidov a prominent Bulgarian sculptor and Hristo Yotov. In 1989 the Communist Party was forced to give up its political monopoly on 10 November 1989 under the influence of the Revolutions of 1989 which helped the art scene grow and come to light. Taking this into advantage through personal friendships, Erikan brought closer ties between Bulgarian and Turkish culture with co-exhibitions for the first time ever. An important encounter and two decades long friendship was marked in the early 90's in Houston, USA when Erikan met Burhan Doğançay. Dogancay being a former Turkish diplomat in the early 1960s, Erikan and Dogancay naturally had common grounds and developed a family friendship. Throughout Erikan's passion for art, Dogancay remained to be his favorite artist devoting himself to promoting Turkish culture through the eyes. In 2016 in the honor of Dogancay, Erikan put all efforts to organize in Taiwan National History Museum. a Picture the World: Burhan Dogançay as Photographer exhibition. In January 18, 2003, a photography exhibition named "Sebah, Joalier and Lekegian Photographs" was opened at AFSAD studios, consisting of 60 photographs of Pascal Sebah, Polycarpe Joalier and Lekegian. The newest of these photographs is 110 years old, carrying a document of history, in which Erikan was interviewed on the topic of "Collections, Photography, Photography Collecting in Turkey". The "Foto Sabah" studio in Pera, Constantinople was the most prestigious photography studio in the city for many decades during the 19th and 20th centuries. Throughout his postings abroad Erikan has not only devoted himself to his duty as a diplomat but also ensured a soft power was formed through the exchange of culture. In 2011, in New York City, USA Erikan played a major role in the promotion of Turkish painter such as Eren Eyüboğlu, Hikmet Çetinkaya, İsmail Ateş, Adnan Turani, Ahmet Yeşil, Canan Tolon and ceramic artist Mustafa Tunçalp. In Taipei, Erikan remained active in curating cultural exchanges with Devrim Erbil's exhibition at the National Museum of History, Isil Ozisik and Devrim Erbil at the National Museum of History and Art Center of Kuo Mu Sheng Foundation for an exhibit named "The City of Sultans: Istanbul, Two Painters, One City", "Scenes from Turkey" watercolor solo exhibit of Isil Ozisik at National Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Ahmet Yesil's Exhibition to promote friendship at Taipei 101 building, Yalcin Gokcebag at Carrie Chang Fine Arts Center of Tamkang University [8] , ,Tanini Trio & Yildiz Ibrahimova's concert at Taipei Zhongshan Hall. "Turkish Trade Office in Taipei", Wikipedia, 2018-12-19, retrieved 2019-01-02 "Turkish Office touts direct flight launch - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. Retrieved 2019-01-02. "Taiwan hosts Turkish exhibition to promote friendship". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2019-01-08. Dergi, Raff. "Burhan Doğançay'ın Fotoğrafları Taipei'de" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2019-01-02. "Turkish Office touts direct flight launch - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. Retrieved 2019-01-08. "EVA Air launches non-stop flights from Taipei to Istanbul". rci-ventures. 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2019-01-13. "Closer-ties between TiAD and TAITRA \| News on Taiwantrade.com". www.taiwantrade.com. Retrieved 2019-01-08. [http://www.belgeselfotograf.com/aid=281.phtml "FOTO�RAF - Belgesel Foto�raf \| Sebah&Joalier Fotograflar� Kolleksiyoncusu �smet Erikan'la s�yle�i \| Sebah&Joalier Fotograflar� Kolleksiyoncusu �smet Erikan'la s�yle�i"]. www.belgeselfotograf.com. Retrieved 2019-01-12. "Taipei Turkish art exhibit to inspire interest in Istanbul \| News on Taiwantrade.com". www.taiwantrade.com. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
[ "Oluwatobi Oyinlola speaking at Global IoT conference Africa" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Oluwatobi_Oyinlola.jpg" ]	[ "Oluwatobi Oyinlola is a Nigerian inventor, Embedded Systems engineer, IoT Evangelist. He is the founder of Skyrockets Limited where he is currently implementing Pay-As-You-Cook technology to promote use of affordable LPG in Africa which was recognized by the World Bank CEO Mrs Kristalina Georgieva during her visit to Rwanda.\nIn 2017, he invented a Smart Pump device for gas stations which was featured on Channels TV. He is well known for his creativity in the area of Internet of Things shaping Africa story all over the world.\nOluwatobi was key speaker at Global, World and Europe IoT conferences where was featured representing Africa on World IoT day explaining how he uses IoT to solve some critical problems. He is the writer on IEEE IoT in Africa, and also a keynote speaker at IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things.\nHe was also keyspeaker in TEDxIbara which was an independently organized TEDx event held in Abeokuta, Nigeria in May 2018.\nOluwatobi donates Intel IoT development kit to his Alma Mater Tai Solarin University of Education.", "Intel Software Innovator\nEclipse Open IoT Challenge\nTop 20 Most influential Young Nigeria Award\n2018 Top Intel Innovator", "Best Innovation of the Year 2017 and won Hyperloop competition which was launched by a technology company SpaceX. The project hyperloop sharing the dream of realizing the fifth mode of transportation initiated by Elon Musk.\nBest Smart City Kigali Challenge funded by Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationaleZusammenarbeit and Rwanda Government.", "\"Oluwatobi Oyinlola \| the internet of things\". theinternetofthings.eu.\n\"TEDxIbara \| Ideas Worth Spreading\". TEDxIbara.\n\"Pay-as-you-cook technology to boost use of affordable LPG in Rwanda\". CNBC Africa. Retrieved 28 April 2019.\n\"World bank Rwanda\". world bank. Retrieved 28 April 2019.\n\"Channels TV interview\".\n\"Oyinlola Oluwatobi - IOT Forum Africa 2019 26 - 27 March, Johannesburg\". IOT Forum Africa 2019 26 - 27 March, Johannesburg.\n\"Can a Remote IoT Stop Fuel Theft in Africa - IEEE Internet of Things\". iot.ieee.org.\n\"IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things\". IEEE. Retrieved 28 April 2019.\n\"TEDxIbara \| TED\". www.ted.com.\n\"TASUED: Oluwatobi Oyinlola Donates Intel IoT Development Kit To His Alma Mater\". talkGlitz.tv. 27 May 2018.\n\"Intel® Software Innovator Program - Current Innovators \| Intel® Software\". software.intel.com.\n\"Open IoT Challenge 4.0 Scholars\". Eclipse Foundation. 6 December 2017.\n\"Most Influential Award\". Pulse.NG. Retrieved 28 April 2019.\n\"Top Intel Innovator\". Intel Incorporation. Retrieved 28 April 2019.\nAyoola, Simbiat (14 December 2017). \"Meet Nigerian Oluwatobi Oyinlola who was part of the team of world class engineers that built the next generation train 'Hyperloop'\". Naija.ng - Nigeria news.\n\"Smart City Challenge\". NewTime. Retrieved 28 April 2019." ]	[ "Oluwatobi Oyinlola", "Awards and Achievements", "Competition", "References" ]	Oluwatobi Oyinlola	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluwatobi_Oyinlola	[ 4 ]	[ 56, 57, 58, 59 ]	Oluwatobi Oyinlola Oluwatobi Oyinlola is a Nigerian inventor, Embedded Systems engineer, IoT Evangelist. He is the founder of Skyrockets Limited where he is currently implementing Pay-As-You-Cook technology to promote use of affordable LPG in Africa which was recognized by the World Bank CEO Mrs Kristalina Georgieva during her visit to Rwanda. In 2017, he invented a Smart Pump device for gas stations which was featured on Channels TV. He is well known for his creativity in the area of Internet of Things shaping Africa story all over the world. Oluwatobi was key speaker at Global, World and Europe IoT conferences where was featured representing Africa on World IoT day explaining how he uses IoT to solve some critical problems. He is the writer on IEEE IoT in Africa, and also a keynote speaker at IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things. He was also keyspeaker in TEDxIbara which was an independently organized TEDx event held in Abeokuta, Nigeria in May 2018. Oluwatobi donates Intel IoT development kit to his Alma Mater Tai Solarin University of Education. Intel Software Innovator Eclipse Open IoT Challenge Top 20 Most influential Young Nigeria Award 2018 Top Intel Innovator Best Innovation of the Year 2017 and won Hyperloop competition which was launched by a technology company SpaceX. The project hyperloop sharing the dream of realizing the fifth mode of transportation initiated by Elon Musk. Best Smart City Kigali Challenge funded by Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationaleZusammenarbeit and Rwanda Government. "Oluwatobi Oyinlola \| the internet of things". theinternetofthings.eu. "TEDxIbara \| Ideas Worth Spreading". TEDxIbara. "Pay-as-you-cook technology to boost use of affordable LPG in Rwanda". CNBC Africa. Retrieved 28 April 2019. "World bank Rwanda". world bank. Retrieved 28 April 2019. "Channels TV interview". "Oyinlola Oluwatobi - IOT Forum Africa 2019 26 - 27 March, Johannesburg". IOT Forum Africa 2019 26 - 27 March, Johannesburg. "Can a Remote IoT Stop Fuel Theft in Africa - IEEE Internet of Things". iot.ieee.org. "IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things". IEEE. Retrieved 28 April 2019. "TEDxIbara \| TED". www.ted.com. "TASUED: Oluwatobi Oyinlola Donates Intel IoT Development Kit To His Alma Mater". talkGlitz.tv. 27 May 2018. "Intel® Software Innovator Program - Current Innovators \| Intel® Software". software.intel.com. "Open IoT Challenge 4.0 Scholars". Eclipse Foundation. 6 December 2017. "Most Influential Award". Pulse.NG. Retrieved 28 April 2019. "Top Intel Innovator". Intel Incorporation. Retrieved 28 April 2019. Ayoola, Simbiat (14 December 2017). "Meet Nigerian Oluwatobi Oyinlola who was part of the team of world class engineers that built the next generation train 'Hyperloop'". Naija.ng - Nigeria news. "Smart City Challenge". NewTime. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
[ "Letter from Sun Yat-sen to Li Hongzhang in 1894", "" ]	[ 0, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/13-2.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Robert_Morrison_1782-1834.jpg" ]	[ "A Review of the Times– Traditional Chinese: 萬國公報; Simplified Chinese: 万国公报; Pinyin: Wàn Guó Gōng Bào; Wade–Giles: Wan Kuo Kung Pao; Literally: \"The Ten Thousand Nations' Common Newspaper\") A Review of the Times was a monthly publication in China from 1868–1907. It was founded and edited by the American Methodist missionary the Reverend Young John Allen (林樂知) of Georgia. Its subject matter ranged from discussions on the politics of Western nation-states to the virtues and advantages of Christianity.\nIt attracted a wide and influential Chinese readership throughout its thirty-nine-year run from 1868 to 1907. The Qing reformer Kang Youwei (康有為) once said of the publication: \"I owe my conversion to reform chiefly on the writings of two missionaries, the Rev. Timothy Richard and the Rev. Dr. Young J. Allen.\"\nThe other name under which the Rev. Allen published the paper was Kiao Hwei Sing Pao from 1868–1874.\nA Chinese translation of Looking Backward was serialized in this magazine in 1891–1892.", "Wang, David D. W. \"Translating Modernity.\" In: Pollard, David E. (editor). Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840-1918. John Benjamins Publishing, 1998. ISBN 9027216282, 9789027216281. Start: p. 303. CITED: p. 310." ]	[ "Wàn Guó Gōng Bào", "References-" ]	Wàn Guó Gōng Bào	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wan_Guo_Gong_Bao	[ 5, 6 ]	[ 60 ]	Wàn Guó Gōng Bào A Review of the Times– Traditional Chinese: 萬國公報; Simplified Chinese: 万国公报; Pinyin: Wàn Guó Gōng Bào; Wade–Giles: Wan Kuo Kung Pao; Literally: "The Ten Thousand Nations' Common Newspaper") A Review of the Times was a monthly publication in China from 1868–1907. It was founded and edited by the American Methodist missionary the Reverend Young John Allen (林樂知) of Georgia. Its subject matter ranged from discussions on the politics of Western nation-states to the virtues and advantages of Christianity. It attracted a wide and influential Chinese readership throughout its thirty-nine-year run from 1868 to 1907. The Qing reformer Kang Youwei (康有為) once said of the publication: "I owe my conversion to reform chiefly on the writings of two missionaries, the Rev. Timothy Richard and the Rev. Dr. Young J. Allen." The other name under which the Rev. Allen published the paper was Kiao Hwei Sing Pao from 1868–1874. A Chinese translation of Looking Backward was serialized in this magazine in 1891–1892. Wang, David D. W. "Translating Modernity." In: Pollard, David E. (editor). Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840-1918. John Benjamins Publishing, 1998. ISBN 9027216282, 9789027216281. Start: p. 303. CITED: p. 310.
[ "!!! performing at the Flow Festival in 2007", "!!! performing at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on May 2, 2004", "!!!'s Nic Offer, supporting The Red Hot Chili Peppers in Reading, England (2006)." ]	[ 0, 1, 5 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Chkchkchk.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Coachella2004_ChkChkChk.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Nic_Offer_%28%21%21%21%29.jpg" ]	[ "!!! (/tʃ(ɪ)k.tʃ(ɪ)k.tʃ(ɪ)k/ ch(i)k-ch(i)k-ch(i)k), also known as Chk Chk Chk, is an American rock band from Sacramento, California, formed in 1996 by lead singer Nic Offer. Members of !!! came from other local bands such as the Yah Mos, Black Liquorice and Pope Smashers. They are currently based in New York City. The band's ninth album, Let It Be Blue, was released in May 2022.", "!!! was formed in the fall of 1996 by the merger of members of the groups Black Liquorice and Pope Smashers, while on tour. After a successful joint tour, the two bands decided to mix the disco-funk with more aggressive sounds and integrate the hardcore singer Nic Offer from the Yah Mos. The band's name was inspired by the subtitles of the movie The Gods Must Be Crazy, in which the clicking sounds of the San people's Juǀʼhoan language were represented as \"!\". However, as the bandmembers themselves say, !!! is pronounced by repeating thrice any monosyllabic sound. \"Chk Chk Chk\" is the most common pronunciation, and the URL of their official website and the title of their Myspace page suggest it is the preferred pronunciation. Offer cites Depeche Mode and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) as influences.\nThe band's full-length debut record came out in 2000 as a self-titled album on the label Gold Standard Laboratories. This was followed in 2003 by the single \"Me and Giuliani Down By the School Yard\", a lengthy track combining house beats with sinewy basslines, psychedelic guitars, and simple lyrics which quote the title song of the musical Footloose.\nA second full-length, Louden Up Now, was released on Touch and Go in America and on Warp Records in Europe in June 2004. In June 2005 !!! released a new EP covering \"Take Ecstasy with Me\" by The Magnetic Fields, and \"Get Up\" by Nate Dogg. The following December, the original drummer for the band, Mikel Gius, was struck and killed by a car while riding his bike.\nThey released their third album, Myth Takes in 2007.\n!!! is composed of Mario Andreoni (guitar), Dan Gorman (horns/percussion/keys), Nic Offer (vocals), Rafael Cohen (bass/various electronic devices), Chris Egan (drums) and Meah Pace (vocals).\nVocalist and drummer John Pugh officially left the band in July 2007 to concentrate on his new band Free Blood.\nVocalist Shannon Funchess stood in for Pugh during much of their 2007 tour. The band also shared membership with the similar, defunct group Out Hud (including Tyler Pope, who has played with LCD Soundsystem and written music for Cake).", "", "", "GSL26/Lab Series Vol. 2 (Split with Out Hud, 1999, Gold Standard Labs)\nLive Live Live (November 2004, Beat Records, Japan only)\nTake Ecstasy with Me/Get Up (June 7, 2005, Touch and Go Records)\nYadnus (2007)\nJamie, My Intentions Are Bass E.P. (November 2010)\nMEGAMiiiX Vol.1: Shake Shake Shake (2018)\nCertified Heavy Kats (July 31, 2020)", "", "!!! (1997, tour cassette)", "Coscarelli 2007\nSeabrook 2007\nLocker, Melissa (May 9, 2013). \"Turntable Interview: !!!\". Stereogum. Retrieved May 24, 2021.\nAnon 2005\nDiver 2006\nMaher & Solarski 2007\nLopez 2010\nChinen 2007\n\"!!! (Chk Chk Chk) Chart History: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2021.\n\"!!! (Chk Chk Chk) Chart History: Top Dance/Electronic Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2021.\nAnon 2014\nAnon 2017\nAnon 2017a\nMinsker 2013\n\"Wallop by !!!\". Apple Music. Retrieved June 20, 2019.\n\"Let It Be Blue by !!!\". Apple Music. Retrieved May 7, 2022.\n\"!!! (Chk Chk Chk) Announce Certified Heavy Kats EP, Share New Song: Listen\". Pitchfork. July 8, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020.", "Anon (2017). \"!!!(チック・チック・チック)のランキング\" [Ranking of tick, tick, tick]. Oricon News (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2021.\nAnon (2017a). \"Chart Log UK: Numerals\". Zobbel. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.\nAnon (2014). \"!!! (Chk Chk Chk) discography\". lescharts.com (in French). Retrieved March 21, 2021.\nAnon (December 19, 2005). \"Orangevale bicyclist killed\". Sacramento Bee. p. B2. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2017.\nChinen, Nate (March 18, 2007). \"Still Disco-Punk, Still Spoiling for a Fight\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2017.\nCoscarelli, Joseph (July 30, 2007). \"!!! (Chk Chk Chk) post-punk puctuation\". The Deli Magazine. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.\nDiver, Mike (November 18, 2006). \"It's no rumour, it's a Myth. Takes eight to make it !!!\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.\nLopez, Michael (September 6, 2010). \"!!! at The Clubhouse Last Night\". Phoenix New Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2018.\nMaher, Dave; Solarski, Matthew (July 11, 2007). \"John Pugh Leaves !!!, Fires Up Free Blood\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2010.\nMinsker, Evan (January 29, 2013). \"The New !!! Album Is Called THR!!!ER\". Pitchfork. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved August 24, 2017.\nSeabrook, Andrea (May 17, 2007). \"The Musicians of !!!: Making Their Own 'Myths'\" (MP3). NPR. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.", "Official website\nProfile on Music Agency Website Archived August 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine" ]	[ "!!!", "Background and history", "Discography", "Albums", "EPs", "Singles", "Other projects", "Footnotes", "References", "External links" ]	!!!	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/!!!	[ 7, 8, 9 ]	[ 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 ]	!!! !!! (/tʃ(ɪ)k.tʃ(ɪ)k.tʃ(ɪ)k/ ch(i)k-ch(i)k-ch(i)k), also known as Chk Chk Chk, is an American rock band from Sacramento, California, formed in 1996 by lead singer Nic Offer. Members of !!! came from other local bands such as the Yah Mos, Black Liquorice and Pope Smashers. They are currently based in New York City. The band's ninth album, Let It Be Blue, was released in May 2022. !!! was formed in the fall of 1996 by the merger of members of the groups Black Liquorice and Pope Smashers, while on tour. After a successful joint tour, the two bands decided to mix the disco-funk with more aggressive sounds and integrate the hardcore singer Nic Offer from the Yah Mos. The band's name was inspired by the subtitles of the movie The Gods Must Be Crazy, in which the clicking sounds of the San people's Juǀʼhoan language were represented as "!". However, as the bandmembers themselves say, !!! is pronounced by repeating thrice any monosyllabic sound. "Chk Chk Chk" is the most common pronunciation, and the URL of their official website and the title of their Myspace page suggest it is the preferred pronunciation. Offer cites Depeche Mode and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) as influences. The band's full-length debut record came out in 2000 as a self-titled album on the label Gold Standard Laboratories. This was followed in 2003 by the single "Me and Giuliani Down By the School Yard", a lengthy track combining house beats with sinewy basslines, psychedelic guitars, and simple lyrics which quote the title song of the musical Footloose. A second full-length, Louden Up Now, was released on Touch and Go in America and on Warp Records in Europe in June 2004. In June 2005 !!! released a new EP covering "Take Ecstasy with Me" by The Magnetic Fields, and "Get Up" by Nate Dogg. The following December, the original drummer for the band, Mikel Gius, was struck and killed by a car while riding his bike. They released their third album, Myth Takes in 2007. !!! is composed of Mario Andreoni (guitar), Dan Gorman (horns/percussion/keys), Nic Offer (vocals), Rafael Cohen (bass/various electronic devices), Chris Egan (drums) and Meah Pace (vocals). Vocalist and drummer John Pugh officially left the band in July 2007 to concentrate on his new band Free Blood. Vocalist Shannon Funchess stood in for Pugh during much of their 2007 tour. The band also shared membership with the similar, defunct group Out Hud (including Tyler Pope, who has played with LCD Soundsystem and written music for Cake). GSL26/Lab Series Vol. 2 (Split with Out Hud, 1999, Gold Standard Labs) Live Live Live (November 2004, Beat Records, Japan only) Take Ecstasy with Me/Get Up (June 7, 2005, Touch and Go Records) Yadnus (2007) Jamie, My Intentions Are Bass E.P. (November 2010) MEGAMiiiX Vol.1: Shake Shake Shake (2018) Certified Heavy Kats (July 31, 2020) !!! (1997, tour cassette) Coscarelli 2007 Seabrook 2007 Locker, Melissa (May 9, 2013). "Turntable Interview: !!!". Stereogum. Retrieved May 24, 2021. Anon 2005 Diver 2006 Maher & Solarski 2007 Lopez 2010 Chinen 2007 "!!! (Chk Chk Chk) Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2021. "!!! (Chk Chk Chk) Chart History: Top Dance/Electronic Albums". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2021. Anon 2014 Anon 2017 Anon 2017a Minsker 2013 "Wallop by !!!". Apple Music. Retrieved June 20, 2019. "Let It Be Blue by !!!". Apple Music. Retrieved May 7, 2022. "!!! (Chk Chk Chk) Announce Certified Heavy Kats EP, Share New Song: Listen". Pitchfork. July 8, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2020. Anon (2017). "!!!(チック・チック・チック)のランキング" [Ranking of tick, tick, tick]. Oricon News (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 24, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2021. Anon (2017a). "Chart Log UK: Numerals". Zobbel. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Anon (2014). "!!! (Chk Chk Chk) discography". lescharts.com (in French). Retrieved March 21, 2021. Anon (December 19, 2005). "Orangevale bicyclist killed". Sacramento Bee. p. B2. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Chinen, Nate (March 18, 2007). "Still Disco-Punk, Still Spoiling for a Fight". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Coscarelli, Joseph (July 30, 2007). "!!! (Chk Chk Chk) post-punk puctuation". The Deli Magazine. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Diver, Mike (November 18, 2006). "It's no rumour, it's a Myth. Takes eight to make it !!!". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Lopez, Michael (September 6, 2010). "!!! at The Clubhouse Last Night". Phoenix New Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2018. Maher, Dave; Solarski, Matthew (July 11, 2007). "John Pugh Leaves !!!, Fires Up Free Blood". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2010. Minsker, Evan (January 29, 2013). "The New !!! Album Is Called THR!!!ER". Pitchfork. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Seabrook, Andrea (May 17, 2007). "The Musicians of !!!: Making Their Own 'Myths'" (MP3). NPR. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Official website Profile on Music Agency Website Archived August 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
[ "", "THEE PAUSE and Superstar DJ Keoki pose for fans post-performance outside venue, New York, NY.", "Daisy \"SMP\" Berkowitz and THEE PAUSE of The Daisy Kids", "stic.man of DeadPrez and THEE PAUSE relax post-show and smile for fans." ]	[ 0, 3, 4, 12 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/THEEPAUSE.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/THEEPAUSEwithDJKEOKI.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Daisy_%22SMP%22_Berkowitz_and_THEE_PAUSE_of_The_Daisy_Kids.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/FullSizeRender_104.jpg" ]	[ "!PAUS3, or THEE PAUSE, (born July 27, 1981) is an international platinum selling musician and artist, who began his career in his early teens in the former Soviet Bloc nations of Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria.", "THEE PAUSE is originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and currently based in the New York City area. He has been previously selected by MTV & 495 Productions with other DJs to perform internationally for thousands. Having been selected to perform with and remix multiple platinum selling artists, he has been featured as a guest curator for Trance Mix. He has been featured, interviewed or reviewed by Spin (France), Scotch & Murder Monthly, More Than Disco, Hot Biscuits, The Atlantic Monthly, Trip Hop Daily, Creme de le Creme, reverb, Music Under Fire, and Fahrenheit, and has multiple top-charting tracks and remixes on The Hype Machine and Beatport. THEE PAUSE was selected in February 2012 as a featured DJ for W Hotels Worldwide and a commissioned mix was made available exclusively on W Hotels Worldwide by Starwood Hotels and Resorts iPhone application.", "", "Take Remedy was a new collective on the New York City scene featuring Alice Love, THEE PAUSE, and Billy 'Vapor Eyes'. They have been described as a \"combination of the alternative organic sound meets digital chaos\". THEE PAUSE is bassist, programmer and provides back-up vocals. Lead vocals are provided by Alice Love. Billy Vapor Eyes plays drums, keyboards and rhythm guitars.\nTheir debut EP Hello successfully charted on two individual Hype Machine Top 100 singles charts without major label promotion, EyeView and Lines unusual for a new band with a debut EP.\nHello, the five track debut EP originally only available on 12\" red limited edition vinyl via Projecting Nothing Records, is now available worldwide digital via Organic Intelligence Records.\nAnnounced March 24, 2012, THEE PAUSE began recording with artist Nikki Noir with producer DJ Alex J of Digable Planents fame for a late-2012 CD and digital release on Projecting Nothing Records titled Of The Echoes.", "In March 2013, THEE PAUSE joined forces with Scott Putesky, former lead guitarist and co-founder of the band Marilyn Manson, to form \"The Daisy Kids\". The Daisy Kids was an American hard rock group consisting of former Marilyn Manson guitarist Daisy Berkowitz and producer, multi-instrumentalist and bass player THEE PAUSE. Guest vocals on the Mr Conrad Samsung EP were provided by Justin Symbol of Nursing Home fame[2]. Numerous rough demos were recorded, including a yet to circulate four-song CD entitled The Samsung Sessions. That four-song CD/demo was shelved due to legal issues regarding the use of uncleared samples, and only one track from those recording sessions has surfaced to date.\nTracks known to have been recorded include:\n\"White Knuckles\", featuring Justin Symbol of Nursing Home on lead vocals,\n\"Thrift\",\n\"Let Your Ego Die\",\nSquare In The Minor the only commercially available CD and digital release.\nWith legal issues resolved, November 20, 2015, saw the release of the Mr Conrad Samsung EP, which had been delayed since 2013 and is the final released recording featuring guitarist and vocalist Scott Putesky prior to his passing in 2017.", "After numerous delays due to internal health problems plaguing both band members[5] Daisy Berkowitz and THEE PAUSE, the Mr Conrad Samsung EP was released digitally on September 20, 2015, via Organic Intelligence Records internationally. Vocal duties were split on this EP between Daisy Berkowitz, THEE PAUSE and Justin Symbol. No tour was planned at the time as the band members focused on their health, and Justin Symbol continued to pursue his various solo and side projects.\nDigital Release Track List:\n\"Kill Baby\" (intro) (Vocals; Daisy Berkowitz)\n\"White Mountain Due\" (Vocals; Justin Symbol)\n\"Boheiman Rapecity (Kraft Cheese Ditty)\" (Vocals; Daisy Berkowitz)\n\"Let Your Ego Die\" (Vocals; Daisy Berkowitz and THEE PAUSE)\n\"Victim (Thrift)\" (Vocals; THEE PAUSE)\n\"Square in the Minor\" (Vocals; Daisy Berkowitz)", "Andy Stott is a Manchester-based producer of dub and techno music who has released three albums with the Modern Love label. THEE PAUSE's remix of Andy Stott's \"Numb\" charted on Pitchfork's Top 200 Tracks of the Decade so Far.", "The first single from the THEE PAUSE produced album Let's Go Somewhere Quiet to benefit The Children's Brain Tumour Foundation featuring a remix of Lena Katina's track \"Never Forget\" was released on July 27, 2012, on Projecting Nothing Records. It also features an original unreleased track by THEE PAUSE.", "", "Silence Please, Atlantic, 2010\nYou Can Does Not Equal You Should, Projecting Nothing 2011\nTake Remedy - Hello., KVZ, 2011 (Bass)\nVarious Artists - Let's Go Somewhere Quiet, Projecting Nothing 2012 (Producer, artist and remix artist)", "Distort My Life With Noise, Projecting Nothing 2011\nDistort My Life With Noise II, Projecting Nothing 2011\nTake Remedy - Crash, (Producer & Bass) – Projecting Nothing/KVZ 2011\nThe Daisy Kids - The Samsung Sessions - currently unreleased\nThe Daisy Kids - Mr Conrad Samsung EP - Organic Intelligence/KVZ 2-15", "Simmi Angel, \"Many Faces\" (Producer) – Projecting Nothing 2011\nS26, \"Memory\", (Producer / Guest Remix) 2011\nLost Shadow, \"The Last Song We Will Sing\" (Guest remix) Phonocratic Records\nLost Shadow, Same Problems – Different Solutions\" (Guest remix) Phonocratic Records, 2011\nLena Katina, \"Never Forget\" (The Remixes) - (Producer and remix artist)\nThe Daisy Kids, \"Square In The Minor\" - Organic Intelligence Records", "The Bangles\nDead Prez\nPictureplane\nCrystal Castles\nRadiohead\nYeah Yeah Yeahs\nRichard Sander\nLost Shadow\nHidden Cat\nClipdBeaks\nShallow Sense\nAlice DeeJay\nS26\nSimmi Angel", "Anon 2011\nMaher 2011\nwakkaoaka 2011\nAnon 2012\nAnon 2011a\nAnon 2016\nLyons 2011\nAnon 2018\nAnon 2012a\nAcidTed 2013\nKaufman 2017\nAnon 2012b\nAnon 2012c\nAcidTed 2012\nAcidTed 2012a", "AcidTed (Jul 18, 2012). \"Let's Go Somewhere Quiet: Lena Katina – Never Forget (The Remixes)\". Wordpress. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 2, 2012.\nAcidTed (May 25, 2012a). \"Let's Go Somewhere Quiet – a compilation for hope\". Wordpress. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved Aug 2, 2012.\nAcidTed (May 14, 2013). \"The Spooky Kids – Square In The Minor\". Wordpress. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nAnon (2018). \"Hello (feat. !PAUS3)\". itunes. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nAnon (2016). \"W Hotels Worldwide on the App Store on iTunes\". Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nAnon (2012). \"!PAUS3 Search\". Hype Machine. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nAnon (2012a). \"Of The Echoes - Of the Echoes Tracklist\". Organic Intelligence. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013.\nAnon (2012b). \"The Children's Brain Tumour Foundation\". The Children's Brain Tumour Foundation. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved Aug 2, 2012.\nAnon (Jul 27, 2012c). \"Nowe remixy 'Never Forget'\". Blogsport (in Polish). Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 2, 2012.\nAnon (2011). \"MTV and 495 Productions Presents !PAUS3 and Hidden Cat\". Last.FM. 495 Productions. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nAnon (2011a). \"Take Remedy Search\". Hype Machine. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nKaufman, Gil (Oct 23, 2017). \"Former Marilyn Manson Guitarist Daisy Berkowitz Dies at 49\". billboard. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nLyons, Garrett (Aug 31, 2011). \"TAKE REMEDY - Hello\". Verbicide Magazine. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nMaher, Adam (Nov 11, 2011). \"Hip-hop group Dead Prez to Headline Jersey City fundraiser\". New Jersey Journal. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nwakkaoaka (2011). \"!PAUS3 vs. Simmi Angel: Projecting Nothing Guest Mix\". Trance Mix. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved Nov 14, 2011." ]	[ "!PAUS3", "Biography", "Collaborations", "Take Remedy", "The Daisy Kids", "Mr Conrad Samsung EP", "Andy Stott's Numb (beauty of being) Remix", "Let's Go Somewhere Quiet", "Discography", "LPs", "EPs", "Singles", "Digital releases (Production, remixes and promotional)", "Footnotes", "References" ]	!PAUS3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/!PAUS3	[ 10, 11, 12, 13 ]	[ 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 ]	!PAUS3 !PAUS3, or THEE PAUSE, (born July 27, 1981) is an international platinum selling musician and artist, who began his career in his early teens in the former Soviet Bloc nations of Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria. THEE PAUSE is originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and currently based in the New York City area. He has been previously selected by MTV & 495 Productions with other DJs to perform internationally for thousands. Having been selected to perform with and remix multiple platinum selling artists, he has been featured as a guest curator for Trance Mix. He has been featured, interviewed or reviewed by Spin (France), Scotch & Murder Monthly, More Than Disco, Hot Biscuits, The Atlantic Monthly, Trip Hop Daily, Creme de le Creme, reverb, Music Under Fire, and Fahrenheit, and has multiple top-charting tracks and remixes on The Hype Machine and Beatport. THEE PAUSE was selected in February 2012 as a featured DJ for W Hotels Worldwide and a commissioned mix was made available exclusively on W Hotels Worldwide by Starwood Hotels and Resorts iPhone application. Take Remedy was a new collective on the New York City scene featuring Alice Love, THEE PAUSE, and Billy 'Vapor Eyes'. They have been described as a "combination of the alternative organic sound meets digital chaos". THEE PAUSE is bassist, programmer and provides back-up vocals. Lead vocals are provided by Alice Love. Billy Vapor Eyes plays drums, keyboards and rhythm guitars. Their debut EP Hello successfully charted on two individual Hype Machine Top 100 singles charts without major label promotion, EyeView and Lines unusual for a new band with a debut EP. Hello, the five track debut EP originally only available on 12" red limited edition vinyl via Projecting Nothing Records, is now available worldwide digital via Organic Intelligence Records. Announced March 24, 2012, THEE PAUSE began recording with artist Nikki Noir with producer DJ Alex J of Digable Planents fame for a late-2012 CD and digital release on Projecting Nothing Records titled Of The Echoes. In March 2013, THEE PAUSE joined forces with Scott Putesky, former lead guitarist and co-founder of the band Marilyn Manson, to form "The Daisy Kids". The Daisy Kids was an American hard rock group consisting of former Marilyn Manson guitarist Daisy Berkowitz and producer, multi-instrumentalist and bass player THEE PAUSE. Guest vocals on the Mr Conrad Samsung EP were provided by Justin Symbol of Nursing Home fame[2]. Numerous rough demos were recorded, including a yet to circulate four-song CD entitled The Samsung Sessions. That four-song CD/demo was shelved due to legal issues regarding the use of uncleared samples, and only one track from those recording sessions has surfaced to date. Tracks known to have been recorded include: "White Knuckles", featuring Justin Symbol of Nursing Home on lead vocals, "Thrift", "Let Your Ego Die", Square In The Minor the only commercially available CD and digital release. With legal issues resolved, November 20, 2015, saw the release of the Mr Conrad Samsung EP, which had been delayed since 2013 and is the final released recording featuring guitarist and vocalist Scott Putesky prior to his passing in 2017. After numerous delays due to internal health problems plaguing both band members[5] Daisy Berkowitz and THEE PAUSE, the Mr Conrad Samsung EP was released digitally on September 20, 2015, via Organic Intelligence Records internationally. Vocal duties were split on this EP between Daisy Berkowitz, THEE PAUSE and Justin Symbol. No tour was planned at the time as the band members focused on their health, and Justin Symbol continued to pursue his various solo and side projects. Digital Release Track List: "Kill Baby" (intro) (Vocals; Daisy Berkowitz) "White Mountain Due" (Vocals; Justin Symbol) "Boheiman Rapecity (Kraft Cheese Ditty)" (Vocals; Daisy Berkowitz) "Let Your Ego Die" (Vocals; Daisy Berkowitz and THEE PAUSE) "Victim (Thrift)" (Vocals; THEE PAUSE) "Square in the Minor" (Vocals; Daisy Berkowitz) Andy Stott is a Manchester-based producer of dub and techno music who has released three albums with the Modern Love label. THEE PAUSE's remix of Andy Stott's "Numb" charted on Pitchfork's Top 200 Tracks of the Decade so Far. The first single from the THEE PAUSE produced album Let's Go Somewhere Quiet to benefit The Children's Brain Tumour Foundation featuring a remix of Lena Katina's track "Never Forget" was released on July 27, 2012, on Projecting Nothing Records. It also features an original unreleased track by THEE PAUSE. Silence Please, Atlantic, 2010 You Can Does Not Equal You Should, Projecting Nothing 2011 Take Remedy - Hello., KVZ, 2011 (Bass) Various Artists - Let's Go Somewhere Quiet, Projecting Nothing 2012 (Producer, artist and remix artist) Distort My Life With Noise, Projecting Nothing 2011 Distort My Life With Noise II, Projecting Nothing 2011 Take Remedy - Crash, (Producer & Bass) – Projecting Nothing/KVZ 2011 The Daisy Kids - The Samsung Sessions - currently unreleased The Daisy Kids - Mr Conrad Samsung EP - Organic Intelligence/KVZ 2-15 Simmi Angel, "Many Faces" (Producer) – Projecting Nothing 2011 S26, "Memory", (Producer / Guest Remix) 2011 Lost Shadow, "The Last Song We Will Sing" (Guest remix) Phonocratic Records Lost Shadow, Same Problems – Different Solutions" (Guest remix) Phonocratic Records, 2011 Lena Katina, "Never Forget" (The Remixes) - (Producer and remix artist) The Daisy Kids, "Square In The Minor" - Organic Intelligence Records The Bangles Dead Prez Pictureplane Crystal Castles Radiohead Yeah Yeah Yeahs Richard Sander Lost Shadow Hidden Cat ClipdBeaks Shallow Sense Alice DeeJay S26 Simmi Angel Anon 2011 Maher 2011 wakkaoaka 2011 Anon 2012 Anon 2011a Anon 2016 Lyons 2011 Anon 2018 Anon 2012a AcidTed 2013 Kaufman 2017 Anon 2012b Anon 2012c AcidTed 2012 AcidTed 2012a AcidTed (Jul 18, 2012). "Let's Go Somewhere Quiet: Lena Katina – Never Forget (The Remixes)". Wordpress. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 2, 2012. AcidTed (May 25, 2012a). "Let's Go Somewhere Quiet – a compilation for hope". Wordpress. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved Aug 2, 2012. AcidTed (May 14, 2013). "The Spooky Kids – Square In The Minor". Wordpress. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Anon (2018). "Hello (feat. !PAUS3)". itunes. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Anon (2016). "W Hotels Worldwide on the App Store on iTunes". Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Anon (2012). "!PAUS3 Search". Hype Machine. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Anon (2012a). "Of The Echoes - Of the Echoes Tracklist". Organic Intelligence. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Anon (2012b). "The Children's Brain Tumour Foundation". The Children's Brain Tumour Foundation. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved Aug 2, 2012. Anon (Jul 27, 2012c). "Nowe remixy 'Never Forget'". Blogsport (in Polish). Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 2, 2012. Anon (2011). "MTV and 495 Productions Presents !PAUS3 and Hidden Cat". Last.FM. 495 Productions. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Anon (2011a). "Take Remedy Search". Hype Machine. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Kaufman, Gil (Oct 23, 2017). "Former Marilyn Manson Guitarist Daisy Berkowitz Dies at 49". billboard. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Lyons, Garrett (Aug 31, 2011). "TAKE REMEDY - Hello". Verbicide Magazine. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Maher, Adam (Nov 11, 2011). "Hip-hop group Dead Prez to Headline Jersey City fundraiser". New Jersey Journal. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. wakkaoaka (2011). "!PAUS3 vs. Simmi Angel: Projecting Nothing Guest Mix". Trance Mix. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved Nov 14, 2011.
[ "" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/%21_%28The_Dismemberment_Plan_album%29.jpg" ]	[ "! is the debut studio album by American indie rock band The Dismemberment Plan. It was released on October 2, 1995 on DeSoto Records. The band's original drummer Steve Cummings played on the album but left shortly after its release.", "\"Survey Says\" – 2:08\n\"The Things That Matter\" – 2:25\n\"The Small Stuff\" – 3:02\n\"OK Jokes Over\" – 4:27\n\"Soon to Be Ex Quaker\" – 1:26\n\"I'm Going to Buy You a Gun\" – 3:06\n\"If I Don't Write\" – 4:28\n\"Wouldn't You Like to Know?\" – 2:50\n\"13th and Euclid\" – 2:18\n\"Fantastic!\" – 4:14\n\"Onward, Fat Girl\" – 2:46\n\"Rusty\" – 4:29\n\"The Dismemberment Plan Gets Rich\" (Japanese bonus track) – 2:23", "The following people were involved in the making of !:\nThe Dismemberment Plan\nEric Axelson – bass\nJason Caddell – guitar\nSteve Cummings – drums\nTravis Morrison – vocals, guitar\nProduction\nAndy Charneco and Don Zientara – recording", "Terich 2008\nRaggett 2018\nCatucci 2004\nRobin 2010", "Catucci, Nick (2004). \"The Dismemberment Plan\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 243–44. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.\nRaggett, Ned (2018). \"! – The Dismemberment Plan\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2018-08-24. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nRobin (Jun 17, 2010). \"The Dismemberment Plan – !\". Sputnikmusic. Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018.\nTerich, Jeff (Aug 22, 2008). \"Album Review : The Dismemberment Plan - Emergency & I\". Treblezine. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved Mar 13, 2011. [...] \"Past albums ! and The Dismemberment Plan Is Terrified sufficiently established the band as post-hardcore and new wave-influenced iconoclasts, going spastic with Casio keyboards and funky rhythms\" [...]" ]	[ "! (The Dismemberment Plan album)", "Track listing", "Personnel", "Footnotes", "References" ]	! (The Dismemberment Plan album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/!_(The_Dismemberment_Plan_album)	[ 14 ]	[ 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 ]	! (The Dismemberment Plan album) ! is the debut studio album by American indie rock band The Dismemberment Plan. It was released on October 2, 1995 on DeSoto Records. The band's original drummer Steve Cummings played on the album but left shortly after its release. "Survey Says" – 2:08 "The Things That Matter" – 2:25 "The Small Stuff" – 3:02 "OK Jokes Over" – 4:27 "Soon to Be Ex Quaker" – 1:26 "I'm Going to Buy You a Gun" – 3:06 "If I Don't Write" – 4:28 "Wouldn't You Like to Know?" – 2:50 "13th and Euclid" – 2:18 "Fantastic!" – 4:14 "Onward, Fat Girl" – 2:46 "Rusty" – 4:29 "The Dismemberment Plan Gets Rich" (Japanese bonus track) – 2:23 The following people were involved in the making of !: The Dismemberment Plan Eric Axelson – bass Jason Caddell – guitar Steve Cummings – drums Travis Morrison – vocals, guitar Production Andy Charneco and Don Zientara – recording Terich 2008 Raggett 2018 Catucci 2004 Robin 2010 Catucci, Nick (2004). "The Dismemberment Plan". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 243–44. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Raggett, Ned (2018). "! – The Dismemberment Plan". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2018-08-24. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Robin (Jun 17, 2010). "The Dismemberment Plan – !". Sputnikmusic. Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved Aug 23, 2018. Terich, Jeff (Aug 22, 2008). "Album Review : The Dismemberment Plan - Emergency & I". Treblezine. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved Mar 13, 2011. [...] "Past albums ! and The Dismemberment Plan Is Terrified sufficiently established the band as post-hardcore and new wave-influenced iconoclasts, going spastic with Casio keyboards and funky rhythms" [...]
[ "Evolution of the cost of sequencing a human genome from 2001 to 2019" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Cost_per_Genome.png" ]	[ "The $1,000 genome refers to an era of predictive and personalized medicine during which the cost of fully sequencing an individual's genome (WGS) is roughly one thousand USD. It is also the title of a book by British science writer and founding editor of Nature Genetics, Kevin Davies. By late 2015, the cost to generate a high-quality \"draft\" whole human genome sequence was just below $1,500.", "The \"$1,000 genome\" catchphrase was first publicly recorded in December 2001 at a scientific retreat to discuss the future of biomedical research following publication of the first draft of the Human Genome Project (HGP), convened by the National Human Genome Research Institute at Airlie House in Virginia. The phrase neatly highlighted the chasm between the actual cost of the Human Genome Project, estimated at $2.7 billion over a decade, and the benchmark for routine, affordable personal genome sequencing.\nOn 2 October 2002, Craig Venter introduced the opening session of GSAC (The Genome Sequencing and Analysis Conference) at the Hynes Convention Center in Boston: \"The Future of Sequencing: Advancing Towards the $1,000 Genome.\" Speakers included George M. Church and executives from 454 Life Sciences, Solexa, U.S. Genomics, VisiGen and Amersham plc. In 2003, Venter announced that his foundation would earmark $500,000 for a breakthrough leading to the $1,000 genome. That sum was subsequently rolled into the Archon X Prize.\nIn October 2004, NHGRI introduced the first in a series of '$1,000 Genome' grants designed to advance \"the development of breakthrough technologies that will enable a human-sized genome to be sequenced for $1,000 or less.\"\nIn a January 2006 article in Scientific American making the case for the Personal Genome Project, George M. Church wrote\nThe \"$1,000 genome\" has become shorthand for the promise of DNA-sequencing capability made so affordable that individuals might think the once-in-a-lifetime expenditure to have a full personal genome sequence read to a disk for doctors to reference is worthwhile.\nIn 2007, the journal Nature Genetics invited dozens of scientists to respond to its 'Question of the Year':\nThe sequencing of the equivalent of an entire human genome for $1,000 has been announced as a goal for the genetics community... What would you do if [the $1,000 genome was] available immediately?\nIn May 2007, during a ceremony held at Baylor College of Medicine, 454 Life Sciences founder Jonathan Rothberg presented James D. Watson with a digital copy of his personal genome sequence on a portable hard drive. Rothberg estimated the cost of the sequence—the first personal genome produced using a next-generation sequencing platform—at $1 million. Watson's genome sequence was published in 2008.\nA number of scientists have highlighted the cost of additional analysis after performing sequencing. Bruce Korf, past president of the American College of Medical Genetics, described \"the $1-million interpretation.\" Washington University's Elaine Mardis prefers \"the $100,000 analysis.\"", "At the end of 2007, the biotech company Knome debuted the first direct-to-consumer genome sequencing service at an initial price of $350,000 (including analysis). One of the first clients was Dan Stoicescu, a Swiss-based biotech entrepreneur. As the costs of sequencing continued to plummet, in 2008, Illumina announced that it had sequenced an individual genome for $100,000 in reagent costs. Applied Biosystems countered by saying the cost on its platform was $60,000. Pacific Biosciences became the latest entrant in what The New York Times called \"a heated race for the '$1,000 genome'\". In 2009, Stanford University professor Stephen Quake published a paper sequencing his own genome on an instrument built by Helicos Biosciences (a company he co-founded) for a reported cost in consumables of $48,000. That same year, Complete Genomics debuted its proprietary whole-genome sequencing service for researchers, charging as little as $5,000/genome for bulk orders.\nIn 2010, Illumina introduced its individual genome sequencing service for consumers, who were required to present a doctor's note. The initial price was $50,000/person. One of the first clients was former Solexa CEO John West, who had his entire family of four sequenced. In January 2012, Life Technologies unveiled a new sequencing instrument, the Ion Proton Sequencer, which it said would achieve the $1,000 genome in a day within 12 months. Sharon Begley wrote: \"After years of predictions that the '$1,000 genome' – a read-out of a person's complete genetic information for about the cost of a dental crown—was just around the corner, a U.S. company is announcing... that it has achieved that milestone.\"\nIn January 2014, Illumina launched its HiSeq X Ten Sequencer, claiming to have produced the first $1,000 genome at 30× coverage. Some researchers hailed the HiSeq X Ten's release as a milestone – Michael Schatz of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory said that \"it is a major human accomplishment on par with the development of the telescope or the microprocessor\". However, critics pointed out that the $10 million upfront investment required to purchase the system would deter customers. Furthermore, the $1,000 genome cost calculation left out overheads, such as the cost of powering the machine. In September 2015, Veritas Genetics (co-founded by George Church) announced $1,000 full-genome sequencing including interpretation for participants in the Personal Genome Project.\nIn April 2017, the newly formed European company Dante Labs started offering the WGS for $900. In 2017, Beijing Genomics Institute began offering WGS for $600. In July 2018, on Amazon Prime Day, Dante Labs offered it for $349. In November 2018, around the time of Black Friday, Dante Labs offered WGS for the first time less than $200, and Veritas Genetics for two days for the same price of $199 offered WGS limited to a thousand customers. In March of the same year, geneticist Matthew Hurles of Wellcome Sanger Institute noted that the private companies, including Illumina, are currently competing to reach a new target for WGS of only $100. On 18 February 2020, Nebula Genomics announced that has partnered up with BGI Group to start offering 30x WGS for $299.", "It was originally announced that the revamped Archon Genomics X PRIZE presented by Medco would hold a $10-million grand prize competition in January 2013 for the team that reaches (or comes closest to reaching) the $1,000 genome. The grand prize would go to \"the team(s) able to sequence 100 human genomes within 30 days to an accuracy of 1 error per 1,000,000 bases, with 98% completeness, identification of insertions, deletions and rearrangements, and a complete haplotype, at an audited total cost of $1,000 per genome.\" In August 2013 the Archon Genomics X PRIZE was cancelled, as the founders felt it had been \"Outpaced by Innovation,\" and \"was not incentivizing the technological changes\".", "Mardis, E. R. (2006). \"Anticipating the 1,000 dollar genome\". Genome Biology. 7 (7): 112. doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-7-112. PMC 1779559. PMID 17224040.\nService, R. F. (2006). \"GENE SEQUENCING: The Race for the $1000 Genome\". Science. 311 (5767): 1544–1'546. doi:10.1126/science.311.5767.1544. PMID 16543431. S2CID 23411598.\nKevin Davies. The $1,000 Genome. (New York: Free Press, 2010). ISBN 1-4165-6959-6\n\"The Cost of Sequencing a Human Genome\". Retrieved 15 April 2018.\nBeyond the Beginning: The Future of Genomics. Meeting webcast. http://www.genome.gov/10001294.\nSylvia Pagan Westphal. \"Race for the $1000 genome is on.\" New Scientist 12 October 2002.\nMark D. Uehling. \"Wanted: The $1000 Genome.\" Bio-IT World November 2002 Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.\n\"Venter raises stakes for $1,000 genome prize.\" Bio-IT World October 2005 Archived 13 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine.\nNIH press release. \"NHGRI seeks next generation of sequencing technologies.\" 14 October 2004.\nChurch, G. M. (2006). \"Genomes for all\" (PDF). Scientific American. 294 (1): 46–54. Bibcode:2006SciAm.294a..46C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0106-46. PMID 16468433. S2CID 28769137.\nQuestion of the Year. Nature Genetics. http://www.nature.com/ng/qoty/index.html\nBCM press release. \"Nobel laureate James Watson receives personal genome in ceremony at Baylor College of Medicine.\" 31 May 2007 Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.\nWheeler, D. A.; Srinivasan, M.; Egholm, M.; Shen, Y.; Chen, L.; McGuire, A.; He, W.; Chen, Y. J.; Makhijani, V.; Roth, G. T.; Gomes, X.; Tartaro, K.; Niazi, F.; Turcotte, C. L.; Irzyk, G. P.; Lupski, J. R.; Chinault, C.; Song, X.-Z.; Liu, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Nazareth, L.; Qin, X.; Muzny, D. M.; Margulies, M.; Weinstock, G. M.; Gibbs, R. A.; Rothberg, J. M. (2008). \"The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing\". Nature. 452 (7189): 872–876. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..872W. doi:10.1038/nature06884. PMID 18421352.\nKevin Davies. \"The $1,000,000 genome interpretation.\" Bio-IT World October 2010.\nMardis, E. R. (2010). \"The $1,000 genome, the $100,000 analysis?\". Genome Medicine. 2 (11): 84. doi:10.1186/gm205. PMC 3016626. PMID 21114804.\nAmy Harmon. \"Gene map becomes a luxury item.\" The New York Times, March 4, 2008.\nBernadette Tansey. \"Applied Biosystems cuts DNA sequencing cost.\" SF Gate, March 13, 2008.\nAndrew Pollack. \"The race to read genomes on a shoestring, relatively speaking.\" New York Times, February 9, 2008.\nWade, N. (2006). \"The quest for the $1,000 human genome: DNA sequencing in the doctor's office? At birth? It may be coming closer\". The New York Times: F1, F3. PMID 16874933.\nPushkarev, D.; Neff, N. F.; Quake, S. R. (2009). \"Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome\". Nature Biotechnology. 27 (9): 847–850. doi:10.1038/nbt.1561. PMC 4117198. PMID 19668243.\nEmily Singer. Technology Review. 2008.\nDewey, F. E.; Chen, R.; Cordero, S. P.; Ormond, K. E.; Caleshu, C.; Karczewski, K. J.; Whirl-Carrillo, M.; Wheeler, M. T.; Dudley, J. T.; Byrnes, J. K.; Cornejo, O. E.; Knowles, J. W.; Woon, M.; Sangkuhl, K.; Gong, L.; Thorn, C. F.; Hebert, J. M.; Capriotti, E.; David, S. P.; Pavlovic, A.; West, A.; Thakuria, J. V.; Ball, M. P.; Zaranek, A. W.; Rehm, H. L.; Church, G. M.; West, J. S.; Bustamante, C. D.; Snyder, M.; Altman, R. B.; Klein, T. E.; Butte, A. J.; Ashley, E. A. (2011). \"Phased Whole-Genome Genetic Risk in a Family Quartet Using a Major Allele Reference Sequence\". PLOS Genetics. 7 (9): e1002280. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002280. PMC 3174201. PMID 21935354.\nDefrancesco, L. (2012). \"Life Technologies promises $1,000 genome\". Nature Biotechnology. 30 (2): 126. doi:10.1038/nbt0212-126a. PMID 22318022. S2CID 11851834.\nSharon Begley. \"Insight: New DNA Reader to Bring Promise.\" Reuters.com. 10 January 2012.\nCheck Hayden, Erika (2014). \"Is the $1,000 genome for real?\". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14530. S2CID 211730238.\nAlexandra Ossola (1 October 2015). \"Your Full Genome Can Be Sequenced and Analyzed For Just $1,000\". PopSci.\n\"Dante Labs Offers EUR 850 Whole Genome Sequencing and Interpretation for the First Time in the World\". PR Newswire. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2018.\nJulia Karow (23 May 2017). \"Dante Labs Offers Direct-to-Consumer Hereditary Disease Risk, Genome, Exome Tests in Europe\". GenomeWeb. Retrieved 2 December 2018.\nMegan Molteni (18 May 2017). \"A Chinese Genome Giant Sets Its Sights on the Ultimate Sequencer\". Wired. Retrieved 2 December 2018.\n\"Dante Labs Offers $349 Whole Genome Sequencing on Amazon Prime Day\". PR Newswire. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.\nAnthony Cuthbertson (23 November 2018). \"Black Friday weirdest deals: iPad potties, twerking robots and DNA sequencing\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2018.\n\"Dante Labs Offers $199 Whole Genome Sequencing Promotion for Black Friday Week\". Digital Journal. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.\nMegan Molteni (19 November 2018). \"Now You Can Sequence Your Whole Genome for Just $200\". Wired. Retrieved 2 December 2018.\nMatthew Herper (9 January 2017). \"Illumina Promises To Sequence Human Genome For $100 -- But Not Quite Yet\". Forbes. Retrieved 2 December 2018.\nSarah Neville (5 March 2018). \"Cheaper DNA sequencing unlocks secrets of rare diseases\". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 December 2018.\n\"Nebula Genomics, Partnering with BGI, Sets Industry Standard by Offering 30x Whole-Genome Sequencing for $299\". BioSpace. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.\nKedes, L.; Campany, G. (2011). \"The new date, new format, new goals and new sponsor of the Archon Genomics X PRIZE Competition\". Nature Genetics. 43 (11): 1055–1058. doi:10.1038/ng.988. PMID 22030612.\n\"$10 million Genomics X Prize canceled: 'Outpaced by innovation'\". NBC News.", "Misha Angrist. Here is a Human Being. (New York: HarperCollins, 2010). ISBN 0-06-162833-6\nKevin Davies. The $1,000 Genome. (New York: Free Press, 2010). ISBN 1-4165-6959-6\nLone Frank. My Beautiful Genome. (London: Oneworld, 2011). ISBN 978-1-85168-833-3", "Webcast of James Watson personal genome presentation, 31 May 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20120206220653/http://www.bcm.edu/news/packages/watson_genome.cfm" ]	[ "$1,000 genome", "History", "Commercial efforts", "Archon Genomics X PRIZE", "References", "Further reading", "Additional resources" ]	$1,000 genome	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$1,000_genome	[ 15 ]	[ 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131 ]	$1,000 genome The $1,000 genome refers to an era of predictive and personalized medicine during which the cost of fully sequencing an individual's genome (WGS) is roughly one thousand USD. It is also the title of a book by British science writer and founding editor of Nature Genetics, Kevin Davies. By late 2015, the cost to generate a high-quality "draft" whole human genome sequence was just below $1,500. The "$1,000 genome" catchphrase was first publicly recorded in December 2001 at a scientific retreat to discuss the future of biomedical research following publication of the first draft of the Human Genome Project (HGP), convened by the National Human Genome Research Institute at Airlie House in Virginia. The phrase neatly highlighted the chasm between the actual cost of the Human Genome Project, estimated at $2.7 billion over a decade, and the benchmark for routine, affordable personal genome sequencing. On 2 October 2002, Craig Venter introduced the opening session of GSAC (The Genome Sequencing and Analysis Conference) at the Hynes Convention Center in Boston: "The Future of Sequencing: Advancing Towards the $1,000 Genome." Speakers included George M. Church and executives from 454 Life Sciences, Solexa, U.S. Genomics, VisiGen and Amersham plc. In 2003, Venter announced that his foundation would earmark $500,000 for a breakthrough leading to the $1,000 genome. That sum was subsequently rolled into the Archon X Prize. In October 2004, NHGRI introduced the first in a series of '$1,000 Genome' grants designed to advance "the development of breakthrough technologies that will enable a human-sized genome to be sequenced for $1,000 or less." In a January 2006 article in Scientific American making the case for the Personal Genome Project, George M. Church wrote The "$1,000 genome" has become shorthand for the promise of DNA-sequencing capability made so affordable that individuals might think the once-in-a-lifetime expenditure to have a full personal genome sequence read to a disk for doctors to reference is worthwhile. In 2007, the journal Nature Genetics invited dozens of scientists to respond to its 'Question of the Year': The sequencing of the equivalent of an entire human genome for $1,000 has been announced as a goal for the genetics community... What would you do if [the $1,000 genome was] available immediately? In May 2007, during a ceremony held at Baylor College of Medicine, 454 Life Sciences founder Jonathan Rothberg presented James D. Watson with a digital copy of his personal genome sequence on a portable hard drive. Rothberg estimated the cost of the sequence—the first personal genome produced using a next-generation sequencing platform—at $1 million. Watson's genome sequence was published in 2008. A number of scientists have highlighted the cost of additional analysis after performing sequencing. Bruce Korf, past president of the American College of Medical Genetics, described "the $1-million interpretation." Washington University's Elaine Mardis prefers "the $100,000 analysis." At the end of 2007, the biotech company Knome debuted the first direct-to-consumer genome sequencing service at an initial price of $350,000 (including analysis). One of the first clients was Dan Stoicescu, a Swiss-based biotech entrepreneur. As the costs of sequencing continued to plummet, in 2008, Illumina announced that it had sequenced an individual genome for $100,000 in reagent costs. Applied Biosystems countered by saying the cost on its platform was $60,000. Pacific Biosciences became the latest entrant in what The New York Times called "a heated race for the '$1,000 genome'". In 2009, Stanford University professor Stephen Quake published a paper sequencing his own genome on an instrument built by Helicos Biosciences (a company he co-founded) for a reported cost in consumables of $48,000. That same year, Complete Genomics debuted its proprietary whole-genome sequencing service for researchers, charging as little as $5,000/genome for bulk orders. In 2010, Illumina introduced its individual genome sequencing service for consumers, who were required to present a doctor's note. The initial price was $50,000/person. One of the first clients was former Solexa CEO John West, who had his entire family of four sequenced. In January 2012, Life Technologies unveiled a new sequencing instrument, the Ion Proton Sequencer, which it said would achieve the $1,000 genome in a day within 12 months. Sharon Begley wrote: "After years of predictions that the '$1,000 genome' – a read-out of a person's complete genetic information for about the cost of a dental crown—was just around the corner, a U.S. company is announcing... that it has achieved that milestone." In January 2014, Illumina launched its HiSeq X Ten Sequencer, claiming to have produced the first $1,000 genome at 30× coverage. Some researchers hailed the HiSeq X Ten's release as a milestone – Michael Schatz of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory said that "it is a major human accomplishment on par with the development of the telescope or the microprocessor". However, critics pointed out that the $10 million upfront investment required to purchase the system would deter customers. Furthermore, the $1,000 genome cost calculation left out overheads, such as the cost of powering the machine. In September 2015, Veritas Genetics (co-founded by George Church) announced $1,000 full-genome sequencing including interpretation for participants in the Personal Genome Project. In April 2017, the newly formed European company Dante Labs started offering the WGS for $900. In 2017, Beijing Genomics Institute began offering WGS for $600. In July 2018, on Amazon Prime Day, Dante Labs offered it for $349. In November 2018, around the time of Black Friday, Dante Labs offered WGS for the first time less than $200, and Veritas Genetics for two days for the same price of $199 offered WGS limited to a thousand customers. In March of the same year, geneticist Matthew Hurles of Wellcome Sanger Institute noted that the private companies, including Illumina, are currently competing to reach a new target for WGS of only $100. On 18 February 2020, Nebula Genomics announced that has partnered up with BGI Group to start offering 30x WGS for $299. It was originally announced that the revamped Archon Genomics X PRIZE presented by Medco would hold a $10-million grand prize competition in January 2013 for the team that reaches (or comes closest to reaching) the $1,000 genome. The grand prize would go to "the team(s) able to sequence 100 human genomes within 30 days to an accuracy of 1 error per 1,000,000 bases, with 98% completeness, identification of insertions, deletions and rearrangements, and a complete haplotype, at an audited total cost of $1,000 per genome." In August 2013 the Archon Genomics X PRIZE was cancelled, as the founders felt it had been "Outpaced by Innovation," and "was not incentivizing the technological changes". Mardis, E. R. (2006). "Anticipating the 1,000 dollar genome". Genome Biology. 7 (7): 112. doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-7-112. PMC 1779559. PMID 17224040. Service, R. F. (2006). "GENE SEQUENCING: The Race for the $1000 Genome". Science. 311 (5767): 1544–1'546. doi:10.1126/science.311.5767.1544. PMID 16543431. S2CID 23411598. Kevin Davies. The $1,000 Genome. (New York: Free Press, 2010). ISBN 1-4165-6959-6 "The Cost of Sequencing a Human Genome". Retrieved 15 April 2018. Beyond the Beginning: The Future of Genomics. Meeting webcast. http://www.genome.gov/10001294. Sylvia Pagan Westphal. "Race for the $1000 genome is on." New Scientist 12 October 2002. Mark D. Uehling. "Wanted: The $1000 Genome." Bio-IT World November 2002 Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. "Venter raises stakes for $1,000 genome prize." Bio-IT World October 2005 Archived 13 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. NIH press release. "NHGRI seeks next generation of sequencing technologies." 14 October 2004. Church, G. M. (2006). "Genomes for all" (PDF). Scientific American. 294 (1): 46–54. Bibcode:2006SciAm.294a..46C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0106-46. PMID 16468433. S2CID 28769137. Question of the Year. Nature Genetics. http://www.nature.com/ng/qoty/index.html BCM press release. "Nobel laureate James Watson receives personal genome in ceremony at Baylor College of Medicine." 31 May 2007 Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Wheeler, D. A.; Srinivasan, M.; Egholm, M.; Shen, Y.; Chen, L.; McGuire, A.; He, W.; Chen, Y. J.; Makhijani, V.; Roth, G. T.; Gomes, X.; Tartaro, K.; Niazi, F.; Turcotte, C. L.; Irzyk, G. P.; Lupski, J. R.; Chinault, C.; Song, X.-Z.; Liu, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Nazareth, L.; Qin, X.; Muzny, D. M.; Margulies, M.; Weinstock, G. M.; Gibbs, R. A.; Rothberg, J. M. (2008). "The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing". Nature. 452 (7189): 872–876. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..872W. doi:10.1038/nature06884. PMID 18421352. Kevin Davies. "The $1,000,000 genome interpretation." Bio-IT World October 2010. Mardis, E. R. (2010). "The $1,000 genome, the $100,000 analysis?". Genome Medicine. 2 (11): 84. doi:10.1186/gm205. PMC 3016626. PMID 21114804. Amy Harmon. "Gene map becomes a luxury item." The New York Times, March 4, 2008. Bernadette Tansey. "Applied Biosystems cuts DNA sequencing cost." SF Gate, March 13, 2008. Andrew Pollack. "The race to read genomes on a shoestring, relatively speaking." New York Times, February 9, 2008. Wade, N. (2006). "The quest for the $1,000 human genome: DNA sequencing in the doctor's office? At birth? It may be coming closer". The New York Times: F1, F3. PMID 16874933. Pushkarev, D.; Neff, N. F.; Quake, S. R. (2009). "Single-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome". Nature Biotechnology. 27 (9): 847–850. doi:10.1038/nbt.1561. PMC 4117198. PMID 19668243. Emily Singer. Technology Review. 2008. Dewey, F. E.; Chen, R.; Cordero, S. P.; Ormond, K. E.; Caleshu, C.; Karczewski, K. J.; Whirl-Carrillo, M.; Wheeler, M. T.; Dudley, J. T.; Byrnes, J. K.; Cornejo, O. E.; Knowles, J. W.; Woon, M.; Sangkuhl, K.; Gong, L.; Thorn, C. F.; Hebert, J. M.; Capriotti, E.; David, S. P.; Pavlovic, A.; West, A.; Thakuria, J. V.; Ball, M. P.; Zaranek, A. W.; Rehm, H. L.; Church, G. M.; West, J. S.; Bustamante, C. D.; Snyder, M.; Altman, R. B.; Klein, T. E.; Butte, A. J.; Ashley, E. A. (2011). "Phased Whole-Genome Genetic Risk in a Family Quartet Using a Major Allele Reference Sequence". PLOS Genetics. 7 (9): e1002280. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002280. PMC 3174201. PMID 21935354. Defrancesco, L. (2012). "Life Technologies promises $1,000 genome". Nature Biotechnology. 30 (2): 126. doi:10.1038/nbt0212-126a. PMID 22318022. S2CID 11851834. Sharon Begley. "Insight: New DNA Reader to Bring Promise." Reuters.com. 10 January 2012. Check Hayden, Erika (2014). "Is the $1,000 genome for real?". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.14530. S2CID 211730238. Alexandra Ossola (1 October 2015). "Your Full Genome Can Be Sequenced and Analyzed For Just $1,000". PopSci. "Dante Labs Offers EUR 850 Whole Genome Sequencing and Interpretation for the First Time in the World". PR Newswire. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Julia Karow (23 May 2017). "Dante Labs Offers Direct-to-Consumer Hereditary Disease Risk, Genome, Exome Tests in Europe". GenomeWeb. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Megan Molteni (18 May 2017). "A Chinese Genome Giant Sets Its Sights on the Ultimate Sequencer". Wired. Retrieved 2 December 2018. "Dante Labs Offers $349 Whole Genome Sequencing on Amazon Prime Day". PR Newswire. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Anthony Cuthbertson (23 November 2018). "Black Friday weirdest deals: iPad potties, twerking robots and DNA sequencing". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2018. "Dante Labs Offers $199 Whole Genome Sequencing Promotion for Black Friday Week". Digital Journal. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Megan Molteni (19 November 2018). "Now You Can Sequence Your Whole Genome for Just $200". Wired. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Matthew Herper (9 January 2017). "Illumina Promises To Sequence Human Genome For $100 -- But Not Quite Yet". Forbes. Retrieved 2 December 2018. Sarah Neville (5 March 2018). "Cheaper DNA sequencing unlocks secrets of rare diseases". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 December 2018. "Nebula Genomics, Partnering with BGI, Sets Industry Standard by Offering 30x Whole-Genome Sequencing for $299". BioSpace. 18 February 2020. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022. Kedes, L.; Campany, G. (2011). "The new date, new format, new goals and new sponsor of the Archon Genomics X PRIZE Competition". Nature Genetics. 43 (11): 1055–1058. doi:10.1038/ng.988. PMID 22030612. "$10 million Genomics X Prize canceled: 'Outpaced by innovation'". NBC News. Misha Angrist. Here is a Human Being. (New York: HarperCollins, 2010). ISBN 0-06-162833-6 Kevin Davies. The $1,000 Genome. (New York: Free Press, 2010). ISBN 1-4165-6959-6 Lone Frank. My Beautiful Genome. (London: Oneworld, 2011). ISBN 978-1-85168-833-3 Webcast of James Watson personal genome presentation, 31 May 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20120206220653/http://www.bcm.edu/news/packages/watson_genome.cfm
[ "$100,000 infield second baseman Eddie Collins", "Jack Barry, $100,000 infield shortstop", "Frank Baker, the $100,000 infield's third baseman", "First baseman Stuffy McInnis" ]	[ 0, 2, 3, 4 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Eddie_Collins_1911.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Jack_Barry.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Frank_Baker.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Stuffy_McInnis.jpg" ]	[ "The $100,000 infield was the infield of the Philadelphia Athletics in the early 1910s. The $100,000 infield consisted of first baseman Stuffy McInnis, second baseman Eddie Collins, shortstop Jack Barry and third baseman Frank \"Home Run\" Baker. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the nickname reflects \"the purported combined market value of the foursome\", which is equivalent to about $2.9 million in 2021.\nBaseball historian Bill James rated the 1914 edition of the $100,000 infield the greatest infield of all time, and also ranked the 1912 and 1913 editions in the top five all time. The $100,000 infield helped the Athletics win four American League championships in five years—1910, 1911, 1913 and 1914—and win the World Series in 1910, 1911 and 1913. The group was broken up after losing the 1914 World Series as a result of the financial pressures resulting from the emergence of the Federal League. Two members—Collins and Baker—have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Collins was the first member of the $100,000 infield to join the Athletics. He debuted on September 17, 1906, after playing college ball at Columbia University. In 1906 and 1907, he played 20 games for the Athletics, mostly at shortstop. In 1908, he took over as the Athletics' regular second baseman, replacing Danny Murphy, who moved to the outfield. During the $100,000 infield years from 1910 to 1914, he played 738 games, getting 922 hits in 2,677 at bats for a batting average of .344. He led the American League in runs in 1912, 1913 and 1914, stolen bases in 1910, singles in 1913 and times on base in 1914. He also finished in the top ten in the American League in batting average, on-base percentage, hits, stolen bases, singles and times on base every year from 1910 through 1914. In addition, he finished in the top ten in American Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1914. He was sold to the Chicago White Sox after the 1914 season as Athletics' manager Connie Mack attempted to respond to the financial pressures brought on by the newly formed Federal League, breaking up the $100,000 infield. He returned to Mack and the Athletics in 1927, finishing his career playing 12 games for the Athletics in their 1929 and 1930 World Championship seasons. He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1939.", "Barry was the next to join the Athletics, debuting on July 13, 1908, after playing for the College of the Holy Cross. Between 1910 and 1914, Barry played 686 games for the Athletics, getting 607 hits in 2,334 at bats for a batting average of .260. He finished in the American League top ten in sacrifice hits every year from 1911 through 1914, and ranked fifth in the American League in runs batted in in 1913. But his primary contributions were on defense, where he had a strong arm, enormous range and sure hands, and was able to work out innovative plays with his good friend Collins, such as a defense against the double steal. He finished in the top 20 in Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, with his best showing a ninth-place finish in 1913. He was sold to the Boston Red Sox in the middle of the 1915 season, where he moved to second base and played on the Red Sox' 1915 and 1916 World Championship teams. He missed the Red Sox 1918 Championship season due to service in the U.S. Navy.", "Baker also joined the Athletics in 1908, debuting on September 21. He became the Athletics regular third baseman in 1909, and led the American League in triples that season. Between 1910 and 1914, Baker played 742 games for the Athletics, getting 929 hits in 2,864 at bats for a batting average of .324. He led the American League in home runs every year from 1911 through 1914, and led the league in runs batted in during 1912 and 1913. He also finished in the top ten in batting average, slugging percentage, on-base percentage and times on base every year from 1911 through 1914, and finished in the top ten in runs scored, hits, doubles, total bases, extra base hits and runs batted in every year from 1910 through 1914. He finished in the top ten in the American League Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, finishing third in 1914, his highest showing. Baker was the hero of the 1911 World Series, hitting two home runs to help the Athletics win the series, which earned him the nickname \"Home Run\" Baker. Baker held out the 1915 season when manager and owner Connie Mack refused to increase his salary, and was sold to the New York Yankees in 1916 after American League president Ban Johnson intervened. He finished his career as the third baseman for the Yankees pennant-winning teams in 1921 and 1922. Baker was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1955.", "McInnis was the final member of the $100,000 infield to join. He started his career as an 18-year-old little-used backup infielder for the Athletics in 1909, and played a little more in 1910. In 1909 and 1910, he played more games backing up Barry at shortstop than at any other position. Before the 1911 season, Mack decided to make McInnis his regular first baseman, replacing the popular veteran Harry Davis, although McInnis did have to begin the season as the Athletics' shortstop when Barry became ill before taking over at first base. Defensively as a first baseman, he was known for having exceptional reach. Between 1910 and 1914, McInnis played 614 games for the Athletics, getting 715 hits in 2,228 at bats for a batting average of .321. He led the American League in singles in 1914, and finished in the top ten in batting average, hits, total bases, runs batted in and singles every year from 1912 through 1914. In both 1912 and 1913, he also finished in the top ten in slugging percentage and on-base percentage. He received Most Valuable Player votes every season from 1911 through 1914, finishing seventh in both 1913 and 1914. McInnis is the only member of the $100,000 infield to remain with the Athletics beyond 1915. He was eventually traded to the Boston Red Sox in 1918 in exchange for Larry Gardner, Hick Cady and Tilly Walker, where he played on Boston's 1918 World Championship team. He also reteamed with Barry on the 1919 Boston Red Sox. Before finishing his career in 1927 he also played with the Cleveland Indians, Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates and Philadelphia Phillies.", "Whiz Kids", "James, B. (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon & Schuster. pp. 548–550. ISBN 0-684-80697-5.\nMittermeyer, P. (2006). \"Edward Trowbridge Collins\". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp. 610–613. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6.\nAugustyn, A. \"Oakland A's\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 16, 2014.\nNeyer, R.; Epstein, E. (2000). \"1911 Philadelphia Athletics\". Baseball Dynasties. W. W. Norton. pp. 45–63. ISBN 0-393-32008-1.\n\"List of Hall of Famers\". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. March 4, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2010.\n\"Eddie Collins\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009.\nJames, B. (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon & Schuster. p. 483. ISBN 0-684-80697-5.\n\"Collins, Eddie\". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved December 3, 2010.\n\"Jack Barry\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009.\nMacht, N. (2006). \"John Joseph Barry\". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp. 625–626. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6.\n\"1915 World Series\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2009.\n\"1916 Boston Red Sox\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009.\n\"Frank Baker\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009.\nJones, D. (2006). \"John Franklin \"Home Run\" Baker\". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp. 620–624. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6.\n\"Frank Baker HOF\". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved December 3, 2010.\n\"Suffy McInnis\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009.\nDavis, A.; Rogers, C.P. (2006). \"John Phalen \"Stuffy\" McInnis\". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp. 629–631. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6.\nJames, B. (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon & Schuster. p. 460. ISBN 0-684-80697-5.\n\"1918 World Series\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009.\n\"1919 Boston Red Sox\". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009." ]	[ "$100,000 infield", "Eddie Collins", "Jack Barry", "Frank \"Home Run\" Baker", "Stuffy McInnis", "See also", "References" ]	$100,000 infield	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$100,000_infield	[ 16, 17, 18, 19 ]	[ 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151 ]	$100,000 infield The $100,000 infield was the infield of the Philadelphia Athletics in the early 1910s. The $100,000 infield consisted of first baseman Stuffy McInnis, second baseman Eddie Collins, shortstop Jack Barry and third baseman Frank "Home Run" Baker. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the nickname reflects "the purported combined market value of the foursome", which is equivalent to about $2.9 million in 2021. Baseball historian Bill James rated the 1914 edition of the $100,000 infield the greatest infield of all time, and also ranked the 1912 and 1913 editions in the top five all time. The $100,000 infield helped the Athletics win four American League championships in five years—1910, 1911, 1913 and 1914—and win the World Series in 1910, 1911 and 1913. The group was broken up after losing the 1914 World Series as a result of the financial pressures resulting from the emergence of the Federal League. Two members—Collins and Baker—have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Collins was the first member of the $100,000 infield to join the Athletics. He debuted on September 17, 1906, after playing college ball at Columbia University. In 1906 and 1907, he played 20 games for the Athletics, mostly at shortstop. In 1908, he took over as the Athletics' regular second baseman, replacing Danny Murphy, who moved to the outfield. During the $100,000 infield years from 1910 to 1914, he played 738 games, getting 922 hits in 2,677 at bats for a batting average of .344. He led the American League in runs in 1912, 1913 and 1914, stolen bases in 1910, singles in 1913 and times on base in 1914. He also finished in the top ten in the American League in batting average, on-base percentage, hits, stolen bases, singles and times on base every year from 1910 through 1914. In addition, he finished in the top ten in American Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1914. He was sold to the Chicago White Sox after the 1914 season as Athletics' manager Connie Mack attempted to respond to the financial pressures brought on by the newly formed Federal League, breaking up the $100,000 infield. He returned to Mack and the Athletics in 1927, finishing his career playing 12 games for the Athletics in their 1929 and 1930 World Championship seasons. He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1939. Barry was the next to join the Athletics, debuting on July 13, 1908, after playing for the College of the Holy Cross. Between 1910 and 1914, Barry played 686 games for the Athletics, getting 607 hits in 2,334 at bats for a batting average of .260. He finished in the American League top ten in sacrifice hits every year from 1911 through 1914, and ranked fifth in the American League in runs batted in in 1913. But his primary contributions were on defense, where he had a strong arm, enormous range and sure hands, and was able to work out innovative plays with his good friend Collins, such as a defense against the double steal. He finished in the top 20 in Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, with his best showing a ninth-place finish in 1913. He was sold to the Boston Red Sox in the middle of the 1915 season, where he moved to second base and played on the Red Sox' 1915 and 1916 World Championship teams. He missed the Red Sox 1918 Championship season due to service in the U.S. Navy. Baker also joined the Athletics in 1908, debuting on September 21. He became the Athletics regular third baseman in 1909, and led the American League in triples that season. Between 1910 and 1914, Baker played 742 games for the Athletics, getting 929 hits in 2,864 at bats for a batting average of .324. He led the American League in home runs every year from 1911 through 1914, and led the league in runs batted in during 1912 and 1913. He also finished in the top ten in batting average, slugging percentage, on-base percentage and times on base every year from 1911 through 1914, and finished in the top ten in runs scored, hits, doubles, total bases, extra base hits and runs batted in every year from 1910 through 1914. He finished in the top ten in the American League Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, finishing third in 1914, his highest showing. Baker was the hero of the 1911 World Series, hitting two home runs to help the Athletics win the series, which earned him the nickname "Home Run" Baker. Baker held out the 1915 season when manager and owner Connie Mack refused to increase his salary, and was sold to the New York Yankees in 1916 after American League president Ban Johnson intervened. He finished his career as the third baseman for the Yankees pennant-winning teams in 1921 and 1922. Baker was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1955. McInnis was the final member of the $100,000 infield to join. He started his career as an 18-year-old little-used backup infielder for the Athletics in 1909, and played a little more in 1910. In 1909 and 1910, he played more games backing up Barry at shortstop than at any other position. Before the 1911 season, Mack decided to make McInnis his regular first baseman, replacing the popular veteran Harry Davis, although McInnis did have to begin the season as the Athletics' shortstop when Barry became ill before taking over at first base. Defensively as a first baseman, he was known for having exceptional reach. Between 1910 and 1914, McInnis played 614 games for the Athletics, getting 715 hits in 2,228 at bats for a batting average of .321. He led the American League in singles in 1914, and finished in the top ten in batting average, hits, total bases, runs batted in and singles every year from 1912 through 1914. In both 1912 and 1913, he also finished in the top ten in slugging percentage and on-base percentage. He received Most Valuable Player votes every season from 1911 through 1914, finishing seventh in both 1913 and 1914. McInnis is the only member of the $100,000 infield to remain with the Athletics beyond 1915. He was eventually traded to the Boston Red Sox in 1918 in exchange for Larry Gardner, Hick Cady and Tilly Walker, where he played on Boston's 1918 World Championship team. He also reteamed with Barry on the 1919 Boston Red Sox. Before finishing his career in 1927 he also played with the Cleveland Indians, Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates and Philadelphia Phillies. Whiz Kids James, B. (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon & Schuster. pp. 548–550. ISBN 0-684-80697-5. Mittermeyer, P. (2006). "Edward Trowbridge Collins". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp. 610–613. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6. Augustyn, A. "Oakland A's". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 16, 2014. Neyer, R.; Epstein, E. (2000). "1911 Philadelphia Athletics". Baseball Dynasties. W. W. Norton. pp. 45–63. ISBN 0-393-32008-1. "List of Hall of Famers". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. March 4, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2010. "Eddie Collins". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. James, B. (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon & Schuster. p. 483. ISBN 0-684-80697-5. "Collins, Eddie". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved December 3, 2010. "Jack Barry". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. Macht, N. (2006). "John Joseph Barry". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp. 625–626. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6. "1915 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2009. "1916 Boston Red Sox". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. "Frank Baker". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. Jones, D. (2006). "John Franklin "Home Run" Baker". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp. 620–624. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6. "Frank Baker HOF". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved December 3, 2010. "Suffy McInnis". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. Davis, A.; Rogers, C.P. (2006). "John Phalen "Stuffy" McInnis". In Jones, D. (ed.). Deadball Stars of the American League. Potomac Books. pp. 629–631. ISBN 978-1-57488-982-6. James, B. (2001). The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract. Simon & Schuster. p. 460. ISBN 0-684-80697-5. "1918 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. "1919 Boston Red Sox". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
[ "Nick Didkovsky & Chuck O'Meara, founders of the $100 Guitar Project" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Nick_Didkovsky_%26_Chuck_O%27Meara%2C_founders_of_the_%24100_Guitar_Project.jpg" ]	[ "The $100 Guitar Project was started on October 20, 2010 when Nick Didkovsky and Chuck O'Meara bought a $100 electric guitar from Elderly Instruments. In 2 years and 30,000 miles of travel throughout the US and Europe, the guitar passed through the hands of over 65 players, each of whom recorded a piece with it, signed it and then passed it on to the next player. The result was a 2-CD album released on Bridge Records, Inc. in January 2013 (BRIDGE 9381A/B). 50% of the album proceeds go to CARE, an organization fighting global poverty.\nThe guitar has been identified as a FujiGen Gakki EJ-2 (with a missing neck pickup). These guitars were made in Japan from 1962 to 1965.", "Alex Skolnick, David Starobin, Elliott Sharp, Mike Keneally, Barry Cleveland, Fred Frith, Henry Kaiser, Mark Hitt, Keith Rowe, Nels Cline, Andy Aledort, Hillary Fielding, John Shiurba, Karl Evangelista, Phil Burk, Ray Kallas, Janet Feder, Thomas Dimuzio, Julia Miller, Chris Murphy, Chuck O'Meara, Marty Carlson, Shawn Persinger, Kai Niggemann, Steve MacLean, Ken Field, Roger Miller, Michael Bierylo, Bill Brovold, Larry Polansky, Biota Bill Sharp, Ava Mendoza, Amy Denio, Bruce Eisenbeil, Caroline Feldmeier, Colin Marston, David Linaburg, Hans Tammen, James Moore, Jesse Krakow, Jesse Kranzler, Joe Bouchard, Jon Diaz, Josh Lopes, Kobe Van Cauwenberghe, Marco Cappelli, Marco Oppedisano, Joe Berger, Mark Solomon, Mark Stewart, Mike Lerner, Nick Didkovsky, Rhys Chatham, Ron Anderson, Taylor Levine, Tom Marsan, Greg Anderson, Han-earl Park, Del Rey, Teisco Del Rey, Matt Wilson, Bruce Zeines, Toon Callier/Zwerm, Juan Parra Cancino, and Wiek Hijmans.", "$100 Guitar Project - Official Website", "Kozinn, Allan (2013-04-02). \"The $100 Guitar Project Releases a CD\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-20.\n\"The $100 Guitar Project a big hit: album review \| Toronto Star\". Toronto Star. April 1, 2013. Retrieved 2016-08-20.\nCampbell, Karen (2013-02-14). \"The '$100 Guitar Project' sends a cheap instrument on an epic journey - The Boston Globe\". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2016-08-20.\nRose, Joel (December 4, 2012). \"A $100 Guitar Makes A 30,000-Mile Odyssey\". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2016-08-20." ]	[ "$100 Guitar Project", "Guitarists", "External links", "References" ]	$100 Guitar Project	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$100_Guitar_Project	[ 20 ]	[ 152, 153, 154 ]	$100 Guitar Project The $100 Guitar Project was started on October 20, 2010 when Nick Didkovsky and Chuck O'Meara bought a $100 electric guitar from Elderly Instruments. In 2 years and 30,000 miles of travel throughout the US and Europe, the guitar passed through the hands of over 65 players, each of whom recorded a piece with it, signed it and then passed it on to the next player. The result was a 2-CD album released on Bridge Records, Inc. in January 2013 (BRIDGE 9381A/B). 50% of the album proceeds go to CARE, an organization fighting global poverty. The guitar has been identified as a FujiGen Gakki EJ-2 (with a missing neck pickup). These guitars were made in Japan from 1962 to 1965. Alex Skolnick, David Starobin, Elliott Sharp, Mike Keneally, Barry Cleveland, Fred Frith, Henry Kaiser, Mark Hitt, Keith Rowe, Nels Cline, Andy Aledort, Hillary Fielding, John Shiurba, Karl Evangelista, Phil Burk, Ray Kallas, Janet Feder, Thomas Dimuzio, Julia Miller, Chris Murphy, Chuck O'Meara, Marty Carlson, Shawn Persinger, Kai Niggemann, Steve MacLean, Ken Field, Roger Miller, Michael Bierylo, Bill Brovold, Larry Polansky, Biota Bill Sharp, Ava Mendoza, Amy Denio, Bruce Eisenbeil, Caroline Feldmeier, Colin Marston, David Linaburg, Hans Tammen, James Moore, Jesse Krakow, Jesse Kranzler, Joe Bouchard, Jon Diaz, Josh Lopes, Kobe Van Cauwenberghe, Marco Cappelli, Marco Oppedisano, Joe Berger, Mark Solomon, Mark Stewart, Mike Lerner, Nick Didkovsky, Rhys Chatham, Ron Anderson, Taylor Levine, Tom Marsan, Greg Anderson, Han-earl Park, Del Rey, Teisco Del Rey, Matt Wilson, Bruce Zeines, Toon Callier/Zwerm, Juan Parra Cancino, and Wiek Hijmans. $100 Guitar Project - Official Website Kozinn, Allan (2013-04-02). "The $100 Guitar Project Releases a CD". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-20. "The $100 Guitar Project a big hit: album review \| Toronto Star". Toronto Star. April 1, 2013. Retrieved 2016-08-20. Campbell, Karen (2013-02-14). "The '$100 Guitar Project' sends a cheap instrument on an epic journey - The Boston Globe". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2016-08-20. Rose, Joel (December 4, 2012). "A $100 Guitar Makes A 30,000-Mile Odyssey". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
[ "Sambo Dasuki, the National Security Adviser who allegedly masterminded the $2 billions arms deal" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Sambo_Dasuki%2C_National_Security_Adviser_to_President_Goodluck_Jonathan%2C_Nigeria_%2816160741168%29.jpg" ]	[ "The $2 billion arms deal or Dasukigate is an arms procurement deal in Nigeria that resulted in the embezzlement of $2 billion through the office of the National Security Adviser under the leadership of Colonel Sambo Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser. The illegal deal was revealed following an interim report of the presidential investigations committee on arms procurement under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. The committee report showed an extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N643.8 billion and an additional spending of about $2.2 billion in the foreign currency component under the Goodluck Jonathan administration.\nPreliminary investigation suggested that about $2 billion may have been disbursed for the procurement of arms to fight against Islamic insurgency in Nigeria. The investigative report indicated that a total sum of $2.2 billion was inexplicably disbursed into the office of the National Security Adviser in procurement of arms to fight against insurgency, but was not spent for that purpose. Several reports suggested that part of the disbursed fund was diverted for the sponsoring of the re-election of Goodluck Jonathan, the former President of Nigeria.\nInvestigations on this illegal deal led to the arrest of Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the office of the National Security Adviser. He was arrested by the Department of State Security Services and following interrogations he claimed to have acted on Colonel Dasuki's order.\nColonel Dasuki was arrested on 1 December 2015 by the Department of State Security Services and transferred to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission for further interrogation. In a written statement, he mentioned several notable Nigerians who were involved in the arms procurement deal. Chief Raymond Dokpesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc, was mentioned in connection with the deal alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance.\nAfter 276 schoolgirls were kidnapped in Chibok by the Boko Haram in April 2014, the following month, Marion Ford, an American living in Prague, the Czech Republic, was approached about procuring arms for the Nigerian army to fight the Islamic insurgent group. At that time, Ford did not have the necessary licenses to trade in arms, so he signed an agency agreement with and negotiated for arms dealer Ara Dolarian and his company DCI based out of Fresno, California and Sofia, Bulgaria. Ara Dolarian was charged and arrested on May 15, 2019, because the US Department of State had not given his company the compulsory international arms deal brokering licenses required for contracts signed with NSA vendor Societe d'Equipmente Internationaux in 2014.", "The arms procurement investigative committee was inaugurated on 31 August 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to investigate the procurement of ammunition to fight insurgency during the administration of Goodluck Jonathan. The interim report of the committee revealed several illicit and fraudulent financial transactions. The report revealed an extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N643.8 billion and inexplicable spending of about $2.2 billion in the foreign currency component under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. This amount excluded grants received by the state governments and funds received by the Directorate of State Services and the Nigerian Police Force.\nThe committee analyzed how funds were transferred to the office of the National Security Adviser and the Nigerian Armed Forces in local and foreign currencies. It observed that about $2.2 billion was disbursed for the procurement of ammunition to tackle insurgency but regretted that despite this enormous financial transactions, little or nothing was spent for the procurement of the arms for which the fund was disbursed.\nThe committee discovered that out of the 513 contracts awarded at $8,356,525,184.32, ₦2,189,265,724,404.55 and £54,000.00, about 53 were failed contracts amounting to about $2,378,939,066.27 and ₦13,729,342,329.87 respectively.\nThe committee also noted that the amount of foreign currencies spent on failed contracts was more than twice the $1 billion loan approved by the National Assembly for borrowing from the World bank to fight insurgency.\nThe investigative committee also discovered a total transfer of ₦3.850 billion to a single company by Colonel Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser. These transactions were made with neither agreements nor fulfilment of tax obligations to the Federal Government of Nigeria.\nFurther investigation by the committee provided evidence that phantom and fictitious contracts to the tune of ₦2,219,188,609.50, $1,671,742,613.58 and £9,905,477.00 was awarded between March 2012 and March 2015 by Colonel Dasuki.\nIn addition, the funds disbursed for the purchase of 12 helicopters, 4 Alpha Jets, bombs and other ammunition were not utilized for those purposes. The committee also noted that Dasuki directed the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to transfer a total sum of $132,050,486.97 dollars and £9,905,473.5 to the accounts of the Societe D'equipmente Internationaux in West Africa, the UK, and the US with no documentation.\nSubsequent to this investigative committee's interim report, President Buhari ordered the arrest of Colonel Dasuki on alleged siphoning of billions of dollars allocated for the procurement of arms. He also ordered the arrest of all those indicted.", "Several notable Nigerians were involved in the arms procurement deals, including Chief Raymond Dopesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications PLC, alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance.\nSambo Dasuki masterminded the arms procurement deal.\nOn 17 November 2015, President Buhari ordered the arrest of Colonel Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser, on alleged siphoning of the arms procurement funds. Dasuki claimed that ordering his arrest by the President is illegal. He denied that he was invited by the investigation committee on issues related to arms procurement.\nAccording to Premium Times, Dansuki said \"I have never been invited formally or informally to appear before the panel. I am therefore not only surprised but embarrassed by the seeming indictment by the panel purportedly operating from the office of the National Security Adviser that never contacted me\".\nPrior to ordering his arrest by the president for siphoning the arms procurement fund, on 19 July 2015, the operative of the Department of State Security Service stormed his residence at Abuja and confiscated his international passport. He was charged with unlawful possession of firearms and foreign currencies.\nOn 3 November 2015, Justice Adeniyi Ademola, the presiding Judge of the Federal High Court sitting in Abuja, ordered the DSS to release his passport to enable in travel for medical attention. Despite this ruling, the DSS prevented him from traveling abroad by putting him under a house arrest insisting that Dasuki have some questions to answer on the $2 billion arms procurement deal. The ruling of the judge was unsurprising giving the fact that Nigerian judges are known for their abuse of powers and often granting unmerited injunctions, bails and excesses in situations it ought to have been denied. Nigeria has been described as one of the most corrupt countries in the world and this revelation goes to show that truly, there are cases to be answered as to why the country was seriously lagging in the areas of fighting the Boko Haram insurgency.\nOn 1 December 2015, Colonel Dasuki was arrested by the Department of State Security Services and transferred to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission for further interrogation.\nPrior to Dasuki's arrest, Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the office of the National Security Adviser, was arrested by the Department of the State Security Services and following interrogations he claimed to have acted on Colonel Dasuki's order which led to Dasuki's arrest. After Dasuki was transferred to the EFCC, he initially decided not to comment on the issue or write any statement, claiming that he had been subjected to media trial.\nThe EFCC operatives then issued Dasuki a copy of the statement made by Shaibu Salisu, a statement that seemed rather implicating. Dasuki was shocked by Salisu's confessional statement. According to The Nation, Colonel Dasuki said, \"You mean Salisu wrote all these! You mean he said these! Give me a pen and paper.\" Dasuki gave a long list of people involved in the deal.\nHe mentioned Chief Raymond Dopesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc, alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance.\nOn 1 December 2015, Chief Raymond Dopesi, the Chair Emeritus of Daar Communication PLC, was arrested at his residence in Abuja by the EFCC in connections with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki.\nPreliminary evidence showed that Chief Dopesi received ₦2.1 billion between October 2014 and March 2015 from the office of the National Security Adviser with no coherent reasons for the financial transaction. Chief Dopesi, said the ₦2.1 billion received from the Office of the National Security Adviser was payment for media and political campaign for the re-election of President Goodluck Jonathan.\nOn Tuesday, 8 December 2015, Chief Dokpesi was arraigned by the Federal Government of Nigeria before a federal high court sitting in Abuja on six count charges of money laundering and other financial crimes.\nThe prosecutor maintained that the transfer of a total sum of ₦2.1 billion between October 2014 and March 2015 from the office of the National Security Adviser breaches section 58 (4) (b) of the Public Procurement Act 2007 and punishable under Section 58 (6) and (7) of the same Act, as well as under Section 17 (b) of the EFCC Act, 2004.\nDokpesi plead not guilty of the charges and requested the court to grant him bail on liberal terms. The case was adjourned till 10 December 2015 to consider his bail request. The presiding judge, Justice Gabriel Kolawole, ordered the EFCC to detain him pending the determination of his bail application.\nOn 10 December 2015, Rotimi Jacob, counsel to the EFCC, argued that granting Dokpesi bail would truncate the trial application for bail. Having heard from the prosecutor and defence counsel, Justice Kolawole adjourned the hearing for the bail application till 14 December 2015. He slated 17 February, 18 February and 2 March, 3 March 2016 to commence the hearing on the six count charges slammed against him.\nOn 14 December 2015, Justice Gabriel Kolawole ruled that Chief Dokpesi should be granted a bail in the sum of ₦400 million with two surety in like sum. He said the first surety must be a retired or serving director in the civil service and the second surety must be a private investor with a track record of tax payment in the last 3 years. He maintain that Dokpesi should remain in Kuje Prison until the bail conditions are met. He also ordered the EFCC not to re-arrest him after the bail for interrogation for more than 8 hours and 30 minutes.\nPrior to the arms procurement saga, Chief Dokpesi and Africa Independent Television was accused of partisan for airing some controversial documentaries such as The Lion of Bourdillon, which Chief Bola Tinubu considered defamatory. This documentary generated several controversies, leading to a ₦150 billion libel suit against AIT by Chief Bola Tinubu.\nOn 1 December 2015, Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, was arrested and detained by the EFCC in connection with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki. He was arrested alongside Dokpesi.\nPreliminary evidence showed that Attahiru Bafarawa received ₦4.6 billion from the office of the National Security Adviser with no clear basis for the financial transaction. In response to the allegation, Bafarawa said he received the money from the Office of the National Security Adviser for spiritual purpose.\nOn 8 December 2015, the family of Bafawara in a statement signed by the Media Aide to the former governor, Alhaji Yusuf Dingyadi advised the EFCC to charge Bafawara and his son to court if there are evidence against them rather than keeping them in their custody.\n\nAccording to Thisday, the family of Bafawara said \nToday is one week since Bafarawa was detained by the EFCC. And today marks two weeks that his son Sagir Bafarawa has been in detention. Why are they being detained without charges? If the EFCC has any evidence that they have committed any crime it should charge them to court. We thought that the era of detaining people while searching for evidence was over. We call on the EFCC to release them forthwith if they have nothing against them.\nOn 30 November 2015, Ambassador Bashir Yuguda, a former Minister of State for Finance, was arrested and detained by the EFCC in connections with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki. He was arrested alongside Chief Raymond Dokpesi, Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa and his son.\nPreliminary evidence showed that Ambassador Yuguda received ₦1.5 billion from the office of the National Security Adviser with no coherent basis for the financial transaction. The money was transferred into his account through an unknown company for inexplicable purpose. According to Premium Times, \"The funds were directly transferred to him from the NSA office and he has been unable to explain the rationale for the transfer. The transfers were made to his account between December 2014 and May 2015\".Additional ₦1.275 billion was also transferred to his account during the campaign for the 2015 Nigerian general election\nAlso ₦775 million was transferred into his account from the office of the Accountant General of the Federation.\nOn 30 November 2015, Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the office of the National Security Adviser, was arrested in connection with the arms procurement deal. Investigation reveal that Salisu operates a joint account with Sambo Dasuki. According to Thisday, EFCC operatives said \"We just discovered a huge sum of money in foreign currencies in a joint account – being operated by the former National Security Adviser, Col. Sambo Dasuki and a director in his office, one Shauibu Salisu. He is also being interrogated by EFCC operatives.\" Salisu's confessional statements led to Dasuki's arrest.\nInvestigation also revealed a payment of ₦650 million into the account Nduka Obaigbena, owner of Arise TV and Thisday publisher. He denied receiving any money from the Office of the National Security Adviser.\nOn 12 December 2015, the management of Thisday denied receiving money related to arms procurement from the former National Security Adviser. The management in its response to an invitation letter from the EFCC dated 8 November 2015, received in its Abuja office on 8 December 2015, said all funds received from the Office of the National Security Adviser , \"are payments for compensation to mitigate the dastardly Boko Haram twin bombings of the ThisDay Newspapers offices in Abuja and Kaduna on Thursday April 26, 2012\".\nOn 14 December 2015, the EFCC arraigned Colonel Dasuki, Bafarawa, Saliu Atawodi, Dokpesi, Yuguda, Salisu, Sagir Attahiru, Dahaltu Investment Limited, Aminu Baba-Kusa, former Executive Director of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, and his company Acacia Holding Limited and Reliance Referral Hospital Limited before Justice Hussein Baba Yusuf of Abuja High Court sitting at Maitama on allegations of unlawful diversion of public funds.", "The EFCC uncovered a breakdown of how the monies were illegally misappropriated and laundered into several private bank accounts or persons and businesses. Evidence recovered by authorities were so clear and unambiguous that it led to the recoveries of stolen money by citizens, some who claim not to have known that money given to them were proceeds of shady and illegal dealings. A committee set up to probe contracts awarded by the Office of the National Security Adviser (ONSA) from 2011 to 2015 indicted more than 300 companies and prominent citizens including serving and retired officers of the armed forces. A statement issued by a presidential spokesman said over N7 Billion had been recovered from indicted companies and individuals and another N41 Billion is to be refunded by several indicted companies. Several top officials were also said to have returned back N1.4billion a week after the statement was released.\nThe soft-landing given to the perpetrators of the arms scandal through plea bargains with authorities and the inability of the EFCC to duly prosecute the alleged offenders has however been heavily criticized by analysts. Many have however questioned the motives behind the arrest as a witch-hunt against the administration of Goodluck Jonathan and his officials while many continued to deny their involvements in the arms deal.\nWhile speaking in Washington DC on \"Presidential elections and democratic consolidation in Africa: Case studies on Nigeria and Tanzania,\" a forum co-hosted by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Goodluck Jonathan refuted the allegations by the EFCC and its operative that he awarded a contract potentially worth $2 billion for arms procurement during his administration. He said \"Where did the money come from? I did not award any $2 billion contract for procurement of weapons.\" But evidences gathered by relevant Nigerian and foreign authorities clearly shows that the president was not entirely truthful in his assessments. Aside the rumour industry of Nigeria where figures are inappropriately brandished by several parties, press, media and social media warriors, the ex-president failed to respond appropriately to the exact amount (if any) that were appropriated to the NSA for the discharge of their duties. Even though he admitted that \"there were some issues\", he claimed that some of them were overblown. He also failed to acknowledge or respond to why and how under his watchful administration, his former security adviser was able to launder so much money to private bank accounts even if they were not related to the $2billion he claimed was not missing. Analysts have also said that the statement of former President Jonathan is evasive and ambiguous because such evasive denial is taken as admission, It could be interpreted to mean that Dasuki stole money but did not steal up to $2.2 billion.\nFollowing the former President's statement, publicity Secretary of the All Progressives Congress, APC, Lagos State, Mr Joe Igbokwe, faulted the former president, saying he should not be taken seriously while a former acting Secretary of the PDP, Chief Remi Akitoye, said Jonathan merely expressed his opinion but called on security agencies to investigate the matter.\nSecond Vice President of Nigerian Bar Association, NBA, Mr. Monday Ubani suggested thus: \"That is why some of us are of the opinion that if some of Jonathan's men have been mentioned in the course of investigation, the best thing for the EFCC to do is invite him to come and make useful statements. Since he is saying that Dasuki did not commit the offence, he can be invited to say all he knows to the authorities.\"", "Several confessional statements help in the investigation of the arms procurement deal. Salisu, who operated a joint bank account with Dasuki, claimed to have withdrawn $47 million from the Central Bank of Nigeria; the money was delivered in 11 briefcases to Dasuki at his residence.\n\nSalisu's statement reads \n \"I could remember on the 20/11/2014, I was directed by the NSA, M.S. Dasuki to go to the CBN and collect the sum of $47m in cash and the balance in Euro and the directive was obeyed and the monies were delivered to the NSA in about 11 suit cases. I acknowledged the receipt of the money from the CBN which was handed over to M.S. Dasuki. I did not benefit even one cent. The request for the funds was tag(sic) Special Services signed by the NSA, M.S. Dasuki, addressed to the Governor of CBN.\nI did not know the source of the money into our CBN Account. The foreign currencies that I collected from the CBN were delivered to the NSA in his house, No. 13, John Kadiya Street, Asokoro.\"\nAmbassador Yuguda claimed to have delivered a sum of N600 million to six chairmen of the National Working Committee, the Contact and Mobilisation Committee of the People's Democratic Party for the 2015 general election. According to him, the beneficiaries includes Yerima Abdullahi, Chief Bode George, Peter Odili, Jim Nwobodo, Attahiru Bafarawa and Ahmadu Ali.\nHe transferred N300 million to BAM Properties, whose account details were sent to him by Bello Haliru, a former National Chairman of the People's Democratic Party. He also claimed to have sent N200 million to Bello Sarkin Yaki, the Governorship aspirant in Kebbi State. According to him, Mahmud Shinkafi, the former Governor of Zamfara State, received ₦100 million.\n\nBashir's confessional statement reads \nFor the cash disbursement of ₦600million, it was meant for the six zonal chairmen for Contact and Mobilisation Committees for Election of 2015. The chairmen are Bode George, Amb. Yerima Abdullahi; Peter Odili; Attahiru Bafarawa; Jim Nwobodo; Ahmadu Ali. The sum of ₦100million was given to each chairman. I gave the money in company of Prof. Alkali, who was Political Adviser to former president. The zonal chairmen are for the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP). I also instructed Jabbama Limited to transfer the sum of N100m to Dalhatu Limited on the request of Attahiru Bafarawa. I also remember that Bello Sarkin Yaki was among the people that the then NSA instructed that I send the sum of N200million to. He was the PDP gubernatorial candidate in Kebbi State. I knew the chairman of Stallion Limited whose second name I cannot remember. Between December 2014 to June 2015, on the instruction of the then NSA, I introduced Jabbama Limited to a staff of the company on the instruction of the chairman. When the account was in credit, disbursement was made from time to time on the instruction of the then NSA. Part in foreign exchange or transfers. I wish to add that sometime in February 2015, I instructed Jabbama to transfer the sum of N300m to BAM Properties. The account was given to me by Bello Haliru as one of the people the former NSA requested me to give money. I also remember that Mahmud Aliyu Shinkafi was sent the sum of N100million on the instruction of the then NSA. Further to my statement of 30th November, 2015, I have brought the sum of $829,800(equivalent to N200m) and N600m was given to me to distribute to the six PDP Zonal Committee chairmen. I don't know who are the directors of Dalhatu Investment Limited but funds were transferred to the company's account on the instruction of Dalhatu Bafarawa for the total amount of N1.5billion received from the then NSA by Jabbama Limited. I shall endeavour to recover the sum of N600million given to the six zonal PDP committee chairmen, while I appeal to the commission to use their machineries to trace the remaining balance of the money transferred to various accounts\nIn a counter-claim, Chief Bode George denied the allegations of receiving a total sum of ₦100 million from Yuguda for the 2015 general election. He described the claim by Yuguda as \"mischievous and deliberately fraudulent\".\n\nBode's statement reads \n\"My attention has been drawn to another mischievous and deliberately fraudulent claim that I collected N100 million from Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance. This is another blatant falsehood, stripped of any iota of truth. This is yet again a depraved continuation of lynch mob journalism orchestrated by an online newspaper. The salient fact is that very early this year, long before the election period, the party set up Contact and Mobilization Committee for each zone to reconcile various factions and ensure a firm unity of purpose within the zones before the election. I was elected as the Chairman for the South-West zone. The committee which was made up of 18 senior members of the party with distinguished history of honour and exemplary leadership, met at least 10 times in my office in Lagos. These people travelled all the way from every corner of the South-West, with three members representing each state. All of them are very much alive to testify to my assertions. Sometime in the middle of these deliberations, Yuguda came to me and said the party was reimbursing the 18 elders of the committee for their transportation, accommodation and feeding allowance for the work that was done. The committee later submitted the report of its deliberations to the party and then wound up. For all these efforts Yuguda gave the committee only $30,000. That was less than N6 million at that time. Yuguda can never claim that he gave the Committee N100 million. That is the figment of the imagination of rascally scribblers purporting to be journalists. Again, facts are sacred.\"\nNigeria's former minister of state for defence, Musiliu Obanikoro also explained how he paid a former governor of Ekiti State, Ayo Fayose, five million dollars (about N1.8 billion) from the funds meant for purchase of arms when interrogated by authorities.", "\"Dasukigate\". Retrieved 26 May 2020.\n\"EFCC arrests former Minister, others over alleged $2billion arms deal\". Premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"EXCLUSIVE: Why EFCC arrested Yuguda, Bafarawa, ex-PDP\". Premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"EFCC May Invite Jonathan For Questioning Over Arms Deal\". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"$2.1bn Scandal: Dasuki Implicates Ex-Governors, Bode George and\". Express Nigeria. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Armsgate: EFCC arrests ex-minister, Dasuki's ex-finance chief\". The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Dasuki Lists Ex-Govs, PDP Chiefs In Arms Scandal\". Naij.com.\n\"United States District Court\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2022.\n\"Bulgaria-Based US Arms Dealer Charged with Brokering Illicit Deal\". Balkan Insight. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2022.\n\"$2.9b arms procurement: Buhari orders arrest of Dasuki, others\". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Arms Procurement Deal: Buhari Orders Arrest of Dasuki, Others\". Thisday News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Buhari orders arrest of Dasuki, others over arms procurement fraud\". Daily Post. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Arms deals: Buhari orders arrest of Dasuki, others\". The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Nigeria: U.S.$2 Billion Arms Deal - FG Slams Six-Count Money\". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Nigerian ex-President Goodluck Jonathan stole\". Japan Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Nigeria orders arrest of ex-adviser over $2bn arms deal\". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"ALLEGED $2bn arms deal fraud: EFCC uncovers another N600m\". Vanguard news. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Buhari Orders Arrest Of Indicted Persons In N2 Trillion Arms\". Nigerian Newspaper. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Dasuki lied, shunned arms probe panel's invitation –Presidency\". African spotlight. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Dasuki kicks as Buhari orders arrest, says, \"I was never invited to defend myself\"\". premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"SSS wrong in seizing Dasuki's passport, right in searching his\". Premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"DSS seizes Dasuki's passport, placed under house arrest\". The Nation. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Former NSA Dasuki's Top Staff, 20 Others Arrested By EFCC Over\". Sahara reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"DSS re-arrests Dasuki, EFCC seizes Dokpesi in arms deal probe\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Former national security adviser (NSA), Sambo Dasuki makes\". Safari News Nigeria. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Ex-NSA – Dasuki confesses, names ex-governors, others in alleged\". therenaissanceng.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Arms Purchase Scandal: Raymond Dokpesi Arrested\". Sahara reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Alleged arms deal scandal: EFCC arrests Dokpesi\". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"$2bn arms deal: FG slams 6-count money laundering charge\". Vanguard news. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Dokpesi Slammed With Six Counts Of Money\". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Arms Deal: Dasuki, Dokpesi, Others Bag 43-Count Money\". City People Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Court Refuses Dokpesi Bail\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Court grants Raymond Dokpesi bail\". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"JUST IN: Dokpesi Granted Bail On Strict Conditions\". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"N2.1bn Alleged Fraud: Court Grants Dokpesi Bail\". Leadership Newspaper. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Lion of Bourdillon: AIT fights back\". The Sun. Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Ex-Finance Minister, Yuguda, Bafarawa's Son, Others Arrested over\". Thisday. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"EFCC Arrests Former Sokoto Governor, Attahiru Bafarawa\". Channels TV. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Arms Purchase Scandal: EFCC Grabs Attahiru Bafarawa\". Sahara reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Charge Bafarawa to Court Now, Family Tells EFCC\". Thisday. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"EFCC Arrests Former Minister Of State For Finance Yuguda\". Channels TV. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Ex-Minister Bashir Yuguda arrested over Dasuki-related fraud\". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"How Former NSA Dasuki Shared N30b 'Loot' To Anenih, Ayu, PDP\". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"THE ARMS DEAL PROBE: Anti-graft War or Score Settling\". Thisday News. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Investigators Trace N650m To Thisday Publisher Nduka Obaigbena\". Sahara reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Why I received N670m from Dasuki, by Nduka Obaigbena, ThisDay Publisher\". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"EFCC docks Dasuki, Yuguda, others on fresh charges today\". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Obanikoro explains how he gave Fayose $5m arms deal\". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\n\"Buhari's committee \"indicts over 300 ONSA contractors, recovers over N7 billion\" \| Premium Times Nigeria\". 24 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\n\"Buhari's committee \"indicts over 300 ONSA contractors, recovers over N7 billion\" \| Premium Times Nigeria\". 24 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\n\"$2.1b arms deals: Jonathan's men return cash\". The Nation Newspaper. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\n\"Jonathan washes hand off arms procurement scandal\". Premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Provide evidence Dasuki didn't steal $2.1b; TUC, others tell Jonathan\". Vanguard News. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\n\"Provide evidence Dasuki didn't steal $2.1b; TUC, others tell Jonathan\". Vanguard News. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\n\"Provide evidence Dasuki didn't steal $2.1b; TUC, others tell Jonathan\". Vanguard News. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\n\"Provide evidence Dasuki didn't steal $2.1b; TUC, others tell Jonathan\". Vanguard News. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022.\n\"How $47m Was Delivered From CBN To Dasuki In 11 Suitcases\". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"I delivered $47m in 11 suitcases to Dasuki - Ex-director\". PM News Nigeria. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"$2B ARMS: EFCC PROBES BODE GEORGE, ODILI, BELLO\". urban reporters. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Dasuki Lists Bode George, Odili As Accomplices In Arms Deal Scandal\". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"I Gave N600million To Bode George, Peter Odili, Attahiru Bafarawa\". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"EFCC Set To Probe Bode George, Odili Following\". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"I didn't collect N100 from Yugudu - Bode George\". Nigerian Bulletin. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"I didn't collect N100 from Yugudu - Bode George\". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015.\n\"Obanikoro explains how he gave Fayose $5m arms deal\". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2022.", "koko, level (20 December 2015). \"Dasuki threaten to expose more beneficiaries of the Arm Scam Deal\". koko level blog. koko level. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2015." ]	[ "$2 billion arms deal", "Investigative committee", "Probing and prosecutions", "Accusations and counter-accusations", "Confessional statements", "References", "External links" ]	$2 billion arms deal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$2_billion_arms_deal	[ 21 ]	[ 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223 ]	$2 billion arms deal The $2 billion arms deal or Dasukigate is an arms procurement deal in Nigeria that resulted in the embezzlement of $2 billion through the office of the National Security Adviser under the leadership of Colonel Sambo Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser. The illegal deal was revealed following an interim report of the presidential investigations committee on arms procurement under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. The committee report showed an extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N643.8 billion and an additional spending of about $2.2 billion in the foreign currency component under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. Preliminary investigation suggested that about $2 billion may have been disbursed for the procurement of arms to fight against Islamic insurgency in Nigeria. The investigative report indicated that a total sum of $2.2 billion was inexplicably disbursed into the office of the National Security Adviser in procurement of arms to fight against insurgency, but was not spent for that purpose. Several reports suggested that part of the disbursed fund was diverted for the sponsoring of the re-election of Goodluck Jonathan, the former President of Nigeria. Investigations on this illegal deal led to the arrest of Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the office of the National Security Adviser. He was arrested by the Department of State Security Services and following interrogations he claimed to have acted on Colonel Dasuki's order. Colonel Dasuki was arrested on 1 December 2015 by the Department of State Security Services and transferred to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission for further interrogation. In a written statement, he mentioned several notable Nigerians who were involved in the arms procurement deal. Chief Raymond Dokpesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc, was mentioned in connection with the deal alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance. After 276 schoolgirls were kidnapped in Chibok by the Boko Haram in April 2014, the following month, Marion Ford, an American living in Prague, the Czech Republic, was approached about procuring arms for the Nigerian army to fight the Islamic insurgent group. At that time, Ford did not have the necessary licenses to trade in arms, so he signed an agency agreement with and negotiated for arms dealer Ara Dolarian and his company DCI based out of Fresno, California and Sofia, Bulgaria. Ara Dolarian was charged and arrested on May 15, 2019, because the US Department of State had not given his company the compulsory international arms deal brokering licenses required for contracts signed with NSA vendor Societe d'Equipmente Internationaux in 2014. The arms procurement investigative committee was inaugurated on 31 August 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to investigate the procurement of ammunition to fight insurgency during the administration of Goodluck Jonathan. The interim report of the committee revealed several illicit and fraudulent financial transactions. The report revealed an extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N643.8 billion and inexplicable spending of about $2.2 billion in the foreign currency component under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. This amount excluded grants received by the state governments and funds received by the Directorate of State Services and the Nigerian Police Force. The committee analyzed how funds were transferred to the office of the National Security Adviser and the Nigerian Armed Forces in local and foreign currencies. It observed that about $2.2 billion was disbursed for the procurement of ammunition to tackle insurgency but regretted that despite this enormous financial transactions, little or nothing was spent for the procurement of the arms for which the fund was disbursed. The committee discovered that out of the 513 contracts awarded at $8,356,525,184.32, ₦2,189,265,724,404.55 and £54,000.00, about 53 were failed contracts amounting to about $2,378,939,066.27 and ₦13,729,342,329.87 respectively. The committee also noted that the amount of foreign currencies spent on failed contracts was more than twice the $1 billion loan approved by the National Assembly for borrowing from the World bank to fight insurgency. The investigative committee also discovered a total transfer of ₦3.850 billion to a single company by Colonel Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser. These transactions were made with neither agreements nor fulfilment of tax obligations to the Federal Government of Nigeria. Further investigation by the committee provided evidence that phantom and fictitious contracts to the tune of ₦2,219,188,609.50, $1,671,742,613.58 and £9,905,477.00 was awarded between March 2012 and March 2015 by Colonel Dasuki. In addition, the funds disbursed for the purchase of 12 helicopters, 4 Alpha Jets, bombs and other ammunition were not utilized for those purposes. The committee also noted that Dasuki directed the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to transfer a total sum of $132,050,486.97 dollars and £9,905,473.5 to the accounts of the Societe D'equipmente Internationaux in West Africa, the UK, and the US with no documentation. Subsequent to this investigative committee's interim report, President Buhari ordered the arrest of Colonel Dasuki on alleged siphoning of billions of dollars allocated for the procurement of arms. He also ordered the arrest of all those indicted. Several notable Nigerians were involved in the arms procurement deals, including Chief Raymond Dopesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications PLC, alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance. Sambo Dasuki masterminded the arms procurement deal. On 17 November 2015, President Buhari ordered the arrest of Colonel Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser, on alleged siphoning of the arms procurement funds. Dasuki claimed that ordering his arrest by the President is illegal. He denied that he was invited by the investigation committee on issues related to arms procurement. According to Premium Times, Dansuki said "I have never been invited formally or informally to appear before the panel. I am therefore not only surprised but embarrassed by the seeming indictment by the panel purportedly operating from the office of the National Security Adviser that never contacted me". Prior to ordering his arrest by the president for siphoning the arms procurement fund, on 19 July 2015, the operative of the Department of State Security Service stormed his residence at Abuja and confiscated his international passport. He was charged with unlawful possession of firearms and foreign currencies. On 3 November 2015, Justice Adeniyi Ademola, the presiding Judge of the Federal High Court sitting in Abuja, ordered the DSS to release his passport to enable in travel for medical attention. Despite this ruling, the DSS prevented him from traveling abroad by putting him under a house arrest insisting that Dasuki have some questions to answer on the $2 billion arms procurement deal. The ruling of the judge was unsurprising giving the fact that Nigerian judges are known for their abuse of powers and often granting unmerited injunctions, bails and excesses in situations it ought to have been denied. Nigeria has been described as one of the most corrupt countries in the world and this revelation goes to show that truly, there are cases to be answered as to why the country was seriously lagging in the areas of fighting the Boko Haram insurgency. On 1 December 2015, Colonel Dasuki was arrested by the Department of State Security Services and transferred to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission for further interrogation. Prior to Dasuki's arrest, Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the office of the National Security Adviser, was arrested by the Department of the State Security Services and following interrogations he claimed to have acted on Colonel Dasuki's order which led to Dasuki's arrest. After Dasuki was transferred to the EFCC, he initially decided not to comment on the issue or write any statement, claiming that he had been subjected to media trial. The EFCC operatives then issued Dasuki a copy of the statement made by Shaibu Salisu, a statement that seemed rather implicating. Dasuki was shocked by Salisu's confessional statement. According to The Nation, Colonel Dasuki said, "You mean Salisu wrote all these! You mean he said these! Give me a pen and paper." Dasuki gave a long list of people involved in the deal. He mentioned Chief Raymond Dopesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc, alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance. On 1 December 2015, Chief Raymond Dopesi, the Chair Emeritus of Daar Communication PLC, was arrested at his residence in Abuja by the EFCC in connections with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki. Preliminary evidence showed that Chief Dopesi received ₦2.1 billion between October 2014 and March 2015 from the office of the National Security Adviser with no coherent reasons for the financial transaction. Chief Dopesi, said the ₦2.1 billion received from the Office of the National Security Adviser was payment for media and political campaign for the re-election of President Goodluck Jonathan. On Tuesday, 8 December 2015, Chief Dokpesi was arraigned by the Federal Government of Nigeria before a federal high court sitting in Abuja on six count charges of money laundering and other financial crimes. The prosecutor maintained that the transfer of a total sum of ₦2.1 billion between October 2014 and March 2015 from the office of the National Security Adviser breaches section 58 (4) (b) of the Public Procurement Act 2007 and punishable under Section 58 (6) and (7) of the same Act, as well as under Section 17 (b) of the EFCC Act, 2004. Dokpesi plead not guilty of the charges and requested the court to grant him bail on liberal terms. The case was adjourned till 10 December 2015 to consider his bail request. The presiding judge, Justice Gabriel Kolawole, ordered the EFCC to detain him pending the determination of his bail application. On 10 December 2015, Rotimi Jacob, counsel to the EFCC, argued that granting Dokpesi bail would truncate the trial application for bail. Having heard from the prosecutor and defence counsel, Justice Kolawole adjourned the hearing for the bail application till 14 December 2015. He slated 17 February, 18 February and 2 March, 3 March 2016 to commence the hearing on the six count charges slammed against him. On 14 December 2015, Justice Gabriel Kolawole ruled that Chief Dokpesi should be granted a bail in the sum of ₦400 million with two surety in like sum. He said the first surety must be a retired or serving director in the civil service and the second surety must be a private investor with a track record of tax payment in the last 3 years. He maintain that Dokpesi should remain in Kuje Prison until the bail conditions are met. He also ordered the EFCC not to re-arrest him after the bail for interrogation for more than 8 hours and 30 minutes. Prior to the arms procurement saga, Chief Dokpesi and Africa Independent Television was accused of partisan for airing some controversial documentaries such as The Lion of Bourdillon, which Chief Bola Tinubu considered defamatory. This documentary generated several controversies, leading to a ₦150 billion libel suit against AIT by Chief Bola Tinubu. On 1 December 2015, Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, was arrested and detained by the EFCC in connection with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki. He was arrested alongside Dokpesi. Preliminary evidence showed that Attahiru Bafarawa received ₦4.6 billion from the office of the National Security Adviser with no clear basis for the financial transaction. In response to the allegation, Bafarawa said he received the money from the Office of the National Security Adviser for spiritual purpose. On 8 December 2015, the family of Bafawara in a statement signed by the Media Aide to the former governor, Alhaji Yusuf Dingyadi advised the EFCC to charge Bafawara and his son to court if there are evidence against them rather than keeping them in their custody. According to Thisday, the family of Bafawara said Today is one week since Bafarawa was detained by the EFCC. And today marks two weeks that his son Sagir Bafarawa has been in detention. Why are they being detained without charges? If the EFCC has any evidence that they have committed any crime it should charge them to court. We thought that the era of detaining people while searching for evidence was over. We call on the EFCC to release them forthwith if they have nothing against them. On 30 November 2015, Ambassador Bashir Yuguda, a former Minister of State for Finance, was arrested and detained by the EFCC in connections with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki. He was arrested alongside Chief Raymond Dokpesi, Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa and his son. Preliminary evidence showed that Ambassador Yuguda received ₦1.5 billion from the office of the National Security Adviser with no coherent basis for the financial transaction. The money was transferred into his account through an unknown company for inexplicable purpose. According to Premium Times, "The funds were directly transferred to him from the NSA office and he has been unable to explain the rationale for the transfer. The transfers were made to his account between December 2014 and May 2015".Additional ₦1.275 billion was also transferred to his account during the campaign for the 2015 Nigerian general election Also ₦775 million was transferred into his account from the office of the Accountant General of the Federation. On 30 November 2015, Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the office of the National Security Adviser, was arrested in connection with the arms procurement deal. Investigation reveal that Salisu operates a joint account with Sambo Dasuki. According to Thisday, EFCC operatives said "We just discovered a huge sum of money in foreign currencies in a joint account – being operated by the former National Security Adviser, Col. Sambo Dasuki and a director in his office, one Shauibu Salisu. He is also being interrogated by EFCC operatives." Salisu's confessional statements led to Dasuki's arrest. Investigation also revealed a payment of ₦650 million into the account Nduka Obaigbena, owner of Arise TV and Thisday publisher. He denied receiving any money from the Office of the National Security Adviser. On 12 December 2015, the management of Thisday denied receiving money related to arms procurement from the former National Security Adviser. The management in its response to an invitation letter from the EFCC dated 8 November 2015, received in its Abuja office on 8 December 2015, said all funds received from the Office of the National Security Adviser , "are payments for compensation to mitigate the dastardly Boko Haram twin bombings of the ThisDay Newspapers offices in Abuja and Kaduna on Thursday April 26, 2012". On 14 December 2015, the EFCC arraigned Colonel Dasuki, Bafarawa, Saliu Atawodi, Dokpesi, Yuguda, Salisu, Sagir Attahiru, Dahaltu Investment Limited, Aminu Baba-Kusa, former Executive Director of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, and his company Acacia Holding Limited and Reliance Referral Hospital Limited before Justice Hussein Baba Yusuf of Abuja High Court sitting at Maitama on allegations of unlawful diversion of public funds. The EFCC uncovered a breakdown of how the monies were illegally misappropriated and laundered into several private bank accounts or persons and businesses. Evidence recovered by authorities were so clear and unambiguous that it led to the recoveries of stolen money by citizens, some who claim not to have known that money given to them were proceeds of shady and illegal dealings. A committee set up to probe contracts awarded by the Office of the National Security Adviser (ONSA) from 2011 to 2015 indicted more than 300 companies and prominent citizens including serving and retired officers of the armed forces. A statement issued by a presidential spokesman said over N7 Billion had been recovered from indicted companies and individuals and another N41 Billion is to be refunded by several indicted companies. Several top officials were also said to have returned back N1.4billion a week after the statement was released. The soft-landing given to the perpetrators of the arms scandal through plea bargains with authorities and the inability of the EFCC to duly prosecute the alleged offenders has however been heavily criticized by analysts. Many have however questioned the motives behind the arrest as a witch-hunt against the administration of Goodluck Jonathan and his officials while many continued to deny their involvements in the arms deal. While speaking in Washington DC on "Presidential elections and democratic consolidation in Africa: Case studies on Nigeria and Tanzania," a forum co-hosted by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Goodluck Jonathan refuted the allegations by the EFCC and its operative that he awarded a contract potentially worth $2 billion for arms procurement during his administration. He said "Where did the money come from? I did not award any $2 billion contract for procurement of weapons." But evidences gathered by relevant Nigerian and foreign authorities clearly shows that the president was not entirely truthful in his assessments. Aside the rumour industry of Nigeria where figures are inappropriately brandished by several parties, press, media and social media warriors, the ex-president failed to respond appropriately to the exact amount (if any) that were appropriated to the NSA for the discharge of their duties. Even though he admitted that "there were some issues", he claimed that some of them were overblown. He also failed to acknowledge or respond to why and how under his watchful administration, his former security adviser was able to launder so much money to private bank accounts even if they were not related to the $2billion he claimed was not missing. Analysts have also said that the statement of former President Jonathan is evasive and ambiguous because such evasive denial is taken as admission, It could be interpreted to mean that Dasuki stole money but did not steal up to $2.2 billion. Following the former President's statement, publicity Secretary of the All Progressives Congress, APC, Lagos State, Mr Joe Igbokwe, faulted the former president, saying he should not be taken seriously while a former acting Secretary of the PDP, Chief Remi Akitoye, said Jonathan merely expressed his opinion but called on security agencies to investigate the matter. Second Vice President of Nigerian Bar Association, NBA, Mr. Monday Ubani suggested thus: "That is why some of us are of the opinion that if some of Jonathan's men have been mentioned in the course of investigation, the best thing for the EFCC to do is invite him to come and make useful statements. Since he is saying that Dasuki did not commit the offence, he can be invited to say all he knows to the authorities." Several confessional statements help in the investigation of the arms procurement deal. Salisu, who operated a joint bank account with Dasuki, claimed to have withdrawn $47 million from the Central Bank of Nigeria; the money was delivered in 11 briefcases to Dasuki at his residence. Salisu's statement reads "I could remember on the 20/11/2014, I was directed by the NSA, M.S. Dasuki to go to the CBN and collect the sum of $47m in cash and the balance in Euro and the directive was obeyed and the monies were delivered to the NSA in about 11 suit cases. I acknowledged the receipt of the money from the CBN which was handed over to M.S. Dasuki. I did not benefit even one cent. The request for the funds was tag(sic) Special Services signed by the NSA, M.S. Dasuki, addressed to the Governor of CBN. I did not know the source of the money into our CBN Account. The foreign currencies that I collected from the CBN were delivered to the NSA in his house, No. 13, John Kadiya Street, Asokoro." Ambassador Yuguda claimed to have delivered a sum of N600 million to six chairmen of the National Working Committee, the Contact and Mobilisation Committee of the People's Democratic Party for the 2015 general election. According to him, the beneficiaries includes Yerima Abdullahi, Chief Bode George, Peter Odili, Jim Nwobodo, Attahiru Bafarawa and Ahmadu Ali. He transferred N300 million to BAM Properties, whose account details were sent to him by Bello Haliru, a former National Chairman of the People's Democratic Party. He also claimed to have sent N200 million to Bello Sarkin Yaki, the Governorship aspirant in Kebbi State. According to him, Mahmud Shinkafi, the former Governor of Zamfara State, received ₦100 million. Bashir's confessional statement reads For the cash disbursement of ₦600million, it was meant for the six zonal chairmen for Contact and Mobilisation Committees for Election of 2015. The chairmen are Bode George, Amb. Yerima Abdullahi; Peter Odili; Attahiru Bafarawa; Jim Nwobodo; Ahmadu Ali. The sum of ₦100million was given to each chairman. I gave the money in company of Prof. Alkali, who was Political Adviser to former president. The zonal chairmen are for the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP). I also instructed Jabbama Limited to transfer the sum of N100m to Dalhatu Limited on the request of Attahiru Bafarawa. I also remember that Bello Sarkin Yaki was among the people that the then NSA instructed that I send the sum of N200million to. He was the PDP gubernatorial candidate in Kebbi State. I knew the chairman of Stallion Limited whose second name I cannot remember. Between December 2014 to June 2015, on the instruction of the then NSA, I introduced Jabbama Limited to a staff of the company on the instruction of the chairman. When the account was in credit, disbursement was made from time to time on the instruction of the then NSA. Part in foreign exchange or transfers. I wish to add that sometime in February 2015, I instructed Jabbama to transfer the sum of N300m to BAM Properties. The account was given to me by Bello Haliru as one of the people the former NSA requested me to give money. I also remember that Mahmud Aliyu Shinkafi was sent the sum of N100million on the instruction of the then NSA. Further to my statement of 30th November, 2015, I have brought the sum of $829,800(equivalent to N200m) and N600m was given to me to distribute to the six PDP Zonal Committee chairmen. I don't know who are the directors of Dalhatu Investment Limited but funds were transferred to the company's account on the instruction of Dalhatu Bafarawa for the total amount of N1.5billion received from the then NSA by Jabbama Limited. I shall endeavour to recover the sum of N600million given to the six zonal PDP committee chairmen, while I appeal to the commission to use their machineries to trace the remaining balance of the money transferred to various accounts In a counter-claim, Chief Bode George denied the allegations of receiving a total sum of ₦100 million from Yuguda for the 2015 general election. He described the claim by Yuguda as "mischievous and deliberately fraudulent". Bode's statement reads "My attention has been drawn to another mischievous and deliberately fraudulent claim that I collected N100 million from Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance. This is another blatant falsehood, stripped of any iota of truth. This is yet again a depraved continuation of lynch mob journalism orchestrated by an online newspaper. The salient fact is that very early this year, long before the election period, the party set up Contact and Mobilization Committee for each zone to reconcile various factions and ensure a firm unity of purpose within the zones before the election. I was elected as the Chairman for the South-West zone. The committee which was made up of 18 senior members of the party with distinguished history of honour and exemplary leadership, met at least 10 times in my office in Lagos. These people travelled all the way from every corner of the South-West, with three members representing each state. All of them are very much alive to testify to my assertions. Sometime in the middle of these deliberations, Yuguda came to me and said the party was reimbursing the 18 elders of the committee for their transportation, accommodation and feeding allowance for the work that was done. The committee later submitted the report of its deliberations to the party and then wound up. For all these efforts Yuguda gave the committee only $30,000. That was less than N6 million at that time. Yuguda can never claim that he gave the Committee N100 million. That is the figment of the imagination of rascally scribblers purporting to be journalists. Again, facts are sacred." Nigeria's former minister of state for defence, Musiliu Obanikoro also explained how he paid a former governor of Ekiti State, Ayo Fayose, five million dollars (about N1.8 billion) from the funds meant for purchase of arms when interrogated by authorities. "Dasukigate". Retrieved 26 May 2020. "EFCC arrests former Minister, others over alleged $2billion arms deal". Premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "EXCLUSIVE: Why EFCC arrested Yuguda, Bafarawa, ex-PDP". Premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "EFCC May Invite Jonathan For Questioning Over Arms Deal". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "$2.1bn Scandal: Dasuki Implicates Ex-Governors, Bode George and". Express Nigeria. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Armsgate: EFCC arrests ex-minister, Dasuki's ex-finance chief". The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Dasuki Lists Ex-Govs, PDP Chiefs In Arms Scandal". Naij.com. "United States District Court" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2022. "Bulgaria-Based US Arms Dealer Charged with Brokering Illicit Deal". Balkan Insight. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2022. "$2.9b arms procurement: Buhari orders arrest of Dasuki, others". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Arms Procurement Deal: Buhari Orders Arrest of Dasuki, Others". Thisday News. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Buhari orders arrest of Dasuki, others over arms procurement fraud". Daily Post. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Arms deals: Buhari orders arrest of Dasuki, others". The Nation Newspaper. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Nigeria: U.S.$2 Billion Arms Deal - FG Slams Six-Count Money". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Nigerian ex-President Goodluck Jonathan stole". Japan Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Nigeria orders arrest of ex-adviser over $2bn arms deal". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "ALLEGED $2bn arms deal fraud: EFCC uncovers another N600m". Vanguard news. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Buhari Orders Arrest Of Indicted Persons In N2 Trillion Arms". Nigerian Newspaper. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Dasuki lied, shunned arms probe panel's invitation –Presidency". African spotlight. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Dasuki kicks as Buhari orders arrest, says, "I was never invited to defend myself"". premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "SSS wrong in seizing Dasuki's passport, right in searching his". Premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "DSS seizes Dasuki's passport, placed under house arrest". The Nation. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Former NSA Dasuki's Top Staff, 20 Others Arrested By EFCC Over". Sahara reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "DSS re-arrests Dasuki, EFCC seizes Dokpesi in arms deal probe". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Former national security adviser (NSA), Sambo Dasuki makes". Safari News Nigeria. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Ex-NSA – Dasuki confesses, names ex-governors, others in alleged". therenaissanceng.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Arms Purchase Scandal: Raymond Dokpesi Arrested". Sahara reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Alleged arms deal scandal: EFCC arrests Dokpesi". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "$2bn arms deal: FG slams 6-count money laundering charge". Vanguard news. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Dokpesi Slammed With Six Counts Of Money". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Arms Deal: Dasuki, Dokpesi, Others Bag 43-Count Money". City People Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Court Refuses Dokpesi Bail". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Court grants Raymond Dokpesi bail". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "JUST IN: Dokpesi Granted Bail On Strict Conditions". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "N2.1bn Alleged Fraud: Court Grants Dokpesi Bail". Leadership Newspaper. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Lion of Bourdillon: AIT fights back". The Sun. Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Ex-Finance Minister, Yuguda, Bafarawa's Son, Others Arrested over". Thisday. Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "EFCC Arrests Former Sokoto Governor, Attahiru Bafarawa". Channels TV. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Arms Purchase Scandal: EFCC Grabs Attahiru Bafarawa". Sahara reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Charge Bafarawa to Court Now, Family Tells EFCC". Thisday. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "EFCC Arrests Former Minister Of State For Finance Yuguda". Channels TV. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Ex-Minister Bashir Yuguda arrested over Dasuki-related fraud". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "How Former NSA Dasuki Shared N30b 'Loot' To Anenih, Ayu, PDP". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "THE ARMS DEAL PROBE: Anti-graft War or Score Settling". Thisday News. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Investigators Trace N650m To Thisday Publisher Nduka Obaigbena". Sahara reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Why I received N670m from Dasuki, by Nduka Obaigbena, ThisDay Publisher". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "EFCC docks Dasuki, Yuguda, others on fresh charges today". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Obanikoro explains how he gave Fayose $5m arms deal". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2022. "Buhari's committee "indicts over 300 ONSA contractors, recovers over N7 billion" \| Premium Times Nigeria". 24 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022. "Buhari's committee "indicts over 300 ONSA contractors, recovers over N7 billion" \| Premium Times Nigeria". 24 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022. "$2.1b arms deals: Jonathan's men return cash". The Nation Newspaper. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022. "Jonathan washes hand off arms procurement scandal". Premium Times. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Provide evidence Dasuki didn't steal $2.1b; TUC, others tell Jonathan". Vanguard News. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022. "Provide evidence Dasuki didn't steal $2.1b; TUC, others tell Jonathan". Vanguard News. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022. "Provide evidence Dasuki didn't steal $2.1b; TUC, others tell Jonathan". Vanguard News. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022. "Provide evidence Dasuki didn't steal $2.1b; TUC, others tell Jonathan". Vanguard News. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022. "How $47m Was Delivered From CBN To Dasuki In 11 Suitcases". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "I delivered $47m in 11 suitcases to Dasuki - Ex-director". PM News Nigeria. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "$2B ARMS: EFCC PROBES BODE GEORGE, ODILI, BELLO". urban reporters. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Dasuki Lists Bode George, Odili As Accomplices In Arms Deal Scandal". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "I Gave N600million To Bode George, Peter Odili, Attahiru Bafarawa". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "EFCC Set To Probe Bode George, Odili Following". Naij.com. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "I didn't collect N100 from Yugudu - Bode George". Nigerian Bulletin. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "I didn't collect N100 from Yugudu - Bode George". Vanguard News. Retrieved 13 December 2015. "Obanikoro explains how he gave Fayose $5m arms deal". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2022. koko, level (20 December 2015). "Dasuki threaten to expose more beneficiaries of the Arm Scam Deal". koko level blog. koko level. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
[ "$50SAT satellite", "" ]	[ 0, 3 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Eagle2_large.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/OSCAR_1_satellite-01.jpg" ]	[ "$50SAT (also known as Eagle-2, OSCAR 76, Morehead-OSCAR 76 and MO-76) is an American amateur radio communications satellite. It was launched on November 21, 2013 with a Dnepr launch vehicle from the Dombarovsky Air Base, in Orenburg, Russia.\n$50SAT was developed by Bob Twiggs at Morehead State University (MSU) along with three other radio amateurs and was used to train students. The satellite transmits telemetry data in various operating modes in the 70 cm (28 in) band. It is based on the PocketQube design for very small and inexpensive satellites and measures 5 × 5 × 7.5 cm (2.0 × 2.0 × 3.0 in) (1.5 CubeSat). After several months of problems due to low battery voltage, $50SAT finally dropped below the 3.3 volts required for data transmission on July 19, 2015 and thus ceased operation.", "OSCAR", "Graham, William (21 November 2013). \"Russian Dnepr conducts record breaking 32 satellite haul\". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 11 February 2020.\nProesch, Roland (2019-05-10). Technical Handbook for Satellite Monitoring: Edition 2019. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 412. ISBN 978-3-7448-3682-1.\nCappelletti, Chantal; Battistini, Simone; Malphrus, Benjamin (2020-09-25). CubeSat Handbook: From Mission Design to Operations. Academic Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-12-817885-0.\nPalkovitz, Neta (2019-11-22). Regulating a Revolution: Small Satellites and the Law of Outer Space. Kluwer Law International B.V. ISBN 978-94-035-1814-5.", "Mission - $50SAT" ]	[ "$50SAT", "See also", "References", "External links" ]	$50SAT	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$50SAT	[ 22, 23 ]	[ 224, 225 ]	$50SAT $50SAT (also known as Eagle-2, OSCAR 76, Morehead-OSCAR 76 and MO-76) is an American amateur radio communications satellite. It was launched on November 21, 2013 with a Dnepr launch vehicle from the Dombarovsky Air Base, in Orenburg, Russia. $50SAT was developed by Bob Twiggs at Morehead State University (MSU) along with three other radio amateurs and was used to train students. The satellite transmits telemetry data in various operating modes in the 70 cm (28 in) band. It is based on the PocketQube design for very small and inexpensive satellites and measures 5 × 5 × 7.5 cm (2.0 × 2.0 × 3.0 in) (1.5 CubeSat). After several months of problems due to low battery voltage, $50SAT finally dropped below the 3.3 volts required for data transmission on July 19, 2015 and thus ceased operation. OSCAR Graham, William (21 November 2013). "Russian Dnepr conducts record breaking 32 satellite haul". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 11 February 2020. Proesch, Roland (2019-05-10). Technical Handbook for Satellite Monitoring: Edition 2019. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 412. ISBN 978-3-7448-3682-1. Cappelletti, Chantal; Battistini, Simone; Malphrus, Benjamin (2020-09-25). CubeSat Handbook: From Mission Design to Operations. Academic Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-12-817885-0. Palkovitz, Neta (2019-11-22). Regulating a Revolution: Small Satellites and the Law of Outer Space. Kluwer Law International B.V. ISBN 978-94-035-1814-5. Mission - $50SAT
[ "Robert Goulet", "Bill Oakley was one of the writers of the episode.", "Mr. Burns's paranoid obsession with germs and cleanliness, and his refusal to leave his bedroom once the casino opens, is a parody of American magnate Howard Hughes." ]	[ 1, 2, 3 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Robert_Goulet_photo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Bill_Oakley2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Howard_Hughes.jpg" ]	[ "\"$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)\", simply known as \"$pringfield\", is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 91st episode overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 16, 1993. In the episode, Springfield legalizes gambling to revitalize its economy. Mr. Burns opens a casino where Homer is hired as a blackjack dealer. Marge develops a gambling addiction, Bart opens a casino in his treehouse, and Burns' appearance and mental state deteriorate in a parody of Howard Hughes.\nThe episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, and directed by Wes Archer. Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves. The episode features cultural references to the films Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, The Wizard of Oz, Rain Man, and 2001: A Space Odyssey. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11.7, and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired.", "At a town hall, Mayor Quimby fields suggestions on ways to improve Springfield's dwindling economy. Principal Skinner suggests the town legalize gambling to rejuvenate its economy; everyone, including frequent naysayer Marge, likes the idea. Mr. Burns and Mayor Quimby work together to build a casino, where Homer is hired as a blackjack dealer. Burns designs the casino himself, with his likeness atop a mermaid's body adorning its neon sign.\nWhile waiting for Homer's shift to end, Marge finds a quarter on the casino floor and uses it to play a slot machine. When she wins, she immediately becomes addicted to gambling. Bart is too young to gamble at Burns' Casino, so he starts his own casino in his tree house, tricking Robert Goulet into performing there. Burns grows even richer from his casino, but his appearance and mental state deteriorate, making him resemble Howard Hughes. He develops paranoia and a profound fear of microscopic germs, urinating in jars and wearing tissue boxes instead of shoes on his feet.\nMarge spends all her time at the casino and neglects her family. She fails to notice when Maggie crawls away from the slots and is nearly mauled by a white tiger from Gunter and Ernst's circus act. She forgets to help Lisa make a costume for her geography pageant, forcing her to wear one poorly designed by her father, which consists of Homer creating a shoddy costume of \"Florida\" misspelled as \"Floreda\" on the front of it. Homer bursts into the casino searching for Marge. Security cameras capture his rampage, causing Burns to demote him to his old job at the power plant. After realizing how much he misses the plant, Burns decides to return to it. When Homer confronts Marge with her behavior, she realizes that she has a gambling problem. However, as they leave, Homer takes the revelation as a way to deflect criticism from his own questionable behavior by pointing out her gambling addiction.\nLisa wins a special prize in the geography pageant because Homer's poor costume design makes the judges think she did it all by herself. Ralph receives the same prize for his primitive costume: a note taped to his shirt that reads \"Idaho\".", "The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, and directed by Wes Archer. The story of the episode originated from a newspaper article that Oakley and Weinstein found about a town in Mississippi that was introducing riverboat gambling. Oakley said another inspiration for it was that there had not been many episodes about Springfield as a whole and how \"crummy\" the town was, so they filled the whole first act with scenes showing how \"crummy\" and \"dismal\" Springfield was. Oakley particularly liked the animation of the lights inside the casino on the slot machines and the lamps in the ceiling. The \"way they radiate out\" had always amazed him. Archer, who directed the animation of the episode, also thought they turned out well. The lights were especially hard for them to animate back then because the show was animated traditionally on cels, so Archer was pleased with the results. A deleted scene from the episode shows Homer dealing cards to James Bond. The staff liked the scene, so they decided to put it in the clip show episode \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\".\nThere was a brief period when the episode had a different subplot that revolved around the restaurant chain Planet Hollywood. Groening had been told by a spokesperson that if he put Planet Hollywood in The Simpsons, the creators of the restaurant, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis, and Sylvester Stallone, would agree to make guest appearances on the show. The writers of The Simpsons were excited about this so they wrote a new subplot for the episode that featured Planet Hollywood and the three actors. However, for unknown reasons, they were unable to appear in the episode.\nInstead, Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves. Executive producer David Mirkin enjoyed directing Goulet because he was \"such a good sport\" and had \"a great sense of humor\". Oakley thought it was nice that Goulet was willing to make fun of himself in the episode, which at the time was rare for guest stars on The Simpsons. This episode features the first appearances of Gunter and Ernst, the Siegfried and Roy-esque casino magicians who are attacked by their white tiger, Anastasia. Ten years after this episode first aired, Roy Horn was attacked by one of the duo's white tigers. The Simpsons production team dismissed the novelty of the prediction by saying that it was \"bound to happen\" sooner or later. The Rich Texan also makes his debut appearance in this episode, referred to as \"Senator\" by Homer.", "The title is a reference to the 1964 film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, the music of which was composed by Laurie Johnson. Two of his songs, Happy-go-lively and Rue de la park can be heard within the News on Parade segment at the beginning of the episode. Burns' bed looks similar to the one occupied by Keir Dullea's character Dave Bowman in the end of the 1968 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey. Dustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise appear at the casino to reprise their roles from the 1988 film Rain Man, although Cruise does not speak. Homer is impressed by the card-counting abilities of a man who resembles Raymond Babbitt, Hoffman's character in the film. Krusty's show at midnight is similar to Bill Cosby's 1971 album For Adults Only, which was recorded at a casino at midnight. Marge reminds Homer that his lifelong dream was to be a contestant on the television show The Gong Show.\nBurns's paranoid obsession with germs and cleanliness, and his refusal to leave his bedroom once the casino opens, parodies American magnate Howard Hughes, who had obsessive-compulsive disorder, and was involved in the casino business in his later years. The \"Spruce Moose\", an absurdly tiny wooden plane Burns makes in the episode, is a parody of Hughes' impractically enormous wooden plane, derisively nicknamed the \"Spruce Goose\". Homer parodies the scene in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz when the Scarecrow demonstrates his newly acquired intelligence by (incorrectly) reciting the law that governs the lengths of the sides of an isosceles triangle. Unlike in the film, somebody correctly points out that the Pythagorean theorem recited applies only to right triangles, not isosceles triangles.", "", "Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson commented that \"this excellent episode includes a surprising number of concurrent plots. Homer also works in the casino and tries to care for the family without Marge. It balances them deftly and provides great laughs along the way.\" Adam Suraf of Dunkirkma.net named it the third best episode of the season. He also praised the episode's cultural references. The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, wrote: \"There's a lovely nod to the earlier episodes in which Marge protests the citizenry's hare-brained ideas at council meetings. A series of bizarre moments rather than a story—we're especially fond of Homer's photographic memory and Mr Burns' descent into insanity—but great fun.\" Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of A, and Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave it a score of 4 out of 5. The episode is Sarah Culp of The Quindecim's eleventh-favorite episode of the show, and one of Les Winan of Box Office Prophets's favorite episodes. A scene from the episode where former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger meets Burns was included in the 2002 documentary film The Trials of Henry Kissinger.", "In its original American broadcast, \"$pringfield\" finished 35th in the ratings for the week of December 13 to December 19, 1993, with a Nielsen Rating of 11.7, translating to 11 million households. The episode was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week.", "Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family. Created by Matt Groening; edited by Ray Richmond and Antonia Coffman. (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M..\nWeinstein, Josh (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode \"$pringfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\nOakley, Bill (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode \"$pringfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\nArcher, Wes (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode \"$pringfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\nMirkin, David (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode \"$pringfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\nGroening, Matt (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode \"$pringfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\n\"Stanley and Bart... another Kubrick legend\". The Guardian. London. July 16, 1999. Retrieved March 1, 2009.\nMartyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). \"$pringfield\". BBC. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008.\nJacobson, Colin (December 21, 2004). \"The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season (1993)\". DVD Movie Guide. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2009.\nSuraf, Adam (December 18, 2004). \"The Simpsons: Season 5\". Dunkirkma.net. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2009.\nBromley, Patrick (February 23, 2005). \"The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season\". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2009.\nGibron, Bill (December 23, 2004). \"The Simpsons – The Complete Fifth Season\". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2009.\nCulp, Sarah (February 19, 2003). \"The Simpsons' Top 25 Episodes\". The Quindecim. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.\nWinan, Les (December 28, 2004). \"How to Spend $20\". Box Office Prophets. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2009.\nMITCHELL, ELVIS (September 26, 2002). \"FILM REVIEW; Taking Kissinger to Task, Perhaps Even a Bit More\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2022.\n\"Nielsen Ratings/December 13–19\". Long Beach Press-Telegram. December 22, 1993. p. C6.", "\"$pringfield episode capsule\". The Simpsons Archive.\n\"$pringfield\" at IMDb" ]	[ "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)", "Plot", "Production", "Cultural references", "Reception", "Critical reception", "Ratings", "References", "External links" ]	$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/$pringfield_(or,_How_I_Learned_to_Stop_Worrying_and_Love_Legalized_Gambling)	[ 24, 25, 26 ]	[ 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250 ]	$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling) "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)", simply known as "$pringfield", is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 91st episode overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 16, 1993. In the episode, Springfield legalizes gambling to revitalize its economy. Mr. Burns opens a casino where Homer is hired as a blackjack dealer. Marge develops a gambling addiction, Bart opens a casino in his treehouse, and Burns' appearance and mental state deteriorate in a parody of Howard Hughes. The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, and directed by Wes Archer. Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves. The episode features cultural references to the films Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, The Wizard of Oz, Rain Man, and 2001: A Space Odyssey. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11.7, and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired. At a town hall, Mayor Quimby fields suggestions on ways to improve Springfield's dwindling economy. Principal Skinner suggests the town legalize gambling to rejuvenate its economy; everyone, including frequent naysayer Marge, likes the idea. Mr. Burns and Mayor Quimby work together to build a casino, where Homer is hired as a blackjack dealer. Burns designs the casino himself, with his likeness atop a mermaid's body adorning its neon sign. While waiting for Homer's shift to end, Marge finds a quarter on the casino floor and uses it to play a slot machine. When she wins, she immediately becomes addicted to gambling. Bart is too young to gamble at Burns' Casino, so he starts his own casino in his tree house, tricking Robert Goulet into performing there. Burns grows even richer from his casino, but his appearance and mental state deteriorate, making him resemble Howard Hughes. He develops paranoia and a profound fear of microscopic germs, urinating in jars and wearing tissue boxes instead of shoes on his feet. Marge spends all her time at the casino and neglects her family. She fails to notice when Maggie crawls away from the slots and is nearly mauled by a white tiger from Gunter and Ernst's circus act. She forgets to help Lisa make a costume for her geography pageant, forcing her to wear one poorly designed by her father, which consists of Homer creating a shoddy costume of "Florida" misspelled as "Floreda" on the front of it. Homer bursts into the casino searching for Marge. Security cameras capture his rampage, causing Burns to demote him to his old job at the power plant. After realizing how much he misses the plant, Burns decides to return to it. When Homer confronts Marge with her behavior, she realizes that she has a gambling problem. However, as they leave, Homer takes the revelation as a way to deflect criticism from his own questionable behavior by pointing out her gambling addiction. Lisa wins a special prize in the geography pageant because Homer's poor costume design makes the judges think she did it all by herself. Ralph receives the same prize for his primitive costume: a note taped to his shirt that reads "Idaho". The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, and directed by Wes Archer. The story of the episode originated from a newspaper article that Oakley and Weinstein found about a town in Mississippi that was introducing riverboat gambling. Oakley said another inspiration for it was that there had not been many episodes about Springfield as a whole and how "crummy" the town was, so they filled the whole first act with scenes showing how "crummy" and "dismal" Springfield was. Oakley particularly liked the animation of the lights inside the casino on the slot machines and the lamps in the ceiling. The "way they radiate out" had always amazed him. Archer, who directed the animation of the episode, also thought they turned out well. The lights were especially hard for them to animate back then because the show was animated traditionally on cels, so Archer was pleased with the results. A deleted scene from the episode shows Homer dealing cards to James Bond. The staff liked the scene, so they decided to put it in the clip show episode "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular". There was a brief period when the episode had a different subplot that revolved around the restaurant chain Planet Hollywood. Groening had been told by a spokesperson that if he put Planet Hollywood in The Simpsons, the creators of the restaurant, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis, and Sylvester Stallone, would agree to make guest appearances on the show. The writers of The Simpsons were excited about this so they wrote a new subplot for the episode that featured Planet Hollywood and the three actors. However, for unknown reasons, they were unable to appear in the episode. Instead, Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves. Executive producer David Mirkin enjoyed directing Goulet because he was "such a good sport" and had "a great sense of humor". Oakley thought it was nice that Goulet was willing to make fun of himself in the episode, which at the time was rare for guest stars on The Simpsons. This episode features the first appearances of Gunter and Ernst, the Siegfried and Roy-esque casino magicians who are attacked by their white tiger, Anastasia. Ten years after this episode first aired, Roy Horn was attacked by one of the duo's white tigers. The Simpsons production team dismissed the novelty of the prediction by saying that it was "bound to happen" sooner or later. The Rich Texan also makes his debut appearance in this episode, referred to as "Senator" by Homer. The title is a reference to the 1964 film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, the music of which was composed by Laurie Johnson. Two of his songs, Happy-go-lively and Rue de la park can be heard within the News on Parade segment at the beginning of the episode. Burns' bed looks similar to the one occupied by Keir Dullea's character Dave Bowman in the end of the 1968 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey. Dustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise appear at the casino to reprise their roles from the 1988 film Rain Man, although Cruise does not speak. Homer is impressed by the card-counting abilities of a man who resembles Raymond Babbitt, Hoffman's character in the film. Krusty's show at midnight is similar to Bill Cosby's 1971 album For Adults Only, which was recorded at a casino at midnight. Marge reminds Homer that his lifelong dream was to be a contestant on the television show The Gong Show. Burns's paranoid obsession with germs and cleanliness, and his refusal to leave his bedroom once the casino opens, parodies American magnate Howard Hughes, who had obsessive-compulsive disorder, and was involved in the casino business in his later years. The "Spruce Moose", an absurdly tiny wooden plane Burns makes in the episode, is a parody of Hughes' impractically enormous wooden plane, derisively nicknamed the "Spruce Goose". Homer parodies the scene in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz when the Scarecrow demonstrates his newly acquired intelligence by (incorrectly) reciting the law that governs the lengths of the sides of an isosceles triangle. Unlike in the film, somebody correctly points out that the Pythagorean theorem recited applies only to right triangles, not isosceles triangles. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson commented that "this excellent episode includes a surprising number of concurrent plots. Homer also works in the casino and tries to care for the family without Marge. It balances them deftly and provides great laughs along the way." Adam Suraf of Dunkirkma.net named it the third best episode of the season. He also praised the episode's cultural references. The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, wrote: "There's a lovely nod to the earlier episodes in which Marge protests the citizenry's hare-brained ideas at council meetings. A series of bizarre moments rather than a story—we're especially fond of Homer's photographic memory and Mr Burns' descent into insanity—but great fun." Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of A, and Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave it a score of 4 out of 5. The episode is Sarah Culp of The Quindecim's eleventh-favorite episode of the show, and one of Les Winan of Box Office Prophets's favorite episodes. A scene from the episode where former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger meets Burns was included in the 2002 documentary film The Trials of Henry Kissinger. In its original American broadcast, "$pringfield" finished 35th in the ratings for the week of December 13 to December 19, 1993, with a Nielsen Rating of 11.7, translating to 11 million households. The episode was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week. Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family. Created by Matt Groening; edited by Ray Richmond and Antonia Coffman. (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M.. Weinstein, Josh (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode "$pringfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. Oakley, Bill (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode "$pringfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. Archer, Wes (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode "$pringfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. Mirkin, David (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode "$pringfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. Groening, Matt (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode "$pringfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. "Stanley and Bart... another Kubrick legend". The Guardian. London. July 16, 1999. Retrieved March 1, 2009. Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). "$pringfield". BBC. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2008. Jacobson, Colin (December 21, 2004). "The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season (1993)". DVD Movie Guide. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2009. Suraf, Adam (December 18, 2004). "The Simpsons: Season 5". Dunkirkma.net. Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2009. Bromley, Patrick (February 23, 2005). "The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2009. Gibron, Bill (December 23, 2004). "The Simpsons – The Complete Fifth Season". DVD Talk. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2009. Culp, Sarah (February 19, 2003). "The Simpsons' Top 25 Episodes". The Quindecim. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009. Winan, Les (December 28, 2004). "How to Spend $20". Box Office Prophets. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2009. MITCHELL, ELVIS (September 26, 2002). "FILM REVIEW; Taking Kissinger to Task, Perhaps Even a Bit More". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2022. "Nielsen Ratings/December 13–19". Long Beach Press-Telegram. December 22, 1993. p. C6. "$pringfield episode capsule". The Simpsons Archive. "$pringfield" at IMDb
[ "The \"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan 1918–2008\" Medal", "" ]	[ 0, 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Az%C9%99rbaycan_Respublikas%C4%B1_Silahl%C4%B1_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99rinin_90_illiyi_%281918-2008%29_yubiley_medal%C4%B1_-_%C3%B6n.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Az%C9%99rbaycan_Respublikas%C4%B1_Silahl%C4%B1_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99rinin_90_illiyi_%281918-2008%29_yubiley_medal%C4%B1_-_lent.jpg" ]	[ "The \"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–2008)\" Medal (Azerbaijani: \"Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 90 illiyi (1918–2008)\" medalı) is a commemorative medal of Azerbaijan issued to denote the 90th anniversary of the formation of the Armed Forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918. It was established in accordance with the decree of the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on May 16, 2008. Eligible personnel include warrant officers and ensigns who succeeded in combat training while serving in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan until June 26, 2008, as well as retired officers who actively participated in the formation and strengthening of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan.\nThe medal is worn on the left chest, and in the presence of other orders and medals, it is attached after the \"10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)\" Medal.", "The \"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–2008)\" Medal is a round shaped medal that is made of bronze with a 35 mm diameter which is plated with gold ornaments.\nThe relief emblem of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan is depicted on the background of the medal where relief rays and a ribbon pass through the center. The words \"Republic of Azerbaijan\" along the arc, and \"Armed Forces\" below the arc have been engraved above the emblem. The octagonal star and crescent are white. There are two numbers on the ribbon, \"1918\" on the left side and \"2008\" on the right side.\nThe number \"90\" is engraved below the center of the medal in white.\nThe reverse side has a smooth surface and the words \"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–2008)\" written in the center. An eight-pointed star and crescent are depicted on the national ornament.", "\"«Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 90 illiyi (1918-2008)» yubiley medalı\" (PDF). mod.gov.az (in Azerbaijani). Ministry of Defence of Azerbaijan. Retrieved July 23, 2020.\n\"\"Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 90 illiyi (1918-2008)\" Azərbaycan Respublikasının yubiley medalının təsis edilməsi haqqında\". e-qanun.az (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on June 11, 2016." ]	[ "\"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918–2008)\" Medal", "Description", "References" ]	"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918–2008)" Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2290th_Anniversary_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Azerbaijan_(1918%E2%80%932008)%22_Medal	[ 27, 28 ]	[ 251, 252, 253 ]	"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918–2008)" Medal The "90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–2008)" Medal (Azerbaijani: "Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 90 illiyi (1918–2008)" medalı) is a commemorative medal of Azerbaijan issued to denote the 90th anniversary of the formation of the Armed Forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918. It was established in accordance with the decree of the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on May 16, 2008. Eligible personnel include warrant officers and ensigns who succeeded in combat training while serving in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan until June 26, 2008, as well as retired officers who actively participated in the formation and strengthening of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The medal is worn on the left chest, and in the presence of other orders and medals, it is attached after the "10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–2001)" Medal. The "90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–2008)" Medal is a round shaped medal that is made of bronze with a 35 mm diameter which is plated with gold ornaments. The relief emblem of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan is depicted on the background of the medal where relief rays and a ribbon pass through the center. The words "Republic of Azerbaijan" along the arc, and "Armed Forces" below the arc have been engraved above the emblem. The octagonal star and crescent are white. There are two numbers on the ribbon, "1918" on the left side and "2008" on the right side. The number "90" is engraved below the center of the medal in white. The reverse side has a smooth surface and the words "90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918–2008)" written in the center. An eight-pointed star and crescent are depicted on the national ornament. "«Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 90 illiyi (1918-2008)» yubiley medalı" (PDF). mod.gov.az (in Azerbaijani). Ministry of Defence of Azerbaijan. Retrieved July 23, 2020. ""Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 90 illiyi (1918-2008)" Azərbaycan Respublikasının yubiley medalının təsis edilməsi haqqında". e-qanun.az (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on June 11, 2016.
[ "\"95th Anniversary of Azerbaijani Armed Forces (1918-2013)\" Jubilee Medal", "Ribbon bar of the order" ]	[ 0, 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/%22Az%C9%99rbaycan_Respublikas%C4%B1_Silahl%C4%B1_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99rinin_95_illiyi_%281918-2013%29%22_yubiley_medal%C4%B1.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/%E2%80%9CAz%C9%99rbaycan_Respublikas%C4%B1_Silahl%C4%B1_Q%C3%BCvv%C9%99l%C9%99rinin_95_illiyi_%281918-2013%29%E2%80%9D_Az%C9%99rbaycan_Respublikas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_yubiley_medal%C4%B1-lent.jpg" ]	[ "The medal was dedicated to the 95th anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in that was established in 1918. It was designed in accordance with the order of the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev dated October 16, 2012.\nThe military personals including warrant officers, ensigns, retired officers (released or reserve) who served in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan actively contributed to the formation and strengthening of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan until June 26, 2008 are awarded the medal.\nThe medal is worn on the left side of the chest, and in the presence of other orders and medals, it is attached after the medal \"90th anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918-2008)\".", "\"95th Anniversary of Azerbaijani Armed Forces (1918-2013)\" Jubilee Medal is a round shaped medal that made of bronze with 35mm diameter and plated with gold ornaments.\nThe ribbon on the right side of the face of the medal is located at the center and colored with National Flag of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the upper part of the ribbon \"Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan\", and in the bottom \"95 years\" were inscribed.\nBas-relief of Heydar Aliyev is portrayed on the left side and below the bas relief are the years \"1918\" and \"2013\" in two lines. On the obverse, an inscription \"Republic of Azerbaijan\" written at the top and \"Armed Forces\" at the bottom.", "\"Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 95 illiyi (1918-2013)\" medalı təsis olundu\".\n\"Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 95 illiyi (1918-2013)\" Azərbaycan Respublikasının yubiley medalının təsis edilməsi ilə əlaqədar \"Azərbaycan Respublikasının orden və medallarının təsis edilməsi haqqında\" Azərbaycan Respublikasının Qanununda dəyişiklik edilməsi barədə\" Azərbaycan Respublikasının 2012-ci il 16 oktyabr tarixli 440-IVQD nömrəli Qanununun tətbiqi haqqında AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI PREZİDENTİNİN FƏRMANI\".\n\"\"Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 95 illiyi (1918-2013)\" Azərbaycan Respublikasının yubiley medalının təsviri\" (PDF)." ]	[ "\"95th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918–2013)\" Medal", "The description of the Medal", "References" ]	"95th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918–2013)" Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2295th_Anniversary_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Azerbaijan_(1918%E2%80%932013)%22_Medal	[ 29 ]	[ 254, 255, 256 ]	"95th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918–2013)" Medal The medal was dedicated to the 95th anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in that was established in 1918. It was designed in accordance with the order of the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev dated October 16, 2012. The military personals including warrant officers, ensigns, retired officers (released or reserve) who served in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan actively contributed to the formation and strengthening of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan until June 26, 2008 are awarded the medal. The medal is worn on the left side of the chest, and in the presence of other orders and medals, it is attached after the medal "90th anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918-2008)". "95th Anniversary of Azerbaijani Armed Forces (1918-2013)" Jubilee Medal is a round shaped medal that made of bronze with 35mm diameter and plated with gold ornaments. The ribbon on the right side of the face of the medal is located at the center and colored with National Flag of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the upper part of the ribbon "Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan", and in the bottom "95 years" were inscribed. Bas-relief of Heydar Aliyev is portrayed on the left side and below the bas relief are the years "1918" and "2013" in two lines. On the obverse, an inscription "Republic of Azerbaijan" written at the top and "Armed Forces" at the bottom. "Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 95 illiyi (1918-2013)" medalı təsis olundu". "Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 95 illiyi (1918-2013)" Azərbaycan Respublikasının yubiley medalının təsis edilməsi ilə əlaqədar "Azərbaycan Respublikasının orden və medallarının təsis edilməsi haqqında" Azərbaycan Respublikasının Qanununda dəyişiklik edilməsi barədə" Azərbaycan Respublikasının 2012-ci il 16 oktyabr tarixli 440-IVQD nömrəli Qanununun tətbiqi haqqında AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI PREZİDENTİNİN FƏRMANI". ""Azərbaycan Respublikası Silahlı Qüvvələrinin 95 illiyi (1918-2013)" Azərbaycan Respublikasının yubiley medalının təsviri" (PDF).
[ "Traces of Confederate redoubts and trenches are visible" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/%E2%80%9CA%E2%80%9D_FORT_AND_BATTERY_HILL_REDOUBT_%E2%80%93_CAMP_EARLY_-_AKA_MEASLES_FORT.jpg" ]	[ "\"A\" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt-Camp Early, also known as Measles Fort, is a historic American Civil War military facility and redoubt located in Fairfax County, Virginia south of Centreville and along Bull Run.\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.", "\"National Register Information System – \"A\" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt--Camp Early (#98001315)\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. \n\"Virginia Landmarks Register\". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013." ]	[ "\"A\" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt-Camp Early", "References" ]	"A" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt-Camp Early	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22A%22_Fort_and_Battery_Hill_Redoubt-Camp_Early	[ 30 ]	[ 257 ]	"A" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt-Camp Early "A" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt-Camp Early, also known as Measles Fort, is a historic American Civil War military facility and redoubt located in Fairfax County, Virginia south of Centreville and along Bull Run. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. "National Register Information System – "A" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt--Camp Early (#98001315)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
[ "Miami Beach Police Department Headquarters" ]	[ 2 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Miami_Beach_Police_headquarters.jpg" ]	[ "The \"Baby Lollipops\" murder was the murder in 1990 of three-year-old Lazaro Figueroa by his mother Ana Maria Cardona, in Florida. The body of Lazaro was found abandoned, and identified through house-to-house inquiries. The case was widely covered in US media, who called the initially unidentified boy \"Baby Lollipops\", after the design on the T-shirt he was wearing when found.\nCardona was arrested for the murder and sentenced to death; her girlfriend, Olivia Gonzalez, was sentenced to forty years. On a second appeal Cardona was sentenced to life in prison. Gonzalez was released after 14 years.", "Lazaro Figueroa was born on September 18, 1987, to Ana Maria Cardona and Fidel Figueroa. Cardona also had two older children. Fidel Figueroa was a well-known drug dealer and died under mysterious circumstances on September 20, 1987. This crime remains unsolved.\nIn November 1990, Lazaro Figueroa's body was discovered in front of a beach property in Miami Beach. He had been severely battered, which made it initially very difficult for authorities to identify him. Because Lazaro's remains were unidentified for weeks after his discovery, local news outlets nicknamed him \"Baby Lollipops\" in reference to the shirt he was found wearing. The cause of death was later determined to be a blow to the head from a baseball bat. Trial evidence showed that shortly after leaving Lazaro's body in the bushes, Cardona and her lover, Olivia Gonzalez, fled to Central Florida, even making a stop at Disney World.\nDespite claims by neighbors and other individuals that Cardona was abusive towards Lazaro, she consistently denied it. Her main defense was that it was Olivia Gonzalez who had beaten Lazaro and delivered the fatal blow with a baseball bat. Cardona attested that she wanted to escape the pain of her son's horrible beatings at her girlfriend's hands and so sank into cocaine use to cope. To support claims on the influence of her past in the case, her defense presented the court with evidence pertaining to her unsettled Cuban upbringing and the psychological devastation caused by the death of Lazaro's father. According to prosecutor Reid Rubin, however, Cardona was \"angry and spiteful\" from the death of her wealthy husband as she had lost a luxurious lifestyle.\nGonzalez, however, was able to state her case against Cardona in exchange for a lighter 40-year sentence on the count of second-degree murder. She served 14 years. While admitting she played a role in her girlfriend's abuse of Lazaro, she was able to lay the majority of the blame on Cardona for Lazaro's eventual death.", "Employees for the Florida Power & Light Company discovered Lazaro Figueroa's dead body on the morning of November 2, 1990, at Miami Beach, hidden beneath some bushes. The boy was so emaciated that he appeared skeletal, with a bruised right eye. He wore blue gym shorts over a soiled diaper wrapped multiple times with brown packaging tape. At the time of his murder, Lazaro's weight was 18 pounds (8.16 kg), half the weight of a healthy child his age. The t-shirt he was wearing caused the Miami Beach Police Department to name him \"Baby Lollipops,\" and he remained unidentified for weeks after his discovery.\nThe Miami Beach Police Department hosted a media conference with multiple detectives handling the murder case. They also conducted door-to-door interviews in both English and Spanish to obtain more information about the boy. They received numerous leads and were eventually able to identify the boy as Lazaro Figueroa, son of Ana Maria Cardona and the late Fidel Figueroa .", "The autopsy revealed that Lazaro had a fresh tear to his corpus callosum as the result of a head injury that occurred hours to days before he died. The police concluded that he died from a fractured skull, later known to be the result of a baseball bat blow. He was also starved and beaten, with a cigarette burn on his left cheek, broken teeth, broken bones, and bedsores from being bound to a mattress for extended periods. His diaper was caked with excrement and attached to his body with brown packing tape, and his arm was permanently fixed at 90 degrees.\nWeighing only 18 pounds at the time of his death, Lazaro was malnourished, anaemic, and dehydrated. The majority of his body bore bruises and scars, which were the result of longstanding injuries from the months preceding his death.\nEvidence presented at the trials demonstrated that Lazaro experienced 18 months of torture while he was alive. Medical data demonstrated repeated occurrences of severe abuse resulting in an arm fracture and skull fractures with underlying subdural and subarachnoid hematomas. His two upper front teeth also appeared to be knocked out.\nMedical examiner Dr. Bruce Hyma testified that Lazaro's physical injuries were inflicted upon him over a long period, and that he had been subject to gagging and repeated starvation.", "", "Cardona argued at her first trial in 1992 that her girlfriend at the time, Olivia Gonzalez, was the one who tortured Lazaro, finally causing his death. Acquaintances of Ana Maria Cardona testified against her by recounting how she had consistently treated Lazaro poorly. Gonzalez, who pleaded guilty, was sentenced to 40 years and served 14 years.\nGonzalez testified that on the \"last day of October\" (the last day before Lazaro's death), Cardona \"got pissed off and she hit [Lazaro] with a bat over the head\" because he was slow in taking off his diaper. She stated that Cardona hit Lazaro until \"a hole was opened up in his head\". \"His head was cracked.\" Gonzalez explained that the wound \"started bleeding and bleeding and bleeding, and then I put mercury on it and I applied a plastic band.\"\nThroughout the trial, Cardona labelled Gonzalez as a \"murderer\" and as a \"monster\" who forced her to succumb to a sexual relationship with her in exchange for food and shelter for herself and her children. Defense attorney Steven Yermish remarked, \"She was in an abusive relationship she viewed as inescapable because she was being provided for.\"\nJudge David L. Tobin described Lazaro's long-standing abuse as the most \"heinous, atrocious and cruel of all times.\" Cardona was found guilty of first-degree murder as well as aggravated child abuse. She received a sentence of death based on the condition of her son's body, becoming the first woman to be sent to death row in Florida.", "In 2002, Cardona's initial sentence was overturned due to a Brady violation by the prosecution team, who had failed to allow defense attorneys access to interviews with Gonzalez, and the Florida Supreme Court granted her a second trial. At the second trial in 2010, prosecutors focused their attention on Lazaro's physical condition and the abuse he had suffered at the hands of his mother.\nIn the second trial, a mentally-handicapped 14-year-old girl, Gloria Pi from Miami Beach, provided a detailed confession of throwing Lazaro against a wall. As a result, Cardona's legal defense team attempted to shift the blame of Lazaro's murder from Cardona to the girl. During the trial, Pi retracted her confession and maintained that she was innocent, emphasizing that she had never cared for or met Lazaro when the defense posited that in the days leading up to his death, Pi was looking after him. The jury requested that the confession be reread during their deliberation for the verdict. However, the jurors discounted Pi's testimony because there was not enough evidence to suggest that Lazaro ever stayed at Pi's residence. State prosecutor Kathleen Pautler described the confession as a \"diversionary tactic\" used by Cardona's defense team.\nMiami-Dade jurors again found Cardona guilty of the two counts, and in 2011, she was sentenced to death a second time. In contrast to her outrage at the verdict in the 1992 trial, Cardona appeared collected when her sentence was handed down. State Attorney Katherine Fernandez Rundle stated, \"Almost 20 years later, a second jury heard the evidence and has come to the same conclusion...The truth still remains the truth.\" While reading her sentence, the judge, Reemberto Diaz stated, \"Ana Maria Cardona, you have forfeited your right to live... Lazaro was tortured to death.\"", "Cardona spent 17 years on death row before her verdict was overturned by a higher court because the prosecution had used arguments that \"improperly inflamed the minds and passions of the jurors\".\nThe prosecution in the third trial did not seek the death penalty.\nIn her third trial in 2017, a neighbor testified, \"She closed the door...it didn't appear that any lights were on but the shower was going and he was screaming.\" She stated that Lazaro was \"very small, very thin, very frail.\" However, Cardona insisted under oath that she did not inflict significant abuse on her son or break any of his bones. She also continued to recant her 1990 statement that Lazaro fell off the bed and hit his head, causing the tear in his corpus callosum. Instead, she placed the blame on her ex-girlfriend Olivia Gonzalez, insisting that she struck Lazaro with a baseball bat. The defense said they would introduce evidence Gonzalez had confessed to hitting the boy with the baseball bat and killing him.\nCardona's lawyer, Stephen Yermish, attempted to persuade the jury that while she was indeed a bad mother, she was not necessarily a murderer. He conceded that \"the charge of aggravated child abuse may have been proven\", but that the \"charge of murder has not\".\nThe jury found Cardona guilty of the death of Lazaro Figueroa in 1990, and the court convicted her of first-degree murder and aggravated child abuse for a third time. However, this time she was sentenced to life in prison instead of a death sentence. Presiding Judge Miguel de la O remarked, \"there are wild beasts that show more empathy for their offspring than you showed Lazaro.\"\nCardona's elder son, a 37-year-old named Juan Puente, died while also in prison. Puente, was serving a 10-year sentence for burglary, died at Gulf Correctional Institution's Annex in February 2018. While in jail in 2010, he was brought to a Miami courtroom to testify on his mother's behalf in an effort to convince a jury to spare her life. \"The case followed him around, every time he got arrested. It was like a revolving door,\" said Cardona's former lawyer, Edith Georgi. \"The kid had a really sweet way about him. He was very easy to get to know and friendly. But he had an addiction he couldn't cure.\"", "Diaz, Jaquira (January 13, 2017). \"Inside Brutal Baby Lollipops Murder Case That Shook South Florida\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\nMarkowitz, Arnold (December 7, 1990). \"Was Baby Lollipops' fate sealed before he was born?\". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.\nOvalle, David (December 11, 2017). \"Mom of 'Baby Lollipops,' silent during past convictions in boy's murder, denies role\". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\n\"FindLaw's Supreme Court of Florida case and opinions\". Findlaw. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\nAnderson, Curt (December 13, 2017). \"Florida mom guilty of killing son known as 'Baby Lollipops'\". AP News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2019.\nOvalle, David (December 13, 2017). \"Mom of 'Baby Lollipops' convicted for third time of torture and murder of her son\". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\n\"ANA MARIA CARDONA vs STATE OF FLORIDA, 2016\". Florida Supreme Court. February 18, 2016.\nOvalle, David. \"Dead in prison: Brother of 'Baby Lollipops,' toddler tortured and murdered in Miami\". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\n\"ANA MARIA CARDONA, Appellant, v. STATE OF FLORIDA, Appellee\" (PDF). Florida Supreme Court. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019 – via Supreme Court of Florida.\nHerald, David Ovalle, The Miami. \"Ana Maria Cardona convicted again in murder of Baby Lollipops\". Sun-Sentinel.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\nBureau, LUISA YANEZ, Miami. \"BABY LOLLIPOPS KILLER SENTENCED TO ELECTRIC CHAIR JUDGE CALLS MOTHER'S CRIME MOST HEINOUS IN DADE HISTORY\". Sun-Sentinel.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.\n\"ANA MARIA CARDONA, Petitioner, v.MICHAEL W. MOORE, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, Respondent\" (PDF). Florida Supreme Court. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019 – via Supreme Court of Florida.\nSohn, Amara; Hamacher, Brian. \"Retrial Begins in \"Baby Lollipops\" Murder Case\". NBC 6 South Florida. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\nOvalle, David. \"Ana Maria Cardona convicted again in murder of Baby Lollipops\". South Florida Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\nCasuso, Jorge (June 10, 2011). \"Ana Maria Cardona Back on Death Row for Murder of \"Baby Lollipops\"\". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\nOvalle, David (December 5, 2017). \"Miami mom is on trial a third time for the torture and murder of 'Baby Lollipops'\". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019.\n\"'She Just Punched Him': 'Baby Lollipops' Testimony Continues\". NBC 6 South Florida. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.\n\"\"Baby Lollipops\" murder trial: Florida jury finds mother guilty for 3rd time\". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.\nCBS News, Mother convicted in \"Baby Lollipops\" murder case, archived from the original on May 1, 2019, retrieved May 10, 2019\nOvalle, David (March 29, 2018). \"Dead in prison: Brother of 'Baby Lollipops,' toddler tortured and murdered in Miami\". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2021." ]	[ "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder", "Background", "Discovery", "Physical injuries and autopsy", "Trials", "First trial", "Second trial", "Third trial", "References" ]	"Baby Lollipops" murder	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Baby_Lollipops%22_murder	[ 31 ]	[ 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290 ]	"Baby Lollipops" murder The "Baby Lollipops" murder was the murder in 1990 of three-year-old Lazaro Figueroa by his mother Ana Maria Cardona, in Florida. The body of Lazaro was found abandoned, and identified through house-to-house inquiries. The case was widely covered in US media, who called the initially unidentified boy "Baby Lollipops", after the design on the T-shirt he was wearing when found. Cardona was arrested for the murder and sentenced to death; her girlfriend, Olivia Gonzalez, was sentenced to forty years. On a second appeal Cardona was sentenced to life in prison. Gonzalez was released after 14 years. Lazaro Figueroa was born on September 18, 1987, to Ana Maria Cardona and Fidel Figueroa. Cardona also had two older children. Fidel Figueroa was a well-known drug dealer and died under mysterious circumstances on September 20, 1987. This crime remains unsolved. In November 1990, Lazaro Figueroa's body was discovered in front of a beach property in Miami Beach. He had been severely battered, which made it initially very difficult for authorities to identify him. Because Lazaro's remains were unidentified for weeks after his discovery, local news outlets nicknamed him "Baby Lollipops" in reference to the shirt he was found wearing. The cause of death was later determined to be a blow to the head from a baseball bat. Trial evidence showed that shortly after leaving Lazaro's body in the bushes, Cardona and her lover, Olivia Gonzalez, fled to Central Florida, even making a stop at Disney World. Despite claims by neighbors and other individuals that Cardona was abusive towards Lazaro, she consistently denied it. Her main defense was that it was Olivia Gonzalez who had beaten Lazaro and delivered the fatal blow with a baseball bat. Cardona attested that she wanted to escape the pain of her son's horrible beatings at her girlfriend's hands and so sank into cocaine use to cope. To support claims on the influence of her past in the case, her defense presented the court with evidence pertaining to her unsettled Cuban upbringing and the psychological devastation caused by the death of Lazaro's father. According to prosecutor Reid Rubin, however, Cardona was "angry and spiteful" from the death of her wealthy husband as she had lost a luxurious lifestyle. Gonzalez, however, was able to state her case against Cardona in exchange for a lighter 40-year sentence on the count of second-degree murder. She served 14 years. While admitting she played a role in her girlfriend's abuse of Lazaro, she was able to lay the majority of the blame on Cardona for Lazaro's eventual death. Employees for the Florida Power & Light Company discovered Lazaro Figueroa's dead body on the morning of November 2, 1990, at Miami Beach, hidden beneath some bushes. The boy was so emaciated that he appeared skeletal, with a bruised right eye. He wore blue gym shorts over a soiled diaper wrapped multiple times with brown packaging tape. At the time of his murder, Lazaro's weight was 18 pounds (8.16 kg), half the weight of a healthy child his age. The t-shirt he was wearing caused the Miami Beach Police Department to name him "Baby Lollipops," and he remained unidentified for weeks after his discovery. The Miami Beach Police Department hosted a media conference with multiple detectives handling the murder case. They also conducted door-to-door interviews in both English and Spanish to obtain more information about the boy. They received numerous leads and were eventually able to identify the boy as Lazaro Figueroa, son of Ana Maria Cardona and the late Fidel Figueroa . The autopsy revealed that Lazaro had a fresh tear to his corpus callosum as the result of a head injury that occurred hours to days before he died. The police concluded that he died from a fractured skull, later known to be the result of a baseball bat blow. He was also starved and beaten, with a cigarette burn on his left cheek, broken teeth, broken bones, and bedsores from being bound to a mattress for extended periods. His diaper was caked with excrement and attached to his body with brown packing tape, and his arm was permanently fixed at 90 degrees. Weighing only 18 pounds at the time of his death, Lazaro was malnourished, anaemic, and dehydrated. The majority of his body bore bruises and scars, which were the result of longstanding injuries from the months preceding his death. Evidence presented at the trials demonstrated that Lazaro experienced 18 months of torture while he was alive. Medical data demonstrated repeated occurrences of severe abuse resulting in an arm fracture and skull fractures with underlying subdural and subarachnoid hematomas. His two upper front teeth also appeared to be knocked out. Medical examiner Dr. Bruce Hyma testified that Lazaro's physical injuries were inflicted upon him over a long period, and that he had been subject to gagging and repeated starvation. Cardona argued at her first trial in 1992 that her girlfriend at the time, Olivia Gonzalez, was the one who tortured Lazaro, finally causing his death. Acquaintances of Ana Maria Cardona testified against her by recounting how she had consistently treated Lazaro poorly. Gonzalez, who pleaded guilty, was sentenced to 40 years and served 14 years. Gonzalez testified that on the "last day of October" (the last day before Lazaro's death), Cardona "got pissed off and she hit [Lazaro] with a bat over the head" because he was slow in taking off his diaper. She stated that Cardona hit Lazaro until "a hole was opened up in his head". "His head was cracked." Gonzalez explained that the wound "started bleeding and bleeding and bleeding, and then I put mercury on it and I applied a plastic band." Throughout the trial, Cardona labelled Gonzalez as a "murderer" and as a "monster" who forced her to succumb to a sexual relationship with her in exchange for food and shelter for herself and her children. Defense attorney Steven Yermish remarked, "She was in an abusive relationship she viewed as inescapable because she was being provided for." Judge David L. Tobin described Lazaro's long-standing abuse as the most "heinous, atrocious and cruel of all times." Cardona was found guilty of first-degree murder as well as aggravated child abuse. She received a sentence of death based on the condition of her son's body, becoming the first woman to be sent to death row in Florida. In 2002, Cardona's initial sentence was overturned due to a Brady violation by the prosecution team, who had failed to allow defense attorneys access to interviews with Gonzalez, and the Florida Supreme Court granted her a second trial. At the second trial in 2010, prosecutors focused their attention on Lazaro's physical condition and the abuse he had suffered at the hands of his mother. In the second trial, a mentally-handicapped 14-year-old girl, Gloria Pi from Miami Beach, provided a detailed confession of throwing Lazaro against a wall. As a result, Cardona's legal defense team attempted to shift the blame of Lazaro's murder from Cardona to the girl. During the trial, Pi retracted her confession and maintained that she was innocent, emphasizing that she had never cared for or met Lazaro when the defense posited that in the days leading up to his death, Pi was looking after him. The jury requested that the confession be reread during their deliberation for the verdict. However, the jurors discounted Pi's testimony because there was not enough evidence to suggest that Lazaro ever stayed at Pi's residence. State prosecutor Kathleen Pautler described the confession as a "diversionary tactic" used by Cardona's defense team. Miami-Dade jurors again found Cardona guilty of the two counts, and in 2011, she was sentenced to death a second time. In contrast to her outrage at the verdict in the 1992 trial, Cardona appeared collected when her sentence was handed down. State Attorney Katherine Fernandez Rundle stated, "Almost 20 years later, a second jury heard the evidence and has come to the same conclusion...The truth still remains the truth." While reading her sentence, the judge, Reemberto Diaz stated, "Ana Maria Cardona, you have forfeited your right to live... Lazaro was tortured to death." Cardona spent 17 years on death row before her verdict was overturned by a higher court because the prosecution had used arguments that "improperly inflamed the minds and passions of the jurors". The prosecution in the third trial did not seek the death penalty. In her third trial in 2017, a neighbor testified, "She closed the door...it didn't appear that any lights were on but the shower was going and he was screaming." She stated that Lazaro was "very small, very thin, very frail." However, Cardona insisted under oath that she did not inflict significant abuse on her son or break any of his bones. She also continued to recant her 1990 statement that Lazaro fell off the bed and hit his head, causing the tear in his corpus callosum. Instead, she placed the blame on her ex-girlfriend Olivia Gonzalez, insisting that she struck Lazaro with a baseball bat. The defense said they would introduce evidence Gonzalez had confessed to hitting the boy with the baseball bat and killing him. Cardona's lawyer, Stephen Yermish, attempted to persuade the jury that while she was indeed a bad mother, she was not necessarily a murderer. He conceded that "the charge of aggravated child abuse may have been proven", but that the "charge of murder has not". The jury found Cardona guilty of the death of Lazaro Figueroa in 1990, and the court convicted her of first-degree murder and aggravated child abuse for a third time. However, this time she was sentenced to life in prison instead of a death sentence. Presiding Judge Miguel de la O remarked, "there are wild beasts that show more empathy for their offspring than you showed Lazaro." Cardona's elder son, a 37-year-old named Juan Puente, died while also in prison. Puente, was serving a 10-year sentence for burglary, died at Gulf Correctional Institution's Annex in February 2018. While in jail in 2010, he was brought to a Miami courtroom to testify on his mother's behalf in an effort to convince a jury to spare her life. "The case followed him around, every time he got arrested. It was like a revolving door," said Cardona's former lawyer, Edith Georgi. "The kid had a really sweet way about him. He was very easy to get to know and friendly. But he had an addiction he couldn't cure." Diaz, Jaquira (January 13, 2017). "Inside Brutal Baby Lollipops Murder Case That Shook South Florida". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Markowitz, Arnold (December 7, 1990). "Was Baby Lollipops' fate sealed before he was born?". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019. Ovalle, David (December 11, 2017). "Mom of 'Baby Lollipops,' silent during past convictions in boy's murder, denies role". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. "FindLaw's Supreme Court of Florida case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Anderson, Curt (December 13, 2017). "Florida mom guilty of killing son known as 'Baby Lollipops'". AP News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2019. Ovalle, David (December 13, 2017). "Mom of 'Baby Lollipops' convicted for third time of torture and murder of her son". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. "ANA MARIA CARDONA vs STATE OF FLORIDA, 2016". Florida Supreme Court. February 18, 2016. Ovalle, David. "Dead in prison: Brother of 'Baby Lollipops,' toddler tortured and murdered in Miami". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. "ANA MARIA CARDONA, Appellant, v. STATE OF FLORIDA, Appellee" (PDF). Florida Supreme Court. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019 – via Supreme Court of Florida. Herald, David Ovalle, The Miami. "Ana Maria Cardona convicted again in murder of Baby Lollipops". Sun-Sentinel.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Bureau, LUISA YANEZ, Miami. "BABY LOLLIPOPS KILLER SENTENCED TO ELECTRIC CHAIR JUDGE CALLS MOTHER'S CRIME MOST HEINOUS IN DADE HISTORY". Sun-Sentinel.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019. "ANA MARIA CARDONA, Petitioner, v.MICHAEL W. MOORE, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, Respondent" (PDF). Florida Supreme Court. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019 – via Supreme Court of Florida. Sohn, Amara; Hamacher, Brian. "Retrial Begins in "Baby Lollipops" Murder Case". NBC 6 South Florida. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Ovalle, David. "Ana Maria Cardona convicted again in murder of Baby Lollipops". South Florida Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Casuso, Jorge (June 10, 2011). "Ana Maria Cardona Back on Death Row for Murder of "Baby Lollipops"". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Ovalle, David (December 5, 2017). "Miami mom is on trial a third time for the torture and murder of 'Baby Lollipops'". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2019. "'She Just Punched Him': 'Baby Lollipops' Testimony Continues". NBC 6 South Florida. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. ""Baby Lollipops" murder trial: Florida jury finds mother guilty for 3rd time". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 27, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019. CBS News, Mother convicted in "Baby Lollipops" murder case, archived from the original on May 1, 2019, retrieved May 10, 2019 Ovalle, David (March 29, 2018). "Dead in prison: Brother of 'Baby Lollipops,' toddler tortured and murdered in Miami". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
[ "" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Centrolene_quindianum01a.jpg" ]	[ "\"Centrolene\" quindianum is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to the Andes of Colombia and is considered a threatened species due to habitat destruction. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. \"C.\" quindianum is known to have two types of calls, one composed of only two notes and the other composed of three to five notes with its most frequently used one being the former.", "IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017). \"Centrolene quindianum\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T54937A85878870. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T54937A85878870.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.\nRios-Soto, Julian A. (August 2017). \"The Advertisement Call and Notes on the Reproductive Ecology of the Glassfrog \" Centrolene\" quindianum (Anura: Centrolenidae)\". South American Journal of Herpetology. 12 (2): 117–127. doi:10.2994/SAJH-D-16-00022.1.", "" ]	[ "\"Centrolene\" quindianum", "References", "Sources" ]	"Centrolene" quindianum	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Centrolene%22_quindianum	[ 32 ]	[ 291 ]	"Centrolene" quindianum "Centrolene" quindianum is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to the Andes of Colombia and is considered a threatened species due to habitat destruction. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. "C." quindianum is known to have two types of calls, one composed of only two notes and the other composed of three to five notes with its most frequently used one being the former. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2017). "Centrolene quindianum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T54937A85878870. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T54937A85878870.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021. Rios-Soto, Julian A. (August 2017). "The Advertisement Call and Notes on the Reproductive Ecology of the Glassfrog " Centrolene" quindianum (Anura: Centrolenidae)". South American Journal of Herpetology. 12 (2): 117–127. doi:10.2994/SAJH-D-16-00022.1.
[ "" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Centrolene_robledoi01.jpeg" ]	[ "\"Centrolene\" robledoi is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Colombia.\nIts natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.", "IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). \"Centrolene robledoi\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T54938A60785338. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T54938A60785338.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021." ]	[ "\"Centrolene\" robledoi", "References" ]	"Centrolene" robledoi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Centrolene%22_robledoi	[ 33 ]	[ 292 ]	"Centrolene" robledoi "Centrolene" robledoi is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Centrolene robledoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T54938A60785338. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T54938A60785338.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
[ "", "" ]	[ 0, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Colostethus_ruthveni.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Poison_dart_frog_-_cobalt_tinc.jpg" ]	[ "\"Colostethus\" ruthveni is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to the Magdalena Department in northern Colombia. The specific name ruthveni honors Alexander Grant Ruthven, an American herpetologist. It is known from the lower slopes of the north-western portion of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Its natural habitats are tropical dry forests and cloud forests where it occurs near streams, and is threatened by habitat loss. Males of this species on average have a snout-vent length of 18.9–20.1 millimetres (0.74–0.79 in) whereas females average about 19.8–24.1 millimetres (0.78–0.95 in).", "IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018). \"Colostethus ruthveni\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T55144A85891000. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T55144A85891000.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.\nFrost, Darrel R. (2014). \"Colostethus ruthveni Kaplan, 1997\". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 12 August 2014.\nBeolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8.\nGranda-Rodríguez, Hernán Darío; Saboyá-Acosta, Liliana Patricia; Portillo-Mozo, Adolfo del; Renjifo, Juan Manuel (2014-07-20). \"Range extension of dendrobatid frog Colostethus ruthveni Kaplan, 1997 (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia\". Check List. 10 (3): 674–676. doi:10.15560/10.3.674. ISSN 1809-127X." ]	[ "\"Colostethus\" ruthveni", "References" ]	"Colostethus" ruthveni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Colostethus%22_ruthveni	[ 34 ]	[ 293, 294 ]	"Colostethus" ruthveni "Colostethus" ruthveni is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to the Magdalena Department in northern Colombia. The specific name ruthveni honors Alexander Grant Ruthven, an American herpetologist. It is known from the lower slopes of the north-western portion of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Its natural habitats are tropical dry forests and cloud forests where it occurs near streams, and is threatened by habitat loss. Males of this species on average have a snout-vent length of 18.9–20.1 millimetres (0.74–0.79 in) whereas females average about 19.8–24.1 millimetres (0.78–0.95 in). IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2018). "Colostethus ruthveni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T55144A85891000. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T55144A85891000.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Colostethus ruthveni Kaplan, 1997". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 12 August 2014. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8. Granda-Rodríguez, Hernán Darío; Saboyá-Acosta, Liliana Patricia; Portillo-Mozo, Adolfo del; Renjifo, Juan Manuel (2014-07-20). "Range extension of dendrobatid frog Colostethus ruthveni Kaplan, 1997 (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia". Check List. 10 (3): 674–676. doi:10.15560/10.3.674. ISSN 1809-127X.
[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Crocodylus_acer.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Alligator_white_background.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Siamese_Crocodile_white_background.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Gavialis_gangeticus_%28Gharial%2C_Gavial%29_white_background.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Tomistoma_schlegelii._white_background.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Purussaurus_BW.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Crocodylus_anthropophagus_NT.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Batrachotomus_kupferzellensis_2.JPG" ]	[ "\"Crocodylus\" acer is an extinct species of crocodyloid from the Eocene of Utah. A single well preserved skull was described by paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1882 and remains the only known fossil of the species. It was found from the Wasatchian-age Green River Formation. \"C.\" acer had a long, narrow snout and a low, flattened skull.\nSome postcranial bones have been attributed to \"C.\" acer but they have more recently been suggested to belong to the related species \"C.\" affinis. Although they were first placed in the genus Crocodylus, \"C.\" acer and \"C.\" affinis are not crocodiles. Recent studies place them as early members of Crocodyloidea, only distantly related to Crocodylus. Although it represents a distinct genus, a generic name has not yet been proposed for \"C.\" acer.\nA 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia, which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay.\nThe below cladogram shows the results of the latest studies, which placed \"C.\" acer outside of Crocodyloidea, as more basal than Longirostres (the combined group of crocodiles and gavialids).", "Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). \"Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855.\nMook, C.C. (1921). \"The skull of Crocodilus acer Cope\" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 44 (11): 117–121.\nBrochu, C. A. (2000). \"Phylogenetic relationships and divergence timing of Crocodylus based on morphology and the fossil record\". Copeia. 2000 (3): 657–673. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0657:pradto]2.0.co;2.\nHekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). \"Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene \"horned\" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus\". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305." ]	[ "\"Crocodylus\" acer", "References" ]	"Crocodylus" acer	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Crocodylus%22_acer	[ 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 ]	[ 295, 296, 297 ]	"Crocodylus" acer "Crocodylus" acer is an extinct species of crocodyloid from the Eocene of Utah. A single well preserved skull was described by paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1882 and remains the only known fossil of the species. It was found from the Wasatchian-age Green River Formation. "C." acer had a long, narrow snout and a low, flattened skull. Some postcranial bones have been attributed to "C." acer but they have more recently been suggested to belong to the related species "C." affinis. Although they were first placed in the genus Crocodylus, "C." acer and "C." affinis are not crocodiles. Recent studies place them as early members of Crocodyloidea, only distantly related to Crocodylus. Although it represents a distinct genus, a generic name has not yet been proposed for "C." acer. A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia, which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay. The below cladogram shows the results of the latest studies, which placed "C." acer outside of Crocodyloidea, as more basal than Longirostres (the combined group of crocodiles and gavialids). Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855. Mook, C.C. (1921). "The skull of Crocodilus acer Cope" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 44 (11): 117–121. Brochu, C. A. (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships and divergence timing of Crocodylus based on morphology and the fossil record". Copeia. 2000 (3): 657–673. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0657:pradto]2.0.co;2. Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305.
[ "", "The holotype skull of \"Crocodylus\" affinis (AMNH 6177) on display in the American Museum of Natural History", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Crocodylus_affinis_Mook.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Crocodylus_affinis_AMNH_6177.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Alligator_white_background.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Siamese_Crocodile_white_background.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Gavialis_gangeticus_%28Gharial%2C_Gavial%29_white_background.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Tomistoma_schlegelii._white_background.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Purussaurus_BW.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Crocodylus_anthropophagus_NT.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Batrachotomus_kupferzellensis_2.JPG" ]	[ "\"Crocodylus\" affinis is an extinct species of crocodyloid from the Eocene of Wyoming. Fossils were first described from the Bridger Formation by American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1871. Marsh described the species, along with every other species of crocodyloid in the Bridger Formation, under the genus Crocodylus. The known specimen of \"Crocodylus\" affinis is a skull found at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming, measuring 13 inches in length on the upper surface. Recent phylogenetic studies of crocodyloids show that \"C.\" affinis is not a species of Crocodylus, but a genus has not yet been erected to include the species. Other Bridger species such as Crocodylus clavis and Brachyuranochampsa zangerli have been synonymized with \"C.\" affinis.\nA 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia, which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay.\nThe below cladogram shows the results of the latest studies, which placed \"C.\" affinis outside of Crocodyloidea, as more basal than Longirostres (the combined group of crocodiles and gavialids).", "Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). \"Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem\". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.\nMook, C.C. (1921). \"Description of a skull of a Bridger crocodilian\" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 44 (11): 111–116.\nMarsh, O. C. (1871). Notice of some new fossil reptiles from the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. American Journal of Science, s3-1(6), 447–459. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-1.6.447\nde Buffrenil, V.; Buffetaut, E. (1981). \"Skeletal growth lines in an Eocene crocodilian skull from Wyoming as an indicator of ontogenic age and paleoclimatic conditions\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1080/02724634.1981.10011879.\nBrochu, C. A. (2000). \"Phylogenetic relationships and divergence timing of Crocodylus based on morphology and the fossil record\". Copeia. 2000 (3): 657–673. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0657:pradto]2.0.co;2.\nMichael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). \"Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855.\nHekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). \"Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene \"horned\" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus\". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305." ]	[ "\"Crocodylus\" affinis", "References" ]	"Crocodylus" affinis	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Crocodylus%22_affinis	[ 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 ]	[ 298, 299, 300, 301, 302 ]	"Crocodylus" affinis "Crocodylus" affinis is an extinct species of crocodyloid from the Eocene of Wyoming. Fossils were first described from the Bridger Formation by American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1871. Marsh described the species, along with every other species of crocodyloid in the Bridger Formation, under the genus Crocodylus. The known specimen of "Crocodylus" affinis is a skull found at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming, measuring 13 inches in length on the upper surface. Recent phylogenetic studies of crocodyloids show that "C." affinis is not a species of Crocodylus, but a genus has not yet been erected to include the species. Other Bridger species such as Crocodylus clavis and Brachyuranochampsa zangerli have been synonymized with "C." affinis. A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia, which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay. The below cladogram shows the results of the latest studies, which placed "C." affinis outside of Crocodyloidea, as more basal than Longirostres (the combined group of crocodiles and gavialids). Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843. Mook, C.C. (1921). "Description of a skull of a Bridger crocodilian" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 44 (11): 111–116. Marsh, O. C. (1871). Notice of some new fossil reptiles from the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. American Journal of Science, s3-1(6), 447–459. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-1.6.447 de Buffrenil, V.; Buffetaut, E. (1981). "Skeletal growth lines in an Eocene crocodilian skull from Wyoming as an indicator of ontogenic age and paleoclimatic conditions". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1080/02724634.1981.10011879. Brochu, C. A. (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships and divergence timing of Crocodylus based on morphology and the fossil record". Copeia. 2000 (3): 657–673. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2000)000[0657:pradto]2.0.co;2. Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855. Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305.
[ "The \"Dragons\" armchair", "Glass Salon designed by Paul Ruaud with furniture by Eileen Gray, for Madame Mathieu-Levy (Juliette Lévy) milliner of the boutique J. Suzanne Talbot, 9, rue de Lota, Paris, 1922" ]	[ 0, 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e5/Dragons_armchair.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Glass_Salon_by_Paul_Ruaud_and_Eileen_Gray.jpg" ]	[ "The \"Dragons\" armchair (French: \"Fauteuil aux Dragons\") is a piece of furniture designed by the Irish architect and designer Eileen Gray between 1917 and 1919. \"Dragons\" armchair sold for €21,905,000 in 2009, establishing a new record for a piece of 20th century decorative art.", "The chair is a wooden upholstered armchair featuring two stylized lacquered dragons. It measures 61 by 91 cm.\nThe chair was described by auctioneers Christie's as being:\n\"In the form of unfurling petals, upholstered in brown leather, the frame in sculpted wood, lacquered brownish orange and silver and modelled as the serpentine, intertwined bodies of two dragons, their eyes in black lacquer on a white ground, their bodies decorated in low relief with stylised clouds.\"\nChristie's additionally felt that the chair \"...distills all that was so personal and so magical in the first, intimately expressive phase of Miss Gray's career — surprising, imaginative, subtly sculpted and crafted, it is a masterpiece of invention and execution.\" Jennifer Goff, the curator of the National Museum of Ireland's permanent exhibition of Gray's work, felt that the chair was the \"perfect example of the designer who created it – completely unique [and] rather eccentric\".\nThe dragon imagery and clouds depicted on the chair have been likened to those found in the iconography of traditional Chinese art, and the flowing nature of the ornately carved armrests have been compared to a \"sea monster\" and given the chair its \"Dragons\" moniker.\nGray worked on the chair between 1917 and 1919, lacquering the piece by hand and letting the lacquer set in her humid bathroom before spending days polishing the piece.", "The chair's first owner was Gray's patron, Suzanne Talbot. It was acquired by Parisian art dealer Cheska Vallois in 1971 for $2,700 and then sold by Vallois to the French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent in 1973. The chair was put up for sale as part of the Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Bergé collection in February 2009 at Christie's auction house in Paris. It sold for €21,905,000 against a pre-sale estimate of €2-3 million, establishing a new record for a piece of 20th century decorative art. The price beat the previous record by $22 million. The 2009 buyer of the chair was once again Cheska Vallois who later said that the cost of acquiring it was \"the price of desire\". The chair was bought by Vallois for an unknown third party erroneously reported to be Henry and Marie-Josée Kravis in March 2009.", "\"Fauteuil Aux Dragons, Vers 1917-1919\". Christie's. Retrieved 12 April 2016.\nRay Edgar (25 September 2015). \"Are you sitting down? How a $43m chair brought to light a forgotten designer\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 April 2016.\nAnthony Flint (2014). Modern Man: The Life of Le Corbusier, Architect of Tomorrow. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-544-26222-5.\n\"Small brown armchair sells for £19 million\". The Daily Telegraph. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2016.\nMark Van De Walle (5 May 2011). \"Eileen Gray's Modern Masterpieces\". Departures. Retrieved 12 April 2016.\n\"YSL's seat sells for £19million\". Metro.co.uk. 25 February 2009.\nSterjova, Milica (2017-09-27). \"The \"Dragons\" armchair by Eileen Gray is the most expensive chair ever sold at auction\". Walls with Stories. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2022-04-06.\nMackenzie, James (25 February 2009). \"Record-breaking YSL auction shrugs off crisis\". Reuters. Retrieved 25 February 2009.\n\"Correction: Yves Saint Laurent\". The Economist. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2016." ]	[ "\"Dragons\" armchair", "Design", "History", "References" ]	"Dragons" armchair	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Dragons%22_armchair	[ 53 ]	[ 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310 ]	"Dragons" armchair The "Dragons" armchair (French: "Fauteuil aux Dragons") is a piece of furniture designed by the Irish architect and designer Eileen Gray between 1917 and 1919. "Dragons" armchair sold for €21,905,000 in 2009, establishing a new record for a piece of 20th century decorative art. The chair is a wooden upholstered armchair featuring two stylized lacquered dragons. It measures 61 by 91 cm. The chair was described by auctioneers Christie's as being: "In the form of unfurling petals, upholstered in brown leather, the frame in sculpted wood, lacquered brownish orange and silver and modelled as the serpentine, intertwined bodies of two dragons, their eyes in black lacquer on a white ground, their bodies decorated in low relief with stylised clouds." Christie's additionally felt that the chair "...distills all that was so personal and so magical in the first, intimately expressive phase of Miss Gray's career — surprising, imaginative, subtly sculpted and crafted, it is a masterpiece of invention and execution." Jennifer Goff, the curator of the National Museum of Ireland's permanent exhibition of Gray's work, felt that the chair was the "perfect example of the designer who created it – completely unique [and] rather eccentric". The dragon imagery and clouds depicted on the chair have been likened to those found in the iconography of traditional Chinese art, and the flowing nature of the ornately carved armrests have been compared to a "sea monster" and given the chair its "Dragons" moniker. Gray worked on the chair between 1917 and 1919, lacquering the piece by hand and letting the lacquer set in her humid bathroom before spending days polishing the piece. The chair's first owner was Gray's patron, Suzanne Talbot. It was acquired by Parisian art dealer Cheska Vallois in 1971 for $2,700 and then sold by Vallois to the French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent in 1973. The chair was put up for sale as part of the Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Bergé collection in February 2009 at Christie's auction house in Paris. It sold for €21,905,000 against a pre-sale estimate of €2-3 million, establishing a new record for a piece of 20th century decorative art. The price beat the previous record by $22 million. The 2009 buyer of the chair was once again Cheska Vallois who later said that the cost of acquiring it was "the price of desire". The chair was bought by Vallois for an unknown third party erroneously reported to be Henry and Marie-Josée Kravis in March 2009. "Fauteuil Aux Dragons, Vers 1917-1919". Christie's. Retrieved 12 April 2016. Ray Edgar (25 September 2015). "Are you sitting down? How a $43m chair brought to light a forgotten designer". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 April 2016. Anthony Flint (2014). Modern Man: The Life of Le Corbusier, Architect of Tomorrow. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-544-26222-5. "Small brown armchair sells for £19 million". The Daily Telegraph. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2016. Mark Van De Walle (5 May 2011). "Eileen Gray's Modern Masterpieces". Departures. Retrieved 12 April 2016. "YSL's seat sells for £19million". Metro.co.uk. 25 February 2009. Sterjova, Milica (2017-09-27). "The "Dragons" armchair by Eileen Gray is the most expensive chair ever sold at auction". Walls with Stories. Archived from the original on 2021-03-21. Retrieved 2022-04-06. Mackenzie, James (25 February 2009). "Record-breaking YSL auction shrugs off crisis". Reuters. Retrieved 25 February 2009. "Correction: Yves Saint Laurent". The Economist. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
[ "Family members of young people with banners before the military trial for the murder of 11 young people from Toluviejo, Sucre.", "Performance art during a 2010 protest in Bogotá against the \"false positives\" scandal" ]	[ 0, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/VerdadAbierta.com_-_Protesta_Jovenes_Falsos_Positivos_Sucre.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Sin_memoria_me_moria.jpg" ]	[ "The \"false positives\" scandal (Spanish: Escándalo de los falsos positivos) was a series of murders in Colombia, part of the armed conflict in that country between the government and guerrilla forces of the FARC and the ELN. Members of the military had poor or mentally impaired civilians lured to remote parts of the country with offers of work, killed them, and presented them to authorities as guerrilleros killed in battle, in an effort to inflate body counts and receive promotions or other benefits. While Colombian investigative agencies find cases as early as 1988 the peak of the phenomenon took place between 2006 and 2009, during the presidency of Álvaro Uribe Vélez.\nAs of June 2012, a total of 3,350 such cases had been investigated in all parts of the country and verdicts had been reached in 170 cases. Human rights groups have charged that the judicial cases progressed too slowly. The Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP) in a February 2021 report established the total number of victims to be 6,402 between 2002 and 2008. An article from \"The Guardian\" shows a 2018 study claiming a total of 10,000 \"false positive\" victims between 2002 and 2010.\nThe name of the scandal refers to the technical term of \"false positive\" which describes a test falsely detecting a condition that is not present.", "As a precedent between August 7, 2002 and August 6, 2004, more than six thousand people were released from liberty, violating agreements and norms established within human rights. Many of the cases lacked due process. Thus, for this period there were arrests without substantiated evidence, mass arrests that ignored international law amid military operations and arrests used as a mechanism for political persecution.\nThe scandal broke in 2008, when 22 men from Soacha who had been recruited for work were found dead several hundred miles away. A recruiter later testified that he had received $500 from the Colombian military for each man he recruited and delivered to them. In June 2012, six members of the army were sentenced to long prison sentences in that case.\nAfter the 2008 Soacha discoveries, defense minister Juan Manuel Santos denied knowledge of the scheme, fired 27 officers including three generals and changed the army's body count system. General Mario Montoya, commander of the Colombian Army, resigned on November 4, 2008. President Alvaro Uribe ordered the cases to be handled by civilian courts to ensure impartiality.\nAccording to reports in 2009, both Defense Minister Santos and President Uribe have claimed that there were cases of false denunciations where legitimate killings were presented as \"false positives\" in order to stain the name of the military and undermine military morale.", "Accusations of similar cases had occurred much earlier. A recently declassified 1990 cable by U.S. Ambassador Thomas McNamara reported on a case involving nine men who were killed by the military, dressed in military fatigues and presented as guerrilleros. Similar extrajudicial executions have been reported throughout the 1990s.", "In June 2009, UN special rapporteur Philip Alston carried out an investigation of extrajudicial executions in Colombia. He reported:\nThe victim is lured under false pretenses by a \"recruiter\" to a remote location. There, the individual is killed soon after arrival by members of the military. The scene is then manipulated to make it appear as if the individual was legitimately killed in combat. The victim is commonly photographed wearing a guerrilla uniform, and holding a gun or grenade. Victims are often buried anonymously in communal graves, and the killers are rewarded for the results they have achieved in the fight against the guerillas. [...]\nI interviewed witnesses and survivors who described very similar killings in the departments of Antioquia, Arauca, Valle del Cauca, Casanare, Cesar, Cordoba, Huila, Meta, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Santander, Sucre, and Vichada. A significant number of military units were thus involved. [...]\nEvidence showing victims dressed in camouflage outfits which are neatly pressed, or wearing clean jungle boots which are four sizes too big for them, or lefthanders holding guns in their right hand, or men with a single shot through the back of their necks, further undermines the suggestion that these were guerillas killed in combat. [...]\n\nI have found no evidence to suggest that these killings were carried out as a matter of official Government policy, or that they were directed by, or carried out with the knowledge of, the President or successive Defence Ministers. On the other hand, the explanation favoured by many in Government – that the killings were carried out on a small scale by a few bad apples – is equally unsustainable.", "In 2011, a colonel of the Colombian army received a sentence of 21 years in prison for his admitted involvement in the killing of two peasants who were then presented as guerrilleros. He also admitted that his unit had carried out 57 similar murders. He claimed that he learned of previous \"false positive\" killings when he first arrived at his unit, and was warned by Defence Minister Santos to obtain measurable results or lose his position. He later testified at other \"false positive\" trials. In 2013 a Colombian radio station played a tape on which the colonel is overheard extorting other army members with offers not to testify against them.", "The International Federation for Human Rights produced a report on the scandal in May 2012, alleging over 3,000 civilian victims between 2002 and 2008. The group asked the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court prosecutor to open an investigation, as \"those who bear the greatest responsibility for these crimes are not being investigated or prosecuted in Colombia.\"\nFormer defense minister Santos was elected President of Colombia in 2010; in 2012 he backed legislation that has been criticized by human rights groups because they fear it could potentially revert the \"false positive\" cases to military courts.\nThe text of a 2013 law which regulated and implemented the previous 2012 reform includes extrajudicial executions among a list of crimes which will continue to remain under civilian court jurisdiction and will not be submitted to military courts. Critics have expressed concern that the defense lawyers of military personnel accused in false positive cases may argue that their crimes are not extrajudicial executions (which were previously not defined as a crime in the Colombian penal code) but homicides, as a way to avoid the jurisdiction of civilian courts and request a transfer to military courts. Legislators who supported the bill have argued that another paragraph in the law expressly states that cases of false positives currently in civilian justice cannot be transferred to the military justice system.\nAccording to the report of the working group on the arbitrary detention of the United Nations, arbitrary deprivation of liberty has been used in other countries as one of the most common practices to imprison political opponents, religious dissidents or to restrict the freedom of expression, it has been found that these imprisonments are also based on the fight against terrorism.", "In June 2015, Human Rights Watch presented a report on the scandal. At that point, about 800 people, mostly ordinary soldiers, had been convicted in related cases. The report criticized that the majority of cases had been handled by military courts, in contradiction to a Supreme Court ruling. Military judges had suppressed evidence and manipulated crime scenes. Whistleblowers were punished.\nAccording to the report, both commander of the armed forces General Juan Pablo Rodríguez and top army chief General Jaime Lasprilla had formerly headed units that committed extrajudicial killings. In July 2016, President Santos rejected the report's claims that high military commanders had escaped punishment for extrajudicial killings. At the same time, he dismissed General Jaime Alfonso Lasprilla, marine commander Admiral Hernando Wills, and air force commander General Guillermo León.", "Massacre of El Amparo, a 1988 event where Venezuelan military and police falsely claimed they were attacked by guerillas and killed 14 fishermen\n2021 Apure clashes", "\"In Colombia, 6 sentenced in 'false positives' death scheme\". Los Angeles Times. June 14, 2012.\n\"La JEP hace pública la estrategia de priorización dentro del Caso 03, conocido como el de falsos positivos\". JEP (in Spanish). 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2022-07-13.\nDaniels, Joe Parkin (2018-05-08). \"Colombian army killed thousands more civilians than reported, study claims\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-08-09.\n\"Libertad: Rehén de la seguridad democrática - Mi sitio SPIP\". 22 September 2014. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2019.\n\"Colombian soldiers paid $500 for victims to boost kill counts: Testimony\". Colombia Reports. 5 December 2011.\n\"Colombian army commander resigns\". BBC News. 4 November 2008.\n\"Toxic fallout of Colombian scandal\". BBC News. 7 May 2009.\n\"Colombia's \"False Positives\" Scandal, Declassified\". National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 266. January 7, 2009.\n\"Statement by Professor Philip Alston, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions - Mission to Colombia 8-18 June 2009\".\n\"Colombian colonel jailed for killings of civilians made to look like rebels\". The Telegraph. 15 July 2011.\n\"El nuevo lío del coronel que confesó 57 'falsos positivos'\". Semana. 2013-01-22.\n\"FIDH and the Coordinación Colombia Europa Estados Unidos call upon the ICC Prosecutor to open an investigation into crimes against humanity committed in Colombia\". FIDH. 21 June 2012.\n\"For Colombia's military, a new era of reduced civilian human rights prosecutions\". Just the Facts. 16 June 2013. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013.\n\"Colombia: Top Brass Linked to Extrajudicial Executions\". Human Rights Watch. 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2018-08-09.\nBrodzinsky, Sibylla (2015-06-24). \"Colombia acts on massacres – punishing whistleblower and promoting officers\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-08-09.\nSherwell, Philip (2015-07-07). \"Colombian president replaces military chiefs days after scathing report into extra-judicial killings\". The Telegraph.", "Philip Alston final report, 31 March 2010\nColombia. The war is measured in litres of bood., FIDH report, May 2012\nColombia: Top Brass Linked to Extrajudicial Executions, Human Rights Watch report, June 2015" ]	[ "\"False positives\" scandal", "2008 Soacha case", "Earlier cases", "UN investigation and report, 2009", "Trials", "Recent developments", "Human Rights Watch report of 2015 and consequences", "See also", "References", "External links" ]	"False positives" scandal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22False_positives%22_scandal	[ 54 ]	[ 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330 ]	"False positives" scandal The "false positives" scandal (Spanish: Escándalo de los falsos positivos) was a series of murders in Colombia, part of the armed conflict in that country between the government and guerrilla forces of the FARC and the ELN. Members of the military had poor or mentally impaired civilians lured to remote parts of the country with offers of work, killed them, and presented them to authorities as guerrilleros killed in battle, in an effort to inflate body counts and receive promotions or other benefits. While Colombian investigative agencies find cases as early as 1988 the peak of the phenomenon took place between 2006 and 2009, during the presidency of Álvaro Uribe Vélez. As of June 2012, a total of 3,350 such cases had been investigated in all parts of the country and verdicts had been reached in 170 cases. Human rights groups have charged that the judicial cases progressed too slowly. The Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP) in a February 2021 report established the total number of victims to be 6,402 between 2002 and 2008. An article from "The Guardian" shows a 2018 study claiming a total of 10,000 "false positive" victims between 2002 and 2010. The name of the scandal refers to the technical term of "false positive" which describes a test falsely detecting a condition that is not present. As a precedent between August 7, 2002 and August 6, 2004, more than six thousand people were released from liberty, violating agreements and norms established within human rights. Many of the cases lacked due process. Thus, for this period there were arrests without substantiated evidence, mass arrests that ignored international law amid military operations and arrests used as a mechanism for political persecution. The scandal broke in 2008, when 22 men from Soacha who had been recruited for work were found dead several hundred miles away. A recruiter later testified that he had received $500 from the Colombian military for each man he recruited and delivered to them. In June 2012, six members of the army were sentenced to long prison sentences in that case. After the 2008 Soacha discoveries, defense minister Juan Manuel Santos denied knowledge of the scheme, fired 27 officers including three generals and changed the army's body count system. General Mario Montoya, commander of the Colombian Army, resigned on November 4, 2008. President Alvaro Uribe ordered the cases to be handled by civilian courts to ensure impartiality. According to reports in 2009, both Defense Minister Santos and President Uribe have claimed that there were cases of false denunciations where legitimate killings were presented as "false positives" in order to stain the name of the military and undermine military morale. Accusations of similar cases had occurred much earlier. A recently declassified 1990 cable by U.S. Ambassador Thomas McNamara reported on a case involving nine men who were killed by the military, dressed in military fatigues and presented as guerrilleros. Similar extrajudicial executions have been reported throughout the 1990s. In June 2009, UN special rapporteur Philip Alston carried out an investigation of extrajudicial executions in Colombia. He reported: The victim is lured under false pretenses by a "recruiter" to a remote location. There, the individual is killed soon after arrival by members of the military. The scene is then manipulated to make it appear as if the individual was legitimately killed in combat. The victim is commonly photographed wearing a guerrilla uniform, and holding a gun or grenade. Victims are often buried anonymously in communal graves, and the killers are rewarded for the results they have achieved in the fight against the guerillas. [...] I interviewed witnesses and survivors who described very similar killings in the departments of Antioquia, Arauca, Valle del Cauca, Casanare, Cesar, Cordoba, Huila, Meta, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Santander, Sucre, and Vichada. A significant number of military units were thus involved. [...] Evidence showing victims dressed in camouflage outfits which are neatly pressed, or wearing clean jungle boots which are four sizes too big for them, or lefthanders holding guns in their right hand, or men with a single shot through the back of their necks, further undermines the suggestion that these were guerillas killed in combat. [...] I have found no evidence to suggest that these killings were carried out as a matter of official Government policy, or that they were directed by, or carried out with the knowledge of, the President or successive Defence Ministers. On the other hand, the explanation favoured by many in Government – that the killings were carried out on a small scale by a few bad apples – is equally unsustainable. In 2011, a colonel of the Colombian army received a sentence of 21 years in prison for his admitted involvement in the killing of two peasants who were then presented as guerrilleros. He also admitted that his unit had carried out 57 similar murders. He claimed that he learned of previous "false positive" killings when he first arrived at his unit, and was warned by Defence Minister Santos to obtain measurable results or lose his position. He later testified at other "false positive" trials. In 2013 a Colombian radio station played a tape on which the colonel is overheard extorting other army members with offers not to testify against them. The International Federation for Human Rights produced a report on the scandal in May 2012, alleging over 3,000 civilian victims between 2002 and 2008. The group asked the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court prosecutor to open an investigation, as "those who bear the greatest responsibility for these crimes are not being investigated or prosecuted in Colombia." Former defense minister Santos was elected President of Colombia in 2010; in 2012 he backed legislation that has been criticized by human rights groups because they fear it could potentially revert the "false positive" cases to military courts. The text of a 2013 law which regulated and implemented the previous 2012 reform includes extrajudicial executions among a list of crimes which will continue to remain under civilian court jurisdiction and will not be submitted to military courts. Critics have expressed concern that the defense lawyers of military personnel accused in false positive cases may argue that their crimes are not extrajudicial executions (which were previously not defined as a crime in the Colombian penal code) but homicides, as a way to avoid the jurisdiction of civilian courts and request a transfer to military courts. Legislators who supported the bill have argued that another paragraph in the law expressly states that cases of false positives currently in civilian justice cannot be transferred to the military justice system. According to the report of the working group on the arbitrary detention of the United Nations, arbitrary deprivation of liberty has been used in other countries as one of the most common practices to imprison political opponents, religious dissidents or to restrict the freedom of expression, it has been found that these imprisonments are also based on the fight against terrorism. In June 2015, Human Rights Watch presented a report on the scandal. At that point, about 800 people, mostly ordinary soldiers, had been convicted in related cases. The report criticized that the majority of cases had been handled by military courts, in contradiction to a Supreme Court ruling. Military judges had suppressed evidence and manipulated crime scenes. Whistleblowers were punished. According to the report, both commander of the armed forces General Juan Pablo Rodríguez and top army chief General Jaime Lasprilla had formerly headed units that committed extrajudicial killings. In July 2016, President Santos rejected the report's claims that high military commanders had escaped punishment for extrajudicial killings. At the same time, he dismissed General Jaime Alfonso Lasprilla, marine commander Admiral Hernando Wills, and air force commander General Guillermo León. Massacre of El Amparo, a 1988 event where Venezuelan military and police falsely claimed they were attacked by guerillas and killed 14 fishermen 2021 Apure clashes "In Colombia, 6 sentenced in 'false positives' death scheme". Los Angeles Times. June 14, 2012. "La JEP hace pública la estrategia de priorización dentro del Caso 03, conocido como el de falsos positivos". JEP (in Spanish). 2021-02-18. Retrieved 2022-07-13. Daniels, Joe Parkin (2018-05-08). "Colombian army killed thousands more civilians than reported, study claims". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-08-09. "Libertad: Rehén de la seguridad democrática - Mi sitio SPIP". 22 September 2014. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2019. "Colombian soldiers paid $500 for victims to boost kill counts: Testimony". Colombia Reports. 5 December 2011. "Colombian army commander resigns". BBC News. 4 November 2008. "Toxic fallout of Colombian scandal". BBC News. 7 May 2009. "Colombia's "False Positives" Scandal, Declassified". National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 266. January 7, 2009. "Statement by Professor Philip Alston, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executions - Mission to Colombia 8-18 June 2009". "Colombian colonel jailed for killings of civilians made to look like rebels". The Telegraph. 15 July 2011. "El nuevo lío del coronel que confesó 57 'falsos positivos'". Semana. 2013-01-22. "FIDH and the Coordinación Colombia Europa Estados Unidos call upon the ICC Prosecutor to open an investigation into crimes against humanity committed in Colombia". FIDH. 21 June 2012. "For Colombia's military, a new era of reduced civilian human rights prosecutions". Just the Facts. 16 June 2013. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. "Colombia: Top Brass Linked to Extrajudicial Executions". Human Rights Watch. 2015-06-24. Retrieved 2018-08-09. Brodzinsky, Sibylla (2015-06-24). "Colombia acts on massacres – punishing whistleblower and promoting officers". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-08-09. Sherwell, Philip (2015-07-07). "Colombian president replaces military chiefs days after scathing report into extra-judicial killings". The Telegraph. Philip Alston final report, 31 March 2010 Colombia. The war is measured in litres of bood., FIDH report, May 2012 Colombia: Top Brass Linked to Extrajudicial Executions, Human Rights Watch report, June 2015
[ "The brocade arm protector with the words \"Five stars rise in the East benefit China,\" displayed at the Xinjiang Institute of Archeology" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Five_stars_rising_east_benefit_China.jpg" ]	[ "The \"Five stars rise in the East\" arm protector (Chinese: 「五星出東方利中國」護膊) is an Eastern Han (25–220 AD) to Western Jin (265–316 AD) era brocade armband embroidered with the words \"Five stars rise in the east, benefit China\" (Chinese: 五星出東方利中國). Another cloth of the same pattern was found later and has the words \"put down South Qiang\" (討南羌). In 2002, they were designated one of the cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad.", "The pieces were unearthed in October 1995 at the Niya ruins in Xinjiang. It was found near the elbow/waist area of a corpse in a rich tomb.", "The phrase \"Five stars rising in the east benefit China\" (五星出東方利中國) resembles a similar phrase found in the Records of the Grand Historian's scroll 27 (五星分天之中，積於東方，中國利). In the ancient times the five stars were represented as Chenxing (辰星), Taibai (太白), Yinghuo (熒惑), Suixing (歲星) and Zhenxing (鎭星). In modern times these are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, respectively. These are also represented by \"Five Elements\" with water, metal, earth, fire, wood. Researchers from the Japanese observatory said the next alignment of the five stars to the east will not be until March 21, 2022.\nThe phrase \"put down South Qiang\" (討南羌) refers to the area that was first mentioned in a sentence in the Western Han Essentials's (西漢會要) scroll 46 in relation to the four ancient commandery. The four are located in today's Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Wuwei, in the northwestern province of Gansu, respectively.\nWhen the two pieces are combined, it forms the phrase \"Five stars rising east benefit China put down South Qiang\" (五星出東方利中國討南羌), though the meaning is up for debate.", "Sina.com. \"Sina.com.\" 五星出東方利中國. Retrieved on 2010-06-04.\nBig5.china.com.cn. \"Big5.china.com.cn.\" 尼雅“五星出東方利中國”錦是蜀錦. Retrieved on 2010-06-01.\nWenbao.net. \"Chinese cultural heritage protection official web list.\" 五星出东方. Retrieved on 2010-06-01." ]	[ "\"Five stars rise in the East\" arm protector", "Discovery", "Interpretation", "References" ]	"Five stars rise in the East" arm protector	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Five_stars_rise_in_the_East%22_arm_protector	[ 55 ]	[ 331, 332, 333, 334 ]	"Five stars rise in the East" arm protector The "Five stars rise in the East" arm protector (Chinese: 「五星出東方利中國」護膊) is an Eastern Han (25–220 AD) to Western Jin (265–316 AD) era brocade armband embroidered with the words "Five stars rise in the east, benefit China" (Chinese: 五星出東方利中國). Another cloth of the same pattern was found later and has the words "put down South Qiang" (討南羌). In 2002, they were designated one of the cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad. The pieces were unearthed in October 1995 at the Niya ruins in Xinjiang. It was found near the elbow/waist area of a corpse in a rich tomb. The phrase "Five stars rising in the east benefit China" (五星出東方利中國) resembles a similar phrase found in the Records of the Grand Historian's scroll 27 (五星分天之中，積於東方，中國利). In the ancient times the five stars were represented as Chenxing (辰星), Taibai (太白), Yinghuo (熒惑), Suixing (歲星) and Zhenxing (鎭星). In modern times these are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, respectively. These are also represented by "Five Elements" with water, metal, earth, fire, wood. Researchers from the Japanese observatory said the next alignment of the five stars to the east will not be until March 21, 2022. The phrase "put down South Qiang" (討南羌) refers to the area that was first mentioned in a sentence in the Western Han Essentials's (西漢會要) scroll 46 in relation to the four ancient commandery. The four are located in today's Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Wuwei, in the northwestern province of Gansu, respectively. When the two pieces are combined, it forms the phrase "Five stars rising east benefit China put down South Qiang" (五星出東方利中國討南羌), though the meaning is up for debate. Sina.com. "Sina.com." 五星出東方利中國. Retrieved on 2010-06-04. Big5.china.com.cn. "Big5.china.com.cn." 尼雅“五星出東方利中國”錦是蜀錦. Retrieved on 2010-06-01. Wenbao.net. "Chinese cultural heritage protection official web list." 五星出东方. Retrieved on 2010-06-01.
[ "Illustration by Theodor Kittelsen" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/God_dag_mann_-_%C3%98kseskaft.jpg" ]	[ "\"'Good Day, Fellow!' 'Axe Handle!'\" (Norwegian: \"God dag, mann!\" \"Økseskaft!\") is a Scandinavian folktale, collected by Asbjørnsen and Moe.", "A deaf or hard of hearing ferryman has a wife, two sons and a daughter. They fritter away all their money, and leave him to pay the bill when their credit runs out.\nHe sees the bailiff coming in the distance and decides to be clever and prepare his answers ahead of time. He reasons that the first thing the man will ask will be about what he is carving. He will say that it is an axe handle. He thinks that the other questions will be about the length of the axe handle, his ferry, his mare and the way to the cowshed.\nHowever, the first thing the bailiff says is \"Good day, fellow!\" He replies \"Axe handle!\", thinking himself clever.\nNext the bailiff asks how far it is to the inn. \"Up to this knot!\" he replies, pointing to the axe handle.\nThe bailiff shakes his head and stares at him.\n\"Where is your wife, man?\" he says.\n\"I'm going to tar her,\" says the ferryman. \"She's lying on the beach, cracked at both ends.\"\n\"Where is your daughter?\"\n\"Oh, she's in the stable, big with foal,\" he says, still thinking himself clever.\nThe bailiff finally gets angry with him and shouts, \"Go to the devil, fool that you are!\"\n\"Oh, it's not far away, when you're over the hill, you're almost there,\" says the man.", "The phrase \"Goddag mann, økseskaft!\" (Good day fellow axe handle) has become a common idiom for a non sequitur, not just in Norway but also the rest of Scandinavia (\"Goddag, yxskaft!\" in Swedish, \"Goddag mand, økseskaft!\" in Danish and \"Hyvää päivää, kirvesvartta!\" in Finnish).\nThe folktale was later published in the widely used Swedish elementary school book Sörgården by Anna Maria Roos in 1912.\nA similar tale appears in a 1985 collection of folktales given an erotic twist, by Erik Høvring.", "Høvring, Erik; Kristensen, Evald Tang (1985). Den bortfløjne mødom, samt andre skæmtsomme og erotiske folkeeventyr (in Danish). illustrated by Erik Hjorth Nielsen. København: Nyt nordisk forlag. ISBN 8717053625.", "Økse-skaft The Danish Dictionary (in Danish)\nKjell Nedrelid (12 November 1994). \"God dag, mann! -- Økseskaft\". Project Runeberg (in Norwegian)." ]	[ "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\"", "Plot", "Influence", "References", "External links" ]	"Good day, fellow!" "Axe handle!"	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Good_day,_fellow!%22_%22Axe_handle!%22	[ 56 ]	[ 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340 ]	"Good day, fellow!" "Axe handle!" "'Good Day, Fellow!' 'Axe Handle!'" (Norwegian: "God dag, mann!" "Økseskaft!") is a Scandinavian folktale, collected by Asbjørnsen and Moe. A deaf or hard of hearing ferryman has a wife, two sons and a daughter. They fritter away all their money, and leave him to pay the bill when their credit runs out. He sees the bailiff coming in the distance and decides to be clever and prepare his answers ahead of time. He reasons that the first thing the man will ask will be about what he is carving. He will say that it is an axe handle. He thinks that the other questions will be about the length of the axe handle, his ferry, his mare and the way to the cowshed. However, the first thing the bailiff says is "Good day, fellow!" He replies "Axe handle!", thinking himself clever. Next the bailiff asks how far it is to the inn. "Up to this knot!" he replies, pointing to the axe handle. The bailiff shakes his head and stares at him. "Where is your wife, man?" he says. "I'm going to tar her," says the ferryman. "She's lying on the beach, cracked at both ends." "Where is your daughter?" "Oh, she's in the stable, big with foal," he says, still thinking himself clever. The bailiff finally gets angry with him and shouts, "Go to the devil, fool that you are!" "Oh, it's not far away, when you're over the hill, you're almost there," says the man. The phrase "Goddag mann, økseskaft!" (Good day fellow axe handle) has become a common idiom for a non sequitur, not just in Norway but also the rest of Scandinavia ("Goddag, yxskaft!" in Swedish, "Goddag mand, økseskaft!" in Danish and "Hyvää päivää, kirvesvartta!" in Finnish). The folktale was later published in the widely used Swedish elementary school book Sörgården by Anna Maria Roos in 1912. A similar tale appears in a 1985 collection of folktales given an erotic twist, by Erik Høvring. Høvring, Erik; Kristensen, Evald Tang (1985). Den bortfløjne mødom, samt andre skæmtsomme og erotiske folkeeventyr (in Danish). illustrated by Erik Hjorth Nielsen. København: Nyt nordisk forlag. ISBN 8717053625. Økse-skaft The Danish Dictionary (in Danish) Kjell Nedrelid (12 November 1994). "God dag, mann! -- Økseskaft". Project Runeberg (in Norwegian).
[ "\"Hello, World!\" program by Brian Kernighan (1978)", "A \"Hello, World!\" program running on Sony's PlayStation Portable as a proof of concept", "A \"Hello, World!\" message being displayed through long-exposure light painting with a moving strip of LEDs" ]	[ 1, 2, 2 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Hello_World_Brian_Kernighan_1978.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/PSP-Homebrew.jpeg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/HelloWorld_Maktivism_ComputerProgramming_LEDs.jpg" ]	[ "A \"Hello, World!\" program is generally a computer program that ignores any input and outputs or displays a message similar to \"Hello, World!\". A small piece of code in most general-purpose programming languages, this program is used to illustrate a language's basic syntax. \"Hello, World!\" programs are often the first a student learns to write in a given language, and they can also be used as a sanity check to ensure computer software intended to compile or run source code is correctly installed, and that its operator understands how to use it.", "While small test programs have existed since the development of programmable computers, the tradition of using the phrase \"Hello, World!\" as a test message was influenced by an example program in the 1978 book The C Programming Language, but there is no evidence that it originated there, and it is very likely it was used in BCPL beforehand (as below). The example program in that book prints \"hello, world\", and was inherited from a 1974 Bell Laboratories internal memorandum by Brian Kernighan, Programming in C: A Tutorial:\nmain( ) { printf(\"hello, world\");}\nIn the above example, the main( ) function defines where the program should start executing. The function body consists of a single statement, a call to the printf function, which stands for \"print formatted\". This function will cause the program to output whatever is passed to it as the parameter, in this case the string hello, world.\nThe C language version was preceded by Kernighan's own 1972 A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B, where the first known version of the program is found in an example used to illustrate external variables:\nmain( ) { extern a, b, c; putchar(a); putchar(b); putchar(c); putchar('!n');} a 'hell';b 'o, w';c 'orld';\nThe program prints hello, world! on the terminal, including a newline character. The phrase is divided into multiple variables because in B a character constant is limited to four ASCII characters. The previous example in the tutorial printed hi! on the terminal, and the phrase hello, world! was introduced as a slightly longer greeting that required several character constants for its expression.\nThe Jargon File claims that \"hello, world\" originated instead with BCPL (1967). This claim is supposedly supported by the archived notes of the inventors of CPL, Christopher Strachey and BCPL, Martin Richards at Cambridge. The phrase predated by over a decade its usage in computing; as early as the 1950s, it was the catchphrase of New York radio disc jockey William B. Williams.", "\"Hello, World!\" programs vary in complexity between different languages. In some languages, particularly scripting languages, the \"Hello, World!\" program can be written as a single statement, while in others (particularly many low-level languages) there can be many more statements required. For example, in Python, to print the string Hello, World! followed by a newline, one only needs to write print(\"Hello, World!\"). In contrast, the equivalent code in C++ requires the import of the input/output software library, the manual declaration of an entry point, and the explicit instruction that the output string should be sent to the standard output stream. Generally, programming languages that give the programmer more control over the machine will result in more complex \"Hello, World!\" programs.\nThe phrase \"Hello, World!\" has seen various deviations in casing and punctuation, such as the capitalization of the leading H and W, and the presence of the comma and/or exclamation mark. Some devices limit the format to specific variations, such as all-capitalized versions on systems that support only capital letters, while some esoteric programming languages may have to print a slightly modified string. For example, the first non-trivial Malbolge program printed \"Hello world\", this having been determined to be good enough. Other human languages have been used as the output; for example, a tutorial for the Go programming language outputted both English and Chinese or Japanese characters, demonstrating the programming language's built-in Unicode support.\nSome languages change the functionality of the \"Hello, World!\" program while maintaining the spirit of demonstrating a simple example. Functional programming languages, such as Lisp, ML, and Haskell, tend to substitute a factorial program for \"Hello, World!\", as functional programming emphasizes recursive techniques, whereas the original examples emphasize I/O, which violates the spirit of pure functional programming by producing side effects. Languages otherwise capable of printing \"Hello, World!\" (Assembly, C, VHDL) may also be used in embedded systems, where text output is either difficult (requiring additional components or communication with another computer) or nonexistent. For devices such as microcontrollers, field-programmable gate arrays, and CPLDs, \"Hello, World!\" may thus be substituted with a blinking LED, which demonstrates timing and interaction between components.\nThe Debian and Ubuntu Linux distributions provide the \"Hello, World!\" program through their software package manager systems, which can be invoked with the command hello. It serves as a sanity check and a simple example of installing a software package. For developers, it provides an example of creating a .deb package, either traditionally or using debhelper, and the version of hello used, GNU Hello, serves as an example of writing a GNU program.\nVariations of the \"Hello, World!\" program that produce a graphical output (as opposed to text output) have also been shown. Sun demonstrated a \"Hello, World!\" program in Java based on scalable vector graphics, and the XL programming language features a spinning Earth \"Hello, World!\" using 3D computer graphics. Mark Guzdial and Elliot Soloway have suggested that the \"hello, world\" test message may be outdated now that graphics and sound can be manipulated as easily as text.", "\"Time to hello world\" (TTHW) is the time it takes to author a \"Hello, World!\" program in a given programming language. This is one measure of a programming language's ease-of-use; since the program is meant as an introduction for people unfamiliar with the language, a more complex \"Hello, World!\" program may indicate that the programming language is less approachable. The concept has been extended beyond programming languages to APIs, as a measure of how simple it is for a new developer to get a basic example working; a shorter time indicates an easier API for developers to adopt.", "", "write: 'Hello, World!'.", "with Ada.Text_IO;use Ada.Text_IO;procedure Hello isbegin\n Put_Line (\"Hello, world!\");end Hello;", "BEGIN DISPLAY(\"HELLO WORLD!\") END.", "begin\n printf(($gl$,\"Hello, world!\"))\nend", "AppleScript is unusual in that one main mode of output is by audio message using a synthesised voice:\nsay \"Hello, world!\"\nAlternatively, an alert window with an \"OK\" button can be displayed:\ndisplay alert \"Hello, world!\"", "10 PRINT \"Hello, World!\"", "@echo off\necho Hello, World!", "echo \"Hello, World!\"", "#include <stdio.h>int main(){ printf(\"Hello, World!\\n\");}", "#include <iostream>int main(){ std::cout << \"Hello, World!\\n\"; return 0;}", "Console.WriteLine(\"Hello, World!\");", "(println \"Hello, World!\")", "IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.PROGRAM-ID. HELLO-WORLD.PROCEDURE DIVISION.\n DISPLAY 'Hello, World!'.\n STOP RUN.", "import std.stdio;void main() {\n writeln(\"Hello, World!\");}", "void main() {\n print('Hello, World!');}", "IO.puts(\"Hello, World!\")", "பதிப்பி \"உலகே வணக்கம்\"பதிப்பி \"Hello, World!\"exit()", "printfn \"Hello world!\"", ".\" Hello, World!\" CR", "program Hello\n print , \"Hello, World!\"end program Hello", "package mainimport \"fmt\"func main() {\n fmt.Println(\"Hello, World!\")}", "println \"Hello, World!\"", "main :: IO ()main = putStrLn \"Hello, World!\"", "public class Main {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println(\"Hello, World!\");\n }}", "For browser console:\nconsole.log(\"Hello, World!\");\nFor HTML document:\ndocument.write(\"Hello, World!\");\nor\nalert(\"Hello, World\\n\");", "println(\"Hello, World!\")", "fun main() { \n println(\"Hello, World!\") \n}", "(print \"Hello, World!\")", "print [Hello, World!]", "HAI 1.2\nCAN HAS STDIO?\nVISIBLE \"Hello World!\"\nKTHXBYE", "print(\"Hello, World!\")", "#import <stdio.h>int main() { printf(\"Hello, world!\\n\");}\nor, using NeXTSTEP frameworks,\n#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) { @autoreleasepool { NSLog(@\"Hello, World!\"); } return 0;}", "print_endline \"Hello, World!\"", "program Hello;begin\n writeln ('Hello, World!');end.", "print \"Hello, World!\\n\";", "Hello, World!\nor\n<?phpecho 'Hello, World!';", "'Hello, World!'", "main() :- write(\"Hello, World!\"), nl.", "print(\"Hello, World!\")", "print(\"Hello, World!\")", "#lang racket(displayln \"Hello, World!\")", "puts \"Hello, World!\"", "fn main() { println!(\"Hello, World!\");}", "Begin\n OutText (\"Hello, World!\");\n Outimage;\nEnd;", "Transcript show: 'Hello, world!'.", "print \"Hello, World!\\n\"", "print(\"Hello, World!\")", "puts \"Hello, world!\"", ":Disp \"HELLO, WORLD!\"", "WScript.Echo \"Hello, World!\"", "(module\n (import \"console\" \"log\" (func $log (param i32) (param i32)))\n (import \"js\" \"mem\" (memory 1))\n \n (data (i32.const 0) \"Hello World\") ;; string written to global memory\n (func (export \"helloWorld\")\n i32.const 0\n i32.const 11\n call $log\n ))", "SECTION .dataMsg: db \"Hello world!\", 10Len: equ $-Msgglobal _start_start:\n mov eax,4\n mov ebx,1\n mov ecx,Msg\n mov edx,Len\n int 80H\n\n mov eax,1\n mov ebx,0\n int 80H", "\"99 Bottles of Beer\" as used in computer science\nBad Apple!! § Use as a graphical and audio test (graphic equivalent to \"Hello, World!\" for old hardware)\nC (programming language) § \"Hello, world\" example\nFoobar\nJava Pet Store\nJust another Perl hacker\nList of basic computer science topics\nTrabb Pardo-Knuth algorithm", "James A Langbridge (3 December 2013). Professional Embedded ARM Development. ISBN 9781118887820.\nKernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-110163-3.\nKernighan, Brian (1974). \"Programming in C: A Tutorial\" (PDF). Bell Labs. Retrieved 9 January 2019.\n\"The Programming Language B\". Bell Labs.\n\"BCPL\". Jargon File.\n\"William B. Williams, Radio Personality, Dies\". The New York Times. 4 August 1986.\n\"C++ Programming/Examples/Hello world\". Wikibooks. Retrieved 16 March 2022.\nO'Dwyer, Arthur (September 2017). Mastering the C++17 STL: Make full use of the standard library components in C++17. Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-78728-823-2. Retrieved 4 December 2019.\n\"Malbolge\". Esolang. esolangs-wiki. Retrieved 28 October 2016.\nA Tutorial for the Go Programming Language. Archived 26 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Go Programming Language. Retrieved 26 July 2011.\nSilva, Mike (11 September 2013). \"Introduction to Microcontrollers - Hello World\". EmbeddedRelated.com. Retrieved 19 May 2015.\nGeorge, Ligo (8 May 2013). \"Blinking LED using Atmega32 Microcontroller and Atmel Studio\". electroSome. Retrieved 19 May 2015.\nPT, Ranjeeth. \"2. AVR Microcontrollers in Linux HOWTO\". The Linux Documentation Project. Retrieved 19 May 2015.\nAndersson, Sven-Åke (2 April 2012). \"3.2 The first Altera FPGA design\". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.\nFabio, Adam (6 April 2014). \"CPLD Tutorial: Learn programmable logic the easy way\". Hackaday. Retrieved 19 May 2015.\n\"Hello - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation\". gnu.org. GNU Project. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2017.\nJolif, Christophe (January 2003). \"Bringing SVG Power to Java Applications\". Sun Developer Network.\nde Dinechin, Christophe (24 July 2010). \"Hello world!\". Grenouille Bouillie.\n\"Teaching the Nintendo Generation to Program\" (PDF). bfoit.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.\nWiegers, Harold (28 June 2018). \"The importance of \"Time to First Hello, World!\" an efficient API program\".\nJin, Brenda; Sahni, Saurabh; Shevat, Amir (29 August 2018). Designing Web APIs: Building APIs That Developers Love. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781492026877. Retrieved 19 February 2020.", "Rösler, Wolfram. \"Hello World Collection\". helloworldcollection.de.\n\"Hello world/Text\". Rosetta Code.\n\"GitHub - leachim6/hello-world: Hello world in every computer language. Thanks to everyone who contributes to this, make sure to see CONTRIBUTING.md for contribution instructions!\". GitHub. 30 October 2021.\n\"Unsung Heroes of IT / Part One: Brian Kernighan\". TheUnsungHeroesOfIT.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2014." ]	[ "\"Hello, World!\" program", "History", "Variations", "Time to Hello World", "Examples", "ABAP", "Ada", "ALGOL 60", "ALGOL 68", "AppleScript", "BASIC", "Batch file", "Unix shell", "C", "C++", "C#", "Clojure", "COBOL", "D", "Dart", "Elixir", "Ezhil", "F#", "Forth", "Fortran", "Go", "Groovy", "Haskell", "Java", "JavaScript", "Julia", "Kotlin", "Lisp", "Logo", "LOLCODE", "Lua", "Objective-C", "OCaml", "Pascal", "Perl", "PHP", "PowerShell", "Prolog", "Python", "R", "Racket", "Ruby", "Rust", "Simula", "Smalltalk", "Standard ML", "Swift", "Tcl", "TI-BASIC", "VBScript", "WebAssembly Text Format", "x86 Assembly", "See also", "References", "External links" ]	"Hello, World!" program	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program	[ 57, 58, 59 ]	[ 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372 ]	"Hello, World!" program A "Hello, World!" program is generally a computer program that ignores any input and outputs or displays a message similar to "Hello, World!". A small piece of code in most general-purpose programming languages, this program is used to illustrate a language's basic syntax. "Hello, World!" programs are often the first a student learns to write in a given language, and they can also be used as a sanity check to ensure computer software intended to compile or run source code is correctly installed, and that its operator understands how to use it. While small test programs have existed since the development of programmable computers, the tradition of using the phrase "Hello, World!" as a test message was influenced by an example program in the 1978 book The C Programming Language, but there is no evidence that it originated there, and it is very likely it was used in BCPL beforehand (as below). The example program in that book prints "hello, world", and was inherited from a 1974 Bell Laboratories internal memorandum by Brian Kernighan, Programming in C: A Tutorial: main( ) { printf("hello, world");} In the above example, the main( ) function defines where the program should start executing. The function body consists of a single statement, a call to the printf function, which stands for "print formatted". This function will cause the program to output whatever is passed to it as the parameter, in this case the string hello, world. The C language version was preceded by Kernighan's own 1972 A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B, where the first known version of the program is found in an example used to illustrate external variables: main( ) { extern a, b, c; putchar(a); putchar(b); putchar(c); putchar('!n');} a 'hell';b 'o, w';c 'orld'; The program prints hello, world! on the terminal, including a newline character. The phrase is divided into multiple variables because in B a character constant is limited to four ASCII characters. The previous example in the tutorial printed hi! on the terminal, and the phrase hello, world! was introduced as a slightly longer greeting that required several character constants for its expression. The Jargon File claims that "hello, world" originated instead with BCPL (1967). This claim is supposedly supported by the archived notes of the inventors of CPL, Christopher Strachey and BCPL, Martin Richards at Cambridge. The phrase predated by over a decade its usage in computing; as early as the 1950s, it was the catchphrase of New York radio disc jockey William B. Williams. "Hello, World!" programs vary in complexity between different languages. In some languages, particularly scripting languages, the "Hello, World!" program can be written as a single statement, while in others (particularly many low-level languages) there can be many more statements required. For example, in Python, to print the string Hello, World! followed by a newline, one only needs to write print("Hello, World!"). In contrast, the equivalent code in C++ requires the import of the input/output software library, the manual declaration of an entry point, and the explicit instruction that the output string should be sent to the standard output stream. Generally, programming languages that give the programmer more control over the machine will result in more complex "Hello, World!" programs. The phrase "Hello, World!" has seen various deviations in casing and punctuation, such as the capitalization of the leading H and W, and the presence of the comma and/or exclamation mark. Some devices limit the format to specific variations, such as all-capitalized versions on systems that support only capital letters, while some esoteric programming languages may have to print a slightly modified string. For example, the first non-trivial Malbolge program printed "Hello world", this having been determined to be good enough. Other human languages have been used as the output; for example, a tutorial for the Go programming language outputted both English and Chinese or Japanese characters, demonstrating the programming language's built-in Unicode support. Some languages change the functionality of the "Hello, World!" program while maintaining the spirit of demonstrating a simple example. Functional programming languages, such as Lisp, ML, and Haskell, tend to substitute a factorial program for "Hello, World!", as functional programming emphasizes recursive techniques, whereas the original examples emphasize I/O, which violates the spirit of pure functional programming by producing side effects. Languages otherwise capable of printing "Hello, World!" (Assembly, C, VHDL) may also be used in embedded systems, where text output is either difficult (requiring additional components or communication with another computer) or nonexistent. For devices such as microcontrollers, field-programmable gate arrays, and CPLDs, "Hello, World!" may thus be substituted with a blinking LED, which demonstrates timing and interaction between components. The Debian and Ubuntu Linux distributions provide the "Hello, World!" program through their software package manager systems, which can be invoked with the command hello. It serves as a sanity check and a simple example of installing a software package. For developers, it provides an example of creating a .deb package, either traditionally or using debhelper, and the version of hello used, GNU Hello, serves as an example of writing a GNU program. Variations of the "Hello, World!" program that produce a graphical output (as opposed to text output) have also been shown. Sun demonstrated a "Hello, World!" program in Java based on scalable vector graphics, and the XL programming language features a spinning Earth "Hello, World!" using 3D computer graphics. Mark Guzdial and Elliot Soloway have suggested that the "hello, world" test message may be outdated now that graphics and sound can be manipulated as easily as text. "Time to hello world" (TTHW) is the time it takes to author a "Hello, World!" program in a given programming language. This is one measure of a programming language's ease-of-use; since the program is meant as an introduction for people unfamiliar with the language, a more complex "Hello, World!" program may indicate that the programming language is less approachable. The concept has been extended beyond programming languages to APIs, as a measure of how simple it is for a new developer to get a basic example working; a shorter time indicates an easier API for developers to adopt. write: 'Hello, World!'. with Ada.Text_IO;use Ada.Text_IO;procedure Hello isbegin Put_Line ("Hello, world!");end Hello; BEGIN DISPLAY("HELLO WORLD!") END. begin printf(($gl$,"Hello, world!")) end AppleScript is unusual in that one main mode of output is by audio message using a synthesised voice: say "Hello, world!" Alternatively, an alert window with an "OK" button can be displayed: display alert "Hello, world!" 10 PRINT "Hello, World!" @echo off echo Hello, World! echo "Hello, World!" #include <stdio.h>int main(){ printf("Hello, World!\n");} #include <iostream>int main(){ std::cout << "Hello, World!\n"; return 0;} Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!"); (println "Hello, World!") IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.PROGRAM-ID. HELLO-WORLD.PROCEDURE DIVISION. DISPLAY 'Hello, World!'. STOP RUN. import std.stdio;void main() { writeln("Hello, World!");} void main() { print('Hello, World!');} IO.puts("Hello, World!") பதிப்பி "உலகே வணக்கம்"பதிப்பி "Hello, World!"exit() printfn "Hello world!" ." Hello, World!" CR program Hello print , "Hello, World!"end program Hello package mainimport "fmt"func main() { fmt.Println("Hello, World!")} println "Hello, World!" main :: IO ()main = putStrLn "Hello, World!" public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, World!"); }} For browser console: console.log("Hello, World!"); For HTML document: document.write("Hello, World!"); or alert("Hello, World\n"); println("Hello, World!") fun main() { println("Hello, World!") } (print "Hello, World!") print [Hello, World!] HAI 1.2 CAN HAS STDIO? VISIBLE "Hello World!" KTHXBYE print("Hello, World!") #import <stdio.h>int main() { printf("Hello, world!\n");} or, using NeXTSTEP frameworks, #import <Foundation/Foundation.h>int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) { @autoreleasepool { NSLog(@"Hello, World!"); } return 0;} print_endline "Hello, World!" program Hello;begin writeln ('Hello, World!');end. print "Hello, World!\n"; Hello, World! or <?phpecho 'Hello, World!'; 'Hello, World!' main() :- write("Hello, World!"), nl. print("Hello, World!") print("Hello, World!") #lang racket(displayln "Hello, World!") puts "Hello, World!" fn main() { println!("Hello, World!");} Begin OutText ("Hello, World!"); Outimage; End; Transcript show: 'Hello, world!'. print "Hello, World!\n" print("Hello, World!") puts "Hello, world!" :Disp "HELLO, WORLD!" WScript.Echo "Hello, World!" (module (import "console" "log" (func $log (param i32) (param i32))) (import "js" "mem" (memory 1)) (data (i32.const 0) "Hello World") ;; string written to global memory (func (export "helloWorld") i32.const 0 i32.const 11 call $log )) SECTION .dataMsg: db "Hello world!", 10Len: equ $-Msgglobal _start_start: mov eax,4 mov ebx,1 mov ecx,Msg mov edx,Len int 80H mov eax,1 mov ebx,0 int 80H "99 Bottles of Beer" as used in computer science Bad Apple!! § Use as a graphical and audio test (graphic equivalent to "Hello, World!" for old hardware) C (programming language) § "Hello, world" example Foobar Java Pet Store Just another Perl hacker List of basic computer science topics Trabb Pardo-Knuth algorithm James A Langbridge (3 December 2013). Professional Embedded ARM Development. ISBN 9781118887820. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-110163-3. Kernighan, Brian (1974). "Programming in C: A Tutorial" (PDF). Bell Labs. Retrieved 9 January 2019. "The Programming Language B". Bell Labs. "BCPL". Jargon File. "William B. Williams, Radio Personality, Dies". The New York Times. 4 August 1986. "C++ Programming/Examples/Hello world". Wikibooks. Retrieved 16 March 2022. O'Dwyer, Arthur (September 2017). Mastering the C++17 STL: Make full use of the standard library components in C++17. Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 251. ISBN 978-1-78728-823-2. Retrieved 4 December 2019. "Malbolge". Esolang. esolangs-wiki. Retrieved 28 October 2016. A Tutorial for the Go Programming Language. Archived 26 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Go Programming Language. Retrieved 26 July 2011. Silva, Mike (11 September 2013). "Introduction to Microcontrollers - Hello World". EmbeddedRelated.com. Retrieved 19 May 2015. George, Ligo (8 May 2013). "Blinking LED using Atmega32 Microcontroller and Atmel Studio". electroSome. Retrieved 19 May 2015. PT, Ranjeeth. "2. AVR Microcontrollers in Linux HOWTO". The Linux Documentation Project. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Andersson, Sven-Åke (2 April 2012). "3.2 The first Altera FPGA design". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015. Fabio, Adam (6 April 2014). "CPLD Tutorial: Learn programmable logic the easy way". Hackaday. Retrieved 19 May 2015. "Hello - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation". gnu.org. GNU Project. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2017. Jolif, Christophe (January 2003). "Bringing SVG Power to Java Applications". Sun Developer Network. de Dinechin, Christophe (24 July 2010). "Hello world!". Grenouille Bouillie. "Teaching the Nintendo Generation to Program" (PDF). bfoit.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015. Wiegers, Harold (28 June 2018). "The importance of "Time to First Hello, World!" an efficient API program". Jin, Brenda; Sahni, Saurabh; Shevat, Amir (29 August 2018). Designing Web APIs: Building APIs That Developers Love. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781492026877. Retrieved 19 February 2020. Rösler, Wolfram. "Hello World Collection". helloworldcollection.de. "Hello world/Text". Rosetta Code. "GitHub - leachim6/hello-world: Hello world in every computer language. Thanks to everyone who contributes to this, make sure to see CONTRIBUTING.md for contribution instructions!". GitHub. 30 October 2021. "Unsung Heroes of IT / Part One: Brian Kernighan". TheUnsungHeroesOfIT.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
[ "One of the A-side labels for the UK vinyl single", "Bowie composed the song with multi-instrumentalist Brian Eno (pictured in 2008), who had the word heroes in mind for the initial chord sequence.", "Co-producer Tony Visconti (pictured in 2007) devised the \"multi-latch\" system used to record the lead vocal and sang backing vocals.", "The song features soaring guitar lines from Robert Fripp (pictured in 2007).", "", "", "A cover version of \"'Heroes'\" by the Wallflowers (lead singer Jakob Dylan pictured in 2012) charted in the US and Canada in 1998." ]	[ 0, 2, 3, 5, 7, 7, 13 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Heroes_by_David_Bowie_UK_vinyl_single.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Brian_Eno_2008.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Tony_Visconti.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Robert_Fripp.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Marc_Bolan_In_Concert_1973.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Bing_Crosby_1951.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Jakob_Dylan_%288128063192%29.jpg" ]	[ "\"'Heroes'\" is a song by English musician David Bowie from his 12th studio album of the same name. Co-written by Bowie and Brian Eno and co-produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti, the song was recorded in mid-1977 at Hansa Studio 2 in West Berlin. Using a G–D chord progression, the backing track was recorded fully before lyrics were written; Bowie and Eno added synthesiser overdubs while Robert Fripp contributed guitar. To record the vocal, Visconti devised a \"multi-latch\" system, wherein three microphones were placed at different distances from Bowie and would open when he sang loud enough. Like other album tracks, he improvised lyrics while standing at the microphone.\nAn art rock song that builds throughout its runtime, \"'Heroes'\" concerns two lovers, one from East Berlin and the other from the West. Under constant fear of death, they dream they are free, swimming with dolphins. Bowie placed the title in quotation marks as an expression of irony on the otherwise romantic or triumphant words and music. Directly inspired by Bowie witnessing a kiss between Visconti and singer Antonia Maass next to the Berlin Wall, other inspirations included Otto Mueller's Lovers Between Garden Walls (1916) and Alberto Denti di Pirajno's A Grave for a Dolphin (1956).\nReleased in edited form by RCA Records on 23 September 1977 as the album's lead single, initial reviews for the song were mostly positive, with some welcoming it as a classic addition to the artist's catalogue. Bowie heavily promoted the song with a music video directed by Nick Ferguson, and sang it on numerous television programmes throughout September and October 1977, including Marc Bolan's Marc and Bing Crosby's Christmas special. Bowie also released German and French-language versions of \"'Heroes'\", titled \"'Helden'\" and \"'Héros'\", respectively. Despite its large promotion, the song only peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart and failed to chart at all on the US Billboard Hot 100, but reached the top 20 in multiple European countries and Australia.\nOver time, the song has grown substantially in reputation and been seen as one of Bowie's best songs, with some considering it one of the greatest songs of all time. However, his biographers pan the single edit for diminishing the song's power. Following Bowie's death in 2016, the song reached a new peak of number 12 in the UK. The song remained a staple throughout his concert tours and live performances. Bowie's second-most covered song after 1974's \"Rebel Rebel\", a version of \"'Heroes'\" by the Wallflowers was positively received and charted in the US and Canada in 1998. Another version by the finalists of The X Factor was a UK number one in 2010. The song has also been used predominantly in advertising over the years and has appeared in several television series and films, including Moulin Rouge! (2001) and Regular Show (2017).", "", "After completing his work co-producing Iggy Pop's Lust for Life (1977) and various promotional events, David Bowie spent a few weeks devising ideas and concepts with multi-instrumentalist Brian Eno for his next studio album. One idea was using the same G–D chord sequence he had used for Pop's \"Success\". Eno wanted to call it \"Heroes\", as the sequence \"sounded grand and heroic\", and \"I had that very word – heroes – in my mind.\" According to biographer Chris O'Leary, the word also paid reference to German krautrock band Neu!'s \"Hero\" (1975). Recording for the album took place entirely in West Berlin between July and August 1977 at Hansa Studio 2, a former concert hall converted into a recording studio that had been used by Gestapo officers during World War II as a ballroom and was located about 500 yards from the Berlin Wall. The song was co-produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti, with contributions from Eno.\nThe backing track began with Bowie on piano and, returning from Station to Station (1976), the core band of Carlos Alomar on rhythm guitar, George Murray on bass and Dennis Davis on drums. The band used the initial chord progression, creating a groove that built into a crescendo, lasting eight minutes. Alomar devised the underlying riff while Murray and Davis provided the \"hypnotic pulse\". Although he had fed Davis's drums through his Eventide H910 Harmonizer on Low (1977), Visconti used it sparingly on \"Heroes\", only during the mixing stage, and as such, the drum sound is mostly atmospheric to the room. He did, however, run Murray's bass through a flanger.\nAccording to Visconti, the recording sat for a week before overdubs commenced. Eno brought in his EMS Synthi AKS, a synthesiser built in a briefcase, using its joystick, oscillator knobs and noise filter to create a \"shuddering, chattering effect [that] slowly builds up and gets more and more obvious towards the end\". Bowie also added Chamberlin and high-pitched lines on his ARP Solina synthesiser. The final addition was former King Crimson guitarist Robert Fripp, who was recruited at Eno's suggestion. Receiving little guidance from Bowie, he cut three takes all based on feedback loops. For each take, Fripp marked different spots on the studio floor with tape and played a different note in each spot, such as A at four feet from his amp and G at three feet, all while his guitar was fed through Eno's EMS Synthi.\nWhen mixing the backing track, Visconti merged Fripp's takes onto one track, creating what he called \"a dreamy, wailing quality\". He buried Davis's kick drum, finding it \"seemed to plod\" the track and becoming \"more energetic without it\", and elevated Murray's bassline, which Alomar augmented on guitar in a higher register. An intended horn section was replaced with a synthesised brass line by the Chamberlin, while the bassline replaced the originally planned string section. With percussion, Visconti added tambourine and struck an empty tape canister with a drumstick as a placement for a cowbell.", "Similar to Low, Bowie neglected to write lyrics until all but he and Visconti had departed. As such, the backing track for \"'Heroes'\" sat untouched for many weeks and for a time was rumoured it would remain an instrumental. On one day, Bowie requested Visconti leave him alone in the studio to focus on writing lyrics. As he stared outside the studio window, he witnessed Visconti and singer Antonia Maass kiss in close proximity to the Berlin Wall, which he used as the basis for the lyric. Bowie initially claimed that the lyric was based on an anonymous young couple, but Visconti, who was married to Mary Hopkin at the time, contended that Bowie was protecting him and his affair with Maass. Bowie later confirmed the story in 2003, over two decades after Visconti and Hopkin's eventual divorce: \"Tony was married at the time, and I could never say who it was. I think possibly the marriage was in the last few months, and it was very touching because I could see that Tony was very much in love with this girl, and it was that relationship which sort of motivated the song.\" Additionally, he improvised lyrics while standing at the microphone after witnessing Pop use the same method during the making of The Idiot (1977) and Lust for Life.\nTo record the lead vocal, Visconti devised a \"multi-latch\" system that would utilise the ambience of Hansa to full effect. Three Neumann microphones were used to capture the vocal: the first, a valve U47, was set up nine inches from Bowie; the second, a U87, was set up 20 feet away; and the third, another U87, about 50 feet away. The two farther mics were routed through a noise gate, a volume controlling device that would turn them on as Bowie's voice reached them. Visconti explained: \"If he sang a little louder, the next microphone would open up with the gate, and that would make sort of this big splash of reverb, and then if he really sang loud, the back microphone would open up, and it would just open up this enormous sound.\" Bowie recorded three takes, the last of which mostly appears in the final song, and was completed in about two hours. Bowie and Visconti immediately recorded the backing vocals afterwards, harmonising in thirds and fifths below the lead vocal. The final mix was done at Mountain Studios in Montreux, Switzerland, a studio that would become one of Bowie's mainstays. An engineer at Mountain, David Richards, would also become one of his regulars.", "", "\"'Heroes'\" was based on a G–D chord progression and contains five verses, some longer than others, and an outro. Primarily in D major, the verses move from D to G major, along with C major on \"nothing will keep us together\" and a foray into A minor and E minor on \"beat them\" and \"forever\". The song is mainly in the D mixolydian mode, wherein the A major dominant chord is replaced with A minor, likewise swapping from the parallel minor D minor back to the tonic D major.\nRichard Buskin of Sound on Sound described the song as a \"highly experimental piece of art rock\". Biographer David Buckley likens it to a Wall of Sound production, a forceful and noisy arrangement of guitars, percussion and synthesisers. Meanwhile, author James E. Perone finds the song a \"great example of contemporary pop music\", balancing early-1970s progressive rock on the sysnthesisers to the \"avant-garde tone color manipulations\" from Eno. According to Bowie, the track was \"a combination of Brian's piano technique and [mine] which are both dastardly\", turning into a reworking of the Velvet Underground's \"I'm Waiting for the Man\" (1967), a song long admired by the artist. (1967)", "\"'Heroes'\" tells the story of two lovers, one from East Berlin and one from West Berlin. Under constant risk of death, they dream of freedom, swimming with dolphins. Like fellow album tracks \"Beauty and the Beast\" and \"Joe the Lion\", the song, at its core, represents two opposing forces: the couple's love for each other, and a sense that the Berlin Wall will separate them. Blurt magazine's Robert Dean Lurie analyses it as a \"clear nod\" to the divided city of Berlin Bowie lived in at the time. The first verse is from the point of view of the man who stresses unity, while the second describes the couple's explicit love and affection for each other. Perone contends that the instrumental passages separating the third verse, wherein the narrator wishes his lover could \"swim like the dolphins\", represents a transition in the story. The fourth verse is a reiteration of the first, albeit Bowie sings an octave higher and in a near-scream. In the fifth and final verse, the narrator recalls standing and kissing by the Wall while guards fired bullets above their heads. Perone states that this moment captures the sense the narrator's love can \"overcome anything\" and, as dolphins can freely swim as they wish, the proclamation that \"we can be heroes\" \"gets well beyond anything the listener might have anticipated at the start of the piece\".\nNicholas Pegg and Thomas Jerome Seabrook argue that \"'Heroes'\" is not the \"feelgood anthem\" it is often interpreted as. According to Bowie, the quotation marks in the title were intended to express \"a dimension of irony\" on the otherwise romantic or triumphant words and music. Describing the song, he stated it is about \"facing reality and standing up to it\", about achieving \"a sense of compassion\" and \"deriving some joy from the very simple pleasure of being alive\". Likewise, Pegg contests the song contains underlying dark themes that juxtapose its uplifting chord sequence and delirious vocal, such as \"you can be mean, and I'll drink all the time\", which is \"hardly the most promisingly heroic statement\", while the repeated announcement of \"nothing will keep us together\" asserts that time is short. Additionally, the pronouncement that the narrator wants the relationship to last \"just for one day\" harkens back to the dark lyrics of \"The Bewlay Brothers\" (1971) and represents a shift from the Nietzschean \"supermen\" themes of Bowie's earlier works into the realm of heroism. Regarding the themes, Lurie stated:\n\"'Heroes'\" is more akin to alchemy: We may be average and regular in the present moment, but we have the potential, at any time, for heroic thought and action – even if only for one day. The transformation can be brought about by an external event or through an internal change in perspective.\nAlthough Bowie confirmed that the kiss between Visconti and Maass directly inspired the lyric, another source of inspiration included Otto Mueller's 1916 painting Lovers Between Garden Walls, which Bowie and Pop saw at Berlin's Brücke Museum. The painting depicts an embracing couple between two walls representing the brutality of World War I. Bowie also revealed in the foreword of his wife Iman's 2001 book I Am Iman that Alberto Denti di Pirajno's 1956 short story A Grave for a Dolphin, which concerns a doomed love affair between an Italian soldier and a Somalian girl during World War II, provided inspiration. According to Pegg, the destiny of the story's female protagonist is linked with that of a dolphin she swims with, and when she dies, so does the dolphin. Bowie further explained: \"I thought it a magical and beautiful love story and in part it had inspired my song 'Heroes'.\"\nBowie is also recounted to have used events in his own life for the lyrics, such as his then-marital issues, alcoholism and his inability to swim (\"I wish I could swim\"). Furthermore, O'Leary notes that the phrase \"I will be king, you will be queen\" is taken directly from the traditional English folk song \"Lavender's Blue\". In the late 2010s, a story on the Italian Bowie website Blackstar revealed that artist Clare Shenstone, who Bowie met in 1969, had visited him during the summer he recorded \"'Heroes'\". The two spent a day walking along the Wall, which started, in her words, \"with David asking me if I dreamed about him because he dreamed about me. I told him I had just had a beautiful dream about swimming with dolphins.\"", "After undertaking zero promotional events for Low, Bowie promoted \"Heroes\" extensively. In early September 1977, he agreed to perform the title track on Marc Bolan's Granada Television series Marc, which was recorded on 9 September and broadcast on 28 September, following Bolan's death from a car accident on 16 September. This particular version, released as a 7\" picture disc on 22 September 2017, has an alternative backing track that was recorded with Bolan playing lead guitar and the T. Rex line up of Dino Dines on keyboards, and the rhythm section of Herbie Flowers on bass and Tony Newman on drums. Two days after filming the Marc appearance, Bowie appeared on Bing Crosby's Christmas television special Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas, performing \"'Heroes'\" and a new duet with Crosby titled \"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy\". Crosby died on 14 October before the special's broadcast on Christmas Eve 1977. Bowie later quipped: \"I was getting seriously worried about whether I should appear on TV because everyone I was going on with was kicking it the following week.\" On 19 October 1977, Bowie appeared on BBC's Top of the Pops for the first time since 1973, performing \"'Heroes'\" using a new backing track by the artist, Visconti on bass and Sean Mayes on keyboards. Bowie mimed to the new recording during the official broadcast with none of the band present. He sang the song again on the Dutch programme TopPop and the Italian programmes Odeon and L'altra domenica later the same month.\nRCA issued \"'Heroes'\" in edited form as the lead single from the album on 23 September 1977, with the catalogue PB 11121 and backed by album track \"V-2 Schneider\". Its shortened 3:32 edit was made in the hopes of more airplay. Another 12\" single, containing both the single and album versions, was released in the US by RCA (as RCA / JD-11151) the same year. On the \"Heroes\" album, issued on 14 October, it was sequenced as the third track, between \"Joe the Lion\" and \"Sons of the Silent Age\". The song's promotional music video was directed by Nick Ferguson. Shot in Paris, it features numerous shots of Bowie against a backdrop of white light and wearing the same bomber-jacket he wore on the \"Heroes\" cover artwork. Pegg believes the final result is similar to Liza Minnelli's performance of \"Maybe This Time\" in the Berlin-based 1972 film Cabaret.\nIn a stunt Pegg describes as confirming the artist's \"newfound European allegiances\", Bowie recorded special vocals for the track in both German and French, with lyrics translated by Maass for the German release. These versions, titled \"'Helden'\" and \"'Héros'\", respectively, were issued in their respective countries in September. The single's release in a variety of languages and lengths achieved what NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray called \"a collector's wet dream\". Despite a large promotional push, \"'Heroes'\" only reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart, but remained on the chart for eight weeks. However, it failed to chart at all on the US Billboard Hot 100, albeit reaching a low number 126 on Record World's Singles Chart 101–150. Elsewhere, it charted in Australia (11), Austria (19), Belgium Flanders (17), Ireland (8), the Netherlands (9) and New Zealand (34).\nThe full-length version of \"'Helden'\" appeared on the soundtrack to the film Christiane F. (1981) and on the Rare album in 1982. \"'Heroes'\" has subsequently appeared, almost invariably as its single edit, on numerous compilation albums, including Sound + Vision (1989), Changesbowie (1990), The Singles Collection (1993), The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 (1998), Best of Bowie (2002), The Platinum Collection (2006), Nothing Has Changed (2014) and Bowie Legacy (2016). The full album track was remastered with its parent album for inclusion on the 2017 boxed set A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982). The single edit, as well as \"'Helden'\" and \"'Héros'\", were included on Re:Call 3, part of the same compilation.", "Initial reviews for \"'Heroes'\" were mostly positive. Like Low's \"Sound and Vision\", some viewed it as the album's most commercial track. Several welcomed the song as a classic edition to Bowie's catalogue. Record Mirror's Tim Lott deemed it \"regal\" and a \"shocking dream[ingly] powerful\" song that stands out as the album's best. He found the lyrics are \"in a sense throwaway\" but display \"simple heroism\": \"Brick by synthesised brick it builds into a leviathan, a monster track that sucks you in and spews you out grinning ...\" Kris Needs of ZigZag magazine also considered the song a \"monster\" track with its end result being \"magic\". Ira Robbins went further in Crawdaddy magazine, hailing the song as Bowie's best commitment to plastic in three years, praising the instrumentation and vocal performance, and highlighted Eno's contributions among the track's best features.\nIn the Los Angeles Times, Robert Hilburn wrote that despite the dreariness of \"Heroes\" as a whole, the title track contains \"compassion and some fleeting hope\". A reviewer for Billboard deemed the song one of the album's best tracks. Writing in Hit Parader, American musician and author Patti Smith praised \"'Heroes'\" as a \"pure\" and \"wonderful\" track that \"exposes us to our most precious and private dilemma\". She predicted that it would become the \"theme song for every great movie\" and would be \"made remade or yet to come\". However, Charlie Gillett gave the single a mixed review in the NME, saying: \"Well he had a pretty good run for our money, for a guy who was no singer. But I think his time has been and gone, and this just sounds weary. Then again, maybe the ponderous heavy riff will be absorbed on the radio, and the monotonous feel may just be hypnotic enough to drag people into buying it. I hope not.\" Nevertheless, the magazine placed it at number six in their list of the year's best singles.", "\"'Heroes'\" has greatly grown in stature in the decades following its release. Pegg and O'Leary note that it was not until Bowie's performance of the song at Live Aid in 1985 did it become recognised as a classic. Buckley describes this rendition as \"the best version of 'Heroes' [Bowie] had ever sung\". Reviewing the song for AllMusic, Ned Raggett described it as arguably Bowie's finest song and a \"true classic\", writing that with Eno, Fripp and Visconti, Bowie crafted an anthem embellished with German influences while still using the \"dramatic power\" of rock and roll. Analysing his vocal, he wrote: \"Starting with an almost conversational tone, by the end of the song he's turning in a performance that could almost be called operatic, yet still achingly, passionately human.\"\nPitchfork's Ryan Dombal described \"'Heroes'\" as \"an immortal track all about fleeting wonders\", while Ultimate Classic Rock's Allison Rapp found that over time, the track become \"one of rock's most-loved anthems of hope\". In a list ranking every Bowie single from worst to best, the same publication placed it at number one. In Consequence of Sound, Lior Phillips stated that the track \"expertly captures the hopeless reality that nothing lasts and that we all must die — and also the inherent beauty in the fact that we all live and love in our time despite that fact\". Moby has said that \"'Heroes'\" is one of his favourite songs ever written, finding it \"inevitable\" that his music would be influenced by the song, while Depeche Mode's lead singer Dave Gahan was hired into the band when founder Vince Clarke heard him singing it at a jam session.\nLike critics, Bowie's biographers praise \"'Heroes'\" as a classic and one of Bowie's best tracks, with author Paul Trynka calling it \"his simplest, most affecting and most memorable song\". Buckley acknowledges it as Bowie's \"most universally admired song\" and in 2015, wrote that the song \"is perhaps pop's definitive statement of the potential triumph of the human spirit over adversity\". O'Leary states that the song is \"Bowie at his most empathic and desperate; a wish-chant that offers a tiny regency for the spirit\". Despite this, biographers mostly pan the shortened single edit for diminishing the song's power. O'Leary argues that the edit weakens the song as the buildup to the final verses is shortened, noting that Bowie's \"heroic\" vocal starts roughly two minutes earlier than the full album version. Perone agrees that the edit, which starts at the \"dolphins\" lyric, destroys the song's pacing, tension and impact, making it \"not make as much sense\". He expresses further criticism to shortening the single, as other highly successful singles of the rock era, such as the Beatles' \"Hey Jude\" (1968), were longer than the full-length version of \"'Heroes'\".\nFollowing Bowie's death in January 2016, Rolling Stone named \"'Heroes'\" one of the 30 most essential songs of Bowie's catalogue. Likewise, numerous publications have considered the song one of Bowie's finest, with NME, Uncut and Smooth Radio labelling it his greatest. Others including Consequence of Sound, Digital Spy and Mojo, named it his second best, behind \"Life on Mars?\" (1971). In 2018, the readers of NME voted the song Bowie's fourth best track. Meanwhile, The Guardian's Alexis Petridis placed it at number five in a list ranking Bowie's 50 greatest songs in 2020. He recognised the track as a \"weird, ambiguous song\" with an \"uplifting-sporting-montage-soundtrack ubiquity\" that turns six minutes of \"pulsing electronic noise, howling guitars and screamed vocals\" into \"an all-purpose air-punching anthem\".", "In ensuing decades, \"'Heroes'\" has appeared on lists of the greatest songs of all time. In a list of the 100 greatest singles of all time, NME placed at number five. In a similar list, Uncut found it the 16th best single from the post-punk era. In 2004, Rolling Stone rated \"'Heroes'\" number 46 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and later moving the song up to number 23 on the 2021 list. NME placed it at number 15 in their similar 2015 list. Included by Time in their 2011 list of the \"All-Time 100 Songs\", Pitchfork also included the song in The Pitchfork 500, a 2008 guide to the 500 greatest songs from punk to the present. In lists ranking the best songs of the 1970s, NME and Pitchfork listed the song at numbers four and six, respectively. The UK's Radio X also ranked it the 12th best song of all time in 2010, and the seventh best British song in 2016. In another list, John J. Miller of National Review rated it number 21 on a list of \"the 50 greatest conservative rock songs\". Based on the song's appearances in professional rankings and listings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists \"'Heroes'\" as the most acclaimed song of 1977, the 7th most acclaimed song of the 1970s and the 30th most acclaimed song in history.", "Shortly after Bowie's death, the song charted in numerous countries around the world and was also streamed on Spotify more than any other Bowie song. In the UK, it reached a new peak of number 12. The song spent two weeks on Billboard's Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart in the US, peaking at number 11. Its highest positions were number three on Billboard's Euro Digital Song Sales chart, number eight in Scotland and number nine in France. Elsewhere, \"'Heroes'\" charted in Austria (14), Italy (17), Switzerland (17), Japan (18), Germany (19), Ireland (29), Portugal (32), New Zealand (34), Australia (36), Sweden (37), the Netherlands (47) and Spain (59). In Italy, the song was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry. \"'Héros'\" also peaked at number 37 in France in 2015.", "\"'Heroes'\" remained a staple throughout Bowie's concert tours. He later acknowledged the song's impact on live audiences: \"In Europe, it is one of the ones that seemed to have special resonance.\" During the 1978 Isolar II and 1983 Serious Moonlight tours however, the song was usually the second number performed rather than among the shows' encores. Performances from the former have seen release on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018), while some from the latter appeared on its 1984 concert video and later on Serious Moonlight (Live '83), which was initially included as part of the 2018 box set Loving the Alien (1983–1988), and as a standalone live album in 2019. Following Live Aid, Bowie revived \"'Heroes'\" for the 1987 Glass Spider Tour, as seen in its accompanying concert video (1988). The performance on 6 June 1987 at the German Reichstag in West Berlin has been considered a catalyst to the later fall of the Berlin Wall. The song made subsequent appearances during the 1990 Sound+Vision, 1996–97 Earthling, 2000, 2002 Heathen and 2003–04 A Reality tours. A performance from the A Reality Tour saw release on the accompanying DVD and live album, released in 2004 and 2010, respectively.\nOutside his tours, \"'Heroes'\" was performed at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 by Bowie, his former guitarist Mick Ronson and the surviving members of Queen: Brian May, Roger Taylor, and John Deacon. Bowie played a semi-acoustic version at the 1996 Bridge School benefit concerts; the 20 October rendition later saw release on The Bridge School Concerts Vol. 1 album and The Bridge School Concerts 25th Anniversary Edition DVD. The song was also sang at his 50th birthday concert in January 1997 and the Glastonbury Festival in 2000, which was released in 2018 on Glastonbury 2000. The song was again performed in 2001 at the Tibet House Benefit concert and the Concert for New York City.", "\"'Heroes'\" is cited by Pegg as Bowie's most covered song after \"Rebel Rebel\" (1974). Artists who have covered the song on stage or in the studio include Oasis, the Smashing Pumpkins, Travis, Arcade Fire and Blondie, whose 1980 live version featured Fripp on guitar. American rock band the Wallflowers recorded a version for the soundtrack to the 1998 monster film Godzilla. This version, released as a single on 21 April 1998, peaked at number 10 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in 1998, as well as number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and number 23 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart. In Canada, the single topped the RPM Alternative 30 for six weeks and reached number 13 on the RPM Top Singles chart. British duo Dom and Nic directed the song's music video. The Wallflowers' cover was positively received, with Billboard editor Larry Flick writing that it \"beautifully illuminates the heart-tugging quality of the lyrics\" but noting the lead singer Jakob Dylan failed to replicate the \"irony and edge\" of Bowie's version. Artists who have covered \"'Helden'\" include Apocalyptica and Letzte Instanz. In 1997, American composer Philip Glass adapted the \"Heroes\" album into a classical music symphony, titled \"Heroes\" Symphony, utilising the title track as the root for the first movement. The same year, Aphex Twin remixed Bowie's original vocal onto Glass's adaptation for release on a Japanese 3-inch CD single.\nAt Bowie's own request, TV on the Radio covered \"'Heroes'\" in 2009 for the charity album War Child Heroes. A year later, Peter Gabriel released a stripped-down version for his covers album Scratch My Back (2010). The same year, the finalists of The X Factor released a version for the Help for Heroes charity, which reached number one on the Irish, Scottish and UK Singles Chart. Regarding this version, Pegg writes that it introduced \"a new generation to David Bowie by subjecting one of his greatest songs to the anodyne arrangements, Eurovision key-changes and sub-Mariah Carey karaoke yodeling which are the core ingredients of The X Factor's ongoing mission to eradicate real music from planet earth\".\nFollowing Bowie's death, \"'Heroes'\" became a favourite at tribute events and was covered by artists such as Coldplay, Blondie, Lady Gaga and Prince, who performed the track regularly shortly before his own death in 2016. On Twitter, the German Foreign Office paid homage to Bowie for \"helping to bring down the Wall\". Depeche Mode subsequently released a cover to commemorate the song's 40th anniversary, with Gahan stating, \"Bowie is the one artist who I've stuck with since I was in my early teens. His albums are always my go-to on tour and covering 'Heroes' is paying homage to Bowie.\" King Crimson, who had added the song to their live set in 2000 when the band boasted former Bowie players Fripp and Adrian Belew, recorded a version for their five-track EP Heroes: Live in Europe 2016. Motörhead also released a version on their 2017 album Under Cöver, which was recorded in 2015 during the recording sessions for Bad Magic, and one of the last songs recorded before Lemmy's death that same year. Guitarist Phil Campbell stated, \"It's such a great Bowie song, one of his best, and I could only see great things coming out of it from us, and so it proved to be.\"", "Bowie allowed \"'Heroes'\" to be used in advertising campaigns throughout his lifetime, from ads for cell phones, cars and softwares, to HBO Latin American programming, musical video games and sporting events. One such event was the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics, where it was played as British athletes entered the Olympic Stadium. In 2001, the song appeared in three prominent feature films: Antitrust, Moulin Rouge! and The Parole Officer. On television, the song has made appearances in Glee (2012), the US version of The Tomorrow People (2014) and Regular Show (2017), and on soundtrack albums for Heroes and Ninja Assassin (2009). Meanwhile, Gabriel's version was used in two episodes of the Netflix series Stranger Things in 2016 and 2019. In 2014, Bowie's original was featured in the premiere trailer for the Brazilian film Praia do Futuro. Five years later, \"'Helden'\" was played at the end of Jojo Rabbit.", "According to biographer Chris O'Leary:\nDavid Bowie – lead and backing vocals, piano, ARP Solina String Ensemble, Chamberlin\nRobert Fripp – lead guitar\nCarlos Alomar – rhythm guitar\nGeorge Murray – bass\nDennis Davis – drums\nBrian Eno – EMS VCS 3 synthesiser, guitar treatments\nTony Visconti – metal canister, backing vocals, tambourine\nTechnical\nDavid Bowie – producer\nTony Visconti – producer, mixer\nColin Thurston – mixer", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Notes\nThe quotation marks are part of the title. On some single releases, the title does not include the quotes.\nBowie revealed in 1987 that he \"can do a couple of lengths of the pool\", but in 2000, stated that \"I've never swum again. I swam once, it was quite enough for me.\"\nBowie later incorporated \"Lavender's Blue\" into performances of \"'Heroes'\" during the 1983 Serious Moonlight Tour.\nAttributed to multiple references:\nAttributed to multiple references:\nCitations\nSeabrook 2008, pp. 159–161.\nTrynka 2011, pp. 332–334.\nDoggett 2012, pp. 332–334.\nO'Leary 2019, chap. 2.\nPegg 2016, pp. 109–113.\nPegg 2016, pp. 390–391.\nBuckley 2005, pp. 277–280.\nBuskin, Richard (October 2004). \"Classic Tracks: 'Heroes'\". Sound on Sound. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2018.\nDeMain, Bill (4 February 2019). \"The story behind the song: 'Heroes' by David Bowie\". Louder. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. 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ISBN 978-0-31603-225-4." ]	[ "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song)", "Writing and recording", "Backing track", "Vocals", "Composition", "Music", "Lyrics", "Promotion and release", "Critical reception", "Retrospective appraisal", "Accolades", "Later chart success", "Live performances", "Cover versions and tributes", "Usage in media", "Personnel", "Charts and certifications", "David Bowie version", "Weekly charts", "Certifications", "The Wallflowers version", "Weekly charts", "Year-end charts", "References", "Sources" ]	"Heroes" (David Bowie song)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Heroes%22_(David_Bowie_song)	[ 60, 61, 62, 63, 64 ]	[ 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500 ]	"Heroes" (David Bowie song) "'Heroes'" is a song by English musician David Bowie from his 12th studio album of the same name. Co-written by Bowie and Brian Eno and co-produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti, the song was recorded in mid-1977 at Hansa Studio 2 in West Berlin. Using a G–D chord progression, the backing track was recorded fully before lyrics were written; Bowie and Eno added synthesiser overdubs while Robert Fripp contributed guitar. To record the vocal, Visconti devised a "multi-latch" system, wherein three microphones were placed at different distances from Bowie and would open when he sang loud enough. Like other album tracks, he improvised lyrics while standing at the microphone. An art rock song that builds throughout its runtime, "'Heroes'" concerns two lovers, one from East Berlin and the other from the West. Under constant fear of death, they dream they are free, swimming with dolphins. Bowie placed the title in quotation marks as an expression of irony on the otherwise romantic or triumphant words and music. Directly inspired by Bowie witnessing a kiss between Visconti and singer Antonia Maass next to the Berlin Wall, other inspirations included Otto Mueller's Lovers Between Garden Walls (1916) and Alberto Denti di Pirajno's A Grave for a Dolphin (1956). Released in edited form by RCA Records on 23 September 1977 as the album's lead single, initial reviews for the song were mostly positive, with some welcoming it as a classic addition to the artist's catalogue. Bowie heavily promoted the song with a music video directed by Nick Ferguson, and sang it on numerous television programmes throughout September and October 1977, including Marc Bolan's Marc and Bing Crosby's Christmas special. Bowie also released German and French-language versions of "'Heroes'", titled "'Helden'" and "'Héros'", respectively. Despite its large promotion, the song only peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart and failed to chart at all on the US Billboard Hot 100, but reached the top 20 in multiple European countries and Australia. Over time, the song has grown substantially in reputation and been seen as one of Bowie's best songs, with some considering it one of the greatest songs of all time. However, his biographers pan the single edit for diminishing the song's power. Following Bowie's death in 2016, the song reached a new peak of number 12 in the UK. The song remained a staple throughout his concert tours and live performances. Bowie's second-most covered song after 1974's "Rebel Rebel", a version of "'Heroes'" by the Wallflowers was positively received and charted in the US and Canada in 1998. Another version by the finalists of The X Factor was a UK number one in 2010. The song has also been used predominantly in advertising over the years and has appeared in several television series and films, including Moulin Rouge! (2001) and Regular Show (2017). After completing his work co-producing Iggy Pop's Lust for Life (1977) and various promotional events, David Bowie spent a few weeks devising ideas and concepts with multi-instrumentalist Brian Eno for his next studio album. One idea was using the same G–D chord sequence he had used for Pop's "Success". Eno wanted to call it "Heroes", as the sequence "sounded grand and heroic", and "I had that very word – heroes – in my mind." According to biographer Chris O'Leary, the word also paid reference to German krautrock band Neu!'s "Hero" (1975). Recording for the album took place entirely in West Berlin between July and August 1977 at Hansa Studio 2, a former concert hall converted into a recording studio that had been used by Gestapo officers during World War II as a ballroom and was located about 500 yards from the Berlin Wall. The song was co-produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti, with contributions from Eno. The backing track began with Bowie on piano and, returning from Station to Station (1976), the core band of Carlos Alomar on rhythm guitar, George Murray on bass and Dennis Davis on drums. The band used the initial chord progression, creating a groove that built into a crescendo, lasting eight minutes. Alomar devised the underlying riff while Murray and Davis provided the "hypnotic pulse". Although he had fed Davis's drums through his Eventide H910 Harmonizer on Low (1977), Visconti used it sparingly on "Heroes", only during the mixing stage, and as such, the drum sound is mostly atmospheric to the room. He did, however, run Murray's bass through a flanger. According to Visconti, the recording sat for a week before overdubs commenced. Eno brought in his EMS Synthi AKS, a synthesiser built in a briefcase, using its joystick, oscillator knobs and noise filter to create a "shuddering, chattering effect [that] slowly builds up and gets more and more obvious towards the end". Bowie also added Chamberlin and high-pitched lines on his ARP Solina synthesiser. The final addition was former King Crimson guitarist Robert Fripp, who was recruited at Eno's suggestion. Receiving little guidance from Bowie, he cut three takes all based on feedback loops. For each take, Fripp marked different spots on the studio floor with tape and played a different note in each spot, such as A at four feet from his amp and G at three feet, all while his guitar was fed through Eno's EMS Synthi. When mixing the backing track, Visconti merged Fripp's takes onto one track, creating what he called "a dreamy, wailing quality". He buried Davis's kick drum, finding it "seemed to plod" the track and becoming "more energetic without it", and elevated Murray's bassline, which Alomar augmented on guitar in a higher register. An intended horn section was replaced with a synthesised brass line by the Chamberlin, while the bassline replaced the originally planned string section. With percussion, Visconti added tambourine and struck an empty tape canister with a drumstick as a placement for a cowbell. Similar to Low, Bowie neglected to write lyrics until all but he and Visconti had departed. As such, the backing track for "'Heroes'" sat untouched for many weeks and for a time was rumoured it would remain an instrumental. On one day, Bowie requested Visconti leave him alone in the studio to focus on writing lyrics. As he stared outside the studio window, he witnessed Visconti and singer Antonia Maass kiss in close proximity to the Berlin Wall, which he used as the basis for the lyric. Bowie initially claimed that the lyric was based on an anonymous young couple, but Visconti, who was married to Mary Hopkin at the time, contended that Bowie was protecting him and his affair with Maass. Bowie later confirmed the story in 2003, over two decades after Visconti and Hopkin's eventual divorce: "Tony was married at the time, and I could never say who it was. I think possibly the marriage was in the last few months, and it was very touching because I could see that Tony was very much in love with this girl, and it was that relationship which sort of motivated the song." Additionally, he improvised lyrics while standing at the microphone after witnessing Pop use the same method during the making of The Idiot (1977) and Lust for Life. To record the lead vocal, Visconti devised a "multi-latch" system that would utilise the ambience of Hansa to full effect. Three Neumann microphones were used to capture the vocal: the first, a valve U47, was set up nine inches from Bowie; the second, a U87, was set up 20 feet away; and the third, another U87, about 50 feet away. The two farther mics were routed through a noise gate, a volume controlling device that would turn them on as Bowie's voice reached them. Visconti explained: "If he sang a little louder, the next microphone would open up with the gate, and that would make sort of this big splash of reverb, and then if he really sang loud, the back microphone would open up, and it would just open up this enormous sound." Bowie recorded three takes, the last of which mostly appears in the final song, and was completed in about two hours. Bowie and Visconti immediately recorded the backing vocals afterwards, harmonising in thirds and fifths below the lead vocal. The final mix was done at Mountain Studios in Montreux, Switzerland, a studio that would become one of Bowie's mainstays. An engineer at Mountain, David Richards, would also become one of his regulars. "'Heroes'" was based on a G–D chord progression and contains five verses, some longer than others, and an outro. Primarily in D major, the verses move from D to G major, along with C major on "nothing will keep us together" and a foray into A minor and E minor on "beat them" and "forever". The song is mainly in the D mixolydian mode, wherein the A major dominant chord is replaced with A minor, likewise swapping from the parallel minor D minor back to the tonic D major. Richard Buskin of Sound on Sound described the song as a "highly experimental piece of art rock". Biographer David Buckley likens it to a Wall of Sound production, a forceful and noisy arrangement of guitars, percussion and synthesisers. Meanwhile, author James E. Perone finds the song a "great example of contemporary pop music", balancing early-1970s progressive rock on the sysnthesisers to the "avant-garde tone color manipulations" from Eno. According to Bowie, the track was "a combination of Brian's piano technique and [mine] which are both dastardly", turning into a reworking of the Velvet Underground's "I'm Waiting for the Man" (1967), a song long admired by the artist. (1967) "'Heroes'" tells the story of two lovers, one from East Berlin and one from West Berlin. Under constant risk of death, they dream of freedom, swimming with dolphins. Like fellow album tracks "Beauty and the Beast" and "Joe the Lion", the song, at its core, represents two opposing forces: the couple's love for each other, and a sense that the Berlin Wall will separate them. Blurt magazine's Robert Dean Lurie analyses it as a "clear nod" to the divided city of Berlin Bowie lived in at the time. The first verse is from the point of view of the man who stresses unity, while the second describes the couple's explicit love and affection for each other. Perone contends that the instrumental passages separating the third verse, wherein the narrator wishes his lover could "swim like the dolphins", represents a transition in the story. The fourth verse is a reiteration of the first, albeit Bowie sings an octave higher and in a near-scream. In the fifth and final verse, the narrator recalls standing and kissing by the Wall while guards fired bullets above their heads. Perone states that this moment captures the sense the narrator's love can "overcome anything" and, as dolphins can freely swim as they wish, the proclamation that "we can be heroes" "gets well beyond anything the listener might have anticipated at the start of the piece". Nicholas Pegg and Thomas Jerome Seabrook argue that "'Heroes'" is not the "feelgood anthem" it is often interpreted as. According to Bowie, the quotation marks in the title were intended to express "a dimension of irony" on the otherwise romantic or triumphant words and music. Describing the song, he stated it is about "facing reality and standing up to it", about achieving "a sense of compassion" and "deriving some joy from the very simple pleasure of being alive". Likewise, Pegg contests the song contains underlying dark themes that juxtapose its uplifting chord sequence and delirious vocal, such as "you can be mean, and I'll drink all the time", which is "hardly the most promisingly heroic statement", while the repeated announcement of "nothing will keep us together" asserts that time is short. Additionally, the pronouncement that the narrator wants the relationship to last "just for one day" harkens back to the dark lyrics of "The Bewlay Brothers" (1971) and represents a shift from the Nietzschean "supermen" themes of Bowie's earlier works into the realm of heroism. Regarding the themes, Lurie stated: "'Heroes'" is more akin to alchemy: We may be average and regular in the present moment, but we have the potential, at any time, for heroic thought and action – even if only for one day. The transformation can be brought about by an external event or through an internal change in perspective. Although Bowie confirmed that the kiss between Visconti and Maass directly inspired the lyric, another source of inspiration included Otto Mueller's 1916 painting Lovers Between Garden Walls, which Bowie and Pop saw at Berlin's Brücke Museum. The painting depicts an embracing couple between two walls representing the brutality of World War I. Bowie also revealed in the foreword of his wife Iman's 2001 book I Am Iman that Alberto Denti di Pirajno's 1956 short story A Grave for a Dolphin, which concerns a doomed love affair between an Italian soldier and a Somalian girl during World War II, provided inspiration. According to Pegg, the destiny of the story's female protagonist is linked with that of a dolphin she swims with, and when she dies, so does the dolphin. Bowie further explained: "I thought it a magical and beautiful love story and in part it had inspired my song 'Heroes'." Bowie is also recounted to have used events in his own life for the lyrics, such as his then-marital issues, alcoholism and his inability to swim ("I wish I could swim"). Furthermore, O'Leary notes that the phrase "I will be king, you will be queen" is taken directly from the traditional English folk song "Lavender's Blue". In the late 2010s, a story on the Italian Bowie website Blackstar revealed that artist Clare Shenstone, who Bowie met in 1969, had visited him during the summer he recorded "'Heroes'". The two spent a day walking along the Wall, which started, in her words, "with David asking me if I dreamed about him because he dreamed about me. I told him I had just had a beautiful dream about swimming with dolphins." After undertaking zero promotional events for Low, Bowie promoted "Heroes" extensively. In early September 1977, he agreed to perform the title track on Marc Bolan's Granada Television series Marc, which was recorded on 9 September and broadcast on 28 September, following Bolan's death from a car accident on 16 September. This particular version, released as a 7" picture disc on 22 September 2017, has an alternative backing track that was recorded with Bolan playing lead guitar and the T. Rex line up of Dino Dines on keyboards, and the rhythm section of Herbie Flowers on bass and Tony Newman on drums. Two days after filming the Marc appearance, Bowie appeared on Bing Crosby's Christmas television special Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas, performing "'Heroes'" and a new duet with Crosby titled "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy". Crosby died on 14 October before the special's broadcast on Christmas Eve 1977. Bowie later quipped: "I was getting seriously worried about whether I should appear on TV because everyone I was going on with was kicking it the following week." On 19 October 1977, Bowie appeared on BBC's Top of the Pops for the first time since 1973, performing "'Heroes'" using a new backing track by the artist, Visconti on bass and Sean Mayes on keyboards. Bowie mimed to the new recording during the official broadcast with none of the band present. He sang the song again on the Dutch programme TopPop and the Italian programmes Odeon and L'altra domenica later the same month. RCA issued "'Heroes'" in edited form as the lead single from the album on 23 September 1977, with the catalogue PB 11121 and backed by album track "V-2 Schneider". Its shortened 3:32 edit was made in the hopes of more airplay. Another 12" single, containing both the single and album versions, was released in the US by RCA (as RCA / JD-11151) the same year. On the "Heroes" album, issued on 14 October, it was sequenced as the third track, between "Joe the Lion" and "Sons of the Silent Age". The song's promotional music video was directed by Nick Ferguson. Shot in Paris, it features numerous shots of Bowie against a backdrop of white light and wearing the same bomber-jacket he wore on the "Heroes" cover artwork. Pegg believes the final result is similar to Liza Minnelli's performance of "Maybe This Time" in the Berlin-based 1972 film Cabaret. In a stunt Pegg describes as confirming the artist's "newfound European allegiances", Bowie recorded special vocals for the track in both German and French, with lyrics translated by Maass for the German release. These versions, titled "'Helden'" and "'Héros'", respectively, were issued in their respective countries in September. The single's release in a variety of languages and lengths achieved what NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray called "a collector's wet dream". Despite a large promotional push, "'Heroes'" only reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart, but remained on the chart for eight weeks. However, it failed to chart at all on the US Billboard Hot 100, albeit reaching a low number 126 on Record World's Singles Chart 101–150. Elsewhere, it charted in Australia (11), Austria (19), Belgium Flanders (17), Ireland (8), the Netherlands (9) and New Zealand (34). The full-length version of "'Helden'" appeared on the soundtrack to the film Christiane F. (1981) and on the Rare album in 1982. "'Heroes'" has subsequently appeared, almost invariably as its single edit, on numerous compilation albums, including Sound + Vision (1989), Changesbowie (1990), The Singles Collection (1993), The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 (1998), Best of Bowie (2002), The Platinum Collection (2006), Nothing Has Changed (2014) and Bowie Legacy (2016). The full album track was remastered with its parent album for inclusion on the 2017 boxed set A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982). The single edit, as well as "'Helden'" and "'Héros'", were included on Re:Call 3, part of the same compilation. Initial reviews for "'Heroes'" were mostly positive. Like Low's "Sound and Vision", some viewed it as the album's most commercial track. Several welcomed the song as a classic edition to Bowie's catalogue. Record Mirror's Tim Lott deemed it "regal" and a "shocking dream[ingly] powerful" song that stands out as the album's best. He found the lyrics are "in a sense throwaway" but display "simple heroism": "Brick by synthesised brick it builds into a leviathan, a monster track that sucks you in and spews you out grinning ..." Kris Needs of ZigZag magazine also considered the song a "monster" track with its end result being "magic". Ira Robbins went further in Crawdaddy magazine, hailing the song as Bowie's best commitment to plastic in three years, praising the instrumentation and vocal performance, and highlighted Eno's contributions among the track's best features. In the Los Angeles Times, Robert Hilburn wrote that despite the dreariness of "Heroes" as a whole, the title track contains "compassion and some fleeting hope". A reviewer for Billboard deemed the song one of the album's best tracks. Writing in Hit Parader, American musician and author Patti Smith praised "'Heroes'" as a "pure" and "wonderful" track that "exposes us to our most precious and private dilemma". She predicted that it would become the "theme song for every great movie" and would be "made remade or yet to come". However, Charlie Gillett gave the single a mixed review in the NME, saying: "Well he had a pretty good run for our money, for a guy who was no singer. But I think his time has been and gone, and this just sounds weary. Then again, maybe the ponderous heavy riff will be absorbed on the radio, and the monotonous feel may just be hypnotic enough to drag people into buying it. I hope not." Nevertheless, the magazine placed it at number six in their list of the year's best singles. "'Heroes'" has greatly grown in stature in the decades following its release. Pegg and O'Leary note that it was not until Bowie's performance of the song at Live Aid in 1985 did it become recognised as a classic. Buckley describes this rendition as "the best version of 'Heroes' [Bowie] had ever sung". Reviewing the song for AllMusic, Ned Raggett described it as arguably Bowie's finest song and a "true classic", writing that with Eno, Fripp and Visconti, Bowie crafted an anthem embellished with German influences while still using the "dramatic power" of rock and roll. Analysing his vocal, he wrote: "Starting with an almost conversational tone, by the end of the song he's turning in a performance that could almost be called operatic, yet still achingly, passionately human." Pitchfork's Ryan Dombal described "'Heroes'" as "an immortal track all about fleeting wonders", while Ultimate Classic Rock's Allison Rapp found that over time, the track become "one of rock's most-loved anthems of hope". In a list ranking every Bowie single from worst to best, the same publication placed it at number one. In Consequence of Sound, Lior Phillips stated that the track "expertly captures the hopeless reality that nothing lasts and that we all must die — and also the inherent beauty in the fact that we all live and love in our time despite that fact". Moby has said that "'Heroes'" is one of his favourite songs ever written, finding it "inevitable" that his music would be influenced by the song, while Depeche Mode's lead singer Dave Gahan was hired into the band when founder Vince Clarke heard him singing it at a jam session. Like critics, Bowie's biographers praise "'Heroes'" as a classic and one of Bowie's best tracks, with author Paul Trynka calling it "his simplest, most affecting and most memorable song". Buckley acknowledges it as Bowie's "most universally admired song" and in 2015, wrote that the song "is perhaps pop's definitive statement of the potential triumph of the human spirit over adversity". O'Leary states that the song is "Bowie at his most empathic and desperate; a wish-chant that offers a tiny regency for the spirit". Despite this, biographers mostly pan the shortened single edit for diminishing the song's power. O'Leary argues that the edit weakens the song as the buildup to the final verses is shortened, noting that Bowie's "heroic" vocal starts roughly two minutes earlier than the full album version. Perone agrees that the edit, which starts at the "dolphins" lyric, destroys the song's pacing, tension and impact, making it "not make as much sense". He expresses further criticism to shortening the single, as other highly successful singles of the rock era, such as the Beatles' "Hey Jude" (1968), were longer than the full-length version of "'Heroes'". Following Bowie's death in January 2016, Rolling Stone named "'Heroes'" one of the 30 most essential songs of Bowie's catalogue. Likewise, numerous publications have considered the song one of Bowie's finest, with NME, Uncut and Smooth Radio labelling it his greatest. Others including Consequence of Sound, Digital Spy and Mojo, named it his second best, behind "Life on Mars?" (1971). In 2018, the readers of NME voted the song Bowie's fourth best track. Meanwhile, The Guardian's Alexis Petridis placed it at number five in a list ranking Bowie's 50 greatest songs in 2020. He recognised the track as a "weird, ambiguous song" with an "uplifting-sporting-montage-soundtrack ubiquity" that turns six minutes of "pulsing electronic noise, howling guitars and screamed vocals" into "an all-purpose air-punching anthem". In ensuing decades, "'Heroes'" has appeared on lists of the greatest songs of all time. In a list of the 100 greatest singles of all time, NME placed at number five. In a similar list, Uncut found it the 16th best single from the post-punk era. In 2004, Rolling Stone rated "'Heroes'" number 46 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and later moving the song up to number 23 on the 2021 list. NME placed it at number 15 in their similar 2015 list. Included by Time in their 2011 list of the "All-Time 100 Songs", Pitchfork also included the song in The Pitchfork 500, a 2008 guide to the 500 greatest songs from punk to the present. In lists ranking the best songs of the 1970s, NME and Pitchfork listed the song at numbers four and six, respectively. The UK's Radio X also ranked it the 12th best song of all time in 2010, and the seventh best British song in 2016. In another list, John J. Miller of National Review rated it number 21 on a list of "the 50 greatest conservative rock songs". Based on the song's appearances in professional rankings and listings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists "'Heroes'" as the most acclaimed song of 1977, the 7th most acclaimed song of the 1970s and the 30th most acclaimed song in history. Shortly after Bowie's death, the song charted in numerous countries around the world and was also streamed on Spotify more than any other Bowie song. In the UK, it reached a new peak of number 12. The song spent two weeks on Billboard's Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart in the US, peaking at number 11. Its highest positions were number three on Billboard's Euro Digital Song Sales chart, number eight in Scotland and number nine in France. Elsewhere, "'Heroes'" charted in Austria (14), Italy (17), Switzerland (17), Japan (18), Germany (19), Ireland (29), Portugal (32), New Zealand (34), Australia (36), Sweden (37), the Netherlands (47) and Spain (59). In Italy, the song was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry. "'Héros'" also peaked at number 37 in France in 2015. "'Heroes'" remained a staple throughout Bowie's concert tours. He later acknowledged the song's impact on live audiences: "In Europe, it is one of the ones that seemed to have special resonance." During the 1978 Isolar II and 1983 Serious Moonlight tours however, the song was usually the second number performed rather than among the shows' encores. Performances from the former have seen release on Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018), while some from the latter appeared on its 1984 concert video and later on Serious Moonlight (Live '83), which was initially included as part of the 2018 box set Loving the Alien (1983–1988), and as a standalone live album in 2019. Following Live Aid, Bowie revived "'Heroes'" for the 1987 Glass Spider Tour, as seen in its accompanying concert video (1988). The performance on 6 June 1987 at the German Reichstag in West Berlin has been considered a catalyst to the later fall of the Berlin Wall. The song made subsequent appearances during the 1990 Sound+Vision, 1996–97 Earthling, 2000, 2002 Heathen and 2003–04 A Reality tours. A performance from the A Reality Tour saw release on the accompanying DVD and live album, released in 2004 and 2010, respectively. Outside his tours, "'Heroes'" was performed at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 by Bowie, his former guitarist Mick Ronson and the surviving members of Queen: Brian May, Roger Taylor, and John Deacon. Bowie played a semi-acoustic version at the 1996 Bridge School benefit concerts; the 20 October rendition later saw release on The Bridge School Concerts Vol. 1 album and The Bridge School Concerts 25th Anniversary Edition DVD. The song was also sang at his 50th birthday concert in January 1997 and the Glastonbury Festival in 2000, which was released in 2018 on Glastonbury 2000. The song was again performed in 2001 at the Tibet House Benefit concert and the Concert for New York City. "'Heroes'" is cited by Pegg as Bowie's most covered song after "Rebel Rebel" (1974). Artists who have covered the song on stage or in the studio include Oasis, the Smashing Pumpkins, Travis, Arcade Fire and Blondie, whose 1980 live version featured Fripp on guitar. American rock band the Wallflowers recorded a version for the soundtrack to the 1998 monster film Godzilla. This version, released as a single on 21 April 1998, peaked at number 10 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in 1998, as well as number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and number 23 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart. In Canada, the single topped the RPM Alternative 30 for six weeks and reached number 13 on the RPM Top Singles chart. British duo Dom and Nic directed the song's music video. The Wallflowers' cover was positively received, with Billboard editor Larry Flick writing that it "beautifully illuminates the heart-tugging quality of the lyrics" but noting the lead singer Jakob Dylan failed to replicate the "irony and edge" of Bowie's version. Artists who have covered "'Helden'" include Apocalyptica and Letzte Instanz. In 1997, American composer Philip Glass adapted the "Heroes" album into a classical music symphony, titled "Heroes" Symphony, utilising the title track as the root for the first movement. The same year, Aphex Twin remixed Bowie's original vocal onto Glass's adaptation for release on a Japanese 3-inch CD single. At Bowie's own request, TV on the Radio covered "'Heroes'" in 2009 for the charity album War Child Heroes. A year later, Peter Gabriel released a stripped-down version for his covers album Scratch My Back (2010). The same year, the finalists of The X Factor released a version for the Help for Heroes charity, which reached number one on the Irish, Scottish and UK Singles Chart. Regarding this version, Pegg writes that it introduced "a new generation to David Bowie by subjecting one of his greatest songs to the anodyne arrangements, Eurovision key-changes and sub-Mariah Carey karaoke yodeling which are the core ingredients of The X Factor's ongoing mission to eradicate real music from planet earth". Following Bowie's death, "'Heroes'" became a favourite at tribute events and was covered by artists such as Coldplay, Blondie, Lady Gaga and Prince, who performed the track regularly shortly before his own death in 2016. On Twitter, the German Foreign Office paid homage to Bowie for "helping to bring down the Wall". Depeche Mode subsequently released a cover to commemorate the song's 40th anniversary, with Gahan stating, "Bowie is the one artist who I've stuck with since I was in my early teens. His albums are always my go-to on tour and covering 'Heroes' is paying homage to Bowie." King Crimson, who had added the song to their live set in 2000 when the band boasted former Bowie players Fripp and Adrian Belew, recorded a version for their five-track EP Heroes: Live in Europe 2016. Motörhead also released a version on their 2017 album Under Cöver, which was recorded in 2015 during the recording sessions for Bad Magic, and one of the last songs recorded before Lemmy's death that same year. Guitarist Phil Campbell stated, "It's such a great Bowie song, one of his best, and I could only see great things coming out of it from us, and so it proved to be." Bowie allowed "'Heroes'" to be used in advertising campaigns throughout his lifetime, from ads for cell phones, cars and softwares, to HBO Latin American programming, musical video games and sporting events. One such event was the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics, where it was played as British athletes entered the Olympic Stadium. In 2001, the song appeared in three prominent feature films: Antitrust, Moulin Rouge! and The Parole Officer. On television, the song has made appearances in Glee (2012), the US version of The Tomorrow People (2014) and Regular Show (2017), and on soundtrack albums for Heroes and Ninja Assassin (2009). Meanwhile, Gabriel's version was used in two episodes of the Netflix series Stranger Things in 2016 and 2019. In 2014, Bowie's original was featured in the premiere trailer for the Brazilian film Praia do Futuro. Five years later, "'Helden'" was played at the end of Jojo Rabbit. According to biographer Chris O'Leary: David Bowie – lead and backing vocals, piano, ARP Solina String Ensemble, Chamberlin Robert Fripp – lead guitar Carlos Alomar – rhythm guitar George Murray – bass Dennis Davis – drums Brian Eno – EMS VCS 3 synthesiser, guitar treatments Tony Visconti – metal canister, backing vocals, tambourine Technical David Bowie – producer Tony Visconti – producer, mixer Colin Thurston – mixer Notes The quotation marks are part of the title. On some single releases, the title does not include the quotes. Bowie revealed in 1987 that he "can do a couple of lengths of the pool", but in 2000, stated that "I've never swum again. I swam once, it was quite enough for me." Bowie later incorporated "Lavender's Blue" into performances of "'Heroes'" during the 1983 Serious Moonlight Tour. Attributed to multiple references: Attributed to multiple references: Citations Seabrook 2008, pp. 159–161. Trynka 2011, pp. 332–334. Doggett 2012, pp. 332–334. O'Leary 2019, chap. 2. 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Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2014. Kermode, Mark (5 January 2020). "Jojo Rabbit review – down the rabbit hole with Hitler". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022. "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 January 2016. "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 January 2016. "Danish single certifications – David Bowie – Heroes". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 13 August 2020. "Italian single certifications – David Bowie – Heroes" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 13 August 2020. Select "2016" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Heroes" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione". "British single certifications – David Bowie – Heroes". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 13 August 2020. "The Wallflowers – Heroes". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "Top RPM Singles: Issue 3601." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 3610." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "Top RPM Rock/Alternative Tracks: Issue 3574." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "The Wallflowers – Heroes" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (21.5. – 28.5. 1998)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). 22 May 1998. p. 42. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "The Wallflowers Chart History (Radio Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "The Wallflowers Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "The Wallflowers Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "The Wallflowers Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "The Wallflowers Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "The Wallflowers Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "RPM's Top 100 Hits of '98" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 68, no. 12. 14 December 1998. p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2020. "RPM's Top 50 Alternative Tracks of '98". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020. Buckley, David (1999). Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-1-85227-784-0. Buckley, David (2005) [1999]. Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-75351-002-5. Buckley, David (2015). David Bowie: The Music and The Changes. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-78323-617-6. Campbell, Irving (2007). A Guide to the Outtakes of Marc Bolan (1st ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Great Horse. ISBN 978-0-473-12076-4. Carr, Roy; Murray, Charles Shaar (1981). Bowie: An Illustrated Record. Eel Pie Publishing. ISBN 978-0-38077-966-6. Doggett, Peter (2012). The Man Who Sold the World: David Bowie and the 1970s. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-202466-4. Hodgson, Jay (2010). Understanding Records: A Field Guide to Recording Practice. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4411-5607-5. O'Leary, Chris (2019). Ashes to Ashes: The Songs of David Bowie 1976–2016. London: Repeater. ISBN 978-1912248308. Pegg, Nicholas (2016). The Complete David Bowie (Revised and Updated ed.). London: Titan Books. ISBN 978-1-78565-365-0. Perone, James E. (2007). The Words and Music of David Bowie. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-27599-245-3. Seabrook, Thomas Jerome (2008). Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town. London: Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-90600-208-4. Spitz, Marc (2009). Bowie: A Biography. New York City: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-71699-6. Trynka, Paul (2011). David Bowie – Starman: The Definitive Biography. New York City: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-31603-225-4.
[ "The poem was published posthumously as \"Hope\" in 1891", "Daguerreotype of Emily Dickinson, taken in 1848 while attending Mount Holyoke Seminary", "" ]	[ 0, 3, 11 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Hope_is_the_thing_with_feathers%2C_1891.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Emily_Dickinson_daguerreotype_%28cropped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Black-white_photograph_of_Emily_Dickinson2.png" ]	[ "\"Hope' is the thing with feathers\" is a lyric poem in ballad meter written by American poet Emily Dickinson, The manuscript of this poem appears in Fascicle 13, which Dickinson compiled around 1861. It is one of 19 poems included in the collection, in addition to the poem \"There's a certain Slant of light.\" With the discovery of Fascicle 13 after Dickinson's death by her sister, Lavinia Dickinson, \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" was subsequently published in 1891 in a collection of her works under the title Poems, which was edited and published by Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd.", "\"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" was first compiled in one of Dickinson's hand-sewn fascicles, which was written during and put together in 1861. In the 1999 edition of The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Reading Edition, R.W. Franklin changed the year of appearance from 1861, where the holograph manuscript exists, to 1862. It is listed in the appendix that poems numbered 272 to 498 were written during this year, which amounted to the third most poems Dickinson wrote in the span of years from 1860 to 1865, at 227. The edition that Dickinson included in the fascicle was text B, according to Franklin. No current holograph manuscript exists of the first written version of this selection. \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" first appeared in print in a Poems by Emily Dickinson, second series in 1891. It was published by Roberts Brothers in Boston.\nUpon the original publication, her poems were reassessed and transcribed by Thomas H. Jefferson in 1955. They became the first scholarly collection of Dickinson's work. His transcription of her works from her fascicles was taken from the earliest fair copy of her poetic works. Within the Johnson collection, \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" is poem number 254. Franklin, in his edition of her works, used the last fair copy of her poems. It is marked as number 314 in his collection and can be found under such in the Norton Anthology of Poetry.", "Fascicle 13 is the bound edition of her written poetry that contains \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" written in Dickinson's hand. According to the work done by Franklin, there are similarities in the materials used for this fascicle and with Fascicles 11–13, 14, as well as Fascicles 9,11, and 12. Some distinct markers of Fascicle 13 include a woven-style of stationery, with paper that is cream in appearance with a blue rule line on it. It also is decorated in an embossed style that frames the page with \"a queen's head above the letter 'L'.\" To view the holograph manuscript of this in person, the Houghton Library at Harvard University houses it.", "In her analysis of the poem, scholar Helen Vendler, states that the opening foot of the poem is \"reversed,\" adding more color and emphasis on the word \"Hope.\" Dickinson implements the use of iambic meter for the duration of the poem to replicate that continuation of \"Hope's song through time.\" Most of Dickinson's poetry contains quatrains and runs in a hymnal meter, which maintains the rhythm of alternating between four beats and three beats during each stanza. \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" is broken into three stanzas, each set containing alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, totaling in twelves lines altogether. In addition, despite Mr. Lin's theorizing, it is not actually about a bird.", "In Victoria N. Morgan's text, Emily Dickinson and Hymnal Culture: Tradition and Experience, she writes that Dickinson's poetry may have been influenced by eighteenth-century hymn culture, such as Isaac Watts, and female hymnal writers, Phoebe Hinsdale Brown and Eliza Lee Follen. Morgan postulates that their works were introduced to Dickinson early in her life when she was attending church regularly. She believes that the \"simplicity\" of the hymnal form allowed room for Dickinson to make this \"an easy target for parody.\"", "The poem calls upon the imagery of seafaring adventures with the use of the word \"Sea\" and \"Gale.\" Dickinson uses the metaphor of \"Hope\" being likened unto a bird that does not disappear when it encounters hardships or \"storms.\" Vendler writes that Dickinson enjoys \"the stimulus of teasing riddles,\" which is in use as she plays with the idea of \"Hope\" being a bird. Dickinson makes an allusion to \"Hope\" being something that does not disappear when the \"Gale\" and \"storm\" get worse and its song still sings on despite the intensity of whatever is attempting to unseat it. She also makes note that no matter what the speaker of the poem is doing, \"Hope\" does not leave even if they offer nothing in return to it.", "Throughout the poem, Dickinson uses dashes liberally, ending nine lines out of twelve with them. In addition to the use of dashes, she employs capitalization of common nouns, such as \"Hope,\" \"Bird,\" and \"Extremity.\" Scholar Ena Jung writes that Dickinson's dashes are among the most \"widely contested diacriticals\" in contemporary literary discussions. John Lennard, in his Poetry Handbook, states that Dickinson's poems rely heavily her use of dashes, capitalizations of particular words and her line/stanza breaks, with \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" falling into that categorization. He continues on stating that her \"intense, [and] unexpected play\" with her use of capitalization and dashes makes her poetry \"memorable.\" When reading the poem aloud, the dashes create caesura, causing the brief poem to be read in a staccato'd rhythm. Jung claims that the use of Dickinson's dashes in her poetry creates a \"visible breath\" to the speaker that is delivering the poetry.", "In her poem, Dickinson describes \"hope\" as a bird, which is being used as a metaphor for the idea of salvation. Dickinson has nine variations of the word \"hope,\" which can be interpreted in multiple ways. Morgan writes that Dickinson often writes about birds when she is describing acts of worship, which coincides with the format of the hymn. Birds in Christian iconography are often represented as a dove. Dickinson uses many allusions to nature in her poems. Within this poem, she takes the image of the bird and the violence of weather to create a balance between the destructive and the beneficent. It is also a juxtaposition of the interior world and exterior, with the soul considered \"interior\" and the storms that attempt to dismantle hope being the \"exterior.\"\nDue to the riddle-like nature of her poems, as well as the extensive use of her lexicon, \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" can be interpreted through multiple shades of meaning.", "Dickinson's poems are lauded as mysterious and enigmatic and typically have a volta, or turn in topic, at the end, such as \"Because I could not stop for Death.\" \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers,\" while possessing a similar quality, is considered \"childlike\" by some critics due to the simplicity of the work. Vendler expands on this idea by stating it is also due to the way that Dickinson constructs her poems in quatrains and hymnal meter, which can be seen as simplistic. Morgan argues that because of Dickinson's \"antagonistic relation\" she has with nineteenth-century Christianity, the poet gives a \"reassessment of spirituality\" through this poem by the use of the image of the bird and the Christian conception of \"hope.\"", "\"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" has been adapted to music to be performed by choirs. There are multiple versions of the song. Most notable of the adaptations is the Susan LaBarr version that was written for women's choir and intended to be accompanied by piano. Additional musical adaptations of the poem are also done by Robert Sieving, Emma Lou Diemer and Paul Kelly.\nAlternative country band, Trailer Bride, titled their final album, Hope Is a Thing with Feathers. The title of the album is a variant of the name of the poem. The title track of the album is an adaptation of the poem written by Dickinson, where she receives a writing credit.", "Dickinson, Emily (1981). Franklin, R. W. (ed.). The manuscript books of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 0674548280. OCLC 6446918.\nDickinson, Emily (1999). Franklin, R. W. (ed.). The poems of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. ISBN 0674676246. OCLC 40714127.\nNapierkowski, Marie Rose.; Ruby, Mary K., eds. (1998–2010). Poetry for students: presenting analysis, context and criticism on commonly studied poetry. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN 0-7876-1688-5. OCLC 39035649.\nDickinson, Emily (1979). The poems of Emily Dickinson: including variant readings critically compared with all known manuscripts. Belknap Press. OCLC 246137006.\nDickinson, Emily (2010). Vendler, Helen (ed.). Dickinson: selected poems and commentaries. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 9780674048676. OCLC 542263643.\nFerguson, Margaret W.; Kendall, Tim; Salter, Mary Jo, eds. (July 2018). The Norton anthology of poetry (Sixth ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-393-67902-1. OCLC 1022075358.\n\"\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers - (314) by Emily Dickinson\". Poetry Foundation. 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-08.\nMorgan, Victoria N. (2010). Emily Dickinson and hymn culture: tradition and experience. Farnham, England: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6942-5. OCLC 435918280.\n\"Dickinson's Poetry: \" 'Hope' is the thing with feathers—...\"\". SparkNotes. Retrieved 2019-11-17.\nJung, Ena (2015). \"The Breath of Emily Dickinson's Dashes\". The Emily Dickinson Journal. 24 (2): 1–23. doi:10.1353/edj.2015.0018. ISSN 1096-858X.\nLennard, John (2005). The poetry handbook : a guide to reading poetry for pleasure and practical criticism (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-153273-3. OCLC 181101229.\n\"Emily Dickinson Archive\". edickinson.org. Retrieved 2019-11-25.\nArmand, Barton Levi; Monteiro, George (July 1989). \"Dickinson's \"Hope\" Is the Thing with Feathers\". The Explicator. 47 (4): 34–37. doi:10.1080/00144940.1989.11483994. ISSN 0014-4940.\nLaBarr, Susan. \"Hope Is The Thing With Feathers By Susan LaBarr (1981-) - Octavo Sheet Music For SA Choir, Piano (Buy Print Music SB.SBMP-1071 From Santa Barbara Music Publishing At Sheet Music Plus)\". Sheet Music Plus. Retrieved 2019-11-17.", "\"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" at the Poetry Foundation website\nMichigan State University's Children's Choir performing \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\nTrailer Bride's \"Hope is a Thing with Feathers" ]	[ "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers", "History of publication", "Fascicle 13", "Analysis", "Form", "Theme of poem", "Punctuation", "Symbolism", "Critical reception", "Derivative works", "Citations", "External links" ]	"Hope" is the thing with feathers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hope%22_is_the_thing_with_feathers	[ 65, 66 ]	[ 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525 ]	"Hope" is the thing with feathers "Hope' is the thing with feathers" is a lyric poem in ballad meter written by American poet Emily Dickinson, The manuscript of this poem appears in Fascicle 13, which Dickinson compiled around 1861. It is one of 19 poems included in the collection, in addition to the poem "There's a certain Slant of light." With the discovery of Fascicle 13 after Dickinson's death by her sister, Lavinia Dickinson, "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" was subsequently published in 1891 in a collection of her works under the title Poems, which was edited and published by Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd. "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" was first compiled in one of Dickinson's hand-sewn fascicles, which was written during and put together in 1861. In the 1999 edition of The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Reading Edition, R.W. Franklin changed the year of appearance from 1861, where the holograph manuscript exists, to 1862. It is listed in the appendix that poems numbered 272 to 498 were written during this year, which amounted to the third most poems Dickinson wrote in the span of years from 1860 to 1865, at 227. The edition that Dickinson included in the fascicle was text B, according to Franklin. No current holograph manuscript exists of the first written version of this selection. "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" first appeared in print in a Poems by Emily Dickinson, second series in 1891. It was published by Roberts Brothers in Boston. Upon the original publication, her poems were reassessed and transcribed by Thomas H. Jefferson in 1955. They became the first scholarly collection of Dickinson's work. His transcription of her works from her fascicles was taken from the earliest fair copy of her poetic works. Within the Johnson collection, "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" is poem number 254. Franklin, in his edition of her works, used the last fair copy of her poems. It is marked as number 314 in his collection and can be found under such in the Norton Anthology of Poetry. Fascicle 13 is the bound edition of her written poetry that contains "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" written in Dickinson's hand. According to the work done by Franklin, there are similarities in the materials used for this fascicle and with Fascicles 11–13, 14, as well as Fascicles 9,11, and 12. Some distinct markers of Fascicle 13 include a woven-style of stationery, with paper that is cream in appearance with a blue rule line on it. It also is decorated in an embossed style that frames the page with "a queen's head above the letter 'L'." To view the holograph manuscript of this in person, the Houghton Library at Harvard University houses it. In her analysis of the poem, scholar Helen Vendler, states that the opening foot of the poem is "reversed," adding more color and emphasis on the word "Hope." Dickinson implements the use of iambic meter for the duration of the poem to replicate that continuation of "Hope's song through time." Most of Dickinson's poetry contains quatrains and runs in a hymnal meter, which maintains the rhythm of alternating between four beats and three beats during each stanza. "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" is broken into three stanzas, each set containing alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, totaling in twelves lines altogether. In addition, despite Mr. Lin's theorizing, it is not actually about a bird. In Victoria N. Morgan's text, Emily Dickinson and Hymnal Culture: Tradition and Experience, she writes that Dickinson's poetry may have been influenced by eighteenth-century hymn culture, such as Isaac Watts, and female hymnal writers, Phoebe Hinsdale Brown and Eliza Lee Follen. Morgan postulates that their works were introduced to Dickinson early in her life when she was attending church regularly. She believes that the "simplicity" of the hymnal form allowed room for Dickinson to make this "an easy target for parody." The poem calls upon the imagery of seafaring adventures with the use of the word "Sea" and "Gale." Dickinson uses the metaphor of "Hope" being likened unto a bird that does not disappear when it encounters hardships or "storms." Vendler writes that Dickinson enjoys "the stimulus of teasing riddles," which is in use as she plays with the idea of "Hope" being a bird. Dickinson makes an allusion to "Hope" being something that does not disappear when the "Gale" and "storm" get worse and its song still sings on despite the intensity of whatever is attempting to unseat it. She also makes note that no matter what the speaker of the poem is doing, "Hope" does not leave even if they offer nothing in return to it. Throughout the poem, Dickinson uses dashes liberally, ending nine lines out of twelve with them. In addition to the use of dashes, she employs capitalization of common nouns, such as "Hope," "Bird," and "Extremity." Scholar Ena Jung writes that Dickinson's dashes are among the most "widely contested diacriticals" in contemporary literary discussions. John Lennard, in his Poetry Handbook, states that Dickinson's poems rely heavily her use of dashes, capitalizations of particular words and her line/stanza breaks, with "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" falling into that categorization. He continues on stating that her "intense, [and] unexpected play" with her use of capitalization and dashes makes her poetry "memorable." When reading the poem aloud, the dashes create caesura, causing the brief poem to be read in a staccato'd rhythm. Jung claims that the use of Dickinson's dashes in her poetry creates a "visible breath" to the speaker that is delivering the poetry. In her poem, Dickinson describes "hope" as a bird, which is being used as a metaphor for the idea of salvation. Dickinson has nine variations of the word "hope," which can be interpreted in multiple ways. Morgan writes that Dickinson often writes about birds when she is describing acts of worship, which coincides with the format of the hymn. Birds in Christian iconography are often represented as a dove. Dickinson uses many allusions to nature in her poems. Within this poem, she takes the image of the bird and the violence of weather to create a balance between the destructive and the beneficent. It is also a juxtaposition of the interior world and exterior, with the soul considered "interior" and the storms that attempt to dismantle hope being the "exterior." Due to the riddle-like nature of her poems, as well as the extensive use of her lexicon, "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" can be interpreted through multiple shades of meaning. Dickinson's poems are lauded as mysterious and enigmatic and typically have a volta, or turn in topic, at the end, such as "Because I could not stop for Death." "'Hope' is the thing with feathers," while possessing a similar quality, is considered "childlike" by some critics due to the simplicity of the work. Vendler expands on this idea by stating it is also due to the way that Dickinson constructs her poems in quatrains and hymnal meter, which can be seen as simplistic. Morgan argues that because of Dickinson's "antagonistic relation" she has with nineteenth-century Christianity, the poet gives a "reassessment of spirituality" through this poem by the use of the image of the bird and the Christian conception of "hope." "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" has been adapted to music to be performed by choirs. There are multiple versions of the song. Most notable of the adaptations is the Susan LaBarr version that was written for women's choir and intended to be accompanied by piano. Additional musical adaptations of the poem are also done by Robert Sieving, Emma Lou Diemer and Paul Kelly. Alternative country band, Trailer Bride, titled their final album, Hope Is a Thing with Feathers. The title of the album is a variant of the name of the poem. The title track of the album is an adaptation of the poem written by Dickinson, where she receives a writing credit. Dickinson, Emily (1981). Franklin, R. W. (ed.). The manuscript books of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 0674548280. OCLC 6446918. Dickinson, Emily (1999). Franklin, R. W. (ed.). The poems of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. ISBN 0674676246. OCLC 40714127. Napierkowski, Marie Rose.; Ruby, Mary K., eds. (1998–2010). Poetry for students: presenting analysis, context and criticism on commonly studied poetry. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN 0-7876-1688-5. OCLC 39035649. Dickinson, Emily (1979). The poems of Emily Dickinson: including variant readings critically compared with all known manuscripts. Belknap Press. OCLC 246137006. Dickinson, Emily (2010). Vendler, Helen (ed.). Dickinson: selected poems and commentaries. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 9780674048676. OCLC 542263643. Ferguson, Margaret W.; Kendall, Tim; Salter, Mary Jo, eds. (July 2018). The Norton anthology of poetry (Sixth ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-393-67902-1. OCLC 1022075358. ""Hope" is the thing with feathers - (314) by Emily Dickinson". Poetry Foundation. 2019-11-08. Retrieved 2019-11-08. Morgan, Victoria N. (2010). Emily Dickinson and hymn culture: tradition and experience. Farnham, England: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6942-5. OCLC 435918280. "Dickinson's Poetry: " 'Hope' is the thing with feathers—..."". SparkNotes. Retrieved 2019-11-17. Jung, Ena (2015). "The Breath of Emily Dickinson's Dashes". The Emily Dickinson Journal. 24 (2): 1–23. doi:10.1353/edj.2015.0018. ISSN 1096-858X. Lennard, John (2005). The poetry handbook : a guide to reading poetry for pleasure and practical criticism (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-153273-3. OCLC 181101229. "Emily Dickinson Archive". edickinson.org. Retrieved 2019-11-25. Armand, Barton Levi; Monteiro, George (July 1989). "Dickinson's "Hope" Is the Thing with Feathers". The Explicator. 47 (4): 34–37. doi:10.1080/00144940.1989.11483994. ISSN 0014-4940. LaBarr, Susan. "Hope Is The Thing With Feathers By Susan LaBarr (1981-) - Octavo Sheet Music For SA Choir, Piano (Buy Print Music SB.SBMP-1071 From Santa Barbara Music Publishing At Sheet Music Plus)". Sheet Music Plus. Retrieved 2019-11-17. "'Hope' is the thing with feathers" at the Poetry Foundation website Michigan State University's Children's Choir performing "'Hope' is the thing with feathers Trailer Bride's "Hope is a Thing with Feathers
[ "A white GE van with a how's my driving sign", "How's my driving (\"Как вам мое вождение?\") sign in Russia", "A feedback bumper sticker" ]	[ 0, 0, 2 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/HowsMyDriving.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/How%27sMyDrivingStickerRus.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Feedbackbumpersticker.jpg" ]	[ "A \"how's my driving\" sign (or \"how is my driving\" or similar) is a decal posted or painted on a back of a fleet vehicle or other vehicle operated by an employee driver. The decal usually has a phone number or website address and other identifying information so that the public can call and report on the behavior of the vehicle's driver. Depending on the company, the phone number or website is monitored by the vehicle's owner or by a third-party company.\nSimilar programs have also been implemented for vehicles driven by teenagers in hopes of improving the safety of teenage drivers and with drunk drivers. Use of \"How's My Driving\" regimes for systems other than traffic have been discussed, also in relation to eBay and Wikipedia.\nThe purpose of the decal is to increase traffic safety, as those who know they are driving a vehicle with a decal would want to drive more safely to not draw complaints.", "About 10% of vehicles bearing this decal become the target of complaints.\nThe most common complaints fielded are tailgating, improper lane changes, speeding, and running red lights, though it has been found that many bored motorists who have cell phones will call in petty complaints. A small percentage of calls are to compliment drivers.", "Studies have found that vehicles displaying the decal are involved in 22% fewer accidents and result in a 52% reduction in accident-related costs.\nSome insurance companies offer discounts to fleets that display the decal.\nOther countries are starting to experiment with similar programs, such as Germany.", "When a complaint is made, the receptionist who fields the complaint will generally ask for basic information regarding the vehicle and incident, such as the vehicle's description (e.g. a white van), the location of the incident, and the weather of the day.\nTruck companies use the reports to spot problem drivers.\nComplaints received by motorists may or may not affect the employment status of the operator of the vehicle. In the worst cases, complaints may result in a reprimand against the operator and possibly termination.", "Riechmann, Deb (March 24, 1999). \"Do \"How's my driving' reports do any good?\". The Free Lance-Star. Washington: Associated Press. p. 4. Retrieved 11 May 2011.\nKong, Benson (September 15, 2008). \"\"How's My Driving?\" for teens will hopefully reduce accidents\". Truck Trend. Retrieved 11 May 2011.\nSquires, Chase (May 4, 1997). \"How's your teen driving? This sticker may help you find out\". Spartanburg, SC: Herald-Journal. p. 13. Retrieved 11 May 2011.\n\"Judge sticks it to drunken drivers\". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Pensacola: The Associated Press. Sep 23, 2003. p. 38. Retrieved 11 May 2011.\nStrahilevitz, Lior (2006). \"\"How's My Driving?\" for Everyone (and Everything?), Olin Working Paper No. 290\" (PDF). NYU Law Review. U Chicago Law & Economics. 81 (November 2006): 1699. SSRN 899144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.\nHickman, Jeffrey Scott (2007). Impact of behavior-based safety techniques on commercial motor vehicle drivers. Transportation Research Board. p. 13. ISBN 9780309098762.\n\"Fahrerbewertung (German for: driver's rating)\" (in German)." ]	[ "\"How's my driving?\" sign", "Frequency of complaints", "Effects", "Effects of complaints", "References" ]	"How's my driving?" sign	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22How%27s_my_driving%3F%22_sign	[ 67, 68 ]	[ 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531 ]	"How's my driving?" sign A "how's my driving" sign (or "how is my driving" or similar) is a decal posted or painted on a back of a fleet vehicle or other vehicle operated by an employee driver. The decal usually has a phone number or website address and other identifying information so that the public can call and report on the behavior of the vehicle's driver. Depending on the company, the phone number or website is monitored by the vehicle's owner or by a third-party company. Similar programs have also been implemented for vehicles driven by teenagers in hopes of improving the safety of teenage drivers and with drunk drivers. Use of "How's My Driving" regimes for systems other than traffic have been discussed, also in relation to eBay and Wikipedia. The purpose of the decal is to increase traffic safety, as those who know they are driving a vehicle with a decal would want to drive more safely to not draw complaints. About 10% of vehicles bearing this decal become the target of complaints. The most common complaints fielded are tailgating, improper lane changes, speeding, and running red lights, though it has been found that many bored motorists who have cell phones will call in petty complaints. A small percentage of calls are to compliment drivers. Studies have found that vehicles displaying the decal are involved in 22% fewer accidents and result in a 52% reduction in accident-related costs. Some insurance companies offer discounts to fleets that display the decal. Other countries are starting to experiment with similar programs, such as Germany. When a complaint is made, the receptionist who fields the complaint will generally ask for basic information regarding the vehicle and incident, such as the vehicle's description (e.g. a white van), the location of the incident, and the weather of the day. Truck companies use the reports to spot problem drivers. Complaints received by motorists may or may not affect the employment status of the operator of the vehicle. In the worst cases, complaints may result in a reprimand against the operator and possibly termination. Riechmann, Deb (March 24, 1999). "Do "How's my driving' reports do any good?". The Free Lance-Star. Washington: Associated Press. p. 4. Retrieved 11 May 2011. Kong, Benson (September 15, 2008). ""How's My Driving?" for teens will hopefully reduce accidents". Truck Trend. Retrieved 11 May 2011. Squires, Chase (May 4, 1997). "How's your teen driving? This sticker may help you find out". Spartanburg, SC: Herald-Journal. p. 13. Retrieved 11 May 2011. "Judge sticks it to drunken drivers". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Pensacola: The Associated Press. Sep 23, 2003. p. 38. Retrieved 11 May 2011. Strahilevitz, Lior (2006). ""How's My Driving?" for Everyone (and Everything?), Olin Working Paper No. 290" (PDF). NYU Law Review. U Chicago Law & Economics. 81 (November 2006): 1699. SSRN 899144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012. Hickman, Jeffrey Scott (2007). Impact of behavior-based safety techniques on commercial motor vehicle drivers. Transportation Research Board. p. 13. ISBN 9780309098762. "Fahrerbewertung (German for: driver's rating)" (in German).
[ "" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Rana_latouchii.jpg" ]	[ "\"Hylarana\" latouchii, also known as Kuatun frog, LaTouche's frog, or broad-folded frog, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It was formerly placed in genus Rana. The specific name honours the collector of the type series: \"Hylarana\" latouchii was described by George Albert Boulenger based on three specimens collected by Irish ornithologist John D. La Touche in Guadun village in Wuyishan, Fujian, China.\n\"Hylarana\" latouchii is found in southern and eastern China and Taiwan. Frogs from Taiwan might represent a separate species different from the mainland. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist montane forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, water storage areas, ponds, open excavations, irrigated land, and canals and ditches. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.\n\"Hylarana\" latouchii is a small frog that may grow up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in snout-vent length. Males are smaller (38 mm (1.5 in) SVL) than females (47 mm (1.9 in) SVL). Mean sizes reported for Taiwanese \"Hylarana\" latouchii are larger, respectively 44 mm (1.7 in) and 55 mm (2.2 in) SVL. \"Hylarana\" latouchii is reproductively active throughout the year in Taiwan.\nAntimicrobial peptides can be isolated from skin of \"Hylarana\" latouchii.", "IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). \"Hylarana latouchii\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58640A63860302. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T58640A63860302.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.\nFrost, Darrel R. (2013). \"Hylarana latouchii (Boulenger, 1899)\". Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 15 October 2013.\nBoulenger, George A. (1899). \"On a collection of reptiles and batrachians made by Mr. J. D. La Touche in N.W. Fokien, China\". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1899: 159–172.\nLue, Kuang-Yang. \"Hylarana latouchii\". BiotaTaiwanica. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012.\nFei, L. (1999). Atlas of Amphibians of China (in Chinese). Zhengzhou: Henan Press of Science and Technology. p. 174. ISBN 7-5349-1835-9.\nHuang, Wen-San; Yu-Shan Cheng; Hsin-Yi Tu (2004). \"Reproductive patterns of two sympatric ranid frogs, Rana latouchii and R. sauteri, with comments on anuran breeding seasons in Taiwan\" (PDF). Collection and Research. 17: 1–10.\nWang, H.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Hu, Y.; Yu, H.; Liu, J.; Sun, J. (2009). \"The novel antimicrobial peptides from skin of Chinese broad-folded frog, Hylarana latouchii (Anura:Ranidae)\". Peptides. 30 (2): 273–282. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2008.10.016. PMID 19022312." ]	[ "\"Hylarana\" latouchii", "References" ]	"Hylarana" latouchii	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Hylarana%22_latouchii	[ 69 ]	[ 532, 533, 534, 535 ]	"Hylarana" latouchii "Hylarana" latouchii, also known as Kuatun frog, LaTouche's frog, or broad-folded frog, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It was formerly placed in genus Rana. The specific name honours the collector of the type series: "Hylarana" latouchii was described by George Albert Boulenger based on three specimens collected by Irish ornithologist John D. La Touche in Guadun village in Wuyishan, Fujian, China. "Hylarana" latouchii is found in southern and eastern China and Taiwan. Frogs from Taiwan might represent a separate species different from the mainland. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist montane forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, water storage areas, ponds, open excavations, irrigated land, and canals and ditches. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. "Hylarana" latouchii is a small frog that may grow up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in snout-vent length. Males are smaller (38 mm (1.5 in) SVL) than females (47 mm (1.9 in) SVL). Mean sizes reported for Taiwanese "Hylarana" latouchii are larger, respectively 44 mm (1.7 in) and 55 mm (2.2 in) SVL. "Hylarana" latouchii is reproductively active throughout the year in Taiwan. Antimicrobial peptides can be isolated from skin of "Hylarana" latouchii. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Hylarana latouchii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T58640A63860302. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T58640A63860302.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021. Frost, Darrel R. (2013). "Hylarana latouchii (Boulenger, 1899)". Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 15 October 2013. Boulenger, George A. (1899). "On a collection of reptiles and batrachians made by Mr. J. D. La Touche in N.W. Fokien, China". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1899: 159–172. Lue, Kuang-Yang. "Hylarana latouchii". BiotaTaiwanica. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012. Fei, L. (1999). Atlas of Amphibians of China (in Chinese). Zhengzhou: Henan Press of Science and Technology. p. 174. ISBN 7-5349-1835-9. Huang, Wen-San; Yu-Shan Cheng; Hsin-Yi Tu (2004). "Reproductive patterns of two sympatric ranid frogs, Rana latouchii and R. sauteri, with comments on anuran breeding seasons in Taiwan" (PDF). Collection and Research. 17: 1–10. Wang, H.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Hu, Y.; Yu, H.; Liu, J.; Sun, J. (2009). "The novel antimicrobial peptides from skin of Chinese broad-folded frog, Hylarana latouchii (Anura:Ranidae)". Peptides. 30 (2): 273–282. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2008.10.016. PMID 19022312.
[ "Guy and Edna Ballard" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Beloved_Mensagers.jpg" ]	[ "The \"I AM\" Activity Movement is the original ascended master teachings religious movement founded in the early 1930s by Guy Ballard (1878–1939) and his wife Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard (1886–1971) in Chicago, Illinois. It is an offshoot of theosophy and a major precursor of several New Age religions including the Church Universal and Triumphant. The movement had up to a million followers in 1938 and is still active today on a smaller scale. According to the official website of the parent organization, the Saint Germain Foundation, its worldwide headquarters is located in Schaumburg, Illinois, and there are approximately 300 local groups worldwide under several variations of the names \"I AM\" Sanctuary, \"I AM\" Temple, and other similar titles. As of 2007, the organization states that its purpose is \"spiritual, educational and practical,\" and that no admission fee is charged for their activities. The term \"I AM\" is a reference to the ancient Sanskrit mantra So Ham and the divine biblical name \"I Am that I Am\".", "The movement believes in the existence of a group called the \"ascended masters,\" a hierarchy of supernatural beings that includes the original theosophical masters such as Jesus Christ, El Morya Khan, Maitreya, and in addition several dozen more beyond the original 20 Masters of the Ancient Wisdom of the original theosophists as described by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky.\nThese ascended masters are believed to be humans who have lived in a succession of reincarnations in physical bodies or cosmic beings (beings originated from the great central sun of light in the beginning of all times). Over time, those who have passed through various “embodiments” became highly advanced souls, are able to move beyond the cycles of \"re-embodiments\" and karma, and attained their \"ascension\", becoming immortal. Ascended masters are believed to communicate to humanity through certain trained messengers per Blavatsky, including Guy and Edna Ballard. Because Jesus is believed to be one of the ascended masters, making the \"Christ Light\" available to seekers who wish to move out of darkness, many of the members of the \"I AM\" Activity consider it to be a Christian religion. According to the Los Angeles Magazine, Ballard said he was the re-embodiment of George Washington, an Egyptian priest, and a noted French musician.\nThe \"I AM\" Activity was the continuation of the teachings received by Helena Blavatsky and William Quan Judge. Ballard was always guided and inspired by the writings of William Quan Judge (1851-1896), who used the pseudonym David Lloyd due to the persecution of his enemies in the Theosophical Society. Ballard later came into contact with the ascended master Saint Germain.\nBallard died in 1939. In 1942 his wife and son were convicted of fraud, a conviction which was overturned in a landmark Supreme Court decision (United States v. Ballard), ruling that the question of whether the Ballards believed their religious claims should not have been submitted to a jury. This event has been known as the determinant for the establishment of the policies regarding freedom of religion or beliefs rights in the United States of America.", "", "The \"I AM\" Activity was founded by Guy Ballard (pseudonym Godfré Ray King) in the early 1930s. Ballard was well-read in theosophy and its offshoots, and while hiking on Mount Shasta looking for a rumored branch of the Great White Brotherhood known as \"The Brotherhood of Mount Shasta\", he claimed to have met and been instructed by a man who introduced himself as \"Saint Germain.\" Saint Germain is regular component of theosophical religions as an ascended master, based on the historical Comte de Saint-Germain, an 18th-century adventurer.\nThe Ballards said they began talking to the ascended masters regularly. They founded a publishing house, Saint Germain Press, to publish their books and began training people to spread their messages across the United States. These training sessions and \"conclaves\" were held throughout the United States, open to the general public and free of charge. A front-page story in a 1938 edition of the Chicago Herald and Examiner noted that the Ballards \"do not take up collections or ask for funds\". Some of the original members of I AM were recruited from the ranks of William Dudley Pelley’s organization the Silver Shirts. Meetings became limited to members only after hecklers began disrupting their open meetings. Over their lifetimes, the Ballards recorded nearly 4000 live dictations, which they said were from the ascended masters. Guy Ballard, his wife Edna, and later their son Donald, became the sole \"accredited messengers\" of the ascended masters. In 1942 they began the I AM Sanctuary at a former Presbyterian missionary school.", "The Ballards' popularity spread, including up to a million followers in 1938. They accepted donations (called \"love gifts\") from their followers across the country, though no such donation or dues were required.\nThe first of many \"conclaves\" held in scores of cities in their national tours was Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 10–19, 1934. According to a Los Angeles Magazine article, in August 1935, the Ballards hosted a gathering at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles that drew a crowd of 6,000. Guy Ballard spoke under the pseudonym he used in authoring his books, Godfre Ray King, and his wife used the pseudonym Lotus. The meeting included teachings they described as being received directly from the ascended masters. They led the audience in prayers and affirmations that they called decrees, including adorations to God and invocations for abundance of every good thing, including love, money, peace, and happiness.", "At the height of his popularity, Guy Ballard died from arteriosclerosis at 5:00 A.M. on December 29, 1939, in Los Angeles, in the home of his son Donald. On December 31 his body was cremated. On New Year's Day during the annual Christmas Class, Edna Ballard stated that Guy had completed his Ascension at midnight December 31, 1939, from the \"Royal Teton Retreat\".\nStudents of the \"I Am\" Activity believe in death as a change, not an ending. The \"I AM\" activity believe \"ascension\" can mean entering heaven alive, that is, to \"raise one's body\"—physically translating to a higher form of existence, as in the ascension of Jesus. This is what Guy Ballard had claimed his followers would be able to do if they followed his instructions. Recorded in a dictation prior to Guy W Ballard's death a new dispensation to make the ascension after the passing of death and cremation was given, and is recorded at the Saint Germain Foundation. Students using this more traditional definition would have to conclude that Mrs. Ballard did not tell the full teaching, since Mr. Ballard had died a quite ordinary death and his body had been cremated. There had also been questions raised about devout members who had died without entering heaven alive. At this time, Edna Ballard defined \"ascension\" as dying an ordinary death, but going to a higher level of heaven than a normal person because one has balanced \"51% of one's karma\". This modified and more practical definition of \"ascension\" is used by all ascended master teachings religions today, although they still believe that a select few, higher-level ascended masters such as Jesus and St. Germain entered heaven alive.", "In 1941, the Ballards were sued for copyright infringement by the family and estate of Frederick Spencer Oliver (1866-1899), \"amenuensis\" of the novel A Dweller on Two Planets, first published in 1905. The suit was dismissed for failure to state cause of action. District Judge Dawkins quoted the original foreword to Oliver's book in its entirety, wherein Oliver emphasized that he was not the author but had channeled the book from the spirit of a previously deceased person with the intent of preserving and conveying the story and teachings of that person's world; and the book had been copyrighted with Oliver as a proprietor, not as the author. Judge Dawkins pointed out that the Ballards had stated they were using similar methods to write their books and that this in itself wasn't enough to uphold the action in court.", "Based on statements made in books sent via the mail, Edna Ballard and her son Donald were charged with eighteen counts of mail fraud in 1942. The presiding judge instructed the jury not to consider the truth or falsity of the religious beliefs, but only whether the Ballards sincerely believed the claims or did not, and the jury found them guilty. The Ninth Circuit overturned the conviction on the grounds that the judge improperly excluded the credibility of their religious beliefs from consideration, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court. In United States v. Ballard, the Supreme Court in a 5-4 landmark decision held that the question of whether Ballards believed their religious claims should not have been submitted to the jury, and remanded the case back to the Ninth Circuit, which affirmed the fraud conviction. Interpreting this decision, the Ninth Circuit later found that the Court did not go so far as to hold that \"the validity or veracity of a religious doctrine cannot be inquired into by a Federal Court.\"\nOn a second appeal, the Supreme Court in 1946 vacated the fraud conviction, on the grounds that women were improperly excluded from the jury panel.", "In March 1942, Edna Ballard moved the western branch of the Saint Germain Press and her residence to Santa Fe, where she recorded live before an audience thousands more dictations she said were from the Ascended Masters.\nDespite the ultimate dismissal of the court cases, it was not until 1954 that the organization's right to use the mail was restored. The Internal Revenue Service revoked their tax-exempt status in 1941, stating it did not recognize the movement as \"a religion\". A court ruling in 1957 overturned the ruling of the IRS and re-established the group's tax-exempt status.\nEdna Ballard's death following \"a brief illness\" was reported as having occurred in her Chicago home on February 10, 1971.", "As of 2007, Saint Germain Foundation maintains a reading room in Mount Shasta, California, and its headquarters in Schaumburg, Illinois. Several annual conclaves are held at their 12-story \"I AM Temple\" at 176 West Washington Street in downtown Chicago. Among the hundreds attending, there are usually dozens of \"I AM\" students from other nations. Classes and conclaves are regularly held in approximately 300 locations in America, Europe, Latin America, Australia, and Africa. The Saint Germain Press, a subsidiary of the Saint Germain Foundation, publishes the historical books and related artwork and audio recordings of the Ballards' teachings, and a monthly magazine available by subscription, titled \"The Voice of the 'I AM'\". It has been estimated that the Saint Germain Press has printed and put into circulation over one million books.\nThe Saint Germain Foundation presents the \"I AM\" COME! Pageant every August at Mount Shasta, and has done so each year since 1950. Their website states that the performance is open to the public at no cost, and describes the pageant as a portrayal of \"the life of Beloved Jesus, focusing on His Miracles of Truth and Healing, and the example of the Ascension which He left to the world.\"", "According to the group's teachings, ascended masters are believed to be individuals who have left the reincarnation cycle of re-embodiment.\nThe \"I AM\" Activity calls itself Christian, because Jesus is considered to be one of the more important ascended masters. It also refers to itself as patriotic because ascended master St. Germain is believed to have inspired and guided the USA Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Followers claim that St. Germain belonged to the same Masonic Lodge as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. However, Guy Ballard tended to downplay any relation of his ideas to Freemasonry because of his great discordance with Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a famous Freemason. Thus the notion that Saint-Germain belonged to a Masonic Lodge was more part of general occult lore than part of Ballard's emphasis.\nThe movement teaches that the omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent creator God ('I AM' – Exodus 3:14) is in all of us as a spark from the Divine Flame, and that we can experience this presence, love, power and light – and its power of the Violet Consuming Flame of Divine Love – through quiet contemplation and by repeating 'affirmations' and 'decrees'. By affirming something one desires, one may cause it to happen.\nThe group teaches that the \"Mighty I AM Presence\" is God existing in and as each person's higher self, and that a light known as the \"violet flame\" is generated by the \"I AM Presence\" and may surround each person who calls forth the action of the holy spirit for expression of mercy or forgiveness. The group believes that by tapping into these internalized powers in accordance with the teachings of the ascended masters, one can use one's relationship to the \"presence\" to amplify the expressions of virtue such as justice, peace, harmony, and love; to displace or abate the expression of evil (relative absence of good) in the world; and to minimize personal difficulties in one's life.\nThe spiritual goal of the teachings is that, through a process of self-purification, the believer may attain the perfected condition of the saints, or become an ascended master when leaving their body, contrasted to common concepts of 'ordinary death'. The process of attaining these results includes one or another of interior practices to facilitate resonance and alignment with the \"I AM Presence\": self-assessment in light of saintly exemplars such as Jesus, care in the use of language, devotion (to the Divine), gratitude, meditation, invocations and affirmations; and external practices such as \"decrees\" (repeated prayers given aloud with conviction), all of which are said to amplify the energetic presence of the divine in one's experience, resulting in the desired positive changes. Members believe there is actual science behind decrees and affirmations and claim these practices are acknowledged by medicine as effective.\nThe group also emphasizes personal freedom as essential to spiritual development.\nThese \"positive thinking\" beliefs overlap with several movements, such as New Thought, the so-called New Age movement and the Human Potential Movement.", "Exaltation (LDS Church)\nRobert LeFevre\nMirra Alfassa\nSupermind (integral yoga)", "Saint Germain Foundation. The History of the \"I AM\" Activity and Saint Germain Foundation. Saint Germain Press 2003 ISBN 1-878891-99-5\nPartride, Christopher, ed. (2004). New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 330–332.\nBarrett, David (1996). Sects, 'Cults', and Alternative Religions: A World Survey and Sourcebook. London: Blandford. ISBN 0-7137-2567-2.\n\"United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78 (1944)\". Justia Law.\n\"Saint Germain Foundation official website\". Saint Germain Foundation. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The \"I AM\" Activity is spiritual, educational and practical. There are no financial schemes behind it; no admission is ever charged. It takes no political stance in any nation. The parent organization is Saint Germain Foundation, with worldwide headquarters located in Schaumburg, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. It is represented throughout the world by 300 local groups termed \"I AM\" Sanctuary, \"I AM\" Temple, \"I AM\" Study Groups, or \"I AM\" Reading Room. Saint Germain Foundation and its local activities are not affiliated with any other organization or persons.\nHadden, Jeffrey K. \"\"I AM\" Religious Activity\". Religious Movements Homepage at the University of Virginia. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.\nThompkins, Joshua (April 1, 1997). \"The mighty I Am: Cult led by Guy Ballard\". Los Angeles Magazine.\nKing, Godfré Ray (1935) [1934]. \"1: Meeting the Master\". Unveiled Mysteries (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Saint Germain Press. pp. 1–32 – via Internet Archive.\nThe Voice of the \"I AM\" Number 1, March 1936. Chicago, Illinois: Saint Germain Press. page 27\nChicago Herald and Examiner October 8, 1938\nA History of Spirituality in Santa Fe: The City of Holy Faith. Arcadia. February 22, 2016. ISBN 9781625856401.\n\"War on High\" -- Interview with Elizabeth Clare Prophet Gnosis magazine No. 21 Fall 1991 Pages 32-37\nProphet, Elizabeth Clare and Prophet, Mark (as compiled by Annice Booth) The Masters and Their Retreats Corwin Springs, Montana:2003 Summit University Press--\"Ascension--the Goal of Life\" Page 51\nOliver v. Saint Germain Foundation, 41 F. Supp. 296 (S.D. Cal. 1941).\nCohen v. United States, 297 F.2d 760 (1962)\n\"Ballard v. United States, 329 U.S. 187 (1946)\". Justia Law.\nCatherine L. Albanese (2007). A Republic of Mind and Spirit: A Cultural History of American Mind and Spirit. Yale University Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-300-11089-0.\n\"June 1971 Report of death of Edna Ballard who passed on Feb 10, 1971\". The Sacramento Bee. June 3, 1971. p. 15 – via newspapers.com.\n\"Saint Germain \"I AM\" Group Activities\". Saint Germain Foundation. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2017.\n\"Saint Germain Press official home page\". Saint Germain Foundation. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.\n\"Saint Germain Foundation \"I AM\" COME! Pageant webpage\". Saint Germain Foundation. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.\nFolkloric accounts collected in Raymond Bernard's Great Secret Count St Germain (Mokelumne Hill Press, 1993)\n\"The \"Beloved Mighty I am Presence\"\". Archived from the original on March 13, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2014.\nYour Body Believes Every Word You Say - Barbara Hoberman Levine, Hung By The Tongue - Francis P Martin; Healing Words - Larry Dossey, M.D., 5 Common Words That Create Failure -Geoffrey James", "Saint Germain Foundation. The History of the \"I AM\" Activity and Saint Germain Foundation. Saint Germain Press 2003 ISBN 1-878891-99-5\nKing, Godfre Ray. Unveiled Mysteries. Saint Germain Press. ISBN 1-878891-00-6\nKing, Godfre Ray. The Magic Presence. Saint Germain Press. ISBN 1-878891-06-5\nSaint Germain. I AM Discourses. Saint Germain Press. ISBN 1-878891-48-0\nPeter Mt. Shasta. \"Lady Master Pearl, My Teacher.\" Church of the Seven Rays. ISBN 978-0692356661", "Information on the website of the Saint Germain Foundation Archived January 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, original publisher of Ascended Master Teachings beginning in 1934.\nUnveiled Mysteries, full text of Guy Ballard's first book, available online at no cost\nPsychic Dictatorship in America, a collection of a series of monographs or chapters by a former member, Gerald Bryan.\nPublications of the FBI Case BALLARD, EDNA ANNE processed and released pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), a Document with all published pages of this case.\nRelease 1 of the Publications of the FBI Case BALLARD, GUY WARREN processed and released pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), a Document with all published pages of this case.\nRelease 2 of the Publications of the FBI Case BALLARD, GUY WARREN processed and released pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), a Document with all published pages of this case." ]	[ "\"I AM\" Activity", "Overview", "History", "Founding", "Popularity", "Guy Ballard's death", "Copyright infringement civil action", "Fraud trial of Edna and Donald Ballard", "Relocation to Santa Fe and Edna Ballard's death", "Recent history and present day", "Teachings", "See also", "References", "Partial bibliography", "External links" ]	"I AM" Activity	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22I_AM%22_Activity	[ 70 ]	[ 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580 ]	"I AM" Activity The "I AM" Activity Movement is the original ascended master teachings religious movement founded in the early 1930s by Guy Ballard (1878–1939) and his wife Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard (1886–1971) in Chicago, Illinois. It is an offshoot of theosophy and a major precursor of several New Age religions including the Church Universal and Triumphant. The movement had up to a million followers in 1938 and is still active today on a smaller scale. According to the official website of the parent organization, the Saint Germain Foundation, its worldwide headquarters is located in Schaumburg, Illinois, and there are approximately 300 local groups worldwide under several variations of the names "I AM" Sanctuary, "I AM" Temple, and other similar titles. As of 2007, the organization states that its purpose is "spiritual, educational and practical," and that no admission fee is charged for their activities. The term "I AM" is a reference to the ancient Sanskrit mantra So Ham and the divine biblical name "I Am that I Am". The movement believes in the existence of a group called the "ascended masters," a hierarchy of supernatural beings that includes the original theosophical masters such as Jesus Christ, El Morya Khan, Maitreya, and in addition several dozen more beyond the original 20 Masters of the Ancient Wisdom of the original theosophists as described by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. These ascended masters are believed to be humans who have lived in a succession of reincarnations in physical bodies or cosmic beings (beings originated from the great central sun of light in the beginning of all times). Over time, those who have passed through various “embodiments” became highly advanced souls, are able to move beyond the cycles of "re-embodiments" and karma, and attained their "ascension", becoming immortal. Ascended masters are believed to communicate to humanity through certain trained messengers per Blavatsky, including Guy and Edna Ballard. Because Jesus is believed to be one of the ascended masters, making the "Christ Light" available to seekers who wish to move out of darkness, many of the members of the "I AM" Activity consider it to be a Christian religion. According to the Los Angeles Magazine, Ballard said he was the re-embodiment of George Washington, an Egyptian priest, and a noted French musician. The "I AM" Activity was the continuation of the teachings received by Helena Blavatsky and William Quan Judge. Ballard was always guided and inspired by the writings of William Quan Judge (1851-1896), who used the pseudonym David Lloyd due to the persecution of his enemies in the Theosophical Society. Ballard later came into contact with the ascended master Saint Germain. Ballard died in 1939. In 1942 his wife and son were convicted of fraud, a conviction which was overturned in a landmark Supreme Court decision (United States v. Ballard), ruling that the question of whether the Ballards believed their religious claims should not have been submitted to a jury. This event has been known as the determinant for the establishment of the policies regarding freedom of religion or beliefs rights in the United States of America. The "I AM" Activity was founded by Guy Ballard (pseudonym Godfré Ray King) in the early 1930s. Ballard was well-read in theosophy and its offshoots, and while hiking on Mount Shasta looking for a rumored branch of the Great White Brotherhood known as "The Brotherhood of Mount Shasta", he claimed to have met and been instructed by a man who introduced himself as "Saint Germain." Saint Germain is regular component of theosophical religions as an ascended master, based on the historical Comte de Saint-Germain, an 18th-century adventurer. The Ballards said they began talking to the ascended masters regularly. They founded a publishing house, Saint Germain Press, to publish their books and began training people to spread their messages across the United States. These training sessions and "conclaves" were held throughout the United States, open to the general public and free of charge. A front-page story in a 1938 edition of the Chicago Herald and Examiner noted that the Ballards "do not take up collections or ask for funds". Some of the original members of I AM were recruited from the ranks of William Dudley Pelley’s organization the Silver Shirts. Meetings became limited to members only after hecklers began disrupting their open meetings. Over their lifetimes, the Ballards recorded nearly 4000 live dictations, which they said were from the ascended masters. Guy Ballard, his wife Edna, and later their son Donald, became the sole "accredited messengers" of the ascended masters. In 1942 they began the I AM Sanctuary at a former Presbyterian missionary school. The Ballards' popularity spread, including up to a million followers in 1938. They accepted donations (called "love gifts") from their followers across the country, though no such donation or dues were required. The first of many "conclaves" held in scores of cities in their national tours was Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 10–19, 1934. According to a Los Angeles Magazine article, in August 1935, the Ballards hosted a gathering at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles that drew a crowd of 6,000. Guy Ballard spoke under the pseudonym he used in authoring his books, Godfre Ray King, and his wife used the pseudonym Lotus. The meeting included teachings they described as being received directly from the ascended masters. They led the audience in prayers and affirmations that they called decrees, including adorations to God and invocations for abundance of every good thing, including love, money, peace, and happiness. At the height of his popularity, Guy Ballard died from arteriosclerosis at 5:00 A.M. on December 29, 1939, in Los Angeles, in the home of his son Donald. On December 31 his body was cremated. On New Year's Day during the annual Christmas Class, Edna Ballard stated that Guy had completed his Ascension at midnight December 31, 1939, from the "Royal Teton Retreat". Students of the "I Am" Activity believe in death as a change, not an ending. The "I AM" activity believe "ascension" can mean entering heaven alive, that is, to "raise one's body"—physically translating to a higher form of existence, as in the ascension of Jesus. This is what Guy Ballard had claimed his followers would be able to do if they followed his instructions. Recorded in a dictation prior to Guy W Ballard's death a new dispensation to make the ascension after the passing of death and cremation was given, and is recorded at the Saint Germain Foundation. Students using this more traditional definition would have to conclude that Mrs. Ballard did not tell the full teaching, since Mr. Ballard had died a quite ordinary death and his body had been cremated. There had also been questions raised about devout members who had died without entering heaven alive. At this time, Edna Ballard defined "ascension" as dying an ordinary death, but going to a higher level of heaven than a normal person because one has balanced "51% of one's karma". This modified and more practical definition of "ascension" is used by all ascended master teachings religions today, although they still believe that a select few, higher-level ascended masters such as Jesus and St. Germain entered heaven alive. In 1941, the Ballards were sued for copyright infringement by the family and estate of Frederick Spencer Oliver (1866-1899), "amenuensis" of the novel A Dweller on Two Planets, first published in 1905. The suit was dismissed for failure to state cause of action. District Judge Dawkins quoted the original foreword to Oliver's book in its entirety, wherein Oliver emphasized that he was not the author but had channeled the book from the spirit of a previously deceased person with the intent of preserving and conveying the story and teachings of that person's world; and the book had been copyrighted with Oliver as a proprietor, not as the author. Judge Dawkins pointed out that the Ballards had stated they were using similar methods to write their books and that this in itself wasn't enough to uphold the action in court. Based on statements made in books sent via the mail, Edna Ballard and her son Donald were charged with eighteen counts of mail fraud in 1942. The presiding judge instructed the jury not to consider the truth or falsity of the religious beliefs, but only whether the Ballards sincerely believed the claims or did not, and the jury found them guilty. The Ninth Circuit overturned the conviction on the grounds that the judge improperly excluded the credibility of their religious beliefs from consideration, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court. In United States v. Ballard, the Supreme Court in a 5-4 landmark decision held that the question of whether Ballards believed their religious claims should not have been submitted to the jury, and remanded the case back to the Ninth Circuit, which affirmed the fraud conviction. Interpreting this decision, the Ninth Circuit later found that the Court did not go so far as to hold that "the validity or veracity of a religious doctrine cannot be inquired into by a Federal Court." On a second appeal, the Supreme Court in 1946 vacated the fraud conviction, on the grounds that women were improperly excluded from the jury panel. In March 1942, Edna Ballard moved the western branch of the Saint Germain Press and her residence to Santa Fe, where she recorded live before an audience thousands more dictations she said were from the Ascended Masters. Despite the ultimate dismissal of the court cases, it was not until 1954 that the organization's right to use the mail was restored. The Internal Revenue Service revoked their tax-exempt status in 1941, stating it did not recognize the movement as "a religion". A court ruling in 1957 overturned the ruling of the IRS and re-established the group's tax-exempt status. Edna Ballard's death following "a brief illness" was reported as having occurred in her Chicago home on February 10, 1971. As of 2007, Saint Germain Foundation maintains a reading room in Mount Shasta, California, and its headquarters in Schaumburg, Illinois. Several annual conclaves are held at their 12-story "I AM Temple" at 176 West Washington Street in downtown Chicago. Among the hundreds attending, there are usually dozens of "I AM" students from other nations. Classes and conclaves are regularly held in approximately 300 locations in America, Europe, Latin America, Australia, and Africa. The Saint Germain Press, a subsidiary of the Saint Germain Foundation, publishes the historical books and related artwork and audio recordings of the Ballards' teachings, and a monthly magazine available by subscription, titled "The Voice of the 'I AM'". It has been estimated that the Saint Germain Press has printed and put into circulation over one million books. The Saint Germain Foundation presents the "I AM" COME! Pageant every August at Mount Shasta, and has done so each year since 1950. Their website states that the performance is open to the public at no cost, and describes the pageant as a portrayal of "the life of Beloved Jesus, focusing on His Miracles of Truth and Healing, and the example of the Ascension which He left to the world." According to the group's teachings, ascended masters are believed to be individuals who have left the reincarnation cycle of re-embodiment. The "I AM" Activity calls itself Christian, because Jesus is considered to be one of the more important ascended masters. It also refers to itself as patriotic because ascended master St. Germain is believed to have inspired and guided the USA Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Followers claim that St. Germain belonged to the same Masonic Lodge as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. However, Guy Ballard tended to downplay any relation of his ideas to Freemasonry because of his great discordance with Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a famous Freemason. Thus the notion that Saint-Germain belonged to a Masonic Lodge was more part of general occult lore than part of Ballard's emphasis. The movement teaches that the omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent creator God ('I AM' – Exodus 3:14) is in all of us as a spark from the Divine Flame, and that we can experience this presence, love, power and light – and its power of the Violet Consuming Flame of Divine Love – through quiet contemplation and by repeating 'affirmations' and 'decrees'. By affirming something one desires, one may cause it to happen. The group teaches that the "Mighty I AM Presence" is God existing in and as each person's higher self, and that a light known as the "violet flame" is generated by the "I AM Presence" and may surround each person who calls forth the action of the holy spirit for expression of mercy or forgiveness. The group believes that by tapping into these internalized powers in accordance with the teachings of the ascended masters, one can use one's relationship to the "presence" to amplify the expressions of virtue such as justice, peace, harmony, and love; to displace or abate the expression of evil (relative absence of good) in the world; and to minimize personal difficulties in one's life. The spiritual goal of the teachings is that, through a process of self-purification, the believer may attain the perfected condition of the saints, or become an ascended master when leaving their body, contrasted to common concepts of 'ordinary death'. The process of attaining these results includes one or another of interior practices to facilitate resonance and alignment with the "I AM Presence": self-assessment in light of saintly exemplars such as Jesus, care in the use of language, devotion (to the Divine), gratitude, meditation, invocations and affirmations; and external practices such as "decrees" (repeated prayers given aloud with conviction), all of which are said to amplify the energetic presence of the divine in one's experience, resulting in the desired positive changes. Members believe there is actual science behind decrees and affirmations and claim these practices are acknowledged by medicine as effective. The group also emphasizes personal freedom as essential to spiritual development. These "positive thinking" beliefs overlap with several movements, such as New Thought, the so-called New Age movement and the Human Potential Movement. Exaltation (LDS Church) Robert LeFevre Mirra Alfassa Supermind (integral yoga) Saint Germain Foundation. The History of the "I AM" Activity and Saint Germain Foundation. Saint Germain Press 2003 ISBN 1-878891-99-5 Partride, Christopher, ed. (2004). New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 330–332. Barrett, David (1996). Sects, 'Cults', and Alternative Religions: A World Survey and Sourcebook. London: Blandford. ISBN 0-7137-2567-2. "United States v. Ballard, 322 U.S. 78 (1944)". Justia Law. "Saint Germain Foundation official website". Saint Germain Foundation. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The "I AM" Activity is spiritual, educational and practical. There are no financial schemes behind it; no admission is ever charged. It takes no political stance in any nation. The parent organization is Saint Germain Foundation, with worldwide headquarters located in Schaumburg, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. It is represented throughout the world by 300 local groups termed "I AM" Sanctuary, "I AM" Temple, "I AM" Study Groups, or "I AM" Reading Room. Saint Germain Foundation and its local activities are not affiliated with any other organization or persons. Hadden, Jeffrey K. ""I AM" Religious Activity". Religious Movements Homepage at the University of Virginia. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Thompkins, Joshua (April 1, 1997). "The mighty I Am: Cult led by Guy Ballard". Los Angeles Magazine. King, Godfré Ray (1935) [1934]. "1: Meeting the Master". Unveiled Mysteries (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Saint Germain Press. pp. 1–32 – via Internet Archive. The Voice of the "I AM" Number 1, March 1936. Chicago, Illinois: Saint Germain Press. page 27 Chicago Herald and Examiner October 8, 1938 A History of Spirituality in Santa Fe: The City of Holy Faith. Arcadia. February 22, 2016. ISBN 9781625856401. "War on High" -- Interview with Elizabeth Clare Prophet Gnosis magazine No. 21 Fall 1991 Pages 32-37 Prophet, Elizabeth Clare and Prophet, Mark (as compiled by Annice Booth) The Masters and Their Retreats Corwin Springs, Montana:2003 Summit University Press--"Ascension--the Goal of Life" Page 51 Oliver v. Saint Germain Foundation, 41 F. Supp. 296 (S.D. Cal. 1941). Cohen v. United States, 297 F.2d 760 (1962) "Ballard v. United States, 329 U.S. 187 (1946)". Justia Law. Catherine L. Albanese (2007). A Republic of Mind and Spirit: A Cultural History of American Mind and Spirit. Yale University Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-300-11089-0. "June 1971 Report of death of Edna Ballard who passed on Feb 10, 1971". The Sacramento Bee. June 3, 1971. p. 15 – via newspapers.com. "Saint Germain "I AM" Group Activities". Saint Germain Foundation. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2017. "Saint Germain Press official home page". Saint Germain Foundation. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. "Saint Germain Foundation "I AM" COME! Pageant webpage". Saint Germain Foundation. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Folkloric accounts collected in Raymond Bernard's Great Secret Count St Germain (Mokelumne Hill Press, 1993) "The "Beloved Mighty I am Presence"". Archived from the original on March 13, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2014. Your Body Believes Every Word You Say - Barbara Hoberman Levine, Hung By The Tongue - Francis P Martin; Healing Words - Larry Dossey, M.D., 5 Common Words That Create Failure -Geoffrey James Saint Germain Foundation. The History of the "I AM" Activity and Saint Germain Foundation. Saint Germain Press 2003 ISBN 1-878891-99-5 King, Godfre Ray. Unveiled Mysteries. Saint Germain Press. ISBN 1-878891-00-6 King, Godfre Ray. The Magic Presence. Saint Germain Press. ISBN 1-878891-06-5 Saint Germain. I AM Discourses. Saint Germain Press. ISBN 1-878891-48-0 Peter Mt. Shasta. "Lady Master Pearl, My Teacher." Church of the Seven Rays. ISBN 978-0692356661 Information on the website of the Saint Germain Foundation Archived January 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, original publisher of Ascended Master Teachings beginning in 1934. Unveiled Mysteries, full text of Guy Ballard's first book, available online at no cost Psychic Dictatorship in America, a collection of a series of monographs or chapters by a former member, Gerald Bryan. Publications of the FBI Case BALLARD, EDNA ANNE processed and released pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), a Document with all published pages of this case. Release 1 of the Publications of the FBI Case BALLARD, GUY WARREN processed and released pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), a Document with all published pages of this case. Release 2 of the Publications of the FBI Case BALLARD, GUY WARREN processed and released pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), a Document with all published pages of this case.
[ "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Nawahi.jpg" ]	[ "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi (July 3, 1899 – January 29, 1985) was an American steel guitarist from Hawaii who was popular in the U.S. during the 1920s and 1930s.", "Benjamin Keakahiawa Nawahi was born in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, one of 12 children. While not of royal descent, he was eventually nicknamed \"King\" as many show business personalities are for their particular genre.\nNawahi learned to play guitar in the parks of Honolulu for pennies, often teaming with Sol Hoʻopiʻi, who would later become his rival for the title \"King of the Hawaiian Guitar\", along with Sam Ku West. He was also known as \"King of the Ukulele\".\nIn 1919 Nawahi played with his brother Joe's band, the Hawaiian Novelty Five, on the Matsonia passenger liner that sailed between Honolulu and San Francisco. The group eventually became a staple on the Orpheum vaudeville circuit's North America tour.\nBennie Nawahi separated from the group and embarked on a solo career as a singing ukulele player. Master showman Sid Grauman proclaimed him \"King of the Ukulele\" and the nickname stuck.\nIn 1920 an act of the United States Congress established \"Hawaii National Park\" (later split into Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park and Haleakalā National Park), shining a spotlight on the islands. The 1920s became a heydey for all things Hawaiian, including novelty acts of the vaudeville genre. Among Nawahi's novelty stunts was playing Turkey in the Straw on Hawaiian guitar with his feet. Tin Pan Alley went with the Hawaii craze and between 1915 and 1929 produced such ditties as Hello Hawaii How Are You? (1915) (when many pronounced the state's name as How-Wah-Yah), Oh How She Could Yacki Hacki Wiki Wacki Woo (1916), Hula Hula Dream Girl (1924) and That Aloha Waltz (1928).\nThere is some evidence Bennie Nawahi also used the name \"J. Nawahi\", as the Victor Library lists the tune Hula Blues by \"J. Nawahi (instrumentalist : steel guitar)\".\nBy 1928 Nawahi had begun recording for multiple record labels, including Columbia, Victor, Q.R.S. and Grey Gull, under multiple names (including Red Devils, Q.R.S. Boys, Slim Smith, Hawaiian Beach Combers, Georgia Jumpers, Four Hawaiian Guitars and King Nawahi & the International Cowboys), with bandmates that included soon to be Sons of the Pioneers, Tim Spencer (singer) and Leonard Slye (later to become cowboy star Roy Rogers).", "One night in 1935 while driving home from a performance, Nawahi was suddenly struck blind. No medical cause was ever identified. The loss of vision was permanent, but he never allowed it to impede his life, as he continued performing and touring until the 1970s, when he was partially paralyzed by a stroke.\nNawahi set a remarkable swimming record for blind people in 1946. He swam the 22 miles of choppy Pacific Ocean waters from San Pedro, California to Santa Catalina Island in just over 22 hours, guided only by coach John Sonnichson and a bell on a lead boat.\nHe appeared briefly in the 1985 Academy Award-nominated documentary film on Roy Smeck, Wizard of the Strings.\nHe died in Long Beach, California on January 29, 1985.", "From Honolulu To Hollywood: Jazz, Blues & Popular Specialties Performed Hawaiian Style (2008) CD (The Old Masters)\nHawaiian String Virtuoso: Steel Guitar Rec 1920's (2000) CD 2055 (Yazoo)", "Corliss, Richard. \"Hawaii's Man of Steel\". Time Pacific Magazine. Time Inc. (14 August 2000). Archived from the original on July 9, 2001.\nRuymer, Lorene (1996). Hawaiian Steel Guitar. Centerstream Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-57424-021-4.\nBroughton, Simon; Ellinaham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (2000). The Rough Guide to World Music Vol 2 (Including Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific). pp. 57, 62. ISBN 978-1-85828-790-4.\n\"Orpheum Circuit\". O.R.P.H. Inc. Retrieved 22 May 2010.\n\"Memorial Sid Grauman\". Find A Grave. Retrieved 22 May 2010. Find A Grave\nDrowne, Kathleen; Huber, Patrick (2008). The 1920s. Greenwood. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-313-36163-0.\n\"J. Nawahi\". UCSB Libraries. Retrieved 23 May 2010. Regents of the University of California\n\"Hawaiian String Virtuoso\". Yazoo Records. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.\n\"Bennie Nawahi\". Brad's Page of Steel. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.\n\"Wizard of the Strings\". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 22 May 2010.", "Nawahi, Victor Library" ]	[ "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi", "Biography", "Blindness and later life", "Discography", "References", "External links" ]	"King" Bennie Nawahi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22King%22_Bennie_Nawahi	[ 71 ]	[ 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591 ]	"King" Bennie Nawahi "King" Bennie Nawahi (July 3, 1899 – January 29, 1985) was an American steel guitarist from Hawaii who was popular in the U.S. during the 1920s and 1930s. Benjamin Keakahiawa Nawahi was born in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, one of 12 children. While not of royal descent, he was eventually nicknamed "King" as many show business personalities are for their particular genre. Nawahi learned to play guitar in the parks of Honolulu for pennies, often teaming with Sol Hoʻopiʻi, who would later become his rival for the title "King of the Hawaiian Guitar", along with Sam Ku West. He was also known as "King of the Ukulele". In 1919 Nawahi played with his brother Joe's band, the Hawaiian Novelty Five, on the Matsonia passenger liner that sailed between Honolulu and San Francisco. The group eventually became a staple on the Orpheum vaudeville circuit's North America tour. Bennie Nawahi separated from the group and embarked on a solo career as a singing ukulele player. Master showman Sid Grauman proclaimed him "King of the Ukulele" and the nickname stuck. In 1920 an act of the United States Congress established "Hawaii National Park" (later split into Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park and Haleakalā National Park), shining a spotlight on the islands. The 1920s became a heydey for all things Hawaiian, including novelty acts of the vaudeville genre. Among Nawahi's novelty stunts was playing Turkey in the Straw on Hawaiian guitar with his feet. Tin Pan Alley went with the Hawaii craze and between 1915 and 1929 produced such ditties as Hello Hawaii How Are You? (1915) (when many pronounced the state's name as How-Wah-Yah), Oh How She Could Yacki Hacki Wiki Wacki Woo (1916), Hula Hula Dream Girl (1924) and That Aloha Waltz (1928). There is some evidence Bennie Nawahi also used the name "J. Nawahi", as the Victor Library lists the tune Hula Blues by "J. Nawahi (instrumentalist : steel guitar)". By 1928 Nawahi had begun recording for multiple record labels, including Columbia, Victor, Q.R.S. and Grey Gull, under multiple names (including Red Devils, Q.R.S. Boys, Slim Smith, Hawaiian Beach Combers, Georgia Jumpers, Four Hawaiian Guitars and King Nawahi & the International Cowboys), with bandmates that included soon to be Sons of the Pioneers, Tim Spencer (singer) and Leonard Slye (later to become cowboy star Roy Rogers). One night in 1935 while driving home from a performance, Nawahi was suddenly struck blind. No medical cause was ever identified. The loss of vision was permanent, but he never allowed it to impede his life, as he continued performing and touring until the 1970s, when he was partially paralyzed by a stroke. Nawahi set a remarkable swimming record for blind people in 1946. He swam the 22 miles of choppy Pacific Ocean waters from San Pedro, California to Santa Catalina Island in just over 22 hours, guided only by coach John Sonnichson and a bell on a lead boat. He appeared briefly in the 1985 Academy Award-nominated documentary film on Roy Smeck, Wizard of the Strings. He died in Long Beach, California on January 29, 1985. From Honolulu To Hollywood: Jazz, Blues & Popular Specialties Performed Hawaiian Style (2008) CD (The Old Masters) Hawaiian String Virtuoso: Steel Guitar Rec 1920's (2000) CD 2055 (Yazoo) Corliss, Richard. "Hawaii's Man of Steel". Time Pacific Magazine. Time Inc. (14 August 2000). Archived from the original on July 9, 2001. Ruymer, Lorene (1996). Hawaiian Steel Guitar. Centerstream Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-57424-021-4. Broughton, Simon; Ellinaham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (2000). The Rough Guide to World Music Vol 2 (Including Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific). pp. 57, 62. ISBN 978-1-85828-790-4. "Orpheum Circuit". O.R.P.H. Inc. Retrieved 22 May 2010. "Memorial Sid Grauman". Find A Grave. Retrieved 22 May 2010. Find A Grave Drowne, Kathleen; Huber, Patrick (2008). The 1920s. Greenwood. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-313-36163-0. "J. Nawahi". UCSB Libraries. Retrieved 23 May 2010. Regents of the University of California "Hawaiian String Virtuoso". Yazoo Records. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010. "Bennie Nawahi". Brad's Page of Steel. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010. "Wizard of the Strings". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 22 May 2010. Nawahi, Victor Library
[ "First English edition of Vladimir Lenin's \"Left Wing\" Communism, published by the Executive Committee of the Communist International for delegates to its 2nd World Congress[1]" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/20-lenin-infantilesickness.jpg" ]	[ "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder (Russian: Детская болезнь \"левизны\" в коммунизме, Detskaya Bolezn' \"Levizny\" v Kommunizme) is a work by Vladimir Lenin attacking assorted critics of the Bolsheviks who claimed positions to their left. Most of these critics were proponents of ideologies later described as left communism. The book was written in 1920 and published in Russian, German, English and French later in the year. A copy was then distributed to each delegate at the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern, several of whom were mentioned by Lenin in the work. The book is divided into ten chapters and an appendix.\nLenin's manuscript was subtitled \"A Popular Exposition of Marxist Strategy and Tactics\", but this was not applied to any edition brought out during his lifetime.", "Lenin points out that the Russian Revolution has considerable international significance and criticises the leaders of the Second International, including Karl Kautsky, for failing to recognize the international relevance of soviet power as a revolutionary model. To illustrate their move away from revolutionary politics, he supplies a quote from a 1902 work of Kautsky which concludes that \"Western Europe is becoming a bulwark of reaction and absolutism in Russia\". Lenin asserts that in a war against the bourgeoisie \"iron discipline\" is an \"essential condition\". He then describes the circumstances which led the Bolsheviks to this conclusion in their success at taking state power in Russia.\nThe third chapter divides the history of Bolshevism into the \"years of preparation of the revolution\" (1903–1905), the \"years of revolution\" (1905–1907), the \"years of reaction\" (1907–1910), the \"years of rise\" (1910–1914), the \"first imperialist world war\" (1914–1917) and the \"second revolution in Russia\". He describes the changing circumstances for revolutionaries in Russia and the reaction of the Bolsheviks to them.\nLenin describes the enemies of the working class as opportunists, petty-bourgeois revolutionaries which he links to anarchism; and the \"Left\" Bolsheviks (expelled from the Bolshevik group in 1909), whom he links with those who criticised the Peace of Brest-Litovsk. He ends by criticizing the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries and members of the Socialist International who were prepared to compromise with the German leaders in defence of a capitalist system.", "The fifth, sixth and seventh chapters discuss a section of the Communist Party of Germany which split between the writing of the document and its publication to form the Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD). As an example, he takes Karl Erler's article \"The Dissolution of the Party\". Lenin criticised the group's anti-trade union attitude, their anti-parliamentarism and Erler's proposal of a dictatorship of the masses as a counterpoint to the \"dictatorship of the party\" he claims the Russian Revolution has led to.\nLenin notes that the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) rely on the Russian trade unions and that a reactionary labour aristocracy is inevitable, but must be fought within the union movement. In contrast to the KAPD, he holds that so long as much of the proletariat holds illusions in parliaments, communists must work inside such reactionary organisations. Lenin then compares the anti-parliamentarism of the Dutch left and that of Amadeo Bordiga.\nLenin then criticises the slogan \"no compromises\", noting that the Bolsheviks had made many compromises in their history. He believes that this is using theory as dogma, rather than as a \"guide to action\". Lenin also criticises National Bolshevism and some leftists for not recognising the Treaty of Versailles.", "Lenin critiques the Workers Socialist Federation's opposition to parliamentary action and in particular to affiliation to the Labour Party through texts written by Sylvia Pankhurst and Willie Gallacher. He proposes that all the main socialist groups in the country should form a Communist Party of Great Britain and that they should offer an electoral coalition with Labour. He concludes that the party would gain whether or not Labour accepted the offer. In a famous turn of phrase, he says that they should support Labour General Secretary Arthur Henderson \"in the same way as the rope supports a hanged man\".", "Lenin concludes that in each country, communism must struggle against Menshevism and \"Left-Wing\" communism. He claims that communism has already won over the vanguard of the workers, but that to win over the masses it must relate to the differences between the Hendersons, the Lloyd Georges (liberals) and the Churchills (conservatives). Despite certain defeats, he believes that the communist movement is \"developing magnificently\".\nLenin describes \"Left-Wing\" communism as the same mistake as that of the social democrats, but \"the other way round\", one that must be corrected; and that because \"Left-Wing\" communism is only a young trend, it is \"at present a thousand times less dangerous and less significant than the mistakes of Right doctrinairism\".", "Several appendices were added to the document before publication in response to new developments in Germany around the formation of the KAPD and new studies by Lenin of the Italian left. A final appendix acknowledged a letter on behalf of the Communist Party of Holland in which David Wijnkoop complained that the positions Lenin accorded to their organisation were only those of a minority in the group.\nLenin invited Pankhurst and Gallacher to the Second Conference of the Comintern. He convinced them to argue for their party, by then renamed the Communist Party (British Section of the Third International), to join the Communist Party of Great Britain. The CP(BSTI) did join and Gallacher remained a loyal member, although Pankhurst was expelled from the CPGB in 1921 and subsequently allied her remaining group with the KAPD, supporting the Communist Workers' International.\nHerman Gorter replied to Lenin in an open letter, arguing that the smaller numbers of peasants in Western Europe constituted a key difference to the class struggle to that in Russia. In the introduction, he stated:\nIt has taught me a great deal, as all your writings have done. [...] Many a trace, and many a germ of this infantile disease, to which without a doubt, I also am a victim, has been chased away by your brochure, or will yet be eradicated by it. Your observations about the confusion that revolution has caused in many brains, is quite right too. I know that. The revolution came so suddenly, and in a way so utterly different from what we expected. Your words will be an incentive to me, once again, and to an even greater extent than before, to base my judgement in all matters of tactics, also in the revolution, exclusively on reality, on the actual class-relations, as they manifest themselves politically and economically.\nAfter having read your brochure I thought all this is right.\n\nBut after having considered for a long time whether I would cease to uphold this \"Left Wing\", and to write articles for the KAPD and the Opposition party in England, I had to decline.", "Charles Shipman, It Had to Be Revolution: Memoirs of an American Radical. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1993; p. 107.\nEndnotes to Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder: Lenin Works Archive\nNote 1 to \"Left-Wing\" Communism, An Infantile Disorder: Foreign Languages Press, Peking (1970)\n\"Left-Wing\" Communism, An Infantile Disorder: Foreign Languages Press, Peking (1970)\nComments on Pankhurst's \"The Communist Party: Provisional Resolutions towards a Programme\" in Communism #3, Internationalist Communist Group\nOpen letter to comrade Lenin: Introduction by Wildcat\nGorter, Herman (1920). \"Open Letter To Comrade Lenin\". Retrieved 18 October 2017.", "Broué P. Lenin against ultra-leftism // The German Revolution, 1917–1923. — Haymarket Books, (2006) 991 pages (Historical materialism book series, Vol. 5) — ISBN 978-1-931859-32-5 — ISBN 1-931859-32-9.", "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: an Infantile Disorder by Vladimir Lenin at the Marxists Internet Archive\nOpen Letter to Comrade Lenin at the Marxists Internet Archive - A reply to Lenin by Herman Gorter" ]	[ "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder", "Bolsheviks", "\"Left-wing\" communism in Germany", "\"Left-wing\" communism in Great Britain", "Lenin's conclusions", "Responses to the work", "References", "Literature", "External links" ]	"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder	[ 72 ]	[ 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609 ]	"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder "Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder (Russian: Детская болезнь "левизны" в коммунизме, Detskaya Bolezn' "Levizny" v Kommunizme) is a work by Vladimir Lenin attacking assorted critics of the Bolsheviks who claimed positions to their left. Most of these critics were proponents of ideologies later described as left communism. The book was written in 1920 and published in Russian, German, English and French later in the year. A copy was then distributed to each delegate at the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern, several of whom were mentioned by Lenin in the work. The book is divided into ten chapters and an appendix. Lenin's manuscript was subtitled "A Popular Exposition of Marxist Strategy and Tactics", but this was not applied to any edition brought out during his lifetime. Lenin points out that the Russian Revolution has considerable international significance and criticises the leaders of the Second International, including Karl Kautsky, for failing to recognize the international relevance of soviet power as a revolutionary model. To illustrate their move away from revolutionary politics, he supplies a quote from a 1902 work of Kautsky which concludes that "Western Europe is becoming a bulwark of reaction and absolutism in Russia". Lenin asserts that in a war against the bourgeoisie "iron discipline" is an "essential condition". He then describes the circumstances which led the Bolsheviks to this conclusion in their success at taking state power in Russia. The third chapter divides the history of Bolshevism into the "years of preparation of the revolution" (1903–1905), the "years of revolution" (1905–1907), the "years of reaction" (1907–1910), the "years of rise" (1910–1914), the "first imperialist world war" (1914–1917) and the "second revolution in Russia". He describes the changing circumstances for revolutionaries in Russia and the reaction of the Bolsheviks to them. Lenin describes the enemies of the working class as opportunists, petty-bourgeois revolutionaries which he links to anarchism; and the "Left" Bolsheviks (expelled from the Bolshevik group in 1909), whom he links with those who criticised the Peace of Brest-Litovsk. He ends by criticizing the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries and members of the Socialist International who were prepared to compromise with the German leaders in defence of a capitalist system. The fifth, sixth and seventh chapters discuss a section of the Communist Party of Germany which split between the writing of the document and its publication to form the Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD). As an example, he takes Karl Erler's article "The Dissolution of the Party". Lenin criticised the group's anti-trade union attitude, their anti-parliamentarism and Erler's proposal of a dictatorship of the masses as a counterpoint to the "dictatorship of the party" he claims the Russian Revolution has led to. Lenin notes that the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) rely on the Russian trade unions and that a reactionary labour aristocracy is inevitable, but must be fought within the union movement. In contrast to the KAPD, he holds that so long as much of the proletariat holds illusions in parliaments, communists must work inside such reactionary organisations. Lenin then compares the anti-parliamentarism of the Dutch left and that of Amadeo Bordiga. Lenin then criticises the slogan "no compromises", noting that the Bolsheviks had made many compromises in their history. He believes that this is using theory as dogma, rather than as a "guide to action". Lenin also criticises National Bolshevism and some leftists for not recognising the Treaty of Versailles. Lenin critiques the Workers Socialist Federation's opposition to parliamentary action and in particular to affiliation to the Labour Party through texts written by Sylvia Pankhurst and Willie Gallacher. He proposes that all the main socialist groups in the country should form a Communist Party of Great Britain and that they should offer an electoral coalition with Labour. He concludes that the party would gain whether or not Labour accepted the offer. In a famous turn of phrase, he says that they should support Labour General Secretary Arthur Henderson "in the same way as the rope supports a hanged man". Lenin concludes that in each country, communism must struggle against Menshevism and "Left-Wing" communism. He claims that communism has already won over the vanguard of the workers, but that to win over the masses it must relate to the differences between the Hendersons, the Lloyd Georges (liberals) and the Churchills (conservatives). Despite certain defeats, he believes that the communist movement is "developing magnificently". Lenin describes "Left-Wing" communism as the same mistake as that of the social democrats, but "the other way round", one that must be corrected; and that because "Left-Wing" communism is only a young trend, it is "at present a thousand times less dangerous and less significant than the mistakes of Right doctrinairism". Several appendices were added to the document before publication in response to new developments in Germany around the formation of the KAPD and new studies by Lenin of the Italian left. A final appendix acknowledged a letter on behalf of the Communist Party of Holland in which David Wijnkoop complained that the positions Lenin accorded to their organisation were only those of a minority in the group. Lenin invited Pankhurst and Gallacher to the Second Conference of the Comintern. He convinced them to argue for their party, by then renamed the Communist Party (British Section of the Third International), to join the Communist Party of Great Britain. The CP(BSTI) did join and Gallacher remained a loyal member, although Pankhurst was expelled from the CPGB in 1921 and subsequently allied her remaining group with the KAPD, supporting the Communist Workers' International. Herman Gorter replied to Lenin in an open letter, arguing that the smaller numbers of peasants in Western Europe constituted a key difference to the class struggle to that in Russia. In the introduction, he stated: It has taught me a great deal, as all your writings have done. [...] Many a trace, and many a germ of this infantile disease, to which without a doubt, I also am a victim, has been chased away by your brochure, or will yet be eradicated by it. Your observations about the confusion that revolution has caused in many brains, is quite right too. I know that. The revolution came so suddenly, and in a way so utterly different from what we expected. Your words will be an incentive to me, once again, and to an even greater extent than before, to base my judgement in all matters of tactics, also in the revolution, exclusively on reality, on the actual class-relations, as they manifest themselves politically and economically. After having read your brochure I thought all this is right. But after having considered for a long time whether I would cease to uphold this "Left Wing", and to write articles for the KAPD and the Opposition party in England, I had to decline. Charles Shipman, It Had to Be Revolution: Memoirs of an American Radical. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1993; p. 107. Endnotes to Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder: Lenin Works Archive Note 1 to "Left-Wing" Communism, An Infantile Disorder: Foreign Languages Press, Peking (1970) "Left-Wing" Communism, An Infantile Disorder: Foreign Languages Press, Peking (1970) Comments on Pankhurst's "The Communist Party: Provisional Resolutions towards a Programme" in Communism #3, Internationalist Communist Group Open letter to comrade Lenin: Introduction by Wildcat Gorter, Herman (1920). "Open Letter To Comrade Lenin". Retrieved 18 October 2017. Broué P. Lenin against ultra-leftism // The German Revolution, 1917–1923. — Haymarket Books, (2006) 991 pages (Historical materialism book series, Vol. 5) — ISBN 978-1-931859-32-5 — ISBN 1-931859-32-9. "Left-Wing" Communism: an Infantile Disorder by Vladimir Lenin at the Marxists Internet Archive Open Letter to Comrade Lenin at the Marxists Internet Archive - A reply to Lenin by Herman Gorter
[ "Morecambe Harbour station (now a café)", "Railway Clearing House map of lines from Clapham to Ingleton and Wennington in 1903 (left).", "Bell Busk Station in 1961", "Railways around Lancaster and Morecambe in 1913", "Disused railway bridge at the Crook o' Lune, one of two within 200 m, still used as a cycle path. Designed by Edmund Sharpe,[19][20] it is a Grade II listed building[21]" ]	[ 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Site_of_Morecambe%27s_first_railway_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_49770.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Adlington%2C_Blackburn%2C_Cherry_Tree%2C_Chorley%2C_Hincaster_Ingleton_%26_Wennington_RJD_103.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Bell_Busk_Station_1783094_40cd6542.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Lancaster_%26_Morecambe_Carnforth_RJD_14.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Crook_o%27_Lune_bridge.jpg" ]	[ "The North Western Railway (NWR) was an early British railway company in the north-west of England. It was commonly known as the \"Little\" North Western Railway, to distinguish it from the larger London and North Western Railway (LNWR).\nThe NWR was first leased, and later taken over, by the Midland Railway (MR). The MR used part of the line for its London to Scotland Settle and Carlisle main line.\nThe NWR main line, which ran from Skipton in the West Riding of Yorkshire to Morecambe on the Lancashire coast, gave the MR access to the west coast in an area dominated by the rival LNWR.\nPart of the line, between Lancaster and Morecambe, was used in the early twentieth century for pioneering overhead electrification.\nTwo-thirds of the line, in North Yorkshire, is still in use today, mainly for local services. Of the dismantled Lancashire section, two-thirds has been reused as a combined cyclepath and footpath.", "The North Western Railway was incorporated on 26 June 1846 to build a railway from Skipton on the Leeds and Bradford Extension Railway to Low Gill on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, to carry Yorkshire-to-Scotland rail traffic.\nThere would be a branch at Clapham, Yorkshire to Lancaster, to make an end-on connection with an associated company.", "The Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company was incorporated on 16 July 1846 to build a harbour on Morecambe Bay, close to the village of Poulton-le-Sands, and 3 miles (5 km) of railway to a new station at Lancaster Green Ayre. The single-track line opened on Whit Monday 12 June 1848, a temporary station having been constructed at Morecambe which, it was reported, afforded \"every possible accommodation\" to passengers.\nOn 18 December 1849 a short connecting curve opened between Lancaster Green Ayre and Lancaster Castle on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway.\nThe company amalgamated with the NWR within months of its incorporation, although technically it remained a separate company until absorption by the Midland Railway on 1 June 1871.\nThe railway and harbour on Morecambe Bay led to the development of a settlement around them which absorbed Poulton-le-Sands, and later Bare and Torrisholme, and which eventually adopted the name of Morecambe.", "What was the original 'main line' opened between Skipton and Ingleton, on 31 July 1849. However, due to economic recession, work on the Ingleton-to-Low Gill section was suspended, so the NWR was forced to concentrate on the branch to Lancaster.\nSoon after, the line eastwards along the Lune valley from Lancaster Green Ayre to Wennington opened on 17 November 1849. The line extended further east to Bentham by 2 May 1850 and finally to Clapham where it joined the already completed line from Skipton, a month later on 1 June 1850. A horse bus had been used to bridge the gap between Wennington and Clapham during construction.\nUpon completion of the Morecambe-to-Skipton line, the Clapham-to-Ingleton section was closed, just ten months after opening, as the prospect of completion of the partly built branch to Low Gill seemed remote.\nThe whole line was originally single track. By 1850, the Hornby-to-Hellifield section had been doubled, extending to Skipton by 1853. However, Morecambe-to-Lancaster remained single track until 1877, and Lancaster-to-Hornby until 1889. The curve between the two Lancaster stations was never doubled.\nFrom 1 June 1852, the NWR was worked by the Midland Railway (MR). Later, on 1 January 1859, both the NWR and the MH&R were leased to the MR, and on 30 July 1874 the NWR was absorbed by the MR.", "", "After considerable manoeuvring between rival companies, in 1857 it was the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, worked by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), that was authorised to take over construction of the abandoned Ingleton-to-Low Gill line. The line opened to passengers on 16 September 1861, but to the LNWR's own station at Ingleton. The Midland and LNWR stations were at opposite ends of a viaduct, and passengers had to walk between them. However, by 1862 the LNWR trains ran through to the Midland station.", "Due to continuing friction between the MR and the LNWR over the Ingleton Branch, the MR resolved to build its own line from Settle to Carlisle, which opened to passengers on 1 May 1876. This line formed part of the MR's main line from London St Pancras to Carlisle Citadel and on to Glasgow St Enoch via the Glasgow and South Western Railway. Thus the NWR line between Skipton and Settle Junction gained main line status. Even today, the line is occasionally used for inter-city diversions.", "The Furness and Midland Joint Railway built a line from Wennington on the NWR to Carnforth, where there was already a junction between the Furness Railway and the LNWR's Lancaster and Carlisle Railway. The line opened to passengers on 6 June 1867.\nThe Lancaster and Carlisle Railway also built a branch from Hest Bank on its main line to meet the NWR just before Morecambe station, opening on 13 August 1864. However, LNWR passenger trains had their own station, initially at Morecambe Poulton Lane and, from 1886, at Morecambe Euston Road.\nThe Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway extended its line through Clitheroe to a junction with the NWR at Hellifield on 1 June 1880.", "Heysham Harbour was opened by the Midland Railway in 1904, to replace the same company's harbour in Morecambe. A branch line from the NWR line had already opened for contractors on 12 November 1898 but was opened to passengers on 1 September 1904. The new line made a triangular junction with the existing NWR line a very short distance east of the junction with the LNWR line from Hest Bank.", "The line between Lancaster, Morecambe and Heysham pioneered the use of overhead cables for electrification. Heysham-to-Morecambe was electrified on 13 April 1908, extending to Lancaster Green Ayre on 1 July and to Lancaster Castle on 14 September. The system used 6.6 kV at 25 Hz, with the electricity provided by a power station at Heysham, supplied via cables suspended from overhead steel archways.\nAfter 11 February 1951, steam trains temporarily took over while the system was upgraded to 6.6 kV at 50 Hz. Full electric service resumed on 17 August 1953, with power supplied from a new substation at Green Ayre. On a 4,000-foot (1,200 m) section of track, the overhead arches were replaced by experimental cantilever structures, separate for each of the two tracks.", "The Ingleton Branch closed to passengers on 30 January 1954, but was still used for goods and occasional excursions until closure on 26 July 1966, after which the tracks were lifted.\nThe Wennington-to-Morecambe section of the line was closed under the Beeching Axe. Passenger traffic ceased on 2 January 1966. However, an alternative Wennington-to-Morecambe connection has been maintained using the former Furness and Midland Joint Railway to Carnforth and thence the former LNWR Morecambe Branch Line, a route still in use today by the Leeds to Morecambe Line.\nGoods traffic via the Lune Valley line ceased on 4 June 1967, except for a short single-track spur from the Heysham line towards Lancaster which closed on 31 January 1970, and another single-track spur from Lancaster Castle to a power station which closed on 16 March 1976.\nAlmost all of the route of the dismantled line between Caton and Morecambe has been preserved as a combined cyclepath and footpath, except for a short section near Lancaster city centre. Here the line's Greyhound Bridge over the River Lune was converted for use as a road bridge.\nThe Morecambe-to-Heysham branch closed to passengers on 4 October 1975, but reopened on 11 May 1987 for sailings to the Isle of Man. The branch has been single track since Morecambe station was relocated in 1994. The branch now connects only to platform 2.", "", "Awdry 1990, p. 97.\n\"Local Intelligence – The North Western Railway\". The Lancaster Gazette, and Advertising Chronicle for Lancashire, Westmoreland, &c. (2, 292). 17 June 1848. p. 3.\nBairstow 2000, pp. 14–16.\nStretton, Clement E. (1893). The History of the North-Western Railway: A Paper Read at the North-Western Hotel, Morecambe, on the Occasion of the Termination of the Company, 1st January 1871. Chicago Exhibition.\nBairstow 2000, p. 16.\nAwdry 1990, p. 95.\nBairstow 2000, pp. 16, 18.\nBairstow 2000, p. 23.\nBairstow 2000, p. 18.\nBairstow 2000, p. 26.\nBairstow 2000, p. 28.\nBairstow 2000, p. 33.\nBairstow 2000, p. 53.\nSuggitt 2004, p. 152.\nBairstow 2000, p. 57.\nBairstow 2000, p. 59.\nRailway Magazine, p.797\nBairstow 2000, pp. 59–61.\nPrice, James (1998), Sharpe, Paley and Austin: A Lancaster Architectural Practice 1836–1942, Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies, p. 69, ISBN 1-86220-054-8\nHartwell, Clare; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2009) [1969], The Buildings of England. Lancashire: North, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 319, ISBN 978-0-300-12667-9\nHistoric England. \"Eastern Railway Bridge over the River Lune at Crook of Lune (1164408)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 20 August 2009.\nBairstow 2000, pp. 29–30.\nBairstow 2000, p. 96.\nBairstow 2000, pp. 65–68.\nBairstow 2000, p. 71.\nBairstow 2000, p. 61.", "\"Modernisation of North-West Lancashire Electrification\" (PDF). The Railway Magazine. Vol. 99 no. 632. December 1953. pp. 795–798, 804. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2008.\nAwdry, C. (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1852600497.\nBairstow, Martin (2000). The 'Little' North Western Railway. Leeds: Martin Bairstow. ISBN 187194421X.\nBinns, D. (1981). Railways Around Skipton. Skipton: Wyvern Publications.\nSuggitt, G. (2004). Lost Railways of Lancashire. Newbury: Countryside Books. ISBN 1853068012.", "RAILSCOT: North Western Railway" ]	[ "\"Little\" North Western Railway", "Formation", "Morecambe Harbour and Railway", "Construction", "Connecting lines", "The Ingleton Branch", "The Settle-Carlisle Line", "Other connecting lines", "Extension to Heysham", "Electrification", "Closures", "References", "Notes", "Sources", "External links" ]	"Little" North Western Railway	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Little%22_North_Western_Railway	[ 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 ]	[ 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631 ]	"Little" North Western Railway The North Western Railway (NWR) was an early British railway company in the north-west of England. It was commonly known as the "Little" North Western Railway, to distinguish it from the larger London and North Western Railway (LNWR). The NWR was first leased, and later taken over, by the Midland Railway (MR). The MR used part of the line for its London to Scotland Settle and Carlisle main line. The NWR main line, which ran from Skipton in the West Riding of Yorkshire to Morecambe on the Lancashire coast, gave the MR access to the west coast in an area dominated by the rival LNWR. Part of the line, between Lancaster and Morecambe, was used in the early twentieth century for pioneering overhead electrification. Two-thirds of the line, in North Yorkshire, is still in use today, mainly for local services. Of the dismantled Lancashire section, two-thirds has been reused as a combined cyclepath and footpath. The North Western Railway was incorporated on 26 June 1846 to build a railway from Skipton on the Leeds and Bradford Extension Railway to Low Gill on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, to carry Yorkshire-to-Scotland rail traffic. There would be a branch at Clapham, Yorkshire to Lancaster, to make an end-on connection with an associated company. The Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company was incorporated on 16 July 1846 to build a harbour on Morecambe Bay, close to the village of Poulton-le-Sands, and 3 miles (5 km) of railway to a new station at Lancaster Green Ayre. The single-track line opened on Whit Monday 12 June 1848, a temporary station having been constructed at Morecambe which, it was reported, afforded "every possible accommodation" to passengers. On 18 December 1849 a short connecting curve opened between Lancaster Green Ayre and Lancaster Castle on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway. The company amalgamated with the NWR within months of its incorporation, although technically it remained a separate company until absorption by the Midland Railway on 1 June 1871. The railway and harbour on Morecambe Bay led to the development of a settlement around them which absorbed Poulton-le-Sands, and later Bare and Torrisholme, and which eventually adopted the name of Morecambe. What was the original 'main line' opened between Skipton and Ingleton, on 31 July 1849. However, due to economic recession, work on the Ingleton-to-Low Gill section was suspended, so the NWR was forced to concentrate on the branch to Lancaster. Soon after, the line eastwards along the Lune valley from Lancaster Green Ayre to Wennington opened on 17 November 1849. The line extended further east to Bentham by 2 May 1850 and finally to Clapham where it joined the already completed line from Skipton, a month later on 1 June 1850. A horse bus had been used to bridge the gap between Wennington and Clapham during construction. Upon completion of the Morecambe-to-Skipton line, the Clapham-to-Ingleton section was closed, just ten months after opening, as the prospect of completion of the partly built branch to Low Gill seemed remote. The whole line was originally single track. By 1850, the Hornby-to-Hellifield section had been doubled, extending to Skipton by 1853. However, Morecambe-to-Lancaster remained single track until 1877, and Lancaster-to-Hornby until 1889. The curve between the two Lancaster stations was never doubled. From 1 June 1852, the NWR was worked by the Midland Railway (MR). Later, on 1 January 1859, both the NWR and the MH&R were leased to the MR, and on 30 July 1874 the NWR was absorbed by the MR. After considerable manoeuvring between rival companies, in 1857 it was the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, worked by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), that was authorised to take over construction of the abandoned Ingleton-to-Low Gill line. The line opened to passengers on 16 September 1861, but to the LNWR's own station at Ingleton. The Midland and LNWR stations were at opposite ends of a viaduct, and passengers had to walk between them. However, by 1862 the LNWR trains ran through to the Midland station. Due to continuing friction between the MR and the LNWR over the Ingleton Branch, the MR resolved to build its own line from Settle to Carlisle, which opened to passengers on 1 May 1876. This line formed part of the MR's main line from London St Pancras to Carlisle Citadel and on to Glasgow St Enoch via the Glasgow and South Western Railway. Thus the NWR line between Skipton and Settle Junction gained main line status. Even today, the line is occasionally used for inter-city diversions. The Furness and Midland Joint Railway built a line from Wennington on the NWR to Carnforth, where there was already a junction between the Furness Railway and the LNWR's Lancaster and Carlisle Railway. The line opened to passengers on 6 June 1867. The Lancaster and Carlisle Railway also built a branch from Hest Bank on its main line to meet the NWR just before Morecambe station, opening on 13 August 1864. However, LNWR passenger trains had their own station, initially at Morecambe Poulton Lane and, from 1886, at Morecambe Euston Road. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway extended its line through Clitheroe to a junction with the NWR at Hellifield on 1 June 1880. Heysham Harbour was opened by the Midland Railway in 1904, to replace the same company's harbour in Morecambe. A branch line from the NWR line had already opened for contractors on 12 November 1898 but was opened to passengers on 1 September 1904. The new line made a triangular junction with the existing NWR line a very short distance east of the junction with the LNWR line from Hest Bank. The line between Lancaster, Morecambe and Heysham pioneered the use of overhead cables for electrification. Heysham-to-Morecambe was electrified on 13 April 1908, extending to Lancaster Green Ayre on 1 July and to Lancaster Castle on 14 September. The system used 6.6 kV at 25 Hz, with the electricity provided by a power station at Heysham, supplied via cables suspended from overhead steel archways. After 11 February 1951, steam trains temporarily took over while the system was upgraded to 6.6 kV at 50 Hz. Full electric service resumed on 17 August 1953, with power supplied from a new substation at Green Ayre. On a 4,000-foot (1,200 m) section of track, the overhead arches were replaced by experimental cantilever structures, separate for each of the two tracks. The Ingleton Branch closed to passengers on 30 January 1954, but was still used for goods and occasional excursions until closure on 26 July 1966, after which the tracks were lifted. The Wennington-to-Morecambe section of the line was closed under the Beeching Axe. Passenger traffic ceased on 2 January 1966. However, an alternative Wennington-to-Morecambe connection has been maintained using the former Furness and Midland Joint Railway to Carnforth and thence the former LNWR Morecambe Branch Line, a route still in use today by the Leeds to Morecambe Line. Goods traffic via the Lune Valley line ceased on 4 June 1967, except for a short single-track spur from the Heysham line towards Lancaster which closed on 31 January 1970, and another single-track spur from Lancaster Castle to a power station which closed on 16 March 1976. Almost all of the route of the dismantled line between Caton and Morecambe has been preserved as a combined cyclepath and footpath, except for a short section near Lancaster city centre. Here the line's Greyhound Bridge over the River Lune was converted for use as a road bridge. The Morecambe-to-Heysham branch closed to passengers on 4 October 1975, but reopened on 11 May 1987 for sailings to the Isle of Man. The branch has been single track since Morecambe station was relocated in 1994. The branch now connects only to platform 2. Awdry 1990, p. 97. "Local Intelligence – The North Western Railway". The Lancaster Gazette, and Advertising Chronicle for Lancashire, Westmoreland, &c. (2, 292). 17 June 1848. p. 3. Bairstow 2000, pp. 14–16. Stretton, Clement E. (1893). The History of the North-Western Railway: A Paper Read at the North-Western Hotel, Morecambe, on the Occasion of the Termination of the Company, 1st January 1871. Chicago Exhibition. Bairstow 2000, p. 16. Awdry 1990, p. 95. Bairstow 2000, pp. 16, 18. Bairstow 2000, p. 23. Bairstow 2000, p. 18. Bairstow 2000, p. 26. Bairstow 2000, p. 28. Bairstow 2000, p. 33. Bairstow 2000, p. 53. Suggitt 2004, p. 152. Bairstow 2000, p. 57. Bairstow 2000, p. 59. Railway Magazine, p.797 Bairstow 2000, pp. 59–61. Price, James (1998), Sharpe, Paley and Austin: A Lancaster Architectural Practice 1836–1942, Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies, p. 69, ISBN 1-86220-054-8 Hartwell, Clare; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2009) [1969], The Buildings of England. Lancashire: North, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 319, ISBN 978-0-300-12667-9 Historic England. "Eastern Railway Bridge over the River Lune at Crook of Lune (1164408)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 20 August 2009. Bairstow 2000, pp. 29–30. Bairstow 2000, p. 96. Bairstow 2000, pp. 65–68. Bairstow 2000, p. 71. Bairstow 2000, p. 61. "Modernisation of North-West Lancashire Electrification" (PDF). The Railway Magazine. Vol. 99 no. 632. December 1953. pp. 795–798, 804. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2008. Awdry, C. (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1852600497. Bairstow, Martin (2000). The 'Little' North Western Railway. Leeds: Martin Bairstow. ISBN 187194421X. Binns, D. (1981). Railways Around Skipton. Skipton: Wyvern Publications. Suggitt, G. (2004). Lost Railways of Lancashire. Newbury: Countryside Books. ISBN 1853068012. RAILSCOT: North Western Railway
[ "", "The \"M\" Circle in the spring with marigold flowers.", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/UMD_M_Circle.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Park._%285062733545%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Memorial_Chapel_at_UMCP%2C_front_view_off-center%2C_August_21%2C_2006.jpg" ]	[ "\"M\" Circle is a commemorative traffic circle on the campus of the University of Maryland, College Park. Created in 1976 to celebrate the American Bicentennial, the circle is noted for the large floral \"M\" that sits in its center. The flowers that make up the “M” are replaced twice annually. Around 1,200 tulip bulbs are planted in the fall and after blooming, are then replaced with around 3,500 marigolds or vodka begonias in the spring.\nThe circle is set to be demolished and relocated as part of the construction of the Purple Line.", "MAC to Millennium, University of Maryland Archives Archived 2010-05-31 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-8-22.\nUniversity of Maryland, Conferences and Visitors Services:Campus Attractions. Retrieved 2010-8-22.\nUMD’s M circle will be rebuilt in a new location to accommodate Purple Line construction Archived 2019-08-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2018-10-01." ]	[ "\"M\" Circle", "References" ]	"M" Circle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22M%22_Circle	[ 78, 79, 80 ]	[ 632 ]	"M" Circle "M" Circle is a commemorative traffic circle on the campus of the University of Maryland, College Park. Created in 1976 to celebrate the American Bicentennial, the circle is noted for the large floral "M" that sits in its center. The flowers that make up the “M” are replaced twice annually. Around 1,200 tulip bulbs are planted in the fall and after blooming, are then replaced with around 3,500 marigolds or vodka begonias in the spring. The circle is set to be demolished and relocated as part of the construction of the Purple Line. MAC to Millennium, University of Maryland Archives Archived 2010-05-31 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2010-8-22. University of Maryland, Conferences and Visitors Services:Campus Attractions. Retrieved 2010-8-22. UMD’s M circle will be rebuilt in a new location to accommodate Purple Line construction Archived 2019-08-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2018-10-01.
[ "Whiddett's Mazda RX-7" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Osaka_Auto_Messe_2014_%28150%29_Madbul_RX7.JPG" ]	[ "Michael Whiddett (born 1981) also known as \"Mad Mike\", is a New Zealand drifting racer. He is sponsored by Red Bull. Whiddett has also raced motocross from the age of six and placed second at the New Zealand 1997 Pro junior 85cc Motocross Champs.", "Whiddett has a strong relationship with Mazda and has been drifting in Mazda engines since he started in 2007 in a Mazda RX-7. His cars have all been named in a similar way including:\nNIMBUL, a Lamborghini Huracan with a Liberty Walk bodykit, makes approximately 800-900HP\nMADBUL, a Mazda FD RX-7 with a 26B quad rotor, naturally aspirated engine. MADBUL was given a new look in 2017 to have RX-3 front end bodywork and renamed MADBUL 7.3 due its design combination of RX-7 and RX-3\nBADBUL, a Mazda RX-8 with a 20B three rotor turbo engine\nHUMBUL, a Mazda FD RX-7 with a 26B quad rotor, twin turbo engine\nRADBUL, a Mazda NC MX-5 with a 26B quad rotor, twin turbo engine\nRADBUL Gen2, a Mazda NC MX-5 with ND MX-5 body panels and a 26B quad rotor, twin turbo engine\nRUMBUL, a Mazda B2000 based Stadium Truck with a naturally aspirated 13B twin rotor engine\nHe also owns a Mazda REPU with a 13B twin rotor engine called PITBUL. And a Mazda Luce Sedan set up to take up to 3 passengers called MADCAB.\nWhiddett's current project car is a 2022 Mazda 3 (BP). It will feature a quad rotor Wankel engine with 1,200hp and is being developed to race in the famous Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in celebration of the race's 100th anniversary.", "Whiddett has competed in Formula Drift in the United States in the 2010, 2015 and 2016 seasons and was named the Most Improved Driver for the 2010 season. He has also competed in Formula D Asia and Formula D Japan. He is the first professional Mazda driver to clench a professional drifting championship.\nWhiddett has also competed in off-road racing. In 2015, he participated in the Stadium Super Trucks race at the Sand Sports Super Show, an opportunity he received after meeting series founder Robby Gordon at the Goodwood Festival of Speed. He drove E. J. Viso's No. 5 truck during the weekend, with points earned by Whiddett going to Viso in the championship. After starting second for the first race, he finished fourth; this was followed by a retirement in Race 2 with an engine problem. Although he rolled in the final race, he finished seventh.", "Won championship", "Finished 1st at Okuibuki Motorsports Park", "Finished Top 16 at Long Beach\nFinished Top 32 at Orlando Speed World\nFinished Top 16 at Atlanta\nFinished 25th at Autodrome Saint-Eustache (Lowest season finish)\nFinished Top 32 at Monroe\nFinished 8th at Texas Motor Speedway (Highest season finish)\nFinished Top 16 at Irwindale", "Finished 1st at Ebisu Circuit West Course\nFinished 9th at Okayama International Circuit", "Finished Top 16 at Atlanta\nFinished Top 16 at Orlando Speed World\nFinished 14th at Monroe (Lowest season finish)\nFinished Top 16 at Texas Motor Speedway\nFinished 5th at Irwindale (Highest season finish)", "Finished 21st at Fuji Speedway\nFinished 9th at Sydney Motorsports Park", "Finished 9th at Calder Park", "Finished Top 32 at Atlanta\nFinished Top 32 at Wall\nFinished Top 32 at Monroe\nFinished 10th at Las Vegas (Highest season finish)\nFinished 29th at Sonoma (Lowest season finish)\nFinished Top 16 at Irwindale", "Finished 1st at Wonder World Amusement Park in 2009\nFinished 3rd Malaysia Agro Exposition Park in 2009", "2009, finished first at Wonder World Amusement Park in the Formula Drift Asia series.\nIn 2014, he was the first New Zealand drift driver to receive an award from Motorsport New Zealand for outstanding achievement.\n2015, finished fifth at Irwindale Formula Drift for his highest finish in the series.\n2016, finished first at Okayama International Circuit in the Formula Drift Japan series.", "", "(key) (Bold – Pole position. Italics – Fastest qualifier. * – Most laps led.)", "\"Mad Mike Whiddett: Living the Dream\". DrivingLine. Retrieved 15 July 2017.\nTaua, Justene. \"Mike Whiddett Drift Racing\". Redbull.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.\n\"Formula DRIFT - Drivers - Mad Mike Whiddett\". Formulad.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2016-02-17.\n\"Mad Mike Whiddett: Living the Dream\". DrivingLine.com. 2015-07-30. Retrieved 2016-02-17.\nCheng, Zarah (2015-12-24). \"Mad Mike Whiddett and his Mazda MX-5 \"RADBUL\"\". Hypebeast.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.\nJonathon Klein (2016-01-05). \"Mad Mike Whiddett Shakes Down His New RADBUL Drift Car\". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.\n\"Mad Mike Whiddett: a wet track makes me much less of a leadfoot\". Stuff.co.nz. 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2016-02-17.\n\"Mike Whiddett and his Mazda MX-5 drift video - Formula Drift Videos\". Motorsport.com. 2015-12-20. Archived from the original on 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2016-02-17.\n\"This Is Mad Mike Whiddett's RadBul Gen2 Headed For Long Beach\". Art of Gears. 2016-02-27. Retrieved 2017-04-09.\n\"Mike Whiddett - Opponents - DriftStats\". www.driftstats.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-09.\nWilde, Dominik (4 July 2017). \"'Mad' Mike Whiddett keen for Red Bull GRC chance\". The Checkered Flag. Retrieved 15 December 2019.\n\"Round 13 of 21 – Sand Sports #1 – 9/18/15\". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 12 December 2019.\n\"Round 13 of 21 – Sand Sports #2 – 9/19/15\". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 12 December 2019.\nSinclair, Adam (22 September 2015). \"Sheldon Creed Wins Stadium SUPER Trucks Sand Sports Show Sunday Finale\". Speedway Digest. Retrieved 15 December 2019.\n\"Mad Mike Whiddett \| MotorSport New Zealand\". www.motorsport.org.nz. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-09.\n\"2015 Official Point Standings\". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 26 March 2019.", "Official website Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine" ]	[ "\"Mad\" Mike Whiddett", "Car history", "Racing history", "2018 – Formula Drift Japan Series", "2017 – Formula Drift Japan", "2016 – Formula Drift", "2016 – Formula Drift Japan", "2015 – Formula Drift", "2014 – Formula Drift Asia", "2013 – Formula Drift Asia", "2010 – Formula Drift", "2009 – Formula Drift Asia", "Achievements", "Motorsports career results", "Stadium Super Trucks", "References", "External links" ]	"Mad" Mike Whiddett	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Mad%22_Mike_Whiddett	[ 81 ]	[ 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644 ]	"Mad" Mike Whiddett Michael Whiddett (born 1981) also known as "Mad Mike", is a New Zealand drifting racer. He is sponsored by Red Bull. Whiddett has also raced motocross from the age of six and placed second at the New Zealand 1997 Pro junior 85cc Motocross Champs. Whiddett has a strong relationship with Mazda and has been drifting in Mazda engines since he started in 2007 in a Mazda RX-7. His cars have all been named in a similar way including: NIMBUL, a Lamborghini Huracan with a Liberty Walk bodykit, makes approximately 800-900HP MADBUL, a Mazda FD RX-7 with a 26B quad rotor, naturally aspirated engine. MADBUL was given a new look in 2017 to have RX-3 front end bodywork and renamed MADBUL 7.3 due its design combination of RX-7 and RX-3 BADBUL, a Mazda RX-8 with a 20B three rotor turbo engine HUMBUL, a Mazda FD RX-7 with a 26B quad rotor, twin turbo engine RADBUL, a Mazda NC MX-5 with a 26B quad rotor, twin turbo engine RADBUL Gen2, a Mazda NC MX-5 with ND MX-5 body panels and a 26B quad rotor, twin turbo engine RUMBUL, a Mazda B2000 based Stadium Truck with a naturally aspirated 13B twin rotor engine He also owns a Mazda REPU with a 13B twin rotor engine called PITBUL. And a Mazda Luce Sedan set up to take up to 3 passengers called MADCAB. Whiddett's current project car is a 2022 Mazda 3 (BP). It will feature a quad rotor Wankel engine with 1,200hp and is being developed to race in the famous Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in celebration of the race's 100th anniversary. Whiddett has competed in Formula Drift in the United States in the 2010, 2015 and 2016 seasons and was named the Most Improved Driver for the 2010 season. He has also competed in Formula D Asia and Formula D Japan. He is the first professional Mazda driver to clench a professional drifting championship. Whiddett has also competed in off-road racing. In 2015, he participated in the Stadium Super Trucks race at the Sand Sports Super Show, an opportunity he received after meeting series founder Robby Gordon at the Goodwood Festival of Speed. He drove E. J. Viso's No. 5 truck during the weekend, with points earned by Whiddett going to Viso in the championship. After starting second for the first race, he finished fourth; this was followed by a retirement in Race 2 with an engine problem. Although he rolled in the final race, he finished seventh. Won championship Finished 1st at Okuibuki Motorsports Park Finished Top 16 at Long Beach Finished Top 32 at Orlando Speed World Finished Top 16 at Atlanta Finished 25th at Autodrome Saint-Eustache (Lowest season finish) Finished Top 32 at Monroe Finished 8th at Texas Motor Speedway (Highest season finish) Finished Top 16 at Irwindale Finished 1st at Ebisu Circuit West Course Finished 9th at Okayama International Circuit Finished Top 16 at Atlanta Finished Top 16 at Orlando Speed World Finished 14th at Monroe (Lowest season finish) Finished Top 16 at Texas Motor Speedway Finished 5th at Irwindale (Highest season finish) Finished 21st at Fuji Speedway Finished 9th at Sydney Motorsports Park Finished 9th at Calder Park Finished Top 32 at Atlanta Finished Top 32 at Wall Finished Top 32 at Monroe Finished 10th at Las Vegas (Highest season finish) Finished 29th at Sonoma (Lowest season finish) Finished Top 16 at Irwindale Finished 1st at Wonder World Amusement Park in 2009 Finished 3rd Malaysia Agro Exposition Park in 2009 2009, finished first at Wonder World Amusement Park in the Formula Drift Asia series. In 2014, he was the first New Zealand drift driver to receive an award from Motorsport New Zealand for outstanding achievement. 2015, finished fifth at Irwindale Formula Drift for his highest finish in the series. 2016, finished first at Okayama International Circuit in the Formula Drift Japan series. (key) (Bold – Pole position. Italics – Fastest qualifier. * – Most laps led.) "Mad Mike Whiddett: Living the Dream". DrivingLine. Retrieved 15 July 2017. Taua, Justene. "Mike Whiddett Drift Racing". Redbull.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17. "Formula DRIFT - Drivers - Mad Mike Whiddett". Formulad.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2016-02-17. "Mad Mike Whiddett: Living the Dream". DrivingLine.com. 2015-07-30. Retrieved 2016-02-17. Cheng, Zarah (2015-12-24). "Mad Mike Whiddett and his Mazda MX-5 "RADBUL"". Hypebeast.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17. Jonathon Klein (2016-01-05). "Mad Mike Whiddett Shakes Down His New RADBUL Drift Car". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17. "Mad Mike Whiddett: a wet track makes me much less of a leadfoot". Stuff.co.nz. 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2016-02-17. "Mike Whiddett and his Mazda MX-5 drift video - Formula Drift Videos". Motorsport.com. 2015-12-20. Archived from the original on 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2016-02-17. "This Is Mad Mike Whiddett's RadBul Gen2 Headed For Long Beach". Art of Gears. 2016-02-27. Retrieved 2017-04-09. "Mike Whiddett - Opponents - DriftStats". www.driftstats.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-09. Wilde, Dominik (4 July 2017). "'Mad' Mike Whiddett keen for Red Bull GRC chance". The Checkered Flag. Retrieved 15 December 2019. "Round 13 of 21 – Sand Sports #1 – 9/18/15". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 12 December 2019. "Round 13 of 21 – Sand Sports #2 – 9/19/15". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 12 December 2019. Sinclair, Adam (22 September 2015). "Sheldon Creed Wins Stadium SUPER Trucks Sand Sports Show Sunday Finale". Speedway Digest. Retrieved 15 December 2019. "Mad Mike Whiddett \| MotorSport New Zealand". www.motorsport.org.nz. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-09. "2015 Official Point Standings". Stadium Super Trucks. Retrieved 26 March 2019. Official website Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
[ "", "Tennessee Historical Commission's Marker for Buchanan's Station" ]	[ 0, 3 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Portrait_of_Major_John_Buchanan.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Buchanan%27s_Station_Historical_Marker.jpg" ]	[ "\"Major\" John Buchanan (born January 12, 1759) was an American frontiersman and one of the founders of present-day Nashville, Tennessee. He is best known for defending his fort, Buchanan Station, from an attack by several hundred Native American Indians on September 30, 1792. The defense at Buchanan's Station saved early Nashville, which was unprepared after dismissing rumors of an incoming Indian onslaught. On their part, the Indians recoiled, splitting into small parties that caused considerable damage to outlying homesteads but abandoned the major attack on Nashville. Nor was any like invasion attempted again. The defense of Buchanan's Station not only spared Nashville, but raised the morale of the pioneers at a dark and difficult time, and was frequently recalled in the following decades as a symbol of the courage and determination of the founders of the state of Tennessee.", "Major Buchanan's roots can be traced to Anselan O Kyan, the son of the King of Ulster Dermond O Kyan of Ireland and the founder of the Buchanan clan. Anselan fled Ireland and landed on the northern coast of Argyll, Scotland near The Lennox north of the present day city of Glasgow, around the year 1016. Anselan assisted Malcolm II of Scotland in repelling his old enemies, the Danes, on two different occasions. Anselan received a grant of land in the north of Scotland, East of Loch Lomond. The Buchanan name bears a unique Coat of Arms and specific war cry granted to Anselan.\nJohn Buchanan was the great-grandson of Thomas Buchanan, who left Scotland in 1702 as one of six brothers (John, William, George, Thomas, Samuel, and Alexander) and one sister to resettle in County Donegal, Ireland. John Buchanan and his wife, Jane Trimble, emigrated to America as among the earliest colonists in North America, initially settling in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where Major John Buchanan was born in 1759.", "Twenty-year-old John Buchanan and his family arrived at the future Nashville during the unusually cold winter of 1779–1780, ahead of James Robertson's founding party according to several historians. After losing his brother Alexander at Ft. Nashborough's 1781 \"Battle of the Bluff,\" Buchanan wrote Nashville's first book, John Buchanan's Book of Arithmetic.\nAfter living approximately four years at Fort Nashborough, Buchanan and his family moved a few miles east and established Buchanan's Station on Mill Creek, at today's Elm Hill Pike and Massman Drive in Nashville. Around 1786, Buchanan married Margaret Kennedy, who died after giving birth to their first and only child, John Buchanan II, born on May 15, 1787. His second wife, Sarah Ridley, bore thirteen children: George, Alexander, Elizabeth, Samuel, William, Jane T., James B., Moses R., Sarah V., Charles B., Richard G., Henry R., and Nancy M.\nAs G.R. McGee writes in A History of Tennessee from 1663 to 1905, \"[i]n the summer of 1780 the Indians began to kill the settlers and hunters that they found alone or in small parties, and this was kept up all the season. There was no open attacks upon the settlements, but if a man went out to gather corn, to hunt, to feed his stock, or to visit a neighbor he was in constant danger of being shot by an Indian hidden away in a thicket or canebrake.\"", "On September 30, 1792, during the height of the Cherokee–American wars, approximately twenty defenders at Buchanan's Station held off several hundred Native Americans seeking to destroy all the Cumberland settlements. Buchanan and his compatriots stopped them—without the loss of a single stationer—before they could move on to attack the remainder of area settlements. Nineteenth-century historian J.G.M. Ramsey called this victory \"a feat of bravery which has scarcely been surpassed in all the annals of border warfare.\"\nBuchanan's Station was located on Mill Creek and consisted of a few buildings surrounded by a picket stockade and a blockhouse at the front gate overlooking the creek some four miles south of the infant settlement of Nashville. For most of the 19th century, Buchanan's Station was widely remembered as a symbol of the determination that created the State of Tennessee.\nAt the time, Nashville consisted of only about sixty families, and it was isolated in a hostile and threatening wilderness. Communications with the nearest settlements, Knoxville in eastern Tennessee and Natchez further south on the Mississippi, were long and precarious. Although the ultimate responsibility for the area had been transferred from North Carolina to the United States federal government in 1790, neither entity had the will or resources to offer the small outpost effective protection. Ranged against it were Native Americans, understandably aggrieved at the loss of traditional territory, and international powers. Threatened by the rise of the new American republic, Britain and Spain both encouraged Indian confederacies to resist its expansion and create a buffer between it and their own colonial possessions. North of the Ohio, the British saw Indians as an essential part of the defense of Canada, while Baron Carondelet, the governor of Spanish territory south of the 31st parallel and west of the Mississippi, armed the southern Indians and urged them to unite against the Americans. It was time, one Spanish correspondent wrote, to \"place an obstacle to the rapid western progress of the Americans and raise a barrier between these enterprising people and the Spanish possessions.\" In these circumstances the positions of isolated American pioneer settlements was unenviable, and in 1792 Bledsoe's and Ziegler's stations north of Nashville were overrun by parties of Indians smaller than the one that attacked Buchanan's later in the year.\nThe assault on Buchanan's Station was not a simple raid, but an attempt to wipe out the Nashville settlements entirely, backed by Spanish arms and supplies secured in Pensacola. Over three hundred Lower Cherokees, Creeks, and Shawnees under the command of a mixed blood Cherokee leader named John Watts, advanced on Nashville from their towns on the lower Tennessee River. Supposing that the outlying station of Buchanan could be disposed of quickly, the Indians attempted a surprise attack at midnight. The station contained only a handful of defenders, some fifteen men, who manned the port-holes while their women and children—led by Buchanan's wife—molded bullets, reloaded muskets and rifles, and supplied sustenance. During a furious fight, the Indians attempted to storm the palisade and to set fire to the roof of the blockhouse, but they were repelled within two hours.", "It was during this nighttime \"Battle of Buchanan's Station\" that Buchanan's eighteen-year-old wife, Sarah (\"Sally\") Ridley Buchanan, in her ninth month of pregnancy with the first of their thirteen children, earned national fame. She encouraged the men, reassured the women and children, molded much-needed ammunition reportedly by melting down her dinnerware, and provided the voice of victory throughout the seemingly hopeless pandemonium. For her uncommon valor, she was known as the \"Heroine of Buchanan Station\" and biographer Elizabeth Ellet referred to her as \"the Greatest Heroine of the West\". Sally was heralded in magazines and newspapers as well as listed in at least two national encyclopedias of biography (Appleton's and Herringshaw's).", "History of Nashville, Tennessee", "Aiken, Leona Taylor (1968). Donelson, Tennessee: Its History and Landmarks.\n\"Buchanan Society\". Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.\nBuchanan, Thomas. \"Thomas Buchanan's Memoirs – 1898\". Retrieved May 27, 2013.\nBuchanan, John (1781). John Buchanan's Book of Arithmetic. site of present-day Nashville, TN: Buchanan, John. p. 82. Tennessee Historical Society miscellaneous collection, I-A-1v, B-238, T-100.\nMcGee, Gentry Richard (1911). A History of Tennessee from 1663 to 1914. New York: American Book Company. pp. 88–89.\nRamsey, J.G.M. (1853). Annals of Tennessee.\nSugden, John (1997). Tecumseh: A Life. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 73–76. ISBN 9780805061215.\nEllet, Elizabeth (1856). The Women of the American Revolution." ]	[ "\"Major\" John Buchanan", "Origins", "Settlement in Cumberland", "Attack on Buchanan's Station", "Sally Ridley Buchanan", "Additional Information", "References" ]	"Major" John Buchanan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Major%22_John_Buchanan	[ 82, 83 ]	[ 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661 ]	"Major" John Buchanan "Major" John Buchanan (born January 12, 1759) was an American frontiersman and one of the founders of present-day Nashville, Tennessee. He is best known for defending his fort, Buchanan Station, from an attack by several hundred Native American Indians on September 30, 1792. The defense at Buchanan's Station saved early Nashville, which was unprepared after dismissing rumors of an incoming Indian onslaught. On their part, the Indians recoiled, splitting into small parties that caused considerable damage to outlying homesteads but abandoned the major attack on Nashville. Nor was any like invasion attempted again. The defense of Buchanan's Station not only spared Nashville, but raised the morale of the pioneers at a dark and difficult time, and was frequently recalled in the following decades as a symbol of the courage and determination of the founders of the state of Tennessee. Major Buchanan's roots can be traced to Anselan O Kyan, the son of the King of Ulster Dermond O Kyan of Ireland and the founder of the Buchanan clan. Anselan fled Ireland and landed on the northern coast of Argyll, Scotland near The Lennox north of the present day city of Glasgow, around the year 1016. Anselan assisted Malcolm II of Scotland in repelling his old enemies, the Danes, on two different occasions. Anselan received a grant of land in the north of Scotland, East of Loch Lomond. The Buchanan name bears a unique Coat of Arms and specific war cry granted to Anselan. John Buchanan was the great-grandson of Thomas Buchanan, who left Scotland in 1702 as one of six brothers (John, William, George, Thomas, Samuel, and Alexander) and one sister to resettle in County Donegal, Ireland. John Buchanan and his wife, Jane Trimble, emigrated to America as among the earliest colonists in North America, initially settling in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where Major John Buchanan was born in 1759. Twenty-year-old John Buchanan and his family arrived at the future Nashville during the unusually cold winter of 1779–1780, ahead of James Robertson's founding party according to several historians. After losing his brother Alexander at Ft. Nashborough's 1781 "Battle of the Bluff," Buchanan wrote Nashville's first book, John Buchanan's Book of Arithmetic. After living approximately four years at Fort Nashborough, Buchanan and his family moved a few miles east and established Buchanan's Station on Mill Creek, at today's Elm Hill Pike and Massman Drive in Nashville. Around 1786, Buchanan married Margaret Kennedy, who died after giving birth to their first and only child, John Buchanan II, born on May 15, 1787. His second wife, Sarah Ridley, bore thirteen children: George, Alexander, Elizabeth, Samuel, William, Jane T., James B., Moses R., Sarah V., Charles B., Richard G., Henry R., and Nancy M. As G.R. McGee writes in A History of Tennessee from 1663 to 1905, "[i]n the summer of 1780 the Indians began to kill the settlers and hunters that they found alone or in small parties, and this was kept up all the season. There was no open attacks upon the settlements, but if a man went out to gather corn, to hunt, to feed his stock, or to visit a neighbor he was in constant danger of being shot by an Indian hidden away in a thicket or canebrake." On September 30, 1792, during the height of the Cherokee–American wars, approximately twenty defenders at Buchanan's Station held off several hundred Native Americans seeking to destroy all the Cumberland settlements. Buchanan and his compatriots stopped them—without the loss of a single stationer—before they could move on to attack the remainder of area settlements. Nineteenth-century historian J.G.M. Ramsey called this victory "a feat of bravery which has scarcely been surpassed in all the annals of border warfare." Buchanan's Station was located on Mill Creek and consisted of a few buildings surrounded by a picket stockade and a blockhouse at the front gate overlooking the creek some four miles south of the infant settlement of Nashville. For most of the 19th century, Buchanan's Station was widely remembered as a symbol of the determination that created the State of Tennessee. At the time, Nashville consisted of only about sixty families, and it was isolated in a hostile and threatening wilderness. Communications with the nearest settlements, Knoxville in eastern Tennessee and Natchez further south on the Mississippi, were long and precarious. Although the ultimate responsibility for the area had been transferred from North Carolina to the United States federal government in 1790, neither entity had the will or resources to offer the small outpost effective protection. Ranged against it were Native Americans, understandably aggrieved at the loss of traditional territory, and international powers. Threatened by the rise of the new American republic, Britain and Spain both encouraged Indian confederacies to resist its expansion and create a buffer between it and their own colonial possessions. North of the Ohio, the British saw Indians as an essential part of the defense of Canada, while Baron Carondelet, the governor of Spanish territory south of the 31st parallel and west of the Mississippi, armed the southern Indians and urged them to unite against the Americans. It was time, one Spanish correspondent wrote, to "place an obstacle to the rapid western progress of the Americans and raise a barrier between these enterprising people and the Spanish possessions." In these circumstances the positions of isolated American pioneer settlements was unenviable, and in 1792 Bledsoe's and Ziegler's stations north of Nashville were overrun by parties of Indians smaller than the one that attacked Buchanan's later in the year. The assault on Buchanan's Station was not a simple raid, but an attempt to wipe out the Nashville settlements entirely, backed by Spanish arms and supplies secured in Pensacola. Over three hundred Lower Cherokees, Creeks, and Shawnees under the command of a mixed blood Cherokee leader named John Watts, advanced on Nashville from their towns on the lower Tennessee River. Supposing that the outlying station of Buchanan could be disposed of quickly, the Indians attempted a surprise attack at midnight. The station contained only a handful of defenders, some fifteen men, who manned the port-holes while their women and children—led by Buchanan's wife—molded bullets, reloaded muskets and rifles, and supplied sustenance. During a furious fight, the Indians attempted to storm the palisade and to set fire to the roof of the blockhouse, but they were repelled within two hours. It was during this nighttime "Battle of Buchanan's Station" that Buchanan's eighteen-year-old wife, Sarah ("Sally") Ridley Buchanan, in her ninth month of pregnancy with the first of their thirteen children, earned national fame. She encouraged the men, reassured the women and children, molded much-needed ammunition reportedly by melting down her dinnerware, and provided the voice of victory throughout the seemingly hopeless pandemonium. For her uncommon valor, she was known as the "Heroine of Buchanan Station" and biographer Elizabeth Ellet referred to her as "the Greatest Heroine of the West". Sally was heralded in magazines and newspapers as well as listed in at least two national encyclopedias of biography (Appleton's and Herringshaw's). History of Nashville, Tennessee Aiken, Leona Taylor (1968). Donelson, Tennessee: Its History and Landmarks. "Buchanan Society". Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013. Buchanan, Thomas. "Thomas Buchanan's Memoirs – 1898". Retrieved May 27, 2013. Buchanan, John (1781). John Buchanan's Book of Arithmetic. site of present-day Nashville, TN: Buchanan, John. p. 82. Tennessee Historical Society miscellaneous collection, I-A-1v, B-238, T-100. McGee, Gentry Richard (1911). A History of Tennessee from 1663 to 1914. New York: American Book Company. pp. 88–89. Ramsey, J.G.M. (1853). Annals of Tennessee. Sugden, John (1997). Tecumseh: A Life. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 73–76. ISBN 9780805061215. Ellet, Elizabeth (1856). The Women of the American Revolution.
[ "Paula Henderson in 2011" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Up_phender.png" ]	[ "\"Moist\" Paula Henderson is a New York City based baritone saxophone player. When not touring internationally, she performs weekly in NYC with Reverend Vince Anderson and his Love Choir at Union Pool. Since 2002 she has been a member of Burnt Sugar Arkestra founded by Greg Tate . She was a member of Melvin Van Peebles' group Wid Laxative. \nHenderson has toured consistently as part of Nick Waterhouse's live band. Deafen County says of Henderson, \"You need to see 'Moist' Paula Henderson on bari sax at least once before you die.\" The Georgia Straight says of his band The Tarots, \"...leading the charge was Paula Henderson, whose green cocktail dress, sparkling emerald shoes, fishnet stockings, and '50s sunglasses were accessorized by a baritone sax the size of a small battleship.\" Waterhouse refers to Henderson as \"his favourite sax player\".\nShe also performs live and in the studio with The Bogmen, The Binky Griptite Orchestra, Meah Pace, Okay Kaya, \nShe has also played with The Roots, James Chance and the Contortions, Gogol Bordello, C.W. Stoneking, HAIM, Shamir, Smokey Robinson, Irma Thomas, David Johansen, King Kahn, Vernon Reid, and TV On The Radio, with whom she appeared on the David Letterman show.\nAs a session musician she has appeared on Late Show with David Letterman, Saturday Night Live, The Colbert Report, and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. \nShe is a member of Resistance Revival Chorus. \nBorn and raised in Australia she relocated to New York in 1995.", "2007 Secretary \n2011 Dave \"Baby\" Cortez With Lonnie Youngblood And His Bloodhounds\n2012 Melvin Van Peebles – Nahh Nahh Mofo\n2013 TZAR featuring Moist Paula Live at The Stone NYC", "\"Discographie\". Meret Koehler.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011.\n\"\"Moist\" Paula Henderson\". Burnt Sugar the Arkestra Chamber. Retrieved March 19, 2016.\nVidani, Peter. \"Deafen County – Nick Waterhouse – London – 10.04.2014\". Deafen County. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2016.\nUsinger, Mike (March 11, 2014). \"Nick Waterhouse stages a soulful mini-spectacle\". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved March 19, 2016.\nGriffin, Alex (March 4, 2015). \"Nick Waterhouse: Inside Outlier\". X-Press Magazine. Retrieved November 22, 2018.\n\"Secretary – Secret Life of Secretary\". CD Baby Music Store. Retrieved March 19, 2016.\n\"Dave \"Baby\" Cortez With Lonnie Youngblood And His Bloodhounds\". Discogs. Retrieved March 19, 2016.\n\"Video: official video Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative Lilly Done The Zampoughi\". Frequency. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.\n\"Music – TZAR\". TZAR. Retrieved March 19, 2016." ]	[ "\"Moist\" Paula Henderson", "Partial discography", "References" ]	"Moist" Paula Henderson	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Moist%22_Paula_Henderson	[ 84 ]	[ 662, 663, 664 ]	"Moist" Paula Henderson "Moist" Paula Henderson is a New York City based baritone saxophone player. When not touring internationally, she performs weekly in NYC with Reverend Vince Anderson and his Love Choir at Union Pool. Since 2002 she has been a member of Burnt Sugar Arkestra founded by Greg Tate . She was a member of Melvin Van Peebles' group Wid Laxative. Henderson has toured consistently as part of Nick Waterhouse's live band. Deafen County says of Henderson, "You need to see 'Moist' Paula Henderson on bari sax at least once before you die." The Georgia Straight says of his band The Tarots, "...leading the charge was Paula Henderson, whose green cocktail dress, sparkling emerald shoes, fishnet stockings, and '50s sunglasses were accessorized by a baritone sax the size of a small battleship." Waterhouse refers to Henderson as "his favourite sax player". She also performs live and in the studio with The Bogmen, The Binky Griptite Orchestra, Meah Pace, Okay Kaya, She has also played with The Roots, James Chance and the Contortions, Gogol Bordello, C.W. Stoneking, HAIM, Shamir, Smokey Robinson, Irma Thomas, David Johansen, King Kahn, Vernon Reid, and TV On The Radio, with whom she appeared on the David Letterman show. As a session musician she has appeared on Late Show with David Letterman, Saturday Night Live, The Colbert Report, and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. She is a member of Resistance Revival Chorus. Born and raised in Australia she relocated to New York in 1995. 2007 Secretary 2011 Dave "Baby" Cortez With Lonnie Youngblood And His Bloodhounds 2012 Melvin Van Peebles – Nahh Nahh Mofo 2013 TZAR featuring Moist Paula Live at The Stone NYC "Discographie". Meret Koehler.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2011. ""Moist" Paula Henderson". Burnt Sugar the Arkestra Chamber. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Vidani, Peter. "Deafen County – Nick Waterhouse – London – 10.04.2014". Deafen County. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Usinger, Mike (March 11, 2014). "Nick Waterhouse stages a soulful mini-spectacle". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved March 19, 2016. Griffin, Alex (March 4, 2015). "Nick Waterhouse: Inside Outlier". X-Press Magazine. Retrieved November 22, 2018. "Secretary – Secret Life of Secretary". CD Baby Music Store. Retrieved March 19, 2016. "Dave "Baby" Cortez With Lonnie Youngblood And His Bloodhounds". Discogs. Retrieved March 19, 2016. "Video: official video Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative Lilly Done The Zampoughi". Frequency. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016. "Music – TZAR". TZAR. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
[ "\"Ode-to-Napoleon\" hexachord[1] in prime form[2]" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/%27Ode-to-Napoleon%27_hexachord.png" ]	[ "In music, the \"Ode-to-Napoleon\" hexachord (also magic hexachord and hexatonic collection or hexatonic set class) is the hexachord named after its use in the twelve-tone piece Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte (1942) by Arnold Schoenberg (setting a text by Byron). Containing the pitch-classes 014589 (C, C♯, E, F, G♯, A) it is given Forte number 6–20 in Allen Forte's taxonomic system. The primary form of the tone row used in the Ode allows the triads of G minor, E♭ minor, and B minor to easily appear.\nThe \"Ode-to-Napoleon\" hexachord is the six-member set-class with the highest number of interval classes 3 and 4 yet lacks 2s and 6s. 6-20 maps onto itself under transposition three times (@0,4,8) and under inversion three times (@1,4,9) (six degrees of symmetry), allowing only four distinct forms, one form overlapping with another by way of an augmented triad or not at all, and two augmented triads exhaust the set as do six minor and major triads with roots along the augmented triad. Its only five-note subset is 5-21 (0,1,4,5,8), the complement of which is 7-21 (0,1,2,4,5,8,9), the only superset of 6-20. The only more redundant hexachord is 6-35. It is also Ernő Lendvai's \"1:3 Model\" scale and one of Milton Babbitt's six all-combinatorial hexachord \"source sets\".\nThe hexachord has been used by composers including Bruno Maderna and Luigi Nono, such as in Nono's Variazioni canoniche sulla serie dell'op. 41 di Arnold Schönberg (1950), Webern's Concerto, Op. 24, Schoenberg's Suite, Op. 29 (1926), Babbitt's Composition for Twelve Instruments (1948) and Composition for Four Instruments (1948) third and fourth movements. The hexachord has also been used by Alexander Scriabin and Béla Bartók but is not featured in the music of Igor Stravinsky.\nIt is used combinatorially in Schoenberg's Suite:\nP3: E♭ G F♯ B♭ D B // C A A♭ E F D♭\nI8: G♯ E F D♭ A C // B D E♭ G F♯ B♭\nNote that its complement is also 6-20.", "Lewin (1959), p. 300.\nVan den Toorn, Pieter C. (1996). Music, Politics, and the Academy, pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-520-20116-7.\nFriedmann, Michael L. (1990). Ear Training for Twentieth-Century Music, p. 198. ISBN 0-300-04537-9.\nStraus, Joseph N. (2004). Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory, p. 97. ISBN 0-13-189890-6.\nMusic Theory Society of New York State (2000). Theory and Practice, vol. 25, p. 89.\nSchuijer, Michiel (2008). Analyzing Atonal Music: Pitch-Class Set Theory and Its Contexts, p. 109. ISBN 978-1-58046-270-9.\nPalmer, John. \"Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte, for narrator, piano & strings, Op. 41\", AllMusic.com.\nNeidhöfer, Christoph (2007). \"Bruno Maderna's Serial Arrays\", Society for Music Theory. vol. 13, no. 1, March 2007.\nFriedmann (1990), p. 104.\nVan den Toorn (1996), p. 132.\nSources\nLewin, David (1959). \"Re: Intervallic Relations Between Two Collections of Notes\". Journal of Music Theory 3, no. 2 (November): 298–301.", "Baker, James M. (1986). The Music of Alexander Scriabin, p. 214. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03337-0. Cited in Van den Toorn (1996), pp. 128–129.\nRahn, John (1980). Basic Atonal Theory, p. 91. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-28117-2.\nWason, Robert W. (1988). \"Tonality and Atonality in Frederic Rzewski's Variations on \"The People United Will Never Be Defeated!\", Perspectives of New Music 26, no. 1. Cited in Van den Toorn (1996), pp. 128–129." ]	[ "\"Ode-to-Napoleon\" hexachord", "References", "Further reading" ]	"Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Ode-to-Napoleon%22_hexachord	[ 85 ]	[ 665, 666, 667, 668, 669 ]	"Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord In music, the "Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord (also magic hexachord and hexatonic collection or hexatonic set class) is the hexachord named after its use in the twelve-tone piece Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte (1942) by Arnold Schoenberg (setting a text by Byron). Containing the pitch-classes 014589 (C, C♯, E, F, G♯, A) it is given Forte number 6–20 in Allen Forte's taxonomic system. The primary form of the tone row used in the Ode allows the triads of G minor, E♭ minor, and B minor to easily appear. The "Ode-to-Napoleon" hexachord is the six-member set-class with the highest number of interval classes 3 and 4 yet lacks 2s and 6s. 6-20 maps onto itself under transposition three times (@0,4,8) and under inversion three times (@1,4,9) (six degrees of symmetry), allowing only four distinct forms, one form overlapping with another by way of an augmented triad or not at all, and two augmented triads exhaust the set as do six minor and major triads with roots along the augmented triad. Its only five-note subset is 5-21 (0,1,4,5,8), the complement of which is 7-21 (0,1,2,4,5,8,9), the only superset of 6-20. The only more redundant hexachord is 6-35. It is also Ernő Lendvai's "1:3 Model" scale and one of Milton Babbitt's six all-combinatorial hexachord "source sets". The hexachord has been used by composers including Bruno Maderna and Luigi Nono, such as in Nono's Variazioni canoniche sulla serie dell'op. 41 di Arnold Schönberg (1950), Webern's Concerto, Op. 24, Schoenberg's Suite, Op. 29 (1926), Babbitt's Composition for Twelve Instruments (1948) and Composition for Four Instruments (1948) third and fourth movements. The hexachord has also been used by Alexander Scriabin and Béla Bartók but is not featured in the music of Igor Stravinsky. It is used combinatorially in Schoenberg's Suite: P3: E♭ G F♯ B♭ D B // C A A♭ E F D♭ I8: G♯ E F D♭ A C // B D E♭ G F♯ B♭ Note that its complement is also 6-20. Lewin (1959), p. 300. Van den Toorn, Pieter C. (1996). Music, Politics, and the Academy, pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-520-20116-7. Friedmann, Michael L. (1990). Ear Training for Twentieth-Century Music, p. 198. ISBN 0-300-04537-9. Straus, Joseph N. (2004). Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory, p. 97. ISBN 0-13-189890-6. Music Theory Society of New York State (2000). Theory and Practice, vol. 25, p. 89. Schuijer, Michiel (2008). Analyzing Atonal Music: Pitch-Class Set Theory and Its Contexts, p. 109. ISBN 978-1-58046-270-9. Palmer, John. "Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte, for narrator, piano & strings, Op. 41", AllMusic.com. Neidhöfer, Christoph (2007). "Bruno Maderna's Serial Arrays", Society for Music Theory. vol. 13, no. 1, March 2007. Friedmann (1990), p. 104. Van den Toorn (1996), p. 132. Sources Lewin, David (1959). "Re: Intervallic Relations Between Two Collections of Notes". Journal of Music Theory 3, no. 2 (November): 298–301. Baker, James M. (1986). The Music of Alexander Scriabin, p. 214. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03337-0. Cited in Van den Toorn (1996), pp. 128–129. Rahn, John (1980). Basic Atonal Theory, p. 91. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-28117-2. Wason, Robert W. (1988). "Tonality and Atonality in Frederic Rzewski's Variations on "The People United Will Never Be Defeated!", Perspectives of New Music 26, no. 1. Cited in Van den Toorn (1996), pp. 128–129.
[ "All of the Nazi extermination camps operated on the territory that is now Poland, although Nazi concentration camps were built in Germany and other countries.", "Borders of Polish areas before and after 1939 and 1941 invasions", "Czesława Kwoka, a Polish Catholic girl, 14 when she was murdered by the Nazi Germans at Auschwitz. 230,000 children, most of them Jewish, were murdered in the German camp.", "Poles publicly hanged by the Germans for helping Jews in hiding, Przemyśl, 6 September 1943" ]	[ 0, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/WW2-Holocaust-Europe-2007Borders_DE.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Occupation_of_Poland_1941.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Czeslawa-Kwoka2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Michal_Kruk_1943_execution%282%29.jpg" ]	[ "The terms \"Polish death camp\" and \"Polish concentration camp\" have been controversial as applied to the concentration camps and extermination camps established by Nazi Germany in German-occupied Poland. The terms have been widely characterized as misnomers. The terms have occasionally been used by politicians and news media in reference to the camps' geographic location in German-occupied Poland. However, Polish officials and organizations have objected to the terms as misleading, since they can be misconstrued as meaning \"death camps set up by Poles\" or \"run by Poland\". Some Polish politicians have portrayed inadvertent uses of the expression by foreigners as a deliberate disinformation campaign.\nWhile use of the terms was widely considered objectionable, especially to Poles, an Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance in 2018 generated outrage, both within and outside Poland. The law criminalized public statements ascribing, to the Polish nation, collective responsibility in Holocaust-related crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, or which \"grossly reduce the responsibility of the actual perpetrators\". It was generally understood that the law criminalized use of the expressions \"Polish death camp\" and \"Polish concentration camp\".\nThe amendment also prohibited use of the expression \"Polish concentration camp\" in relation to camps operated by the Polish government after the war on sites of former Nazi camps. In a court case in January 2018, Newsweek.pl was sentenced for referring to the Zgoda concentration camp, operated by Polish authorities after World War II, as a \"Polish concentration camp\".\nIn 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland ruled that the fragments of the amendment relating to the terms \"Ukrainian nationalists\" and \"Eastern Lesser Poland\" were void and non-binding.", "During World War II, three million Polish Jews (90% of the prewar Polish-Jewish population) were killed due to Nazi German genocidal action. At least 2.5 million non-Jewish Polish civilians and soldiers perished. One million non-Polish Jews were also forcibly transported by the Nazis and killed in German-occupied Poland. At least half of 140,000 ethnic Poles deported died in the Auschwitz camp alone.\nAfter the German invasion, Poland, in contrast to cases such as Vichy France, experienced direct German administration rather than an indigenous puppet government.\nThe western part of prewar Poland was annexed outright by Germany. Some Poles were expelled from the annexed lands to make room for German settlers. Parts of eastern Poland became part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine and Reichskommissariat Ostland. The rest of German-occupied Poland, dubbed by Germany the General Government, was administered by Germany as occupied territory. The General Government received no international recognition. It is estimated that the Germans killed more than 2 million non-Jewish Polish civilians. Nazi German planners called for \"the complete destruction\" of all Poles, and their fate, as well as that of many other Slavs, was outlined in a genocidal Generalplan Ost (General Plan East).\nHistorians have generally stated that relatively few Poles collaborated with Nazi Germany, in comparison with the situations in other German-occupied countries. The Polish Underground judicially condemned and executed collaborators, and the Polish Government-in-Exile coordinated resistance to the German occupation, including help for Poland's Jews.\nSome Poles were complicit in, or indifferent to, the rounding up of Jews. There are reports of neighbors turning Jews over to the Germans or blackmailing them (see \"szmalcownik\"). In some cases, Poles themselves killed their Jewish fellow citizens, the most notorious examples being the 1941 Jedwabne pogrom and the 1946 Kielce pogrom, after the war had ended.\nHowever, many Poles risked their lives to hide and assist Jews. Poles were sometimes exposed by Jews they were helping, if the Jews were found by the Germans—resulting in the murder of entire Polish rescue networks. The number of Jews hiding with Poles was around 450,000. Possibly a million Poles aided Jews; some estimates run as high as three million helpers.\nPoles have the world's highest count of individuals who have been recognized by Israel's Yad Vashem as Righteous among the Nations — non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from extermination during the Holocaust.\nOccupied Poland was the only territory where the Germans decreed that any kind of help for Jews was punishable by death for the helper and the helper's entire family. Of the estimated 3 million non-Jewish Poles killed in World War II, up to 50,000 were executed by Germany solely for saving Jews.", "", "Defenders argue that the expression \"Polish death camps\" refers strictly to the location of the Nazi death camps and does not indicate involvement by the Polish government in France or, later, in the United Kingdom. Some international politicians and news agencies have apologized for using the term, notably Barack Obama in 2012. \nCTV Television Network News President Robert Hurst defended CTV's usage (see § Mass media) as it \"merely denoted geographic location\", but the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council ruled against it, declaring CTV's use of the term to be unethical. Others have not apologized, saying that it is a fact that Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, Chełmno, Bełżec, and Sobibór were situated in German-occupied Poland.\nCommenting upon the 2018 bill criminalizing such expressions (see § Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance), Israeli politician Yair Lapid justified the expression \"Polish death camps\" with the argument that \"hundreds of thousands of Jews were murdered without ever meeting a German soldier\".", "Opponents of the use of these expressions argue that they are inaccurate, as they may suggest that the camps were a responsibility of the Poles, when in fact they were designed, constructed, and operated by the Germans and were used to exterminate both non-Jewish Poles and Polish Jews, as well as Jews transported to the camps by the Germans from across Europe. Historian Geneviève Zubrzycki and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) have called the expression a misnomer. It has also been described as \"misleading\" by The Washington Post editorial board, The New York Times, the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, and Nazi hunter Dr. Efraim Zuroff. Holocaust memorial Yad Vashem described it as a \"historical misrepresentation\", and White House spokesman Tommy Vietor referred to its use a \"misstatement\".\nAbraham Foxman of the ADL described the strict geographical defence of the terms as \"sloppiness of language\", and \"dead wrong, highly unfair to Poland\". Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Adam Daniel Rotfeld said in 2005 that \"Under the pretext that 'it's only a geographic reference', attempts are made to distort history\".", "As early as 1944, the expression \"Polish death camp\" appeared as the title of a Collier's magazine article, \"Polish Death Camp\". This was an excerpt from the Polish resistance fighter Jan Karski's 1944 memoir, Courier from Poland: The Story of a Secret State (reprinted in 2010 as Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World). Karski himself, in both the book and the article, had used the expression \"Jewish death camp\", not \"Polish death camp\". As shown in 2019, the Collier's editor changed the title of Karski's article typescript, \"In the Belzec Death Camp\", to \"Polish Death Camp\".\nOther early-postwar, 1945 uses of the expression \"Polish death camp\" occurred in the periodicals Contemporary Jewish Record, The Jewish Veteran, and The Palestine Yearbook and Israeli Annual, as well as in a 1947 book, Beyond the Last Path, by Hungarian-born Jew and Belgian resistance fighter Eugene Weinstock and in Polish writer Zofia Nałkowska's 1947 book, Medallions.\nA 2016 article by Matt Lebovic stated that West Germany's Agency 114, which during the Cold War recruited former Nazis to West Germany's intelligence service, worked to popularize the term \"Polish death camps\" in order to minimize German responsibility for, and implicate Poles in, the atrocities.", "On 30 April 2004 a Canadian Television (CTV) Network News report referred to \"the Polish camp in Treblinka\". The Polish embassy in Canada lodged a complaint with CTV. Robert Hurst of CTV, however, argued that the term \"Polish\" was used throughout North America in a geographical sense, and declined to issue a correction. The Polish Ambassador to Ottawa then complained to the National Specialty Services Panel of the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council. The Council rejected Hurst's argument, ruling that the word \"'Polish'—similarly to such adjectives as 'English', 'French' and 'German'—had connotations that clearly extended beyond geographic context. Its use with reference to Nazi extermination camps was misleading and improper.\"\nIn November 2008, the German newspaper Die Welt called Majdanek concentration camp a \"former Polish concentration camp\" in an article; it immediately apologized when this was pointed out. In 2009, Zbigniew Osewski, grandson of a Stutthof concentration camp prisoner, sued Axel Springer AG. The case started in 2012; in 2015, the case was dismissed by Warsaw district court.\nOn 23 December 2009, historian Timothy Garton Ash wrote in The Guardian: \"Watching a German television news report on the trial of John Demjanjuk a few weeks ago, I was amazed to hear the announcer describe him as a guard in 'the Polish extermination camp Sobibor'. What times are these, when one of the main German TV channels thinks it can describe Nazi camps as 'Polish'? In my experience, the automatic equation of Poland with Catholicism, nationalism and antisemitism – and thence a slide to guilt by association with the Holocaust – is still widespread. This collective stereotyping does no justice to the historical record.\"\nIn 2010 the Polish-American Kosciuszko Foundation launched a petition demanding that four major U.S. news organizations endorse use of the expression \"German concentration camps in Nazi-occupied Poland\".\nCanada's Globe and Mail reported on 23 September 2011 about \"Polish concentration camps\". Canadian Member of Parliament Ted Opitz and Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Jason Kenney supported Polish protests.\nIn 2013 Karol Tendera, who had been a prisoner at Auschwitz-Birkenau and is secretary of an association of former prisoners of German concentration camps, sued the German television network ZDF, demanding a formal apology and 50,000 zlotys, to be donated to charitable causes, for ZDF's use of the expression \"Polish concentration camps\". ZDF was ordered by the court to make a public apology. Some Poles felt the apology to be inadequate and protested with a truck bearing a banner that read \"Death camps were Nazi German - ZDF apologize!\" They planned to take their protest against the expression \"Polish concentration camps\" 1,600 kilometers across Europe, from Wrocław in Poland to Cambridge, England, via Belgium and Germany, with a stop in front of ZDF headquarters in Mainz.\nThe New York Times Manual of Style and Usage recommends against using the expression, as does the AP Stylebook, and that of The Washington Post. However, the 2018 Polish bill has been condemned by the editorial boards of The Washington Post and The New York Times.", "In May 2012 U.S. President Barack Obama referred to a \"Polish death camp\" while posthumously awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Jan Karski. After complaints from Poles, including Polish Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski and Alex Storozynski, President of the Kosciuszko Foundation, an Obama administration spokesperson said the President had misspoken when \"referring to Nazi death camps in German-occupied Poland.\" On 31 May 2012 President Obama wrote a letter to Polish President Komorowski in which he explained that he used this phrase inadvertently in reference to \"a Nazi death camp in German-occupied Poland\" and further stated: \"I regret the error and agree that this moment is an opportunity to ensure that this and future generations know the truth.\"", "", "The Polish government and Polish diaspora organizations have denounced the use of such expressions that include the words \"Poland\" or \"Polish\". The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs monitors the use of such expressions and seeks corrections and apologies if they are used. In 2005, Poland's Jewish Foreign Minister Adam Daniel Rotfeld remarked upon instances of \"bad will, saying that under the pretext that 'it's only a geographic reference', attempts are made to distort history and conceal the truth.\" He has stated that use of the adjective \"Polish\" in reference to concentration camps or ghettos, or to the Holocaust, can suggest that Poles perpetrated or participated in German atrocities, and emphasised that Poland was the victim of the Nazis' crimes.", "In 2008, the chairman of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (the IPN) wrote to local administrations, calling for the addition of the word \"German\" before \"Nazi\" to all monuments and tablets commemorating Germany's victims, stating that \"Nazis\" is not always understood to relate specifically to Germans. Several scenes of atrocities conducted by Germany were duly updated with commemorative plaques clearly indicating the nationality of the perpetrators. The IPN also requested better documentation and commemoration of crimes that had been perpetrated by the Soviet Union.\nThe Polish government also asked UNESCO to officially change the name \"Auschwitz Concentration Camp\" to \"Former Nazi German Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau\", to clarify that the camp had been built and operated by Nazi Germany. At its 28 June 2007 meeting in Christchurch, New Zealand, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee changed the camp's name to \"Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945).\" Previously some German media, including Der Spiegel, had called the camp \"Polish\".", "On 6 February 2018 Poland's President Andrzej Duda signed into law an amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, criminalizing statements that ascribe collective responsibility in Holocaust-related crimes to the Polish nation, It was generally understood that the law would criminalize use of the expressions \"Polish death camp\" and \"Polish concentration camp\". After international backlash, the law was revised to remove criminal penalties, but also the exceptions for scientific or artistic expression. The law met with widespread international criticism, as it was seen as an infringement on freedom of expression and on academic freedom, and as a barrier to open discussion on Polish collaborationism, in what has been described as \"the biggest diplomatic crisis in [Poland's] recent history\".", "Kassow, Samuel (14 February 2018). \"Poland Reimagines the Holocaust\". Jewish Ledger. Retrieved 5 November 2020. And it's a convenient and expedient issue because everybody can agree that the term \"Polish death camps\" is a misnomer; that it's incorrect.\nZubrzycki, Geneviève (2006). The Crosses of Auschwitz: Nationalism and Religion in Post-Communist Poland. University of Chicago Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-226-99305-8.\nKampeas, Ron (30 May 2012). \"White House 'regrets' reference to 'Polish death camp'\". JTA.\nGebert, Konstanty (2014). \"Conflicting memories: Polish and Jewish perceptions of the Shoah\" (PDF). In Fracapane, Karel; Haß, Matthias (eds.). Holocaust Education in a Global Context. Paris: UNESCO. p. 33. ISBN 978-92-3-100042-3.\nBelavusau, Uladzislau (2018). \"The Rise of Memory Laws in Poland: An Adequate Tool to Counter Historical Disinformation?\". Security and Human Rights. 29 (1–4): 36–54. doi:10.1163/18750230-02901011. The Polish government continues to fan a metaphorical fire each time the foreign media or a politician – like President Barack Obama in 2012 – inadvertently refers to 'Polish concentration camps'. This misnomer has been heralded by politicians as a purposeful disinformation exercise and a pretext for new legislation which, as is clear from its formulation, extends beyond the prohibition of 'Polish death camps'.\n\"Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, ustawy o grobach i cmentarzach wojennych, ustawy o muzeach oraz ustawy o odpowiedzialności podmiotów zbiorowych za czyny zabronione pod groźbą kary\" [Act of 26 January 2018 amending the act on the Institute of National Remembrance - Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, laws on graves and war cemeteries, laws on museums and the act on the liability of collective entities for acts prohibited under penalty] (PDF). Parliament of Poland (in Polish). 29 January 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2018. [Anyone] who, in public and against the facts, ascribes to the Polish Nation or to the Polish State, responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes committed by the Third Reich,< ...> or who otherwise grossly reduces the responsibility of the actual perpetrators of said crimes, is subject to a fine or [to] imprisonment for up to 3 years. < ...> No offense referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall have been committed if the act was performed as part of artistic or scholarly activity.\n\"Israel and Poland try to tamp down tensions after Poland's 'death camp' law sparks Israeli outrage\". The Washington Post. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nHeller, Jeffrey; Goettig, Marcin (28 January 2018). \"Israel and Poland clash over proposed Holocaust law\". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nKatz, Brigit (29 January 2018). \"The Controversy Around Poland's Proposed Ban on the Term 'Polish Death Camps'\". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nHackmann, Jörg (2018). \"Defending the \"Good Name\" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18\". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742. S2CID 81922100. There is, however, a second layer in this debate, as the incrimination of \"Polish camps\" can also be referred to halt the debate on Polish post-war camps, which have been discussed already since the 1990s for instance regarding detention and labour camps in Potulice or Łambinowice. Recently, the journalist Marek Łuszczyna has called them \"Polish concentration camps\" with the intention to challenge the right-wing discourse. His argument is based on the fact that these camps used the infrastructure of earlier German camps.\nGliszczyńska, Aleksandra; Jabłoński, Michał (12 October 2019). \"Is One Offended Pole Enough to Take Critics of Official Historical Narratives to Court?\". Verfassungsblog. Retrieved 19 October 2020. A highly problematic trend has emerged just recently, creating a precedent in the Polish legal doctrine. In January 2017, the Polish edition of Newsweek magazine published an article by Paulina Szewczyk entitled \"After the Liberation of Nazi Camps, Did the Poles Open Them Again? 'The Little Crime' by Marek Łuszczyna\". The author of this article stated that after 1945 Poles reopened the Świętochłowice-Zgoda camp, a branch of the former Auschwitz-Birkenau camp. A lawsuit against Newsweek's editor-in-chief was brought by Maciej Świrski, the president of the Polish League Against Defamation (RDI), based on the press law provisions. In January 2018, the court decided in his favour, ordering the editor-in-chief to publish a corrigendum admitting that the assertion of the existence of \"Polish concentration camps\" created by Poles is false. This initial ruling was subsequently upheld by the Court of Appeal and eventually the Supreme Court, the latter finding Newsweek's last resort appeal (cassation) to be unfounded.\n\"Wyrok dla \"Newsweeka\" za \"polskie obozy koncentracyjne\". Znając badania IPN, trudno się z nim zgodzić\". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 26 October 2020.\n\"Ekspert: orzeczenie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego ws. nowelizacji ustawy o IPN może otworzyć drogę do dyskusji\" (in Polish). Polskie Radio 24. 17 January 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.\n\"Collaboration and Complicity during the Holocaust\". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1 May 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2018.\nLeslie, R. F. (1983). The History of Poland Since 1863. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-521-27501-9.\n\"Poles — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\".\nTonini, Carla (April 2008). \"The Polish underground press and the issue of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, 1939–1944\". European Review of History / Revue Européenne d'Histoire. 15 (2): 193–205. doi:10.1080/13507480801931119. S2CID 143865402.\nFriedrich, Klaus-Peter (Winter 2005). \"Collaboration in a \"Land without a Quisling\": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II\". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 711–746. doi:10.2307/3649910. JSTOR 3649910.\nDybicz, Paweł (2012). \"Wcieleni do Wehrmachtu - rozmowa z prof. Ryszardem Kaczmarkiem\" ['Conscripted into the Wehrmacht' - interview with Prof. Ryszard Kaczmarek]. Przegląd (in Polish). No. 38. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nGumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1961). \"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe\". Poland under Nazi Occupation. Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House. pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nGeyer, Michael (2009). Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared. Cambridge University Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-521-89796-9.\nConnelly, John (Winter 2005). \"Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris\". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 771–781. doi:10.2307/3649912. JSTOR 3649912.\n\"Polish Resistance and Conclusions\". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.\nBerendt, Grzegorz (24 February 2017). \"Opinion: The Polish People Weren't Tacit Collaborators With Nazi Extermination of Jews\". Haaretz.\nKermish, Joseph (1989). \"The activities of the Council for Aid to Jews (\"Zegota\") in Occupied Poland\". In Marrus, Michael Robert (ed.). The Nazi Holocaust. Part 5: Public Opinion and Relations to the Jews in Nazi Europe. Walter de Gruyter. p. 499. ISBN 978-3-110970-449.\nFoxman, Abraham H. (12 June 2012). \"Poland and the Death Camps: Setting The Record Straight\". The Jewish Week.\nLipshiz, Cnaan (28 January 2018). \"It's complicated: Inaccuracies plague both sides of 'Polish death camps' debate\". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nZajączkowski, Wacław (June 1988). Christian Martyrs of Charity. Washington, D.C.: S.M. Kolbe Foundation. pp. 152–178. ISBN 978-0-945-28100-9. \nGerman military police in Grzegorzówka (p. 153) and in Hadle Szklarskie (p.154) extracted from two Jewish women the names of Poles who had been helping Jews, and 11 Polish men were murdered. In Korniaktów Forest, Łańcut County, a Jewish woman, discovered in an underground shelter, revealed the whereabouts of the Polish family who had been feeding her, and the whole family were murdered (p. 167). In Jeziorko, Łowicz County, a Jewish man betrayed all the Polish rescuers known to him, and 13 Poles were murdered by the German military police (p. 160). In Lipowiec Duży (Biłgoraj County), a captured Jew led the Germans to his saviors, and 5 Poles were murdered, including a 6-year-old child, and their farm was burned (p. 174). On a train to Kraków, the Żegota woman courier who was smuggling four Jewish women to safety was shot dead when one of the Jewish women lost her nerve (p. 170).\nŻarski-Zajdler, Władysław (1968). Martyrologia ludności żydowskiej i pomoc społeczeństwa polskiego [The Martyrology of the Jews, and Aid Given to Them by Poles]. Warsaw: ZBoWiD. p. 16.\nFurth, Hans G. (June 1999). \"One Million Polish Rescuers of Hunted Jews?\". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (2): 227–232. doi:10.1080/14623529908413952.\nRichard C. Lukas, 1989.\n\"Names of Righteous by Country\". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 28 January 2018.\nChefer, Chaim (1996). \"Registry of over 700 Polish citizens killed while helping Jews During the Holocaust\". Holocaust Forgotten. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.\nLukas, Richard C. (1989). Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust. University Press of Kentucky. p. 13. ISBN 978-0813116921.\n\"Canadian CTV Television censured for inaccurate and unfair reporting in referring to \"Polish ghetto\" and \"Polish camp of Treblinka\"\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. 13 June 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nWare, Doug G. (17 August 2016). \"Poland may criminalize term 'Polish death camp' to describe Nazi WWII Holocaust sites\". UPI. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\n\"Lapid: Poland was complicit in the Holocaust, new bill 'can't change history'\". The Times of Israel. 27 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nPiotrowski, Tadeusz (2005). \"Poland World War II casualties\". Project InPosterum. Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.\nŁuczak, Czesław (1994). \"Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945\". Dzieje Najnowsze (1994/2).\n\"Opinion: 'Polish death camps'\". The Washington Post. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.\n\"Opinion: Poland's Holocaust Blame Bill\". The New York Times. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.\n\"Fury in Israel as Poland proposes ban on referring to Nazi death camps as 'Polish'\". The Daily Telegraph. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.\n\"White House apologizes for Obama's 'Polish death camp' gaffe\". The Times of Israel. 30 May 2012.\n\"Interview with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Prof. Adam Daniel Rotfeld\". Rzeczpospolita. 25 January 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2008.\nKarski, Jan (14 October 1944). \"Polish Death Camp\". Collier's. pp. 18–19, 60–61.\nKarski, Jan (22 February 2013). Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World. Georgetown University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-58901-983-6.\n\"The real source of misnomer \"Polish Death Camps\" – Jacek Gancarson MS, Natalia Zaytseva PhD – Justice For Polish Victims\". 7 October 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2020.\n\"Jak przypisano Janowi Karskiemu \"polski obóz śmierci\"?\" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 May 2019.\nContemporary Jewish Record (American Jewish Committee), 1945, vol. 8, p. 69. Quote: \"Most of the 27,000 Jews of Thrace ... were deported to Polish death camps.\"\nJewish War Veterans of the United States of America 1945, vol. 14, no. 12. Quote: \"2,000 Greek Jews repatriated from Polish death camps.\"\nThe Palestine Yearbook and Israeli Annual (Zionist Organization of America) 1945, p. 337. Quote: \"3,000,000 were foreign Jews brought to Polish death camps.\"\nWeinstock, Eugene (1947). Beyond the Last Path. New York: Boni & Gaer. p. 43.\nNałkowska, Zofia (2000). Medallions. Northwestern University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8101-1743-3. Not tens of thousands, not hundreds of thousands, but millions of human beings underwent manufacture into raw materials and goods in the Polish death camps.\nLebovic, Matt (26 February 2016). \"Do the words 'Polish death camps' defame Poland? And if so, who's to blame?\". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\n\"Polskie czy niemieckie obozy zagłady?\" [Polish or German extermination camps?]. Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu (in Polish). 23 July 2004.\n\"Polnisches Gericht weist Klage gegen die \"Welt\" ab\". DIE WELT. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2020.\nWawrzyńczak, Marcin (14 August 2009). \"'Polish Camps' in Polish Court\". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\n\"Ruszył proces wobec \"Die Welt\" o \"polski obóz koncentracyjny\"\". Wirtualna Polska. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018.\n\"As at Auschwitz, the gates of hell are built and torn down by human hearts\". The Guardian. London. 23 December 2009. Archived from the original on 26 December 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2010.\n\"Petition against 'Polish concentration camps'\". Warsaw Business Journal. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.\n\"Petition on German Concentration Camps\". The Kosciuszko Foundation. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\n\"Canadian MPs defend Poland over 'Polish concentration camp' slur\". Polskie Radio. 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.\n\"Były więzień Auschwitz skarży ZDF za \"polskie obozy\"\" [Former Auschwitz prisoner complains to ZDF for \"Polish camps\"]. Interia (in Polish). 22 July 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2014.\n\"Entschuldigung bei Karol Tendera\" [Apology to Karol Tendera]. ZDF (in German). Retrieved 31 January 2018.\n\"Death camps billboard in 1,000-mile trip\". BBC News. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.\nSiegal, Allan M.; Connolly, William G. (2015). The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage: The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative News Organization. Three Rivers Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-101-90544-9.\n\"The New York Times bans \"Polish concentration camps\"\". The Economist. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2018.\n\"AP Updates its Stylebook on Concentration Camps, Polish Foundation's Petition for Change has 300,000K Names\". iMediaEthics. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2018.\n\"White House: Obama misspoke by referring to 'Polish death camp' while honoring Polish war hero\". The Washington Post. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.\nSiemaszko, Corky (1 June 2012). \"Why the words 'Polish death camps' cut so deep\". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018.\nObama, Barack (31 May 2012). \"Letter to President Komorowski\" (PDF). RMF FM. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\n\"Interwencje Przeciw 'Polskim Obozom'\" [Interventions Against 'Polish Camps']. Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych (in Polish). 20 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 August 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\n\"Poland's Foreign Minister is Jewish, but Most People Say It's No Big Deal\". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 15 March 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\n\"Government information on the Polish foreign policy presented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prof. Adam Daniel Rotfeld, at the session of the Sejm on 21st January 2005\". Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\n\"Akcja IPN: Mordowali \"Niemcy\", nie \"naziści\"\" [IPN initiative: Murderers \"German\", not \"Nazis\"]. Interia (in Polish). 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012.\nTran, Mark (27 June 2007). \"Poles claim victory in battle to rename Auschwitz\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nSpritzer, Dinah (27 April 2006). \"Auschwitz Might Get Name Change\". The Jewish Journal. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\n\"Yad Vashem for renaming Auschwitz\". The Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. 11 May 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2018.\n\"UNESCO approves Poland's request to rename Auschwitz\". Expatica. Expatica Communications B.V. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2017.\n\"World Heritage Committee approves Auschwitz name change\". UNESCO World Heritage Committee. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nWatt, Nicholas (1 April 2006). \"Auschwitz may be renamed to reinforce link with Nazi era\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2012.\n\"Poland seeks Auschwitz renaming\". BBC News. 31 March 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2018.\nTran, Mark (27 June 2007). \"Poles claim victory in battle to rename Auschwitz\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2012.\nHackmann, Jörg (2018). \"Defending the \"Good Name\" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18\". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742. S2CID 81922100.\nNoack, Rick (2 February 2018). \"Poland's Senate passes Holocaust complicity bill despite concerns from U.S., Israel\". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2 February 2018.\nCherviatsova, Alina (2020). \"Memory as a battlefield: European memorial laws and freedom of speech\". The International Journal of Human Rights. 25 (4): 675–694. doi:10.1080/13642987.2020.1791826. S2CID 225574752.", "Truth about camps, website created by Institute of National Remembrance\nMap of the German Death Camps on occupied Polish territories.\nConcentration camps' functionaries and biographical notes and witness' accounts created by Institute of National Remembrance\n\"In Response to Comments Regarding Death Camps in Poland\". Yad Vashem. 29 January 2015.\nGlenday, James (24 February 2018). \"What's It Like to Live next to the World's Most Notorious Concentration Camp\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News." ]	[ "\"Polish death camp\" controversy", "Historical context", "Analysis of the expression", "Supporting rationale", "Criticism of the expression", "Public use of the expression", "Mass media", "Politicians", "Polish government action", "Media", "Monuments", "Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance", "References", "External links" ]	"Polish death camp" controversy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy	[ 86, 87, 88 ]	[ 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743 ]	"Polish death camp" controversy The terms "Polish death camp" and "Polish concentration camp" have been controversial as applied to the concentration camps and extermination camps established by Nazi Germany in German-occupied Poland. The terms have been widely characterized as misnomers. The terms have occasionally been used by politicians and news media in reference to the camps' geographic location in German-occupied Poland. However, Polish officials and organizations have objected to the terms as misleading, since they can be misconstrued as meaning "death camps set up by Poles" or "run by Poland". Some Polish politicians have portrayed inadvertent uses of the expression by foreigners as a deliberate disinformation campaign. While use of the terms was widely considered objectionable, especially to Poles, an Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance in 2018 generated outrage, both within and outside Poland. The law criminalized public statements ascribing, to the Polish nation, collective responsibility in Holocaust-related crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, or which "grossly reduce the responsibility of the actual perpetrators". It was generally understood that the law criminalized use of the expressions "Polish death camp" and "Polish concentration camp". The amendment also prohibited use of the expression "Polish concentration camp" in relation to camps operated by the Polish government after the war on sites of former Nazi camps. In a court case in January 2018, Newsweek.pl was sentenced for referring to the Zgoda concentration camp, operated by Polish authorities after World War II, as a "Polish concentration camp". In 2019, the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland ruled that the fragments of the amendment relating to the terms "Ukrainian nationalists" and "Eastern Lesser Poland" were void and non-binding. During World War II, three million Polish Jews (90% of the prewar Polish-Jewish population) were killed due to Nazi German genocidal action. At least 2.5 million non-Jewish Polish civilians and soldiers perished. One million non-Polish Jews were also forcibly transported by the Nazis and killed in German-occupied Poland. At least half of 140,000 ethnic Poles deported died in the Auschwitz camp alone. After the German invasion, Poland, in contrast to cases such as Vichy France, experienced direct German administration rather than an indigenous puppet government. The western part of prewar Poland was annexed outright by Germany. Some Poles were expelled from the annexed lands to make room for German settlers. Parts of eastern Poland became part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine and Reichskommissariat Ostland. The rest of German-occupied Poland, dubbed by Germany the General Government, was administered by Germany as occupied territory. The General Government received no international recognition. It is estimated that the Germans killed more than 2 million non-Jewish Polish civilians. Nazi German planners called for "the complete destruction" of all Poles, and their fate, as well as that of many other Slavs, was outlined in a genocidal Generalplan Ost (General Plan East). Historians have generally stated that relatively few Poles collaborated with Nazi Germany, in comparison with the situations in other German-occupied countries. The Polish Underground judicially condemned and executed collaborators, and the Polish Government-in-Exile coordinated resistance to the German occupation, including help for Poland's Jews. Some Poles were complicit in, or indifferent to, the rounding up of Jews. There are reports of neighbors turning Jews over to the Germans or blackmailing them (see "szmalcownik"). In some cases, Poles themselves killed their Jewish fellow citizens, the most notorious examples being the 1941 Jedwabne pogrom and the 1946 Kielce pogrom, after the war had ended. However, many Poles risked their lives to hide and assist Jews. Poles were sometimes exposed by Jews they were helping, if the Jews were found by the Germans—resulting in the murder of entire Polish rescue networks. The number of Jews hiding with Poles was around 450,000. Possibly a million Poles aided Jews; some estimates run as high as three million helpers. Poles have the world's highest count of individuals who have been recognized by Israel's Yad Vashem as Righteous among the Nations — non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from extermination during the Holocaust. Occupied Poland was the only territory where the Germans decreed that any kind of help for Jews was punishable by death for the helper and the helper's entire family. Of the estimated 3 million non-Jewish Poles killed in World War II, up to 50,000 were executed by Germany solely for saving Jews. Defenders argue that the expression "Polish death camps" refers strictly to the location of the Nazi death camps and does not indicate involvement by the Polish government in France or, later, in the United Kingdom. Some international politicians and news agencies have apologized for using the term, notably Barack Obama in 2012. CTV Television Network News President Robert Hurst defended CTV's usage (see § Mass media) as it "merely denoted geographic location", but the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council ruled against it, declaring CTV's use of the term to be unethical. Others have not apologized, saying that it is a fact that Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, Chełmno, Bełżec, and Sobibór were situated in German-occupied Poland. Commenting upon the 2018 bill criminalizing such expressions (see § Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance), Israeli politician Yair Lapid justified the expression "Polish death camps" with the argument that "hundreds of thousands of Jews were murdered without ever meeting a German soldier". Opponents of the use of these expressions argue that they are inaccurate, as they may suggest that the camps were a responsibility of the Poles, when in fact they were designed, constructed, and operated by the Germans and were used to exterminate both non-Jewish Poles and Polish Jews, as well as Jews transported to the camps by the Germans from across Europe. Historian Geneviève Zubrzycki and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) have called the expression a misnomer. It has also been described as "misleading" by The Washington Post editorial board, The New York Times, the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, and Nazi hunter Dr. Efraim Zuroff. Holocaust memorial Yad Vashem described it as a "historical misrepresentation", and White House spokesman Tommy Vietor referred to its use a "misstatement". Abraham Foxman of the ADL described the strict geographical defence of the terms as "sloppiness of language", and "dead wrong, highly unfair to Poland". Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Adam Daniel Rotfeld said in 2005 that "Under the pretext that 'it's only a geographic reference', attempts are made to distort history". As early as 1944, the expression "Polish death camp" appeared as the title of a Collier's magazine article, "Polish Death Camp". This was an excerpt from the Polish resistance fighter Jan Karski's 1944 memoir, Courier from Poland: The Story of a Secret State (reprinted in 2010 as Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World). Karski himself, in both the book and the article, had used the expression "Jewish death camp", not "Polish death camp". As shown in 2019, the Collier's editor changed the title of Karski's article typescript, "In the Belzec Death Camp", to "Polish Death Camp". Other early-postwar, 1945 uses of the expression "Polish death camp" occurred in the periodicals Contemporary Jewish Record, The Jewish Veteran, and The Palestine Yearbook and Israeli Annual, as well as in a 1947 book, Beyond the Last Path, by Hungarian-born Jew and Belgian resistance fighter Eugene Weinstock and in Polish writer Zofia Nałkowska's 1947 book, Medallions. A 2016 article by Matt Lebovic stated that West Germany's Agency 114, which during the Cold War recruited former Nazis to West Germany's intelligence service, worked to popularize the term "Polish death camps" in order to minimize German responsibility for, and implicate Poles in, the atrocities. On 30 April 2004 a Canadian Television (CTV) Network News report referred to "the Polish camp in Treblinka". The Polish embassy in Canada lodged a complaint with CTV. Robert Hurst of CTV, however, argued that the term "Polish" was used throughout North America in a geographical sense, and declined to issue a correction. The Polish Ambassador to Ottawa then complained to the National Specialty Services Panel of the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council. The Council rejected Hurst's argument, ruling that the word "'Polish'—similarly to such adjectives as 'English', 'French' and 'German'—had connotations that clearly extended beyond geographic context. Its use with reference to Nazi extermination camps was misleading and improper." In November 2008, the German newspaper Die Welt called Majdanek concentration camp a "former Polish concentration camp" in an article; it immediately apologized when this was pointed out. In 2009, Zbigniew Osewski, grandson of a Stutthof concentration camp prisoner, sued Axel Springer AG. The case started in 2012; in 2015, the case was dismissed by Warsaw district court. On 23 December 2009, historian Timothy Garton Ash wrote in The Guardian: "Watching a German television news report on the trial of John Demjanjuk a few weeks ago, I was amazed to hear the announcer describe him as a guard in 'the Polish extermination camp Sobibor'. What times are these, when one of the main German TV channels thinks it can describe Nazi camps as 'Polish'? In my experience, the automatic equation of Poland with Catholicism, nationalism and antisemitism – and thence a slide to guilt by association with the Holocaust – is still widespread. This collective stereotyping does no justice to the historical record." In 2010 the Polish-American Kosciuszko Foundation launched a petition demanding that four major U.S. news organizations endorse use of the expression "German concentration camps in Nazi-occupied Poland". Canada's Globe and Mail reported on 23 September 2011 about "Polish concentration camps". Canadian Member of Parliament Ted Opitz and Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Jason Kenney supported Polish protests. In 2013 Karol Tendera, who had been a prisoner at Auschwitz-Birkenau and is secretary of an association of former prisoners of German concentration camps, sued the German television network ZDF, demanding a formal apology and 50,000 zlotys, to be donated to charitable causes, for ZDF's use of the expression "Polish concentration camps". ZDF was ordered by the court to make a public apology. Some Poles felt the apology to be inadequate and protested with a truck bearing a banner that read "Death camps were Nazi German - ZDF apologize!" They planned to take their protest against the expression "Polish concentration camps" 1,600 kilometers across Europe, from Wrocław in Poland to Cambridge, England, via Belgium and Germany, with a stop in front of ZDF headquarters in Mainz. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage recommends against using the expression, as does the AP Stylebook, and that of The Washington Post. However, the 2018 Polish bill has been condemned by the editorial boards of The Washington Post and The New York Times. In May 2012 U.S. President Barack Obama referred to a "Polish death camp" while posthumously awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Jan Karski. After complaints from Poles, including Polish Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski and Alex Storozynski, President of the Kosciuszko Foundation, an Obama administration spokesperson said the President had misspoken when "referring to Nazi death camps in German-occupied Poland." On 31 May 2012 President Obama wrote a letter to Polish President Komorowski in which he explained that he used this phrase inadvertently in reference to "a Nazi death camp in German-occupied Poland" and further stated: "I regret the error and agree that this moment is an opportunity to ensure that this and future generations know the truth." The Polish government and Polish diaspora organizations have denounced the use of such expressions that include the words "Poland" or "Polish". The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs monitors the use of such expressions and seeks corrections and apologies if they are used. In 2005, Poland's Jewish Foreign Minister Adam Daniel Rotfeld remarked upon instances of "bad will, saying that under the pretext that 'it's only a geographic reference', attempts are made to distort history and conceal the truth." He has stated that use of the adjective "Polish" in reference to concentration camps or ghettos, or to the Holocaust, can suggest that Poles perpetrated or participated in German atrocities, and emphasised that Poland was the victim of the Nazis' crimes. In 2008, the chairman of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (the IPN) wrote to local administrations, calling for the addition of the word "German" before "Nazi" to all monuments and tablets commemorating Germany's victims, stating that "Nazis" is not always understood to relate specifically to Germans. Several scenes of atrocities conducted by Germany were duly updated with commemorative plaques clearly indicating the nationality of the perpetrators. The IPN also requested better documentation and commemoration of crimes that had been perpetrated by the Soviet Union. The Polish government also asked UNESCO to officially change the name "Auschwitz Concentration Camp" to "Former Nazi German Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau", to clarify that the camp had been built and operated by Nazi Germany. At its 28 June 2007 meeting in Christchurch, New Zealand, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee changed the camp's name to "Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)." Previously some German media, including Der Spiegel, had called the camp "Polish". On 6 February 2018 Poland's President Andrzej Duda signed into law an amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, criminalizing statements that ascribe collective responsibility in Holocaust-related crimes to the Polish nation, It was generally understood that the law would criminalize use of the expressions "Polish death camp" and "Polish concentration camp". After international backlash, the law was revised to remove criminal penalties, but also the exceptions for scientific or artistic expression. The law met with widespread international criticism, as it was seen as an infringement on freedom of expression and on academic freedom, and as a barrier to open discussion on Polish collaborationism, in what has been described as "the biggest diplomatic crisis in [Poland's] recent history". Kassow, Samuel (14 February 2018). "Poland Reimagines the Holocaust". Jewish Ledger. Retrieved 5 November 2020. And it's a convenient and expedient issue because everybody can agree that the term "Polish death camps" is a misnomer; that it's incorrect. Zubrzycki, Geneviève (2006). The Crosses of Auschwitz: Nationalism and Religion in Post-Communist Poland. University of Chicago Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-226-99305-8. Kampeas, Ron (30 May 2012). "White House 'regrets' reference to 'Polish death camp'". JTA. Gebert, Konstanty (2014). "Conflicting memories: Polish and Jewish perceptions of the Shoah" (PDF). In Fracapane, Karel; Haß, Matthias (eds.). Holocaust Education in a Global Context. Paris: UNESCO. p. 33. ISBN 978-92-3-100042-3. Belavusau, Uladzislau (2018). "The Rise of Memory Laws in Poland: An Adequate Tool to Counter Historical Disinformation?". Security and Human Rights. 29 (1–4): 36–54. doi:10.1163/18750230-02901011. The Polish government continues to fan a metaphorical fire each time the foreign media or a politician – like President Barack Obama in 2012 – inadvertently refers to 'Polish concentration camps'. This misnomer has been heralded by politicians as a purposeful disinformation exercise and a pretext for new legislation which, as is clear from its formulation, extends beyond the prohibition of 'Polish death camps'. "Ustawa z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r. o zmianie ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, ustawy o grobach i cmentarzach wojennych, ustawy o muzeach oraz ustawy o odpowiedzialności podmiotów zbiorowych za czyny zabronione pod groźbą kary" [Act of 26 January 2018 amending the act on the Institute of National Remembrance - Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation, laws on graves and war cemeteries, laws on museums and the act on the liability of collective entities for acts prohibited under penalty] (PDF). Parliament of Poland (in Polish). 29 January 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2018. [Anyone] who, in public and against the facts, ascribes to the Polish Nation or to the Polish State, responsibility or co-responsibility for Nazi crimes committed by the Third Reich,< ...> or who otherwise grossly reduces the responsibility of the actual perpetrators of said crimes, is subject to a fine or [to] imprisonment for up to 3 years. < ...> No offense referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall have been committed if the act was performed as part of artistic or scholarly activity. "Israel and Poland try to tamp down tensions after Poland's 'death camp' law sparks Israeli outrage". The Washington Post. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Heller, Jeffrey; Goettig, Marcin (28 January 2018). "Israel and Poland clash over proposed Holocaust law". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Katz, Brigit (29 January 2018). "The Controversy Around Poland's Proposed Ban on the Term 'Polish Death Camps'". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742. S2CID 81922100. There is, however, a second layer in this debate, as the incrimination of "Polish camps" can also be referred to halt the debate on Polish post-war camps, which have been discussed already since the 1990s for instance regarding detention and labour camps in Potulice or Łambinowice. Recently, the journalist Marek Łuszczyna has called them "Polish concentration camps" with the intention to challenge the right-wing discourse. His argument is based on the fact that these camps used the infrastructure of earlier German camps. Gliszczyńska, Aleksandra; Jabłoński, Michał (12 October 2019). "Is One Offended Pole Enough to Take Critics of Official Historical Narratives to Court?". Verfassungsblog. Retrieved 19 October 2020. A highly problematic trend has emerged just recently, creating a precedent in the Polish legal doctrine. In January 2017, the Polish edition of Newsweek magazine published an article by Paulina Szewczyk entitled "After the Liberation of Nazi Camps, Did the Poles Open Them Again? 'The Little Crime' by Marek Łuszczyna". The author of this article stated that after 1945 Poles reopened the Świętochłowice-Zgoda camp, a branch of the former Auschwitz-Birkenau camp. A lawsuit against Newsweek's editor-in-chief was brought by Maciej Świrski, the president of the Polish League Against Defamation (RDI), based on the press law provisions. In January 2018, the court decided in his favour, ordering the editor-in-chief to publish a corrigendum admitting that the assertion of the existence of "Polish concentration camps" created by Poles is false. This initial ruling was subsequently upheld by the Court of Appeal and eventually the Supreme Court, the latter finding Newsweek's last resort appeal (cassation) to be unfounded. "Wyrok dla "Newsweeka" za "polskie obozy koncentracyjne". Znając badania IPN, trudno się z nim zgodzić". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 26 October 2020. "Ekspert: orzeczenie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego ws. nowelizacji ustawy o IPN może otworzyć drogę do dyskusji" (in Polish). Polskie Radio 24. 17 January 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019. "Collaboration and Complicity during the Holocaust". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 1 May 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2018. Leslie, R. F. (1983). The History of Poland Since 1863. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-521-27501-9. "Poles — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". Tonini, Carla (April 2008). "The Polish underground press and the issue of collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, 1939–1944". European Review of History / Revue Européenne d'Histoire. 15 (2): 193–205. doi:10.1080/13507480801931119. S2CID 143865402. Friedrich, Klaus-Peter (Winter 2005). "Collaboration in a "Land without a Quisling": Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 711–746. doi:10.2307/3649910. JSTOR 3649910. Dybicz, Paweł (2012). "Wcieleni do Wehrmachtu - rozmowa z prof. Ryszardem Kaczmarkiem" ['Conscripted into the Wehrmacht' - interview with Prof. Ryszard Kaczmarek]. Przegląd (in Polish). No. 38. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Gumkowski, Janusz; Leszczynski, Kazimierz (1961). "Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe". Poland under Nazi Occupation. Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House. pp. 7–33, 164–178. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Geyer, Michael (2009). Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared. Cambridge University Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-521-89796-9. Connelly, John (Winter 2005). "Why the Poles Collaborated so Little: And Why That Is No Reason for Nationalist Hubris". Slavic Review. 64 (4): 771–781. doi:10.2307/3649912. JSTOR 3649912. "Polish Resistance and Conclusions". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018. Berendt, Grzegorz (24 February 2017). "Opinion: The Polish People Weren't Tacit Collaborators With Nazi Extermination of Jews". Haaretz. Kermish, Joseph (1989). "The activities of the Council for Aid to Jews ("Zegota") in Occupied Poland". In Marrus, Michael Robert (ed.). The Nazi Holocaust. Part 5: Public Opinion and Relations to the Jews in Nazi Europe. Walter de Gruyter. p. 499. ISBN 978-3-110970-449. Foxman, Abraham H. (12 June 2012). "Poland and the Death Camps: Setting The Record Straight". The Jewish Week. Lipshiz, Cnaan (28 January 2018). "It's complicated: Inaccuracies plague both sides of 'Polish death camps' debate". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Zajączkowski, Wacław (June 1988). Christian Martyrs of Charity. Washington, D.C.: S.M. Kolbe Foundation. pp. 152–178. ISBN 978-0-945-28100-9. German military police in Grzegorzówka (p. 153) and in Hadle Szklarskie (p.154) extracted from two Jewish women the names of Poles who had been helping Jews, and 11 Polish men were murdered. In Korniaktów Forest, Łańcut County, a Jewish woman, discovered in an underground shelter, revealed the whereabouts of the Polish family who had been feeding her, and the whole family were murdered (p. 167). In Jeziorko, Łowicz County, a Jewish man betrayed all the Polish rescuers known to him, and 13 Poles were murdered by the German military police (p. 160). In Lipowiec Duży (Biłgoraj County), a captured Jew led the Germans to his saviors, and 5 Poles were murdered, including a 6-year-old child, and their farm was burned (p. 174). On a train to Kraków, the Żegota woman courier who was smuggling four Jewish women to safety was shot dead when one of the Jewish women lost her nerve (p. 170). Żarski-Zajdler, Władysław (1968). Martyrologia ludności żydowskiej i pomoc społeczeństwa polskiego [The Martyrology of the Jews, and Aid Given to Them by Poles]. Warsaw: ZBoWiD. p. 16. Furth, Hans G. (June 1999). "One Million Polish Rescuers of Hunted Jews?". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (2): 227–232. doi:10.1080/14623529908413952. Richard C. Lukas, 1989. "Names of Righteous by Country". Yad Vashem. Retrieved 28 January 2018. Chefer, Chaim (1996). "Registry of over 700 Polish citizens killed while helping Jews During the Holocaust". Holocaust Forgotten. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Lukas, Richard C. (1989). Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust. University Press of Kentucky. p. 13. ISBN 978-0813116921. "Canadian CTV Television censured for inaccurate and unfair reporting in referring to "Polish ghetto" and "Polish camp of Treblinka"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. 13 June 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Ware, Doug G. (17 August 2016). "Poland may criminalize term 'Polish death camp' to describe Nazi WWII Holocaust sites". UPI. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Lapid: Poland was complicit in the Holocaust, new bill 'can't change history'". The Times of Israel. 27 January 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2005). "Poland World War II casualties". Project InPosterum. Archived from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007. Łuczak, Czesław (1994). "Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945". Dzieje Najnowsze (1994/2). "Opinion: 'Polish death camps'". The Washington Post. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018. "Opinion: Poland's Holocaust Blame Bill". The New York Times. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018. "Fury in Israel as Poland proposes ban on referring to Nazi death camps as 'Polish'". The Daily Telegraph. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018. "White House apologizes for Obama's 'Polish death camp' gaffe". The Times of Israel. 30 May 2012. "Interview with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Prof. Adam Daniel Rotfeld". Rzeczpospolita. 25 January 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. Karski, Jan (14 October 1944). "Polish Death Camp". Collier's. pp. 18–19, 60–61. Karski, Jan (22 February 2013). Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World. Georgetown University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-58901-983-6. "The real source of misnomer "Polish Death Camps" – Jacek Gancarson MS, Natalia Zaytseva PhD – Justice For Polish Victims". 7 October 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2020. "Jak przypisano Janowi Karskiemu "polski obóz śmierci"?" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 May 2019. Contemporary Jewish Record (American Jewish Committee), 1945, vol. 8, p. 69. Quote: "Most of the 27,000 Jews of Thrace ... were deported to Polish death camps." Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America 1945, vol. 14, no. 12. Quote: "2,000 Greek Jews repatriated from Polish death camps." The Palestine Yearbook and Israeli Annual (Zionist Organization of America) 1945, p. 337. Quote: "3,000,000 were foreign Jews brought to Polish death camps." Weinstock, Eugene (1947). Beyond the Last Path. New York: Boni & Gaer. p. 43. Nałkowska, Zofia (2000). Medallions. Northwestern University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8101-1743-3. Not tens of thousands, not hundreds of thousands, but millions of human beings underwent manufacture into raw materials and goods in the Polish death camps. Lebovic, Matt (26 February 2016). "Do the words 'Polish death camps' defame Poland? And if so, who's to blame?". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Polskie czy niemieckie obozy zagłady?" [Polish or German extermination camps?]. Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu (in Polish). 23 July 2004. "Polnisches Gericht weist Klage gegen die "Welt" ab". DIE WELT. 5 March 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2020. Wawrzyńczak, Marcin (14 August 2009). "'Polish Camps' in Polish Court". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Ruszył proces wobec "Die Welt" o "polski obóz koncentracyjny"". Wirtualna Polska. 13 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018. "As at Auschwitz, the gates of hell are built and torn down by human hearts". The Guardian. London. 23 December 2009. Archived from the original on 26 December 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2010. "Petition against 'Polish concentration camps'". Warsaw Business Journal. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010. "Petition on German Concentration Camps". The Kosciuszko Foundation. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Canadian MPs defend Poland over 'Polish concentration camp' slur". Polskie Radio. 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012. "Były więzień Auschwitz skarży ZDF za "polskie obozy"" [Former Auschwitz prisoner complains to ZDF for "Polish camps"]. Interia (in Polish). 22 July 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2014. "Entschuldigung bei Karol Tendera" [Apology to Karol Tendera]. ZDF (in German). Retrieved 31 January 2018. "Death camps billboard in 1,000-mile trip". BBC News. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018. Siegal, Allan M.; Connolly, William G. (2015). The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage: The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative News Organization. Three Rivers Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-101-90544-9. "The New York Times bans "Polish concentration camps"". The Economist. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2018. "AP Updates its Stylebook on Concentration Camps, Polish Foundation's Petition for Change has 300,000K Names". iMediaEthics. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2018. "White House: Obama misspoke by referring to 'Polish death camp' while honoring Polish war hero". The Washington Post. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. Siemaszko, Corky (1 June 2012). "Why the words 'Polish death camps' cut so deep". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018. Obama, Barack (31 May 2012). "Letter to President Komorowski" (PDF). RMF FM. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Interwencje Przeciw 'Polskim Obozom'" [Interventions Against 'Polish Camps']. Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych (in Polish). 20 June 2006. Archived from the original on 1 August 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Poland's Foreign Minister is Jewish, but Most People Say It's No Big Deal". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 15 March 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Government information on the Polish foreign policy presented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prof. Adam Daniel Rotfeld, at the session of the Sejm on 21st January 2005". Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Akcja IPN: Mordowali "Niemcy", nie "naziści"" [IPN initiative: Murderers "German", not "Nazis"]. Interia (in Polish). 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Tran, Mark (27 June 2007). "Poles claim victory in battle to rename Auschwitz". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Spritzer, Dinah (27 April 2006). "Auschwitz Might Get Name Change". The Jewish Journal. Retrieved 11 November 2018. "Yad Vashem for renaming Auschwitz". The Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. 11 May 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2018. "UNESCO approves Poland's request to rename Auschwitz". Expatica. Expatica Communications B.V. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2017. "World Heritage Committee approves Auschwitz name change". UNESCO World Heritage Committee. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Watt, Nicholas (1 April 2006). "Auschwitz may be renamed to reinforce link with Nazi era". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2012. "Poland seeks Auschwitz renaming". BBC News. 31 March 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2018. Tran, Mark (27 June 2007). "Poles claim victory in battle to rename Auschwitz". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2012. Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015–18". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (4): 587–606. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742. S2CID 81922100. Noack, Rick (2 February 2018). "Poland's Senate passes Holocaust complicity bill despite concerns from U.S., Israel". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2 February 2018. Cherviatsova, Alina (2020). "Memory as a battlefield: European memorial laws and freedom of speech". The International Journal of Human Rights. 25 (4): 675–694. doi:10.1080/13642987.2020.1791826. S2CID 225574752. Truth about camps, website created by Institute of National Remembrance Map of the German Death Camps on occupied Polish territories. Concentration camps' functionaries and biographical notes and witness' accounts created by Institute of National Remembrance "In Response to Comments Regarding Death Camps in Poland". Yad Vashem. 29 January 2015. Glenday, James (24 February 2018). "What's It Like to Live next to the World's Most Notorious Concentration Camp". Australian Broadcasting Corporation News.
[ "", "", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/ET_Addis_asv2018-02_img7.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/ET-Red_Terror_Martyr_Memorial_Museum%2C_Addis_Abeba_%283%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/ET-Red_Terror_Martyr_Memorial_Museum%2C_Addis_Abeba_%281%29.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ET-Red_Terror_Martyr_Memorial_Museum%2C_Addis_Abeba_%282%29.JPG" ]	[ "The \"Red Terror\" Martyrs' Memorial Museum in Addis Ababa was established in 2010 as a memorial to those who died during the Red Terror under the Derg government. The museum has displays of torture instruments, skulls and bones, coffins, bloody clothes and photographs of victims. In free tours of the museum, guides describes the history leading up to the Red Terror (starting from Haile Selassie's 80th birthday celebration), the actions taken toward citizens who opposed the Derg, how the prisoners were treated and how they secretly communicated among each other.\nThe museum also features pictorial history of the Red Terror.", "Red Terror (Ethiopia)\nDerg", "\"Red Terror Martyrs' Memorial Museum\". rtmmm.org. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2016-12-27.\nMulugeta, Mesfin. \"A visit to the \"Red Terror\" Martyrs Memorial Museum of Addis Ababa\" (PDF). assimba.org. Retrieved December 27, 2016.\n\"Emerging scholars: travel seminar to Rwanda and Ethiopia memorials, museums, national and international memory and memorialization\" (PDF). beyondgenocide.net. Retrieved December 27, 2016.\nMahoney, Anne Louise (ed.). \"Documenting the Red Terror. Bearing witness to Ethiopia's lost generation\" (PDF). Retrieved December 27, 2016.\n\"Pourquoi peut-on affirmer que le régime du Derg (1974-1987) fut violent ?\" (PDF). www.guebre-mariam.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.", "Website" ]	[ "\"Red Terror\" Martyrs' Memorial Museum", "See also", "References", "External links" ]	"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Red_Terror%22_Martyrs%27_Memorial_Museum	[ 89, 90, 91, 92 ]	[ 744, 745 ]	"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum The "Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum in Addis Ababa was established in 2010 as a memorial to those who died during the Red Terror under the Derg government. The museum has displays of torture instruments, skulls and bones, coffins, bloody clothes and photographs of victims. In free tours of the museum, guides describes the history leading up to the Red Terror (starting from Haile Selassie's 80th birthday celebration), the actions taken toward citizens who opposed the Derg, how the prisoners were treated and how they secretly communicated among each other. The museum also features pictorial history of the Red Terror. Red Terror (Ethiopia) Derg "Red Terror Martyrs' Memorial Museum". rtmmm.org. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2016-12-27. Mulugeta, Mesfin. "A visit to the "Red Terror" Martyrs Memorial Museum of Addis Ababa" (PDF). assimba.org. Retrieved December 27, 2016. "Emerging scholars: travel seminar to Rwanda and Ethiopia memorials, museums, national and international memory and memorialization" (PDF). beyondgenocide.net. Retrieved December 27, 2016. Mahoney, Anne Louise (ed.). "Documenting the Red Terror. Bearing witness to Ethiopia's lost generation" (PDF). Retrieved December 27, 2016. "Pourquoi peut-on affirmer que le régime du Derg (1974-1987) fut violent ?" (PDF). www.guebre-mariam.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016. Website
[ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ]	[ 3, 3, 3, 6, 6, 7, 7 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Bronze_V_with_wreath.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Silver_V_with_wreath.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Gold_V_with_wreath.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Award_Numeral_3_golden.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Award-star-silver-3d.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Award_numeral_5_golden.png", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Award_numeral_9.png" ]	[ "A \"V\" device is a metal 1⁄4-inch (6.4 mm) capital letter \"V\" with serifs which, when worn on certain decorations awarded by the United States Armed Forces, distinguishes an award for heroism or valor in combat instead of for meritorious service or achievement.\nThe decorations with which a \"V\" may be authorized differ among the military services, as well as the manner in which the \"V\" is worn and the name by which it is referred to. Until 2017, each service also used different criteria in determining whether a \"V\" could be authorized.", "The Department of Defense, Army, and Air Force refer to the \"V\" as the \"V\" device. The Coast Guard refers to it as the Valor Device, while the Navy and Marine Corps refer to it as the Combat Distinguishing Device or Combat \"V\". When referring to a medal that has been awarded with the \"V\" device, it is often referred to as having been awarded \"with valor\".", "On 22 December 1945, in War Department Circular 383, the United States Army decided to introduce the \"V\" device to distinguish the award of a Bronze Star Medal for acts of valor and heroism, rather than meritorious service. Soldiers, including Army airmen, who were awarded the Bronze Star Medal for heroism in combat were now authorized to wear a bronze \"V\" on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal. Only one \"V\" was allowed to be worn on a ribbon. The Department of the Navy introduced the \"V\" as the \"Combat Distinguishing Device\", and on 15 February 1946, authorized the \"V\" device to be worn on the Legion of Merit and Bronze Star Medal for services or acts performed in actual combat with the enemy; in February 1947, this was changed to acts or services involving direct participation in combat operations.\nMost World War II veterans who were entitled to the \"V\" probably did not know about or apply for the device, since large-scale separations from the services were taking place after the war ended. Stocks of the device also were not available for issue for at least a year after the issuance of the Army circular.\nTo be worn on a decoration, the \"V\" device must have been specifically authorized in the written award citation issued with the medal. In 1996, the \"V\" device garnered public attention after the suicide of Admiral Jeremy Boorda, who was the Chief of Naval Operations. The news media reported that his death by suicide may have been caused by a Navy investigation following a story by Newsweek about Boorda wearing two \"combat valor pins\" on the service ribbons of his uniform, which he received for duty as a weapons officer and executive officer aboard two naval ships off the coast of Indochina during the Vietnam War. Although there were indications these \"combat distinguishing devices\" were authorized to be worn on his Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal, the Department of the Navy Board For Correction of Naval Records determined after his death that both of the devices were not authorized to be worn on the two decorations.\nIn 2011, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual regulations concerning the Medal of Honor (MOH), specifying that the \"V\" device instead of the oak leaf cluster and 5⁄16 inch star would be used to denote additional citations in the rare event of a service member being awarded a second MOH. By May 2015, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual again concerning the MOH, specifying that a separate MOH is presented to an individual for each succeeding act that justifies an award. There has not been a living repeat MOH recipient since the World War I era, so the \"V\" device has never actually been worn in this fashion.\nUntil 2017, the criteria and conditions under which the \"V\" device could be awarded differed among the services. For the Army, the \"V\" was worn solely to denote \"participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy\". For the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the \"V\" could be worn to denote combat heroism, or to recognize individuals who were \"exposed to personal hazard during direct participation in combat operations\". For the Air Force, the \"V\" could be worn on the Bronze Star Medal to denote heroism in combat, but also on the Commendation Medal and Achievement Medal to denote heroism or for being \"placed in harm's way\" during contingency deployment operations.\nPrior to 1 January 2014, the device was also authorized on Outstanding Unit Awards and Organizational Excellence Awards to indicate the unit participated in direct combat support actions. The \"V\" device is also authorized for the Air Medal by all the services where heroism in aerial combat was involved on an individual mission. On 15 August 2016, the Coast Guard changed their criteria such that new awards of the \"V\" would be for valor only, to denote a heroic act or acts while participating in conflict or combat with an armed enemy. On 6 January 2016, the Department of Defense announced that it was revising its military decorations and awards program to include a \"V\" device change to its original 1940s use of denoting heroism in combat only on specific decorations for the military services. Two new \"C\" and \"R\" devices will also be used on relevant awards.", "On 2 February 2017, new silver-plated and gold-plated \"V\" devices were introduced, followed by wreathed versions in September which led to speculation that the various versions of the \"V\" device would now indicate how many times a specific medal was awarded with the \"V.\" The U.S. Air Force uniform regulations update of 15 April 2019, was the first to describe and depict the new \"V\" devices as follows:\nOn 21 December 2016, the \"V\" device ceased being authorized for Achievement Medals. Retroactive to January 2016, the \"V\" device ceased being authorized for the Legion of Merit, being replaced by the \"C\" device.", "Currently, the following decorations of the United States Armed Forces are eligible to be awarded with a \"V\" device.", "For the Army and the Air Force, the \"V\" is positioned to the right of any bronze or silver oak leaf clusters from the wearer's perspective, or positioned in the center of the service ribbon if worn alone.\nOnly 4 devices may be worn per ribbon; an additional ribbon is worn to the wearer's left when necessary to support additional devices:", "For the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the \"V\" is always worn in the center of the service ribbon, while any gold or silver 5⁄16 Inch Stars are added in balance to the right and left of the \"V\" starting with the right side from the wearer's perspective. Marine Corps refer to it as Combat Distinguishing Device. \nThe Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard continue to award and issue the bronze version. The Marine Corps allows anodized medals and anodized Combat \"V\"s to be worn on the dress blues uniform.", "Golden or brass Arabic numerals may be used to indicate the total number of times the medal was awarded if the total number of devices, of any types, exceed 4 total devices and would thus not fit on a single ribbon.", "Brett Blanton, Architect of the Capitol\nEddie Albert, actor and activist\nRichard Lee Armitage, US Deputy Secretary of State\nMonica Beltran\nMichael Boorda, 25th Chief of Naval Operations\nJim Bridenstine, US Representative\nMaurice Britt, NFL football player\nWilliam B. Caldwell III\nDuane Carey, NASA astronaut\nChristopher Cassidy, NASA astronaut\nLlewellyn Chilson\nMax Cleland, US Senator\nDan Crenshaw, US Representative\nRay Davis, 14th Asst Commandant of the Marine Corps\nBob Dole, US Senator\nDesmond Doss\nJoseph Dunford, 19th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff\nMichael Fahey, Mayor of Omaha\nKenneth Raymond Fleenor, Mayor of Selma, Texas\nRonald Fogleman, 15th Chief of Staff of the Air Force\nTommy Franks, Commander of the US Central Command\nWilliam J. Gainey\nJoseph L. Galloway, newspaper correspondent and columnist\nBill Genaust\nCalvin Graham, youngest US serviceman to serve and fight during World War II, at 12 years of age\nMark E. Green, US Representative\nWilliam Guarnere\nDavid H. Hackworth, journalist\nMichael Hagee, 33rd Commandant of the Marine Corps\nAlexander Haig, US Secretary of State\nJohn Harllee\nGustav Hasford, novelist, journalist and poet\nMichael Hayden, Director of the CIA\nIra Hayes\nJoseph P. Hoar, Commander in Chief of US Central Command\nCharles T. Horner Jr.\nRobert L. Howard\nZach Iscol, entrepreneur, candidate in the 2021 New York City Comptroller election\nJack H. Jacobs, military analyst and investment manager\nRichard Jadick\nSam Johnson, US Representative\nJames L. Jones, 32nd Commandant of the Marine Corps\nWoodrow Keeble\nJohn Kerry, US Secretary of State\nHarry Kizirian\nCharles C. Krulak, 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps\nVictor H. Krulak, author\nChris Kyle, Navy Seal Sniper\nDouglas MacArthur, five-star general\nRichard Marcinko, 1st commanding officer of Seal Team Six\nLee Marvin, actor\nJohn McCain, US Senator\nMichael A. Monsoor\nRobert Mueller, Director of the FBI\nAudie Murphy, actor, songwriter, and rancher\nRaymond L. Murray\nJohn P. Murtha, US Representative\nPeter Pace, 16th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff\nDavid Petraeus, Director of the CIA\nChance Phelps\nChesty Puller\nCharles B. Rangel, US Representative\nL. Scott Rice\nMatthew Ridgway, 19th Chief of Staff of the US Army\nJohn Ripley\nNorman Schwarzkopf, Commander of US Central Command\nSidney Shachnow\nHugh Shelton, 14th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff\nDavid M. Shoup, 22nd Commandant of the Marine Corps\nArthur D. Simons\nJamie Smith\nRobert L. Stewart, NASA astronaut\nEarl E. Stone, 1st Director of the Armed Forces Security Agency, the predecessor of the National Security Agency\nOliver Stone\nJeff Struecker\nKeni Thomas, country music singer\nStrom Thurmond, US Senator\nMatt Urban\nJohn William Vessey Jr., 10th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff\nAlejandro Villanueva, NFL football player\nRaúl G. Villaronga, Mayor of Killeen, Texas\nLarry D. Welch, 12th Chief of Staff of the US Air Force\nAllen West, US Representative\nChuck Yeager, first pilot confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight\nElmo R. Zumwalt Jr., 19th Chief of Naval Operations", "Awards and decorations of the United States military\nUnited States military award devices", "From 1945 until 2 February 2017, criteria varied among the services for the award of a medal with the \"V\" device. While the Army awarded the \"V\" solely to denote \"participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy,\" the Navy and Marine Corps also awarded the \"V\" to recognize individuals who are \"exposed to personal hazard during direct participation in combat operations\", and the Air Force included provisions for awarding the \"V\" to members who were \"placed in harm's way\" during contingency deployment operations.", "\"DoD Military Decorations and Awards Review Results (1-36)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.\nFerdinando, Lisa (7 January 2016). \"Pentagon Announces Changes to Military Decorations and Awards Program\". DoD News. U.S. Department of Defense.\nDOD MANUAL 1348.33, VOLUME 4, MANUAL OF MILITARY DECORATIONS AND AWARDS: DOD JOINT DECORATIONS AND AWARDS Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Department of Defense, dated 20 October 2020, last accessed 25 October 2020\n\"Ribbon Attachment, Letter 'V'\". MIL-DTL-41819/3J. Defense Logistics Agency. Defense Logistics Agency. 2 February 2017.\nBurgess, Lisa (26 October 2006). \"Pentagon reviewing 'V' device for consistency\". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 28 April 2014.\n\"Army Regulation 600–8–22 Military Awards\" (PDF). United States Army. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2014.\n\"AFI 36-2803 Air Force Military Awards and Decorations Program\" (PDF). 18 December 2013. p. 218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.\n\"COMDTINST M1650.25E Medals and Awards Manual\" (PDF). 15 August 2016. pp. 1–23. Retrieved 30 October 2016.\n\"SECNAVINST 1650.1H\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2018.\n\"The \"V\" Device\" (PDF).\nNewsweek, \"Beneath the Waves\", 5/26/96\n\"Board for Correction of Naval Records\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2007.\nDOD MANUAL 1348.33, VOLUME 3, MANUAL OF MILITARY DECORATIONS AND AWARDS: DODWIDE PERSONAL PERFORMANCE AND VALOR DECORATIONS, U.S. Department of Defense, dated 13 October 2020, last accessed 25 October 2020\nDizzle, Kirk (16 March 2016). \"New V, C and R devices\". DD214 Blog. Medals of America. Retrieved 25 February 2017.\nAFI36-2903: Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, dated 23 April 2019, last accessed 21 May 2019\nDickstein, Corey (31 March 2017). \"Pentagon implements 'C' and 'R' awards devices, removes 'V' from 2 awards\". Stars and Stripes. Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.\nLevine, Peter (21 December 2016). \"Section 3: Award Requirements and Restrictions\" (PDF). DoD Instruction 1348.33: DoD Military Decorations and Awards Program. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Includes Army Achievement Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, and Air Force Achievement Medal.\ndeGrandpre, Andrew; Panzino, Charlsy (30 March 2017). \"12 military awards now eligible for new 'C' and 'R' devices, and 2 no longer rate a 'V'\". Military Times. Virginia. Retrieved 17 March 2018.\nDickstein, Corey (31 March 2017). \"Pentagon implements 'C' and 'R' awards devices, removes 'V' from 2 awards\". Stars and Stripes. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 17 March 2018.\n\"New combat-related devices authorized for decorations\". Retrieved 1 January 2018.\nPanzino, Andrew deGrandpre, Charlsy (8 August 2017). \"12 military awards now eligible for new 'C' and 'R' devices, and 2 no longer rate a 'V'\". Retrieved 1 January 2018.\nPanzino, Charlsy (7 August 2017). \"Soldiers may be eligible for the new 'C' or 'R' devices on 12 awards. Here's how to apply\". Retrieved 1 January 2018.\n\"HRC Homepage\". 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018.\n\"AF releases criteria for new valor \"V\", combat \"C\" and remote \"R\" devi\". Retrieved 1 January 2018.\n\"Award Devices - Valor \"V,\" Combat \"C\" and Remote \"R\"\". Retrieved 1 January 2018.\nT6. \"Army announces \"C\" and \"R\" medal devices because everybody needs a trophy - U.S Army WTF Moments!\". www.armywtfmoments.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.\n\"Sailors, Marines Now Eligible for New Award Devices\". 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.\nPanzino, Charlsy (7 August 2017). \"Air Force releases awards criteria for new 'C' and 'R' devices\". Retrieved 1 January 2018.\n\"Department of the Army Pamphlet 670–1 Uniform and Insignia Guide to the Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia\" (PDF). United States Department of the Army. 25 May 2017. §20–11; p. 253; PDF p. 271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 2018-09-09.\n\"CHAPTER FIVE IDENTIFICATION BADGES/AWARDS/INSIGNIA\" (PDF). United States Navy Uniform Regulations. United States Navy, Bureau of Personnel. pp. 5–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.\n\"Uniform Regulations COMDTINST M1020.6G\" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. March 2012. pp. 3–100, 3–104. Retrieved 6 May 2014.\n\"5. Bronze Letter \"V\" (Combat Distinguishing Device)\". Navy Personnel Command > Support & Services > US Navy Uniforms > Uniform Regulations > Chapter 5 > 5301 - 5319 Awards. January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2017. The bronze letter \"V\" may be worn on the following ribbons if the citation specifically authorizes the \"V\" for valor (heroism): Decorations awarded prior to 1974: Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal. Decorations awarded after 1974: Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, and Navy Commendation Medal. Wear only one \"V\". Arrange gold, bronze or silver stars, or the oak leaf cluster indicating subsequent awards of the medal (except Air Medal <(see article 5319.7)>, in a horizontal line beside the \"V\" symmetrically in the center of the suspension ribbons of large and miniature medals (position as detailed below). Arrange them in a horizontal line on the ribbon bar with the \"V\" in the center and the first star to the wearer's right, the second to the wearer's left, and so on." ]	[ "\"V\" device", "Etymology", "History", "Device changes", "Decorations eligible for the \"V\" device", "Army and Air Force", "Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard", "Combined with Arabic numerals", "Notable recipients", "See also", "Notes", "References" ]	"V" device	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22V%22_device	[ 93, 94, 95, 96 ]	[ 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778 ]	"V" device A "V" device is a metal 1⁄4-inch (6.4 mm) capital letter "V" with serifs which, when worn on certain decorations awarded by the United States Armed Forces, distinguishes an award for heroism or valor in combat instead of for meritorious service or achievement. The decorations with which a "V" may be authorized differ among the military services, as well as the manner in which the "V" is worn and the name by which it is referred to. Until 2017, each service also used different criteria in determining whether a "V" could be authorized. The Department of Defense, Army, and Air Force refer to the "V" as the "V" device. The Coast Guard refers to it as the Valor Device, while the Navy and Marine Corps refer to it as the Combat Distinguishing Device or Combat "V". When referring to a medal that has been awarded with the "V" device, it is often referred to as having been awarded "with valor". On 22 December 1945, in War Department Circular 383, the United States Army decided to introduce the "V" device to distinguish the award of a Bronze Star Medal for acts of valor and heroism, rather than meritorious service. Soldiers, including Army airmen, who were awarded the Bronze Star Medal for heroism in combat were now authorized to wear a bronze "V" on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal. Only one "V" was allowed to be worn on a ribbon. The Department of the Navy introduced the "V" as the "Combat Distinguishing Device", and on 15 February 1946, authorized the "V" device to be worn on the Legion of Merit and Bronze Star Medal for services or acts performed in actual combat with the enemy; in February 1947, this was changed to acts or services involving direct participation in combat operations. Most World War II veterans who were entitled to the "V" probably did not know about or apply for the device, since large-scale separations from the services were taking place after the war ended. Stocks of the device also were not available for issue for at least a year after the issuance of the Army circular. To be worn on a decoration, the "V" device must have been specifically authorized in the written award citation issued with the medal. In 1996, the "V" device garnered public attention after the suicide of Admiral Jeremy Boorda, who was the Chief of Naval Operations. The news media reported that his death by suicide may have been caused by a Navy investigation following a story by Newsweek about Boorda wearing two "combat valor pins" on the service ribbons of his uniform, which he received for duty as a weapons officer and executive officer aboard two naval ships off the coast of Indochina during the Vietnam War. Although there were indications these "combat distinguishing devices" were authorized to be worn on his Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal, the Department of the Navy Board For Correction of Naval Records determined after his death that both of the devices were not authorized to be worn on the two decorations. In 2011, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual regulations concerning the Medal of Honor (MOH), specifying that the "V" device instead of the oak leaf cluster and 5⁄16 inch star would be used to denote additional citations in the rare event of a service member being awarded a second MOH. By May 2015, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual again concerning the MOH, specifying that a separate MOH is presented to an individual for each succeeding act that justifies an award. There has not been a living repeat MOH recipient since the World War I era, so the "V" device has never actually been worn in this fashion. Until 2017, the criteria and conditions under which the "V" device could be awarded differed among the services. For the Army, the "V" was worn solely to denote "participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy". For the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the "V" could be worn to denote combat heroism, or to recognize individuals who were "exposed to personal hazard during direct participation in combat operations". For the Air Force, the "V" could be worn on the Bronze Star Medal to denote heroism in combat, but also on the Commendation Medal and Achievement Medal to denote heroism or for being "placed in harm's way" during contingency deployment operations. Prior to 1 January 2014, the device was also authorized on Outstanding Unit Awards and Organizational Excellence Awards to indicate the unit participated in direct combat support actions. The "V" device is also authorized for the Air Medal by all the services where heroism in aerial combat was involved on an individual mission. On 15 August 2016, the Coast Guard changed their criteria such that new awards of the "V" would be for valor only, to denote a heroic act or acts while participating in conflict or combat with an armed enemy. On 6 January 2016, the Department of Defense announced that it was revising its military decorations and awards program to include a "V" device change to its original 1940s use of denoting heroism in combat only on specific decorations for the military services. Two new "C" and "R" devices will also be used on relevant awards. On 2 February 2017, new silver-plated and gold-plated "V" devices were introduced, followed by wreathed versions in September which led to speculation that the various versions of the "V" device would now indicate how many times a specific medal was awarded with the "V." The U.S. Air Force uniform regulations update of 15 April 2019, was the first to describe and depict the new "V" devices as follows: On 21 December 2016, the "V" device ceased being authorized for Achievement Medals. Retroactive to January 2016, the "V" device ceased being authorized for the Legion of Merit, being replaced by the "C" device. Currently, the following decorations of the United States Armed Forces are eligible to be awarded with a "V" device. For the Army and the Air Force, the "V" is positioned to the right of any bronze or silver oak leaf clusters from the wearer's perspective, or positioned in the center of the service ribbon if worn alone. Only 4 devices may be worn per ribbon; an additional ribbon is worn to the wearer's left when necessary to support additional devices: For the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the "V" is always worn in the center of the service ribbon, while any gold or silver 5⁄16 Inch Stars are added in balance to the right and left of the "V" starting with the right side from the wearer's perspective. Marine Corps refer to it as Combat Distinguishing Device. The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard continue to award and issue the bronze version. The Marine Corps allows anodized medals and anodized Combat "V"s to be worn on the dress blues uniform. Golden or brass Arabic numerals may be used to indicate the total number of times the medal was awarded if the total number of devices, of any types, exceed 4 total devices and would thus not fit on a single ribbon. Brett Blanton, Architect of the Capitol Eddie Albert, actor and activist Richard Lee Armitage, US Deputy Secretary of State Monica Beltran Michael Boorda, 25th Chief of Naval Operations Jim Bridenstine, US Representative Maurice Britt, NFL football player William B. Caldwell III Duane Carey, NASA astronaut Christopher Cassidy, NASA astronaut Llewellyn Chilson Max Cleland, US Senator Dan Crenshaw, US Representative Ray Davis, 14th Asst Commandant of the Marine Corps Bob Dole, US Senator Desmond Doss Joseph Dunford, 19th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Michael Fahey, Mayor of Omaha Kenneth Raymond Fleenor, Mayor of Selma, Texas Ronald Fogleman, 15th Chief of Staff of the Air Force Tommy Franks, Commander of the US Central Command William J. Gainey Joseph L. Galloway, newspaper correspondent and columnist Bill Genaust Calvin Graham, youngest US serviceman to serve and fight during World War II, at 12 years of age Mark E. Green, US Representative William Guarnere David H. Hackworth, journalist Michael Hagee, 33rd Commandant of the Marine Corps Alexander Haig, US Secretary of State John Harllee Gustav Hasford, novelist, journalist and poet Michael Hayden, Director of the CIA Ira Hayes Joseph P. Hoar, Commander in Chief of US Central Command Charles T. Horner Jr. Robert L. Howard Zach Iscol, entrepreneur, candidate in the 2021 New York City Comptroller election Jack H. Jacobs, military analyst and investment manager Richard Jadick Sam Johnson, US Representative James L. Jones, 32nd Commandant of the Marine Corps Woodrow Keeble John Kerry, US Secretary of State Harry Kizirian Charles C. Krulak, 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps Victor H. Krulak, author Chris Kyle, Navy Seal Sniper Douglas MacArthur, five-star general Richard Marcinko, 1st commanding officer of Seal Team Six Lee Marvin, actor John McCain, US Senator Michael A. Monsoor Robert Mueller, Director of the FBI Audie Murphy, actor, songwriter, and rancher Raymond L. Murray John P. Murtha, US Representative Peter Pace, 16th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff David Petraeus, Director of the CIA Chance Phelps Chesty Puller Charles B. Rangel, US Representative L. Scott Rice Matthew Ridgway, 19th Chief of Staff of the US Army John Ripley Norman Schwarzkopf, Commander of US Central Command Sidney Shachnow Hugh Shelton, 14th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff David M. Shoup, 22nd Commandant of the Marine Corps Arthur D. Simons Jamie Smith Robert L. Stewart, NASA astronaut Earl E. Stone, 1st Director of the Armed Forces Security Agency, the predecessor of the National Security Agency Oliver Stone Jeff Struecker Keni Thomas, country music singer Strom Thurmond, US Senator Matt Urban John William Vessey Jr., 10th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Alejandro Villanueva, NFL football player Raúl G. Villaronga, Mayor of Killeen, Texas Larry D. Welch, 12th Chief of Staff of the US Air Force Allen West, US Representative Chuck Yeager, first pilot confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr., 19th Chief of Naval Operations Awards and decorations of the United States military United States military award devices From 1945 until 2 February 2017, criteria varied among the services for the award of a medal with the "V" device. While the Army awarded the "V" solely to denote "participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy," the Navy and Marine Corps also awarded the "V" to recognize individuals who are "exposed to personal hazard during direct participation in combat operations", and the Air Force included provisions for awarding the "V" to members who were "placed in harm's way" during contingency deployment operations. "DoD Military Decorations and Awards Review Results (1-36)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Ferdinando, Lisa (7 January 2016). "Pentagon Announces Changes to Military Decorations and Awards Program". DoD News. U.S. Department of Defense. DOD MANUAL 1348.33, VOLUME 4, MANUAL OF MILITARY DECORATIONS AND AWARDS: DOD JOINT DECORATIONS AND AWARDS Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Department of Defense, dated 20 October 2020, last accessed 25 October 2020 "Ribbon Attachment, Letter 'V'". MIL-DTL-41819/3J. Defense Logistics Agency. Defense Logistics Agency. 2 February 2017. Burgess, Lisa (26 October 2006). "Pentagon reviewing 'V' device for consistency". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 28 April 2014. "Army Regulation 600–8–22 Military Awards" (PDF). United States Army. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2014. "AFI 36-2803 Air Force Military Awards and Decorations Program" (PDF). 18 December 2013. p. 218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014. "COMDTINST M1650.25E Medals and Awards Manual" (PDF). 15 August 2016. pp. 1–23. Retrieved 30 October 2016. "SECNAVINST 1650.1H" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2018. "The "V" Device" (PDF). Newsweek, "Beneath the Waves", 5/26/96 "Board for Correction of Naval Records" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2007. DOD MANUAL 1348.33, VOLUME 3, MANUAL OF MILITARY DECORATIONS AND AWARDS: DODWIDE PERSONAL PERFORMANCE AND VALOR DECORATIONS, U.S. Department of Defense, dated 13 October 2020, last accessed 25 October 2020 Dizzle, Kirk (16 March 2016). "New V, C and R devices". DD214 Blog. Medals of America. Retrieved 25 February 2017. AFI36-2903: Dress and Personal Appearance of Air Force Personnel Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, dated 23 April 2019, last accessed 21 May 2019 Dickstein, Corey (31 March 2017). "Pentagon implements 'C' and 'R' awards devices, removes 'V' from 2 awards". Stars and Stripes. Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Levine, Peter (21 December 2016). "Section 3: Award Requirements and Restrictions" (PDF). DoD Instruction 1348.33: DoD Military Decorations and Awards Program. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017. Includes Army Achievement Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, and Air Force Achievement Medal. deGrandpre, Andrew; Panzino, Charlsy (30 March 2017). "12 military awards now eligible for new 'C' and 'R' devices, and 2 no longer rate a 'V'". Military Times. Virginia. Retrieved 17 March 2018. Dickstein, Corey (31 March 2017). "Pentagon implements 'C' and 'R' awards devices, removes 'V' from 2 awards". Stars and Stripes. Washington, D.C. Retrieved 17 March 2018. "New combat-related devices authorized for decorations". Retrieved 1 January 2018. Panzino, Andrew deGrandpre, Charlsy (8 August 2017). "12 military awards now eligible for new 'C' and 'R' devices, and 2 no longer rate a 'V'". Retrieved 1 January 2018. Panzino, Charlsy (7 August 2017). "Soldiers may be eligible for the new 'C' or 'R' devices on 12 awards. Here's how to apply". Retrieved 1 January 2018. "HRC Homepage". 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. "AF releases criteria for new valor "V", combat "C" and remote "R" devi". Retrieved 1 January 2018. "Award Devices - Valor "V," Combat "C" and Remote "R"". Retrieved 1 January 2018. T6. "Army announces "C" and "R" medal devices because everybody needs a trophy - U.S Army WTF Moments!". www.armywtfmoments.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018. "Sailors, Marines Now Eligible for New Award Devices". 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Panzino, Charlsy (7 August 2017). "Air Force releases awards criteria for new 'C' and 'R' devices". Retrieved 1 January 2018. "Department of the Army Pamphlet 670–1 Uniform and Insignia Guide to the Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia" (PDF). United States Department of the Army. 25 May 2017. §20–11; p. 253; PDF p. 271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 2018-09-09. "CHAPTER FIVE IDENTIFICATION BADGES/AWARDS/INSIGNIA" (PDF). United States Navy Uniform Regulations. United States Navy, Bureau of Personnel. pp. 5–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014. "Uniform Regulations COMDTINST M1020.6G" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. March 2012. pp. 3–100, 3–104. Retrieved 6 May 2014. "5. Bronze Letter "V" (Combat Distinguishing Device)". Navy Personnel Command > Support & Services > US Navy Uniforms > Uniform Regulations > Chapter 5 > 5301 - 5319 Awards. January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2017. The bronze letter "V" may be worn on the following ribbons if the citation specifically authorizes the "V" for valor (heroism): Decorations awarded prior to 1974: Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal. Decorations awarded after 1974: Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal, Joint Service Commendation Medal, and Navy Commendation Medal. Wear only one "V". Arrange gold, bronze or silver stars, or the oak leaf cluster indicating subsequent awards of the medal (except Air Medal <(see article 5319.7)>, in a horizontal line beside the "V" symmetrically in the center of the suspension ribbons of large and miniature medals (position as detailed below). Arrange them in a horizontal line on the ribbon bar with the "V" in the center and the first star to the wearer's right, the second to the wearer's left, and so on.
[ "Dustjacket and cover (1927 first edition)", "The New York City \"WE\" Banquet (June 14, 1927)", "Aviation promoter Harry Guggenheim both assisted Lindbergh to complete \"WE\" and sponsored its book tour", "Limited first edition author's autograph page", "\"WE\": Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis in 1927" ]	[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/Dustjacket_for_the_book_%22WE%22_by_Charles_A._Lindbergh_%28First_Edition%29_published_July%2C_1927.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Cal_banquet.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Harry_Guggenheim.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Limited_First_Edition_Lindbergh_Autograph_Page_%22WE%22.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Charles_Lindbergh_and_the_Spirit_of_Saint_Louis_%28Crisco_restoration%2C_with_wings%29.jpg" ]	[ "\"WE\" is an autobiographical account by Charles A. Lindbergh (1902-1974) about his life and the events leading up to and including his May 1927 New York to Paris solo trans-Atlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis, a custom-built, single engine, single-seat Ryan monoplane (Registration: N-X-211). It was first published on July 27, 1927 by G.P. Putnam's Sons in New York.", "Just 57 days after then 25-year old former US Air Mail pilot Charles Lindbergh had completed his historic Orteig Prize-winning first-ever non-stop solo transatlantic flight from New York (Roosevelt Field) to Paris (Le Bourget) on May 20–21, 1927 in the single-engine Ryan monoplane Spirit of St. Louis, \"WE\", the first of what would eventually be 15 books Lindbergh would either author or significantly contribute to, was released on July 27, 1927. The 318-page illustrated volume was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), the New York publishing house run by prominent promoter and aviation enthusiast George P. Putnam (1887-1950) who later promoted the career (and eventually married) another almost equally famous flyer of the era, the ill-fated American aviatrix Amelia Earhart. The suddenly world-famous young aviator noted on the book's dust jacket cover that he wrote it himself to provide the public with his \"own story of his life and his transatlantic flight together with his views on the future of aviation\".\nAs such Lindbergh's virtually \"instant\" autobiography proved to be an immediate best seller and remained so for over a year.\nBoth the dust jacket notes of the first edition as well as the frontispiece illustration reveal that the book's simple, one-word \"flying pronoun\" title \"WE\" was meant to refer to a \"spiritual\" partnership between Lindbergh and his airplane developed \"through the dark hours of his flight\". However Putnam's had selected the title without its author's knowledge or approval, and Lindbergh would later often complain about that interpretation of its meaning as being incorrect. Instead he said that \"we\" referred to himself and his financial backers in St. Louis, not his airplane, as the press had people believing, although his frequent unconscious use of the phrase referring to himself and the Spirit seemed to suggest otherwise.\nWhile Lindbergh had been busy being continuously feted in Washington, New York, St. Louis and elsewhere over the first couple of weeks after his return to the United States on June 10, a first manuscript for the book was quickly ghostwritten by New York Times reporter J. Carlisle MacDonald who had interviewed Lindbergh extensively in both Paris and during the six-day crossing of the Atlantic from Cherbourg to Washington on board the US Navy cruiser USS Memphis and had been holed up with a staff of secretaries in publisher George Putnam's house in Rye, New York. MacDonald had earlier ghostwritten from Paris a pair of \"first person\" accounts of the flight that had appeared under Lindbergh's name on the front page of the paper on May 23 and 24, two and three days after the flight.\nThe fastest book produced up to that time, a complete set of galley proofs of MacDonald's manuscript was ready for Lindbergh's approval within two weeks of his return to America. However, as with MacDonald's two original ghostwritten Times stories which the meticulous Army trained aviator had disapproved of as not only being rife with factual errors, but having been \"cheaply done\" and written in a \"false, fawning\" tone, Lindbergh rejected the ghostwritten book manuscript as well for similar reasons, i.e., MacDonald had written the book in the first person and had reverted to the bombast Lindbergh thought they had abandoned back in Paris. Lindbergh knew, however, that he could not renege on his contract with Putnam's that had already begun to publicize the book promising copies by July 1. When Fitzhugh Green, the book's editor at Putnam's, told him that \"it is your book, we wouldn't want to publish it if it weren't\", Lindbergh undertook to completely rewrite it himself \"painstakingly in longhand\" using MacDonald's manuscript as a template. Lindbergh accomplished that daunting task in less than three weeks working in solitude while a guest of businessman, philanthropist, and aviation promoter Harry Frank Guggenheim at Falaise, his sprawling waterfront mansion at Sands Point, Long Island.\n\"The noted young aviator has excited real admiration in the way he refuses to hurry publication of his story,\" the Times noted in reporting the unexpected delay in the publication of the book. \"Had he been willing to dash off a careless job, he might have taken advantage of his wonderful notoriety and made a lot of money quickly. Instead, he insists that the book shall be the most accurate and perfect account of his life, his transatlantic flight and his experience after he reached Paris, that he can possibly put together. When his publisher urged him to hurry, his response was a new mass of hand-written manuscript so clear and so precise that the publishers felt reproved for their importunity.\" Lindbergh worked most of every day \"writing in blue ink with a fountain pen on plain eight-by-ten-inch white bond in his largest, most readable script\", counting his output by running the total at the top of each page to assure meeting his contract to produce at least 40,000 words. In less than three weeks Lindbergh delivered the last of his pages to Fitzhugh Green at just under the agreed length.\n\"WE\" was officially published little more than a week later on July 27 and within six weeks it had sold over 190,000 copies at $2.50 apiece while a special limited edition of 1,000 numbered autographed copies also sold out quickly at $25 each. Soon translated into most major world languages, \"WE\" remained at the top of best-seller lists well into 1928. With dozens of printings and more than 650,000 copies sold in the first year, \"WE\" earned Lindbergh more than $250,000 in royalties. The book's great commercial success was considerably aided by its publication coinciding with the start of his three-month tour of the United States in the Spirit on behalf of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. The nation became obsessed with Lindbergh during the tour in which he was seen in person by more than 30 million Americans, a quarter of the nation's then population. No other author before or since ever had such an extensive, highly publicized tour that helped promote a book than did Lindbergh's \"We\" of himself and the Spirit during their 22,350-mile, July 20 to October 23, 1927 tour of the U.S., visiting 82 cities in all 48 states during which the nation's nascent aviation superhero delivered 147 speeches and rode 1,290 mi (2,080 km) in parades.\nUS Ambassador to France Myron T. Herrick, Lindbergh's host in Paris, contributed an impassioned foreword to \"WE\". \"Flying was his trade, his means of livelihood,\" Herrick wrote. \"But the love of it burned in him with fine passion, and now that his fame will give him a wider scope of usefulness, he has announced that he will devote himself wholeheartedly to the advancement of aeronautics. His first step in that direction is the publishing of this book and no one can doubt that its influence will be of enormous value in pushing on man's conquest of the air. It will be idle for me or any one else to estimate now what these results will be. But America vibrates with glowing pride at the thought that out from our country has come this fresh spirit of the air and that the whole world hails Lindbergh not only as a brave aviator but as an example of American idealism, character and conduct.\" In addition to Herrick's foreword, also included as an appendix is an 85-page essay by editor Green entitled A Little of what the World thought of Lindbergh describing the post-flight welcomes in Paris, Brussels, London, Washington, New York and St. Louis. While the precipitating event for the publication of \"WE\" was the solo non-stop flight from New York to Paris, Lindbergh's account of this takes up only 18 pages (pp. 213–230) in the book which is mostly about his life before May 20, 1927. It would not be until Lindbergh wrote his Pulitzer Prize winning The Spirit of St. Louis a quarter-of-a-century later in 1953 that he provided a first hand book length account of the flight itself.\nReviews for the book were generally positive although expressed disappointment that so little of the text provided an account of the preparation for and the flight to Paris itself. \"Now that Lindbergh has spoken, we inquisitors are apt to be disappointed, at least upon superficial reading of his story,\" noted Horace Green in his review of \"WE\" in the New York Times in which he nonetheless applauded Lindbergh's meticulous attention to detail. \"Where is the 'inside' story that 50,000 advance buyers of the volume have been led to expect? There is none. And on second thought it is apparent that if the recital was to be in any degree a real Lindbergh product there could be no inside story. The young flying Colonel, as his friends know, has no Imagination in the personal sense, but great Imagination in the mechanical sense. His mind works without embroidery. He thinks and speaks in condensed terms suitable to his purpose. One is grateful to say that the delay in publication of the long heralded \"WE\" whether brought about by Lindbergh's refusal to be stampeded or by the counsel of other heads, has permitted Lindbergh to tell his own story without the interpolations, as they are known in the editorial world, of too many ghosts.\"", "Lindbergh noted in \"WE\" that his year of US Army flight training (1924–25) was the key factor in his development as both a focused, goal-oriented individual, and as a skillful and resourceful aviator capable of making his remarkable transatlantic flight just two years later.\n\"Always there was some new experience, always something interesting going on to make the time spent at Brooks and Kelly one of the banner years in a pilot's life.\" Lindbergh noted. \"The training is difficult and rigid, but there is none better. A cadet must be willing to forget all other interest in life when he enters the Texas flying schools and he must enter with the intention of devoting every effort and all of the energy during the next 12 months towards a single goal. But when he receives the wings at Kelly a year later, he has the satisfaction of knowing that he has graduated from one of the world's finest flying schools.\" (\"WE\", p. 125)", "", "\"WE\", by Lindbergh is Out Tomorrow. The New York Times July 26, 1927 p. 6\nHerrmann, Anne \"On Amelia Earhart: The Aviatrix as American Dandy\" Ann Arnbor, MI:The Michigan Quarterly Review Volume XXXIX, Issue 1, Winter 2000\nLindbergh, Charles A. \"WE\" (with an appendix entitled \"A Little of what the World thought of Lindbergh\" by Fitzhugh Green, pp. 233–318). New York & London: G.P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), July 1927. Dustjacket endpaper notes, First Edition, July 27, 1927\nWohl, Robert. The Spectacle of Flight: Aviation and the Western Imagination, 1920–1950. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-300-10692-0 p. 35.\nBerg, A. Scott. Lindbergh. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1998. ISBN 0-399-14449-8. Chapter 7 (\"Only a Man\")\nMacDonald, Carlisle (as \"Captain Charles A.Lindbergh) LINDBERGH'S OWN STORY OF EPOCHAL FLIGHT, The New York Times, May 23, 1927, p. 1\nMacDonald, Carlyle (as \"Captain Charles A.Lindbergh) LINDBERGH'S SECOND STORY OF HIS FLIGHT, The New York Times, May 24, 1927, p. 1\nJames, Edward L. Good-Bye Tributes Paid to Lindbergh; \"Come Back Soon,\" the Flier Hears as he Sails from Cherbourg on Warship. The New York Times, June 4, 1927 p. 1\nLindbergh Works Hard to Complete Book: Shows Same Characteristic Thoroughness as Author as He Does as Aviator. The New York Times, July 2, 1927, p. 4\n190,000 Copies Sold of Lindbergh's Book; It Is Estimated That This Means Royalties of $95,000 to the Flier. The New York Times, September 18, 1927. p. 2\nSponsors Lindbergh Book: Herrick in Introduction to \"WE\" Lauds Flier's Enthusiasm. The New York Times, July 25, 1927. p. 2\nGreen, Horace \"WE\" Reveals Lindbergh as More Careful than Lucky: His Own Narrative, as Well as His Biography, Demonstrates His Practical Genius. The New York Times, August 7, 1927. Book Review Section, p. BR3", "Dustjacket endpaper note, \"WE\" G.P. Putnam's, First Edition, July 27, 1927:\nIN this publisher's safe reposes a remarkable and valuable manuscript. Every word of it has been painstakingly written in longhand. Every word of it is precious, not only because it goes into the telling of a great story, but because it clothes so simply and modestly the spirit of Charles A. Lindbergh.\nThis manuscript — Lindbergh's own story—is herewith printed unaltered and unadorned. It is the real story of \"WE\" by the articulate member of that famous partnership.\nIt goes back in its recital to long before May 20, 1927, when a slim youth stood silhouetted beside his plane against the dawn, calmly awaiting the supreme test in his young life. It goes back to Lindbergh's description of his boyhood and early flights. It tells how he got his first plane. It describes vividly and in detail his unique career as a stunt flier; his training days in the Army Air Corps; his four emergency parachute jumps which saved his life as an Air Mail pilot. It includes his views of the future of aviation.\nThen come the stirring events leading up to the flight which has made history; the flight itself; and finally Lindbergh's gracious acknowledgment of the amazing receptions accorded him in Europe and America.\nThere follows a chronicle of the honors and ceremonies, the wild welcomes and the kaleidoscopic travels of the flier from the moment he reached Paris until he reached St. Louis after his return.\nThe publishers knew the editorial \"we\" as a business byword; but it was not until Lindbergh landed in Paris that they heard of the aeronautical \"we.\" This new and fitting \"flying pronoun\" at once struck fire as the proper title for the book.\nFurther, it is this \"we\" and the deep spiritual meaning with it that give an added significance and emphasis to the divine guidance which must have been the pilot's through the dark hours of his flight.\nSaid Lindbergh more than forty years later of MacDonald's \"smarmy, aw-shucks style, poor imitation of Will Rogers\" accounts: \"I was shocked and disappointed. It was neither accurate nor in accord with my character and viewpoint. It made me into quite a different fellow than I was or wanted to be, and it gave quite a distorted picture of the flight itself.\"\nThe cities in which Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis landed during the Guggenheim Fund-sponsored book tour for \"WE\": New York, NY; Hartford, CT; Providence, RI; Boston, MA; Concord, NH; Orchard Beach & Portland, ME; Springfield, VT; Albany, Schenectady, Syracuse, Rochester, & Buffalo, NY; Cleveland, OH; Pittsburgh, PA; Wheeling, WV; Dayton & Cincinnati, OH; Louisville, KY; Indianapolis, IN; Detroit & Grand Rapids, MI; Chicago & Springfield, IL; St. Louis & Kansas City, MO; Wichita, KS; St. Joseph, MO; Moline, IL; Milwaukee & Madison, WI; Minneapolis/St. Paul & Little Falls, MN; Fargo, ND; Sioux Falls, SD; Des Moines, IA; Omaha, NE; Denver, CO; Pierre, SD; Cheyenne, WY; Salt Lake City, UT; Boise, ID; Butte & Helena, MT; Spokane & Seattle, WA; Portland, OR; San Francisco, Oakland, & Sacramento, CA; Reno, NV; Los Angeles & San Diego, CA; Tucson, AZ; Lordsburg, NM; El Paso, TX; Santa Fe, NM; Abilene, Fort Worth & Dallas, TX; Oklahoma City, Tulsa & Mukkogee, OK; Little Rock, AR; Memphis & Chattanooga, TN; Birmingham, AL; Jackson, MS; New Orleans, LA; Jacksonville, FL; Spartensburg, SC; Greensboro & Winston-Salen, NC; Richmond, VA; Washington, D.C.; Baltimore, MD; Atlantic City, NJ; Wilmington, DE; Philadelphia, PA; New York, NY.\nAuthor's Note: \"I have asked Fitzhugh Green to write a brief account of my various receptions not only because I think he has caught the spirit of what I have tried to do for aviation, but because I trust his judgement in selection of material.\" Charles A. Lindbergh (facsimile autograph), \"WE\", p. 232" ]	[ "\"WE\" (1927 book)", "Production and summary", "Quotation", "References", "Citations", "Notes" ]	"WE" (1927 book)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22WE%22_(1927_book)	[ 97, 98, 99 ]	[ 779, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814 ]	"WE" (1927 book) "WE" is an autobiographical account by Charles A. Lindbergh (1902-1974) about his life and the events leading up to and including his May 1927 New York to Paris solo trans-Atlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis, a custom-built, single engine, single-seat Ryan monoplane (Registration: N-X-211). It was first published on July 27, 1927 by G.P. Putnam's Sons in New York. Just 57 days after then 25-year old former US Air Mail pilot Charles Lindbergh had completed his historic Orteig Prize-winning first-ever non-stop solo transatlantic flight from New York (Roosevelt Field) to Paris (Le Bourget) on May 20–21, 1927 in the single-engine Ryan monoplane Spirit of St. Louis, "WE", the first of what would eventually be 15 books Lindbergh would either author or significantly contribute to, was released on July 27, 1927. The 318-page illustrated volume was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), the New York publishing house run by prominent promoter and aviation enthusiast George P. Putnam (1887-1950) who later promoted the career (and eventually married) another almost equally famous flyer of the era, the ill-fated American aviatrix Amelia Earhart. The suddenly world-famous young aviator noted on the book's dust jacket cover that he wrote it himself to provide the public with his "own story of his life and his transatlantic flight together with his views on the future of aviation". As such Lindbergh's virtually "instant" autobiography proved to be an immediate best seller and remained so for over a year. Both the dust jacket notes of the first edition as well as the frontispiece illustration reveal that the book's simple, one-word "flying pronoun" title "WE" was meant to refer to a "spiritual" partnership between Lindbergh and his airplane developed "through the dark hours of his flight". However Putnam's had selected the title without its author's knowledge or approval, and Lindbergh would later often complain about that interpretation of its meaning as being incorrect. Instead he said that "we" referred to himself and his financial backers in St. Louis, not his airplane, as the press had people believing, although his frequent unconscious use of the phrase referring to himself and the Spirit seemed to suggest otherwise. While Lindbergh had been busy being continuously feted in Washington, New York, St. Louis and elsewhere over the first couple of weeks after his return to the United States on June 10, a first manuscript for the book was quickly ghostwritten by New York Times reporter J. Carlisle MacDonald who had interviewed Lindbergh extensively in both Paris and during the six-day crossing of the Atlantic from Cherbourg to Washington on board the US Navy cruiser USS Memphis and had been holed up with a staff of secretaries in publisher George Putnam's house in Rye, New York. MacDonald had earlier ghostwritten from Paris a pair of "first person" accounts of the flight that had appeared under Lindbergh's name on the front page of the paper on May 23 and 24, two and three days after the flight. The fastest book produced up to that time, a complete set of galley proofs of MacDonald's manuscript was ready for Lindbergh's approval within two weeks of his return to America. However, as with MacDonald's two original ghostwritten Times stories which the meticulous Army trained aviator had disapproved of as not only being rife with factual errors, but having been "cheaply done" and written in a "false, fawning" tone, Lindbergh rejected the ghostwritten book manuscript as well for similar reasons, i.e., MacDonald had written the book in the first person and had reverted to the bombast Lindbergh thought they had abandoned back in Paris. Lindbergh knew, however, that he could not renege on his contract with Putnam's that had already begun to publicize the book promising copies by July 1. When Fitzhugh Green, the book's editor at Putnam's, told him that "it is your book, we wouldn't want to publish it if it weren't", Lindbergh undertook to completely rewrite it himself "painstakingly in longhand" using MacDonald's manuscript as a template. Lindbergh accomplished that daunting task in less than three weeks working in solitude while a guest of businessman, philanthropist, and aviation promoter Harry Frank Guggenheim at Falaise, his sprawling waterfront mansion at Sands Point, Long Island. "The noted young aviator has excited real admiration in the way he refuses to hurry publication of his story," the Times noted in reporting the unexpected delay in the publication of the book. "Had he been willing to dash off a careless job, he might have taken advantage of his wonderful notoriety and made a lot of money quickly. Instead, he insists that the book shall be the most accurate and perfect account of his life, his transatlantic flight and his experience after he reached Paris, that he can possibly put together. When his publisher urged him to hurry, his response was a new mass of hand-written manuscript so clear and so precise that the publishers felt reproved for their importunity." Lindbergh worked most of every day "writing in blue ink with a fountain pen on plain eight-by-ten-inch white bond in his largest, most readable script", counting his output by running the total at the top of each page to assure meeting his contract to produce at least 40,000 words. In less than three weeks Lindbergh delivered the last of his pages to Fitzhugh Green at just under the agreed length. "WE" was officially published little more than a week later on July 27 and within six weeks it had sold over 190,000 copies at $2.50 apiece while a special limited edition of 1,000 numbered autographed copies also sold out quickly at $25 each. Soon translated into most major world languages, "WE" remained at the top of best-seller lists well into 1928. With dozens of printings and more than 650,000 copies sold in the first year, "WE" earned Lindbergh more than $250,000 in royalties. The book's great commercial success was considerably aided by its publication coinciding with the start of his three-month tour of the United States in the Spirit on behalf of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. The nation became obsessed with Lindbergh during the tour in which he was seen in person by more than 30 million Americans, a quarter of the nation's then population. No other author before or since ever had such an extensive, highly publicized tour that helped promote a book than did Lindbergh's "We" of himself and the Spirit during their 22,350-mile, July 20 to October 23, 1927 tour of the U.S., visiting 82 cities in all 48 states during which the nation's nascent aviation superhero delivered 147 speeches and rode 1,290 mi (2,080 km) in parades. US Ambassador to France Myron T. Herrick, Lindbergh's host in Paris, contributed an impassioned foreword to "WE". "Flying was his trade, his means of livelihood," Herrick wrote. "But the love of it burned in him with fine passion, and now that his fame will give him a wider scope of usefulness, he has announced that he will devote himself wholeheartedly to the advancement of aeronautics. His first step in that direction is the publishing of this book and no one can doubt that its influence will be of enormous value in pushing on man's conquest of the air. It will be idle for me or any one else to estimate now what these results will be. But America vibrates with glowing pride at the thought that out from our country has come this fresh spirit of the air and that the whole world hails Lindbergh not only as a brave aviator but as an example of American idealism, character and conduct." In addition to Herrick's foreword, also included as an appendix is an 85-page essay by editor Green entitled A Little of what the World thought of Lindbergh describing the post-flight welcomes in Paris, Brussels, London, Washington, New York and St. Louis. While the precipitating event for the publication of "WE" was the solo non-stop flight from New York to Paris, Lindbergh's account of this takes up only 18 pages (pp. 213–230) in the book which is mostly about his life before May 20, 1927. It would not be until Lindbergh wrote his Pulitzer Prize winning The Spirit of St. Louis a quarter-of-a-century later in 1953 that he provided a first hand book length account of the flight itself. Reviews for the book were generally positive although expressed disappointment that so little of the text provided an account of the preparation for and the flight to Paris itself. "Now that Lindbergh has spoken, we inquisitors are apt to be disappointed, at least upon superficial reading of his story," noted Horace Green in his review of "WE" in the New York Times in which he nonetheless applauded Lindbergh's meticulous attention to detail. "Where is the 'inside' story that 50,000 advance buyers of the volume have been led to expect? There is none. And on second thought it is apparent that if the recital was to be in any degree a real Lindbergh product there could be no inside story. The young flying Colonel, as his friends know, has no Imagination in the personal sense, but great Imagination in the mechanical sense. His mind works without embroidery. He thinks and speaks in condensed terms suitable to his purpose. One is grateful to say that the delay in publication of the long heralded "WE" whether brought about by Lindbergh's refusal to be stampeded or by the counsel of other heads, has permitted Lindbergh to tell his own story without the interpolations, as they are known in the editorial world, of too many ghosts." Lindbergh noted in "WE" that his year of US Army flight training (1924–25) was the key factor in his development as both a focused, goal-oriented individual, and as a skillful and resourceful aviator capable of making his remarkable transatlantic flight just two years later. "Always there was some new experience, always something interesting going on to make the time spent at Brooks and Kelly one of the banner years in a pilot's life." Lindbergh noted. "The training is difficult and rigid, but there is none better. A cadet must be willing to forget all other interest in life when he enters the Texas flying schools and he must enter with the intention of devoting every effort and all of the energy during the next 12 months towards a single goal. But when he receives the wings at Kelly a year later, he has the satisfaction of knowing that he has graduated from one of the world's finest flying schools." ("WE", p. 125) "WE", by Lindbergh is Out Tomorrow. The New York Times July 26, 1927 p. 6 Herrmann, Anne "On Amelia Earhart: The Aviatrix as American Dandy" Ann Arnbor, MI:The Michigan Quarterly Review Volume XXXIX, Issue 1, Winter 2000 Lindbergh, Charles A. "WE" (with an appendix entitled "A Little of what the World thought of Lindbergh" by Fitzhugh Green, pp. 233–318). New York & London: G.P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), July 1927. Dustjacket endpaper notes, First Edition, July 27, 1927 Wohl, Robert. The Spectacle of Flight: Aviation and the Western Imagination, 1920–1950. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-300-10692-0 p. 35. Berg, A. Scott. Lindbergh. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1998. ISBN 0-399-14449-8. Chapter 7 ("Only a Man") MacDonald, Carlisle (as "Captain Charles A.Lindbergh) LINDBERGH'S OWN STORY OF EPOCHAL FLIGHT, The New York Times, May 23, 1927, p. 1 MacDonald, Carlyle (as "Captain Charles A.Lindbergh) LINDBERGH'S SECOND STORY OF HIS FLIGHT, The New York Times, May 24, 1927, p. 1 James, Edward L. Good-Bye Tributes Paid to Lindbergh; "Come Back Soon," the Flier Hears as he Sails from Cherbourg on Warship. The New York Times, June 4, 1927 p. 1 Lindbergh Works Hard to Complete Book: Shows Same Characteristic Thoroughness as Author as He Does as Aviator. The New York Times, July 2, 1927, p. 4 190,000 Copies Sold of Lindbergh's Book; It Is Estimated That This Means Royalties of $95,000 to the Flier. The New York Times, September 18, 1927. p. 2 Sponsors Lindbergh Book: Herrick in Introduction to "WE" Lauds Flier's Enthusiasm. The New York Times, July 25, 1927. p. 2 Green, Horace "WE" Reveals Lindbergh as More Careful than Lucky: His Own Narrative, as Well as His Biography, Demonstrates His Practical Genius. The New York Times, August 7, 1927. Book Review Section, p. BR3 Dustjacket endpaper note, "WE" G.P. Putnam's, First Edition, July 27, 1927: IN this publisher's safe reposes a remarkable and valuable manuscript. Every word of it has been painstakingly written in longhand. Every word of it is precious, not only because it goes into the telling of a great story, but because it clothes so simply and modestly the spirit of Charles A. Lindbergh. This manuscript — Lindbergh's own story—is herewith printed unaltered and unadorned. It is the real story of "WE" by the articulate member of that famous partnership. It goes back in its recital to long before May 20, 1927, when a slim youth stood silhouetted beside his plane against the dawn, calmly awaiting the supreme test in his young life. It goes back to Lindbergh's description of his boyhood and early flights. It tells how he got his first plane. It describes vividly and in detail his unique career as a stunt flier; his training days in the Army Air Corps; his four emergency parachute jumps which saved his life as an Air Mail pilot. It includes his views of the future of aviation. Then come the stirring events leading up to the flight which has made history; the flight itself; and finally Lindbergh's gracious acknowledgment of the amazing receptions accorded him in Europe and America. There follows a chronicle of the honors and ceremonies, the wild welcomes and the kaleidoscopic travels of the flier from the moment he reached Paris until he reached St. Louis after his return. The publishers knew the editorial "we" as a business byword; but it was not until Lindbergh landed in Paris that they heard of the aeronautical "we." This new and fitting "flying pronoun" at once struck fire as the proper title for the book. Further, it is this "we" and the deep spiritual meaning with it that give an added significance and emphasis to the divine guidance which must have been the pilot's through the dark hours of his flight. Said Lindbergh more than forty years later of MacDonald's "smarmy, aw-shucks style, poor imitation of Will Rogers" accounts: "I was shocked and disappointed. It was neither accurate nor in accord with my character and viewpoint. It made me into quite a different fellow than I was or wanted to be, and it gave quite a distorted picture of the flight itself." The cities in which Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis landed during the Guggenheim Fund-sponsored book tour for "WE": New York, NY; Hartford, CT; Providence, RI; Boston, MA; Concord, NH; Orchard Beach & Portland, ME; Springfield, VT; Albany, Schenectady, Syracuse, Rochester, & Buffalo, NY; Cleveland, OH; Pittsburgh, PA; Wheeling, WV; Dayton & Cincinnati, OH; Louisville, KY; Indianapolis, IN; Detroit & Grand Rapids, MI; Chicago & Springfield, IL; St. Louis & Kansas City, MO; Wichita, KS; St. Joseph, MO; Moline, IL; Milwaukee & Madison, WI; Minneapolis/St. Paul & Little Falls, MN; Fargo, ND; Sioux Falls, SD; Des Moines, IA; Omaha, NE; Denver, CO; Pierre, SD; Cheyenne, WY; Salt Lake City, UT; Boise, ID; Butte & Helena, MT; Spokane & Seattle, WA; Portland, OR; San Francisco, Oakland, & Sacramento, CA; Reno, NV; Los Angeles & San Diego, CA; Tucson, AZ; Lordsburg, NM; El Paso, TX; Santa Fe, NM; Abilene, Fort Worth & Dallas, TX; Oklahoma City, Tulsa & Mukkogee, OK; Little Rock, AR; Memphis & Chattanooga, TN; Birmingham, AL; Jackson, MS; New Orleans, LA; Jacksonville, FL; Spartensburg, SC; Greensboro & Winston-Salen, NC; Richmond, VA; Washington, D.C.; Baltimore, MD; Atlantic City, NJ; Wilmington, DE; Philadelphia, PA; New York, NY. Author's Note: "I have asked Fitzhugh Green to write a brief account of my various receptions not only because I think he has caught the spirit of what I have tried to do for aviation, but because I trust his judgement in selection of material." Charles A. Lindbergh (facsimile autograph), "WE", p. 232
[ "Yankovic performing in 2010", "Yankovic's \"classic\" look before eye surgery: with glasses, mustache and short, curly hair; used from 1979 to 1998", "Yankovic, photographed by Kyle Cassidy", "Yankovic performing \"The Saga Begins\" in Auckland, New Zealand, on March 10, 2007. Both Don McLean and George Lucas have reportedly expressed approval of the parody.", "Coolio reacted negatively to \"Amish Paradise\", feeling it undermined the serious message of the original song.", "Weird Al wearing his \"Atlantic Records Sucks\" shirt during a performance of \"You're Pitiful\", in 2007, at the Ohio State Fair", "A screenshot of LimeWire PRO, showing a large number of parodies misattributed to Yankovic, as well as numerous misspellings of his surname (February 2007 (2007-02))", "Weird Al on The Unfortunate Return of the Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour" ]	[ 0, 4, 9, 15, 16, 18, 28, 32 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/AlYankovicByKristineSlipson.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/Weirdalclassic.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Kyle-cassidy-weird-al-yankovic.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Yankovic-TheSagaBegins.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Coolio.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Atlantic_record_sucks_shirt_your_pitiful_aug_8th_2007_ohio_state_fair.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/WeirdAlLimeWire.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/%E2%80%9CWeird_Al%E2%80%9D_Yankovic_preforming_with_accordion_while_on_The_Unfortunate_Return_of_the_Ridiculously_Self-Indulgent%2C_Ill-Advised_Vanity_Tour.jpg" ]	[ "Alfred Matthew \"Weird Al\" Yankovic (/ˈjæŋkəvɪk/ YANG-kə-vik; born October 23, 1959), known professionally as \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, is an American singer, musician, and actor who is known for humorous songs that make light of pop culture and often parody specific songs by contemporary musical acts. He also performs original songs that are style pastiches of the work of other acts, as well as polka medleys of several popular songs, most of which feature his trademark accordion.\nSince having a comedy song aired in 1976, Yankovic has sold more than 12 million albums (as of 2007), recorded more than 150 parodies and original songs, and performed more than 1,000 live shows. His work has earned him five Grammy Awards and a further 11 nominations, four gold records, and six platinum records in the U.S. His first top ten Billboard album (Straight Outta Lynwood) and single (\"White & Nerdy\") were both released in 2006, nearly three decades into his career. His latest album, Mandatory Fun (2014), became his first number-one album during its debut week.\nYankovic's success comes in part from his effective use of music videos to further parody pop culture, the song's original artist, and the original music videos themselves, scene-for-scene in some cases. He directed later videos himself and went on to direct for other artists, including Ben Folds, Hanson, the Black Crowes, and the Presidents of the United States of America. With the decline of music television and the onset of social media, he used YouTube and other video sites to publish his videos; this strategy helped to boost sales of his later albums. He has stated that he may forgo traditional albums in favor of timely releases of singles from the 2010s onwards.\nIn addition to recording his albums, Yankovic wrote and starred in the film UHF (1989) and the television series The Weird Al Show (1997). He has also made guest appearances and performed voice acting roles on many television shows and video web content, in addition to starring in Al TV specials on MTV. He has also written two children's books, When I Grow Up (2011) and My New Teacher and Me! (2013).", "Yankovic was born in Downey, California, on October 23, 1959, the only child of Mary Elizabeth (née Vivalda) and Nick Yankovic. He was raised in Lynwood, California. His father, who was born in the Strawberry Hill neighborhood of Kansas City, Kansas, was of Serbian descent (the original surname spelling being Janković) and began living in California after earning two Purple Hearts for his service as a medic during World War II. He believed \"the key to success\" was \"doing for a living whatever makes you happy\" and often reminded his son of this philosophy. Yankovic's mother, a stenographer of English and Italian descent, married his father in 1949. She came to California from Kentucky a decade before Yankovic was born.\nYankovic's first accordion lesson, which sparked his interest in music, took place on the day before his seventh birthday. A door-to-door salesman traveling through Lynwood offered his parents a choice of accordion or guitar lessons at a local music school. Yankovic claims that his parents chose the accordion over the guitar because \"they figured there should be at least one more accordion-playing Yankovic in the world\" (referring to Frankie Yankovic, to whom he is not related). He has also said that they chose the accordion because \"they were convinced it would revolutionize rock\". As his mother did not let him outside the house very often, he had plenty of time to practice the instrument at home. He continued lessons at the school for three years before deciding to learn on his own.\nIn the 1970s, Yankovic was a big fan of Elton John and claims John's Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album was partly how he \"learned to play rock 'n roll on the accordion\". As for his influences in comedy and parody music, he listed artists including Tom Lehrer, Stan Freberg, Spike Jones, Allan Sherman, Shel Silverstein, and Frank Zappa, as well as \"all the other wonderfully sick and twisted artists\" he found through The Dr. Demento Radio Show. Other sources of inspiration for his comedy came from Mad magazine, Monty Python, and the Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker movies. He had also enjoyed George Carlin's FM & AM comedy album so much that he transcribed it by typewriter.\nYankovic began kindergarten a year earlier than most children and skipped second grade, later saying, \"My classmates seemed to think I was some kind of rocket scientist, so I was labeled a nerd early on.\" He attended Lynwood High School, where his unusual schooling experience meant he was two years younger than most of his classmates. He was not interested in sports or social events but was active in extracurricular programs, including the National Forensic League-sanctioned public speaking events; a play based on Rebel Without a Cause; the yearbook, for which he wrote most of the captions; and the Volcano Worshippers club—which, according to Yankovic, did \"absolutely nothing\" and was started \"just to get an extra picture of [themselves] in the yearbook\". He graduated in 1975 and was valedictorian of his senior class. He attended California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, where he earned a bachelor's degree in architecture.", "", "Yankovic received his first exposure via syndicated comedy radio personality Dr. Demento's Southern California–based radio show, saying, \"If there hadn't been a Dr. Demento, I'd probably have a real job now.\" Despite his mother having caught Yankovic listening to Dr. Demento's program and banning him from listening to it again in the future, he found ways to hear it discreetly. In 1976, Dr. Demento spoke at Yankovic's school, where the then–16-year-old Yankovic gave him a homemade tape of original and parody songs performed on the accordion in Yankovic's bedroom into a \"cheesy little tape recorder\". The tape's first song, \"Belvedere Cruisin'\" – about his family's Plymouth Belvedere – was played on Demento's comedy radio show, launching Yankovic's career. Demento said, \"'Belvedere Cruising' might not have been the very best song I ever heard, but it had some clever lines [...] I put the tape on the air immediately.\" Yankovic also played at local coffeehouses, accompanied by fellow dorm resident Joel Miller on bongos. Yankovic said:\n\"It was sort of like amateur music night, and a lot of people were like wannabe Dan Fogelbergs. They'd get up on stage with their acoustic guitar and do these lovely ballads. And I would get up with my accordion and play the theme from 2001. And people were kind of shocked that I would be disrupting their mellow Thursday night folk fest.\"\nDuring Yankovic's second year as an architecture student at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, he became a disc jockey at KCPR, the university's radio station. Yankovic had been called \"Weird Al\" originally as a more derogatory nickname from others within the dormitory he shared, as he was seen as the strange outcast compared to other residents. Though he initially took it as an insult, Yankovic eventually \"took it on professionally\" as his persona for the station. In 1978, he released his first recording (as Alfred Yankovic), \"Take Me Down\", on the LP, Slo Grown, as a benefit for the Economic Opportunity Commission of San Luis Obispo County. The song mocked famous nearby landmarks such as Bubblegum Alley and the waterfall toilets at the Madonna Inn.\nIn mid-1979, shortly before his senior year, \"My Sharona\" by the Knack was on the charts, and Yankovic took his accordion into the restroom across the hall from the radio station to take advantage of the echo chamber acoustics and recorded a parody titled \"My Bologna\". He sent it to Dr. Demento, who played it to good response from listeners. Yankovic met the Knack after a show at his college and introduced himself as the author of \"My Bologna\". The Knack's lead singer, Doug Fieger, said he liked the song and suggested that Capitol Records vice president Rupert Perry release it as a single. \"My Bologna\" was released as a single with \"School Cafeteria\" as its B-side, and the label gave Yankovic a six-month recording contract. Yankovic, who was \"only getting average grades\" in his architecture degree, began to realize that he might make a career of comedic music.\nOn September 14, 1980, Yankovic was a guest on the Dr. Demento Show, where he was to record a new parody live. The song was called \"Another One Rides the Bus\", a parody of Queen's hit \"Another One Bites the Dust\". While practicing the song outside the sound booth, he met Jon \"Bermuda\" Schwartz, who told him he was a drummer and agreed to bang on Yankovic's accordion case to help Yankovic keep a steady beat during the song. They rehearsed the song just a few times before the show began. \"Another One Rides the Bus\" became so popular that Yankovic's first television appearance was a performance of the song on The Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder on April 21, 1981. On the show, Yankovic played his accordion, and again, Schwartz banged on the accordion case and provided comical sound effects. Yankovic's record label, TK Records, went bankrupt about two weeks after the single was released, so Yankovic received no royalties from its initial release.", "1981 brought Yankovic on tour for the first time as part of Dr. Demento's stage show. His stage act in a Phoenix, Arizona, nightclub caught the eye of manager Jay Levey, who was \"blown away\". Levey asked Yankovic if he had considered creating a full band and doing his music as a career. Yankovic admitted that he had, so Levey held auditions. Steve Jay became Yankovic's bass player, and Jay's friend Jim West played guitar. Schwartz continued on drums. Yankovic's first show with his new band was on March 31, 1982. Several days later, Yankovic and his band were the opening act for Missing Persons.\nYankovic recorded \"I Love Rocky Road\", (a parody of \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\" originally recorded by The Arrows) which was produced by Rick Derringer, in 1982. The song was a hit on Top 40 radio, leading to Yankovic's signing with Scotti Brothers Records. In 1983, Yankovic's first self-titled album was released on Scotti Bros. The song \"Ricky\" (a parody of Toni Basil's hit \"Mickey\") was released as a single and the music video received exposure on the still-young MTV. \"Ricky\" broke the top 100 videos on MTV at the time, which Yankovic took as a sign that his career was in music, quitting his job as a mailroom clerk at the local offices of Westwood One to pursue the music career.\nYankovic released his second album \"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D in 1984. The first single \"Eat It\", a parody of the Michael Jackson song \"Beat It\", became popular, thanks in part to the music video, a shot-for-shot parody of Jackson's \"Beat It\" music video, and what Yankovic sarcastically described as his \"uncanny resemblance\" to Jackson. \"Eat It\" was also aided by the first of Yankovic's Al TV specials that aired on MTV on April 1, 1984, the network looking to Yankovic's rising popularity to help fill its programming time. Peaking at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 14, 1984, \"Eat It\" remained Yankovic's highest-charting single until \"White & Nerdy\" placed at No. 9 in October 2006. In Canada, \"Eat It\" reached No. 5.\nIn 1985, Yankovic co-wrote and starred in a mockumentary of his own life titled The Compleat Al (the title being a parody of the 1982 documentary The Compleat Beatles), which intertwined the facts of his life up to that point with fiction. The movie also featured some clips from Yankovic's trip to Japan and some clips from the Al TV specials. The Compleat Al was co-directed by Jay Levey, who would direct UHF four years later. Also released around the same time as The Compleat Al was The Authorized Al, a biographical book based on the film. The book, resembling a scrapbook, included real and fictional humorous photographs and documents.\nYankovic and his band toured as the opening act for the Monkees in mid-1987 for their second reunion tour of North America. Yankovic claims to have enjoyed touring with the Monkees, even though \"the promoter gypped us out of a bunch of money\".\nIn 1988, Yankovic was the narrator on the Wendy Carlos recording of Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf. The album also included a sequel to Camille Saint-Saëns's composition The Carnival of the Animals, titled \"The Carnival of the Animals Part II\", with Yankovic providing humorous poems for each of the featured creatures in the style of Ogden Nash, who had written humorous poems for the original.\nYankovic's success led to a deal to make his film UHF, which premiered in July 1989. While the film had since become a cult title, its initial release was against mediocre reviews, and it was up against several other summer blockbusters, including Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Ghostbusters II, Batman, and Licence to Kill. While Yankovic released an associated soundtrack album, UHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff, it was not as successful as his previous albums. Yankovic fell into a slump over the next three years as a result of the poor performance of the film.", "Yankovic had returned to the studio to prepare songs for his next album Off the Deep End around 1990. During production, Rubén Valtierra joined the band on keyboards in 1991, allowing Yankovic to concentrate more on singing and increasing his use of the stage space during concerts. Further, Yankovic took over production from Rick Derringer in 1992. While Derringer had produced six of Yankovic's previous albums, for which he won two Grammy Awards, Derringer's drug-related issues had become an issue, along with Yankovic's more complex musical scores (involving horns and other instruments).\nBy 1992, most of the original songs for Off the Deep End were complete, but Yankovic still did not have a strong parody and was waiting for the next big hit to work from, as he was still in a slump post-UHF. When Jackson released his next album, Dangerous, and its hit single \"Black or White\", Yankovic had quickly written a parody, \"Snack All Night\", from it, and hoped Jackson would allow him to use the parody. Jackson denied Yankovic this, as Jackson felt \"Black or White\" carried a serious message that would be undermined by the parody. Again, Yankovic fell into a mood and delayed release of Off the Deep End without a lead parody. Around this time, Nirvana and the grunge music scene began to take off. Yankovic wrote a parody of Nirvana's hit \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\", \"Smells Like Nirvana\", and was able to secure the band's permission for the parody; Nirvana's lead singer Kurt Cobain was said that getting Yankovic to parody their work was a sign their band had \"made it\". \"Smells Like Nirvana\" became the lead song on Off the Deep End, landing at No. 35 on the Billboard charts, his second top 40 hit in the United States. Off the Deep End reached No. 17 on the Billboard 200, and helped to revitalize Yankovic's career after the failure of UHF.\nYankovic's next two studio albums were modest successes in light of Off the Deep End. Alapalooza was released in 1993, and led with \"Jurassic Park\", a spoof of \"MacArthur Park\" by Richard Harris while mocking the 1993 film of the same name. Alapalooza peaked at No. 46 on the Billboard 200. Bad Hair Day in 1996 headlined with \"Amish Paradise\", a parody of Coolio's \"Gangsta's Paradise\". \"Amish Paradise\" reached No. 53 on the top Billboard 100 singles, while the album reached No. 14 on the Billboard 200, and eventually was certified Double Platinum in sales by RIAA, making it one of Yankovic's more successful works.\nIn addition, Yankovic released a number of compilation works during this period, including Permanent Record: Al in the Box, a four-CD collection which included most of Yankovic's previous works as well as an informational booklet with contributions from Dr. Demento. Other compilations included Greatest Hits Volume II, a collection of songs that were not included in Permanent Record, and The TV Album, featuring songs loosely based on television shows.", "On January 24, 1998, Yankovic had LASIK eye surgery to correct his extreme myopia. When Running with Scissors debuted in 1999, he unveiled a radically changed look. In addition to shedding his glasses, he had shaved off his moustache and grown out his hair. He had previously shaved his moustache in 1983 for the video of \"Ricky\" to resemble Desi Arnaz, in 1989 for segments of the \"UHF\" music video, and in 1996 for the \"Amish Paradise\" video. Yankovic reasoned, \"If Madonna's allowed to reinvent herself every 15 minutes, I figure I should be good for a change at least once every 20 years.\" He parodied the reaction to this \"new look\" in a commercial for his nonexistent MTV Unplugged special. The commercial featured Yankovic in the short-haired wig from the music video for Hanson's \"River\", claiming his new look was an attempt to \"get back to the core of what I'm all about\", that being \"the music\".\nRunning with Scissors was followed by his next studio album Poodle Hat in 2003. Poodle Hat was met with average reviews without any standout singles, though the album did peak at number 17 on the Billboard 200. Yankovic's following album was Straight Outta Lynwood in 2006, which featured the single \"White & Nerdy\", a parody of \"Ridin'\" by Chamillionaire. \"White & Nerdy\" became Yankovic's first Billboard Hot 100 single, debuting at No. 29 and peaking at No. 9. \"Canadian Idiot\", a parody of \"American Idiot\" by Green Day, also charted in the Hot 100. The album as a whole reached No. 10 in the Billboard 200, and by 2008 was Yankovic's first certified platinum album, having reached over one million sales.\nFollowing Straight Out of Lynwood, Yankovic started to explore digital distribution of his songs. On October 7, 2008, Yankovic released to the iTunes Store \"Whatever You Like\", a parody of the T.I. song of the same title, which Yankovic said he had come up with two weeks before. Yankovic said that the benefit of digital distribution is that \"I don't have to wait around while my songs get old and dated—I can get them out on the Internet almost immediately.\" In 2009, Yankovic released four more songs: \"Craigslist\" on June 16, \"Skipper Dan\" on July 14, \"CNR\" on August 4, and \"Ringtone\" on August 25. These five digitally released songs were packaged as a digital EP titled Internet Leaks, with \"Whatever You Like\" retroactively included in the set.\nIn 2011, Yankovic completed his thirteenth studio album, titled Alpocalypse, which was released on June 21, 2011. The album contains the five songs from the previous Internet Leaks digital download release, a polka medley called \"Polka Face\", a song called \"TMZ\", for which Bill Plympton created an animated music video, and five other new songs.\nYankovic had reported an interest in parodying Lady Gaga's material, and on April 20 announced that he had written and recorded a parody of \"Born This Way\" titled \"Perform This Way\" to be the lead single for his new album. However, upon first submitting it to Lady Gaga's manager for approval (which Yankovic does as a courtesy), he was not given permission to release it commercially. As he had previously done under similar circumstances (with his parody of James Blunt's \"You're Beautiful\", which was titled \"You're Pitiful\"), Yankovic then released the song for free on the internet. Soon afterwards, Gaga's manager admitted that he had denied the parody of his own accord without forwarding the song to his client, and upon seeing it online, Lady Gaga granted permission for the parody. Yankovic has stated that all of his proceeds from the parody and its music video will be donated to the Human Rights Campaign, to support the human rights themes of the original song. Yankovic was also a judge for the 10th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.\nYankovic stated in September 2013 that he was working on a new album, and in 2014, he used social media websites to hint at a July 15 release of the new album. The album artwork and title, Mandatory Fun, were confirmed by his publisher. Yankovic said in an interview promoting the album that, with the end of his recording contract, it is likely his last traditional album, in the sense of recording and releasing that many songs at a time; he said he will likely switch to releasing singles and EPs over the Internet, a method which offers more immediate release opportunities, as Yankovic considers his parodies in particular as something that can become dated by the time of release. Mandatory Fun was released to strong critical praise and was the No. 1 debut album on the Billboard charts the week of its release, buoyed by Yankovic's approach for releasing eight music videos over eight continuous days that drew viral attention to the album as described below. It became Yankovic's first No. 1 album in his career. Additionally, the song \"Word Crimes\" (a parody of Robin Thicke's \"Blurred Lines\") reached No. 39 on the Top 100 singles for the same week; this is Yankovic's fourth Top 40 single (following \"Eat It\", \"Smells Like Nirvana\", and \"White & Nerdy\") and made him the third musical artist, after Michael Jackson and Madonna, to have a Top 40 single in each decade since the 1980s. Since Mandatory Fun, Yankovic has not released any additional albums. In a 2017 interview with Rolling Stone, Yankovic said, \"I can't tell you when any material is coming out. Inspiration could strike tomorrow and I might have something out next month. There's no plan. It's just going to be whenever it winds up being.\"\nAfter several years of fan-driven campaigns, Yankovic received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2018.\nIn March 2018, Al released a new song, \"The Hamilton Polka\", a polka medley consisting of several songs from the musical Hamilton. The song holds the distinction of being the first polka song to chart on Billboard's Digital Songs Sales Chart. After Hamilton had premiered on Disney+ in July 2020, Yankovic released a video version of \"The Hamilton Polka\" that synched his song to video clips from the show. Also in March, Al released two remixes of songs by Portugal. The Man: \"Feel It Still\" and \"Live in the Moment\". In 2020, he collaborated with the band again on their single \"Who's Gonna Stop Me\", which was released for Indigenous Peoples' Day.", "Yankovic became a vegetarian in 1992 when his then-girlfriend gave him a copy of the 1987 John Robbins book Diet for a New America, which he said \"made a very compelling argument for a strict vegetarian diet\". When asked how he can rationalize performing shows at events such as the Great American Rib Cook-Off as a vegetarian, he replied, \"The same way I can rationalize playing at a college even though I'm not a student anymore.\" In a 2011 interview with OnMilwaukee, he clarified his stance on his diet: \"I am still a vegetarian, and I try to be a vegan, but I occasionally cheat. If there's a cheese pizza on the band bus, I might sneak a piece.\"\nYankovic married Suzanne Krajewski, a marketing executive with 20th Century Fox, after they met in 2001. They were introduced to each other by their mutual friend Bill Mumy. Their daughter, Nina, was born in 2003. They live in Los Angeles, where they own a home previously owned by figures such as writer Jack S. Margolis and rapper Heavy D. In stark contrast to his stage persona, Yankovic is known by friends and associates to be polite, shy, and introverted, even among family. He is a Christian, and a married couple from the church he attends can be seen in the background on the cover of his album Poodle Hat. His religious upbringing is reflected in his abstinence from profanity, alcohol, and drugs.\nOn April 9, 2004, Yankovic's parents were found dead at their home in Fallbrook, California, the victims of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning from their fireplace. Hours after his wife notified him of this, he made the decision to go on with his concert in Appleton, Wisconsin. He later said, \"Since my music had helped many of my fans through tough times, maybe it would work for me as well ... it would at least give me a break from sobbing all the time.\" Their deaths occurred following the release of Poodle Hat, which was Yankovic's lowest-selling album in 20 years. He considered the Appleton show and subsequent tour dates therapeutic: \"If I didn't have anything to distract me, I probably would have spiraled into an even deeper depression. For a couple of hours each night, I could go onstage and put on a big fake smile and pretend like everything was just okay.\" In a 2014 interview, he cited the deaths of his parents as the worst thing that had ever happened to him, adding, \"I knew intellectually, that at some point, probably, I'd have to, you know, live through the death of my parents, but I never thought it would be at the same time, and so abruptly.\"", "", "Yankovic is well known for creating parodies of contemporary radio hits, typically which make up about half of his studio releases. Unlike other parody artists such as Allan Sherman, Yankovic and his band strive to keep the backing music in his parodies the same as the original, transcribing the original song by ear and re-recording the song for the parody. In some cases, after Yankovic has requested that the original band allow his parody, the band will offer to help out with the recreation: Dire Straits members Mark Knopfler and Guy Fletcher perform on \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies\", Yankovic's parody of Dire Straits' \"Money for Nothing\", while Imagine Dragons provided Yankovic with advice on how to recreate some of the electronic sounds they used for \"Radioactive\" in Yankovic's parody \"Inactive\". Yankovic's career in novelty and comedy music has outlasted many of his \"mainstream\" parody targets, such as Toni Basil, MC Hammer, and Men Without Hats. Yankovic's continued success (including the top 10 single \"White & Nerdy\" and album Straight Outta Lynwood in 2006) has enabled him to escape the one-hit wonder stigma often associated with novelty music.\nYankovic considers his body of work to primarily feature parodies, rather than satires of the original song or artist, as he found that satire of songs or artists has already been done before. Most Yankovic songs consist of the original song's music, with a separate, unrelated set of amusing lyrics. Yankovic's humor normally lies more in creating unexpected incongruity between an artist's image and the topic of the song, contrasting the style of the song with its content (such as the songs \"Amish Paradise\", \"White & Nerdy\", and \"You're Pitiful\"), or in pointing out trends or works which have become pop culture clichés (such as \"eBay\" and \"Don't Download This Song\"). Yankovic's parodies are often satirical of popular culture, including television (see The TV Album), movies (\"The Saga Begins\"), and food (see The Food Album). Yankovic claims he has no intention of writing \"serious\" music. In his reasoning, \"There's enough people that do unfunny music. I'll leave the serious stuff to Paris Hilton and Kevin Federline.\"\nYankovic considered that his first true satirical song was \"Smells Like Nirvana\", which references unintelligible lyrics in Nirvana's \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\". Other satirical songs include \"Achy Breaky Song\", which refers to the song \"Achy Breaky Heart\", \"(This Song's Just) Six Words Long\", which refers to the repetitious lyrics in \"Got My Mind Set on You\", and \"Perform This Way\", set to Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\", that drew inspiration from Lady Gaga's outlandish but confident attitude.\nYankovic is the sole writer for all his songs and, for \"legal and personal reasons\", does not accept parody submissions or ideas from fans. There exists, however, one exception to this rule: Madonna was reportedly talking with a friend and happened to wonder aloud when Yankovic was going to turn her \"Like a Virgin\" into \"Like a Surgeon\". Madonna's friend was a mutual friend of Yankovic's manager, Jay Levey, and eventually Yankovic himself heard the story from Levey. In writing his parodies as well as his original songs, Yankovic spends a great deal of time in deciding the right words that not only match the beat of the original song but that fit theme of the parody. He says that some songs have taken him weeks to compose the lyrics to as he permeates the various choices, sometimes entering a \"zombie phase\" as he mulls these over in his home. For example, Yankovic believes he could have written a completely different version of \"White & Nerdy\" based on the alternative choices of lyrics he had come up with and had discarded for the final song. He has also done significant research for other song parodies to get facts and keywords for certain areas of knowledge, such as for \"I Think I'm a Clone Now\" or hospitals for \"Like a Surgeon\". Yankovic has documented all these past lyrical attempts, first through binders and then computerized in case he needs to go back for future songs.", "Most of Yankovic's studio albums include a polka medley of about a dozen contemporary songs at the time of the album, with the choruses or memorable lines of various songs juxtaposed for humorous effect. In Yankovic's early career, before recording his first album, he had performed such polka medleys in live shows in California, though then using songs from lesser-known bands like Bad Brains and the Plasmatics. He had been inspired to do so from Spike Jones, who had transitioned from classical music into polka. Yankovic said that converting these songs to polka was \"...the way God intended\". Yankovic did not include a medley on his first album, but considered this for his second, In 3-D, recognizing that it would only work if he used well-known songs. The resulting \"Polkas on 45\", which featured songs from Devo, Deep Purple, Berlin, and The Beatles, was popular, and the polka medley became a staple of all but one of Yankovic's future albums. Yankovic said that \"fans would be rioting in the streets, I think, if I didn't do a polka medley.\" More current polka medleys feature songs that Yankovic had wanted to parody but which had proved difficult, such as Daft Punk's \"Get Lucky\", which lacked sufficient lyrics to parody. The polkas are recorded in studio, including the sound effects which are performed live during recording, which Yankovic considered one of his favorite parts of recording.", "Yankovic has recorded numerous original humorous songs, such as \"You Don't Love Me Anymore\" and \"One More Minute\". Many of these songs are style pastiches of specific bands with allusions to specific songs. For example, \"First World Problems\" from Mandatory Fun is a style take on the Pixies, with the opening stanza reminiscent of the Pixies' \"Debaser\". Other style parodies includes those of Rage Against the Machine with \"I'll Sue Ya\" (which features many aspects of the hit song \"Killing in the Name\"), Devo with \"Dare to Be Stupid\", The B-52's with \"Mr. Popeil\", Talking Heads with \"Dog Eat Dog\", Frank Zappa with \"Genius in France\", Nine Inch Nails with \"Germs\", and Queen with \"Ringtone\". Some songs are pastiches of an overall genre of music, rather than a specific band (for example, country music with \"Good Enough For Now\", charity records with \"Don't Download This Song\" and college fight songs with \"Sports Song\"). Yankovic stated that he does not have any unreleased original songs, instead coming up and committing to the song ideas he arrives at for his albums and other releases.\nYankovic has contributed original songs to several films (\"This Is the Life\" from Johnny Dangerously; \"Polkamon\" from the movie Pokémon: The Movie 2000, and a parody of the James Bond title sequence in Spy Hard), in addition to his own film, UHF. Other songs of his have appeared in films or television series as well, such as \"Dare to Be Stupid\" in The Transformers: The Movie.", "One of Yankovic's recurring jokes involves the number 27. It is mentioned in the lyrics of several songs, and seen on the covers for Running with Scissors, Poodle Hat and Straight Outta Lynwood. He had originally just pulled the number 27 as a random figure to use in filling out lyrics, but as his fans started to notice the reuse of the number after the first few times, he began to purposely drop references to 27 within his lyrics, videos, and album covers. He explains that \"It's just a number I started using that people started attaching a lot of importance to.\" Other recurring jokes revolve around the names Bob (the Al TV interviews often mention the name, David Bowe's character in UHF is named Bob, and a song called \"Bob\", done in the style of Bob Dylan, is featured on Poodle Hat), Frank (e.g. \"Frank's 2000\" TV\"), and the surname \"Finkelstein\" (e.g. the music video for \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", or Fran Drescher's character, Pamela Finkelstein, in UHF). A number of songs use the phrase \"internal organs\". Also, a hamster called Harvey the Wonder Hamster is a recurring character in The Weird Al Show and the Al TV specials, as well as the subject of an original song on Alapalooza. Other recurring jokes include Yankovic borrowing or being owed, $5. In a number of Al TV interviews, he often asks if he can borrow $5, being turned down every time. This motif also occurs in \"Why Does This Always Happen to Me?\", in which his deceased friend owes him $5. Another recurring joke is his attraction to female nostrils or nostrils in general. This also appears in numerous Al TV interviews as well as in several of his songs (\"Albuquerque\" and \"Wanna B Ur Lovr\" to name a few.) Yankovic also asks his celebrity guests if they could \"shave his back for a nickel\". This also appears in the song \"Albuquerque\". Yankovic has also put two backmasking messages into his songs. The first, in \"Nature Trail to Hell\", said \"Satan Eats Cheez Whiz\"; the second, in \"I Remember Larry\", said \"Wow, you must have an awful lot of free time on your hands.\"", "While Yankovic's musical parodies generally do not include references to the songs or the artists of the original songs, Yankovic's music videos will sometimes parody the original song's music video in whole or in part. Most notably, the video for \"Smells Like Nirvana\" uses an extremely similar set to Nirvana's \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\", including using several of the same actors. This video contended with \"Smells like Teen Spirit\" at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video. Other videos that draw directly from those of the original song include \"Eat It\", \"Fat\", \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies\", \"Bedrock Anthem\", \"Headline News\", \"It's All About the Pentiums\", \"Amish Paradise\", \"Like a Surgeon\", and \"White & Nerdy\". The video for \"Dare to Be Stupid\" is, as stated by Yankovic, a style parody in general of Devo videos.\nSeveral videos have included appearances by notable celebrities in addition to Yankovic and his band. Dr. Demento appeared in several of Yankovic's earlier videos, such as \"I Love Rocky Road\" and \"Ricky\". Actor Dick Van Patten is featured in both \"Smells Like Nirvana\" and \"Bedrock Anthem\"; Drew Carey, Emo Philips and Phil LaMarr appeared in \"It's All About the Pentiums\"; Keegan-Michael Key, Jordan Peele, Donny Osmond, Judy Tenuta and Seth Green appeared in \"White & Nerdy\"; and Ruth Buzzi and Pat Boone appeared in \"Gump\". The video for \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" includes an appearance by Greg Kihn, the artist whose song, \"Jeopardy\", was being parodied, along with Don Pardo and Art Fleming, Jeopardy's original announcer and host, as themselves. Florence Henderson plays an Amish seductress in \"Amish Paradise\".\nWhile most videos that Yankovic creates are aired on music channels such as MTV and VH1, Yankovic worked with animation artists to create music videos for release with extended content albums. The DualDisc version of Straight Outta Lynwood features six videos set to songs from the release, including videos created by Bill Plympton and John Kricfalusi; one video, \"Weasel Stomping Day\" was created by the producers of the show Robot Chicken, and aired as a segment of that program. For the 2010 Alpocalypse, Yankovic produced videos for every song; four of those were previously released for each of the songs on the EP Internet Leaks, with the videos for the remaining songs released via social media sites and included in the deluxe edition of Alpocalypse. These live-action and animated videos were produced by both previous collaborators such as Plympton for \"TMZ\", video content providers like Jib-Jab and SuperNews!, and other directors and animators.\nTo help promote his 2014 album Mandatory Fun in social media circles, Yankovic produced eight music videos for the album releasing them over eight consecutive days with release of the album, believing it \"would make an impact because people would be talking about the album all week long\". RCA Records opted not to fund production of any of these videos, and Yankovic turned to various social media portals including Funny or Die and CollegeHumor which he had worked with in the past; these sites helped to cover the production cost of the videos with Yankovic foregoing any ad video revenue. He chose to distribute the videos to different portals to avoid burdening any single one with all of the costs and work needed to produce them. This approach proved to be successful, as the total collection of videos had acquired more than 20 million views in the first week. This release strategy was considered by The Atlantic as a \"web-enabled precision video delivery operation, and evidence of some serious digital distributional forethought\" as it allows the videos to be seen by different sets of audiences for each site. The approach was considered to be essential to promoting Mandatory Fun to reach the No. 1 position on the Billboard charts on its debut week. Businessweek attributed the sales success of Mandatory Fun to the viral music video campaign. ABC World News elaborated that Yankovic's success is in part due to the Internet's interest in viral and humorous videos catching up with what Yankovic has been doing for his entire career. Yankovic himself was amazed with the response he got from the album and video releases, stating that \"I've been doing the same thing for 30 years and all of a sudden I'm having the best week of my life\" and that he \"kind of stumbled on my formula for the future\".", "Under the \"fair use\" provision of U.S. copyright law, affirmed by the United States Supreme Court in the 1994 case Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., artists such as Yankovic do not need permission to record a parody. However, as a personal rule and as a means of maintaining good relationships, Yankovic has always sought permission from the original artist before commercially releasing a parody. Yankovic stated of these efforts: \"I don't want to hurt anybody's feelings. I don't want to be embroiled in any nastiness. That's not how I live my life. I like everybody to be in on the joke and be happy for my success. I take pains not to burn bridges.\" The communications are typically handled by his manager Jay Levey, but at times Yankovic has asked the artist directly, such as flying to Denver, Colorado, to attend an Iggy Azalea concert and speak to her personally about parodying her song \"Fancy\". He claims that only about two to three percent of the artists he approaches for permission deny his requests.\nSeparately, Yankovic needs to negotiate for royalties to the original artists for including their songs within a polka medley, which is considered a cover in copyright law. This created difficulties in recording his first medley \"Polkas on 45\" since it involved thirteen different royalty schemes, but since then he has established a relationship with most large music publishers to easily secure the license to use their songs.", "Many artists parodied by Yankovic have considered this as a rite of passage to show they have made it in the music industry.\nMichael Jackson was a big fan of Yankovic, and Yankovic claimed Jackson \"had always been very supportive\" of his work. Jackson twice allowed him to parody his songs (\"Beat It\" and \"Bad\" became \"Eat It\" and \"Fat\", respectively). When Jackson granted Yankovic permission to do \"Fat\", Jackson allowed him to use the same set built for his own \"Badder\" video from the Moonwalker film. Yankovic said that Jackson's support helped to gain approval from other artists he wanted to parody. Though Jackson allowed \"Eat It\" and \"Fat\", he requested that Yankovic not record a parody of \"Black or White\", titled \"Snack All Night\", because he felt the message was too important. This refusal, coming shortly after the commercial failure of Yankovic's movie UHF in theaters, had initially set Yankovic back; he later recognized this as a critical time as, while searching for new parodies, he came across Nirvana, leading to a revitalization of his career with \"Smells Like Nirvana\". Yankovic has performed a concert-only parody \"Snack All Night\" in some of his live shows. Yankovic was one of several celebrities who appeared in the 1989 music video for Jackson's song \"Liberian Girl\".\nDave Grohl of Nirvana said that the band felt they had \"made it\" after Yankovic recorded \"Smells Like Nirvana\", a parody of the grunge band's smash hit, \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\". On his Behind the Music special, Yankovic stated that when he called Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain to ask if he could parody the song, Cobain gave him permission, then paused and asked, \"Um... it's not gonna be about food, is it?\" Yankovic responded with, \"No, it'll be about how no one can understand your lyrics.\" According to Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic interviewed for Behind the Music, when the band saw the video of the song, they were laughing hysterically. Additionally, Cobain described Yankovic as \"America's modern pop-rock genious [sic]\" in his posthumously released personal notebook.\nMark Knopfler approved Yankovic's parody of the Dire Straits song \"Money for Nothing\" for use in the film UHF on the provision that Knopfler himself be allowed to play lead guitar on the parody which was later titled \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*\". Yankovic commented on the legal complications of the parody in the DVD audio commentary for UHF, explaining \"We had to name that song 'Money for Nothing \"slash\" Beverly Hillbillies \"asterisk\"' because the lawyers told us that had to be the name. Those wacky lawyers! What ya gonna do?\" The Permanent Record: Al in the Box booklet referred to the song's \"compound fracture of a title\". When a fan asked about the song's title, Yankovic shared his feelings on the title, replying \"That incredibly stupid name is what the lawyers insisted that the parody be listed as. I'm not sure why, and I've obviously never been very happy about it.\"\nThe Presidents of the United States of America were so pleased with \"Gump\", Yankovic's parody of their song \"Lump\", that they ended the song with his last line instead of their own (\"And that's all I have to say about that\") on the live recording of \"Lump\" featured on the compilation album Pure Frosting. In 2008, Yankovic directed the music video for their song \"Mixed Up S.O.B.\"\nDon McLean was reportedly pleased with \"The Saga Begins\", a parody of \"American Pie\", and told Yankovic that the parody's lyrics sometimes enter his mind during live performances. His parody not only replicates the music from the original Don McLean song, but it replicates the multi-layered rhyming structure in the verses and chorus. Additionally, George Lucas loved the song and a Lucasfilm representative told Yankovic, \"You should have seen the smile on his face.\"\nChamillionaire was also very pleased, even putting Yankovic's parody \"White & Nerdy\" (a parody of \"Ridin'\") on his official MySpace page before it was on Yankovic's own page. Chamillionaire stated in an interview, \"He's actually rapping pretty good on it, it's crazy [...] I didn't know he could rap like that. It's really an honor when he does that. [...] Weird Al is not gonna do a parody of your song if you're not doing it big.\" In September 2007, Chamillionaire credited \"White & Nerdy\" for his recent Grammy win, stating \"That parody was the reason I won the Grammy, because it made the record so big it was undeniable. It was so big overseas that people were telling me they had heard my version of Weird Al's song.\"\nIn 2011, Yankovic was initially denied permission to parody Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\" for his song \"Perform This Way\" for release on a new album, but through his release of the song on YouTube and subsequent spread via Twitter, Lady Gaga and her staff asserted that her manager had made the decision without her input, and Gaga herself gave Yankovic permission to proceed with the parody's release. Gaga considered herself \"a huge Weird Al fan\", and she stated that the parody was a \"rite of passage\" for her musical career and considered the song \"very empowering\".\nYankovic states that his style parodies have also been met with positive remarks by the original artist. He noted that his friends and fellow musicians Ben Folds and Taylor Hanson helped to support their respective style parodies \"Why Does This Always Happen To Me?\" and \"If That Isn't Love\". He also noted positive reactions he got through friends his band members have, such as from Frank Black of The Pixies for \"First World Problems\" and Southern Culture on the Skids for \"Lame Claim to Fame\", and a similar praise when he encountered Graham Nash of Crosby, Stills, and Nash on the street, and was able to play his recently completed \"Mission Statement\" for him.", "One of Yankovic's most controversial parodies was 1996's \"Amish Paradise\", based on \"Gangsta's Paradise\" by hip-hop artist Coolio, which, in turn, was based on \"Pastime Paradise\" by Stevie Wonder. Reportedly, Coolio's label gave Yankovic the impression that Coolio had granted permission to record the parody, but Coolio maintains that he never did. While Coolio claimed he was upset, legal action never materialized, and Coolio accepted royalty payments for the song. After this controversy, Yankovic has always made sure to speak directly with the artist of every song he parodied. At the XM Satellite Radio booth at the 2006 Consumer Electronics Show Yankovic and Coolio made peace. On his website, Yankovic wrote of this event, \"I don't remember what we said to each other exactly, but it was all very friendly. I doubt I'll be invited to Coolio's next birthday party, but at least I can stop wearing that bulletproof vest to the mall.\" In an interview in 2014, Coolio extended his apology for refusing his permission, stating that at the time \"I was being cocky and shit and being stupid and I was wrong and I should've embraced that shit and went with it\", and that he considered Yankovic's parody \"actually funny as shit\".\nIn 2000, Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea told Behind the Music that he was unimpressed and disappointed by Yankovic's 1993 song \"Bedrock Anthem\", which parodied two of the band's songs. He was quoted as stating, \"I didn't think it was very good. I enjoy Weird Al's things, but I found it unimaginative.\"", "On numerous occasions, Prince refused Yankovic permission to record parodies of his songs. Yankovic had stated in interviews prior to Prince's death in 2016 that he had \"approached him every few years [to] see if he's lightened up\". Yankovic related one story where, before the American Music Awards where he and Prince were assigned to sit in the same row, he got a telegram from Prince's management company, demanding he not even make eye contact with the artist. Among parodies that Yankovic had ideas for included one based on \"Let's Go Crazy\" about The Beverly Hillbillies, \"Yellow Snow\" as a parody of \"Purple Rain\", \"1999\" as an infomercial with a call-in number ending in −1999, and parodies of \"Kiss\" and \"When Doves Cry\". Despite these refusals, Yankovic was able to gain permission to parody the \"When Doves Cry\" video as part of his music video for the song \"UHF\". He was also permitted to write the song \"Traffic Jam\" from his album Alapalooza, which is in the style of Let's Go Crazy.\nLed Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page is a self-proclaimed Yankovic fan, but when Yankovic broached the idea of creating a polka medley of Led Zeppelin songs, Page was \"less than thrilled with the prospect, so [Yankovic] didn't pursue it.\" Yankovic was, however, allowed the opportunity to re-record a sample of \"Black Dog\" for a segment of \"Trapped in the Drive-Thru\".\nPaul McCartney, also a Yankovic fan, refused Yankovic permission to record a parody of Wings' \"Live and Let Die\", titled \"Chicken Pot Pie\", because, according to Yankovic, McCartney is \"a strict vegetarian and he didn't want a parody that condoned the consumption of animal flesh\". Though McCartney suggested possibly changing the parody to \"Tofu Pot Pie\", Yankovic, who is also a vegetarian, found this would not fit the lyrics he had written, which featured the sound of a chicken throughout the chorus. While never recorded for an album, Yankovic did play parts of \"Chicken Pot Pie\" as part of a larger medley in several tours during the 1990s.\nIn 2003, Yankovic was denied permission to make a video for \"Couch Potato\", his parody of Eminem's \"Lose Yourself\". Yankovic believes that Eminem thought that the video would be harmful to his image.\nIn 2006, Yankovic gained James Blunt's permission to record a parody of \"You're Beautiful\". However, after Yankovic had recorded \"You're Pitiful\", Blunt's label, Atlantic Records, rescinded this permission, despite Blunt's personal approval of the song. The parody was pulled from Yankovic's Straight Outta Lynwood because of his label's unwillingness to \"go to war\" with Atlantic. Yankovic released the song as a free download on his MySpace profile, as well as his official website, and plays it in concert, since it was not Blunt himself objecting to the parody. Yankovic referenced the incident in his video for \"White & Nerdy\" when he depicts himself vandalizing Atlantic Records' Wikipedia article.\nYankovic was considering a complete polka medley with only U2 songs, but the band's publisher did not accept the terms. Similarly, he had included Weezer's \"Buddy Holly\" in a polka medley, but had to pull it when the band's publisher refused to receive partial rates.\nYankovic had approached Beck asking for permission to parody his song \"Loser\", which Yankovic had created called \"Schmoozer\". At the time, Beck was just entering the music industry, and did not want his reputation to be seen as a one-hit wonder and refused the parody. Beck stated in 2022 that he wished he had give Yankovic permission, saying \"I think it would have been an amazing video, I’m actually really sad it didn’t happen.\"", "Yankovic often describes his live concert performances as \"a rock and comedy multimedia extravaganza\" with an audience that \"ranges from toddlers to geriatrics\". Apart from Yankovic and his band performing his classic and contemporary hits, staples of Yankovic's live performances include a medley of parodies, many costume changes between songs, and a video screen on which various clips are played during the costume changes. A concert from Yankovic's 1999 tour, \"Touring with Scissors\", for the Running with Scissors album was released on VHS in 1999 and on DVD in 2000. Titled \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live!, the concert was recorded at the Marin County Civic Center in San Rafael, California, on October 2, 1999. For legal reasons, video clips (apart from those for Yankovic's own music videos) could not be shown for the home release, and unreleased parodies were removed from the parody medley for the performance.\nIn 2003, Yankovic toured overseas for the first time. Before 2003, Yankovic and his band had toured only the United States and parts of Canada. Following the success of Poodle Hat in Australia, Yankovic performed eleven shows in Australia's major capital cities and regional areas in October of that year. Yankovic returned to Australia and toured New Zealand for the first time in 2007 to support the Straight Outta Lynwood album. On September 8, 2007, Yankovic performed his 1,000th live show at Idaho Falls, Idaho.\nYankovic has invited members of the 501st Legion on stage during performances of his Star Wars-themed songs \"Yoda\" and \"The Saga Begins\", recruiting members of local garrisons (club chapters) while on tour. In appreciation, the 501st inducted Yankovic as a \"Friend of the Legion\" in September 2007.\nHe performed his first ever European mini-tour, including an appearance at the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in Minehead, England in December 2010. Yankovic was picked to perform by the Canadian band Godspeed You! Black Emperor, who curated the festival's lineup. Yankovic played three other dates in the UK around his festival appearance before performing a single date in the Netherlands.\nA second concert film, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live!: The Alpocalypse Tour, aired on Comedy Central on October 1, 2011, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD three days later. The concert was filmed at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada, during Yankovic's tour supporting the album Alpocalypse. As before, video clips (apart from those for his own videos) and unreleased songs were edited out for legal reasons.\nYankovic performed George Harrison's \"What Is Life\" at the live-recorded George Fest (Los Angeles, 2014). DVD and Blu-Ray CD combos of the concert honoring Harrison became available in early 2016.\nFollowing the release of Mandatory Fun, Yankovic toured across the United States, Canada, and selected overseas venues in the \"Mandatory World Tour\" from 2015 through 2016, principally featuring songs from this album. After taking a year off, Yankovic returned to tour in the United States and Canada from February to June 2018 in \"The Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour\". On this tour, he performed mostly original songs (not parodies) and did not use costumes, props, or video screens. Comedian Emo Philips was the opening act. A further staple of this tour was Yankovic's cover performance of a different famous song at each venue, which Yankovic stated was something he and his band enjoyed doing.\nStarting in June 2019, Yankovic went on his \"Strings Attached Tour\", where he performed every show backed by a forty-one piece orchestra assembled from local musicians. The tour was inspired by a 2016 performance he did with the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, which he considered a \"religious experience\" and sought to replicate on tour. The shows were generally much shorter, as under unions rules Yankovic could only perform 90 minutes per show with an orchestra, requiring him to select songs that he felt would be ones that he had either long wanted perform to with an orchestra, such as the deep-cut \"Harvey the Wonder Hamster\" from Alapalooza, or that fit best with the orchestra backing. Yankovic had the shows open with the orchestra performing a few instrumental themes, seemingly giving the concert a high-brow quality, before he and his band entered and played his songs backed by the orchestra. The concerts finished with a large flashy production of his Star Wars songs, including \"The Saga Begins\" and \"Yoda\".\nYankovic announced plans to tour again in 2022, following up from his 2018 tour with the \"Unfortunate Return Of The Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour\", focusing on his lesser-known songs. The tour will include 133 shows, concluding with Yankovic's first performance at Carnegie Hall in October 2022. Yankovic said \"I've loved doing every single incarnation of my live show, but honestly the Vanity tour is the most fun I've ever had on stage, so I've been dying to get back out there and torture everybody with it once again!\"", "With \"Word Crimes\" from Mandatory Fun debuting at No. 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2014, Yankovic became the third musical artist after Michael Jackson and Madonna to have a song in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 over each decade since the 1980s, his other Top 40 songs being \"Eat It\", \"Smells Like Nirvana\", and \"White & Nerdy\". Since then, only U2 and Kenny G have also entered this group. Billboard named Yankovic #15 of the top 100 music video artists of all time in an August 2020 compilation, addressing that alongside his musical fame, \"his accompanying video parodies are a vital part of the recipe\".\nWith his four-decade career, Yankovic's work has also influenced newer artists. Andy Samberg of the group The Lonely Island considered Yankovic an influence during his childhood. Lin-Manuel Miranda directly credits Yankovic as an influence on his musical Hamilton. Television producer Michael Schur considered that Yankovic's music represented a \"deep egalitarian spirit of our culture\" that allowed his comedy writers to reflect on society within his shows.\nIn 2020, Mark Riedl, a researcher at Georgia Tech, created an algorithm that generates lyrics to match the rhyme and syllable schemes of preexisting songs. The algorithm was called \"Weird A.I. Yankovic\" in reference to Yankovic's similar song parodies.", "", "In 1989, Yankovic starred in a full-length feature film called UHF, co-written by himself and manager Jay Levey and filmed in Tulsa, Oklahoma. A satire of the television and film industries, also starring Michael Richards, Fran Drescher, and Victoria Jackson, it brought floundering studio Orion their highest test scores since the movie RoboCop. However, it was unsuccessful in theaters due to both poor critical reception and competition from other summer blockbusters at the time such as Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lethal Weapon 2, Batman and Licence to Kill. The failure of the film left Yankovic in a three-year slump, which was later broken by his inspiration to compose \"Smells Like Nirvana\".\nThe film has since become a cult classic, with out-of-print copies of the VHS version selling for up to $100 on eBay until the release of the DVD in 2002. Yankovic occasionally shows clips from the film at his concerts (to which MGM, the film's current owner, initially objected in the form of a cease and desist letter). In an apparent attempt to make it more accessible to overseas audiences, where the term UHF is used less frequently to describe TV broadcasts, the film was titled The Vidiot From UHF in Australia and parts of Europe.\nUHF shows the creation of Yankovic's signature food—the Twinkie Wiener Sandwich. The snack consists of an overturned Twinkie split open as a makeshift bun, a hot dog, and Easy Cheese put together and dipped in milk before eating. Yankovic has stated that he has switched to using tofu hot dogs since becoming a vegetarian, but still enjoys the occasional Twinkie Wiener Sandwich.", "In his early career, Yankovic hosted the specials Al TV on MTV and Al Music on MuchMusic many times, generally coinciding with the release of each new album. These shows typically included some of Yankovic's videos to date and previews of songs on the upcoming album. A recurring segment of Al TV involves Yankovic manipulating interviews for comic effect. He inserts himself into a previously conducted interview with a musician, and then manipulates his questions, resulting in bizarre and comic responses from the celebrity.\nThe Weird Al Show was a live-action skit-based children's show hosted by Yankovic, airing from September to December 1997 on CBS, which featured several actors and bands as guests along with Yankovic and other actors. It was designed to be part of CBS's mandated Educational or Informative programming to teach children morals. The show had a troubled production due to this requirement and the desire by CBS to follow in the success of Pee-wee's Playhouse, leading to the show's cancellation after one 13-episode season. The entire series was released on DVD by Shout! Factory on August 15, 2006.\nVH1 produced a Behind the Music episode on Yankovic. His two commercial failures (his film UHF and his 1986 album Polka Party!) were presented as having a larger impact on the direction of his career than they really had. Also, Coolio's later disapproval of \"Amish Paradise\" was played up as a large feud. Much was also made over his apparent lack of a love life, though he got married shortly after the program aired. The episode was updated and re-released in early 2012 as part of the \"Behind the Music Remastered\" series.\nAlso in 2012, Al was extensively featured in the sixth season episode of 30 Rock called \"Kidnapped by Danger\", where Jenna tries to come up with a \"Weird Al-proof\" song. \nYankovic performed at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards singing a comedic medley of songs based on the themes of several Emmy-nominated shows such as Mad Men and Game of Thrones.", "Yankovic has done voice-overs for several animated series. He appeared in a 2003 episode of The Simpsons, singing \"The Ballad of Homer & Marge\" (a parody of John Mellencamp's \"Jack & Diane\") with his band. The episode, \"Three Gays of the Condo\", in which Marge hires Yankovic to sing the aforementioned song to Homer in an attempt to reconcile their marriage, later won an Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)\". Yankovic also had a cameo in a 2008 episode, titled \"That '90s Show\", during which he records a parody of Homer's grunge hit \"Shave Me\" titled \"Brain Freeze\" (Homer's song, \"Shave Me\", was itself a parody of Nirvana's \"Rape Me\") making Yankovic one of only a handful of celebrities to appear twice on the show playing themselves.\nHe appeared in the animated Adult Swim show Robot Chicken, which provided him with a music video for the song \"Weasel Stomping Day\". Yankovic is the voice for Squid Hat on the Cartoon Network show The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy. He is also the announcer of the cartoon's eponymous video game adaptation.\nYankovic had a guest appearance voicing Wreck-Gar, a waste collection vehicle Transformer in the Transformers: Animated cartoon series; previously, Yankovic's \"Dare to Be Stupid\" song was featured in the 1986 animated film The Transformers: The Movie, during the sequence in which the Wreck-Gar character was first introduced; as such, the song is referenced in the episode. He also plays local TV talent show host Uncle Muscles on several episodes of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! along with other appearances on the show. Weird Al has also supplied the voice of one-shot character 'Petroleum Joe' on The Brak Show. He also voiced himself on a Back at the Barnyard episode, and he appeared as a ringmaster who helps the regular characters of Yo Gabba Gabba! organize a circus in a 2007 episode of the children's show.\nIn 2011, Al appeared as himself in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"Bat-Mite Presents: Batman's Strangest Cases!\" In 2012, he appeared on two episodes of The Aquabats! Super Show!, playing two different characters as the superhero SuperMagic PowerMan and as the President of the United States. In 2014, he appeared in the fourth season My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode \"Pinkie Pride\" as Cheese Sandwich, a rival party planner to Pinkie Pie. He would later reprise his role in the season 9 episode \"The Last Laugh\".\nIn 2015, Al voiced the supervillain Darkseid in a season 3 episode of Teen Titans Go!. He initially speaks with a deep, intimidating voice, but after complaining about having a cold and taking a lozenge, Al speaks in his normal voice, and the heroes are no longer afraid of him. Another character points out that Darkseid sounds like Weird Al Yankovic, and the villain replies that Weird Al was \"a true monster\" for \"undercutting musicians by subverting their words and compromising their artistic integrity.\" One of the protagonists calls Al \"a national treasure\", and they began to battle.\nIn 2016, Al appeared in two episodes of BoJack Horseman as Mr. Peanutbutter's brother, Captain Peanutbutter, and began portraying Milo Murphy in the Disney XD series Milo Murphy's Law. Yankovic guest voiced as Papa Kotassium in a 2016 episode of Cartoon Network's animated series, Mighty Magiswords, which was created by Weird Al fan, musician and accordionist Kyle Carrozza. Carrozza sent a FAQ to Weird Al when Carrozza was in college in 1999.", "In 2008, Weird Al joined Michael J. Nelson as a guest on the RiffTrax audio commentary of Jurassic Park.\nOn November 10, 2009, Weird Al was a guest \"internet scientist\" on Rocketboom's \"Know Your Meme\" video series, in the installment on the topic of Auto-Tune, hosted by Jamie Wilkinson.\nEric Appel produced a Funny or Die movie trailer for Weird: The Al Yankovic Story, a fictional biographical film that parodies other films based on musicians; Yankovic (played by Aaron Paul) is seen hiding his \"weirdness\" from his parents (Gary Cole and Mary Steenburgen), making it big using song parodies with the help of Dr. Demento (Patton Oswalt), falling in and out of love with Madonna (Olivia Wilde), and fading into alcoholism and being arrested, at which point his father finally admits he is \"weird\" as well. Yankovic himself plays a music producer in the short. Yankovic and Appel announced in January 2022 that they would be making a full-length biopic of the same name based on the trailer, starring Daniel Radcliffe as Yankovic.\nYankovic later appeared in another Funny or Die short alongside Huey Lewis which parodied the ax murder scene in the movie American Psycho, in which Christian Bale's character Patrick Bateman discusses the nature of Lewis's musical work before killing his victim.\nFor The Nerdist Podcast, Weird Al began hosting a new comedic celebrity interview web series, Face to Face with 'Weird Al' Yankovic, on April 3, 2012. The series features Al TV-esque fake interviews with movie stars.\nAl has appeared on numerous other webshows, including CollegeHumor, LearningTown, Some Jerk with a Camera, Team Unicorn, and Epic Rap Battles of History appearing as Sir Isaac Newton in a battle against actors portraying Bill Nye, the Science Guy (YouTube star Nice Peter), and Neil DeGrasse Tyson (Chali 2na of the group Jurassic 5).\nIn October 2016, Yankovic collaborated with the Gregory Brothers to create a music video \"Bad Hombres, Nasty Women\" shortly after the third debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, with Yankovic singing between autotuned snippets from the candidates. Yankovic collaborated with the Gregory Brothers on a similar video after the first debate in the 2020 campaign between Trump and Joe Biden.", "Yankovic has directed many of his own music videos; he has directed all of his music videos from 1993's \"Bedrock Anthem\" to 2006's \"White & Nerdy\". He also directed the end sequence of 1986's \"Christmas at Ground Zero\" (an original piece juxtaposing Christmas with nuclear warfare) from his Polka Party! album and the title sequence to Spy Hard, for which he sang the title song.\nYankovic wrote, directed and starred in the short 3-D movie attraction \"Al's Brain: A 3-D Journey Through The Human Brain\", a $2.5 million project which was sponsored by and premiered at the Orange County Fair in Costa Mesa, California, in 2009. The project included a brief cameo by Sir Paul McCartney, which Yankovic directed during McCartney's appearance at the 2009 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. Fair CEO Steve Beazley, who supported the project, considered the project a success and explored leasing the exhibit to other fairs; the second appearance of the exhibit was at the 2009 Puyallup Fair in Washington.\nHe has also directed several videos for other artists, including Hanson (the Titanic sequences in \"River\"), The Black Crowes (\"Only a Fool\"), Ben Folds (\"Rockin' the Suburbs\"), Jeff Foxworthy (\"Redneck Stomp\" and \"Party All Night\"), Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (\"Wail\"), and The Presidents of the United States of America (\"Mixed Up S.O.B\"). He has cameo appearances in his videos for Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Hanson (as the interviewer), and Ben Folds (as the producer fixing Folds' \"shitty tracks\").\nOn January 25, 2010, Yankovic announced that he had signed a production deal with Warner Bros. to write and direct a live-action feature film for Cartoon Network. Although Yankovic previously wrote the script for UHF, this was to be the first movie Yankovic directed. Yankovic stated that he would not be starring in the movie, as Cartoon Network wanted a younger protagonist. During an interview on Comedy Death-Ray Radio, Yankovic revealed that though Cartoon Network \"loved\" his script, the network decided that they were no longer intending to produce feature films. Yankovic initially stated that he would instead shop the script around to other potential studios, but in 2013 revealed that the project had been scrapped as \"it was really geared for Cartoon Network\" and that he had \"cannibalized jokes from that script to use for other projects\".", "Yankovic wrote When I Grow Up, a children's book released on February 1, 2011, and published by HarperCollins. The book features 8-year-old Billy presenting to his class the wide variety of imaginative career possibilities that he is considering. Yankovic stated that the idea for the book was based on his own \"circuitous\" career path. The book allows Yankovic to apply the humorous writing style found in his music in another medium, allowing him to use puns and rhymes. Yankovic worked with Harper Collins' editor Anne Hoppe—the first time that Yankovic has had an editor—and found her help to be a positive experience. The book is illustrated by Wes Hargis, who, according to Yankovic, has \"a childlike quality and a very fun quality and a very imaginative quality\" that matched well with Yankovic's writing. The book reached the No. 4 position on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Picture Books for the week of February 20, 2011.\nYankovic also wrote a sequel to When I Grow Up, 2013's My New Teacher and Me!.\nYankovic became the first guest editor for Mad Magazine for their 533rd issue, published in April 2015.", "Yankovic competed on a week of Wheel of Fortune taped at Disney's Hollywood Studios in March 1994. He also competed on Rock & Roll Jeopardy!\nWeird Al joined the band Hanson in their music video for \"Thinking 'bout Somethin'\" in which he plays the tambourine.\nYankovic contributes backing vocals for the song \"Time\" on Ben Folds' album Songs for Silverman.\nYankovic was also one of many celebrities who took part in the NOH8 Campaign against Proposition 8, which banned same-sex marriage in California.\nYankovic was approached by a beer company to endorse their product. Yankovic had turned it down because he believed that \"a lot of my fans were young and impressionable\". Yankovic later posted on his Twitter account that he never regretted the decision.\nIn 2009, Yankovic was a special guest on an episode of G4's Web Soup where he came as Mark Gormley at first.\nIn 2011, Yankovic guest starred as the character \"Banana Man\" in an episode of Adventure Time. The same year, he appeared as himself in the How I Met Your Mother episode \"Noretta\".\nIn 2012, he appeared as himself along with Alice Cooper, Bret Michaels, and Maria Menounos in The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange for the Christmas special, and sung with Alice, Bret, and Orange.\nOn May 31, 2014, Yankovic won the ACE Award (Amateur Cartoonist Extraordinaire) from the National Cartoonists Society at its awards banquet in San Diego.\nFrom 2014 until 2017, Yankovic appeared as a celebrity contestant in eight episodes of the game show Celebrity Name Game.\nIn 2015, Yankovic made an appearance on an episode of The Odd Couple as a yoga student in the class Felix takes over for one day.\nAlso in 2015, Yankovic was featured as MAD Magazine's first ever guest editor for their 533rd issue.\nIn 2016, Yankovic became the bandleader on the IFC series Comedy Bang! Bang!, on which he had previously guest starred.\nIn the official video for Weezer's cover of \"Africa\" published in September 2018, which itself is parody of Weezer's video for \"Undone – The Sweater Song\", Yankovic stands in for Rivers Cuomo as vocalist and lead guitar.\nThough he does not appear, Yankovic is mentioned directly by name in the 2021 television series Y: The Last Man adapted from the 2000s comic book series of the same name, which involves a post-apocalyptic alternative timeline where all the men of the world had died. Whereas the comic book had the characters reflect on the absence of the Rolling Stones, showrunner Eliza Clark opted to update the references for the show, and used Yankovic as a more modern artist that had been considered a great loss.", "Songs posted to file sharing networks are often misattributed to him because of their humorous subject matter. Often, his surname is misspelled (and thus mispronounced) as \"Yankovich\", among other variations. Much to the disdain of Yankovic, these misattributed files include songs that are racist, sexually explicit, or otherwise offensive. A young listener who had heard several of these offensive tracks by way of a file sharing service confronted Yankovic online, threatening a boycott because of his supposedly explicit lyrics. Quite a few of the songs, such as \"Star Wars Cantina\" by Mark Jonathan Davis (not, in a double misattribution, his lounge-singer character Richard Cheese), \"Star Wars Gangsta Rap\", \"Yoda Smokes Weed\", \"Chewbacca\", \"The Devil Went to Jamaica\", \"The Twelve Pains of Christmas\" by Bob Rivers and several more have a Star Wars motif. Some songs misattributed to him are not songs, but spoken skits, such as \"Sesame Street on Crack\", which is also widely misattributed to Adam Sandler. A list of songs frequently misattributed to Yankovic can be found at The Not Al Page and a list of all commercially released songs recorded by Yankovic can be found on his website.\nYankovic cites these misattributions as \"his only real beef with peer-to-peer file sharing sites\":\nIf you do a search for my name on any one of those sites, I guarantee you that about half of the songs that come up will be songs I had absolutely nothing to do with. That particularly bothers me, because I really try to do quality work, and I also try to maintain a more-or-less family-friendly image—and some of these songs that are supposedly by me are just, well, vulgar and awful. I truly think my reputation has suffered in a lot of people's minds because of all those fake Weird Al songs floating around the Internet.\nIn terms of legitimate parodies of Yankovic, the Mr. Show sketch \"Superstar Machine\" features Bob Odenkirk as the character Daffy \"Mal\" Yinkleyankle. Yankovic was impressed by the parody, and stated that it \"zeroed in on everything that's irritating about me\".", "The Weird Al Star Fund was a campaign started by Yankovic's fans to get him a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Their mission was to \"solicit, collect, and raise the necessary money, and to compile the information needed for the application to nominate \"Weird Al\" Yankovic for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame\". Fans worldwide have sent donations to raise the US$40,000 needed for a nomination. In addition to the preferred method of cash donations, many methods were used to raise money for the cause, such as a live benefit show held April 11, 2006, and selling merchandise on the official website and eBay, including T-shirts, calendars, and cookbooks. On May 26, 2006, the campaign hit the then-$15,000 target, just five days before the May 31 deadline to submit the necessary paperwork. However, Yankovic was not included on the list of inductees for 2007. On February 9, 2007, the Hollywood Chamber Of Commerce raised the price to sponsor a new star to $25,000. Yankovic's application was resubmitted for consideration in 2007, but he was not included among 2008's inductees. In December 2010, the price was raised again to $30,000. and in 2017 the price was raised to $40,000. The campaign raised the new target each time and applications continued to be submitted yearly, until The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce announced in June 2017 that Yankovic would receive a star on the Walk of Fame as one of the 2018 inductees. In an official induction ceremony on August 27, 2018, Al received the 2,643rd star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6914 Hollywood Blvd, directly across the street from TCL Chinese Theatre. The ceremony was attended by 1,500 fans. \nSimilar to the Weird Al Star Fund, a second fan-driven campaign called \"Make the Rock Hall 'Weird'\" has tried to enshrine him into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, for which he has been eligible since 2004. Previous attempts to raise awareness for the campaign and support Yankovic's nomination included a petition drive from 2006 to 2007, which raised over 9000 signatures; an art competition in 2005; additionally, a documentary film about the campaign is currently being developed. In addition to these efforts, an ongoing campaign is underway in which supporters of Yankovic's nomination are requested to send \"sincere, thoughtful\" letters to the Rock Hall Foundation's headquarters in New York. The Hall has not considered Yankovic for nomination since the campaign started in 2004. A 2009 Rolling Stone poll named Weird Al as the top artist that should be nominated for the Hall of Fame, followed by Rush (who were inducted in 2013) and The Moody Blues (inducted in 2018) in the top ten.\nA smaller ongoing effort has been made by fans to have Yankovic perform at the halftime show of a Super Bowl game. This inspired Yankovic to write the fight song parody \"Sports Song\" for Mandatory Fun to help round out his repertoire. Subsequent to the success of Mandatory Fun, another fan-driven campaign pushed for Yankovic to headline the then-upcoming Super Bowl XLIX at the highlight of the artist's career, which was noticed by many media outlets, including CNN and Wired, though the decision for this selection would reside within the management of the NFL (who instead chose Katy Perry for that position).", "Grammy Awards", "Current members\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic – vocals, accordion, keyboards, background vocals (1976–present)\nJon \"Bermuda\" Schwartz – drums, percussion, background vocals (1980–present)\nJim \"Kimo\" West – guitar, mandolin, background vocals (1983–present)\nSteve Jay – bass, banjo, background vocals (1983–present)\nRubén Valtierra – piano, keyboards, background vocals (1991–present)\nFormer members\nRick Derringer – guitar, producer (1983–1990)\nTimeline", "Studio albums\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (1983)\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D (1984)\nDare to Be Stupid (1985)\nPolka Party! (1986)\nEven Worse (1988)\nUHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff (1989)\nOff the Deep End (1992)\nAlapalooza (1993)\nBad Hair Day (1996)\nRunning with Scissors (1999)\nPoodle Hat (2003)\nStraight Outta Lynwood (2006)\nAlpocalypse (2011)\nMandatory Fun (2014)", "\"Weird Al\" Promo Tour (1983)\nTour of the Universe in 3-D (1984)\nThe Stupid Tour (1985)\nOff the Deep End Tour (1992)\nAlapalooza Tour (1994)\nThe Al-Can Tour (1995)\nBad Hair Tour (1996–1997)\nTouring with Scissors (1999–2000)\nPoodle Hat Tour (2003–2004)\nStraight Outta Lynwood Tour (2007–2008)\nInternet Leaks Tour (2010–2011)\nAlpocalypse Tour (2011–2013)\nMandatory World Tour (2015–2016)\nRidiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour (2018)\nStrings Attached Tour (2019)\nThe Unfortunate Return of the Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour (2022)", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "Bell, Mike (April 24, 2013). \"Weird Al Yankovic leads parade of geek music at Calgary's Comic Expo\". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2019. Not so with Weird Al Yankovic, the true, unabashed and remarkably enduring king of a now growing genre of nerd rock – a man who's had a pretty remarkable 30-year career wearing his uncoolness on his accordion strap.\n\"Say How: Y\". National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. Retrieved July 24, 2018.\nHarrington, Richard (August 10, 2007). \"Weird Al's Imitation: A Funky Form of Flattery\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2007.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic's latest send-ups on The Catch-up\". Archived from the original on September 22, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic: Catalog\". Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2006.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic: Biographies\". Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2006.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic: Live Performances\". Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006.\nAnkeny, Jason. \"Weird Al Yankovic Biography\". AllMusic.com (Rovi). Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015.\n\"'Weird Al' Yankovic Plays 'Wikipedia: Fact or Fiction?'\". Diffuser.fm. July 30, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2015.\n\"Frequently Asked Questions\". \"Weird Al\" Yankovic official website. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2015. He grew up in Lynwood, California (a suburb of Los Angeles), although the hospital he was actually born in was in the neighboring town of Downey ... Al's grandparents on his father's side were Yugoslavian.\nConrad, Harold (August 1985). Guccione, Jr., Bob (ed.). \"The Glamorous Life Of Al Yankovic\". Spin. Vol. 1, no. 4. pp. 48–50. ISSN 0886-3032. Retrieved February 4, 2013. It is of no minor coincidence that his parents are of Yugoslavian lineage and it so happens that Frankie Yankovic (no relation), known as the polka king and one of the best accordionists in the country, also happens to be a Yugoslav. A little chauvinism here.\nDemento, Dr. (September 27, 1994). Liner notes, Permanent Record. Scotti Bros. ASIN B00000I029.\n\"Autopsy confirms Yankovic parents died from carbon monoxide poisoning\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. April 12, 2004. Archived from the original on January 3, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2009.\nAnderson, Sam (April 9, 2020). \"The Weirdly Enduring Appeal of Weird Al Yankovic\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2020.\n\"Permanent Record: Al in the Box\". Retrieved August 24, 2006.\n\"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic on MySpace\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2006. Retrieved April 2, 2007.\n\"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic interview by Spoonman on Triple M Australia\" (Podcast). Event occurs at 9:10. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2007.\n\"Midnight Star 'Ask Al' Q&As for April 1994\". Archived from the original on March 29, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2007.\nRabin, Nathan; Yankovic, Al (2012). Weird Al: The Book. New York: Abrams Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1419704352.\nBessman, Jim. \"Dr. Demento Marks 30 Years Of Funny Music\". BPI Entertainment.\n\"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: Rare Items: UNLABELED TAPE\". Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2006.\nEdgars, Geoff (February 16, 2017). \"Was 'Weird Al' the real star all along?\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 16, 2017.\n\"The clown prince of song parodies.\", The Star-Ledger, August 10, 2007. p14.\nHarrington, Richard (May 19, 1983). \"'Weird Al' Taking Off\". The Washington Post. p. C8. ProQuest 147567013.\n\"TV Listings, Tuesday, April 21\". The Baltimore Sun: TV24. April 19, 1981. ProQuest 535950110.\nYankovic, \"Weird Al\" [@alyankovic] (April 21, 2021). \"Tonight marks the 40th anniversary...\" (Tweet). Retrieved April 22, 2021 – via Twitter.\n\"Eat It – Weird Al Yankovic\". Billboard.\n\"White & Nerdy\". Billboard.\n\"RPM Top 100 Singles - April 14, 1984\" (PDF).\n\"'Ask Al' Q&As for November, 1998\". Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.\nSteve Johnson, \"Weirdly Normal: Pop-tune Buster Al Yankovic Saves Worst Wackiness For The Screen\", Chicago Tribune, July 25, 1989.\nO'Neil, Sean (March 23, 2015). \"We got it all on UHF: An oral history of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's cult classic\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 23, 2015.\nYankovic, \"Weird Al\" (1992). \"The Dr. Demento Show\" (Interview). Interviewed by Dr. Demento. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\nWeingarten, Christopher R. (October 11, 2012). \"'Weird Al' Yankovic Looks Back at 20 Years of 'Smells Like Nirvana'\". Spin. Retrieved October 11, 2012.\n\"LASIK story and pictures\". 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Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via YouTube.", "Official website\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic at IMDb" ]	[ "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic", "Early life", "Career", "1976–1981: Dr. Demento and early fame", "1981–1989: Band and fame", "1990–1997: Revived career", "1998–present: New look and later career", "Personal life", "Musical style", "Parodies", "Polka medleys", "Original songs", "Recurring themes", "Music videos", "Reactions from original artists", "Positive", "Negative", "Refused parodies", "Live performances", "Legacy and influence", "Other works", "UHF", "Live television", "Animation and voice work", "Web media", "Directing", "Writing", "Other media", "Misattribution and imitators", "Fan-driven campaigns", "Awards and nominations", "Band members", "Discography", "Tours", "Videography", "Filmography", "Film", "Television", "Video games", "Pinball", "Web series", "References", "External links" ]	"Weird Al" Yankovic	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic	[ 100, 101, 102, 103, 104 ]	[ 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1092 ]	"Weird Al" Yankovic Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic (/ˈjæŋkəvɪk/ YANG-kə-vik; born October 23, 1959), known professionally as "Weird Al" Yankovic, is an American singer, musician, and actor who is known for humorous songs that make light of pop culture and often parody specific songs by contemporary musical acts. He also performs original songs that are style pastiches of the work of other acts, as well as polka medleys of several popular songs, most of which feature his trademark accordion. Since having a comedy song aired in 1976, Yankovic has sold more than 12 million albums (as of 2007), recorded more than 150 parodies and original songs, and performed more than 1,000 live shows. His work has earned him five Grammy Awards and a further 11 nominations, four gold records, and six platinum records in the U.S. His first top ten Billboard album (Straight Outta Lynwood) and single ("White & Nerdy") were both released in 2006, nearly three decades into his career. His latest album, Mandatory Fun (2014), became his first number-one album during its debut week. Yankovic's success comes in part from his effective use of music videos to further parody pop culture, the song's original artist, and the original music videos themselves, scene-for-scene in some cases. He directed later videos himself and went on to direct for other artists, including Ben Folds, Hanson, the Black Crowes, and the Presidents of the United States of America. With the decline of music television and the onset of social media, he used YouTube and other video sites to publish his videos; this strategy helped to boost sales of his later albums. He has stated that he may forgo traditional albums in favor of timely releases of singles from the 2010s onwards. In addition to recording his albums, Yankovic wrote and starred in the film UHF (1989) and the television series The Weird Al Show (1997). He has also made guest appearances and performed voice acting roles on many television shows and video web content, in addition to starring in Al TV specials on MTV. He has also written two children's books, When I Grow Up (2011) and My New Teacher and Me! (2013). Yankovic was born in Downey, California, on October 23, 1959, the only child of Mary Elizabeth (née Vivalda) and Nick Yankovic. He was raised in Lynwood, California. His father, who was born in the Strawberry Hill neighborhood of Kansas City, Kansas, was of Serbian descent (the original surname spelling being Janković) and began living in California after earning two Purple Hearts for his service as a medic during World War II. He believed "the key to success" was "doing for a living whatever makes you happy" and often reminded his son of this philosophy. Yankovic's mother, a stenographer of English and Italian descent, married his father in 1949. She came to California from Kentucky a decade before Yankovic was born. Yankovic's first accordion lesson, which sparked his interest in music, took place on the day before his seventh birthday. A door-to-door salesman traveling through Lynwood offered his parents a choice of accordion or guitar lessons at a local music school. Yankovic claims that his parents chose the accordion over the guitar because "they figured there should be at least one more accordion-playing Yankovic in the world" (referring to Frankie Yankovic, to whom he is not related). He has also said that they chose the accordion because "they were convinced it would revolutionize rock". As his mother did not let him outside the house very often, he had plenty of time to practice the instrument at home. He continued lessons at the school for three years before deciding to learn on his own. In the 1970s, Yankovic was a big fan of Elton John and claims John's Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album was partly how he "learned to play rock 'n roll on the accordion". As for his influences in comedy and parody music, he listed artists including Tom Lehrer, Stan Freberg, Spike Jones, Allan Sherman, Shel Silverstein, and Frank Zappa, as well as "all the other wonderfully sick and twisted artists" he found through The Dr. Demento Radio Show. Other sources of inspiration for his comedy came from Mad magazine, Monty Python, and the Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker movies. He had also enjoyed George Carlin's FM & AM comedy album so much that he transcribed it by typewriter. Yankovic began kindergarten a year earlier than most children and skipped second grade, later saying, "My classmates seemed to think I was some kind of rocket scientist, so I was labeled a nerd early on." He attended Lynwood High School, where his unusual schooling experience meant he was two years younger than most of his classmates. He was not interested in sports or social events but was active in extracurricular programs, including the National Forensic League-sanctioned public speaking events; a play based on Rebel Without a Cause; the yearbook, for which he wrote most of the captions; and the Volcano Worshippers club—which, according to Yankovic, did "absolutely nothing" and was started "just to get an extra picture of [themselves] in the yearbook". He graduated in 1975 and was valedictorian of his senior class. He attended California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, where he earned a bachelor's degree in architecture. Yankovic received his first exposure via syndicated comedy radio personality Dr. Demento's Southern California–based radio show, saying, "If there hadn't been a Dr. Demento, I'd probably have a real job now." Despite his mother having caught Yankovic listening to Dr. Demento's program and banning him from listening to it again in the future, he found ways to hear it discreetly. In 1976, Dr. Demento spoke at Yankovic's school, where the then–16-year-old Yankovic gave him a homemade tape of original and parody songs performed on the accordion in Yankovic's bedroom into a "cheesy little tape recorder". The tape's first song, "Belvedere Cruisin'" – about his family's Plymouth Belvedere – was played on Demento's comedy radio show, launching Yankovic's career. Demento said, "'Belvedere Cruising' might not have been the very best song I ever heard, but it had some clever lines [...] I put the tape on the air immediately." Yankovic also played at local coffeehouses, accompanied by fellow dorm resident Joel Miller on bongos. Yankovic said: "It was sort of like amateur music night, and a lot of people were like wannabe Dan Fogelbergs. They'd get up on stage with their acoustic guitar and do these lovely ballads. And I would get up with my accordion and play the theme from 2001. And people were kind of shocked that I would be disrupting their mellow Thursday night folk fest." During Yankovic's second year as an architecture student at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, he became a disc jockey at KCPR, the university's radio station. Yankovic had been called "Weird Al" originally as a more derogatory nickname from others within the dormitory he shared, as he was seen as the strange outcast compared to other residents. Though he initially took it as an insult, Yankovic eventually "took it on professionally" as his persona for the station. In 1978, he released his first recording (as Alfred Yankovic), "Take Me Down", on the LP, Slo Grown, as a benefit for the Economic Opportunity Commission of San Luis Obispo County. The song mocked famous nearby landmarks such as Bubblegum Alley and the waterfall toilets at the Madonna Inn. In mid-1979, shortly before his senior year, "My Sharona" by the Knack was on the charts, and Yankovic took his accordion into the restroom across the hall from the radio station to take advantage of the echo chamber acoustics and recorded a parody titled "My Bologna". He sent it to Dr. Demento, who played it to good response from listeners. Yankovic met the Knack after a show at his college and introduced himself as the author of "My Bologna". The Knack's lead singer, Doug Fieger, said he liked the song and suggested that Capitol Records vice president Rupert Perry release it as a single. "My Bologna" was released as a single with "School Cafeteria" as its B-side, and the label gave Yankovic a six-month recording contract. Yankovic, who was "only getting average grades" in his architecture degree, began to realize that he might make a career of comedic music. On September 14, 1980, Yankovic was a guest on the Dr. Demento Show, where he was to record a new parody live. The song was called "Another One Rides the Bus", a parody of Queen's hit "Another One Bites the Dust". While practicing the song outside the sound booth, he met Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz, who told him he was a drummer and agreed to bang on Yankovic's accordion case to help Yankovic keep a steady beat during the song. They rehearsed the song just a few times before the show began. "Another One Rides the Bus" became so popular that Yankovic's first television appearance was a performance of the song on The Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder on April 21, 1981. On the show, Yankovic played his accordion, and again, Schwartz banged on the accordion case and provided comical sound effects. Yankovic's record label, TK Records, went bankrupt about two weeks after the single was released, so Yankovic received no royalties from its initial release. 1981 brought Yankovic on tour for the first time as part of Dr. Demento's stage show. His stage act in a Phoenix, Arizona, nightclub caught the eye of manager Jay Levey, who was "blown away". Levey asked Yankovic if he had considered creating a full band and doing his music as a career. Yankovic admitted that he had, so Levey held auditions. Steve Jay became Yankovic's bass player, and Jay's friend Jim West played guitar. Schwartz continued on drums. Yankovic's first show with his new band was on March 31, 1982. Several days later, Yankovic and his band were the opening act for Missing Persons. Yankovic recorded "I Love Rocky Road", (a parody of "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" originally recorded by The Arrows) which was produced by Rick Derringer, in 1982. The song was a hit on Top 40 radio, leading to Yankovic's signing with Scotti Brothers Records. In 1983, Yankovic's first self-titled album was released on Scotti Bros. The song "Ricky" (a parody of Toni Basil's hit "Mickey") was released as a single and the music video received exposure on the still-young MTV. "Ricky" broke the top 100 videos on MTV at the time, which Yankovic took as a sign that his career was in music, quitting his job as a mailroom clerk at the local offices of Westwood One to pursue the music career. Yankovic released his second album "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D in 1984. The first single "Eat It", a parody of the Michael Jackson song "Beat It", became popular, thanks in part to the music video, a shot-for-shot parody of Jackson's "Beat It" music video, and what Yankovic sarcastically described as his "uncanny resemblance" to Jackson. "Eat It" was also aided by the first of Yankovic's Al TV specials that aired on MTV on April 1, 1984, the network looking to Yankovic's rising popularity to help fill its programming time. Peaking at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 14, 1984, "Eat It" remained Yankovic's highest-charting single until "White & Nerdy" placed at No. 9 in October 2006. In Canada, "Eat It" reached No. 5. In 1985, Yankovic co-wrote and starred in a mockumentary of his own life titled The Compleat Al (the title being a parody of the 1982 documentary The Compleat Beatles), which intertwined the facts of his life up to that point with fiction. The movie also featured some clips from Yankovic's trip to Japan and some clips from the Al TV specials. The Compleat Al was co-directed by Jay Levey, who would direct UHF four years later. Also released around the same time as The Compleat Al was The Authorized Al, a biographical book based on the film. The book, resembling a scrapbook, included real and fictional humorous photographs and documents. Yankovic and his band toured as the opening act for the Monkees in mid-1987 for their second reunion tour of North America. Yankovic claims to have enjoyed touring with the Monkees, even though "the promoter gypped us out of a bunch of money". In 1988, Yankovic was the narrator on the Wendy Carlos recording of Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf. The album also included a sequel to Camille Saint-Saëns's composition The Carnival of the Animals, titled "The Carnival of the Animals Part II", with Yankovic providing humorous poems for each of the featured creatures in the style of Ogden Nash, who had written humorous poems for the original. Yankovic's success led to a deal to make his film UHF, which premiered in July 1989. While the film had since become a cult title, its initial release was against mediocre reviews, and it was up against several other summer blockbusters, including Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Ghostbusters II, Batman, and Licence to Kill. While Yankovic released an associated soundtrack album, UHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff, it was not as successful as his previous albums. Yankovic fell into a slump over the next three years as a result of the poor performance of the film. Yankovic had returned to the studio to prepare songs for his next album Off the Deep End around 1990. During production, Rubén Valtierra joined the band on keyboards in 1991, allowing Yankovic to concentrate more on singing and increasing his use of the stage space during concerts. Further, Yankovic took over production from Rick Derringer in 1992. While Derringer had produced six of Yankovic's previous albums, for which he won two Grammy Awards, Derringer's drug-related issues had become an issue, along with Yankovic's more complex musical scores (involving horns and other instruments). By 1992, most of the original songs for Off the Deep End were complete, but Yankovic still did not have a strong parody and was waiting for the next big hit to work from, as he was still in a slump post-UHF. When Jackson released his next album, Dangerous, and its hit single "Black or White", Yankovic had quickly written a parody, "Snack All Night", from it, and hoped Jackson would allow him to use the parody. Jackson denied Yankovic this, as Jackson felt "Black or White" carried a serious message that would be undermined by the parody. Again, Yankovic fell into a mood and delayed release of Off the Deep End without a lead parody. Around this time, Nirvana and the grunge music scene began to take off. Yankovic wrote a parody of Nirvana's hit "Smells Like Teen Spirit", "Smells Like Nirvana", and was able to secure the band's permission for the parody; Nirvana's lead singer Kurt Cobain was said that getting Yankovic to parody their work was a sign their band had "made it". "Smells Like Nirvana" became the lead song on Off the Deep End, landing at No. 35 on the Billboard charts, his second top 40 hit in the United States. Off the Deep End reached No. 17 on the Billboard 200, and helped to revitalize Yankovic's career after the failure of UHF. Yankovic's next two studio albums were modest successes in light of Off the Deep End. Alapalooza was released in 1993, and led with "Jurassic Park", a spoof of "MacArthur Park" by Richard Harris while mocking the 1993 film of the same name. Alapalooza peaked at No. 46 on the Billboard 200. Bad Hair Day in 1996 headlined with "Amish Paradise", a parody of Coolio's "Gangsta's Paradise". "Amish Paradise" reached No. 53 on the top Billboard 100 singles, while the album reached No. 14 on the Billboard 200, and eventually was certified Double Platinum in sales by RIAA, making it one of Yankovic's more successful works. In addition, Yankovic released a number of compilation works during this period, including Permanent Record: Al in the Box, a four-CD collection which included most of Yankovic's previous works as well as an informational booklet with contributions from Dr. Demento. Other compilations included Greatest Hits Volume II, a collection of songs that were not included in Permanent Record, and The TV Album, featuring songs loosely based on television shows. On January 24, 1998, Yankovic had LASIK eye surgery to correct his extreme myopia. When Running with Scissors debuted in 1999, he unveiled a radically changed look. In addition to shedding his glasses, he had shaved off his moustache and grown out his hair. He had previously shaved his moustache in 1983 for the video of "Ricky" to resemble Desi Arnaz, in 1989 for segments of the "UHF" music video, and in 1996 for the "Amish Paradise" video. Yankovic reasoned, "If Madonna's allowed to reinvent herself every 15 minutes, I figure I should be good for a change at least once every 20 years." He parodied the reaction to this "new look" in a commercial for his nonexistent MTV Unplugged special. The commercial featured Yankovic in the short-haired wig from the music video for Hanson's "River", claiming his new look was an attempt to "get back to the core of what I'm all about", that being "the music". Running with Scissors was followed by his next studio album Poodle Hat in 2003. Poodle Hat was met with average reviews without any standout singles, though the album did peak at number 17 on the Billboard 200. Yankovic's following album was Straight Outta Lynwood in 2006, which featured the single "White & Nerdy", a parody of "Ridin'" by Chamillionaire. "White & Nerdy" became Yankovic's first Billboard Hot 100 single, debuting at No. 29 and peaking at No. 9. "Canadian Idiot", a parody of "American Idiot" by Green Day, also charted in the Hot 100. The album as a whole reached No. 10 in the Billboard 200, and by 2008 was Yankovic's first certified platinum album, having reached over one million sales. Following Straight Out of Lynwood, Yankovic started to explore digital distribution of his songs. On October 7, 2008, Yankovic released to the iTunes Store "Whatever You Like", a parody of the T.I. song of the same title, which Yankovic said he had come up with two weeks before. Yankovic said that the benefit of digital distribution is that "I don't have to wait around while my songs get old and dated—I can get them out on the Internet almost immediately." In 2009, Yankovic released four more songs: "Craigslist" on June 16, "Skipper Dan" on July 14, "CNR" on August 4, and "Ringtone" on August 25. These five digitally released songs were packaged as a digital EP titled Internet Leaks, with "Whatever You Like" retroactively included in the set. In 2011, Yankovic completed his thirteenth studio album, titled Alpocalypse, which was released on June 21, 2011. The album contains the five songs from the previous Internet Leaks digital download release, a polka medley called "Polka Face", a song called "TMZ", for which Bill Plympton created an animated music video, and five other new songs. Yankovic had reported an interest in parodying Lady Gaga's material, and on April 20 announced that he had written and recorded a parody of "Born This Way" titled "Perform This Way" to be the lead single for his new album. However, upon first submitting it to Lady Gaga's manager for approval (which Yankovic does as a courtesy), he was not given permission to release it commercially. As he had previously done under similar circumstances (with his parody of James Blunt's "You're Beautiful", which was titled "You're Pitiful"), Yankovic then released the song for free on the internet. Soon afterwards, Gaga's manager admitted that he had denied the parody of his own accord without forwarding the song to his client, and upon seeing it online, Lady Gaga granted permission for the parody. Yankovic has stated that all of his proceeds from the parody and its music video will be donated to the Human Rights Campaign, to support the human rights themes of the original song. Yankovic was also a judge for the 10th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers. Yankovic stated in September 2013 that he was working on a new album, and in 2014, he used social media websites to hint at a July 15 release of the new album. The album artwork and title, Mandatory Fun, were confirmed by his publisher. Yankovic said in an interview promoting the album that, with the end of his recording contract, it is likely his last traditional album, in the sense of recording and releasing that many songs at a time; he said he will likely switch to releasing singles and EPs over the Internet, a method which offers more immediate release opportunities, as Yankovic considers his parodies in particular as something that can become dated by the time of release. Mandatory Fun was released to strong critical praise and was the No. 1 debut album on the Billboard charts the week of its release, buoyed by Yankovic's approach for releasing eight music videos over eight continuous days that drew viral attention to the album as described below. It became Yankovic's first No. 1 album in his career. Additionally, the song "Word Crimes" (a parody of Robin Thicke's "Blurred Lines") reached No. 39 on the Top 100 singles for the same week; this is Yankovic's fourth Top 40 single (following "Eat It", "Smells Like Nirvana", and "White & Nerdy") and made him the third musical artist, after Michael Jackson and Madonna, to have a Top 40 single in each decade since the 1980s. Since Mandatory Fun, Yankovic has not released any additional albums. In a 2017 interview with Rolling Stone, Yankovic said, "I can't tell you when any material is coming out. Inspiration could strike tomorrow and I might have something out next month. There's no plan. It's just going to be whenever it winds up being." After several years of fan-driven campaigns, Yankovic received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2018. In March 2018, Al released a new song, "The Hamilton Polka", a polka medley consisting of several songs from the musical Hamilton. The song holds the distinction of being the first polka song to chart on Billboard's Digital Songs Sales Chart. After Hamilton had premiered on Disney+ in July 2020, Yankovic released a video version of "The Hamilton Polka" that synched his song to video clips from the show. Also in March, Al released two remixes of songs by Portugal. The Man: "Feel It Still" and "Live in the Moment". In 2020, he collaborated with the band again on their single "Who's Gonna Stop Me", which was released for Indigenous Peoples' Day. Yankovic became a vegetarian in 1992 when his then-girlfriend gave him a copy of the 1987 John Robbins book Diet for a New America, which he said "made a very compelling argument for a strict vegetarian diet". When asked how he can rationalize performing shows at events such as the Great American Rib Cook-Off as a vegetarian, he replied, "The same way I can rationalize playing at a college even though I'm not a student anymore." In a 2011 interview with OnMilwaukee, he clarified his stance on his diet: "I am still a vegetarian, and I try to be a vegan, but I occasionally cheat. If there's a cheese pizza on the band bus, I might sneak a piece." Yankovic married Suzanne Krajewski, a marketing executive with 20th Century Fox, after they met in 2001. They were introduced to each other by their mutual friend Bill Mumy. Their daughter, Nina, was born in 2003. They live in Los Angeles, where they own a home previously owned by figures such as writer Jack S. Margolis and rapper Heavy D. In stark contrast to his stage persona, Yankovic is known by friends and associates to be polite, shy, and introverted, even among family. He is a Christian, and a married couple from the church he attends can be seen in the background on the cover of his album Poodle Hat. His religious upbringing is reflected in his abstinence from profanity, alcohol, and drugs. On April 9, 2004, Yankovic's parents were found dead at their home in Fallbrook, California, the victims of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning from their fireplace. Hours after his wife notified him of this, he made the decision to go on with his concert in Appleton, Wisconsin. He later said, "Since my music had helped many of my fans through tough times, maybe it would work for me as well ... it would at least give me a break from sobbing all the time." Their deaths occurred following the release of Poodle Hat, which was Yankovic's lowest-selling album in 20 years. He considered the Appleton show and subsequent tour dates therapeutic: "If I didn't have anything to distract me, I probably would have spiraled into an even deeper depression. For a couple of hours each night, I could go onstage and put on a big fake smile and pretend like everything was just okay." In a 2014 interview, he cited the deaths of his parents as the worst thing that had ever happened to him, adding, "I knew intellectually, that at some point, probably, I'd have to, you know, live through the death of my parents, but I never thought it would be at the same time, and so abruptly." Yankovic is well known for creating parodies of contemporary radio hits, typically which make up about half of his studio releases. Unlike other parody artists such as Allan Sherman, Yankovic and his band strive to keep the backing music in his parodies the same as the original, transcribing the original song by ear and re-recording the song for the parody. In some cases, after Yankovic has requested that the original band allow his parody, the band will offer to help out with the recreation: Dire Straits members Mark Knopfler and Guy Fletcher perform on "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies", Yankovic's parody of Dire Straits' "Money for Nothing", while Imagine Dragons provided Yankovic with advice on how to recreate some of the electronic sounds they used for "Radioactive" in Yankovic's parody "Inactive". Yankovic's career in novelty and comedy music has outlasted many of his "mainstream" parody targets, such as Toni Basil, MC Hammer, and Men Without Hats. Yankovic's continued success (including the top 10 single "White & Nerdy" and album Straight Outta Lynwood in 2006) has enabled him to escape the one-hit wonder stigma often associated with novelty music. Yankovic considers his body of work to primarily feature parodies, rather than satires of the original song or artist, as he found that satire of songs or artists has already been done before. Most Yankovic songs consist of the original song's music, with a separate, unrelated set of amusing lyrics. Yankovic's humor normally lies more in creating unexpected incongruity between an artist's image and the topic of the song, contrasting the style of the song with its content (such as the songs "Amish Paradise", "White & Nerdy", and "You're Pitiful"), or in pointing out trends or works which have become pop culture clichés (such as "eBay" and "Don't Download This Song"). Yankovic's parodies are often satirical of popular culture, including television (see The TV Album), movies ("The Saga Begins"), and food (see The Food Album). Yankovic claims he has no intention of writing "serious" music. In his reasoning, "There's enough people that do unfunny music. I'll leave the serious stuff to Paris Hilton and Kevin Federline." Yankovic considered that his first true satirical song was "Smells Like Nirvana", which references unintelligible lyrics in Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit". Other satirical songs include "Achy Breaky Song", which refers to the song "Achy Breaky Heart", "(This Song's Just) Six Words Long", which refers to the repetitious lyrics in "Got My Mind Set on You", and "Perform This Way", set to Lady Gaga's "Born This Way", that drew inspiration from Lady Gaga's outlandish but confident attitude. Yankovic is the sole writer for all his songs and, for "legal and personal reasons", does not accept parody submissions or ideas from fans. There exists, however, one exception to this rule: Madonna was reportedly talking with a friend and happened to wonder aloud when Yankovic was going to turn her "Like a Virgin" into "Like a Surgeon". Madonna's friend was a mutual friend of Yankovic's manager, Jay Levey, and eventually Yankovic himself heard the story from Levey. In writing his parodies as well as his original songs, Yankovic spends a great deal of time in deciding the right words that not only match the beat of the original song but that fit theme of the parody. He says that some songs have taken him weeks to compose the lyrics to as he permeates the various choices, sometimes entering a "zombie phase" as he mulls these over in his home. For example, Yankovic believes he could have written a completely different version of "White & Nerdy" based on the alternative choices of lyrics he had come up with and had discarded for the final song. He has also done significant research for other song parodies to get facts and keywords for certain areas of knowledge, such as for "I Think I'm a Clone Now" or hospitals for "Like a Surgeon". Yankovic has documented all these past lyrical attempts, first through binders and then computerized in case he needs to go back for future songs. Most of Yankovic's studio albums include a polka medley of about a dozen contemporary songs at the time of the album, with the choruses or memorable lines of various songs juxtaposed for humorous effect. In Yankovic's early career, before recording his first album, he had performed such polka medleys in live shows in California, though then using songs from lesser-known bands like Bad Brains and the Plasmatics. He had been inspired to do so from Spike Jones, who had transitioned from classical music into polka. Yankovic said that converting these songs to polka was "...the way God intended". Yankovic did not include a medley on his first album, but considered this for his second, In 3-D, recognizing that it would only work if he used well-known songs. The resulting "Polkas on 45", which featured songs from Devo, Deep Purple, Berlin, and The Beatles, was popular, and the polka medley became a staple of all but one of Yankovic's future albums. Yankovic said that "fans would be rioting in the streets, I think, if I didn't do a polka medley." More current polka medleys feature songs that Yankovic had wanted to parody but which had proved difficult, such as Daft Punk's "Get Lucky", which lacked sufficient lyrics to parody. The polkas are recorded in studio, including the sound effects which are performed live during recording, which Yankovic considered one of his favorite parts of recording. Yankovic has recorded numerous original humorous songs, such as "You Don't Love Me Anymore" and "One More Minute". Many of these songs are style pastiches of specific bands with allusions to specific songs. For example, "First World Problems" from Mandatory Fun is a style take on the Pixies, with the opening stanza reminiscent of the Pixies' "Debaser". Other style parodies includes those of Rage Against the Machine with "I'll Sue Ya" (which features many aspects of the hit song "Killing in the Name"), Devo with "Dare to Be Stupid", The B-52's with "Mr. Popeil", Talking Heads with "Dog Eat Dog", Frank Zappa with "Genius in France", Nine Inch Nails with "Germs", and Queen with "Ringtone". Some songs are pastiches of an overall genre of music, rather than a specific band (for example, country music with "Good Enough For Now", charity records with "Don't Download This Song" and college fight songs with "Sports Song"). Yankovic stated that he does not have any unreleased original songs, instead coming up and committing to the song ideas he arrives at for his albums and other releases. Yankovic has contributed original songs to several films ("This Is the Life" from Johnny Dangerously; "Polkamon" from the movie Pokémon: The Movie 2000, and a parody of the James Bond title sequence in Spy Hard), in addition to his own film, UHF. Other songs of his have appeared in films or television series as well, such as "Dare to Be Stupid" in The Transformers: The Movie. One of Yankovic's recurring jokes involves the number 27. It is mentioned in the lyrics of several songs, and seen on the covers for Running with Scissors, Poodle Hat and Straight Outta Lynwood. He had originally just pulled the number 27 as a random figure to use in filling out lyrics, but as his fans started to notice the reuse of the number after the first few times, he began to purposely drop references to 27 within his lyrics, videos, and album covers. He explains that "It's just a number I started using that people started attaching a lot of importance to." Other recurring jokes revolve around the names Bob (the Al TV interviews often mention the name, David Bowe's character in UHF is named Bob, and a song called "Bob", done in the style of Bob Dylan, is featured on Poodle Hat), Frank (e.g. "Frank's 2000" TV"), and the surname "Finkelstein" (e.g. the music video for "I Lost on Jeopardy", or Fran Drescher's character, Pamela Finkelstein, in UHF). A number of songs use the phrase "internal organs". Also, a hamster called Harvey the Wonder Hamster is a recurring character in The Weird Al Show and the Al TV specials, as well as the subject of an original song on Alapalooza. Other recurring jokes include Yankovic borrowing or being owed, $5. In a number of Al TV interviews, he often asks if he can borrow $5, being turned down every time. This motif also occurs in "Why Does This Always Happen to Me?", in which his deceased friend owes him $5. Another recurring joke is his attraction to female nostrils or nostrils in general. This also appears in numerous Al TV interviews as well as in several of his songs ("Albuquerque" and "Wanna B Ur Lovr" to name a few.) Yankovic also asks his celebrity guests if they could "shave his back for a nickel". This also appears in the song "Albuquerque". Yankovic has also put two backmasking messages into his songs. The first, in "Nature Trail to Hell", said "Satan Eats Cheez Whiz"; the second, in "I Remember Larry", said "Wow, you must have an awful lot of free time on your hands." While Yankovic's musical parodies generally do not include references to the songs or the artists of the original songs, Yankovic's music videos will sometimes parody the original song's music video in whole or in part. Most notably, the video for "Smells Like Nirvana" uses an extremely similar set to Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", including using several of the same actors. This video contended with "Smells like Teen Spirit" at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video. Other videos that draw directly from those of the original song include "Eat It", "Fat", "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies", "Bedrock Anthem", "Headline News", "It's All About the Pentiums", "Amish Paradise", "Like a Surgeon", and "White & Nerdy". The video for "Dare to Be Stupid" is, as stated by Yankovic, a style parody in general of Devo videos. Several videos have included appearances by notable celebrities in addition to Yankovic and his band. Dr. Demento appeared in several of Yankovic's earlier videos, such as "I Love Rocky Road" and "Ricky". Actor Dick Van Patten is featured in both "Smells Like Nirvana" and "Bedrock Anthem"; Drew Carey, Emo Philips and Phil LaMarr appeared in "It's All About the Pentiums"; Keegan-Michael Key, Jordan Peele, Donny Osmond, Judy Tenuta and Seth Green appeared in "White & Nerdy"; and Ruth Buzzi and Pat Boone appeared in "Gump". The video for "I Lost on Jeopardy" includes an appearance by Greg Kihn, the artist whose song, "Jeopardy", was being parodied, along with Don Pardo and Art Fleming, Jeopardy's original announcer and host, as themselves. Florence Henderson plays an Amish seductress in "Amish Paradise". While most videos that Yankovic creates are aired on music channels such as MTV and VH1, Yankovic worked with animation artists to create music videos for release with extended content albums. The DualDisc version of Straight Outta Lynwood features six videos set to songs from the release, including videos created by Bill Plympton and John Kricfalusi; one video, "Weasel Stomping Day" was created by the producers of the show Robot Chicken, and aired as a segment of that program. For the 2010 Alpocalypse, Yankovic produced videos for every song; four of those were previously released for each of the songs on the EP Internet Leaks, with the videos for the remaining songs released via social media sites and included in the deluxe edition of Alpocalypse. These live-action and animated videos were produced by both previous collaborators such as Plympton for "TMZ", video content providers like Jib-Jab and SuperNews!, and other directors and animators. To help promote his 2014 album Mandatory Fun in social media circles, Yankovic produced eight music videos for the album releasing them over eight consecutive days with release of the album, believing it "would make an impact because people would be talking about the album all week long". RCA Records opted not to fund production of any of these videos, and Yankovic turned to various social media portals including Funny or Die and CollegeHumor which he had worked with in the past; these sites helped to cover the production cost of the videos with Yankovic foregoing any ad video revenue. He chose to distribute the videos to different portals to avoid burdening any single one with all of the costs and work needed to produce them. This approach proved to be successful, as the total collection of videos had acquired more than 20 million views in the first week. This release strategy was considered by The Atlantic as a "web-enabled precision video delivery operation, and evidence of some serious digital distributional forethought" as it allows the videos to be seen by different sets of audiences for each site. The approach was considered to be essential to promoting Mandatory Fun to reach the No. 1 position on the Billboard charts on its debut week. Businessweek attributed the sales success of Mandatory Fun to the viral music video campaign. ABC World News elaborated that Yankovic's success is in part due to the Internet's interest in viral and humorous videos catching up with what Yankovic has been doing for his entire career. Yankovic himself was amazed with the response he got from the album and video releases, stating that "I've been doing the same thing for 30 years and all of a sudden I'm having the best week of my life" and that he "kind of stumbled on my formula for the future". Under the "fair use" provision of U.S. copyright law, affirmed by the United States Supreme Court in the 1994 case Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., artists such as Yankovic do not need permission to record a parody. However, as a personal rule and as a means of maintaining good relationships, Yankovic has always sought permission from the original artist before commercially releasing a parody. Yankovic stated of these efforts: "I don't want to hurt anybody's feelings. I don't want to be embroiled in any nastiness. That's not how I live my life. I like everybody to be in on the joke and be happy for my success. I take pains not to burn bridges." The communications are typically handled by his manager Jay Levey, but at times Yankovic has asked the artist directly, such as flying to Denver, Colorado, to attend an Iggy Azalea concert and speak to her personally about parodying her song "Fancy". He claims that only about two to three percent of the artists he approaches for permission deny his requests. Separately, Yankovic needs to negotiate for royalties to the original artists for including their songs within a polka medley, which is considered a cover in copyright law. This created difficulties in recording his first medley "Polkas on 45" since it involved thirteen different royalty schemes, but since then he has established a relationship with most large music publishers to easily secure the license to use their songs. Many artists parodied by Yankovic have considered this as a rite of passage to show they have made it in the music industry. Michael Jackson was a big fan of Yankovic, and Yankovic claimed Jackson "had always been very supportive" of his work. Jackson twice allowed him to parody his songs ("Beat It" and "Bad" became "Eat It" and "Fat", respectively). When Jackson granted Yankovic permission to do "Fat", Jackson allowed him to use the same set built for his own "Badder" video from the Moonwalker film. Yankovic said that Jackson's support helped to gain approval from other artists he wanted to parody. Though Jackson allowed "Eat It" and "Fat", he requested that Yankovic not record a parody of "Black or White", titled "Snack All Night", because he felt the message was too important. This refusal, coming shortly after the commercial failure of Yankovic's movie UHF in theaters, had initially set Yankovic back; he later recognized this as a critical time as, while searching for new parodies, he came across Nirvana, leading to a revitalization of his career with "Smells Like Nirvana". Yankovic has performed a concert-only parody "Snack All Night" in some of his live shows. Yankovic was one of several celebrities who appeared in the 1989 music video for Jackson's song "Liberian Girl". Dave Grohl of Nirvana said that the band felt they had "made it" after Yankovic recorded "Smells Like Nirvana", a parody of the grunge band's smash hit, "Smells Like Teen Spirit". On his Behind the Music special, Yankovic stated that when he called Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain to ask if he could parody the song, Cobain gave him permission, then paused and asked, "Um... it's not gonna be about food, is it?" Yankovic responded with, "No, it'll be about how no one can understand your lyrics." According to Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic interviewed for Behind the Music, when the band saw the video of the song, they were laughing hysterically. Additionally, Cobain described Yankovic as "America's modern pop-rock genious [sic]" in his posthumously released personal notebook. Mark Knopfler approved Yankovic's parody of the Dire Straits song "Money for Nothing" for use in the film UHF on the provision that Knopfler himself be allowed to play lead guitar on the parody which was later titled "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*". Yankovic commented on the legal complications of the parody in the DVD audio commentary for UHF, explaining "We had to name that song 'Money for Nothing "slash" Beverly Hillbillies "asterisk"' because the lawyers told us that had to be the name. Those wacky lawyers! What ya gonna do?" The Permanent Record: Al in the Box booklet referred to the song's "compound fracture of a title". When a fan asked about the song's title, Yankovic shared his feelings on the title, replying "That incredibly stupid name is what the lawyers insisted that the parody be listed as. I'm not sure why, and I've obviously never been very happy about it." The Presidents of the United States of America were so pleased with "Gump", Yankovic's parody of their song "Lump", that they ended the song with his last line instead of their own ("And that's all I have to say about that") on the live recording of "Lump" featured on the compilation album Pure Frosting. In 2008, Yankovic directed the music video for their song "Mixed Up S.O.B." Don McLean was reportedly pleased with "The Saga Begins", a parody of "American Pie", and told Yankovic that the parody's lyrics sometimes enter his mind during live performances. His parody not only replicates the music from the original Don McLean song, but it replicates the multi-layered rhyming structure in the verses and chorus. Additionally, George Lucas loved the song and a Lucasfilm representative told Yankovic, "You should have seen the smile on his face." Chamillionaire was also very pleased, even putting Yankovic's parody "White & Nerdy" (a parody of "Ridin'") on his official MySpace page before it was on Yankovic's own page. Chamillionaire stated in an interview, "He's actually rapping pretty good on it, it's crazy [...] I didn't know he could rap like that. It's really an honor when he does that. [...] Weird Al is not gonna do a parody of your song if you're not doing it big." In September 2007, Chamillionaire credited "White & Nerdy" for his recent Grammy win, stating "That parody was the reason I won the Grammy, because it made the record so big it was undeniable. It was so big overseas that people were telling me they had heard my version of Weird Al's song." In 2011, Yankovic was initially denied permission to parody Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" for his song "Perform This Way" for release on a new album, but through his release of the song on YouTube and subsequent spread via Twitter, Lady Gaga and her staff asserted that her manager had made the decision without her input, and Gaga herself gave Yankovic permission to proceed with the parody's release. Gaga considered herself "a huge Weird Al fan", and she stated that the parody was a "rite of passage" for her musical career and considered the song "very empowering". Yankovic states that his style parodies have also been met with positive remarks by the original artist. He noted that his friends and fellow musicians Ben Folds and Taylor Hanson helped to support their respective style parodies "Why Does This Always Happen To Me?" and "If That Isn't Love". He also noted positive reactions he got through friends his band members have, such as from Frank Black of The Pixies for "First World Problems" and Southern Culture on the Skids for "Lame Claim to Fame", and a similar praise when he encountered Graham Nash of Crosby, Stills, and Nash on the street, and was able to play his recently completed "Mission Statement" for him. One of Yankovic's most controversial parodies was 1996's "Amish Paradise", based on "Gangsta's Paradise" by hip-hop artist Coolio, which, in turn, was based on "Pastime Paradise" by Stevie Wonder. Reportedly, Coolio's label gave Yankovic the impression that Coolio had granted permission to record the parody, but Coolio maintains that he never did. While Coolio claimed he was upset, legal action never materialized, and Coolio accepted royalty payments for the song. After this controversy, Yankovic has always made sure to speak directly with the artist of every song he parodied. At the XM Satellite Radio booth at the 2006 Consumer Electronics Show Yankovic and Coolio made peace. On his website, Yankovic wrote of this event, "I don't remember what we said to each other exactly, but it was all very friendly. I doubt I'll be invited to Coolio's next birthday party, but at least I can stop wearing that bulletproof vest to the mall." In an interview in 2014, Coolio extended his apology for refusing his permission, stating that at the time "I was being cocky and shit and being stupid and I was wrong and I should've embraced that shit and went with it", and that he considered Yankovic's parody "actually funny as shit". In 2000, Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea told Behind the Music that he was unimpressed and disappointed by Yankovic's 1993 song "Bedrock Anthem", which parodied two of the band's songs. He was quoted as stating, "I didn't think it was very good. I enjoy Weird Al's things, but I found it unimaginative." On numerous occasions, Prince refused Yankovic permission to record parodies of his songs. Yankovic had stated in interviews prior to Prince's death in 2016 that he had "approached him every few years [to] see if he's lightened up". Yankovic related one story where, before the American Music Awards where he and Prince were assigned to sit in the same row, he got a telegram from Prince's management company, demanding he not even make eye contact with the artist. Among parodies that Yankovic had ideas for included one based on "Let's Go Crazy" about The Beverly Hillbillies, "Yellow Snow" as a parody of "Purple Rain", "1999" as an infomercial with a call-in number ending in −1999, and parodies of "Kiss" and "When Doves Cry". Despite these refusals, Yankovic was able to gain permission to parody the "When Doves Cry" video as part of his music video for the song "UHF". He was also permitted to write the song "Traffic Jam" from his album Alapalooza, which is in the style of Let's Go Crazy. Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page is a self-proclaimed Yankovic fan, but when Yankovic broached the idea of creating a polka medley of Led Zeppelin songs, Page was "less than thrilled with the prospect, so [Yankovic] didn't pursue it." Yankovic was, however, allowed the opportunity to re-record a sample of "Black Dog" for a segment of "Trapped in the Drive-Thru". Paul McCartney, also a Yankovic fan, refused Yankovic permission to record a parody of Wings' "Live and Let Die", titled "Chicken Pot Pie", because, according to Yankovic, McCartney is "a strict vegetarian and he didn't want a parody that condoned the consumption of animal flesh". Though McCartney suggested possibly changing the parody to "Tofu Pot Pie", Yankovic, who is also a vegetarian, found this would not fit the lyrics he had written, which featured the sound of a chicken throughout the chorus. While never recorded for an album, Yankovic did play parts of "Chicken Pot Pie" as part of a larger medley in several tours during the 1990s. In 2003, Yankovic was denied permission to make a video for "Couch Potato", his parody of Eminem's "Lose Yourself". Yankovic believes that Eminem thought that the video would be harmful to his image. In 2006, Yankovic gained James Blunt's permission to record a parody of "You're Beautiful". However, after Yankovic had recorded "You're Pitiful", Blunt's label, Atlantic Records, rescinded this permission, despite Blunt's personal approval of the song. The parody was pulled from Yankovic's Straight Outta Lynwood because of his label's unwillingness to "go to war" with Atlantic. Yankovic released the song as a free download on his MySpace profile, as well as his official website, and plays it in concert, since it was not Blunt himself objecting to the parody. Yankovic referenced the incident in his video for "White & Nerdy" when he depicts himself vandalizing Atlantic Records' Wikipedia article. Yankovic was considering a complete polka medley with only U2 songs, but the band's publisher did not accept the terms. Similarly, he had included Weezer's "Buddy Holly" in a polka medley, but had to pull it when the band's publisher refused to receive partial rates. Yankovic had approached Beck asking for permission to parody his song "Loser", which Yankovic had created called "Schmoozer". At the time, Beck was just entering the music industry, and did not want his reputation to be seen as a one-hit wonder and refused the parody. Beck stated in 2022 that he wished he had give Yankovic permission, saying "I think it would have been an amazing video, I’m actually really sad it didn’t happen." Yankovic often describes his live concert performances as "a rock and comedy multimedia extravaganza" with an audience that "ranges from toddlers to geriatrics". Apart from Yankovic and his band performing his classic and contemporary hits, staples of Yankovic's live performances include a medley of parodies, many costume changes between songs, and a video screen on which various clips are played during the costume changes. A concert from Yankovic's 1999 tour, "Touring with Scissors", for the Running with Scissors album was released on VHS in 1999 and on DVD in 2000. Titled "Weird Al" Yankovic Live!, the concert was recorded at the Marin County Civic Center in San Rafael, California, on October 2, 1999. For legal reasons, video clips (apart from those for Yankovic's own music videos) could not be shown for the home release, and unreleased parodies were removed from the parody medley for the performance. In 2003, Yankovic toured overseas for the first time. Before 2003, Yankovic and his band had toured only the United States and parts of Canada. Following the success of Poodle Hat in Australia, Yankovic performed eleven shows in Australia's major capital cities and regional areas in October of that year. Yankovic returned to Australia and toured New Zealand for the first time in 2007 to support the Straight Outta Lynwood album. On September 8, 2007, Yankovic performed his 1,000th live show at Idaho Falls, Idaho. Yankovic has invited members of the 501st Legion on stage during performances of his Star Wars-themed songs "Yoda" and "The Saga Begins", recruiting members of local garrisons (club chapters) while on tour. In appreciation, the 501st inducted Yankovic as a "Friend of the Legion" in September 2007. He performed his first ever European mini-tour, including an appearance at the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in Minehead, England in December 2010. Yankovic was picked to perform by the Canadian band Godspeed You! Black Emperor, who curated the festival's lineup. Yankovic played three other dates in the UK around his festival appearance before performing a single date in the Netherlands. A second concert film, "Weird Al" Yankovic Live!: The Alpocalypse Tour, aired on Comedy Central on October 1, 2011, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD three days later. The concert was filmed at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada, during Yankovic's tour supporting the album Alpocalypse. As before, video clips (apart from those for his own videos) and unreleased songs were edited out for legal reasons. Yankovic performed George Harrison's "What Is Life" at the live-recorded George Fest (Los Angeles, 2014). DVD and Blu-Ray CD combos of the concert honoring Harrison became available in early 2016. Following the release of Mandatory Fun, Yankovic toured across the United States, Canada, and selected overseas venues in the "Mandatory World Tour" from 2015 through 2016, principally featuring songs from this album. After taking a year off, Yankovic returned to tour in the United States and Canada from February to June 2018 in "The Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour". On this tour, he performed mostly original songs (not parodies) and did not use costumes, props, or video screens. Comedian Emo Philips was the opening act. A further staple of this tour was Yankovic's cover performance of a different famous song at each venue, which Yankovic stated was something he and his band enjoyed doing. Starting in June 2019, Yankovic went on his "Strings Attached Tour", where he performed every show backed by a forty-one piece orchestra assembled from local musicians. The tour was inspired by a 2016 performance he did with the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, which he considered a "religious experience" and sought to replicate on tour. The shows were generally much shorter, as under unions rules Yankovic could only perform 90 minutes per show with an orchestra, requiring him to select songs that he felt would be ones that he had either long wanted perform to with an orchestra, such as the deep-cut "Harvey the Wonder Hamster" from Alapalooza, or that fit best with the orchestra backing. Yankovic had the shows open with the orchestra performing a few instrumental themes, seemingly giving the concert a high-brow quality, before he and his band entered and played his songs backed by the orchestra. The concerts finished with a large flashy production of his Star Wars songs, including "The Saga Begins" and "Yoda". Yankovic announced plans to tour again in 2022, following up from his 2018 tour with the "Unfortunate Return Of The Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour", focusing on his lesser-known songs. The tour will include 133 shows, concluding with Yankovic's first performance at Carnegie Hall in October 2022. Yankovic said "I've loved doing every single incarnation of my live show, but honestly the Vanity tour is the most fun I've ever had on stage, so I've been dying to get back out there and torture everybody with it once again!" With "Word Crimes" from Mandatory Fun debuting at No. 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2014, Yankovic became the third musical artist after Michael Jackson and Madonna to have a song in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 over each decade since the 1980s, his other Top 40 songs being "Eat It", "Smells Like Nirvana", and "White & Nerdy". Since then, only U2 and Kenny G have also entered this group. Billboard named Yankovic #15 of the top 100 music video artists of all time in an August 2020 compilation, addressing that alongside his musical fame, "his accompanying video parodies are a vital part of the recipe". With his four-decade career, Yankovic's work has also influenced newer artists. Andy Samberg of the group The Lonely Island considered Yankovic an influence during his childhood. Lin-Manuel Miranda directly credits Yankovic as an influence on his musical Hamilton. Television producer Michael Schur considered that Yankovic's music represented a "deep egalitarian spirit of our culture" that allowed his comedy writers to reflect on society within his shows. In 2020, Mark Riedl, a researcher at Georgia Tech, created an algorithm that generates lyrics to match the rhyme and syllable schemes of preexisting songs. The algorithm was called "Weird A.I. Yankovic" in reference to Yankovic's similar song parodies. In 1989, Yankovic starred in a full-length feature film called UHF, co-written by himself and manager Jay Levey and filmed in Tulsa, Oklahoma. A satire of the television and film industries, also starring Michael Richards, Fran Drescher, and Victoria Jackson, it brought floundering studio Orion their highest test scores since the movie RoboCop. However, it was unsuccessful in theaters due to both poor critical reception and competition from other summer blockbusters at the time such as Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lethal Weapon 2, Batman and Licence to Kill. The failure of the film left Yankovic in a three-year slump, which was later broken by his inspiration to compose "Smells Like Nirvana". The film has since become a cult classic, with out-of-print copies of the VHS version selling for up to $100 on eBay until the release of the DVD in 2002. Yankovic occasionally shows clips from the film at his concerts (to which MGM, the film's current owner, initially objected in the form of a cease and desist letter). In an apparent attempt to make it more accessible to overseas audiences, where the term UHF is used less frequently to describe TV broadcasts, the film was titled The Vidiot From UHF in Australia and parts of Europe. UHF shows the creation of Yankovic's signature food—the Twinkie Wiener Sandwich. The snack consists of an overturned Twinkie split open as a makeshift bun, a hot dog, and Easy Cheese put together and dipped in milk before eating. Yankovic has stated that he has switched to using tofu hot dogs since becoming a vegetarian, but still enjoys the occasional Twinkie Wiener Sandwich. In his early career, Yankovic hosted the specials Al TV on MTV and Al Music on MuchMusic many times, generally coinciding with the release of each new album. These shows typically included some of Yankovic's videos to date and previews of songs on the upcoming album. A recurring segment of Al TV involves Yankovic manipulating interviews for comic effect. He inserts himself into a previously conducted interview with a musician, and then manipulates his questions, resulting in bizarre and comic responses from the celebrity. The Weird Al Show was a live-action skit-based children's show hosted by Yankovic, airing from September to December 1997 on CBS, which featured several actors and bands as guests along with Yankovic and other actors. It was designed to be part of CBS's mandated Educational or Informative programming to teach children morals. The show had a troubled production due to this requirement and the desire by CBS to follow in the success of Pee-wee's Playhouse, leading to the show's cancellation after one 13-episode season. The entire series was released on DVD by Shout! Factory on August 15, 2006. VH1 produced a Behind the Music episode on Yankovic. His two commercial failures (his film UHF and his 1986 album Polka Party!) were presented as having a larger impact on the direction of his career than they really had. Also, Coolio's later disapproval of "Amish Paradise" was played up as a large feud. Much was also made over his apparent lack of a love life, though he got married shortly after the program aired. The episode was updated and re-released in early 2012 as part of the "Behind the Music Remastered" series. Also in 2012, Al was extensively featured in the sixth season episode of 30 Rock called "Kidnapped by Danger", where Jenna tries to come up with a "Weird Al-proof" song. Yankovic performed at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards singing a comedic medley of songs based on the themes of several Emmy-nominated shows such as Mad Men and Game of Thrones. Yankovic has done voice-overs for several animated series. He appeared in a 2003 episode of The Simpsons, singing "The Ballad of Homer & Marge" (a parody of John Mellencamp's "Jack & Diane") with his band. The episode, "Three Gays of the Condo", in which Marge hires Yankovic to sing the aforementioned song to Homer in an attempt to reconcile their marriage, later won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)". Yankovic also had a cameo in a 2008 episode, titled "That '90s Show", during which he records a parody of Homer's grunge hit "Shave Me" titled "Brain Freeze" (Homer's song, "Shave Me", was itself a parody of Nirvana's "Rape Me") making Yankovic one of only a handful of celebrities to appear twice on the show playing themselves. He appeared in the animated Adult Swim show Robot Chicken, which provided him with a music video for the song "Weasel Stomping Day". Yankovic is the voice for Squid Hat on the Cartoon Network show The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy. He is also the announcer of the cartoon's eponymous video game adaptation. Yankovic had a guest appearance voicing Wreck-Gar, a waste collection vehicle Transformer in the Transformers: Animated cartoon series; previously, Yankovic's "Dare to Be Stupid" song was featured in the 1986 animated film The Transformers: The Movie, during the sequence in which the Wreck-Gar character was first introduced; as such, the song is referenced in the episode. He also plays local TV talent show host Uncle Muscles on several episodes of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! along with other appearances on the show. Weird Al has also supplied the voice of one-shot character 'Petroleum Joe' on The Brak Show. He also voiced himself on a Back at the Barnyard episode, and he appeared as a ringmaster who helps the regular characters of Yo Gabba Gabba! organize a circus in a 2007 episode of the children's show. In 2011, Al appeared as himself in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Bat-Mite Presents: Batman's Strangest Cases!" In 2012, he appeared on two episodes of The Aquabats! Super Show!, playing two different characters as the superhero SuperMagic PowerMan and as the President of the United States. In 2014, he appeared in the fourth season My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode "Pinkie Pride" as Cheese Sandwich, a rival party planner to Pinkie Pie. He would later reprise his role in the season 9 episode "The Last Laugh". In 2015, Al voiced the supervillain Darkseid in a season 3 episode of Teen Titans Go!. He initially speaks with a deep, intimidating voice, but after complaining about having a cold and taking a lozenge, Al speaks in his normal voice, and the heroes are no longer afraid of him. Another character points out that Darkseid sounds like Weird Al Yankovic, and the villain replies that Weird Al was "a true monster" for "undercutting musicians by subverting their words and compromising their artistic integrity." One of the protagonists calls Al "a national treasure", and they began to battle. In 2016, Al appeared in two episodes of BoJack Horseman as Mr. Peanutbutter's brother, Captain Peanutbutter, and began portraying Milo Murphy in the Disney XD series Milo Murphy's Law. Yankovic guest voiced as Papa Kotassium in a 2016 episode of Cartoon Network's animated series, Mighty Magiswords, which was created by Weird Al fan, musician and accordionist Kyle Carrozza. Carrozza sent a FAQ to Weird Al when Carrozza was in college in 1999. In 2008, Weird Al joined Michael J. Nelson as a guest on the RiffTrax audio commentary of Jurassic Park. On November 10, 2009, Weird Al was a guest "internet scientist" on Rocketboom's "Know Your Meme" video series, in the installment on the topic of Auto-Tune, hosted by Jamie Wilkinson. Eric Appel produced a Funny or Die movie trailer for Weird: The Al Yankovic Story, a fictional biographical film that parodies other films based on musicians; Yankovic (played by Aaron Paul) is seen hiding his "weirdness" from his parents (Gary Cole and Mary Steenburgen), making it big using song parodies with the help of Dr. Demento (Patton Oswalt), falling in and out of love with Madonna (Olivia Wilde), and fading into alcoholism and being arrested, at which point his father finally admits he is "weird" as well. Yankovic himself plays a music producer in the short. Yankovic and Appel announced in January 2022 that they would be making a full-length biopic of the same name based on the trailer, starring Daniel Radcliffe as Yankovic. Yankovic later appeared in another Funny or Die short alongside Huey Lewis which parodied the ax murder scene in the movie American Psycho, in which Christian Bale's character Patrick Bateman discusses the nature of Lewis's musical work before killing his victim. For The Nerdist Podcast, Weird Al began hosting a new comedic celebrity interview web series, Face to Face with 'Weird Al' Yankovic, on April 3, 2012. The series features Al TV-esque fake interviews with movie stars. Al has appeared on numerous other webshows, including CollegeHumor, LearningTown, Some Jerk with a Camera, Team Unicorn, and Epic Rap Battles of History appearing as Sir Isaac Newton in a battle against actors portraying Bill Nye, the Science Guy (YouTube star Nice Peter), and Neil DeGrasse Tyson (Chali 2na of the group Jurassic 5). In October 2016, Yankovic collaborated with the Gregory Brothers to create a music video "Bad Hombres, Nasty Women" shortly after the third debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, with Yankovic singing between autotuned snippets from the candidates. Yankovic collaborated with the Gregory Brothers on a similar video after the first debate in the 2020 campaign between Trump and Joe Biden. Yankovic has directed many of his own music videos; he has directed all of his music videos from 1993's "Bedrock Anthem" to 2006's "White & Nerdy". He also directed the end sequence of 1986's "Christmas at Ground Zero" (an original piece juxtaposing Christmas with nuclear warfare) from his Polka Party! album and the title sequence to Spy Hard, for which he sang the title song. Yankovic wrote, directed and starred in the short 3-D movie attraction "Al's Brain: A 3-D Journey Through The Human Brain", a $2.5 million project which was sponsored by and premiered at the Orange County Fair in Costa Mesa, California, in 2009. The project included a brief cameo by Sir Paul McCartney, which Yankovic directed during McCartney's appearance at the 2009 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. Fair CEO Steve Beazley, who supported the project, considered the project a success and explored leasing the exhibit to other fairs; the second appearance of the exhibit was at the 2009 Puyallup Fair in Washington. He has also directed several videos for other artists, including Hanson (the Titanic sequences in "River"), The Black Crowes ("Only a Fool"), Ben Folds ("Rockin' the Suburbs"), Jeff Foxworthy ("Redneck Stomp" and "Party All Night"), Jon Spencer Blues Explosion ("Wail"), and The Presidents of the United States of America ("Mixed Up S.O.B"). He has cameo appearances in his videos for Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Hanson (as the interviewer), and Ben Folds (as the producer fixing Folds' "shitty tracks"). On January 25, 2010, Yankovic announced that he had signed a production deal with Warner Bros. to write and direct a live-action feature film for Cartoon Network. Although Yankovic previously wrote the script for UHF, this was to be the first movie Yankovic directed. Yankovic stated that he would not be starring in the movie, as Cartoon Network wanted a younger protagonist. During an interview on Comedy Death-Ray Radio, Yankovic revealed that though Cartoon Network "loved" his script, the network decided that they were no longer intending to produce feature films. Yankovic initially stated that he would instead shop the script around to other potential studios, but in 2013 revealed that the project had been scrapped as "it was really geared for Cartoon Network" and that he had "cannibalized jokes from that script to use for other projects". Yankovic wrote When I Grow Up, a children's book released on February 1, 2011, and published by HarperCollins. The book features 8-year-old Billy presenting to his class the wide variety of imaginative career possibilities that he is considering. Yankovic stated that the idea for the book was based on his own "circuitous" career path. The book allows Yankovic to apply the humorous writing style found in his music in another medium, allowing him to use puns and rhymes. Yankovic worked with Harper Collins' editor Anne Hoppe—the first time that Yankovic has had an editor—and found her help to be a positive experience. The book is illustrated by Wes Hargis, who, according to Yankovic, has "a childlike quality and a very fun quality and a very imaginative quality" that matched well with Yankovic's writing. The book reached the No. 4 position on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Picture Books for the week of February 20, 2011. Yankovic also wrote a sequel to When I Grow Up, 2013's My New Teacher and Me!. Yankovic became the first guest editor for Mad Magazine for their 533rd issue, published in April 2015. Yankovic competed on a week of Wheel of Fortune taped at Disney's Hollywood Studios in March 1994. He also competed on Rock & Roll Jeopardy! Weird Al joined the band Hanson in their music video for "Thinking 'bout Somethin'" in which he plays the tambourine. Yankovic contributes backing vocals for the song "Time" on Ben Folds' album Songs for Silverman. Yankovic was also one of many celebrities who took part in the NOH8 Campaign against Proposition 8, which banned same-sex marriage in California. Yankovic was approached by a beer company to endorse their product. Yankovic had turned it down because he believed that "a lot of my fans were young and impressionable". Yankovic later posted on his Twitter account that he never regretted the decision. In 2009, Yankovic was a special guest on an episode of G4's Web Soup where he came as Mark Gormley at first. In 2011, Yankovic guest starred as the character "Banana Man" in an episode of Adventure Time. The same year, he appeared as himself in the How I Met Your Mother episode "Noretta". In 2012, he appeared as himself along with Alice Cooper, Bret Michaels, and Maria Menounos in The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange for the Christmas special, and sung with Alice, Bret, and Orange. On May 31, 2014, Yankovic won the ACE Award (Amateur Cartoonist Extraordinaire) from the National Cartoonists Society at its awards banquet in San Diego. From 2014 until 2017, Yankovic appeared as a celebrity contestant in eight episodes of the game show Celebrity Name Game. In 2015, Yankovic made an appearance on an episode of The Odd Couple as a yoga student in the class Felix takes over for one day. Also in 2015, Yankovic was featured as MAD Magazine's first ever guest editor for their 533rd issue. In 2016, Yankovic became the bandleader on the IFC series Comedy Bang! Bang!, on which he had previously guest starred. In the official video for Weezer's cover of "Africa" published in September 2018, which itself is parody of Weezer's video for "Undone – The Sweater Song", Yankovic stands in for Rivers Cuomo as vocalist and lead guitar. Though he does not appear, Yankovic is mentioned directly by name in the 2021 television series Y: The Last Man adapted from the 2000s comic book series of the same name, which involves a post-apocalyptic alternative timeline where all the men of the world had died. Whereas the comic book had the characters reflect on the absence of the Rolling Stones, showrunner Eliza Clark opted to update the references for the show, and used Yankovic as a more modern artist that had been considered a great loss. Songs posted to file sharing networks are often misattributed to him because of their humorous subject matter. Often, his surname is misspelled (and thus mispronounced) as "Yankovich", among other variations. Much to the disdain of Yankovic, these misattributed files include songs that are racist, sexually explicit, or otherwise offensive. A young listener who had heard several of these offensive tracks by way of a file sharing service confronted Yankovic online, threatening a boycott because of his supposedly explicit lyrics. Quite a few of the songs, such as "Star Wars Cantina" by Mark Jonathan Davis (not, in a double misattribution, his lounge-singer character Richard Cheese), "Star Wars Gangsta Rap", "Yoda Smokes Weed", "Chewbacca", "The Devil Went to Jamaica", "The Twelve Pains of Christmas" by Bob Rivers and several more have a Star Wars motif. Some songs misattributed to him are not songs, but spoken skits, such as "Sesame Street on Crack", which is also widely misattributed to Adam Sandler. A list of songs frequently misattributed to Yankovic can be found at The Not Al Page and a list of all commercially released songs recorded by Yankovic can be found on his website. Yankovic cites these misattributions as "his only real beef with peer-to-peer file sharing sites": If you do a search for my name on any one of those sites, I guarantee you that about half of the songs that come up will be songs I had absolutely nothing to do with. That particularly bothers me, because I really try to do quality work, and I also try to maintain a more-or-less family-friendly image—and some of these songs that are supposedly by me are just, well, vulgar and awful. I truly think my reputation has suffered in a lot of people's minds because of all those fake Weird Al songs floating around the Internet. In terms of legitimate parodies of Yankovic, the Mr. Show sketch "Superstar Machine" features Bob Odenkirk as the character Daffy "Mal" Yinkleyankle. Yankovic was impressed by the parody, and stated that it "zeroed in on everything that's irritating about me". The Weird Al Star Fund was a campaign started by Yankovic's fans to get him a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Their mission was to "solicit, collect, and raise the necessary money, and to compile the information needed for the application to nominate "Weird Al" Yankovic for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame". Fans worldwide have sent donations to raise the US$40,000 needed for a nomination. In addition to the preferred method of cash donations, many methods were used to raise money for the cause, such as a live benefit show held April 11, 2006, and selling merchandise on the official website and eBay, including T-shirts, calendars, and cookbooks. On May 26, 2006, the campaign hit the then-$15,000 target, just five days before the May 31 deadline to submit the necessary paperwork. However, Yankovic was not included on the list of inductees for 2007. On February 9, 2007, the Hollywood Chamber Of Commerce raised the price to sponsor a new star to $25,000. Yankovic's application was resubmitted for consideration in 2007, but he was not included among 2008's inductees. In December 2010, the price was raised again to $30,000. and in 2017 the price was raised to $40,000. The campaign raised the new target each time and applications continued to be submitted yearly, until The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce announced in June 2017 that Yankovic would receive a star on the Walk of Fame as one of the 2018 inductees. In an official induction ceremony on August 27, 2018, Al received the 2,643rd star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6914 Hollywood Blvd, directly across the street from TCL Chinese Theatre. The ceremony was attended by 1,500 fans. Similar to the Weird Al Star Fund, a second fan-driven campaign called "Make the Rock Hall 'Weird'" has tried to enshrine him into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, for which he has been eligible since 2004. Previous attempts to raise awareness for the campaign and support Yankovic's nomination included a petition drive from 2006 to 2007, which raised over 9000 signatures; an art competition in 2005; additionally, a documentary film about the campaign is currently being developed. In addition to these efforts, an ongoing campaign is underway in which supporters of Yankovic's nomination are requested to send "sincere, thoughtful" letters to the Rock Hall Foundation's headquarters in New York. The Hall has not considered Yankovic for nomination since the campaign started in 2004. A 2009 Rolling Stone poll named Weird Al as the top artist that should be nominated for the Hall of Fame, followed by Rush (who were inducted in 2013) and The Moody Blues (inducted in 2018) in the top ten. A smaller ongoing effort has been made by fans to have Yankovic perform at the halftime show of a Super Bowl game. This inspired Yankovic to write the fight song parody "Sports Song" for Mandatory Fun to help round out his repertoire. Subsequent to the success of Mandatory Fun, another fan-driven campaign pushed for Yankovic to headline the then-upcoming Super Bowl XLIX at the highlight of the artist's career, which was noticed by many media outlets, including CNN and Wired, though the decision for this selection would reside within the management of the NFL (who instead chose Katy Perry for that position). Grammy Awards Current members "Weird Al" Yankovic – vocals, accordion, keyboards, background vocals (1976–present) Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz – drums, percussion, background vocals (1980–present) Jim "Kimo" West – guitar, mandolin, background vocals (1983–present) Steve Jay – bass, banjo, background vocals (1983–present) Rubén Valtierra – piano, keyboards, background vocals (1991–present) Former members Rick Derringer – guitar, producer (1983–1990) Timeline Studio albums "Weird Al" Yankovic (1983) "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D (1984) Dare to Be Stupid (1985) Polka Party! (1986) Even Worse (1988) UHF – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff (1989) Off the Deep End (1992) Alapalooza (1993) Bad Hair Day (1996) Running with Scissors (1999) Poodle Hat (2003) Straight Outta Lynwood (2006) Alpocalypse (2011) Mandatory Fun (2014) "Weird Al" Promo Tour (1983) Tour of the Universe in 3-D (1984) The Stupid Tour (1985) Off the Deep End Tour (1992) Alapalooza Tour (1994) The Al-Can Tour (1995) Bad Hair Tour (1996–1997) Touring with Scissors (1999–2000) Poodle Hat Tour (2003–2004) Straight Outta Lynwood Tour (2007–2008) Internet Leaks Tour (2010–2011) Alpocalypse Tour (2011–2013) Mandatory World Tour (2015–2016) Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour (2018) Strings Attached Tour (2019) The Unfortunate Return of the Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour (2022) Bell, Mike (April 24, 2013). "Weird Al Yankovic leads parade of geek music at Calgary's Comic Expo". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. 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Official website "Weird Al" Yankovic at IMDb
[ "", "\"Ace rock guitarist\" Rick Derringer produced \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. (1974, Jim Summaria)", "Dr. Demento helped promote \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. (August 15, 2004 (2004-08-15), David Rossi)", "Joan Jett & The Blackhearts' version of \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\" is parodied on the album." ]	[ 0, 1, 1, 2 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f9/Weird_Al_Yankovic_-_Weird_Al_Yankovic.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Rick_Derringer.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Dr_Demento_%28flipped%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Joan_Jett_Beaumont_2010.jpg" ]	[ "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic is the debut album by American parodist Alfred \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. The album was the first of many produced by former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer. Mostly recorded in March 1982, the album was released by Rock 'n Roll Records as an LP and on Compact Cassette in 1983.\nConsisting of five direct parodies and seven original songs, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic parodies pop and rock music of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and satirizes American culture and experiences of the same time period. Nearly half of the album is made up of parodies based on the works of Toni Basil, Joan Jett, Stevie Nicks, the Knack and Queen. Yankovic's trademark instrument—the accordion—is used on all songs featured on the album.\nFueled by the underground success of the singles \"My Bologna\" and \"Another One Rides the Bus\", the album charted at No. 139 on the Billboard 200. Critically, the album received a lukewarm reception, with many reviewers feeling that Yankovic was a throw-away act who would not be able to overcome the stigma of a novelty record.", "After hearing Yankovic's parody of his song \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\", \"I Love Rocky Road\", songwriter Jake Hooker suggested to guitarist Rick Derringer that he would be the perfect producer for the burgeoning parodist. Agreeing, Derringer used his music industry prestige and convinced Cherokee Studios to record an album's worth of Yankovic's songs gratis, to be paid from sales revenue. Then, in March 1982, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic stepped into a professional recording studio for the first time and recorded nine of the songs for \"Weird Al\" Yankovic.\nThe huge irony of my life; [...] it was difficult for me to get signed to a record deal back in early 80s because all the executives were saying \"Oh, you do that ... novelty music. You're gonna have maybe one hit if you're lucky and then [...] you'll go right to oblivion. You know, nobody'll ever hear from you again.\"\n— \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, speaking with Bob Boilen on All Songs Considered in 2006\nAfter encountering difficulty picking up a record label for the first-time album, Jay Levey (a Los Angeles artists' manager) provided KIQQ-FM with a copy of \"I Love Rocky Road\". Impressing the program director of the Top 40 station, he played it immediately; \"I Love Rocky Road\" was one of the most-requested songs by the next day. At the same time, Rock 'n Roll Records president Tad Dowd had been trying to convince parent company Scotti Brothers Records to sign the 22-year-old Yankovic. The positive furor over the KIQQ playtest provided Dowd with the leverage needed to convince Scotti Bros. to offer a contract for Yankovic's first album.\nScotti Brothers Records' contract planned an April 1983 release date for a twelve-track album: \"I Love Rocky Road\" and eight other tracks were already recorded, \"Another One Rides the Bus\" would be the original 1980 live recording from The Dr. Demento Show, and the last two songs (\"Ricky\" and \"Buckingham Blues\") would be recorded at Scotti Brothers' own studios in Santa Monica, California in February 1983.\nTo promote the album, Levey coordinated a three-week tour in late Summer 1983 across the United States' East Coast and Midwest for both Yankovic and Dr. Demento. Promoted as \"An Evening of Dementia with Dr. Demento in Person Plus 'Weird Al' Yankovic\", Demento opened with recorded hits and short comedy films from his show before introducing Yankovic and the band. During their three weeks, the tour played in several famous clubs, including The Bottom Line in New York City.\nThe album cover for \"Weird Al\" Yankovic was designed by Brazilian artist Rogerio. The band chose Rogerio because of his \"Mad magazine-like drawing style.\" The cover art specifically features individual elements that correspond with each of the album's twelve songs.", "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic is the only album in Yankovic's discography to use the accordion in every song; in subsequent albums it is only used where deemed appropriate or wholly inappropriate for comedic effect. \"Ricky\" is a parody of \"Mickey\" by Toni Basil; an ode to I Love Lucy with Yankovic performing as Ricky and Tress MacNeille as Lucy. \"Gotta Boogie\" is a play on words discussing a man with a \"boogie\" on his finger and his quandary therein. \"I Love Rocky Road\" is a parody of Arrows' \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\" made famous by Joan Jett; in the song the narrator expresses feelings about the titular ice cream flavor. \"Buckingham Blues\" is a blues song satirizing the socialite lifestyle of the Prince and Princess of Wales (Prince Charles and Diana). Originally, the song was going to be a parody of \"Jack & Diane\" by John Mellencamp; worried about spoiling a Jack and Diane movie deal, Mellencamp shot down the parody. Yankovic considered tweaking the \"Jack & Diane\" melody to avoid the song being a true parody, but decided against it and later rewrote it as an original song. Answering a fan in 1998, Yankovic replied that he would not rewrite and rerecord the song in light of the death of Diana.\n\"Happy Birthday\" is a style parody of Tonio K, one of Yankovic's favorite artists. The song is a morbidly depressing birthday song detailing ails of the world, including poverty, nuclear holocaust, and eventual solar cataclysm. Only seeing two popular birthday songs at the time—\"Happy Birthday to You\" by Patty and Mildred J. Hill, and \"Birthday\" by The Beatles—Yankovic decided to write his own \"severely twisted version of one.\" \"Stop Draggin' My Car Around\" is a parody of \"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around\" by Stevie Nicks; the lament of an otherwise \"cool guy\" forced to repeatedly save his 1964 Plymouth car from impoundment due to illegal parking, shame, and non-payment. \"My Bologna\" is a parody of \"My Sharona\" by the Knack; the narrator talks about his obsession with bologna sausage. This is a re-recording of the song; the original Capitol Records single version would not appear on a \"Weird Al\" album until the 1994 box set Permanent Record: Al in the Box. \"The Check's in the Mail\" parodies business-related prevarications, exampling avoidance, litigation, and the titular payment delay. \"Another One Rides the Bus\" is a parody of \"Another One Bites the Dust\" by Queen; the narrator laments about a crowded public bus. This is the original 1980 recording from The Dr. Demento Show. \"I'll Be Mellow When I'm Dead\" is a rejection of the stereotypical attitudes and accoutrements of the hippie/yuppie lifestyles.\n\"Such a Groovy Guy\" parodies narcissism specifically noting fashion, demeanor, dominance and submission, and relationship breakup. Yankovic wrote the song for a woman he was dating in homage of her previous boyfriend who, upon the breakup asked her, \"I’m such a groovy guy! Why would you break up with me?\" Out of concern the individual may not be aware of his status, Yankovic does not identify him. \"Mr. Frump in the Iron Lung\" is an audience favorite from Yankovic's days playing in coffeehouses at Cal Poly; the song describes the rather lopsided relationship between the narrator and the eponymous \"Mr. Frump\" in his iron lung, until the latter's death. The sound of the iron lung is an accordion's air release valve. \"It's Still Billy Joel to Me\", Yankovic's 1980 parody of Billy Joel's \"It's Still Rock and Roll to Me\", was originally planned for this album. Wary of the song being considered \"dated\" three years later, and doubtful that Joel would give his blessing, the band never bothered to ask. Yankovic's parody of The Kinks' song \"Lola\"—\"Yoda\"—was written in 1980 (during the initial theatre run of The Empire Strikes Back), and a \"huge hit\" on The Dr. Demento Show. However, the complexities of receiving permission from filmmaker George Lucas and the Kinks' publishers delayed its release until 1985.", "To promote the album, the songs \"Ricky\" and \"I Love Rocky Road\" were released as singles with accompanying music videos. Yankovic embarked on his first official concert tour, which began at the Bottom Line in New York City on May 21, 1983 and ended June 10, 1983 at Mickey's in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "Eugene Chadbourne, reviewer for AllMusic, felt that while \"Weird Al\" Yankovic was a detailed harbinger of parody to come, the album does not hold up well on its own. Chadbourne extolled most of the parodies (\"Another One Rides the Bus\", \"My Bologna\", \"I Love Rocky Road\") for their comedic value in contrast with their originals—songs he supposed to be \"pretentious [&] overblown\". However, also according to Chadbourne, \"Ricky\" lacks the comedic connection Yankovic cultivates in later albums, and the original songs \"may not seem like they were written in ten minutes, but the ideas behind them don't seem to involve that much contemplation. [They're] like little bits of puff [whose ...] impact on the flow of an album side is more like ballast.\"\nIntroducing Yankovic as the guest DJ for All Songs Considered on National Public Radio in 2006, host Bob Boilen opined that upon his debut, Yankovic \"seemed the epitome of throw-away novelty act\". Reviewing Yankovic in 2008, Brian Raftery of Wired magazine wrote that \"Ricky\" introduced the world to \"an accordion-playing spaz with a coif like Rick James and a voice like an urgent goose.\" Raftery noted that in 1983, Yankovic was considered a fad of the time—\"like parachute pants and Contras\"—and \"thoroughly disposable.\" Musical databasing and review websites AllMusic and Artistdirect rated \"Weird Al\" Yankovic three and a half out of five stars.", "", "Adapted from Weird Al's official website.\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic – accordion, lead vocals\nSteve Jay – bass guitar\nJon \"Bermuda\" Schwartz – drums, percussion\nRick Derringer - guitar, producer\nRichard Bennett – banjo, ukulele, guitar\nWilliam K. Anderson – saxophone, harmonica\nJoel Miller – bongos\nMike Kieffer – percussion\nDorothy Remsen – harp\nTress MacNeille – voice of Lucy Ricardo\nDawn Smithey, Zaidee Cole, and Joan Manners – background vocals\nTed Jensen - mastering at Sterling Sound, NYC", "", "", "", "", "While Yankovic wrote new lyrics for the song, on February 2, 1981, he transferred copyright of the parody to John Deacon. This is reflected in the liner notes for the album itself, which lists only Deacon as the parody’s writer.\nThe credits on \"Weird Al\" Yankovic give special thanks to Jim West. West was playing guitar with Yankovic and the band at live performances, but was not present for recording the album. Most of the guitar playing on the album was done by producer Rick Derringer, but Jon Schwartz's brother, Richard Bennett, contributes additional guitar as well as banjo and ukulele.", "\"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic – \"Weird Al\" Yankovic\". Discogs. Portland, Oregon, US: Zink Media, Inc. Retrieved October 17, 2010.\n\"Recording Dates\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Retrieved January 29, 2018.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic by Weird Al Yankovic on Yahoo! Music\". Yahoo! Music. Sunnyvale, California, USA: Yahoo!, Inc. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2010.\nSchwartz, Jon. \"'Weird Al' Disc/Video/Bibliography (U.S. Only)\" (text file). The Demented Music Database. Jeff Morris. Archived from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008.\nHansen, Barret (1994). Permanent Record: Al in the Box (liner). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. California, United States: Scotti Brothers Records.\nBoilen, Bob (November 2, 2006). \"Guest DJ \"Weird Al\" Yankovic\". All Songs Considered. Washington, D.C.: National Public Radio. Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2008. Singer, songwriter and satirist \"Weird Al\" Yankovic has been spoofing artists and making his own original comic tunes for nearly 30 years. His latest album, Straight Out Of Lynwood [sic], is his first to break the top-ten. On this edition of All Songs Considered, Yankovic talks about his music and shares some of the songs that have inspired him over the years. Hear an eclectic mix of music by the Bonzo Dog Band, Tom Lehrer, The Trashmen and more.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic – Weird Al Yankovic – CD – Buy.com\". Aliso Viejo, California, USA: Buy.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2008.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (July 1999). \"'Ask Al' Q&As for July, 1999\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (November–December 1996). \"Midnight Star 'Ask Al' Q&As for November/December, 1996\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (September 1999). \"'Ask Al' Q&As for September, 1999\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (January 1999). \"'Ask Al' Q&As for January, 1999\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Retrieved October 22, 2008.\nRaftery, Brian (September 22, 2008). \"Weird Al: Forefather of the YouTube Spoof\". Wired. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (June 1999). \"'Ask Al' Q&As for June, 1999\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.\nRabin, Nathan (June 29, 2011). \"Set List: 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". The A.V. Club. Chicago, Illinois: The Onion, Inc. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2011.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (March 1998). \"Midnight Star 'Ask Al' Q&As for March/April, 1998\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.\nBianculli, David (March 22, 1984). \"A Success At Last, and He's Eating It Up\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Brian Tierney. p. D01.\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection (DVD). Los Angeles, United States: Volcano Entertainment. November 4, 2003.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (April 2000). \"'Ask Al' Q&As for April, 2000\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.\nYankovic, Weird Al. \"Live Performances \| \"Weird Al\" Yankovic\". \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Retrieved May 25, 2018.\n\"Nightlife\". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. 16 (21): 136. May 23, 1983. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved December 14, 2021. 5/21, Dr. Demento with special guests \"Weird Al\" Yankovic and Benny Bell.\nZebora, Jim (May 20, 1983). \"The Club Scene\". Meriden, Connecticut: Record-Journal. p. 17. Retrieved December 14, 2021. Dr. Demento and \"Weird Al\" Yankovic will team up at Toad's on Wednesday\n\"'Weird Al' Yankovic – Overview\". Allmusic. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: Macrovision. Retrieved October 22, 2008.\nThe Daily Vault Music Reviews\nThomas Erlewine, Stephen. \"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic - Squeeze Box: The Complete Works of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic\". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved December 7, 2017.\nBrackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (2004). The Rolling Stone Album Guide. New York City, New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 893. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. rolling stone weird al yankovic alapalooza review.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic : \"Weird Al\" Yankovic\". Artistdirect.com. Artistdirect. Retrieved November 14, 2008.\n\"Another One Rides The Bus\". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved December 18, 2016.\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (liner). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. California, United States: Rock 'n Roll Records. 1983.\n\"The Players\". Weirdal.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (April 1999). \"'Ask Al' Q&As for April, 1999\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Retrieved October 21, 2008.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (2003). \"Awards\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2013.\n\"Gold & Platinum – Search Results: 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 21, 2016.", "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic at The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic at AllMusic" ]	[ "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album)", "Production", "Composition", "Promotion & Tour", "Critical reception", "Track listing", "Personnel", "Charts and certifications", "Charts", "Certifications", "Singles", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]	"Weird Al" Yankovic (album)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_(album)	[ 105, 106, 107 ]	[ 1093, 1094, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1130 ]	"Weird Al" Yankovic (album) "Weird Al" Yankovic is the debut album by American parodist Alfred "Weird Al" Yankovic. The album was the first of many produced by former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer. Mostly recorded in March 1982, the album was released by Rock 'n Roll Records as an LP and on Compact Cassette in 1983. Consisting of five direct parodies and seven original songs, "Weird Al" Yankovic parodies pop and rock music of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and satirizes American culture and experiences of the same time period. Nearly half of the album is made up of parodies based on the works of Toni Basil, Joan Jett, Stevie Nicks, the Knack and Queen. Yankovic's trademark instrument—the accordion—is used on all songs featured on the album. Fueled by the underground success of the singles "My Bologna" and "Another One Rides the Bus", the album charted at No. 139 on the Billboard 200. Critically, the album received a lukewarm reception, with many reviewers feeling that Yankovic was a throw-away act who would not be able to overcome the stigma of a novelty record. After hearing Yankovic's parody of his song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", "I Love Rocky Road", songwriter Jake Hooker suggested to guitarist Rick Derringer that he would be the perfect producer for the burgeoning parodist. Agreeing, Derringer used his music industry prestige and convinced Cherokee Studios to record an album's worth of Yankovic's songs gratis, to be paid from sales revenue. Then, in March 1982, "Weird Al" Yankovic stepped into a professional recording studio for the first time and recorded nine of the songs for "Weird Al" Yankovic. The huge irony of my life; [...] it was difficult for me to get signed to a record deal back in early 80s because all the executives were saying "Oh, you do that ... novelty music. You're gonna have maybe one hit if you're lucky and then [...] you'll go right to oblivion. You know, nobody'll ever hear from you again." — "Weird Al" Yankovic, speaking with Bob Boilen on All Songs Considered in 2006 After encountering difficulty picking up a record label for the first-time album, Jay Levey (a Los Angeles artists' manager) provided KIQQ-FM with a copy of "I Love Rocky Road". Impressing the program director of the Top 40 station, he played it immediately; "I Love Rocky Road" was one of the most-requested songs by the next day. At the same time, Rock 'n Roll Records president Tad Dowd had been trying to convince parent company Scotti Brothers Records to sign the 22-year-old Yankovic. The positive furor over the KIQQ playtest provided Dowd with the leverage needed to convince Scotti Bros. to offer a contract for Yankovic's first album. Scotti Brothers Records' contract planned an April 1983 release date for a twelve-track album: "I Love Rocky Road" and eight other tracks were already recorded, "Another One Rides the Bus" would be the original 1980 live recording from The Dr. Demento Show, and the last two songs ("Ricky" and "Buckingham Blues") would be recorded at Scotti Brothers' own studios in Santa Monica, California in February 1983. To promote the album, Levey coordinated a three-week tour in late Summer 1983 across the United States' East Coast and Midwest for both Yankovic and Dr. Demento. Promoted as "An Evening of Dementia with Dr. Demento in Person Plus 'Weird Al' Yankovic", Demento opened with recorded hits and short comedy films from his show before introducing Yankovic and the band. During their three weeks, the tour played in several famous clubs, including The Bottom Line in New York City. The album cover for "Weird Al" Yankovic was designed by Brazilian artist Rogerio. The band chose Rogerio because of his "Mad magazine-like drawing style." The cover art specifically features individual elements that correspond with each of the album's twelve songs. "Weird Al" Yankovic is the only album in Yankovic's discography to use the accordion in every song; in subsequent albums it is only used where deemed appropriate or wholly inappropriate for comedic effect. "Ricky" is a parody of "Mickey" by Toni Basil; an ode to I Love Lucy with Yankovic performing as Ricky and Tress MacNeille as Lucy. "Gotta Boogie" is a play on words discussing a man with a "boogie" on his finger and his quandary therein. "I Love Rocky Road" is a parody of Arrows' "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" made famous by Joan Jett; in the song the narrator expresses feelings about the titular ice cream flavor. "Buckingham Blues" is a blues song satirizing the socialite lifestyle of the Prince and Princess of Wales (Prince Charles and Diana). Originally, the song was going to be a parody of "Jack & Diane" by John Mellencamp; worried about spoiling a Jack and Diane movie deal, Mellencamp shot down the parody. Yankovic considered tweaking the "Jack & Diane" melody to avoid the song being a true parody, but decided against it and later rewrote it as an original song. Answering a fan in 1998, Yankovic replied that he would not rewrite and rerecord the song in light of the death of Diana. "Happy Birthday" is a style parody of Tonio K, one of Yankovic's favorite artists. The song is a morbidly depressing birthday song detailing ails of the world, including poverty, nuclear holocaust, and eventual solar cataclysm. Only seeing two popular birthday songs at the time—"Happy Birthday to You" by Patty and Mildred J. Hill, and "Birthday" by The Beatles—Yankovic decided to write his own "severely twisted version of one." "Stop Draggin' My Car Around" is a parody of "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" by Stevie Nicks; the lament of an otherwise "cool guy" forced to repeatedly save his 1964 Plymouth car from impoundment due to illegal parking, shame, and non-payment. "My Bologna" is a parody of "My Sharona" by the Knack; the narrator talks about his obsession with bologna sausage. This is a re-recording of the song; the original Capitol Records single version would not appear on a "Weird Al" album until the 1994 box set Permanent Record: Al in the Box. "The Check's in the Mail" parodies business-related prevarications, exampling avoidance, litigation, and the titular payment delay. "Another One Rides the Bus" is a parody of "Another One Bites the Dust" by Queen; the narrator laments about a crowded public bus. This is the original 1980 recording from The Dr. Demento Show. "I'll Be Mellow When I'm Dead" is a rejection of the stereotypical attitudes and accoutrements of the hippie/yuppie lifestyles. "Such a Groovy Guy" parodies narcissism specifically noting fashion, demeanor, dominance and submission, and relationship breakup. Yankovic wrote the song for a woman he was dating in homage of her previous boyfriend who, upon the breakup asked her, "I’m such a groovy guy! Why would you break up with me?" Out of concern the individual may not be aware of his status, Yankovic does not identify him. "Mr. Frump in the Iron Lung" is an audience favorite from Yankovic's days playing in coffeehouses at Cal Poly; the song describes the rather lopsided relationship between the narrator and the eponymous "Mr. Frump" in his iron lung, until the latter's death. The sound of the iron lung is an accordion's air release valve. "It's Still Billy Joel to Me", Yankovic's 1980 parody of Billy Joel's "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me", was originally planned for this album. Wary of the song being considered "dated" three years later, and doubtful that Joel would give his blessing, the band never bothered to ask. Yankovic's parody of The Kinks' song "Lola"—"Yoda"—was written in 1980 (during the initial theatre run of The Empire Strikes Back), and a "huge hit" on The Dr. Demento Show. However, the complexities of receiving permission from filmmaker George Lucas and the Kinks' publishers delayed its release until 1985. To promote the album, the songs "Ricky" and "I Love Rocky Road" were released as singles with accompanying music videos. Yankovic embarked on his first official concert tour, which began at the Bottom Line in New York City on May 21, 1983 and ended June 10, 1983 at Mickey's in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Eugene Chadbourne, reviewer for AllMusic, felt that while "Weird Al" Yankovic was a detailed harbinger of parody to come, the album does not hold up well on its own. Chadbourne extolled most of the parodies ("Another One Rides the Bus", "My Bologna", "I Love Rocky Road") for their comedic value in contrast with their originals—songs he supposed to be "pretentious [&] overblown". However, also according to Chadbourne, "Ricky" lacks the comedic connection Yankovic cultivates in later albums, and the original songs "may not seem like they were written in ten minutes, but the ideas behind them don't seem to involve that much contemplation. [They're] like little bits of puff [whose ...] impact on the flow of an album side is more like ballast." Introducing Yankovic as the guest DJ for All Songs Considered on National Public Radio in 2006, host Bob Boilen opined that upon his debut, Yankovic "seemed the epitome of throw-away novelty act". Reviewing Yankovic in 2008, Brian Raftery of Wired magazine wrote that "Ricky" introduced the world to "an accordion-playing spaz with a coif like Rick James and a voice like an urgent goose." Raftery noted that in 1983, Yankovic was considered a fad of the time—"like parachute pants and Contras"—and "thoroughly disposable." Musical databasing and review websites AllMusic and Artistdirect rated "Weird Al" Yankovic three and a half out of five stars. Adapted from Weird Al's official website. "Weird Al" Yankovic – accordion, lead vocals Steve Jay – bass guitar Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz – drums, percussion Rick Derringer - guitar, producer Richard Bennett – banjo, ukulele, guitar William K. Anderson – saxophone, harmonica Joel Miller – bongos Mike Kieffer – percussion Dorothy Remsen – harp Tress MacNeille – voice of Lucy Ricardo Dawn Smithey, Zaidee Cole, and Joan Manners – background vocals Ted Jensen - mastering at Sterling Sound, NYC While Yankovic wrote new lyrics for the song, on February 2, 1981, he transferred copyright of the parody to John Deacon. This is reflected in the liner notes for the album itself, which lists only Deacon as the parody’s writer. The credits on "Weird Al" Yankovic give special thanks to Jim West. West was playing guitar with Yankovic and the band at live performances, but was not present for recording the album. Most of the guitar playing on the album was done by producer Rick Derringer, but Jon Schwartz's brother, Richard Bennett, contributes additional guitar as well as banjo and ukulele. ""Weird Al" Yankovic – "Weird Al" Yankovic". Discogs. Portland, Oregon, US: Zink Media, Inc. Retrieved October 17, 2010. "Recording Dates". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Retrieved January 29, 2018. "Weird Al Yankovic by Weird Al Yankovic on Yahoo! Music". Yahoo! Music. Sunnyvale, California, USA: Yahoo!, Inc. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2010. Schwartz, Jon. "'Weird Al' Disc/Video/Bibliography (U.S. Only)" (text file). The Demented Music Database. Jeff Morris. Archived from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008. Hansen, Barret (1994). Permanent Record: Al in the Box (liner). "Weird Al" Yankovic. California, United States: Scotti Brothers Records. Boilen, Bob (November 2, 2006). "Guest DJ "Weird Al" Yankovic". All Songs Considered. Washington, D.C.: National Public Radio. Archived from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2008. Singer, songwriter and satirist "Weird Al" Yankovic has been spoofing artists and making his own original comic tunes for nearly 30 years. His latest album, Straight Out Of Lynwood [sic], is his first to break the top-ten. On this edition of All Songs Considered, Yankovic talks about his music and shares some of the songs that have inspired him over the years. Hear an eclectic mix of music by the Bonzo Dog Band, Tom Lehrer, The Trashmen and more. "Weird Al Yankovic – Weird Al Yankovic – CD – Buy.com". Aliso Viejo, California, USA: Buy.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2008. Yankovic, Alfred M. (July 1999). "'Ask Al' Q&As for July, 1999". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008. Yankovic, Alfred M. (November–December 1996). "Midnight Star 'Ask Al' Q&As for November/December, 1996". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008. Yankovic, Alfred M. (September 1999). "'Ask Al' Q&As for September, 1999". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008. Yankovic, Alfred M. (January 1999). "'Ask Al' Q&As for January, 1999". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Retrieved October 22, 2008. Raftery, Brian (September 22, 2008). "Weird Al: Forefather of the YouTube Spoof". Wired. Archived from the original on October 21, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008. Yankovic, Alfred M. (June 1999). "'Ask Al' Q&As for June, 1999". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008. Rabin, Nathan (June 29, 2011). "Set List: 'Weird Al' Yankovic". The A.V. Club. Chicago, Illinois: The Onion, Inc. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2011. Yankovic, Alfred M. (March 1998). "Midnight Star 'Ask Al' Q&As for March/April, 1998". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008. Bianculli, David (March 22, 1984). "A Success At Last, and He's Eating It Up". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Brian Tierney. p. D01. "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection (DVD). Los Angeles, United States: Volcano Entertainment. November 4, 2003. Yankovic, Alfred M. (April 2000). "'Ask Al' Q&As for April, 2000". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008. Yankovic, Weird Al. "Live Performances \| "Weird Al" Yankovic". "Weird Al" Yankovic. Retrieved May 25, 2018. "Nightlife". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. 16 (21): 136. May 23, 1983. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved December 14, 2021. 5/21, Dr. Demento with special guests "Weird Al" Yankovic and Benny Bell. Zebora, Jim (May 20, 1983). "The Club Scene". Meriden, Connecticut: Record-Journal. p. 17. Retrieved December 14, 2021. Dr. Demento and "Weird Al" Yankovic will team up at Toad's on Wednesday "'Weird Al' Yankovic – Overview". Allmusic. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA: Macrovision. Retrieved October 22, 2008. The Daily Vault Music Reviews Thomas Erlewine, Stephen. ""Weird Al" Yankovic - Squeeze Box: The Complete Works of "Weird Al" Yankovic". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved December 7, 2017. Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (2004). The Rolling Stone Album Guide. New York City, New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 893. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. rolling stone weird al yankovic alapalooza review. "Weird Al Yankovic : "Weird Al" Yankovic". Artistdirect.com. Artistdirect. Retrieved November 14, 2008. "Another One Rides The Bus". United States Copyright Office. Retrieved December 18, 2016. "Weird Al" Yankovic (liner). "Weird Al" Yankovic. California, United States: Rock 'n Roll Records. 1983. "The Players". Weirdal.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010. Yankovic, Alfred M. (April 1999). "'Ask Al' Q&As for April, 1999". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Retrieved October 21, 2008. Yankovic, Alfred M. (2003). "Awards". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2013. "Gold & Platinum – Search Results: 'Weird Al' Yankovic". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 21, 2016. "Weird Al" Yankovic at The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site "Weird Al" Yankovic at AllMusic
[ "Yankovic performing live in concert during his 2010 tour" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/AlYankovicByKristineSlipson.jpg" ]	[ "The discography of American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, actor and parodist \"Weird Al\" Yankovic consists of fourteen studio albums, nine compilation albums, eleven video albums, two extended plays, two box sets, forty-six singles and fifty-four music videos. Since the debut of his first comedy song in 1976, he has sold more than 12 million albums—more than any other comedy act in history—recorded more than 150 parody and original songs, and performed more than 1,000 live shows. His works have earned him five Grammy Awards among sixteen nominations, along with several gold and platinum record certifications in the United States. Yankovic's first single, \"My Bologna\", was released in 1979, and he made his chart debut two years later with his second single, \"Another One Rides the Bus\", which peaked at number four on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. His self-titled debut studio album was released on Scotti Brothers Records in April 1983, peaking at number 16 on the US Billboard 200 and being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). \"Ricky\", the album's third single, became his first single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 64.\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D followed in February 1984. It peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the RIAA, while also charting in Australia and Canada. The album's lead single \"Eat It\" was a commercial success, topping the Australian singles chart and also reaching the top 15 in Canada and the United States. Follow-up singles \"King of Suede\" and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" peaked at numbers 62 and 81 respectively on the Hot 100. Yankovic's third studio album Dare to Be Stupid, released in June 1985, peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200 and produced six singles, the most successful being the Hot 100 hit \"Like a Surgeon\". Issued in October 1986, his fourth studio album Polka Party! charted at a disappointing number 177 on the Billboard 200, with the album and its accompanying singles failing to match the commercial success of Yankovic's previous work. His fifth studio album, released in April 1988, Even Worse fared better commercially, peaking at number 27 on the Billboard 200 and earning him a minor chart hit with the single \"Fat\". Released later in October 1988 was Peter and the Wolf, a collaboration with American composer Wendy Carlos.\nIn 1989, Yankovic starred in and recorded the soundtrack for the 1989 film UHF. The soundtrack album was released in July 1989, charting at number 146 on the Billboard 200. Released in April 1992, Yankovic's seventh studio album Off the Deep End helped revitalize his career after a decline in commercial success in the late 1980s, peaking at number 17 on the Billboard 200, earning a platinum certification from the RIAA, and producing the Billboard top 40 hit \"Smells Like Nirvana\". Alapalooza, his eighth studio album, was released in October 1993; it peaked at number 46 on the Billboard 200. Bad Hair Day, Yankovic's ninth studio album was released in April 1996, peaked at numbers 9 and 14 respectively on the Canadian Albums Chart and Billboard 200. \"Amish Paradise\", the album's lead single, peaked at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100.\nAfter signing to new label Volcano Records, Yankovic released his tenth studio album Running with Scissors in June 1999. The album peaked at number 16 on the Billboard 200 and produced a minor Australian chart hit, \"Pretty Fly for a Rabbi\". Poodle Hat, his eleventh studio album, was released in May 2003 and peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200. Straight Outta Lynwood was released in September 2006 and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard 200, becoming Yankovic's first top ten album on the chart. He also scored his first top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with the album's lead single \"White & Nerdy\". Alpocalypse was released in June 2011 and peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200, and Mandatory Fun followed in July 2014. The latter became Yankovic's first number-one album on the chart, with first-week sales of 104,000 copies.\nSince 1991, when Nielsen started tracking sales, Yankovic has sold 10.3 million albums in United States as of December 2019.", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "The following songs charted in the US, despite not having been released as official singles:", "", "", "List of songs by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic", "A re-recorded version of this song would appear on Yankovic's debut album\n\"Another One Rides the Bus\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.\n\"I Love Rocky Road\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.\n\"Headline News\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.\n\"Gump\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.\n\"White & Nerdy\" did not enter the Billboard Canadian Hot 100, but peaked at number 9 on the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart.\n\"Whatever You Like\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.\n\"eBay\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 15 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.", "", "Rabin, Nathan; Yankovic, Alfred M. (2012). Weird Al: The Book. New York: Abrams Image. ISBN 978-1-4197-0435-2.", "Harrington, Richard (August 10, 2007). \"Weird Al's Imitation: A Funky Form of Flattery\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2009.\n\"Catalog\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2012.\n\"Live Performances\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2012.\n\"Biographies\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2012.\n\"Gold & Platinum: Yankovic\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 28, 2010.\nWhitburn, Joel (2011). Billboard's Top Pop Singles 1955–2010. Menomonee Falls: Record Research. ISBN 978-0-8982-0190-1.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2010.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2010.\nPeak chart positions in Australia:\nTop 100 (Kent Music Report) peaks to June 12, 1988: Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 344. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA from mid-1983 until June 12, 1988.\nTop 50 (ARIA) peaks from June 13, 1988: \"australian-charts.com > \"Weird Al\" Yankovic in Australian Charts\". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 29, 2019.\nTop 100 (ARIA) peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 306.\nPeak chart positions for albums in Canada:\nIn 3-D: \"RPM 100 Albums\" (PDF). RPM. 40 (7). April 21, 1984. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\nDare to Be Stupid: \"RPM 100 Albums\" (PDF). RPM. 42 (24). August 24, 1985. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\nEven Worse: \"RPM 100 Albums\" (PDF). RPM. 48 (12). July 9, 1988. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\nOff the Deep End: \"RPM 100 Albums\" (PDF). RPM. 55 (22). May 30, 1992. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\nAlapalooza: \"RPM 100 Albums\" (PDF). RPM. 58 (19). November 20, 1993. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\nBad Hair Day: \"Top Albums/CDs\" (PDF). RPM. 63 (16). June 3, 1996. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\nRunning with Scissors: \"RPM Top 100 CDs\" (PDF). RPM. 69 (13). July 19, 1999. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\nStraight Outta Lynwood: \"Albums: Top 100 (For The Week Ending 19 October, 2006)\". Jam!. October 15, 2006. Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved July 24, 2014.\nAlpocalypse and Mandatory Fun: \"Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Canadian Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2010.\nPeak chart positions for singles in Canada:\n\"Eat It\": \"RPM 50 Singles\" (PDF). RPM. 40 (6). April 14, 1984. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\n\"Like a Surgeon\": \"RPM 100 Singles\" (PDF). RPM. 42 (22). August 10, 1985. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\n\"Fat\": \"RPM 100 Singles\" (PDF). RPM. 48 (11). July 2, 1988. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\n\"Smells Like Nirvana\": \"RPM 100 Hit Tracks & where to find them\" (PDF). RPM. 55 (23). June 6, 1992. Retrieved September 14, 2021.\n\"You Don't Love Me Anymore\": Lwin, Nanda (1999). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Toronto: Music Data Research. ISBN 978-1896594132.\n\"Jurassic Park\": \"Hits of the World\". Billboard. 106 (8): 46. February 19, 1994. Retrieved June 4, 2013.\nWeber, Barry. \"Off the Deep End – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nCaulfield, Keith (July 23, 2014). \"'Weird Al' Yankovic Gets First No. 1 Album On Billboard 200 with 'Mandatory Fun'\". Billboard. Retrieved July 24, 2014.\nWilliams, Nick (December 20, 2019). \"Weird Al's Manager Jay Levey on the Comedian-Musician's First-Ever Billboard 200 No. 1\". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2020.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Comedy Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2010.\n\"Discografie Weird Al Yankovic\" (select \"Charts\" tab). ultratop.be (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved July 24, 2014.\n\"Discografie Weird Al Yankovic\". dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved July 24, 2014.\n\"Discography Weird Al Yankovic\". charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 24, 2010.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic\" (select \"Albums\" tab). Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 24, 2014.\nDavis, Chuck (August 18, 1985). \"Weird Al Yankovic 'Dares to Be Stupid'\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Canadian certifications – Weird Al Yankovic\". Music Canada. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"June Hot Album Releases\". Billboard. 97 (22): 74. June 1, 1985. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nHarris, Jeff (October 21, 2013). \"Music History Monday: October 21\". Amoeba Music. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nLunders, Jacob N. \"UHF – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nWeber, Barry. \"Alapalooza – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nErlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Bad Hair Day – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Running With Scissors by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2000 Albums\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 24, 2010.\n\"Poodle Hat by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Straight Outta Lynwood by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Alpocalypse by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Mandatory Fun by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nChai, \"Happy Steve\" (1988). \"Weird Al... The Story So Far...\" The Midnight Star. 1 (4).\n\"Eat It\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\n\"The Official Music Of 'Weird Al' Yankovic – Al Hits Tokyo\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\n\"Best of Yankovic\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\nLoftus, Johnny. \"The Food Album – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\nParisien, Rich. \"Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nErlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"The TV Album – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\n\"Saga Begins – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\n\"The Saga Beings\". All Things Yankovic. Retrieved April 9, 2018.\n\"The Essential Weird Al Yankovic – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nPeak chart positions for video albums on the Top Music Video chart in the United States:\nAlapalooza: The Videos: \"Top Music Videos\". Billboard. 106 (14). April 2, 1994.\nBad Hair Day: The Videos: \"Top Music Videos\". Billboard. 108 (26): 64. June 29, 1996. Retrieved June 4, 2013.\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection: \"Top Music Videos\". Billboard. 115 (47): 51. November 22, 2003. Retrieved June 4, 2013.\n\"Eat It\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2014.\nWeber, Barry. \"The Video Library [Video/DVD] – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"The Ultimate Collection\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2014.\n\"Alapalooza: The Videos – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nErlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Bad Hair Day [Video] – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic: The Videos (1995)\". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\nPhares, Heather. \"Live! – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"The Ultimate Video Collection – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Video Triple Play: 'Weird Al' Yankovic by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\n\"'Weird Al' Yankovic Live! – The Alpocalypse Tour: 'Weird Al' Yankovic, Samuel Brownfield, Wayne Isham, Brenda Carlson, George Bellias, Brian Volk-Weiss, Dana Marshall, Jay Chapman, Jay Levey, Jim Sharon, Justin Manask: Movies & TV\". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\n\"Alpocalypse-HD (Blu-ray): 'Weird Al' Yankovic, Various: Movies & TV\". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014.\nWeber, Barry. \"Permanent Record – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\nPermanent Record: Al in the Box (liner notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records. 1994. 72392 75451-2.\n\"Internet Leaks – EP by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Discography Weird Al Yankovic\". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 4, 2013.\nPeak chart positions for singles in the United Kingdom:\n\"Eat It\" and \"Smells Like Nirvana\": \"Weird Al Yankovic\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 7, 2012.\n\"White & Nerdy\": Zywietz, Tobias. \"Chart Log UK: Rachael Yamagata – Malik Yusef\". Zobbel.de. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\nMy Bologna (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Capitol Records. 1979. 4816.\nThis Is the Life (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1984. ZS4 04708.\nI Want a New Duck (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1985. ZS4 05578.\nOne More Minute (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1985. ZS4 05606.\n\"Hooked On Polkas\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\n\"The Touch\" / \"Dare to Be Stupid\" (Media notes). Stan Bush and \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records. 1986. ZS4 05606.\nLiving with a Hernia (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1986. ZS4 06400.\nChristmas at Ground Zero (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1986. ZAS 02597.\n\"Lasagna\" (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1988. ZS4 07961.\nI Think I'm a Clone Now (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1988. ZS4 08046.\nUHF (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1989. ZS4 68992.\nMoney for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies* (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1989. ZSK 1723.\nIsle Thing (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1989. ZSK 1776.\nTaco Grande (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1992. SBDJ 75338-2.\nAchy Breaky Song (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1993. SBDJ 75377-2.\n\"Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved June 4, 2013.\n\"Spy Hard\" (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records. 1996. SBCD 78079-2.\nThe Night Santa Went Crazy (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records. 1996. SBCD 78102-2.\nIt's All About the Pentiums (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Volcano Records. 1999. VOL 34280-2.\n\"Polka Power\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\nDon't Download This Song (Media notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Zomba Records. 2006.\n\"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: Hot Canadian Digital Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved May 11, 2018.\n\"Craigslist – Single by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Skipper Dan – Single by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"CNR – Single by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on December 8, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Ringtone – Single by 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\nThompson, Stephen. \"Look Around: Lin-Manuel Miranda Announces 'Weird Al' Yankovic's 'Hamilton Polka'\". NPR. Retrieved March 2, 2018.\n\"Slo Grown\". WeirdAl.com. Retrieved August 19, 2012.\n\"Slo Grown\". WeirdAl.com. Retrieved December 21, 2016.\nErlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Songs of the Polka King, Vol. 1 – Frankie Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\nMcDonald, Steven. \"Pokemon 2000: The Power of One – Various Artists\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"Dog Train – Various Artists\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\nApar, Corey. \"This Gigantic Robot Kills – MC Lars\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"The Very Last Songs I Will Ever Record (Part 1): Mike Phirman\". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\nKellman, Andy. \"Music Is...Awesome!, Vol. 3 – Yo Gabba Gabba!\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"The Difficult Second Album – Chris Moyles\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 4, 2013.\nMinsker, Evan (May 11, 2014). \"Tyler the Creator, Nick Cave, 'Weird Al' Yankovic, Katy Perry Covers of 'Daisy Bell' Shared\". Retrieved July 23, 2014.\nGrow, Kory (September 29, 2014). \"Watch Brian Wilson, Weird Al, Conan Salute George Harrison at George Fest\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 5, 2016.\n\"Portugal. the Man, 'Weird Al' Yankovic Team Up for 'Who's Gonna Stop Me'\". Retrieved October 12, 2020.\nRabin & Yankovic 2012, p. 205–07.\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Videos (liner notes). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Image Entertainment. 1998. ID4105AADVD.\n\"Don't Download This Song \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"I'll Sue Ya \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"Virus Alert \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"Close But No Cigar \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"Pancreas \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"Weasel Stomping Day \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"White & Nerdy \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"Do I Creep You Out \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"Trapped in the Drive-Thru \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"Craig's List \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"Skipper Dan \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"CNR \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\nAbbott, Jim (August 26, 2009). \"Weird Al Yankovic keeps on keeping on...\" Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"Appearances & Events – Upcoming Events – September\". Plymptoons. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"Party in the CIA \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012.\n\"Another Tattoo (Parody of 'Nothin' On You' by B.o.B. featuring Bruno Mars) \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"If That Isn't Love \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"Whatever You Like (Parody of 'Whatever You Like' by T.I.) \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"Stop Forwarding That Crap To Me \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\nLuippold, Ross (June 20, 2011). \"'Weird Al' Yankovic Debuts Full 'Perform This Way' Video\". HuffPost. Retrieved August 18, 2012.\n\"More Video Facts\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved July 19, 2014.\n\"Word Crimes \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved July 23, 2014.\n\"'Weird Al' Yankovic – Sports Song\". Funny or Die. Turner Entertainment. July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.\n\"First World Problems \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video\". MTV. Retrieved July 23, 2014.\n\"Portfolio\". Tim Thompson Film. Retrieved July 23, 2014.\nDanton, Eric R. (July 21, 2014). \"'Weird Al' Yankovic Wraps 8 Days of Videos With 'Mission Statement' (Exclusive)\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 21, 2014.", "Official website\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic at AllMusic\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography at Discogs\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography at MusicBrainz" ]	[ "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography", "Albums", "Studio albums", "Collaborative albums", "Compilation albums", "Video releases", "Box sets", "Extended plays", "Singles", "Other charted songs", "Guest appearances", "Music videos", "See also", "Explanatory notes", "References", "Bibliography", "Citations", "External links" ]	"Weird Al" Yankovic discography	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_discography	[ 108 ]	[ 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1159, 1160, 1161, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177 ]	"Weird Al" Yankovic discography The discography of American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, actor and parodist "Weird Al" Yankovic consists of fourteen studio albums, nine compilation albums, eleven video albums, two extended plays, two box sets, forty-six singles and fifty-four music videos. Since the debut of his first comedy song in 1976, he has sold more than 12 million albums—more than any other comedy act in history—recorded more than 150 parody and original songs, and performed more than 1,000 live shows. His works have earned him five Grammy Awards among sixteen nominations, along with several gold and platinum record certifications in the United States. Yankovic's first single, "My Bologna", was released in 1979, and he made his chart debut two years later with his second single, "Another One Rides the Bus", which peaked at number four on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. His self-titled debut studio album was released on Scotti Brothers Records in April 1983, peaking at number 16 on the US Billboard 200 and being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Ricky", the album's third single, became his first single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 64. "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D followed in February 1984. It peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the RIAA, while also charting in Australia and Canada. The album's lead single "Eat It" was a commercial success, topping the Australian singles chart and also reaching the top 15 in Canada and the United States. Follow-up singles "King of Suede" and "I Lost on Jeopardy" peaked at numbers 62 and 81 respectively on the Hot 100. Yankovic's third studio album Dare to Be Stupid, released in June 1985, peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200 and produced six singles, the most successful being the Hot 100 hit "Like a Surgeon". Issued in October 1986, his fourth studio album Polka Party! charted at a disappointing number 177 on the Billboard 200, with the album and its accompanying singles failing to match the commercial success of Yankovic's previous work. His fifth studio album, released in April 1988, Even Worse fared better commercially, peaking at number 27 on the Billboard 200 and earning him a minor chart hit with the single "Fat". Released later in October 1988 was Peter and the Wolf, a collaboration with American composer Wendy Carlos. In 1989, Yankovic starred in and recorded the soundtrack for the 1989 film UHF. The soundtrack album was released in July 1989, charting at number 146 on the Billboard 200. Released in April 1992, Yankovic's seventh studio album Off the Deep End helped revitalize his career after a decline in commercial success in the late 1980s, peaking at number 17 on the Billboard 200, earning a platinum certification from the RIAA, and producing the Billboard top 40 hit "Smells Like Nirvana". Alapalooza, his eighth studio album, was released in October 1993; it peaked at number 46 on the Billboard 200. Bad Hair Day, Yankovic's ninth studio album was released in April 1996, peaked at numbers 9 and 14 respectively on the Canadian Albums Chart and Billboard 200. "Amish Paradise", the album's lead single, peaked at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100. After signing to new label Volcano Records, Yankovic released his tenth studio album Running with Scissors in June 1999. The album peaked at number 16 on the Billboard 200 and produced a minor Australian chart hit, "Pretty Fly for a Rabbi". Poodle Hat, his eleventh studio album, was released in May 2003 and peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200. Straight Outta Lynwood was released in September 2006 and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard 200, becoming Yankovic's first top ten album on the chart. He also scored his first top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with the album's lead single "White & Nerdy". Alpocalypse was released in June 2011 and peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200, and Mandatory Fun followed in July 2014. The latter became Yankovic's first number-one album on the chart, with first-week sales of 104,000 copies. Since 1991, when Nielsen started tracking sales, Yankovic has sold 10.3 million albums in United States as of December 2019. The following songs charted in the US, despite not having been released as official singles: List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic A re-recorded version of this song would appear on Yankovic's debut album "Another One Rides the Bus" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100. "I Love Rocky Road" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100. "Headline News" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100. "Gump" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number two on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100. "White & Nerdy" did not enter the Billboard Canadian Hot 100, but peaked at number 9 on the Canadian Digital Song Sales chart. "Whatever You Like" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100. "eBay" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 15 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100. Rabin, Nathan; Yankovic, Alfred M. (2012). Weird Al: The Book. New York: Abrams Image. ISBN 978-1-4197-0435-2. Harrington, Richard (August 10, 2007). "Weird Al's Imitation: A Funky Form of Flattery". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2009. "Catalog". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2012. "Live Performances". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2012. "Biographies". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved August 20, 2012. "Gold & Platinum: Yankovic". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 28, 2010. Whitburn, Joel (2011). Billboard's Top Pop Singles 1955–2010. Menomonee Falls: Record Research. ISBN 978-0-8982-0190-1. "Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2010. "Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2010. Peak chart positions in Australia: Top 100 (Kent Music Report) peaks to June 12, 1988: Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 344. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA from mid-1983 until June 12, 1988. Top 50 (ARIA) peaks from June 13, 1988: "australian-charts.com > "Weird Al" Yankovic in Australian Charts". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 29, 2019. Top 100 (ARIA) peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 306. Peak chart positions for albums in Canada: In 3-D: "RPM 100 Albums" (PDF). RPM. 40 (7). April 21, 1984. Retrieved September 14, 2021. Dare to Be Stupid: "RPM 100 Albums" (PDF). RPM. 42 (24). August 24, 1985. Retrieved September 14, 2021. Even Worse: "RPM 100 Albums" (PDF). RPM. 48 (12). July 9, 1988. Retrieved September 14, 2021. Off the Deep End: "RPM 100 Albums" (PDF). RPM. 55 (22). May 30, 1992. Retrieved September 14, 2021. Alapalooza: "RPM 100 Albums" (PDF). RPM. 58 (19). November 20, 1993. Retrieved September 14, 2021. Bad Hair Day: "Top Albums/CDs" (PDF). RPM. 63 (16). June 3, 1996. Retrieved September 14, 2021. Running with Scissors: "RPM Top 100 CDs" (PDF). RPM. 69 (13). July 19, 1999. Retrieved September 14, 2021. Straight Outta Lynwood: "Albums: Top 100 (For The Week Ending 19 October, 2006)". Jam!. October 15, 2006. Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved July 24, 2014. Alpocalypse and Mandatory Fun: "Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Canadian Albums". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2010. Peak chart positions for singles in Canada: "Eat It": "RPM 50 Singles" (PDF). RPM. 40 (6). April 14, 1984. Retrieved September 14, 2021. "Like a Surgeon": "RPM 100 Singles" (PDF). RPM. 42 (22). August 10, 1985. Retrieved September 14, 2021. "Fat": "RPM 100 Singles" (PDF). RPM. 48 (11). July 2, 1988. Retrieved September 14, 2021. "Smells Like Nirvana": "RPM 100 Hit Tracks & where to find them" (PDF). RPM. 55 (23). June 6, 1992. Retrieved September 14, 2021. "You Don't Love Me Anymore": Lwin, Nanda (1999). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Toronto: Music Data Research. ISBN 978-1896594132. "Jurassic Park": "Hits of the World". Billboard. 106 (8): 46. February 19, 1994. Retrieved June 4, 2013. Weber, Barry. "Off the Deep End – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Caulfield, Keith (July 23, 2014). "'Weird Al' Yankovic Gets First No. 1 Album On Billboard 200 with 'Mandatory Fun'". Billboard. Retrieved July 24, 2014. Williams, Nick (December 20, 2019). "Weird Al's Manager Jay Levey on the Comedian-Musician's First-Ever Billboard 200 No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2020. "Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Comedy Albums". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2010. "Discografie Weird Al Yankovic" (select "Charts" tab). ultratop.be (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved July 24, 2014. "Discografie Weird Al Yankovic". dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved July 24, 2014. "Discography Weird Al Yankovic". charts.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 24, 2010. "Weird Al Yankovic" (select "Albums" tab). Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 24, 2014. Davis, Chuck (August 18, 1985). "Weird Al Yankovic 'Dares to Be Stupid'". The Oklahoman. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Canadian certifications – Weird Al Yankovic". Music Canada. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "June Hot Album Releases". Billboard. 97 (22): 74. June 1, 1985. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Harris, Jeff (October 21, 2013). "Music History Monday: October 21". Amoeba Music. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Lunders, Jacob N. "UHF – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Weber, Barry. "Alapalooza – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Bad Hair Day – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Running With Scissors by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2000 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 24, 2010. "Poodle Hat by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Straight Outta Lynwood by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Alpocalypse by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Mandatory Fun by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Chai, "Happy Steve" (1988). "Weird Al... The Story So Far..." The Midnight Star. 1 (4). "Eat It". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "The Official Music Of 'Weird Al' Yankovic – Al Hits Tokyo". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "Best of Yankovic". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2012. Loftus, Johnny. "The Food Album – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved August 19, 2012. Parisien, Rich. "Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The TV Album – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "Saga Begins – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "The Saga Beings". All Things Yankovic. Retrieved April 9, 2018. "The Essential Weird Al Yankovic – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Peak chart positions for video albums on the Top Music Video chart in the United States: Alapalooza: The Videos: "Top Music Videos". Billboard. 106 (14). April 2, 1994. Bad Hair Day: The Videos: "Top Music Videos". Billboard. 108 (26): 64. June 29, 1996. Retrieved June 4, 2013. "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection: "Top Music Videos". Billboard. 115 (47): 51. November 22, 2003. Retrieved June 4, 2013. "Eat It". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2014. Weber, Barry. "The Video Library [Video/DVD] – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "The Ultimate Collection". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2014. "Alapalooza: The Videos – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Bad Hair Day [Video] – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Weird Al Yankovic: The Videos (1995)". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Phares, Heather. "Live! – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "The Ultimate Video Collection – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Video Triple Play: 'Weird Al' Yankovic by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "'Weird Al' Yankovic Live! – The Alpocalypse Tour: 'Weird Al' Yankovic, Samuel Brownfield, Wayne Isham, Brenda Carlson, George Bellias, Brian Volk-Weiss, Dana Marshall, Jay Chapman, Jay Levey, Jim Sharon, Justin Manask: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "Alpocalypse-HD (Blu-ray): 'Weird Al' Yankovic, Various: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014. Weber, Barry. "Permanent Record – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved August 19, 2012. Permanent Record: Al in the Box (liner notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records. 1994. 72392 75451-2. "Internet Leaks – EP by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Discography Weird Al Yankovic". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 4, 2013. Peak chart positions for singles in the United Kingdom: "Eat It" and "Smells Like Nirvana": "Weird Al Yankovic". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 7, 2012. "White & Nerdy": Zywietz, Tobias. "Chart Log UK: Rachael Yamagata – Malik Yusef". Zobbel.de. Retrieved August 17, 2012. My Bologna (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Capitol Records. 1979. 4816. This Is the Life (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1984. ZS4 04708. I Want a New Duck (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1985. ZS4 05578. One More Minute (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1985. ZS4 05606. "Hooked On Polkas". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "The Touch" / "Dare to Be Stupid" (Media notes). Stan Bush and "Weird Al" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records. 1986. ZS4 05606. Living with a Hernia (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1986. ZS4 06400. Christmas at Ground Zero (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1986. ZAS 02597. "Lasagna" (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1988. ZS4 07961. I Think I'm a Clone Now (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1988. ZS4 08046. UHF (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1989. ZS4 68992. Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies* (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1989. ZSK 1723. Isle Thing (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1989. ZSK 1776. Taco Grande (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1992. SBDJ 75338-2. Achy Breaky Song (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Rock 'n Roll Records. 1993. SBDJ 75377-2. "Weird Al Yankovic – Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved June 4, 2013. "Spy Hard" (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records. 1996. SBCD 78079-2. The Night Santa Went Crazy (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Scotti Brothers Records. 1996. SBCD 78102-2. It's All About the Pentiums (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Volcano Records. 1999. VOL 34280-2. "Polka Power". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012. Don't Download This Song (Media notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Zomba Records. 2006. ""Weird Al" Yankovic: Hot Canadian Digital Songs". Billboard. Retrieved May 11, 2018. "Craigslist – Single by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Skipper Dan – Single by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "CNR – Single by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on December 8, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Ringtone – Single by 'Weird Al' Yankovic". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2012. Thompson, Stephen. "Look Around: Lin-Manuel Miranda Announces 'Weird Al' Yankovic's 'Hamilton Polka'". NPR. Retrieved March 2, 2018. "Slo Grown". WeirdAl.com. Retrieved August 19, 2012. "Slo Grown". WeirdAl.com. Retrieved December 21, 2016. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Songs of the Polka King, Vol. 1 – Frankie Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012. McDonald, Steven. "Pokemon 2000: The Power of One – Various Artists". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "Dog Train – Various Artists". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012. Apar, Corey. "This Gigantic Robot Kills – MC Lars". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "The Very Last Songs I Will Ever Record (Part 1): Mike Phirman". Amazon.com. Retrieved August 17, 2012. Kellman, Andy. "Music Is...Awesome!, Vol. 3 – Yo Gabba Gabba!". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "The Difficult Second Album – Chris Moyles". AllMusic. Retrieved June 4, 2013. Minsker, Evan (May 11, 2014). "Tyler the Creator, Nick Cave, 'Weird Al' Yankovic, Katy Perry Covers of 'Daisy Bell' Shared". Retrieved July 23, 2014. Grow, Kory (September 29, 2014). "Watch Brian Wilson, Weird Al, Conan Salute George Harrison at George Fest". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 5, 2016. "Portugal. the Man, 'Weird Al' Yankovic Team Up for 'Who's Gonna Stop Me'". Retrieved October 12, 2020. Rabin & Yankovic 2012, p. 205–07. "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Videos (liner notes). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Image Entertainment. 1998. ID4105AADVD. "Don't Download This Song \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "I'll Sue Ya \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "Virus Alert \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "Close But No Cigar \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "Pancreas \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "Weasel Stomping Day \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "White & Nerdy \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "Do I Creep You Out \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "Trapped in the Drive-Thru \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "Craig's List \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "Skipper Dan \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "CNR \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012. Abbott, Jim (August 26, 2009). "Weird Al Yankovic keeps on keeping on..." Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "Appearances & Events – Upcoming Events – September". Plymptoons. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "Party in the CIA \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 17, 2012. "Another Tattoo (Parody of 'Nothin' On You' by B.o.B. featuring Bruno Mars) \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "If That Isn't Love \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "Whatever You Like (Parody of 'Whatever You Like' by T.I.) \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "Stop Forwarding That Crap To Me \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved August 18, 2012. Luippold, Ross (June 20, 2011). "'Weird Al' Yankovic Debuts Full 'Perform This Way' Video". HuffPost. Retrieved August 18, 2012. "More Video Facts". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved July 19, 2014. "Word Crimes \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved July 23, 2014. "'Weird Al' Yankovic – Sports Song". Funny or Die. Turner Entertainment. July 18, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014. "First World Problems \| Weird Al Yankovic \| Music Video". MTV. Retrieved July 23, 2014. "Portfolio". Tim Thompson Film. Retrieved July 23, 2014. Danton, Eric R. (July 21, 2014). "'Weird Al' Yankovic Wraps 8 Days of Videos With 'Mission Statement' (Exclusive)". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 21, 2014. Official website "Weird Al" Yankovic at AllMusic "Weird Al" Yankovic discography at Discogs "Weird Al" Yankovic discography at MusicBrainz
[ "", "Michael Jackson, composer of \"Beat It\", thought Yankovic's parody was a \"funny idea\" (1984, White House Photo Office)." ]	[ 0, 4 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Weird_Al_Yankovic_-_In_3-D.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Michael_Jackson_1984.jpg" ]	[ "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D (often referred to simply as In 3-D) is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, released on February 28, 1984, by Rock 'n Roll Records. The album was one of many produced by former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer. Recorded between October and December 1983, the album was Yankovic's follow-up to his modestly successful debut LP, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic.\nThe album is built around parodies and pastiches of pop and rock music of the mid-1980s. Half of the album is made up of parodies of artists like Michael Jackson, Men Without Hats, the Greg Kihn Band, the Police, and Survivor. The other half of the album contains many \"style parodies\", musical imitations that come close to but do not directly copy a specific work by existing artists. These style parodies include imitations of artists such as Bob Marley and the B-52s. This album marked a musical departure from Yankovic's self-titled debut, in that the arrangements of the parodies were now closer to the originals. Also, the accordion was no longer used in every song, but only where deemed appropriate or comically inappropriate. The album is also notable for being the first album released by Yankovic to include a polka medley of hit songs. A similar pastiche of hit songs, set to polka music, has since appeared on nearly all of Yankovic's albums.\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D was met with mostly positive reviews and peaked at number seventeen on the Billboard 200 and number sixty-one in Australia. The album also produced one of Yankovic's most famous singles, \"Eat It\" (a parody of Michael Jackson's \"Beat It\"), which peaked at number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100. This song was Yankovic's highest-charting single until \"White & Nerdy\" from his 2006 album Straight Outta Lynwood peaked at number nine in the October 21, 2006 Billboard charts. \"Eat It\" also charted at number one in Australia, making it Yankovic's only number one single in any country. The album also produced two minor US hits, \"King of Suede\", which peaked at number sixty-two, and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", which peaked at number eighty-one. The album was Yankovic's first Gold record, and went on to be certified Platinum for sales of over one million copies in the United States. \"Eat It\" won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance Single or Album, Spoken or Musical in 1985.", "", "In October 1983, Yankovic began recording his second album at Santa Monica Sound Recorders, in Santa Monica, California. To produce it, he brought in former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer, who also produced Yankovic's first album. Backing Yankovic were Jon \"Bermuda\" Schwartz on drums, Steve Jay on bass, and Jim West on guitar. During the first recording session for the album, five original songs were recorded: \"Nature Trail to Hell\", \"Mr. Popeil\", \"Buy Me a Condo\", \"Midnight Star\", and \"That Boy Could Dance\". Two months later, Yankovic began recording the five parodies and polka medley that would appear on the album: \"Eat It\", \"King of Suede\", \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", \"Theme from Rocky XIII (The Rye or the Kaiser)\", \"The Brady Bunch\", and \"Polkas on 45\".\nEvery song on Yankovic's debut album was played on an accordion, accompanied by bass, guitar, and drums. On In 3-D Yankovic decided to restrict the accordion to certain sections, most notably the polka medley \"Polkas on 45\". In the \"Ask Al\" section on his web site, Yankovic explained: \"Nowadays, I only use it on original songs where I feel an accordion is appropriate, and on parody songs where I feel an accordion is [comically] inappropriate ... and of course, on the polka medleys. I'm not really downplaying the accordion at all – I usually feature the accordion on three or four songs every album, which is three or four more accordion-based songs than most Top 40 albums have!\"\n\"It's kind of a backlash from the first album, where we had accordion on everything. It just became a little overwhelming to me. For a while I was relegating the accordion to just the polka medleys. I'm probably going to be using a bit more accordion in the future; I get letters from people saying they miss the accordion on the records.\"\n— \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, speaking about the lack of accordion on In 3-D", "One of the first originals recorded for the album was \"Midnight Star\", a loving ode to fictional supermarket tabloids. The liner notes to Permanent Record state that a Weekly World News article about the \"Incredible Frog Boy\" helped to inspire the song. According to Yankovic, most of the tabloid headlines were real. He spent several weeks collecting and looking through old tabloids to find inane titles. Initially he thought that \"Midnight Star\" should have been the lead single for the album, but later relented and released \"Eat It\" instead. \"Buy Me a Condo\" is a style parody of Bob Marley and the reggae genre in general.\n\"Mr. Popeil\" is a song discussing the inventor Sam Popeil (the father of inventor Ron Popeil) and his myriad inventions of varying usefulness. Musically, it is a style parody of the B-52s, which Robert Christgau argued it \"exploits Yankovic's otherwise fatal resemblance to Fred Schneider.\" One of the backing vocalists on the track is Ron Popeil's sister Lisa Popeil. When recording the song, Yankovic came across an article about Lisa Popeil and her singing career; later he asked her if she would be interested in appearing in the song, to which she agreed.\nThe last original song to be recorded for the album was \"Nature Trail to Hell\", about a fictional slasher film \"in 3-D\"; 3D film had enjoyed a brief resurgence in 1981–83, with the likes of Parasite, Friday the 13th Part III and Amityville 3-D being successful 3-D horrors. At the 3:40 mark, the song has a backward message that says \"Satan eats Cheez Whiz!\" This, in turn, was a parody of the Satanic backmasking scare during the early 1980s. Online magazine Pitchfork Media has alluded to the song several times, once comparing it to \"Thrill Kill\" by The Damned, and another time sarcastically calling the song a \"classic\".", "The first parody recorded for the album was \"The Brady Bunch\", a parody of \"The Safety Dance\" by Men Without Hats, in which the narrator expresses his dislike of the sitcom The Brady Bunch. The song also contains a lyrical adaptation of the \"Brady Bunch Theme Song\", something that Yankovic would later do in his \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies\" parody from UHF (1989).\nOn the same day that \"The Brady Bunch\" was recorded, Yankovic started working on \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", a parody of \"Jeopardy\" by the Greg Kihn Band. The song describes a situation in which the narrator loses spectacularly on the game show Jeopardy!. Show announcer Don Pardo lends his voice to a segment of the song. In order to create the parody, Yankovic cleared the idea not only with Greg Kihn, but also with Merv Griffin, who created the show. Don Pardo, Art Fleming, and Kihn all appeared in the music video. Kihn, the composer of the original song, was extremely pleased and flattered by the parody. In 2009, Kihn wrote a blog on his MySpace called \"Weird Al and Mailbox Money\", in which he complimented Yankovic's comedy and explained the mechanics of how a parody works. Kihn referred to the royalty checks he still receives from \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" as \"Mailbox Money\".\nThe next parodies to be recorded were \"Theme from Rocky XIII (The Rye or the Kaiser)\", a parody of Survivor's \"Eye of the Tiger\" about a washed-up Rocky Balboa, who now runs a deli and occasionally beats up on the liverwurst; and \"King of Suede\", a parody of the Police's \"King of Pain\", about a clothing store owner who claims the titular title. In order to research information for the latter, Yankovic would walk around in fabric stores taking notes. He later remarked, \"I got a lot of nasty stares from store managers.\"\nThe final parody recorded for the album was \"Eat It\", a parody of Michael Jackson's \"Beat It\", about an exasperated parent whose picky child is refusing to eat. Yankovic formulated the idea during a brainstorming session between himself, Robert K. Weiss, and his manager Jay Levey. They were bouncing ideas off one another until suddenly \"[they] had the whole thing written.\" Although he knew that the best way to get permission to parody a song was through the official songwriter, Yankovic was unsure what type of reaction he would get from Jackson when presented with the parody lyrics. However, Jackson allegedly thought it was a \"funny idea\", and allowed the parody. In the mockumentary The Compleat Al, there is a scene portraying the fictitious meeting of Yankovic and Jackson. Musically, the parody is slightly different from the original, being set in a changed key, comic sound effects, and an Eddie Van Halen-inspired guitar solo from Yankovic's producer Rick Derringer.\n\"Eat It\" was Yankovic's first—and, until \"Smells Like Nirvana\" (1992), his only—Top Forty hit, peaking at number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also Yankovic's highest-charting single until \"White & Nerdy\" reached number nine on the October 21, 2006, Billboard chart. \"Eat It\" was a worldwide hit, even managing to peak at number one in Australia. For many years, Yankovic became known colloquially as \"The 'Eat It' guy.\" He referred to this sarcastically on his own personal Twitter; at one point, Al's Twitter Bio read: \"You know ... the Eat It guy.\"\nOne of the last songs recorded for the album was \"Polkas on 45\". The song, whose title is a take on the novelty act Stars on 45, is a medley of popular rock songs from the 1960s and 1970s. \"Polkas on 45\" evolved from an early polka medley that Yankovic had played when opening for new wave band Missing Persons in 1981. This early version included parts of various new wave songs, including \"Jocko Homo\" by Devo, \"Homosapien\" by Pete Shelley, \"Sex Junkie\" by Plasmatics, \"T.V.O.D.\" by The Normal, \"Bad Boys Get Spanked\" by The Pretenders, \"TV Party\" by Black Flag, \"Janitor\" by Suburban Lawns, and \"People Who Died\" by Jim Carroll. After being asked how he picked the songs to include, Yankovic responded, \"I just pick songs that sound slightly better done polka style—the way God intended.\"", "The album received a score of four and a half stars from AllMusic, with Eugene Chadbourne saying, \"With an album behind him, Weird Al Yankovic makes much of the improvements expected of new artists when they get a second crack at a release a year later.\" Christopher Thelen from The Daily Vault wrote that \"All in all, this disc held out the promise that Yankovic was destined for greatness ...\" In addition, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D was also named one of the Year's Top 10 Albums in 1984 by People magazine. Den of Geek even named In 3-D as one of the \"10 Reasons Why 1984 Was a Great Year for Geek Movies\"—despite it not being a movie. On November 1, 2011, Spin magazine named In 3-D as the seventeenth greatest comedy album of all time.\nNot all reviews were positive, however. Robert Christgau gave the album a C+ rating, calling it \"Mad for the ears.\" Some critics were split on how Yankovic composed, performed, and recorded his parodies, compared to his 1983 debut album. The Daily Vault commented thus:\nParody-wise, Yankovic still always managed to throw a different loop into the music to make it sound different than the song it was based on. (I happen to like the fact that Yankovic now writes parodies to sound exactly like the original song.) As a result, \"Theme From Rocky XIII\" doesn't have the crispness as the original song from Survivor did, \"The Brady Bunch\" is sped up (in both tempo and pitch) from Men Without Hats's \"The Safety Dance\", and \"Eat It\" takes Michael Jackson's \"Beat It\" and raises the pitch.\nMany of the songs and singles from In 3-D would later appear on greatest hits albums. \"Eat It\" and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" appeared both on Yankovic's first greatest hits album (1988) and on The Essential \"Weird Al\" Yankovic (2009); the latter also included \"Polkas on 45\". Seven of the album's songs (\"Polkas on 45\", \"Midnight Star\", \"Eat It\", \"Mr. Popeil\", \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", \"Buy Me a Condo\", and \"King of Suede\") appeared in Yankovic's box set Permanent Record: Al in the Box.\nAt the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic won his first Grammy Award, the Best Comedy Performance Single or Album, Spoken or Musical, for his hit single \"Eat It\".", "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D was released on February 28, 1984. On April 28, it peaked at number 17, where it remained for three consecutive weeks. In 3-D spent a total of twenty-three weeks on the chart. It was also successful in Australia, where it peaked at number 61 on the album chart. Many of the album's singles also went on to be successful. \"Eat It\" eventually sold over a half a million copies, peaked at number twelve domestically on the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified Gold. It was also a worldwide hit, peaking at number thirty-six in the United Kingdom and number one in Australia. As of March 2012, \"Eat It\" is currently Yankovic's only number one single in any country. \"King of Suede\" and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", the album's follow up singles, peaked on the Hot 100 at numbers 61 and 82 respectively.\nOn April 30, 1984, two months after its release, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making it Yankovic's first Gold record. On August 18, 1995, it was certified Platinum by the RIAA.", "", "Band members and production\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic – synthesizer, piano, accordion, vocals\nJim West – guitar\nSteve Jay – banjo, bass guitar, talking drums\nJon \"Bermuda\" Schwartz – percussion, drums\nRick Derringer – guitar, mandolin, vocals, production\nTony Papa – engineer\nLane/Donald – art direction\nJim Heimann – artwork, cover illustration\nJay Pope – cover photos\nOther personnel\n\"Musical Mike\" Kieffer - hand music\nWarren Luening – trumpet\nJoel Miller – bongos\nDon Pardo – announcer\nJoel Peskin – clarinet\nLisa Popeil, Petsye Powell, Andrea Robinson, and Pattie Brooks – background vocals\nPat Regan – synthesizer, piano\nJim Self – tuba\nRobert Tebow – bass vocals\nJimmy \"Z\" Zavala – saxophone", "", "", "", "Yankovic, Alfred (2013), \"Weird Al Yankovic in 3-D\", 'Weird Al' Yankovic Official Limited Edition Trading Cards, Volcano Records, no. 8\nYankovic, Alfred M. (December 2007). \"Recording Dates\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D (liner). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Scotti Bros. Records. 1984.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (August 1999). \"'Ask Al' Q&As for January 1999\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.\nHansen, Barret (1994). Permanent Record: Al in the Box (liner). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. California, United States: Scotti Brothers Records.\nChristgau, Robert (April 24, 1984). \"Christgau's Consumer Guide\". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\n\"The Players\". Weirdal.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2021.\nHarris, Will (March 24, 2008). \"Hell is For...\" Bullz-Eye.com. Retrieved August 27, 2011.\n\"Comedy\". Backmask Online. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved July 25, 2006.\nTangari, Joe (December 5, 2001). \"The Damned: Grave Disorder\". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 27, 2011.\nMichum, Rob (May 6, 2003). \"Atom and His Package: Atom and His Package\". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 27, 2011.\nKihn, Greg (March 11, 2009). \"Weird Al and Mailbox Money\". MySpace. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012.\nZaleski, Annie (May 20, 2018). \"The World According to 'Weird Al' Yankovic, Who's Always Been More than a Novelty\". Salon. Retrieved May 21, 2018.\nConrad, Harold (August 1985). \"The Glamorous Life of Al Yankovic\". Spin. SPIN Media LLC. 1 (4). Retrieved August 27, 2011.\nYankovic, Weird Al (June 9, 2011). \"Michael Jackson Remembered: 'Weird Al' Yankovic on Imitation as Flattery\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 10, 2009.\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (1985). The Complete Al (VHS). CBS/Fox.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (December 1999). \"'Ask Al' Q&As for December 1999\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.\n\"Kent Music Report for May 7, 1984\". Kent Music Report. May 7, 1984.\nYankovic, Al. \"Al Yankovic (alyankovic) on Twitter\". Twitter.com. Retrieved August 26, 2011.\n\"'Weird Al' Yankovic: Concert Set Lists\". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.\nChadbourne, Eugene. \"In 3-D – Weird Al Yankovic\". AllMusic. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\nThelen, Christopher (September 9, 2000). \"In 3-D\". Daily Vault. Retrieved April 24, 2011.\nErlewine, Stephen Thomas (December 7, 2017). \"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: Squeeze Box: The Complete Works of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic\". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 7, 2017.\nRelic, Peter (2004). \"Weird Al Yankovic\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York City, New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 893. ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved March 31, 2012.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (2003). \"Awards\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2013.\nSzpirglas, Jeff (July 14, 2010). \"10 Reasons Why 1984 Was a Great Year for Geek Movies\". Den of Geek. Retrieved August 27, 2011.\nSpin Staff (November 2011). \"SPIN's 40 Greatest Comedy Albums of All Time\". Spin. Retrieved November 3, 2011.\nGreatest Hits (liner). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Scotti Bros. Records. 1988.\nThe Essential \"Weird Al\" Yankovic (liner). \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. Legacy Recordings. 2009.\n\"'Weird Al' Yankovic\". Grammy.com. The Recording Academy. Retrieved December 20, 2016.\n\"In 3-D – Weird Al Yankovic: Awards\". Allmusic. Retrieved April 24, 2013.\nKent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1972 - 1992. St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 978-0-646-11917-5.\n\"Gold & Platinum – Search Results: 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved April 17, 2011.\n\"The Official Charts Company – UK Singles & Albums Chart Archive – 'Weird Al' Yankovic\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 24, 2010.\nYankovic, Alfred (July 15, 2014). \"'Weird Al' Yankovic confirming that both 'Midnight Star' and 'Nature Trail to Hell' are not style parodies\". Reddit. IAmA. Retrieved July 15, 2014.\nYankovic, Alfred M. (January 2000). \"'Ask Al' Q&As for July 1999\". The Official \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010.\nKent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 344. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.\n\"Gold/Platinum Search\". Music Canada. Retrieved April 3, 2013.\nKent, David (2009). Australian Chart Book 1993 - 2009. St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 978-0-646-52995-0.\n\"Chart Log UK 1994–2008 Rachael Yamagata – Malik Yusef\". Zobbel. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2013." ]	[ "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D", "Production", "Recording", "Originals", "Parodies and polka", "Critical reception", "Commercial performance", "Track listing", "Personnel", "Charts", "Certifications", "Singles", "References" ]	"Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_in_3-D	[ 109 ]	[ 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1218, 1219, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224 ]	"Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D (often referred to simply as In 3-D) is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter "Weird Al" Yankovic, released on February 28, 1984, by Rock 'n Roll Records. The album was one of many produced by former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer. Recorded between October and December 1983, the album was Yankovic's follow-up to his modestly successful debut LP, "Weird Al" Yankovic. The album is built around parodies and pastiches of pop and rock music of the mid-1980s. Half of the album is made up of parodies of artists like Michael Jackson, Men Without Hats, the Greg Kihn Band, the Police, and Survivor. The other half of the album contains many "style parodies", musical imitations that come close to but do not directly copy a specific work by existing artists. These style parodies include imitations of artists such as Bob Marley and the B-52s. This album marked a musical departure from Yankovic's self-titled debut, in that the arrangements of the parodies were now closer to the originals. Also, the accordion was no longer used in every song, but only where deemed appropriate or comically inappropriate. The album is also notable for being the first album released by Yankovic to include a polka medley of hit songs. A similar pastiche of hit songs, set to polka music, has since appeared on nearly all of Yankovic's albums. "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D was met with mostly positive reviews and peaked at number seventeen on the Billboard 200 and number sixty-one in Australia. The album also produced one of Yankovic's most famous singles, "Eat It" (a parody of Michael Jackson's "Beat It"), which peaked at number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100. This song was Yankovic's highest-charting single until "White & Nerdy" from his 2006 album Straight Outta Lynwood peaked at number nine in the October 21, 2006 Billboard charts. "Eat It" also charted at number one in Australia, making it Yankovic's only number one single in any country. The album also produced two minor US hits, "King of Suede", which peaked at number sixty-two, and "I Lost on Jeopardy", which peaked at number eighty-one. The album was Yankovic's first Gold record, and went on to be certified Platinum for sales of over one million copies in the United States. "Eat It" won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance Single or Album, Spoken or Musical in 1985. In October 1983, Yankovic began recording his second album at Santa Monica Sound Recorders, in Santa Monica, California. To produce it, he brought in former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer, who also produced Yankovic's first album. Backing Yankovic were Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz on drums, Steve Jay on bass, and Jim West on guitar. During the first recording session for the album, five original songs were recorded: "Nature Trail to Hell", "Mr. Popeil", "Buy Me a Condo", "Midnight Star", and "That Boy Could Dance". Two months later, Yankovic began recording the five parodies and polka medley that would appear on the album: "Eat It", "King of Suede", "I Lost on Jeopardy", "Theme from Rocky XIII (The Rye or the Kaiser)", "The Brady Bunch", and "Polkas on 45". Every song on Yankovic's debut album was played on an accordion, accompanied by bass, guitar, and drums. On In 3-D Yankovic decided to restrict the accordion to certain sections, most notably the polka medley "Polkas on 45". In the "Ask Al" section on his web site, Yankovic explained: "Nowadays, I only use it on original songs where I feel an accordion is appropriate, and on parody songs where I feel an accordion is [comically] inappropriate ... and of course, on the polka medleys. I'm not really downplaying the accordion at all – I usually feature the accordion on three or four songs every album, which is three or four more accordion-based songs than most Top 40 albums have!" "It's kind of a backlash from the first album, where we had accordion on everything. It just became a little overwhelming to me. For a while I was relegating the accordion to just the polka medleys. I'm probably going to be using a bit more accordion in the future; I get letters from people saying they miss the accordion on the records." — "Weird Al" Yankovic, speaking about the lack of accordion on In 3-D One of the first originals recorded for the album was "Midnight Star", a loving ode to fictional supermarket tabloids. The liner notes to Permanent Record state that a Weekly World News article about the "Incredible Frog Boy" helped to inspire the song. According to Yankovic, most of the tabloid headlines were real. He spent several weeks collecting and looking through old tabloids to find inane titles. Initially he thought that "Midnight Star" should have been the lead single for the album, but later relented and released "Eat It" instead. "Buy Me a Condo" is a style parody of Bob Marley and the reggae genre in general. "Mr. Popeil" is a song discussing the inventor Sam Popeil (the father of inventor Ron Popeil) and his myriad inventions of varying usefulness. Musically, it is a style parody of the B-52s, which Robert Christgau argued it "exploits Yankovic's otherwise fatal resemblance to Fred Schneider." One of the backing vocalists on the track is Ron Popeil's sister Lisa Popeil. When recording the song, Yankovic came across an article about Lisa Popeil and her singing career; later he asked her if she would be interested in appearing in the song, to which she agreed. The last original song to be recorded for the album was "Nature Trail to Hell", about a fictional slasher film "in 3-D"; 3D film had enjoyed a brief resurgence in 1981–83, with the likes of Parasite, Friday the 13th Part III and Amityville 3-D being successful 3-D horrors. At the 3:40 mark, the song has a backward message that says "Satan eats Cheez Whiz!" This, in turn, was a parody of the Satanic backmasking scare during the early 1980s. Online magazine Pitchfork Media has alluded to the song several times, once comparing it to "Thrill Kill" by The Damned, and another time sarcastically calling the song a "classic". The first parody recorded for the album was "The Brady Bunch", a parody of "The Safety Dance" by Men Without Hats, in which the narrator expresses his dislike of the sitcom The Brady Bunch. The song also contains a lyrical adaptation of the "Brady Bunch Theme Song", something that Yankovic would later do in his "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies" parody from UHF (1989). On the same day that "The Brady Bunch" was recorded, Yankovic started working on "I Lost on Jeopardy", a parody of "Jeopardy" by the Greg Kihn Band. The song describes a situation in which the narrator loses spectacularly on the game show Jeopardy!. Show announcer Don Pardo lends his voice to a segment of the song. In order to create the parody, Yankovic cleared the idea not only with Greg Kihn, but also with Merv Griffin, who created the show. Don Pardo, Art Fleming, and Kihn all appeared in the music video. Kihn, the composer of the original song, was extremely pleased and flattered by the parody. In 2009, Kihn wrote a blog on his MySpace called "Weird Al and Mailbox Money", in which he complimented Yankovic's comedy and explained the mechanics of how a parody works. Kihn referred to the royalty checks he still receives from "I Lost on Jeopardy" as "Mailbox Money". The next parodies to be recorded were "Theme from Rocky XIII (The Rye or the Kaiser)", a parody of Survivor's "Eye of the Tiger" about a washed-up Rocky Balboa, who now runs a deli and occasionally beats up on the liverwurst; and "King of Suede", a parody of the Police's "King of Pain", about a clothing store owner who claims the titular title. In order to research information for the latter, Yankovic would walk around in fabric stores taking notes. He later remarked, "I got a lot of nasty stares from store managers." The final parody recorded for the album was "Eat It", a parody of Michael Jackson's "Beat It", about an exasperated parent whose picky child is refusing to eat. Yankovic formulated the idea during a brainstorming session between himself, Robert K. Weiss, and his manager Jay Levey. They were bouncing ideas off one another until suddenly "[they] had the whole thing written." Although he knew that the best way to get permission to parody a song was through the official songwriter, Yankovic was unsure what type of reaction he would get from Jackson when presented with the parody lyrics. However, Jackson allegedly thought it was a "funny idea", and allowed the parody. In the mockumentary The Compleat Al, there is a scene portraying the fictitious meeting of Yankovic and Jackson. Musically, the parody is slightly different from the original, being set in a changed key, comic sound effects, and an Eddie Van Halen-inspired guitar solo from Yankovic's producer Rick Derringer. "Eat It" was Yankovic's first—and, until "Smells Like Nirvana" (1992), his only—Top Forty hit, peaking at number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also Yankovic's highest-charting single until "White & Nerdy" reached number nine on the October 21, 2006, Billboard chart. "Eat It" was a worldwide hit, even managing to peak at number one in Australia. For many years, Yankovic became known colloquially as "The 'Eat It' guy." He referred to this sarcastically on his own personal Twitter; at one point, Al's Twitter Bio read: "You know ... the Eat It guy." One of the last songs recorded for the album was "Polkas on 45". The song, whose title is a take on the novelty act Stars on 45, is a medley of popular rock songs from the 1960s and 1970s. "Polkas on 45" evolved from an early polka medley that Yankovic had played when opening for new wave band Missing Persons in 1981. This early version included parts of various new wave songs, including "Jocko Homo" by Devo, "Homosapien" by Pete Shelley, "Sex Junkie" by Plasmatics, "T.V.O.D." by The Normal, "Bad Boys Get Spanked" by The Pretenders, "TV Party" by Black Flag, "Janitor" by Suburban Lawns, and "People Who Died" by Jim Carroll. After being asked how he picked the songs to include, Yankovic responded, "I just pick songs that sound slightly better done polka style—the way God intended." The album received a score of four and a half stars from AllMusic, with Eugene Chadbourne saying, "With an album behind him, Weird Al Yankovic makes much of the improvements expected of new artists when they get a second crack at a release a year later." Christopher Thelen from The Daily Vault wrote that "All in all, this disc held out the promise that Yankovic was destined for greatness ..." In addition, "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D was also named one of the Year's Top 10 Albums in 1984 by People magazine. Den of Geek even named In 3-D as one of the "10 Reasons Why 1984 Was a Great Year for Geek Movies"—despite it not being a movie. On November 1, 2011, Spin magazine named In 3-D as the seventeenth greatest comedy album of all time. Not all reviews were positive, however. Robert Christgau gave the album a C+ rating, calling it "Mad for the ears." Some critics were split on how Yankovic composed, performed, and recorded his parodies, compared to his 1983 debut album. The Daily Vault commented thus: Parody-wise, Yankovic still always managed to throw a different loop into the music to make it sound different than the song it was based on. (I happen to like the fact that Yankovic now writes parodies to sound exactly like the original song.) As a result, "Theme From Rocky XIII" doesn't have the crispness as the original song from Survivor did, "The Brady Bunch" is sped up (in both tempo and pitch) from Men Without Hats's "The Safety Dance", and "Eat It" takes Michael Jackson's "Beat It" and raises the pitch. Many of the songs and singles from In 3-D would later appear on greatest hits albums. "Eat It" and "I Lost on Jeopardy" appeared both on Yankovic's first greatest hits album (1988) and on The Essential "Weird Al" Yankovic (2009); the latter also included "Polkas on 45". Seven of the album's songs ("Polkas on 45", "Midnight Star", "Eat It", "Mr. Popeil", "I Lost on Jeopardy", "Buy Me a Condo", and "King of Suede") appeared in Yankovic's box set Permanent Record: Al in the Box. At the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985, "Weird Al" Yankovic won his first Grammy Award, the Best Comedy Performance Single or Album, Spoken or Musical, for his hit single "Eat It". "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D was released on February 28, 1984. On April 28, it peaked at number 17, where it remained for three consecutive weeks. In 3-D spent a total of twenty-three weeks on the chart. It was also successful in Australia, where it peaked at number 61 on the album chart. Many of the album's singles also went on to be successful. "Eat It" eventually sold over a half a million copies, peaked at number twelve domestically on the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified Gold. It was also a worldwide hit, peaking at number thirty-six in the United Kingdom and number one in Australia. As of March 2012, "Eat It" is currently Yankovic's only number one single in any country. "King of Suede" and "I Lost on Jeopardy", the album's follow up singles, peaked on the Hot 100 at numbers 61 and 82 respectively. On April 30, 1984, two months after its release, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making it Yankovic's first Gold record. On August 18, 1995, it was certified Platinum by the RIAA. Band members and production "Weird Al" Yankovic – synthesizer, piano, accordion, vocals Jim West – guitar Steve Jay – banjo, bass guitar, talking drums Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz – percussion, drums Rick Derringer – guitar, mandolin, vocals, production Tony Papa – engineer Lane/Donald – art direction Jim Heimann – artwork, cover illustration Jay Pope – cover photos Other personnel "Musical Mike" Kieffer - hand music Warren Luening – trumpet Joel Miller – bongos Don Pardo – announcer Joel Peskin – clarinet Lisa Popeil, Petsye Powell, Andrea Robinson, and Pattie Brooks – background vocals Pat Regan – synthesizer, piano Jim Self – tuba Robert Tebow – bass vocals Jimmy "Z" Zavala – saxophone Yankovic, Alfred (2013), "Weird Al Yankovic in 3-D", 'Weird Al' Yankovic Official Limited Edition Trading Cards, Volcano Records, no. 8 Yankovic, Alfred M. (December 2007). "Recording Dates". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on July 9, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010. "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D (liner). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Scotti Bros. Records. 1984. Yankovic, Alfred M. (August 1999). "'Ask Al' Q&As for January 1999". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011. Hansen, Barret (1994). Permanent Record: Al in the Box (liner). "Weird Al" Yankovic. California, United States: Scotti Brothers Records. Christgau, Robert (April 24, 1984). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2011. "The Players". Weirdal.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2021. Harris, Will (March 24, 2008). "Hell is For..." Bullz-Eye.com. Retrieved August 27, 2011. "Comedy". Backmask Online. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved July 25, 2006. Tangari, Joe (December 5, 2001). "The Damned: Grave Disorder". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 27, 2011. Michum, Rob (May 6, 2003). "Atom and His Package: Atom and His Package". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 27, 2011. Kihn, Greg (March 11, 2009). "Weird Al and Mailbox Money". MySpace. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Zaleski, Annie (May 20, 2018). "The World According to 'Weird Al' Yankovic, Who's Always Been More than a Novelty". Salon. Retrieved May 21, 2018. Conrad, Harold (August 1985). "The Glamorous Life of Al Yankovic". Spin. SPIN Media LLC. 1 (4). Retrieved August 27, 2011. Yankovic, Weird Al (June 9, 2011). "Michael Jackson Remembered: 'Weird Al' Yankovic on Imitation as Flattery". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 10, 2009. "Weird Al" Yankovic (1985). The Complete Al (VHS). CBS/Fox. Yankovic, Alfred M. (December 1999). "'Ask Al' Q&As for December 1999". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011. "Kent Music Report for May 7, 1984". Kent Music Report. May 7, 1984. Yankovic, Al. "Al Yankovic (alyankovic) on Twitter". Twitter.com. Retrieved August 26, 2011. "'Weird Al' Yankovic: Concert Set Lists". WeirdAl.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011. Chadbourne, Eugene. "In 3-D – Weird Al Yankovic". AllMusic. Retrieved April 24, 2011. Thelen, Christopher (September 9, 2000). "In 3-D". Daily Vault. Retrieved April 24, 2011. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (December 7, 2017). ""Weird Al" Yankovic: Squeeze Box: The Complete Works of "Weird Al" Yankovic". Pitchfork. Retrieved December 7, 2017. Relic, Peter (2004). "Weird Al Yankovic". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York City, New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 893. ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved March 31, 2012. Yankovic, Alfred M. (2003). "Awards". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2013. Szpirglas, Jeff (July 14, 2010). "10 Reasons Why 1984 Was a Great Year for Geek Movies". Den of Geek. Retrieved August 27, 2011. Spin Staff (November 2011). "SPIN's 40 Greatest Comedy Albums of All Time". Spin. Retrieved November 3, 2011. Greatest Hits (liner). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Scotti Bros. Records. 1988. The Essential "Weird Al" Yankovic (liner). "Weird Al" Yankovic. Legacy Recordings. 2009. "'Weird Al' Yankovic". Grammy.com. The Recording Academy. Retrieved December 20, 2016. "In 3-D – Weird Al Yankovic: Awards". Allmusic. Retrieved April 24, 2013. Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1972 - 1992. St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 978-0-646-11917-5. "Gold & Platinum – Search Results: 'Weird Al' Yankovic". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved April 17, 2011. "The Official Charts Company – UK Singles & Albums Chart Archive – 'Weird Al' Yankovic". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 24, 2010. Yankovic, Alfred (July 15, 2014). "'Weird Al' Yankovic confirming that both 'Midnight Star' and 'Nature Trail to Hell' are not style parodies". Reddit. IAmA. Retrieved July 15, 2014. Yankovic, Alfred M. (January 2000). "'Ask Al' Q&As for July 1999". The Official "Weird Al" Yankovic Web Site. Archived from the original on June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 26, 2010. Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 344. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. "Gold/Platinum Search". Music Canada. Retrieved April 3, 2013. Kent, David (2009). Australian Chart Book 1993 - 2009. St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 978-0-646-52995-0. "Chart Log UK 1994–2008 Rachael Yamagata – Malik Yusef". Zobbel. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
[ "Petroskey in 2019." ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Weird_Paul_Petroskey.jpg" ]	[ "\"Weird\" Paul Petroskey (born November 21, 1970) is a lo-fi musician and a YouTube personality in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. He has been writing and recording music since 1984, and has written or co-written over 700 songs and appeared on over 50 released albums. Petroskey has played as part of an ensemble and has performed in the bands The Blazing Bulkheads, The Blissful Idiots (which later changed their name to Revenge of the Nerds), 57 Big End Halos (Scott Fry) and The Weird Paul Rock Band.\nPetroskey formed his label Rocks & Rolling Records in 1987, through which he released his first album In Case of Fire Throw This In on cassette tape. He initially called himself \"Off-the-Wall Paul\" in an effort to differentiate himself from \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. In late 1989 Petroskey began performing with drummer Manny Theiner and in 1991, signed with New York record label Homestead Records. Through Homestead Records the two released the album Lo Fidelity, Hi Anxiety, but were not picked up for a second album. The pair toured the United States to promote the album.\nBetween the years 2001 to 2004, Petroskey filmed a documentary with Chicago filmmaker Stacey Goldschmidt, who was creating a film about his music. Weird Paul: A Lo Fidelity Documentary was completed in 2005 and was released in April 2006, where it went on to show at the Chicago Underground Film Festival and Leeds International Film Festival. In 2015, Petroskey hosted and starred in the weekly local television series The Weird Paul Variety Show on WEPA-CD in the Pittsburgh area. The first airing was June 11, 2015.\nA documentary about Petroskey was released in 2019, called Will Work for Views: The Lo-Fi Life of Weird Paul which is described as \"a documentary film 30 years in the making.\"", "In Case of Fire Throw This In – Rocks & Rolling Records 001 (1987)\nI Need a Pencil Sharpener – Rocks & Rolling Records 002 (1988)\nNow I Blow My A-B-C-'s – Rocks & Rolling Records 003 (1989)\nLive at the Underground – Rocks & Rolling Records 004 (1989)\nDoes Anyone Want This? – Rocks & Rolling Records 007 (1989)\nSongs For Santa – Rocks & Rolling Records (1989)\nThe Concept Track – Rocks & Rolling Records 008 (1990)\nMy Last Tape – Rocks & Rolling Records 012 (1990)\nLo Fidelity, Hi Anxiety – Homestead Records 166 (1991)\nWorm in My Egg Cream – Rocks & Rolling Records 015 (1994)\nBest Sled Ever – Rocks & Rolling Records 016 (1995)\nThe Proliferation of Matter – Rocks & Rolling Records 017 (1996)\nThe Blazing Bulkheads – Rocks & Rolling Records 018 (1998)\nThe Dame That Drove Me Nuts – Rocks & Rolling Records 019 (1999)\nYour Favorite Gum – Home-Aid Recordings 005 (2000)\nPine 'n Lose – Rocks & Rolling Records 020 (2000)\nBilly Joel Likes Cakes – Rocks & Rolling Records 021 (2000)\n2001 – Rocks & Rolling Records 023 (2001)\nThe Mess of Weird Paul – Rocks & Rolling Records 026 (2002)\nI Punch You! – Rocks & Rolling Records 029 (2004)\nWeird Paul: A Lo Fidelity Documentary Soundtrack – Rocks & Rolling Records 031 (2006)\nMedically Necessary – Rocks & Rolling Records 032 (2006)\nAs Heard in My Dreams – Rocks & Rolling Records 033 (2009)\nPolice Baffled; Public Aroused (with Ben Blanchard) - Rocks & Rolling Records 035 (2010)\nSimulating the Act of Love (with The Weird Paul Rock Band) - Rocks & Rolling Records 036 (2010)\nCheck Me Out Now - Rocks & Rolling Records 037 (2011)\n25 Lo-Fi Years - Thick Syrup Records 0047 (2012)\nStill Going Strong - Thick Syrup Records (2013)\nLive On WRCT 1988-2009 - Rocks & Rolling Records 038 (2013)\n57 Big End Halos (with Scott Fry) - Rocks & Rolling Records 039 (2014)\nPP\n₂BB (with Ben Blanchard) - Rocks & Rolling Records 040 (2015)\nIn Case Of Fire Throw This In 25th Anniversary - Rocks & Rolling Records 041 (2017)\nThe T-15 Tapes - Rocks & Rolling Records 042 (2018)\nLit AF - Rocks & Rolling Records 043 (2019)\n31st Anniversary Of The Rocks & Rolling Records 5th Anniversary Special - Rocks & Rolling Records 044 (2020)", "\"My First Time Away From Home 1988 -(Weird Paul) Recording Workshop Leaving Home Moving Story - YouTube\". Archived from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-07.\n\"Interview with the original vlogger Weird Paul\". Lunchmeat VHS. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.\n\"Interview with Weird Paul Petroskey\". The Bacon Post. 5 September 2017. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.\n\"Still going strong. Weird Paul celebrates 33 years of vlogging\". pghcitypaper.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.\n\"Weird Paul Petroskey – Please Don't Break My Atari\". The Retroist. pp. {page}. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2013.\nMervis, Scott (April 20, 2006). \"Adventures of Weird Paul: Documentary sheds light on quirky Pittsburgh music legend\". Post Gazette. Retrieved 6 October 2013.\nHayes, John (Oct 12, 1990). \"Weird Paul Goes on Record\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 6 October 2013.\nSiffert, Matt. \"A weekend of music at Carnegie Mellon\". The Tartan. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2013.\nHarrington, Greg (30 May 2012). \"Keeping Weird Paul Weird\". Pittsburgh City Paper. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2013.\nKing, Peter (May 2, 1991). \"Weird Paul\". The Pittsburgh Press. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2013.\nOgiba, Jeff. \"YOU NEED TO LISTEN TO WEIRD PAUL\". Vice. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2013.\nhttp://weirdpaul.com/91tourdiary.html\nMervis, Scott (1 December 2006). \"WEIRD PAUL IS DISCOVERED\". Post Gazette. Retrieved 6 October 2013.\n\"On DVD/VOD: WILL WORK FOR VIEWS: THE LO-FI LIFE OF WEIRD PAUL\". what (not) to doc. 2019-02-27. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2020-12-17.\nGarrison, Kurt (November 2012). \"Album Reviews: 25 Lo-Fi Years\". Pittsburgh Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.", "Official website\nWeird Paul's channel on YouTube\n\"Weird Paul\" Petroskey on Twitch" ]	[ "\"Weird Paul\" Petroskey", "Selected discography", "References", "External links" ]	"Weird Paul" Petroskey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Paul%22_Petroskey	[ 110 ]	[ 1225, 1226, 1227, 1228, 1229, 1230, 1231, 1232 ]	"Weird Paul" Petroskey "Weird" Paul Petroskey (born November 21, 1970) is a lo-fi musician and a YouTube personality in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. He has been writing and recording music since 1984, and has written or co-written over 700 songs and appeared on over 50 released albums. Petroskey has played as part of an ensemble and has performed in the bands The Blazing Bulkheads, The Blissful Idiots (which later changed their name to Revenge of the Nerds), 57 Big End Halos (Scott Fry) and The Weird Paul Rock Band. Petroskey formed his label Rocks & Rolling Records in 1987, through which he released his first album In Case of Fire Throw This In on cassette tape. He initially called himself "Off-the-Wall Paul" in an effort to differentiate himself from "Weird Al" Yankovic. In late 1989 Petroskey began performing with drummer Manny Theiner and in 1991, signed with New York record label Homestead Records. Through Homestead Records the two released the album Lo Fidelity, Hi Anxiety, but were not picked up for a second album. The pair toured the United States to promote the album. Between the years 2001 to 2004, Petroskey filmed a documentary with Chicago filmmaker Stacey Goldschmidt, who was creating a film about his music. Weird Paul: A Lo Fidelity Documentary was completed in 2005 and was released in April 2006, where it went on to show at the Chicago Underground Film Festival and Leeds International Film Festival. In 2015, Petroskey hosted and starred in the weekly local television series The Weird Paul Variety Show on WEPA-CD in the Pittsburgh area. The first airing was June 11, 2015. A documentary about Petroskey was released in 2019, called Will Work for Views: The Lo-Fi Life of Weird Paul which is described as "a documentary film 30 years in the making." In Case of Fire Throw This In – Rocks & Rolling Records 001 (1987) I Need a Pencil Sharpener – Rocks & Rolling Records 002 (1988) Now I Blow My A-B-C-'s – Rocks & Rolling Records 003 (1989) Live at the Underground – Rocks & Rolling Records 004 (1989) Does Anyone Want This? – Rocks & Rolling Records 007 (1989) Songs For Santa – Rocks & Rolling Records (1989) The Concept Track – Rocks & Rolling Records 008 (1990) My Last Tape – Rocks & Rolling Records 012 (1990) Lo Fidelity, Hi Anxiety – Homestead Records 166 (1991) Worm in My Egg Cream – Rocks & Rolling Records 015 (1994) Best Sled Ever – Rocks & Rolling Records 016 (1995) The Proliferation of Matter – Rocks & Rolling Records 017 (1996) The Blazing Bulkheads – Rocks & Rolling Records 018 (1998) The Dame That Drove Me Nuts – Rocks & Rolling Records 019 (1999) Your Favorite Gum – Home-Aid Recordings 005 (2000) Pine 'n Lose – Rocks & Rolling Records 020 (2000) Billy Joel Likes Cakes – Rocks & Rolling Records 021 (2000) 2001 – Rocks & Rolling Records 023 (2001) The Mess of Weird Paul – Rocks & Rolling Records 026 (2002) I Punch You! – Rocks & Rolling Records 029 (2004) Weird Paul: A Lo Fidelity Documentary Soundtrack – Rocks & Rolling Records 031 (2006) Medically Necessary – Rocks & Rolling Records 032 (2006) As Heard in My Dreams – Rocks & Rolling Records 033 (2009) Police Baffled; Public Aroused (with Ben Blanchard) - Rocks & Rolling Records 035 (2010) Simulating the Act of Love (with The Weird Paul Rock Band) - Rocks & Rolling Records 036 (2010) Check Me Out Now - Rocks & Rolling Records 037 (2011) 25 Lo-Fi Years - Thick Syrup Records 0047 (2012) Still Going Strong - Thick Syrup Records (2013) Live On WRCT 1988-2009 - Rocks & Rolling Records 038 (2013) 57 Big End Halos (with Scott Fry) - Rocks & Rolling Records 039 (2014) PP ₂BB (with Ben Blanchard) - Rocks & Rolling Records 040 (2015) In Case Of Fire Throw This In 25th Anniversary - Rocks & Rolling Records 041 (2017) The T-15 Tapes - Rocks & Rolling Records 042 (2018) Lit AF - Rocks & Rolling Records 043 (2019) 31st Anniversary Of The Rocks & Rolling Records 5th Anniversary Special - Rocks & Rolling Records 044 (2020) "My First Time Away From Home 1988 -(Weird Paul) Recording Workshop Leaving Home Moving Story - YouTube". Archived from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-08-07. "Interview with the original vlogger Weird Paul". Lunchmeat VHS. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018. "Interview with Weird Paul Petroskey". The Bacon Post. 5 September 2017. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018. "Still going strong. Weird Paul celebrates 33 years of vlogging". pghcitypaper.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018. "Weird Paul Petroskey – Please Don't Break My Atari". The Retroist. pp. {page}. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2013. Mervis, Scott (April 20, 2006). "Adventures of Weird Paul: Documentary sheds light on quirky Pittsburgh music legend". Post Gazette. Retrieved 6 October 2013. Hayes, John (Oct 12, 1990). "Weird Paul Goes on Record". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 6 October 2013. Siffert, Matt. "A weekend of music at Carnegie Mellon". The Tartan. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2013. Harrington, Greg (30 May 2012). "Keeping Weird Paul Weird". Pittsburgh City Paper. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2013. King, Peter (May 2, 1991). "Weird Paul". The Pittsburgh Press. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2013. Ogiba, Jeff. "YOU NEED TO LISTEN TO WEIRD PAUL". Vice. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2013. http://weirdpaul.com/91tourdiary.html Mervis, Scott (1 December 2006). "WEIRD PAUL IS DISCOVERED". Post Gazette. Retrieved 6 October 2013. "On DVD/VOD: WILL WORK FOR VIEWS: THE LO-FI LIFE OF WEIRD PAUL". what (not) to doc. 2019-02-27. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2020-12-17. Garrison, Kurt (November 2012). "Album Reviews: 25 Lo-Fi Years". Pittsburgh Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013. Official website Weird Paul's channel on YouTube "Weird Paul" Petroskey on Twitch
[ "" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Mainlogo_zhara_page-0001.jpg" ]	[ "\"ZHARA\" Festival is a music festival, which takes place in Azerbaijan, near the coast of Caspian Sea every year. “Zhara” was founded by Grigory Leps, Sergey Kozhevnikov, and Emin Aghalarov. The spectator venue reaches 10 000 spectators at a time. The main audience of the festival are people from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. One of the main guests of this festival was Dmitry Peskov, press secretary of the Russian Federation's president.", "The first “Zhara” festival was held in Baku, on 9 July 2016.\nThe second festival was held on 27 July 2017. This time even more CIS stars such as Valeriya, LOBODA, Sergey Lazarev, “Gradusy” band, Timur Rodrigues and others joined the festival.\nThe third festival was held on 27 July 2018. Special guest Steven Seagal sang in a duet with Emin Aghalarov. Other special guests were: Baskov, singers from Black Star inc. label.\nAfter 3 years of the festival's creation, it was also held in Dubai, UAE.\nList of stars in the first festival was:\nA-DESSA\nKatya Lel\nZulfiyya Khanbabayeva\nPhilip Kirkorov\nAleksandr Revva\nVlad Sokolovsky\nTomas Nevergreen\nPolina Gagarina", "Baku International Jazz Festival\nInternational World of Mugham Festival", "\"ZHARA FESTIVAL\". azerbaijan.travel. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-05-14.\n\"В Дубае прошел фестиваль \"Жара\" с участием российских артистов\". РИА Новости (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-05-14.\nBaku, Shahin Rzaev \|. \"International Music Festival 'Zhara-2017' kicks off in Baku\". Retrieved 2019-05-14.\n\"Rusiyalı məşhurlar \"Jara\" festivalına görə Bakıya axın etdi - FOTO\". Milli.Az (in Azerbaijani). 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2019-05-14.\n\"\"Жара-2016\" в Баку: самые яркие моменты фестиваля\". ru.hellomagazine.com (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-05-14." ]	[ "\"ZHARA\" International Music Festival", "History of festival", "See also", "References" ]	"ZHARA" International Music Festival	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22ZHARA%22_International_Music_Festival	[ 111 ]	[ 1233, 1234, 1235, 1236 ]	"ZHARA" International Music Festival "ZHARA" Festival is a music festival, which takes place in Azerbaijan, near the coast of Caspian Sea every year. “Zhara” was founded by Grigory Leps, Sergey Kozhevnikov, and Emin Aghalarov. The spectator venue reaches 10 000 spectators at a time. The main audience of the festival are people from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. One of the main guests of this festival was Dmitry Peskov, press secretary of the Russian Federation's president. The first “Zhara” festival was held in Baku, on 9 July 2016. The second festival was held on 27 July 2017. This time even more CIS stars such as Valeriya, LOBODA, Sergey Lazarev, “Gradusy” band, Timur Rodrigues and others joined the festival. The third festival was held on 27 July 2018. Special guest Steven Seagal sang in a duet with Emin Aghalarov. Other special guests were: Baskov, singers from Black Star inc. label. After 3 years of the festival's creation, it was also held in Dubai, UAE. List of stars in the first festival was: A-DESSA Katya Lel Zulfiyya Khanbabayeva Philip Kirkorov Aleksandr Revva Vlad Sokolovsky Tomas Nevergreen Polina Gagarina Baku International Jazz Festival International World of Mugham Festival "ZHARA FESTIVAL". azerbaijan.travel. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-05-14. "В Дубае прошел фестиваль "Жара" с участием российских артистов". РИА Новости (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-05-14. Baku, Shahin Rzaev \|. "International Music Festival 'Zhara-2017' kicks off in Baku". Retrieved 2019-05-14. "Rusiyalı məşhurlar "Jara" festivalına görə Bakıya axın etdi - FOTO". Milli.Az (in Azerbaijani). 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2019-05-14. ""Жара-2016" в Баку: самые яркие моменты фестиваля". ru.hellomagazine.com (in Russian). Retrieved 2019-05-14.
[ "" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/%26PROUD-Logo-Rainbow.png" ]	[ "&PROUD (Pronounced: \"And Proud\") is a non-profit organization in Yangon, Myanmar, that organizes LGBTIQ (Lesbian, Gay Bi, Transgender, Intersex, Queer) art and culture events. &PROUD is best known for their yearly Yangon Pride festival, which takes place over two weekends at the end of January. The festival includes &PROUD LGBTIQ Film Festival, which usually occurs during the second weekend. In addition, there is an 'On The Road' programme that takes film screenings to other towns, cities and universities around Myanmar.\nSince 2019, &PROUD runs an LGBTIQ community space in the Sanchaung Neighbourhood of Yangon as well as a mental health service called Yin Pwint Yar ('Open Your Heart'). The organizations receives funding from international donors such as embassies, UN organizations and INGOs.", "&PROUD was founded in 2014 by 3 co-founders, with the backing of Colors Rainbows (the main LGBT rights organization in Myanmar). At the time, there were no large public LGBT events in Myanmar, and same-sex relations remain illegal in Myanmar to date.\n&PROUD's first activity was a queer photo exhibition with work from Myanmar and Vietnam. As the exhibition was a success and without any government interference, the first LGBT film festival was organised at the French Institute in Yangon in November 2014. Between 2014 and 2017 &PROUD continued to organise both a yearly film festival and photo exhibition, as well as film-making workshops and small screenings around Myanmar.\nIn 2018 the organisation has received government permission to organise the festival at Thakhin Mya Park in downtown Yangon. That year, the festival was held over 2 weekends at the end of January, with the first weekend being a large Pride event in the park. In 2019 the festival changed its name to become Yangon Pride and the River Pride Boat Parade was added as a yearly event.", "The &PROUD Yangon LGBTQ Film Festival had its first edition from November 14 to the 16 during the year of 2014 at the French Institute in Yangon. The festival showcases films on Asian LGBTI lives, and combines film screenings with debates, performances and parties.\nThe 2015 edition was moved from November to January 2016 due to the 2015 Myanmar general election. It was hosted at the French Institute between January 28 to the 31 and attracted 3500 visitors over four days. For the third edition, the festival will return to the French Institute from January 26–29 in 2017. &PROUD Film Festival is a founding member of the Asia-Pacific Queer Film Festival Alliance (APQFFA).", "Part of &PROUD's main activities is a yearly photo exhibition at Myanmar Deitta gallery that coincides with the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia (IDAHOT) on May 17. In the run up to the exhibition, a photo competition is organised, welcoming photos that portrait the Myanmar LGBT community in a positive light. The week-long exhibition combines the best photos from the competition with an exhibition from a leading Southeast Asian photographer.\nIn 2014, Vietnamese photographer Maika Elan's work \"The Pink Choice\" was exhibited. Elan's work was one of the winners in the World Press Photo 2013. The 2015 edition showed \"Continuum\" from Malaysian photographer kG Krishnan on Kuala Lumpur transgender women. The 2016 edition showcased work from Vlad Sohkin, titled \"Being Gay in Papua New Guinea\"", "List of LGBT film festivals", "\"&PROUD Homepage\". &PROUD. Retrieved March 2, 2021.\n\"Rainbow Reels\". &PROUD. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.\n\"&PROUD Yangon LGBT Film Festival\". vimeo. Retrieved March 2, 2021.\nhttps://www.colorsrainbow.com/online-magazine/ Colors Rainbow Magazine\n\"Penal Code 1861\". www.asianlii.org. Retrieved 2022-05-31.\n\"About &PROUD\". Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.\n\"Myanmar's first LGBT Pride Boat Parade Sets Sail\". Bangkok Post. January 27, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2021.\nTimes, The Myanmar. \"City to host first LGBT film festival\". www.mmtimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-01.\n\"programme 2014\". &PROUD. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-11-01.\n\"Spotlight on LGBT Issues as &Proud Film Festival Returns to Rangoon\". The Irrawaddy. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-11-01.\nFrontier. \"Out &PROUD at Yangon's LGBT film festival\". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2016-11-01.\n\"Asia Pacific Queer Film Festival Alliance (APQFFA) \| 上海骄傲节 ShanghaiPRIDE\". www.shpride.com. Retrieved 2016-11-01.\n\"Photo Exhibition 2014\". &PROUD. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-01.\n\"Photo Exhibition 2015\". &PROUD. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-01.\nManandhar, Ashok. \"LGTB+ photo exhibition highlights rights plight\". www.mmtimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-01.", "Official website Archived 2016-11-04 at the Wayback Machine\nOfficial Facebook\nWebsite Colors Rainbow Archived 2021-01-01 at the Wayback Machine\nWebsite FAB club night" ]	[ "&PROUD", "History", "Film Festival", "&PROUD Photo", "See also", "References", "External links" ]	&PROUD	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%26PROUD	[ 112 ]	[ 1237, 1238, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1243, 1244, 1245, 1246 ]	&PROUD &PROUD (Pronounced: "And Proud") is a non-profit organization in Yangon, Myanmar, that organizes LGBTIQ (Lesbian, Gay Bi, Transgender, Intersex, Queer) art and culture events. &PROUD is best known for their yearly Yangon Pride festival, which takes place over two weekends at the end of January. The festival includes &PROUD LGBTIQ Film Festival, which usually occurs during the second weekend. In addition, there is an 'On The Road' programme that takes film screenings to other towns, cities and universities around Myanmar. Since 2019, &PROUD runs an LGBTIQ community space in the Sanchaung Neighbourhood of Yangon as well as a mental health service called Yin Pwint Yar ('Open Your Heart'). The organizations receives funding from international donors such as embassies, UN organizations and INGOs. &PROUD was founded in 2014 by 3 co-founders, with the backing of Colors Rainbows (the main LGBT rights organization in Myanmar). At the time, there were no large public LGBT events in Myanmar, and same-sex relations remain illegal in Myanmar to date. &PROUD's first activity was a queer photo exhibition with work from Myanmar and Vietnam. As the exhibition was a success and without any government interference, the first LGBT film festival was organised at the French Institute in Yangon in November 2014. Between 2014 and 2017 &PROUD continued to organise both a yearly film festival and photo exhibition, as well as film-making workshops and small screenings around Myanmar. In 2018 the organisation has received government permission to organise the festival at Thakhin Mya Park in downtown Yangon. That year, the festival was held over 2 weekends at the end of January, with the first weekend being a large Pride event in the park. In 2019 the festival changed its name to become Yangon Pride and the River Pride Boat Parade was added as a yearly event. The &PROUD Yangon LGBTQ Film Festival had its first edition from November 14 to the 16 during the year of 2014 at the French Institute in Yangon. The festival showcases films on Asian LGBTI lives, and combines film screenings with debates, performances and parties. The 2015 edition was moved from November to January 2016 due to the 2015 Myanmar general election. It was hosted at the French Institute between January 28 to the 31 and attracted 3500 visitors over four days. For the third edition, the festival will return to the French Institute from January 26–29 in 2017. &PROUD Film Festival is a founding member of the Asia-Pacific Queer Film Festival Alliance (APQFFA). Part of &PROUD's main activities is a yearly photo exhibition at Myanmar Deitta gallery that coincides with the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia (IDAHOT) on May 17. In the run up to the exhibition, a photo competition is organised, welcoming photos that portrait the Myanmar LGBT community in a positive light. The week-long exhibition combines the best photos from the competition with an exhibition from a leading Southeast Asian photographer. In 2014, Vietnamese photographer Maika Elan's work "The Pink Choice" was exhibited. Elan's work was one of the winners in the World Press Photo 2013. The 2015 edition showed "Continuum" from Malaysian photographer kG Krishnan on Kuala Lumpur transgender women. The 2016 edition showcased work from Vlad Sohkin, titled "Being Gay in Papua New Guinea" List of LGBT film festivals "&PROUD Homepage". &PROUD. Retrieved March 2, 2021. "Rainbow Reels". &PROUD. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021. "&PROUD Yangon LGBT Film Festival". vimeo. Retrieved March 2, 2021. https://www.colorsrainbow.com/online-magazine/ Colors Rainbow Magazine "Penal Code 1861". www.asianlii.org. Retrieved 2022-05-31. "About &PROUD". Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021. "Myanmar's first LGBT Pride Boat Parade Sets Sail". Bangkok Post. January 27, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2021. Times, The Myanmar. "City to host first LGBT film festival". www.mmtimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-01. "programme 2014". &PROUD. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-11-01. "Spotlight on LGBT Issues as &Proud Film Festival Returns to Rangoon". The Irrawaddy. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-11-01. Frontier. "Out &PROUD at Yangon's LGBT film festival". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on 2016-08-14. Retrieved 2016-11-01. "Asia Pacific Queer Film Festival Alliance (APQFFA) \| 上海骄傲节 ShanghaiPRIDE". www.shpride.com. Retrieved 2016-11-01. "Photo Exhibition 2014". &PROUD. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-01. "Photo Exhibition 2015". &PROUD. Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-01. Manandhar, Ashok. "LGTB+ photo exhibition highlights rights plight". www.mmtimes.com. Retrieved 2016-11-01. Official website Archived 2016-11-04 at the Wayback Machine Official Facebook Website Colors Rainbow Archived 2021-01-01 at the Wayback Machine Website FAB club night
[ "" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Entrance_to_%26samhoud_places%2C_Amsterdam.jpg" ]	[ "&moshik, formerly &samhoud places, was a fine-dining restaurant in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The restaurant was awarded two Michelin stars for 2013. However it owed this rating to the past performance of its head chef as the restaurant was opened too briefly for a thorough review. In November 2013, the restaurant was again awarded two stars, this time under their own power. It closed down in May 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic crisis forced it into bankruptcy.\nThe head chef of &moshik was Moshik Roth, one of the leading molecular chefs in the Netherlands. The restaurant was the successor of 't Brouwerskolkje in Overveen. \n&moshik was a cooperation between Israeli chef Moshik Roth and entrepreneur Salem Samhoud. They created an up scale restaurant on the so-called \"Oosterdokseiland\". In the new building, the restaurant comprised a lounge and restaurant over two floors. Mid January 2018 the restaurant changed name to &moshik to avoid confusion with other companies in the \"&samhoud group\".", "List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands", "Brandligt, Vivie (26 November 2012). \"Totale Michelinsterrenoverzicht 2013\". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 November 2012.\nKok, Richard (29 November 2012). \"8 x opmerkelijk over Michelin\". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2013.\nKok, Richard (26 November 2012). \"Opgeluchte Moshik Roth: 'Dit voelt als sterrenbehoud'\". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2013.\nvan der Reijden, Demian (27 November 2012). \"Michelin let scherp op Bokkedoorns en &Samhoud\". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2013.\nPosthumus, Wieteke (6 May 2020). \"Moshik Roth van sterrenrestaurant &moshik sluit de deuren\" [Moshik Roth of star restaurant &Moshik closes the doors] (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 November 2020.\nRoemaat, Bianca (24 January 2012). \"Moshik Roth** verhuist naar Oosterdokseiland\". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2013.\nLobrano, Alexander (2013-08-13). \"Restaurant Report: &Samhoud Places in Amsterdam\". New York Times. p. 4. Retrieved 2022-04-05.\n\"&samhoud places in Amsterdam\". Elizabeth On Food Blog. 2012-09-18. Retrieved 13 Jan 2013.\nPosthumus, Wieteke (1 November 2017). \"Tweesterrenrestaurant &samhoud places verder onder naam &moshik\" [Two starred restaurant &samhoud places continues under the name &moshik]. Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 February 2018." ]	[ "&moshik", "See also", "References" ]	&moshik	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%26moshik	[ 113 ]	[ 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250 ]	&moshik &moshik, formerly &samhoud places, was a fine-dining restaurant in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The restaurant was awarded two Michelin stars for 2013. However it owed this rating to the past performance of its head chef as the restaurant was opened too briefly for a thorough review. In November 2013, the restaurant was again awarded two stars, this time under their own power. It closed down in May 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic crisis forced it into bankruptcy. The head chef of &moshik was Moshik Roth, one of the leading molecular chefs in the Netherlands. The restaurant was the successor of 't Brouwerskolkje in Overveen. &moshik was a cooperation between Israeli chef Moshik Roth and entrepreneur Salem Samhoud. They created an up scale restaurant on the so-called "Oosterdokseiland". In the new building, the restaurant comprised a lounge and restaurant over two floors. Mid January 2018 the restaurant changed name to &moshik to avoid confusion with other companies in the "&samhoud group". List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands Brandligt, Vivie (26 November 2012). "Totale Michelinsterrenoverzicht 2013". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 26 November 2012. Kok, Richard (29 November 2012). "8 x opmerkelijk over Michelin". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2013. Kok, Richard (26 November 2012). "Opgeluchte Moshik Roth: 'Dit voelt als sterrenbehoud'". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2013. van der Reijden, Demian (27 November 2012). "Michelin let scherp op Bokkedoorns en &Samhoud". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2013. Posthumus, Wieteke (6 May 2020). "Moshik Roth van sterrenrestaurant &moshik sluit de deuren" [Moshik Roth of star restaurant &Moshik closes the doors] (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 November 2020. Roemaat, Bianca (24 January 2012). "Moshik Roth** verhuist naar Oosterdokseiland". Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 January 2013. Lobrano, Alexander (2013-08-13). "Restaurant Report: &Samhoud Places in Amsterdam". New York Times. p. 4. Retrieved 2022-04-05. "&samhoud places in Amsterdam". Elizabeth On Food Blog. 2012-09-18. Retrieved 13 Jan 2013. Posthumus, Wieteke (1 November 2017). "Tweesterrenrestaurant &samhoud places verder onder naam &moshik" [Two starred restaurant &samhoud places continues under the name &moshik]. Misset Horeca (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 February 2018.
[ "", "As Jay-Z and Beyoncé share an intimate moment in a phone-booth, a spray-painted mural is displayed, tributing Tupac Shakur.", "Braxton (pictured) stated \"I have kids to feed and this is taking money out of their college funds\", due to Jay-Z's sample of \"Me and My Girlfriend\".[41]" ]	[ 0, 5, 6 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/44/03_Bonnie_%26_Clyde_single_cover.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Bonnieandclyde-tupactribute.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Toni_Braxton_2%2C_2013.jpg" ]	[ "\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" is a song recorded by American rapper Jay-Z featuring his then-girlfriend, now wife, American singer Beyoncé Knowles. It was released on October 10, 2002. It was composed by Jay-Z, Kanye West, Prince Nelson, Tupac Shakur, Darryl Harper, Ricky Rouse and Tyrone Wrice for Jay-Z's seventh studio album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). The song was released as the album's lead single on October 10, 2002. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" sampled its beat from American rapper Tupac Shakur's 1996 song \"Me and My Girlfriend\", paraphrasing its chorus, and was inspired by the crime film Bonnie and Clyde. The instrumentation is based on programmed drums, bass instruments, and a flamenco guitar.\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was generally received with favorable reviews by music critics, who complimented the combination of Jay-Z's and Beyoncé's musical styles, their collaboration and the song's production. The single reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Jay-Z's second top ten single and Beyoncé's first as a solo artist. It charted at number one in Switzerland, number two in the United Kingdom and peaked in the top twenty in other European territories. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).\nThe accompanying music video was directed by Chris Robinson, and features Jay-Z and Beyoncé playing a modern-day version of the 1920s bank robbers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. It was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" spawned a feud with American recording artist Toni Braxton, who had also sampled \"Me and My Girlfriend\" in her 2002 song \"Me & My Boyfriend\". She accused West and Jay-Z of stealing the idea of using the song as a sample, which was later denied by both of them. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was performed by Jay-Z and Beyoncé on several television shows and was later included on the set list of their concert performances and tours, most notably on their co-headlining On the Run and On the Run II tours.", "\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" marked the first collaboration between rapper Jay-Z and R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. While listening to Shakur's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, producer Kanye West suggested that American rapper Tupac Shakur's song \"Me and My Girlfriend\" would make a good sample to use on Jay-Z's duet with Knowles. West told MTV News that Jay-Z had asked him on the telephone for a duet for him and Knowles: \"We got this joint, it has to be the best beat you ever made.\" He continued:\nSo I went home and called my dog, E Base, who plays a lot of instruments up at Baseline [studio] for me and [producer] Just Blaze. [E] came through. I programmed the drums in 10 minutes, and then he played all the different parts. This version is all live bass, live guitars, [live] chords on it. I brought it to Hov that night, he heard it, he thought of the video treatment before he thought of the rap. He just knew it was gonna be the one.\nTensions arose during the conception of \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" over the sampling of \"Me and My Girlfriend\". Senior Vice President of A&R Tina Davis commented on the issue, \"We only had one day to clear the [Tupac Shakur] sample [from 'Me and my Girlfriend'] that was used on \"'03 Bonnie and Clyde\" last year with Jay-Z and Knowles [Beyoncé]. We were back and forth with Afeni Shakur all day until we got the clearance. And then it's a hit.\"\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was released on October 10, 2002, as the lead single from Jay-Z's album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse. Knowles later included the song as a bonus track on international editions of her 2003 debut solo album Dangerously in Love. In 2003, Now That's What I Call Music! included \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" as the opening track of the 12th volume of the US release and the fifteenth track of the 54th volume of the UK release. The song's release was the first indication of Jay-Z's and Knowles' romantic status, spawning rumors about a burgeoning relationship. Their relationship was not made public until Jay-Z featured on Knowles' songs \"Crazy In Love\" (2003) and \"Déjà Vu\" (2006). The former's release also marked the debut of the solo career of Knowles, leaving Destiny's Child on hiatus.", "\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" features drums and live instrumentation such as bass instruments and guitar chords. It also consists of a beat sampled from \"Me and My Girlfriend\". The song was inspired by the 1967 American crime film Bonnie and Clyde as Jay-Z and Beyoncé proclaim themselves as the current version of the criminal duo. Ethan Brown of New York magazine noted that its patina of flamenco guitar was reminiscent of that in Jay-Z's 2001 collaboration with R. Kelly on \"Fiesta.\" Beyoncé mimics the hook of \"Me and My Girlfriend\" on the chorus as she sings, \"Down to ride to the very end, me and my boyfriend\".\nSome lyrics sung by Beyoncé were sampled from \"If I Was Your Girlfriend\" by American recording artist Prince. On the second verse, Jay-Z references the relationship between Bobby Brown and Whitney Houston, and the American television comedy-drama series Sex and the City as he raps: \"She riiides wit' me / The new Bobby and Whitney / Only time we don't speak is during 'Sex and the City' / Put us together, how they gon' stop both of us? / When I'm off track, Mommy is keeping me focused\". The verse then continues: \"Let's lock this down like it's supposed to be/ The new '03 Bonnie and Clyde, Hov and B\".", "\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was received favorably by critics, who commended the use of different samples, and commented on the relationship between Jay-Z and Beyoncé. Chris Ryan of Spin magazine described \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" as a highlight on The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse, stating that it consists of \"a house party in a crib as big as the Georgia Dome.\" John Bush from AllMusic included the song as a highlight on the album, further describing it as \"a slick R&B crossover with Beyoncé Knowles\". Marc L. Hill of PopMatters viewed it as the \"obligatory radio song\" of the album. Awarding the song a rating of eight out of ten possible points, Dele Fadele of NME complimented it as \"a cool duet\" between Jay-Z and Beyoncé. John Robinson of the same publication wrote that as the couple describe their life, it's not all \"Lexus and sipping Cris\". He added, \"A similarly relaxed production makes for a behind-the-diamante-net-curtains classic\".\nEthan Brown of New York magazine named \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" as a follow-up to the previous \"Bonnie & Clyde Part II\" by Jay-Z featuring rapper Foxy Brown. Erik Parker, music editor of Vibe magazine, was divided on the song's sample, writing that it was \"tasteless but well-executed\", and complimented West's production as \"impeccable\". Margena A. Christian of Jet magazine praised Jay-Z's and Beyoncé's collaboration, favoring the former's \"dropping lyrics\" and the latter's \"cooing silky vocals\". Chuck Taylor of Billboard magazine wrote that though it was unclear at the time whether the couple were together or not, but they created good music together. Taylor praised the song's ability to showcase what each artist does best: Jay-Z \"spitting\" verses of praise, and Beyoncé's sweets coos and hooks. Taylor noted that the sampled acoustic guitar \"added spice to the track, setting it up for future success\". In a more negative review, Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club described the song as \"terrible\" and different from the other songs on The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse.\nRap-Up credited \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" for giving Beyoncé a \"little street-credit\". The staff members of Vibe magazine placed the song at number two on a list of the best Bonnie and Clyde inspired songs. On a list of the 10 Best Jay-Z Songs, Dean Silfenv of AOL placed \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" at number six. Popjustice listed \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" at number 66 on its list of the best singles of 2003. It was nominated for the Best Collaboration at the 2003 BET Awards, but lost to Snoop Dogg's song \"Beautiful\". In a 2013 list of Jay-Z's 20 Biggest Billboard Hits, \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was ranked at number 6. Elijah Watson and Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine noted that the song proved the couple was \"unstoppable from jump\".", "\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" reached the top ten on music charts in six European countries. It peaked at number six on the Norway Singles Chart and on the Danish Singles Chart, number eight on the Italian Singles Chart, and topped the Swiss Singles Charts. In Canada, the song peaked at number four and became Jay-Z's highest charting single until it was surpassed by his 2009 Alicia Keys-assisted song \"Empire State of Mind\", which peaked at number three. In the United Kingdom, \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart. At the time, it became his highest charting single in Britain since \"Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)\" achieved the same feat in November 1998. It peaked at number four on the New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming his highest charting single in that territory. The song also became Jay-Z's highest charting single in Australia, where it peaked at number two. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipment of 70,000 copies.\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" broke into the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 at number four; it became the highest-charting single that references the famous bank robbers Bonnie and Clyde. The record was previously held by Georgie Fame's 1967 single \"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde.\" Following the performance of \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" on Saturday Night Live (SNL) on November 2, 2002, its radio audience increased by 12%, allowing the song to advance into the top ten of the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, at number seven. This gave Jay-Z his 12th top 10 single, tying him with rapper P. Diddy, who had the same number of top 10 singles on that chart. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was his first top 10 since his 2001 single \"Girls, Girls, Girls\". It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of 500,000 copies.The song sold over 1 million copies in US.", "Chris Robinson directed the song's accompanying music video and filmed in Mexico, during October 2002. June Ambrose was hired as the personal stylist, and Johnathon Schaech and Lance Reddick appear in the video as the police officers on their tail. Jay-Z and Beyoncé play a modern-day version of the 1930s bank robbers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. The video is loosely based on the American 1993 romance crime film True Romance, which stars Christian Slater and Patricia Arquette as two lovers on the run from cocaine dealers. The choreography used in the clip suggests a relationship beyond screen, as Jay-Z wraps his arm around Beyoncé while singing his part of the chorus. The video also marked a departure for the \"clean-cut Beyoncé\" and created a symbiotic relationship between her and Jay-Z, allowing them to exchange audiences. The video was premiered on MTV on November 8, 2002.\nThe music video begins as police officers and Reddick discuss the criminal duo and ways to catch them. As the song begins, Jay-Z is seen driving a gunmetal grey Aston Martin Vanquish while Beyoncé sits in the passenger seat. As they drive through the sepia sands of Mexico, clips of the police from the beginning of the video are cut into the scene. As Jay-Z and Beyoncé pull over to a hotel, they cover the car to avoid notice from the police. As Beyoncé and Jay-Z count money in the bedroom, the police discover their hiding place and go upstairs only to find that the two have fled the scene in their car. Scenes of Beyoncé and Jay-Z at a Mexican bar are inter-cut with scenes of an intimate time in a phone-booth; behind the phone booth, spray-painted onto a wall is a tribute to Tupac Shakur. The duo again elude the police who are following one step behind. After Beyoncé performs her verse in an empty pool, the police form a blockade on the highway in an attempt to catch her and Jay-Z, only to be stumped again as two gas station attendant decoys are found driving the car. The video ends as Beyoncé and Jay-Z light a bonfire on the beach and drive away in a different car.\nCorey Moss of MTV News noted that the end of the video does not reveal how the \"real\" Bonnie and Clyde met their end. The story continues in the 2004 video for Jay-Z's song \"99 Problems\". The music video for \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. In the official top 20 countdown of Jay-Z music videos, MTV UK listed the clip at number 10.", "On October 8, 2002, Toni Braxton and her team released a statement claiming that Jay-Z's song \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" had stolen Braxton's idea to sample the 1996 Tupac Shakur song \"Me and My Girlfriend\". Braxton sampled Shakur's song on the track \"Me & My Boyfriend\", included on Braxton's album, More Than a Woman (2002). In a call to a New York radio station, hosted by Wendy Williams, Braxton stated that \"Jay-Z and Beyoncé are messing with my money. They're trying to steal my mojo\". Braxton said her song was recorded over the summer of 2002, and alleged that Jay-Z only decided to do \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" after she played her version of the song for Def Jam Recordings.\nKanye West responded to Braxton's claim in an interview for MTV News, \"I had no idea about Toni Braxton's [song]. She can't act like ain't nobody ever heard 'Me and My Girlfriend' before. People hear the song all the time. I can [understand her complaint] if it [was] an original song.\" West defended the song's sample, stating that the idea came to him after listening to a friend's Makaveli album one night. Roc-A-Fella Records' Co-CEO Damon Dash responded to Braxton's claims:\nJay is a talented dude. I don't think he would steal anything intentionally. It's an ill coincidence, and things happen for a reason. We'll see what happens behind it... I read it in the paper, and Jay and I were talking about it this morning and it was a little funny. I know he didn't intentionally make the same record she made. I don't think he even heard it. [My] reaction is, 'Sorry, it wasn't intentional.' Jay makes records and puts them out. This [sh--] is music. It's just music. We don't sit around and have a blueprint to [f---] anybody's life up. The music business has been good to us. I'm not getting into any beef or nothing over music.\nSpeaking for MTV News, Jay-Z responded to Braxton's claims: \"I wouldn't want to take it from her. I don't even think like that. My first thought would be, 'Maybe I could call her up, maybe I could get on that record.' The most obvious [explanation] is it's neither one of our records. It's not like you made an original idea. She's not in hip-hop, but it happens in hip-hop often. We go to sample the same thing and my record came out first. I'm sorry. What can I do?\" He went on saying that if he had known they were both planning to sample the same Tupac song, he would have arranged a duet with her.", "On November 2, 2002, Jay-Z and Beyoncé performed the song together at Saturday Night Live (SNL). Later, on November 21, 2002, they appeared on MTV's TRL for Spankin' New Music Week where they also performed the song. In 2009, Beyoncé performed an abbreviated version of \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" during her I Am... Yours revue, held at the Encore Las Vegas Theatre in July and August. The song was later included on the 2009 live album I Am... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas which was chronicling the revue. In August 2011, Beyoncé performed \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" again during her revue 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and included the song on the DVD Live at Roseland: Elements of 4 released in November 2011. During the concerts, Beyoncé announced the song by saying, \"It's 2002... I started to feel a little lonely till one day...\". \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was included on Jay-Z's live album Live in Brooklyn released on October 11, 2012, after he performed the song during eight shows in Brooklyn. In 2013, Jay-Z included the song on the set list of his Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour.\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was part of the set list of Beyoncé and Jay-Z's co-headlining On the Run Tour (2014) where the shows were opened with the performance of the song. A black-and-white video was shown on the screen accompanied by sirens as the duo appeared onstage surrounded by smoke. They started performing the song with Beyoncé wearing a see-through fishnet mask and Jay-Z wearing black sunglasses, a star-speckled shirt, black jacket and gold chains. The song was in line with the show's overall criminalistic theme. d /54", "Digital EP\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" (Radio Edit, Hey Arnold!: The Movie Version) – 3:27\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" (Explicit) – 3:26\n\"U Don't Know\" (Remix) (Jay-Z & M.O.P.) – 4:28\nCD single\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" (Radio Edit) – 3:28\n\"U Don't Know\" (Remix) – 4:27\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" (Instrumental) – 3:27", "Adapted from The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse's liner notes.\nE-Base – bass, guitar, instrumentation, Keyboards\nShawn Carter – vocals (rap), composer\nJason Goldstein – mixing\nD. Harper – composer\nGimel \"Young Guru\" Katon – engineer, mixing\nBeyoncé Knowles – vocals\nPrince Nelson – additional writing from sample\nR. 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Retrieved February 18, 2013." ]	[ "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", "Production and release", "Composition", "Critical reception", "Chart performance", "Music video", "Controversy", "Live performances", "Formats and track listings", "Credits and personnel", "Charts and certifications", "Weekly charts", "Year-end charts", "Certifications", "See also", "References" ]	'03 Bonnie & Clyde	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2703_Bonnie_%26_Clyde	[ 114 ]	[ 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1263, 1264, 1265, 1266, 1267, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1273, 1274, 1275, 1276, 1277, 1278, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1293, 1294, 1295, 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, 1308, 1309, 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1321, 1322 ]	'03 Bonnie & Clyde "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" is a song recorded by American rapper Jay-Z featuring his then-girlfriend, now wife, American singer Beyoncé Knowles. It was released on October 10, 2002. It was composed by Jay-Z, Kanye West, Prince Nelson, Tupac Shakur, Darryl Harper, Ricky Rouse and Tyrone Wrice for Jay-Z's seventh studio album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). The song was released as the album's lead single on October 10, 2002. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" sampled its beat from American rapper Tupac Shakur's 1996 song "Me and My Girlfriend", paraphrasing its chorus, and was inspired by the crime film Bonnie and Clyde. The instrumentation is based on programmed drums, bass instruments, and a flamenco guitar. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was generally received with favorable reviews by music critics, who complimented the combination of Jay-Z's and Beyoncé's musical styles, their collaboration and the song's production. The single reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Jay-Z's second top ten single and Beyoncé's first as a solo artist. It charted at number one in Switzerland, number two in the United Kingdom and peaked in the top twenty in other European territories. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). The accompanying music video was directed by Chris Robinson, and features Jay-Z and Beyoncé playing a modern-day version of the 1920s bank robbers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. It was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" spawned a feud with American recording artist Toni Braxton, who had also sampled "Me and My Girlfriend" in her 2002 song "Me & My Boyfriend". She accused West and Jay-Z of stealing the idea of using the song as a sample, which was later denied by both of them. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was performed by Jay-Z and Beyoncé on several television shows and was later included on the set list of their concert performances and tours, most notably on their co-headlining On the Run and On the Run II tours. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" marked the first collaboration between rapper Jay-Z and R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. While listening to Shakur's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, producer Kanye West suggested that American rapper Tupac Shakur's song "Me and My Girlfriend" would make a good sample to use on Jay-Z's duet with Knowles. West told MTV News that Jay-Z had asked him on the telephone for a duet for him and Knowles: "We got this joint, it has to be the best beat you ever made." He continued: So I went home and called my dog, E Base, who plays a lot of instruments up at Baseline [studio] for me and [producer] Just Blaze. [E] came through. I programmed the drums in 10 minutes, and then he played all the different parts. This version is all live bass, live guitars, [live] chords on it. I brought it to Hov that night, he heard it, he thought of the video treatment before he thought of the rap. He just knew it was gonna be the one. Tensions arose during the conception of "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" over the sampling of "Me and My Girlfriend". Senior Vice President of A&R Tina Davis commented on the issue, "We only had one day to clear the [Tupac Shakur] sample [from 'Me and my Girlfriend'] that was used on "'03 Bonnie and Clyde" last year with Jay-Z and Knowles [Beyoncé]. We were back and forth with Afeni Shakur all day until we got the clearance. And then it's a hit." "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was released on October 10, 2002, as the lead single from Jay-Z's album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse. Knowles later included the song as a bonus track on international editions of her 2003 debut solo album Dangerously in Love. In 2003, Now That's What I Call Music! included "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" as the opening track of the 12th volume of the US release and the fifteenth track of the 54th volume of the UK release. The song's release was the first indication of Jay-Z's and Knowles' romantic status, spawning rumors about a burgeoning relationship. Their relationship was not made public until Jay-Z featured on Knowles' songs "Crazy In Love" (2003) and "Déjà Vu" (2006). The former's release also marked the debut of the solo career of Knowles, leaving Destiny's Child on hiatus. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" features drums and live instrumentation such as bass instruments and guitar chords. It also consists of a beat sampled from "Me and My Girlfriend". The song was inspired by the 1967 American crime film Bonnie and Clyde as Jay-Z and Beyoncé proclaim themselves as the current version of the criminal duo. Ethan Brown of New York magazine noted that its patina of flamenco guitar was reminiscent of that in Jay-Z's 2001 collaboration with R. Kelly on "Fiesta." Beyoncé mimics the hook of "Me and My Girlfriend" on the chorus as she sings, "Down to ride to the very end, me and my boyfriend". Some lyrics sung by Beyoncé were sampled from "If I Was Your Girlfriend" by American recording artist Prince. On the second verse, Jay-Z references the relationship between Bobby Brown and Whitney Houston, and the American television comedy-drama series Sex and the City as he raps: "She riiides wit' me / The new Bobby and Whitney / Only time we don't speak is during 'Sex and the City' / Put us together, how they gon' stop both of us? / When I'm off track, Mommy is keeping me focused". The verse then continues: "Let's lock this down like it's supposed to be/ The new '03 Bonnie and Clyde, Hov and B". "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was received favorably by critics, who commended the use of different samples, and commented on the relationship between Jay-Z and Beyoncé. Chris Ryan of Spin magazine described "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" as a highlight on The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse, stating that it consists of "a house party in a crib as big as the Georgia Dome." John Bush from AllMusic included the song as a highlight on the album, further describing it as "a slick R&B crossover with Beyoncé Knowles". Marc L. Hill of PopMatters viewed it as the "obligatory radio song" of the album. Awarding the song a rating of eight out of ten possible points, Dele Fadele of NME complimented it as "a cool duet" between Jay-Z and Beyoncé. John Robinson of the same publication wrote that as the couple describe their life, it's not all "Lexus and sipping Cris". He added, "A similarly relaxed production makes for a behind-the-diamante-net-curtains classic". Ethan Brown of New York magazine named "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" as a follow-up to the previous "Bonnie & Clyde Part II" by Jay-Z featuring rapper Foxy Brown. Erik Parker, music editor of Vibe magazine, was divided on the song's sample, writing that it was "tasteless but well-executed", and complimented West's production as "impeccable". Margena A. Christian of Jet magazine praised Jay-Z's and Beyoncé's collaboration, favoring the former's "dropping lyrics" and the latter's "cooing silky vocals". Chuck Taylor of Billboard magazine wrote that though it was unclear at the time whether the couple were together or not, but they created good music together. Taylor praised the song's ability to showcase what each artist does best: Jay-Z "spitting" verses of praise, and Beyoncé's sweets coos and hooks. Taylor noted that the sampled acoustic guitar "added spice to the track, setting it up for future success". In a more negative review, Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club described the song as "terrible" and different from the other songs on The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse. Rap-Up credited "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" for giving Beyoncé a "little street-credit". The staff members of Vibe magazine placed the song at number two on a list of the best Bonnie and Clyde inspired songs. On a list of the 10 Best Jay-Z Songs, Dean Silfenv of AOL placed "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" at number six. Popjustice listed "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" at number 66 on its list of the best singles of 2003. It was nominated for the Best Collaboration at the 2003 BET Awards, but lost to Snoop Dogg's song "Beautiful". In a 2013 list of Jay-Z's 20 Biggest Billboard Hits, "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was ranked at number 6. Elijah Watson and Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine noted that the song proved the couple was "unstoppable from jump". "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" reached the top ten on music charts in six European countries. It peaked at number six on the Norway Singles Chart and on the Danish Singles Chart, number eight on the Italian Singles Chart, and topped the Swiss Singles Charts. In Canada, the song peaked at number four and became Jay-Z's highest charting single until it was surpassed by his 2009 Alicia Keys-assisted song "Empire State of Mind", which peaked at number three. In the United Kingdom, "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart. At the time, it became his highest charting single in Britain since "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)" achieved the same feat in November 1998. It peaked at number four on the New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming his highest charting single in that territory. The song also became Jay-Z's highest charting single in Australia, where it peaked at number two. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipment of 70,000 copies. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" broke into the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 at number four; it became the highest-charting single that references the famous bank robbers Bonnie and Clyde. The record was previously held by Georgie Fame's 1967 single "The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde." Following the performance of "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" on Saturday Night Live (SNL) on November 2, 2002, its radio audience increased by 12%, allowing the song to advance into the top ten of the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, at number seven. This gave Jay-Z his 12th top 10 single, tying him with rapper P. Diddy, who had the same number of top 10 singles on that chart. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was his first top 10 since his 2001 single "Girls, Girls, Girls". It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of 500,000 copies.The song sold over 1 million copies in US. Chris Robinson directed the song's accompanying music video and filmed in Mexico, during October 2002. June Ambrose was hired as the personal stylist, and Johnathon Schaech and Lance Reddick appear in the video as the police officers on their tail. Jay-Z and Beyoncé play a modern-day version of the 1930s bank robbers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. The video is loosely based on the American 1993 romance crime film True Romance, which stars Christian Slater and Patricia Arquette as two lovers on the run from cocaine dealers. The choreography used in the clip suggests a relationship beyond screen, as Jay-Z wraps his arm around Beyoncé while singing his part of the chorus. The video also marked a departure for the "clean-cut Beyoncé" and created a symbiotic relationship between her and Jay-Z, allowing them to exchange audiences. The video was premiered on MTV on November 8, 2002. The music video begins as police officers and Reddick discuss the criminal duo and ways to catch them. As the song begins, Jay-Z is seen driving a gunmetal grey Aston Martin Vanquish while Beyoncé sits in the passenger seat. As they drive through the sepia sands of Mexico, clips of the police from the beginning of the video are cut into the scene. As Jay-Z and Beyoncé pull over to a hotel, they cover the car to avoid notice from the police. As Beyoncé and Jay-Z count money in the bedroom, the police discover their hiding place and go upstairs only to find that the two have fled the scene in their car. Scenes of Beyoncé and Jay-Z at a Mexican bar are inter-cut with scenes of an intimate time in a phone-booth; behind the phone booth, spray-painted onto a wall is a tribute to Tupac Shakur. The duo again elude the police who are following one step behind. After Beyoncé performs her verse in an empty pool, the police form a blockade on the highway in an attempt to catch her and Jay-Z, only to be stumped again as two gas station attendant decoys are found driving the car. The video ends as Beyoncé and Jay-Z light a bonfire on the beach and drive away in a different car. Corey Moss of MTV News noted that the end of the video does not reveal how the "real" Bonnie and Clyde met their end. The story continues in the 2004 video for Jay-Z's song "99 Problems". The music video for "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. In the official top 20 countdown of Jay-Z music videos, MTV UK listed the clip at number 10. On October 8, 2002, Toni Braxton and her team released a statement claiming that Jay-Z's song "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" had stolen Braxton's idea to sample the 1996 Tupac Shakur song "Me and My Girlfriend". Braxton sampled Shakur's song on the track "Me & My Boyfriend", included on Braxton's album, More Than a Woman (2002). In a call to a New York radio station, hosted by Wendy Williams, Braxton stated that "Jay-Z and Beyoncé are messing with my money. They're trying to steal my mojo". Braxton said her song was recorded over the summer of 2002, and alleged that Jay-Z only decided to do "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" after she played her version of the song for Def Jam Recordings. Kanye West responded to Braxton's claim in an interview for MTV News, "I had no idea about Toni Braxton's [song]. She can't act like ain't nobody ever heard 'Me and My Girlfriend' before. People hear the song all the time. I can [understand her complaint] if it [was] an original song." West defended the song's sample, stating that the idea came to him after listening to a friend's Makaveli album one night. Roc-A-Fella Records' Co-CEO Damon Dash responded to Braxton's claims: Jay is a talented dude. I don't think he would steal anything intentionally. It's an ill coincidence, and things happen for a reason. We'll see what happens behind it... I read it in the paper, and Jay and I were talking about it this morning and it was a little funny. I know he didn't intentionally make the same record she made. I don't think he even heard it. [My] reaction is, 'Sorry, it wasn't intentional.' Jay makes records and puts them out. This [sh--] is music. It's just music. We don't sit around and have a blueprint to [f---] anybody's life up. The music business has been good to us. I'm not getting into any beef or nothing over music. Speaking for MTV News, Jay-Z responded to Braxton's claims: "I wouldn't want to take it from her. I don't even think like that. My first thought would be, 'Maybe I could call her up, maybe I could get on that record.' The most obvious [explanation] is it's neither one of our records. It's not like you made an original idea. She's not in hip-hop, but it happens in hip-hop often. We go to sample the same thing and my record came out first. I'm sorry. What can I do?" He went on saying that if he had known they were both planning to sample the same Tupac song, he would have arranged a duet with her. On November 2, 2002, Jay-Z and Beyoncé performed the song together at Saturday Night Live (SNL). Later, on November 21, 2002, they appeared on MTV's TRL for Spankin' New Music Week where they also performed the song. In 2009, Beyoncé performed an abbreviated version of "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" during her I Am... Yours revue, held at the Encore Las Vegas Theatre in July and August. The song was later included on the 2009 live album I Am... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas which was chronicling the revue. In August 2011, Beyoncé performed "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" again during her revue 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and included the song on the DVD Live at Roseland: Elements of 4 released in November 2011. During the concerts, Beyoncé announced the song by saying, "It's 2002... I started to feel a little lonely till one day...". "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was included on Jay-Z's live album Live in Brooklyn released on October 11, 2012, after he performed the song during eight shows in Brooklyn. In 2013, Jay-Z included the song on the set list of his Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour. "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" was part of the set list of Beyoncé and Jay-Z's co-headlining On the Run Tour (2014) where the shows were opened with the performance of the song. A black-and-white video was shown on the screen accompanied by sirens as the duo appeared onstage surrounded by smoke. They started performing the song with Beyoncé wearing a see-through fishnet mask and Jay-Z wearing black sunglasses, a star-speckled shirt, black jacket and gold chains. The song was in line with the show's overall criminalistic theme. d /54 Digital EP "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Radio Edit, Hey Arnold!: The Movie Version) – 3:27 "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Explicit) – 3:26 "U Don't Know" (Remix) (Jay-Z & M.O.P.) – 4:28 CD single "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Radio Edit) – 3:28 "U Don't Know" (Remix) – 4:27 "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Instrumental) – 3:27 Adapted from The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse's liner notes. E-Base – bass, guitar, instrumentation, Keyboards Shawn Carter – vocals (rap), composer Jason Goldstein – mixing D. Harper – composer Gimel "Young Guru" Katon – engineer, mixing Beyoncé Knowles – vocals Prince Nelson – additional writing from sample R. Rouse – composer Tupac Shakur – additional writing from sample Kanye West – composer, producer Shane "Bermy" Woodley – engineer Tyrone Wrice – composer "'97 Bonnie & Clyde," 1998 song by Eminem "Here Are All the Songs Beyoncé & JAY-Z Played on the Opening Night of the On the Run II Tour". Billboard. June 7, 2018. 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Patel, Minal (November 16, 2002). Between The Bullets- Singles Minded. Billboard. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Reid, Shaheem; Calloway, Sway (October 14, 2002). "Jay-Z Says He Would Have Liked To Be On Braxton Track". MTV News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2002. Retrieved April 30, 2020. Moss, Corey (August 26, 2004). "Jay-Z Has The Guts To Get 'Shot,' Rick Rubin Demands To Look Cool: VMA Lens Recap". MTV News. Archived from the original on August 29, 2004. Retrieved April 30, 2020. Greenburg, Zack O'Malley (March 17, 2011). Empire State of Mind: How Jay-Z Went from Street Corner to Corner Office. Penguin. ISBN 9781101476079. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Brown, Jake (2005). Jay-Z Complete Chart/Singles/Awards History. Amber Books Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 9780974977911. Retrieved January 15, 2012. "Jay-Z \| Official Top 20". MTV UK. MTV Networks. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Susman, Gary (October 15, 2002). "Backbiting". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 18, 2002. Retrieved April 30, 2020. "What's Right Now: Beyonce and Jay-Z's On-Stage Moments". InStyle. p. 1. Retrieved August 10, 2013. "What's Right Now: Beyonce and Jay-Z's On-Stage Moments". InStyle. p. 2. Retrieved August 10, 2013. "Beyonce & Jay Z's Sexy Romance". Us Weekly. Wenner Media. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Diver, Mike (December 10, 2009). "Beyoncé – I Am... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas – Review". BBC Online. BBC. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Masley, Ed (November 24, 2009). "New CD releases: Lambert, Rihanna, Shakira, more". The Arizona Republic Company. Retrieved August 10, 2013. "Concert Review: Beyoncé Reigns at Roseland Balroom". Rap-Up. August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2013. "Trailer: Beyoncé – 'Live at Roseland: Elements of 4'". Rap-Up. November 9, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Ramirez, Erika (August 15, 2011). "Beyonce Owns NYC in '4' Concert Debut". Billboard. Retrieved August 10, 2013. "Tracklisting: Jay-Z – 'Live in Brooklyn'". Rap-Up. October 10, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Young, Alex (July 14, 2013). "The setlist for Jay-Z and Justin Timberlake's first concert was bananas". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 19, 2013. Young, Alex (June 26, 2014). "Jay Z and Beyoncé kick off On the Run Tour with massive 42-song setlist". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved June 26, 2014. K. Landau, Erica (June 25, 2014). "Terrific together: Beyonce and Jay Z go live". USA Today. Retrieved June 26, 2014. Cobo, Leila (June 26, 2014). "Beyonce & Jay Z's Street-Fab 'On the Run' Tour Opens in Miami: Review". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2014. Spera, Keith (July 21, 2014). "Beyonce and Jay Z intermingled reality, fiction while On the Run in New Orleans". The Times-Picayune. Advance Publications. Retrieved September 25, 2014. "iTunes Store – Beyoncé & Jay-Z – '03 Bonnie & Clyde – EP". iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2012. The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse (CD liner). Jay-Z. Roc-A-Fella Records. 2002. p. 1. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Issue 697" ARIA Top 40 Urban Singles. National Library of Australia. Retrieved February 27, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde". Tracklisten. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z: 03 Bonnie & Clyde" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie and Clyde" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Irish-charts.com – Discography Jay-Z". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde". Top Digital Download. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Retrieved June 6, 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Singoli" and search "03 Bonnie & Clyde" under "Titolo". "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde". VG-lista. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde". Singles Top 100. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z feat. Beyoncé Knowles – '03 Bonnie And Clyde". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "Jay-Z Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 6, 2022. "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2003". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2012. "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Urban Singles 2003". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 16, 2012. "Jaaroverzichten 2003 (Flanders)" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2012. "Rapports Annuels 2003 (Wallonia)" (in French). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2012. "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2003". MegaCharts. Archived from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2012. "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts (2003)" (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved May 8, 2015. "Top 100 Songs of 2003". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 2003. Archived from the original on June 2, 2004. Retrieved March 16, 2022. "Årslista Singlar – År 2003" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2012. "Swiss Year End Charts 2003". Swisscharts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2012. "2003 UK Singles Chart" (PDF). ChartsPlus. Retrieved February 10, 2011. "2003 Year End Charts – The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 3, 2012. "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year End Charts". Billboard. 2003. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012. "The Billboard Top 40 Tracks Titles – 2003 Year End Charts". Billboard. December 27, 2003. Retrieved October 25, 2011. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2003 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 5, 2013. "British single certifications – Beyoncé – '03 Bonnie & Clyde". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 24, 2022. "American single certifications – Beyonce – '03 Bonnie & Clyde". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 18, 2013.
[ "Buxtehude, Psalm 42 \"Quem ad modum desiderat cervis\"", "J. S. Bach Cantata BWV140, orchestral introduction to the opening chorus", "Mozart Piano Concerto K. 482, opening bars" ]	[ 4, 4, 4 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Buxtehude%2C_Psalm_42_%22Quem_ad_modum_desiderat_cervis%22.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/J._S._Bach_Cantata_BWV141%2C_orchestral_introduction_to_the_opening_chorus.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Mozart_Piano_Concerto_K483%2C_opening_bars.png" ]	[ "The '50s progression (also known as the \"Heart and Soul\" chords, the \"Stand by Me\" changes, the doo-wop progression and the \"ice cream changes\") is a chord progression and turnaround used in Western popular music. The progression, represented in Roman numeral analysis, is: I–vi–IV–V. For example, in C major: C–Am–F–G. As the name implies, it was common in the 1950s and early 1960s and is particularly associated with doo-wop.\nThe first song to use the sequence extensively might have been \"Blue Moon\", written in 1933 by Richard Rodgers, and first released, with lyrics by Lorenz Hart, in 1934.", "In Western classical music during the common practice period, chord progressions are used to structure a musical composition. The destination of a chord progression is known as a cadence, or two chords that signify the end or prolongation of a musical phrase. The most conclusive and resolving cadences return to the tonic or I chord; following the circle of fifths, the most suitable chord to precede the I chord is a V chord. This particular cadence, V–I, is known as an authentic cadence. However, since a I–V–I progression is repetitive and skips most of the circle of fifths, it is common practice to precede the dominant chord with a suitable predominant chord, such as a IV chord or a ii chord (in major), in order to maintain interest. In this case, the 50s progression uses a IV chord, resulting in the ubiquitous I–IV–V–I progression. The vi chord before the IV chord in this progression (creating I–vi–IV–V–I) is used as a means to prolong the tonic chord, as the vi or submediant chord is commonly used as a substitute for the tonic chord, and to ease the voice leading of the bass line: in a I–vi–IV–V–I progression (without any chordal inversions) the bass voice descends in major or minor thirds from the I chord to the vi chord to the IV chord.", "As with any other chord progression, there are many possible variations, for example turning the dominant or V into a V⁷, or repeated I–vi progression followed by a single IV–V progression. A very common variation is having ii substitute for the subdominant, IV, creating the progression I–vi–ii–V (a variant of the circle progression) and thus the ii–V–I turnaround.\nVariations include switching the vi and the IV chord to create I–IV–vi–V, as is used in \"More Than a Feeling\" by Boston and \"She Drives Me Crazy\" by Fine Young Cannibals. This is also similar to the I–V–vi–IV progression.\nThe harmonic rhythm, or the pace at which the chords occur, may be varied including two beats (half-measure) per chord, four (full measure or bar), eight (two measures), and eight beats per chord except for IV and V which get four each.\n\"Sleep Walk\" by Santo & Johnny uses a similar progression, with the IV replaced by its parallel minor iv for an overall progression of I–vi–iv–V.", "This is a partial list of recorded songs containing the '50s progression. The list does not include songs containing the progression for very short, irrelevant sections of the songs, nor does it include remade recordings of songs by other artists.", "Instances of the I–vi–IV–V progression date back to the 17th century, for example, the ostinato bass line of Dieterich Buxtehude's setting of Psalm 42, Quem admodum desiderat cervus, BuxWV 92: \n\nThe opening of J. S. Bach's Cantata \"Wachet Auf\":\nThe progression is found frequently in works by Mozart. At the end of the slow movement of his Piano Concerto No. 24, K. 491, the progression is spelled out in arpeggios played by the bassoon:\nThe opening of his Piano Concerto No. 22, K. 482 extends the progression in a particularly subtle way, making use of suspensions:\nEric Blom (1935, p. 227) hears this passage as \"the height of cunning contrivance resulting in what is apparently quite simple and obvious, but what could have occurred to nobody else.\"", "Doo-wop\nPachelbel's Canon\nI–V–vi–IV progression\nRoman numeral analysis", "Moore, Allan (May 1995). \"The So-Called 'Flattened Seventh' in Rock\". Popular Music. Cambridge University Press. 14 (2): 185–201. doi:10.1017/s0261143000007431. ISSN 0261-1430.\nCole, Clay (2009). Sh-Boom!: The Explosion of Rock 'n' Roll (1953–1968). Garden City, New York: Morgan James. p. 56. ISBN 1-60037-638-X.\nScott, Richard (2003). Chord Progressions for Songwriters. New York: Writers Club Press. ISBN 0-595-26384-4.\nAustin, D.; Peterik, J.; Lynn, C. (2010). Songwriting For Dummies. Wiley. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-470-89041-7. Retrieved March 2, 2015.\nBennett, Dan (2008). The Total Rock Bassist. Van Nuys, California: Alfred Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 0-7390-5269-1.\n\"She Drives Me Crazy Chords by Fine Young Cannibals\". Tabs.Ultimate-Guitar.com. Retrieved 30 July 2022.\n\"She Drives Me Crazy by Fine Young Cannibals Chords and Melody\". HookTheory.com. Retrieved 30 July 2022.\n\"Beyond the Sea\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"Body Say by Demi Lovato Chords and Melody\", HookTheory.com.\n\"Boom Clap by Charli XCX Chords and Melody\". HookTheory.com.\n\"Brave by Sara Bareilles Chords and Melody\", HookTheory.com.\n\"Chain Gang\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"Crocodile Rock\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\nHirsh, Marc. \"Striking a Chord\", The Boston Globe, December 31, 2008.\n\"Don't Dream It's Over\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\nScott (2003), p. 206\nHarwood, Dane (September 1982). \"Review: [untitled]\". Ethnomusicology. University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology. 26 (3): 491–493. doi:10.2307/850712. ISSN 0014-1836. JSTOR 850712.\n\"Eternal Flame\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"Eyes Of Blue chords & lyrics – Paul Carrack\". Jellynote. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.\n\"For Your Precious Love\", MusicNotes.com.\nLewis, Randy (March 31, 2011). \"Rebecca Black's 'Friday': There are a million good reasons you can't get it out of your head\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 2, 2013.\n\"Give a Little Love\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\nRiley, Tim (2002). Tell Me Why: The Beatles: Album by Album, Song by Song, the Sixties and After. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. 269. ISBN 0-306-81120-0.\n\"Heart and Soul\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"In the Aeroplane Over the Sea Rebuttal\". University of California. Retrieved August 27, 2018.\n\"Acoustic Lesson 11B: Basic Chord Progressions\". GuitarLessonInsider.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.\n\"Jesus of Suburbia\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"Last Kiss\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"Just Like a Pill\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"Lollipop\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\nLonely \"This Christmas Chords\", E-Chords.com\nGuralnick, Peter (2005). Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke. New York: Little, Brown. p. 157. ISBN 0-316-37794-5.\n\"Lovable\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"Oliver's Army\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\nRobert Joffred (24 November 2017). \"Weekly Billboard Theory — Perfect\". Medium. Retrieved 1 January 2020.\nMoore, Allan (May 1995). \"The So-Called 'Flattened Seventh' in Rock\". Popular Music. Cambridge University Press. 14 (2): 185–201. doi:10.1017/s0261143000007431. ISSN 0261-1430.\n\"Stand by Me\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"This Magic Moment\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"Those Magic Changes\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"True Blue\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"We Go Together\", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required)\n\"You Don't Own Me Chords – Lesley Gore\". E-Chords.\n\"Misc Computer Games – Doki Doki Literature Club – Your Reality (Chords)\". Ultimate Guitar.\nBlom, E. (1935, p. 227) Mozart. London, Dent." ]	[ "'50s progression", "Theory", "Variations", "Examples in popular music", "Examples in classical music", "See also", "Sources" ]	'50s progression	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2750s_progression	[ 115, 116 ]	[ 1323, 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, 1328, 1329, 1330, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1334, 1335, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1342 ]	'50s progression The '50s progression (also known as the "Heart and Soul" chords, the "Stand by Me" changes, the doo-wop progression and the "ice cream changes") is a chord progression and turnaround used in Western popular music. The progression, represented in Roman numeral analysis, is: I–vi–IV–V. For example, in C major: C–Am–F–G. As the name implies, it was common in the 1950s and early 1960s and is particularly associated with doo-wop. The first song to use the sequence extensively might have been "Blue Moon", written in 1933 by Richard Rodgers, and first released, with lyrics by Lorenz Hart, in 1934. In Western classical music during the common practice period, chord progressions are used to structure a musical composition. The destination of a chord progression is known as a cadence, or two chords that signify the end or prolongation of a musical phrase. The most conclusive and resolving cadences return to the tonic or I chord; following the circle of fifths, the most suitable chord to precede the I chord is a V chord. This particular cadence, V–I, is known as an authentic cadence. However, since a I–V–I progression is repetitive and skips most of the circle of fifths, it is common practice to precede the dominant chord with a suitable predominant chord, such as a IV chord or a ii chord (in major), in order to maintain interest. In this case, the 50s progression uses a IV chord, resulting in the ubiquitous I–IV–V–I progression. The vi chord before the IV chord in this progression (creating I–vi–IV–V–I) is used as a means to prolong the tonic chord, as the vi or submediant chord is commonly used as a substitute for the tonic chord, and to ease the voice leading of the bass line: in a I–vi–IV–V–I progression (without any chordal inversions) the bass voice descends in major or minor thirds from the I chord to the vi chord to the IV chord. As with any other chord progression, there are many possible variations, for example turning the dominant or V into a V⁷, or repeated I–vi progression followed by a single IV–V progression. A very common variation is having ii substitute for the subdominant, IV, creating the progression I–vi–ii–V (a variant of the circle progression) and thus the ii–V–I turnaround. Variations include switching the vi and the IV chord to create I–IV–vi–V, as is used in "More Than a Feeling" by Boston and "She Drives Me Crazy" by Fine Young Cannibals. This is also similar to the I–V–vi–IV progression. The harmonic rhythm, or the pace at which the chords occur, may be varied including two beats (half-measure) per chord, four (full measure or bar), eight (two measures), and eight beats per chord except for IV and V which get four each. "Sleep Walk" by Santo & Johnny uses a similar progression, with the IV replaced by its parallel minor iv for an overall progression of I–vi–iv–V. This is a partial list of recorded songs containing the '50s progression. The list does not include songs containing the progression for very short, irrelevant sections of the songs, nor does it include remade recordings of songs by other artists. Instances of the I–vi–IV–V progression date back to the 17th century, for example, the ostinato bass line of Dieterich Buxtehude's setting of Psalm 42, Quem admodum desiderat cervus, BuxWV 92: The opening of J. S. Bach's Cantata "Wachet Auf": The progression is found frequently in works by Mozart. At the end of the slow movement of his Piano Concerto No. 24, K. 491, the progression is spelled out in arpeggios played by the bassoon: The opening of his Piano Concerto No. 22, K. 482 extends the progression in a particularly subtle way, making use of suspensions: Eric Blom (1935, p. 227) hears this passage as "the height of cunning contrivance resulting in what is apparently quite simple and obvious, but what could have occurred to nobody else." Doo-wop Pachelbel's Canon I–V–vi–IV progression Roman numeral analysis Moore, Allan (May 1995). "The So-Called 'Flattened Seventh' in Rock". Popular Music. Cambridge University Press. 14 (2): 185–201. doi:10.1017/s0261143000007431. ISSN 0261-1430. Cole, Clay (2009). Sh-Boom!: The Explosion of Rock 'n' Roll (1953–1968). Garden City, New York: Morgan James. p. 56. ISBN 1-60037-638-X. Scott, Richard (2003). Chord Progressions for Songwriters. New York: Writers Club Press. ISBN 0-595-26384-4. Austin, D.; Peterik, J.; Lynn, C. (2010). Songwriting For Dummies. Wiley. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-470-89041-7. Retrieved March 2, 2015. Bennett, Dan (2008). The Total Rock Bassist. Van Nuys, California: Alfred Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 0-7390-5269-1. "She Drives Me Crazy Chords by Fine Young Cannibals". Tabs.Ultimate-Guitar.com. Retrieved 30 July 2022. "She Drives Me Crazy by Fine Young Cannibals Chords and Melody". HookTheory.com. Retrieved 30 July 2022. "Beyond the Sea", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "Body Say by Demi Lovato Chords and Melody", HookTheory.com. "Boom Clap by Charli XCX Chords and Melody". HookTheory.com. "Brave by Sara Bareilles Chords and Melody", HookTheory.com. "Chain Gang", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "Crocodile Rock", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) Hirsh, Marc. "Striking a Chord", The Boston Globe, December 31, 2008. "Don't Dream It's Over", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) Scott (2003), p. 206 Harwood, Dane (September 1982). "Review: [untitled]". Ethnomusicology. University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology. 26 (3): 491–493. doi:10.2307/850712. ISSN 0014-1836. JSTOR 850712. "Eternal Flame", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "Eyes Of Blue chords & lyrics – Paul Carrack". Jellynote. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018. "For Your Precious Love", MusicNotes.com. Lewis, Randy (March 31, 2011). "Rebecca Black's 'Friday': There are a million good reasons you can't get it out of your head". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 2, 2013. "Give a Little Love", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) Riley, Tim (2002). Tell Me Why: The Beatles: Album by Album, Song by Song, the Sixties and After. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. p. 269. ISBN 0-306-81120-0. "Heart and Soul", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "In the Aeroplane Over the Sea Rebuttal". University of California. Retrieved August 27, 2018. "Acoustic Lesson 11B: Basic Chord Progressions". GuitarLessonInsider.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012. "Jesus of Suburbia", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "Last Kiss", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "Just Like a Pill", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "Lollipop", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) Lonely "This Christmas Chords", E-Chords.com Guralnick, Peter (2005). Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke. New York: Little, Brown. p. 157. ISBN 0-316-37794-5. "Lovable", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "Oliver's Army", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) Robert Joffred (24 November 2017). "Weekly Billboard Theory — Perfect". Medium. Retrieved 1 January 2020. Moore, Allan (May 1995). "The So-Called 'Flattened Seventh' in Rock". Popular Music. Cambridge University Press. 14 (2): 185–201. doi:10.1017/s0261143000007431. ISSN 0261-1430. "Stand by Me", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "This Magic Moment", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "Those Magic Changes", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "True Blue", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "We Go Together", MusicNotes.com. (subscription required) "You Don't Own Me Chords – Lesley Gore". E-Chords. "Misc Computer Games – Doki Doki Literature Club – Your Reality (Chords)". Ultimate Guitar. Blom, E. (1935, p. 227) Mozart. London, Dent.
[ "Josh Scogin and Nikko Yamada of '68 performing in February 2018" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/They-Are-68_2018-02-09_19-09-6.jpg" ]	[ "'68 is an American noise rock duo from Atlanta, Georgia. Formed in 2013 by guitarist and vocalist Josh Scogin—formerly of the hardcore punk band the Chariot—and drummer Michael McClellan, the band currently comprises Scogin and drummer Nikko Yamada.", "Josh Scogin's former band, the Chariot, played their final show in November 2013. Just over a week later, Scogin teased an announcement with a countdown timer on the website theyare68.com; when the timer ended in December 2013, Scogin revealed that he had formed a new band named '68 and posted a two-song EP, Midnight, for sale online. The title of the EP and its two songs—\"Three Is a Crowd\" and \"Third Time Is a Charm\"—are significant to Scogin; the use of the number three in the song titles represents the third act of his life following his stints in Norma Jean and the Chariot, and Scogin also explained that three represents \"that thought process of continuing on in my head: 'Three's a charm,' oh, this is gonna be great or 'three's a crowd,' like we should've stuck with the Chariot.\" The initial pressing of Midnight sold out in less than one day; independent record label No Sleep Records re-released it with new artwork on 1 April 2014.\nThe band toured in April and May 2014, opening for Chiodos, Emarosa, Our Last Night, and Hands Like Houses, and in May 2014 announced their signing to Good Fight Music and eOne Music to release their debut album In Humor and Sadness, which was released two months later on 8 July 2014. To promote the album, the band released \"Track Two: e\" on YouTube as a pair videos that had to be played in unison in order to hear the song correctly. Scogin said of releasing the song this way: \"[S]omeone will have one computer and invite a friend over that has another computer, they will spend several minutes struggling and laughing at trying to sync up the two videos perfectly.\" The song \"Track One: R\" was also available for online streaming ahead of the album's release, and in August, they released a music video for \"Track One: R\" directed by former Norma Jean and Underoath member Daniel Davison. The band's first tour in support of In Humor and Sadness featured Listener (whose vocalist Dan Smith previously guested on the Chariot's 2010 album, Long Live) and Homeless Gospel Choir.\nScogin and McClellan entered the studio in January 2016 to work on their second album, and a few months later posted a demo from the then-upcoming album to YouTube on 14 March 2016. The album, Two Parts Viper, was released over a year later on 2 June 2017.\nA few months after the release of Two Parts Viper, McClellan was revealed to have parted ways with Scogin. During the tour, Nikko Yamada replaced McClellan as the band's new drummer.\nIn September 2020, the band released their second EP, Love Is Ain't Dead.\nIn January 2021, they announced their third album, Give One Take One, which was released on March 26.", "Current members\nJosh Scogin – vocals, guitar (2013–present)\nNikko Yamada – drums (2017–present)\nFormer members\nMichael McClellan – drums (2013–2017)", "", "", "Midnight (2013, self-released)\nLove Is Ain't Dead (2020)", "Warped Tour 2015 Compilation – \"The Human Calculus\" (2015, SideOneDummy)", "\"Track 1 R\" (2014)\nDirected by Daniel Davison\n\"Track 2 E\" (2014)\n\"Track 5 E\" (2014)\n\"Track 7 N\" (2015)\n\"Track 9 T\" (2015)\n\"The Workers Are Few\" (2017)\n\"Eventually We All Win\" (2017)\n\"Whether Terrified or Unafraid\" (2018)\n\"Without Any Words (Only Crying and Laughter)\" (2018)\n\"Bad Bite\" (2021)\n\"The Knife, The Knife, The Knife\" (2021)", "\"Instagram post by @theyare68\". Instagram. Retrieved November 21, 2017.\nWhitt, Cassie (August 16, 2013). \"'All's Well That Ends Well:' the Chariot break up, announce farewell tour\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nCrane, Matt (December 3, 2013). \"Josh Scogin (The Chariot) launches countdown to '68\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nCrane, Matt (December 16, 2013). \"Josh Scogin (The Chariot) reveals new project '68, releases vinyl\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nJones, Janelle (April 18, 2014). \"Interview: Josh Scogin Talks About His New Project '68\". New Noise Magazine. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nCrane, Matt (January 13, 2014). \"No Sleep Records to re-release '68's 'Midnight' EP\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nCrane, Matt (February 18, 2014). \"Chiodos release new song, announce headlining tour\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nSharp, Tyler (May 28, 2014). \"'68 announce debut album, 'In Humor And Sadness'\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nSharp, Tyler (May 15, 2014). \"'68 sign to eOne/Good Fight Music; to release debut album later this year\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nSharp, Tyler (June 20, 2014). \"'68 release 'Track Two' paired music videos\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nCarter, Emily (June 20, 2014). \"The '68 release insanely cool double-video\". Kerrang!. Bauer Media Group. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nSharp, Tyler (June 2, 2014). \"'68 debut new song, 'Track One'\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nKraus, Brian (August 4, 2014). \"'68 – 'Track 1 R' (Video Premiere)\". Alternative Press. Retrieved August 8, 2014.\nSharp, Tyler (May 22, 2014). \"Listener, '68 announce tour with the Homeless Gospel Choir\". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014.\nRyken, Atreyue (January 4, 2015). \"'68 are back in the studio\". Alternative Press. Retrieved January 4, 2015.\nbrownypaul. \"'68 just dropped a Brand New Song unexpectedly\". Wall of Sound. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.\n\"'68 Reportedly Part Ways With Drummer Michael McClellan \| Theprp.com\". Theprp.com. October 3, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.\n\"Interview with Josh Scogin's of 68' on the Fall Headlining Tour With Stolas, Whores., and Alistair Hennessey\". December 8, 2017. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.\nBruce, Jasper (January 28, 2021). \"'68 announce details of third album, share lead single\". NME. Retrieved January 28, 2021.\n\"Billboard 200: '68 Chart History\". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017.\n\"Alternative Albums: '68 Chart History\". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017.\n\"Hard Rock Albums: '68 Chart History\". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017.\n\"Heatseekers Albums: '68 Chart History\". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017.\n\"Independent Albums: '68 Chart History\". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017.\n\"Top Rock Albums: '68 Chart History\". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017.", "Official website" ]	[ "'68 (band)", "History", "Members", "Discography", "Studio albums", "EPs", "Compilation appearances", "Music videos", "References", "External links" ]	'68 (band)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2768_(band)	[ 117 ]	[ 1343, 1344, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1349, 1350, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1355, 1356, 1357, 1358 ]	'68 (band) '68 is an American noise rock duo from Atlanta, Georgia. Formed in 2013 by guitarist and vocalist Josh Scogin—formerly of the hardcore punk band the Chariot—and drummer Michael McClellan, the band currently comprises Scogin and drummer Nikko Yamada. Josh Scogin's former band, the Chariot, played their final show in November 2013. Just over a week later, Scogin teased an announcement with a countdown timer on the website theyare68.com; when the timer ended in December 2013, Scogin revealed that he had formed a new band named '68 and posted a two-song EP, Midnight, for sale online. The title of the EP and its two songs—"Three Is a Crowd" and "Third Time Is a Charm"—are significant to Scogin; the use of the number three in the song titles represents the third act of his life following his stints in Norma Jean and the Chariot, and Scogin also explained that three represents "that thought process of continuing on in my head: 'Three's a charm,' oh, this is gonna be great or 'three's a crowd,' like we should've stuck with the Chariot." The initial pressing of Midnight sold out in less than one day; independent record label No Sleep Records re-released it with new artwork on 1 April 2014. The band toured in April and May 2014, opening for Chiodos, Emarosa, Our Last Night, and Hands Like Houses, and in May 2014 announced their signing to Good Fight Music and eOne Music to release their debut album In Humor and Sadness, which was released two months later on 8 July 2014. To promote the album, the band released "Track Two: e" on YouTube as a pair videos that had to be played in unison in order to hear the song correctly. Scogin said of releasing the song this way: "[S]omeone will have one computer and invite a friend over that has another computer, they will spend several minutes struggling and laughing at trying to sync up the two videos perfectly." The song "Track One: R" was also available for online streaming ahead of the album's release, and in August, they released a music video for "Track One: R" directed by former Norma Jean and Underoath member Daniel Davison. The band's first tour in support of In Humor and Sadness featured Listener (whose vocalist Dan Smith previously guested on the Chariot's 2010 album, Long Live) and Homeless Gospel Choir. Scogin and McClellan entered the studio in January 2016 to work on their second album, and a few months later posted a demo from the then-upcoming album to YouTube on 14 March 2016. The album, Two Parts Viper, was released over a year later on 2 June 2017. A few months after the release of Two Parts Viper, McClellan was revealed to have parted ways with Scogin. During the tour, Nikko Yamada replaced McClellan as the band's new drummer. In September 2020, the band released their second EP, Love Is Ain't Dead. In January 2021, they announced their third album, Give One Take One, which was released on March 26. Current members Josh Scogin – vocals, guitar (2013–present) Nikko Yamada – drums (2017–present) Former members Michael McClellan – drums (2013–2017) Midnight (2013, self-released) Love Is Ain't Dead (2020) Warped Tour 2015 Compilation – "The Human Calculus" (2015, SideOneDummy) "Track 1 R" (2014) Directed by Daniel Davison "Track 2 E" (2014) "Track 5 E" (2014) "Track 7 N" (2015) "Track 9 T" (2015) "The Workers Are Few" (2017) "Eventually We All Win" (2017) "Whether Terrified or Unafraid" (2018) "Without Any Words (Only Crying and Laughter)" (2018) "Bad Bite" (2021) "The Knife, The Knife, The Knife" (2021) "Instagram post by @theyare68". Instagram. Retrieved November 21, 2017. Whitt, Cassie (August 16, 2013). "'All's Well That Ends Well:' the Chariot break up, announce farewell tour". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Crane, Matt (December 3, 2013). "Josh Scogin (The Chariot) launches countdown to '68". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Crane, Matt (December 16, 2013). "Josh Scogin (The Chariot) reveals new project '68, releases vinyl". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Jones, Janelle (April 18, 2014). "Interview: Josh Scogin Talks About His New Project '68". New Noise Magazine. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Crane, Matt (January 13, 2014). "No Sleep Records to re-release '68's 'Midnight' EP". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Crane, Matt (February 18, 2014). "Chiodos release new song, announce headlining tour". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Sharp, Tyler (May 28, 2014). "'68 announce debut album, 'In Humor And Sadness'". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Sharp, Tyler (May 15, 2014). "'68 sign to eOne/Good Fight Music; to release debut album later this year". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Sharp, Tyler (June 20, 2014). "'68 release 'Track Two' paired music videos". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Carter, Emily (June 20, 2014). "The '68 release insanely cool double-video". Kerrang!. Bauer Media Group. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Sharp, Tyler (June 2, 2014). "'68 debut new song, 'Track One'". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Kraus, Brian (August 4, 2014). "'68 – 'Track 1 R' (Video Premiere)". Alternative Press. Retrieved August 8, 2014. Sharp, Tyler (May 22, 2014). "Listener, '68 announce tour with the Homeless Gospel Choir". Alternative Press. Retrieved July 1, 2014. Ryken, Atreyue (January 4, 2015). "'68 are back in the studio". Alternative Press. Retrieved January 4, 2015. brownypaul. "'68 just dropped a Brand New Song unexpectedly". Wall of Sound. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016. "'68 Reportedly Part Ways With Drummer Michael McClellan \| Theprp.com". Theprp.com. October 3, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017. "Interview with Josh Scogin's of 68' on the Fall Headlining Tour With Stolas, Whores., and Alistair Hennessey". December 8, 2017. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019. Bruce, Jasper (January 28, 2021). "'68 announce details of third album, share lead single". NME. Retrieved January 28, 2021. "Billboard 200: '68 Chart History". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017. "Alternative Albums: '68 Chart History". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017. "Hard Rock Albums: '68 Chart History". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017. "Heatseekers Albums: '68 Chart History". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017. "Independent Albums: '68 Chart History". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017. "Top Rock Albums: '68 Chart History". Billboard. Eldridge Industries. Retrieved June 19, 2017. Official website
[ "Promotional cover art" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Eminem_-_Role_Model_single_CD_cover.jpg" ]	[ "\"'97 Bonnie & Clyde\" is a song by the American rapper Eminem. The song appears on the Slim Shady EP (as \"Just the Two of Us\") and The Slim Shady LP. Eminem recorded a prequel for The Marshall Mathers LP, \"Kim\". The song was covered by Tori Amos on her 2001 album of gender-swapped covers, Strange Little Girls.\nIn the song, Eminem (or his alter ego Slim Shady) talks to his daughter whilst taking her to the pier to throw his wife, Kim, in the sea. He speaks to his daughter Hailie in a baby like fashion (ex: c'mon Hai-Hai we going to the beach.\nGrab a couple of toys and let Dada strap you into the car seat.) but still has a dark undertone.", "The song has Eminem disposing of the corpse of his ex-wife, Kim Mathers, in the lake with his then-infant daughter Hailie. The sounds played at the beginning of the song, including the jingling of keys and the slamming of a car door, imply that Eminem put Kim's body in the trunk of his car. These are the same sounds played at the end of the song \"Kim\" by Eminem. In \"Kim\", the lines immediately before the sounds are heard. Eminem got the idea to write this song at a time when Kim was stopping him from seeing his daughter. Eminem asked Marilyn Manson to guest appear on the song, but the singer declined because he felt that the song was \"too misogynistic\".", "AllMusic highlighted and praised the song: \"notorious track where he imagines killing his wife and then disposing of the body with his baby daughter in tow\" and critic noted that this song is connected with Eminem's life struggles. Steve \"Flash\" Juon called the remix bad and he continued, \"[It is] lifeless and oddly out of place among an album full of mostly dope cuts.\" Rob Sheffield wrote, \"[T]he wife-killing jokes of \"'97 Bonnie and Clyde\" aren't any funnier than Garth Brooks'.\" Entertainment Weekly gave a positive opinion: \"In the album's funniest slice of black humor, a smart-ass parody of Will Smith's unctuous \"Just the Two of Us\" called \"'97 Bonnie & Clyde,\" Eminem and his baby daughter take a pleasant drive to a lake — into which he tosses the dead body of the child's mother. Sending up the gooey sentiments and pop melody of the Smith hit, Eminem raps: \"Mama said she wants to show you how far she can float/And don't worry about that little boo-boo on her throat.\"", "Bonnie and Clyde (film), 1967\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\", 2002 song by Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé", "\"Horrorcore: From Esham to Hopsin, a look at the history of rap's most terrifying subgenre\". Westword.\nMartin Huxley (2000). Eminem: Crossing the Line. St. Martin's Press. p. 63. ISBN 1429975741. Retrieved 8 January 2016. I lied to Kim and told her I was taking her to Chuck E. Cheese that day.\nFu, Eddie (February 23, 2019). \"Knowledge Drop: Marilyn Manson Passed On Eminem's \"'97 Bonnie & Clyde\" Because It Was \"Too Misogynistic\"\". Genius. Retrieved 2022-05-08.\nStephen Thomas Erlewine. \"The Slim Shady LP - Eminem\". AllMusic.\n\"Eminem :: The Slim Shady LP :: Aftermath\". Rapreviews.com. 9 March 1999.\nRob Sheffield (1 April 1999). \"The Slim Shady LP\". Rolling Stone.\nDavid Browne (12 March 1999). \"The Slim Shady LP Review\". Entertainment Weekly." ]	[ "'97 Bonnie & Clyde", "Background", "Critical response", "See also", "References" ]	'97 Bonnie & Clyde	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2797_Bonnie_%26_Clyde	[ 118 ]	[ 1359, 1360, 1361, 1362, 1363, 1364, 1365 ]	'97 Bonnie & Clyde "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" is a song by the American rapper Eminem. The song appears on the Slim Shady EP (as "Just the Two of Us") and The Slim Shady LP. Eminem recorded a prequel for The Marshall Mathers LP, "Kim". The song was covered by Tori Amos on her 2001 album of gender-swapped covers, Strange Little Girls. In the song, Eminem (or his alter ego Slim Shady) talks to his daughter whilst taking her to the pier to throw his wife, Kim, in the sea. He speaks to his daughter Hailie in a baby like fashion (ex: c'mon Hai-Hai we going to the beach. Grab a couple of toys and let Dada strap you into the car seat.) but still has a dark undertone. The song has Eminem disposing of the corpse of his ex-wife, Kim Mathers, in the lake with his then-infant daughter Hailie. The sounds played at the beginning of the song, including the jingling of keys and the slamming of a car door, imply that Eminem put Kim's body in the trunk of his car. These are the same sounds played at the end of the song "Kim" by Eminem. In "Kim", the lines immediately before the sounds are heard. Eminem got the idea to write this song at a time when Kim was stopping him from seeing his daughter. Eminem asked Marilyn Manson to guest appear on the song, but the singer declined because he felt that the song was "too misogynistic". AllMusic highlighted and praised the song: "notorious track where he imagines killing his wife and then disposing of the body with his baby daughter in tow" and critic noted that this song is connected with Eminem's life struggles. Steve "Flash" Juon called the remix bad and he continued, "[It is] lifeless and oddly out of place among an album full of mostly dope cuts." Rob Sheffield wrote, "[T]he wife-killing jokes of "'97 Bonnie and Clyde" aren't any funnier than Garth Brooks'." Entertainment Weekly gave a positive opinion: "In the album's funniest slice of black humor, a smart-ass parody of Will Smith's unctuous "Just the Two of Us" called "'97 Bonnie & Clyde," Eminem and his baby daughter take a pleasant drive to a lake — into which he tosses the dead body of the child's mother. Sending up the gooey sentiments and pop melody of the Smith hit, Eminem raps: "Mama said she wants to show you how far she can float/And don't worry about that little boo-boo on her throat." Bonnie and Clyde (film), 1967 "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", 2002 song by Jay-Z featuring Beyoncé "Horrorcore: From Esham to Hopsin, a look at the history of rap's most terrifying subgenre". Westword. Martin Huxley (2000). Eminem: Crossing the Line. St. Martin's Press. p. 63. ISBN 1429975741. Retrieved 8 January 2016. I lied to Kim and told her I was taking her to Chuck E. Cheese that day. Fu, Eddie (February 23, 2019). "Knowledge Drop: Marilyn Manson Passed On Eminem's "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" Because It Was "Too Misogynistic"". Genius. Retrieved 2022-05-08. Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "The Slim Shady LP - Eminem". AllMusic. "Eminem :: The Slim Shady LP :: Aftermath". Rapreviews.com. 9 March 1999. Rob Sheffield (1 April 1999). "The Slim Shady LP". Rolling Stone. David Browne (12 March 1999). "The Slim Shady LP Review". Entertainment Weekly.
[ "Abd al-Ahad in 1900/1901" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.PNG" ]	[ "Said Abd al-Ahad Khan (26 March 1859 in Karmana – 3 January 1911) was the 7th Emir of the Uzbek Manghit dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Bukhara, which at the time was a part of the Russian Empire. He ascended to the title aged 26 upon the death of his father, Muzaffar bin Nasrullah, on 12 November 1885.\nAbd al-Ahad was educated at a Russian military school and obtained the rank of adjutant-general in the Russian army. He brought more Russian influence into Bukharan life. He made attempts at reforms but was frustrated by conservatives and in his later years took to drinking.\nHe married, and his eldest son, Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan, succeeded him after his death.", "The Personal History of a Bukharan Intellectual: The Diary of Muhammad Sharif-i Sadr-i Ziya. Brill. 2003. ISBN 9004131612.", "Media related to 'Abd al-Ahad Khan at Wikimedia Commons" ]	[ "'Abd al-Ahad Khan", "References", "External links" ]	'Abd al-Ahad Khan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ahad_Khan	[ 119 ]	[ 1366 ]	'Abd al-Ahad Khan Said Abd al-Ahad Khan (26 March 1859 in Karmana – 3 January 1911) was the 7th Emir of the Uzbek Manghit dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Bukhara, which at the time was a part of the Russian Empire. He ascended to the title aged 26 upon the death of his father, Muzaffar bin Nasrullah, on 12 November 1885. Abd al-Ahad was educated at a Russian military school and obtained the rank of adjutant-general in the Russian army. He brought more Russian influence into Bukharan life. He made attempts at reforms but was frustrated by conservatives and in his later years took to drinking. He married, and his eldest son, Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan, succeeded him after his death. The Personal History of a Bukharan Intellectual: The Diary of Muhammad Sharif-i Sadr-i Ziya. Brill. 2003. ISBN 9004131612. Media related to 'Abd al-Ahad Khan at Wikimedia Commons
[ "Photograph by Cecil Beaton", "'Abd al-Ilah (holding hat) at Mount Vernon in 1945", "" ]	[ 0, 1, 6 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/%27Abd_al-Ilah_of_Hejaz.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Prince_Abdul_Ilah_of_Iraq_and_others_in_front_of_George_Washington%27s_home_at_Mt._Vernon%2C_Virginia._A_good_portrait_of..._-_NARA_-_199093.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Str%C3%B6hl-Regentenkronen-Fig._41.png" ]	[ "'Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz, GCB, GCMG, GCVO (Arabic: عبد الإله; also written Abdul Ilah or Abdullah; 14 November 1913 – 14 July 1958) was a cousin and brother-in-law of King Ghazi of Iraq. He served as regent for his nephew, King Faisal II, from 4 April 1939 to 23 May 1953, when Faisal came of age. 'Abd al-Ilah also held the title of Crown Prince of Iraq from 1943.\n'Abd al-Ilah was killed along with the rest of the Iraqi royal family in the 14 July Revolution in 1958 that ended the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq. His body was mutilated, dragged across the streets of Baghdad, and eventually burnt.", "Son and heir of King Ali ibn Hussein of Hejaz, who was the elder brother of King Faisal I of Iraq, and brother of Aliya bint Ali. His family fled Hejaz when Ibn Saud of Nejd usurped his father's authority. 'Abd al-Ilah assumed power in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq upon King Ghazi's death in an automobile accident. He served as Regent for the underage King Faisal II.", "During World War II, 'Abd al-Ilah was deposed briefly by former Prime Minister Rashid Ali al-Kaylani. Rashid Ali led a pro-German coup d'état against 'Abd al-Ilah's pro-British government. After he fled the country, 'Abd al-Ilah was replaced as Regent by Sharaf bin Rajeh, an ageing, religious relative of Faisal II. The deposed Regent spent his time with former Prime Minister Nuri al-Said as a refugee in Amman. During his time in exile, 'Abd al-Ilah was a guest of Abdullah, the Emir of Transjordan.\nOn 2 May, the United Kingdom launched an offensive against the Iraqi rebels. On 26 May, The New York Times newspaper reported that 'Abd al-Ilah had called for an uprising of tribal and religious leaders to help him overthrow the insurgent government. He appealed specifically to the Iraqi people, the army and the police to accomplish \"this heavy task\".\nBy 2 June, Rashid Ali's \"National Defence Government\" had collapsed and Rashid Ali had fled to Iran. 'Abd al-Ilah returned to Baghdad and was restored as Regent.\nWorking in tandem with Nuri al-Said, 'Abd al-Ilah pursued a moderate nationalist approach while maintaining close ties to the Allies.\nIn 1942, Wendell Willkie travelled to Britain and the Middle East as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal representative. In Iraq, Abdul Ilah held a lavish state dinner attended by Willkie.\nIn 1945, 'Abd al-Ilah visited the United States. He was the honoured guest at the first state dinner hosted by the new American First Lady, Bess Truman. The Regent of \"friendly Iraq\" was awarded a Legion of Merit military decoration by President Harry S. Truman.\nIn 1953, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah stepped down when Faisal II came of age. But he continued to be a close adviser of the young King, and an advocate of a pro-Western foreign policy.\nIn 1955, Iraq adopted the Baghdad Pact (also known as the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO). The other members of the organization were Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The organization's headquarters were initially located in Baghdad.\nIn May 1957, Saud of Saudi Arabia made an eight-day visit to Iraq. He was met on his arrival by Faisal II, 'Abd al-Ilah, and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said. It was the Saudi king's first ever visit to Iraq, and it commemorated Iraq's membership in the Arab Federation and its break with the United Arab Republic of Gamal Abdel Nasser.", "On 14 July 1958, a coup d'état led by Colonel Abd al-Karim Qasim toppled the government and brought an end to the Iraqi monarchy. In the ensuing violence brought on by the coup, 'Abd al-Ilah was killed, along with most of the Royal Family. The body of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah was trailed on al Rashid street and was cut into pieces. According to the 21 July edition of Time magazine, Gamal Abdel Nasser's Middle East News Agency gleefully described the assassination of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah: 'The people dragged 'Abd al-Ilah's body into the street like that of a dog and tore it limb from limb.' Then the mobs burned the body.", "In his book Closet Queens, about 20th century British gay politicians, historian and biographer Michael Bloch mentions 'Abd al-Ilah (whom he calls Prince Abdulilah), on page 157, as being homosexual and a close friend of Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton. Bloch says that after 'Abd al-Ilah was killed, \"the revolutionaries discovered intimate letters from Lennox-Boyd among the Prince's papers, which they released to the world's press.\" \nOn page 159 of the book, Bloch says that Lennox-Boyd and Henry Channon organised a memorial service for their friend, the Prince, in 1958.", "'Abd al-Ilah held the following ranks:\nField Marshal, Royal Iraqi Army\nMarshal, Royal Iraqi Air Force\nHonorary Marshal, Royal Air Force\nHe was awarded the Legion of Merit (Chief Commander) on 1 June 1945.\nPoland (in exile): Order of the White Eagle, 1947", "", "Central Treaty Organization\nCoup d'état of 1941", "\"IRAQ – Resurgence in the Shiite World – Part 8 – Jordan & The Hashemite Factors\". APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map. 2005.\n\"'Abd al-Ilah\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.\n\"Trouble in Paradise\". TIME. 21 April 1941. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2009.\nLyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 1-84176-991-6.\n\"Points East\". TIME. 28 September 1942. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2009.\n\"Family at Home\". TIME. 4 June 1945. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2009.\n\"Talk & Ceremony\". TIME. 11 June 1945. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2009.\n\"Gathering of Kings\". TIME. 25 May 1957. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.\n\"Revolt in Baghdad\". TIME. 21 July 1958. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2009.\nBloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408704127.\nKamal Salibi (15 December 1998). The Modern History of Jordan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860643316. Retrieved 7 February 2018.\n\"Family tree\". alhussein.gov. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2018.", "Churchill, Winston (1985) [1950]. \"Chapter 14: The Revolt in Iraq\". The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-41057-6.\nO'Sullivan, Christopher (2012). FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-02524-1." ]	[ "'Abd al-Ilah", "Biography", "1941 Iraqi coup d'état", "14 July Revolution", "Private life", "Military ranks and Awards", "Hashemite genealogy", "See also", "Notes", "Further reading" ]	'Abd al-Ilah	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_al-Ilah	[ 120, 121, 122 ]	[ 1367, 1368, 1369, 1370, 1371, 1372, 1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1377, 1378, 1379, 1380, 1381, 1382 ]	'Abd al-Ilah 'Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz, GCB, GCMG, GCVO (Arabic: عبد الإله; also written Abdul Ilah or Abdullah; 14 November 1913 – 14 July 1958) was a cousin and brother-in-law of King Ghazi of Iraq. He served as regent for his nephew, King Faisal II, from 4 April 1939 to 23 May 1953, when Faisal came of age. 'Abd al-Ilah also held the title of Crown Prince of Iraq from 1943. 'Abd al-Ilah was killed along with the rest of the Iraqi royal family in the 14 July Revolution in 1958 that ended the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq. His body was mutilated, dragged across the streets of Baghdad, and eventually burnt. Son and heir of King Ali ibn Hussein of Hejaz, who was the elder brother of King Faisal I of Iraq, and brother of Aliya bint Ali. His family fled Hejaz when Ibn Saud of Nejd usurped his father's authority. 'Abd al-Ilah assumed power in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq upon King Ghazi's death in an automobile accident. He served as Regent for the underage King Faisal II. During World War II, 'Abd al-Ilah was deposed briefly by former Prime Minister Rashid Ali al-Kaylani. Rashid Ali led a pro-German coup d'état against 'Abd al-Ilah's pro-British government. After he fled the country, 'Abd al-Ilah was replaced as Regent by Sharaf bin Rajeh, an ageing, religious relative of Faisal II. The deposed Regent spent his time with former Prime Minister Nuri al-Said as a refugee in Amman. During his time in exile, 'Abd al-Ilah was a guest of Abdullah, the Emir of Transjordan. On 2 May, the United Kingdom launched an offensive against the Iraqi rebels. On 26 May, The New York Times newspaper reported that 'Abd al-Ilah had called for an uprising of tribal and religious leaders to help him overthrow the insurgent government. He appealed specifically to the Iraqi people, the army and the police to accomplish "this heavy task". By 2 June, Rashid Ali's "National Defence Government" had collapsed and Rashid Ali had fled to Iran. 'Abd al-Ilah returned to Baghdad and was restored as Regent. Working in tandem with Nuri al-Said, 'Abd al-Ilah pursued a moderate nationalist approach while maintaining close ties to the Allies. In 1942, Wendell Willkie travelled to Britain and the Middle East as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal representative. In Iraq, Abdul Ilah held a lavish state dinner attended by Willkie. In 1945, 'Abd al-Ilah visited the United States. He was the honoured guest at the first state dinner hosted by the new American First Lady, Bess Truman. The Regent of "friendly Iraq" was awarded a Legion of Merit military decoration by President Harry S. Truman. In 1953, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah stepped down when Faisal II came of age. But he continued to be a close adviser of the young King, and an advocate of a pro-Western foreign policy. In 1955, Iraq adopted the Baghdad Pact (also known as the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO). The other members of the organization were Iran, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The organization's headquarters were initially located in Baghdad. In May 1957, Saud of Saudi Arabia made an eight-day visit to Iraq. He was met on his arrival by Faisal II, 'Abd al-Ilah, and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said. It was the Saudi king's first ever visit to Iraq, and it commemorated Iraq's membership in the Arab Federation and its break with the United Arab Republic of Gamal Abdel Nasser. On 14 July 1958, a coup d'état led by Colonel Abd al-Karim Qasim toppled the government and brought an end to the Iraqi monarchy. In the ensuing violence brought on by the coup, 'Abd al-Ilah was killed, along with most of the Royal Family. The body of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah was trailed on al Rashid street and was cut into pieces. According to the 21 July edition of Time magazine, Gamal Abdel Nasser's Middle East News Agency gleefully described the assassination of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah: 'The people dragged 'Abd al-Ilah's body into the street like that of a dog and tore it limb from limb.' Then the mobs burned the body. In his book Closet Queens, about 20th century British gay politicians, historian and biographer Michael Bloch mentions 'Abd al-Ilah (whom he calls Prince Abdulilah), on page 157, as being homosexual and a close friend of Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton. Bloch says that after 'Abd al-Ilah was killed, "the revolutionaries discovered intimate letters from Lennox-Boyd among the Prince's papers, which they released to the world's press." On page 159 of the book, Bloch says that Lennox-Boyd and Henry Channon organised a memorial service for their friend, the Prince, in 1958. 'Abd al-Ilah held the following ranks: Field Marshal, Royal Iraqi Army Marshal, Royal Iraqi Air Force Honorary Marshal, Royal Air Force He was awarded the Legion of Merit (Chief Commander) on 1 June 1945. Poland (in exile): Order of the White Eagle, 1947 Central Treaty Organization Coup d'état of 1941 "IRAQ – Resurgence in the Shiite World – Part 8 – Jordan & The Hashemite Factors". APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map. 2005. "'Abd al-Ilah". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8. "Trouble in Paradise". TIME. 21 April 1941. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2009. Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 1-84176-991-6. "Points East". TIME. 28 September 1942. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2009. "Family at Home". TIME. 4 June 1945. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2009. "Talk & Ceremony". TIME. 11 June 1945. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2009. "Gathering of Kings". TIME. 25 May 1957. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009. "Revolt in Baghdad". TIME. 21 July 1958. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2009. Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408704127. Kamal Salibi (15 December 1998). The Modern History of Jordan. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860643316. Retrieved 7 February 2018. "Family tree". alhussein.gov. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2018. Churchill, Winston (1985) [1950]. "Chapter 14: The Revolt in Iraq". The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-41057-6. O'Sullivan, Christopher (2012). FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-02524-1.
[ "His name in Islamic calligraphy", "shrine attributed to the companion Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, located in the Jubeiha area area, north of Amman, capital of Jordan", "Plaque" ]	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Abdurrahman_ibn_Awf_Masjid_an-Nabawi_Calligraphy.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%812.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%813.jpg" ]	[ "ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf (Arabic: عبد الرحمن بن عوف) (c. 581 CE – c. 654 CE) was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. One of the wealthiest among the companions, he is known for being one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised.", "His parents were both from the Zuhra clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. His father was Awf ibn Abd Awf and his mother was al-Shifa bint Awf.\nHis original name was Abd Amr (\"servant of Amr\"). It was Muhammad who renamed him Abd al-Rahman (\"servant of the Most Merciful\"). It is also said that his original name was Abdul Kaaba. His name has also been transliterated as Abdel Rahman Ibn Auf.", "Abu Bakr spoke to Abd al-Rahman about Islam, then invited him to meet Muhammad, who heard his declaration of faith and taught him the Islamic prayers. This was before the Muslims had entered the house of Al-Arqam; Abd al-Rahman was one of the first eight men to accept Islam. From about 614 the pagan Quraysh in Mecca \"showed their enmity to all those who followed the apostle; every clan which contained Muslims was attacked.\" The usual threat to Muslim merchants was: \"We will boycott your goods and reduce you to beggary.\"\nAbd al-Rahman was one of a pioneering party of fifteen Muslims who emigrated to Abyssinia in 615. Other Muslims joined them later, forming a group of over a hundred. \"They were safely ensconced there and grateful for the protection of the Negus; so they could worship Allah without fear, and the Negus had shown them kind gesture and warm hospitality as was foretold by the prophet even before they departed.\" In late 619 or early 620 \"they heard that the Meccans had accepted Islam.\" This turned out not to be entirely true, however a fair number of people did accept Islam as a result of the conversion of both Umar ibn Khattab and the prophet's own paternal uncle, the Lion himself, Hamza ibn Abdulmuttalib. Abd al-Rahman was one of forty who \"set out for the homeland. But when they got near Mecca they learned that the report was false, so that they entered the town under the protection of a citizen or by stealth.\" where he lodged with Saad ibn Al-Rabi.", "Abd al-Rahman was friends with Umayyah ibn Khalaf, a stern opponent of Islam. When Abd al-Rahman emigrated to Medina, the two reached a written agreement, according to which Abd al-Rahman was to protect Umayyah's property and family in Medina, while Umayyah would protect Abd al-Rahman's in Mecca. When Abd al-Rahman wanted to sign the document, Umayyah protested, saying \"I do not know Ar-Rahman\" and requested that the pre-Islamic name \"Abd Amr\" should be used, to which Abd al-Rahman agreed. The two met again in the Battle of Badr in March 624. A hadith attributed to Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf reports:\nOn the day (of the battle) of Badr, when all the people went to sleep, I went up the hill to protect him. Bilal(1) saw him (i.e. Umaiya) and went to a gathering of Ansar and said, \"(Here is) Umaiya bin Khalaf! Woe to me if he escapes!\" So, a group of Ansar went out with Bilal to follow us (Abd al-Rahman and Umaiya). Being afraid that they would catch us, I left Umaiya's son for them to keep them busy but the Ansar killed the son and insisted on following us. Umaiya was a fat man, and when they approached us, I told him to kneel down, and he knelt, and I laid myself on him to protect him, but the Ansar killed him by passing their swords underneath me, and one of them injured my foot with his sword. (The sub narrator said, \" Abd al-Rahman used to show us the trace of the wound on the back of his foot.\")\nSunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in Sahih Bukhari.\nAbdel Rahman was one of those who stood firmly beside Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud when most of the warriors fled. Later, he also participated in the pledge of the Tree during the first pilgrimage of the Medinan Muslims Abd ar-Rahman participated in all military operations led by Muhammad.", "In August 626 Muhammad directed Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf to raid the Kalb tribe in Daumatul-Jandal, instructing him: “Take it, Ibn Awf; fight everyone in the way of Allah and kill those who disbelieve in Allah. Do not be deceitful with the spoil; do not be treacherous, nor mutilate, nor kill children. This is Allah's ordinance and the practice of His prophet among you.” Muhammad also instructed him on the correct way to wind a turban. Abd al-Rahman defeated the Kalbites and extracted from them their declaration of Islam and the payment of the jizya. He then sealed the alliance by marrying the chief's daughter Tamadur bint Al-Asbagh and bringing her back to Medina.", "In August 634 the dying Caliph Abu Bakr called in Abd al-Rahman and Uthman to inform them that he had designated Umar ibn al-Khattab as successor.\nAbd al-Rahman ibn Awff witnessed the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, which took place in the 14th year of migration, before the Muslim armies continued to subdue Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian empire. Later, Abd al-Rahman also participated in the battle of Jalula in the year of 16 AH, where the Muslims managed to seize massive spoils of war. Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Abdullah ibn Arqam were then assigned by caliph Umar to escort the spoils to the capital of the caliphate. Later, After the conquest of Jerusalem, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf was involved in the writing of the 'covenant of Umar' regarding the newly subdued Jerusalem, which was ratified by the caliph. Nevertheless, during the caliphate of Umar, Abd al-Rahman was mostly pursuing a scholarly career and assumed the leadership of the Hajj pilgrims' convoy.\nIn 644 the dying caliph Umar nominated a board of six members (the Council of Shura) to elect one of themselves as the next caliph. The group consisted of Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas, Abdel Rahman ibn Awf, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Uthman ibn Affan. Uthman was chosen as the third caliph by Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf.", "Abd al-Rahman died in Medina in 32 AH (653-654 CE) at the age of 72 years. He was buried in Al-Baqi'.", "Abdel Rahman ibn Awf was known for his wealth. He was also known for his astute entrepreneurship. After his Hijra to Medina, where he came as a poor man, he started a business making clarified cheese and butter. That business, combined with the gift by Muhammad of two small palm groves called al-Hashsh and al-Salil in Syria, profited hugely in no time\nAbdel Rahman was recorded to possess a hundred horses in his stable and a thousand camels and ten thousand sheep, which all grazed on the area of Al-Baqi'. The area was also tilled by twenty of Abdel-Rahman camels, enabling Abdel Rahman's family to extract annual nourishment from the production of the land. As Abdel Rahman participated in all battles of Muhammad, Asad Q. Ahmed believed that his wealth grew substantially due to the large portion of spoils of war that he got from most of the battles. at his death, Abdel Rahman left such an inheritance that a quarter of his property alone was worth 84,000 Dinars. Abd al-Rahman was known as a business sensation during his times.\nThere is an anecdote regarding his \"midas touch\" that when he was asked about the secret of his success, Abdel Rahman replied that he never lifted a stone unless he expected to find gold or silver under it.", "His sister was married to Bilal Ibn Rabah.\nHe married at least sixteen times and had over thirty known children.\nUmm Habiba bint Zama'a, a sister of Sawda. No children are known from this marriage.\nUmm Kulthum bint Utba of the Abdshams clan of the Quraysh in Mecca.\nSalim the Elder (died before Islam).\nThe Daughter of Shayba ibn Rabia ibn Abdshams.\nUmm Al-Qasim (born before Islam).\nHabiba bint Jahsh of the Asad tribe, a sister of Zaynab bint Jahsh (childless).\nTamadir bint al-Asbagh of the Kalb tribe. Although Abdur-Rahman divorced her during his final illness, she, like his other three widows, inherited one-thirty-second of his fortune, which was 80,000 or 100,000 dirhams.\nAbdullah the Younger (Abu Salama).\nUmm Kulthum bint Uqba from the Umayya clan of the Quraysh in Mecca.\nMuhammad, from whom he took his kunya of Abu Muhammad.\nIbrahim.\nHumayd.\nIsma'il.\nHamida.\nAmat ar-Rahman the Elder.\nSahla bint Asim from the Baliyy tribe of Medina.\nMaan.\nUmar.\nZayd.\nAmat ar-Rahman the Younger.\nBahriya bint Hani of the Shayban tribe.\nUrwa the Elder (killed at Ifriqiya).\nSahla bint Suhayl of the Amir ibn Luayy clan of the Quraysh.\nSalim the Younger (killed at Ifriqiya).\nUmm Hakim bint Qariz of the Kinana tribe.\nAbu Bakr.\nThe Daughter of Abu al-His ibn Rafi from the Abdulashhal ibn Aws tribe of Medina.\nAbdullah (killed during the conquest of Africa)\nAsma bint Salama\nAbd al-Rahman.\nUmm Horayth, a war-captive from Bahra\nMus'ab.\nAmina.\nMaryam.\nMajd bint Yazid from the Himyar tribe.\nSuhyal (Abu'l-Abayd)\nZaynab bint As-Sabbah.\nUmm Yahya.\nBadiya bint Ghaylan from the Thaqif tribe.\nJuwayriya.\nGhazzal bint Khosrau (concubine), a war-captive from Al-Mada'in\nUthman\nOther Concubines (unnamed).\nUrwa.\nYahya.\nBilal.\nSaad.\nal-Miswar (died at al-Harra).\nFakhita, a wife of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan.\nUmm al-Qasim the Younger, a wife of Yahya ibn al-Hakam (brother of Marwan I).\nDaughter, a wife of Abdullah ibn Uthman ibn Affan.\nDaughter, a wife of Abdullah ibn Abbas.", "Many stories are told of Abd al-Rahman's personal generosity. He once furnished Muhammad's army with 1,500 camels. He bequeathed 400 dinars to the survivors of Badr and a large legacy to the widows of Muhammad.\nDhahabi reported that Abdel Rahman brought a caravan of 700 merchant-camels into Medina. Aisha remarked, \"I have heard Allah's Messenger say: 'I have seen Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf entering Paradise crawling.'\" This was repeated to Abd al-Rahman, who replied: \"If I could, I would certainly like to enter Paradise standing. I swear to you, yaa Ammah, that this entire caravan with all its merchandise, I will give in charity.\" And so he did.\nAbdel Rahman also reportedly once has given charity of 50,000 gold dinar of his personal wealth.", "Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf was tall and bent-backed with a fine, light, rosy complexion and a handsome face. In old age he did not dye his hair. Other descriptions refer to his curly hair; lustrous, long-lashed eyes; convex nose; somewhat protruding upper teeth; thick hair under the earlobes; long, elegant neck; and thick, masculine hands and fingers. He had a limp due to the wounds that he incurred at the Battle of Uhud.", "Sunnis regard him as one of al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn—the ten companions that Muhammad prophesied would enter Paradise.", "Companions of the Prophet\nThe ten to whom Paradise was promised\nList of expeditions of Muhammad\nBanu Kalb", "", "Bolded names are peoples with significant relationship between the Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Muhammad", "Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.\n\"Abdel-Rahman Ibn Awf (580Ad-32Hijri/652Ad) A study in his Religions, Economic and Political Role in the State of Islam During its Emergence and Formation\". An-Najah Scholars. An-Najah National University. 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.\nMuhammad ibn Ishaq. Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\nNote that the expression \"the first eight men\" does not include a few female converts whose profession of faith may have been earlier.\nSahih al-Bukhari, 3:38:498\nUSC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts Archived 2005-12-02 at the Wayback Machine\nAhmad 2021, p. Quoting Muhammad Owaidah, Chapter of the Discourse on Asceticism, Foolishness and Literature , p. 565, Part 1. Adapted\nAhmad 2021, p. Quoting ismail Al-Asbahani, The Lives of the Righteous Ancestors , Riyadh, Dar Al-Raya for Publishing and Distribution, p. 249. Adapted\nAhmad 2021, p. Quoting Ali Ibn al-Atheer (1994), The Lion of the Forest in the Knowledge of the Companions (first edition), Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, p. 475, Part 3. Adapted \nMuhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.\nAhmad 2021, p. Quoting Rahma Awad (2014), Abd al-Rahman bin Auf, a study of his religious, economic and political role in the state of Islam in the stage of infancy and formation, Nablus - Palestine, An-Najah National University, page 69. Adapted\n\"Family and Women Affairs\". Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2013-09-08.\n\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2021-12-07. Retrieved 2022-02-14.\nQ. Ahmed 2011, pp. 51\nLewis 1970, p. 222.\nrahman-ibn-awf/ \"Lessons for Muslim Men in the life of Abdel Rahman ibn Awf\". The Ideal Muslim Man. 2015-12-02. Archived from the original on 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2017-04-10. \nrahman-bin-auf/ \"Wealthy Sahaba : Abdel Rahman bin Auf\". 20 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-10. \nAhmed, A. 1. (2011). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Hijaz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Oxford: Unity for Prosopographical Research.\nZaman 1970, p. 40.\nAbdel Rahman Ibn Awf, The Richest Muslim Who Bought His Way to Jannah Archived 2015-12-11 at the Wayback Machine\n\"Jami' At-Tirmidhi\". Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-03-11.", "Ahmad, Shayriin (2021). \"جهاد عبد الرحمن بن عوف\" [Jihad Abdel Rahman bin Auf]. mawdoo3.com (in Arabic). mawdoo3.com. Retrieved 7 December 2021.\nLewis, Bernard (1970). \"On the Revolutions in Early Islam\". Studia Islamica. 32 (32): 215–231. doi:10.2307/1595221. JSTOR 1595221. Retrieved 11 November 2021.\nQ. Ahmed, Asad (2011). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies (Illustrated ed.). Occasional Publications UPR. ISBN 978-1900934138. Retrieved 7 December 2021.\nZaman, Hasanuz (1970). Trade in Islam: Principles and Practices Motamar publication. Umma Publishing House. p. 40. Retrieved 11 November 2021.", "" ]	[ "Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf", "Background", "Biography", "Life in Medina", "Invasion of Dumatul-Jandal", "Rashidun caliphate", "Death", "Personal life", "Family tree", "Philanthropy", "Physical features", "Sunni view", "See also", "Appendix", "Notes", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]	Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_%27Awf	[ 123 ]	[ 1383, 1384, 1385, 1386, 1387, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1396, 1397, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405, 1406, 1407, 1408, 1409, 1410, 1411, 1412, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1416, 1417, 1418 ]	Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf (Arabic: عبد الرحمن بن عوف) (c. 581 CE – c. 654 CE) was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. One of the wealthiest among the companions, he is known for being one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised. His parents were both from the Zuhra clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. His father was Awf ibn Abd Awf and his mother was al-Shifa bint Awf. His original name was Abd Amr ("servant of Amr"). It was Muhammad who renamed him Abd al-Rahman ("servant of the Most Merciful"). It is also said that his original name was Abdul Kaaba. His name has also been transliterated as Abdel Rahman Ibn Auf. Abu Bakr spoke to Abd al-Rahman about Islam, then invited him to meet Muhammad, who heard his declaration of faith and taught him the Islamic prayers. This was before the Muslims had entered the house of Al-Arqam; Abd al-Rahman was one of the first eight men to accept Islam. From about 614 the pagan Quraysh in Mecca "showed their enmity to all those who followed the apostle; every clan which contained Muslims was attacked." The usual threat to Muslim merchants was: "We will boycott your goods and reduce you to beggary." Abd al-Rahman was one of a pioneering party of fifteen Muslims who emigrated to Abyssinia in 615. Other Muslims joined them later, forming a group of over a hundred. "They were safely ensconced there and grateful for the protection of the Negus; so they could worship Allah without fear, and the Negus had shown them kind gesture and warm hospitality as was foretold by the prophet even before they departed." In late 619 or early 620 "they heard that the Meccans had accepted Islam." This turned out not to be entirely true, however a fair number of people did accept Islam as a result of the conversion of both Umar ibn Khattab and the prophet's own paternal uncle, the Lion himself, Hamza ibn Abdulmuttalib. Abd al-Rahman was one of forty who "set out for the homeland. But when they got near Mecca they learned that the report was false, so that they entered the town under the protection of a citizen or by stealth." where he lodged with Saad ibn Al-Rabi. Abd al-Rahman was friends with Umayyah ibn Khalaf, a stern opponent of Islam. When Abd al-Rahman emigrated to Medina, the two reached a written agreement, according to which Abd al-Rahman was to protect Umayyah's property and family in Medina, while Umayyah would protect Abd al-Rahman's in Mecca. When Abd al-Rahman wanted to sign the document, Umayyah protested, saying "I do not know Ar-Rahman" and requested that the pre-Islamic name "Abd Amr" should be used, to which Abd al-Rahman agreed. The two met again in the Battle of Badr in March 624. A hadith attributed to Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf reports: On the day (of the battle) of Badr, when all the people went to sleep, I went up the hill to protect him. Bilal(1) saw him (i.e. Umaiya) and went to a gathering of Ansar and said, "(Here is) Umaiya bin Khalaf! Woe to me if he escapes!" So, a group of Ansar went out with Bilal to follow us (Abd al-Rahman and Umaiya). Being afraid that they would catch us, I left Umaiya's son for them to keep them busy but the Ansar killed the son and insisted on following us. Umaiya was a fat man, and when they approached us, I told him to kneel down, and he knelt, and I laid myself on him to protect him, but the Ansar killed him by passing their swords underneath me, and one of them injured my foot with his sword. (The sub narrator said, " Abd al-Rahman used to show us the trace of the wound on the back of his foot.") Sunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in Sahih Bukhari. Abdel Rahman was one of those who stood firmly beside Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud when most of the warriors fled. Later, he also participated in the pledge of the Tree during the first pilgrimage of the Medinan Muslims Abd ar-Rahman participated in all military operations led by Muhammad. In August 626 Muhammad directed Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf to raid the Kalb tribe in Daumatul-Jandal, instructing him: “Take it, Ibn Awf; fight everyone in the way of Allah and kill those who disbelieve in Allah. Do not be deceitful with the spoil; do not be treacherous, nor mutilate, nor kill children. This is Allah's ordinance and the practice of His prophet among you.” Muhammad also instructed him on the correct way to wind a turban. Abd al-Rahman defeated the Kalbites and extracted from them their declaration of Islam and the payment of the jizya. He then sealed the alliance by marrying the chief's daughter Tamadur bint Al-Asbagh and bringing her back to Medina. In August 634 the dying Caliph Abu Bakr called in Abd al-Rahman and Uthman to inform them that he had designated Umar ibn al-Khattab as successor. Abd al-Rahman ibn Awff witnessed the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, which took place in the 14th year of migration, before the Muslim armies continued to subdue Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian empire. Later, Abd al-Rahman also participated in the battle of Jalula in the year of 16 AH, where the Muslims managed to seize massive spoils of war. Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Abdullah ibn Arqam were then assigned by caliph Umar to escort the spoils to the capital of the caliphate. Later, After the conquest of Jerusalem, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf was involved in the writing of the 'covenant of Umar' regarding the newly subdued Jerusalem, which was ratified by the caliph. Nevertheless, during the caliphate of Umar, Abd al-Rahman was mostly pursuing a scholarly career and assumed the leadership of the Hajj pilgrims' convoy. In 644 the dying caliph Umar nominated a board of six members (the Council of Shura) to elect one of themselves as the next caliph. The group consisted of Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas, Abdel Rahman ibn Awf, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Uthman ibn Affan. Uthman was chosen as the third caliph by Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf. Abd al-Rahman died in Medina in 32 AH (653-654 CE) at the age of 72 years. He was buried in Al-Baqi'. Abdel Rahman ibn Awf was known for his wealth. He was also known for his astute entrepreneurship. After his Hijra to Medina, where he came as a poor man, he started a business making clarified cheese and butter. That business, combined with the gift by Muhammad of two small palm groves called al-Hashsh and al-Salil in Syria, profited hugely in no time Abdel Rahman was recorded to possess a hundred horses in his stable and a thousand camels and ten thousand sheep, which all grazed on the area of Al-Baqi'. The area was also tilled by twenty of Abdel-Rahman camels, enabling Abdel Rahman's family to extract annual nourishment from the production of the land. As Abdel Rahman participated in all battles of Muhammad, Asad Q. Ahmed believed that his wealth grew substantially due to the large portion of spoils of war that he got from most of the battles. at his death, Abdel Rahman left such an inheritance that a quarter of his property alone was worth 84,000 Dinars. Abd al-Rahman was known as a business sensation during his times. There is an anecdote regarding his "midas touch" that when he was asked about the secret of his success, Abdel Rahman replied that he never lifted a stone unless he expected to find gold or silver under it. His sister was married to Bilal Ibn Rabah. He married at least sixteen times and had over thirty known children. Umm Habiba bint Zama'a, a sister of Sawda. No children are known from this marriage. Umm Kulthum bint Utba of the Abdshams clan of the Quraysh in Mecca. Salim the Elder (died before Islam). The Daughter of Shayba ibn Rabia ibn Abdshams. Umm Al-Qasim (born before Islam). Habiba bint Jahsh of the Asad tribe, a sister of Zaynab bint Jahsh (childless). Tamadir bint al-Asbagh of the Kalb tribe. Although Abdur-Rahman divorced her during his final illness, she, like his other three widows, inherited one-thirty-second of his fortune, which was 80,000 or 100,000 dirhams. Abdullah the Younger (Abu Salama). Umm Kulthum bint Uqba from the Umayya clan of the Quraysh in Mecca. Muhammad, from whom he took his kunya of Abu Muhammad. Ibrahim. Humayd. Isma'il. Hamida. Amat ar-Rahman the Elder. Sahla bint Asim from the Baliyy tribe of Medina. Maan. Umar. Zayd. Amat ar-Rahman the Younger. Bahriya bint Hani of the Shayban tribe. Urwa the Elder (killed at Ifriqiya). Sahla bint Suhayl of the Amir ibn Luayy clan of the Quraysh. Salim the Younger (killed at Ifriqiya). Umm Hakim bint Qariz of the Kinana tribe. Abu Bakr. The Daughter of Abu al-His ibn Rafi from the Abdulashhal ibn Aws tribe of Medina. Abdullah (killed during the conquest of Africa) Asma bint Salama Abd al-Rahman. Umm Horayth, a war-captive from Bahra Mus'ab. Amina. Maryam. Majd bint Yazid from the Himyar tribe. Suhyal (Abu'l-Abayd) Zaynab bint As-Sabbah. Umm Yahya. Badiya bint Ghaylan from the Thaqif tribe. Juwayriya. Ghazzal bint Khosrau (concubine), a war-captive from Al-Mada'in Uthman Other Concubines (unnamed). Urwa. Yahya. Bilal. Saad. al-Miswar (died at al-Harra). Fakhita, a wife of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. Umm al-Qasim the Younger, a wife of Yahya ibn al-Hakam (brother of Marwan I). Daughter, a wife of Abdullah ibn Uthman ibn Affan. Daughter, a wife of Abdullah ibn Abbas. Many stories are told of Abd al-Rahman's personal generosity. He once furnished Muhammad's army with 1,500 camels. He bequeathed 400 dinars to the survivors of Badr and a large legacy to the widows of Muhammad. Dhahabi reported that Abdel Rahman brought a caravan of 700 merchant-camels into Medina. Aisha remarked, "I have heard Allah's Messenger say: 'I have seen Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf entering Paradise crawling.'" This was repeated to Abd al-Rahman, who replied: "If I could, I would certainly like to enter Paradise standing. I swear to you, yaa Ammah, that this entire caravan with all its merchandise, I will give in charity." And so he did. Abdel Rahman also reportedly once has given charity of 50,000 gold dinar of his personal wealth. Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf was tall and bent-backed with a fine, light, rosy complexion and a handsome face. In old age he did not dye his hair. Other descriptions refer to his curly hair; lustrous, long-lashed eyes; convex nose; somewhat protruding upper teeth; thick hair under the earlobes; long, elegant neck; and thick, masculine hands and fingers. He had a limp due to the wounds that he incurred at the Battle of Uhud. Sunnis regard him as one of al-ʿashara al-mubashsharūn—the ten companions that Muhammad prophesied would enter Paradise. Companions of the Prophet The ten to whom Paradise was promised List of expeditions of Muhammad Banu Kalb Bolded names are peoples with significant relationship between the Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Muhammad Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr. London: Ta-Ha Publishers. "Abdel-Rahman Ibn Awf (580Ad-32Hijri/652Ad) A study in his Religions, Economic and Political Role in the State of Islam During its Emergence and Formation". An-Najah Scholars. An-Najah National University. 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016. Muhammad ibn Ishaq. Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Note that the expression "the first eight men" does not include a few female converts whose profession of faith may have been earlier. Sahih al-Bukhari, 3:38:498 USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts Archived 2005-12-02 at the Wayback Machine Ahmad 2021, p. Quoting Muhammad Owaidah, Chapter of the Discourse on Asceticism, Foolishness and Literature , p. 565, Part 1. Adapted Ahmad 2021, p. Quoting ismail Al-Asbahani, The Lives of the Righteous Ancestors , Riyadh, Dar Al-Raya for Publishing and Distribution, p. 249. Adapted Ahmad 2021, p. Quoting Ali Ibn al-Atheer (1994), The Lion of the Forest in the Knowledge of the Companions (first edition), Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, p. 475, Part 3. Adapted Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina. London: Ta-Ha Publishers. Ahmad 2021, p. Quoting Rahma Awad (2014), Abd al-Rahman bin Auf, a study of his religious, economic and political role in the state of Islam in the stage of infancy and formation, Nablus - Palestine, An-Najah National University, page 69. Adapted "Family and Women Affairs". Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2013-09-08. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-12-07. Retrieved 2022-02-14. Q. Ahmed 2011, pp. 51 Lewis 1970, p. 222. rahman-ibn-awf/ "Lessons for Muslim Men in the life of Abdel Rahman ibn Awf". The Ideal Muslim Man. 2015-12-02. Archived from the original on 2017-04-11. Retrieved 2017-04-10. rahman-bin-auf/ "Wealthy Sahaba : Abdel Rahman bin Auf". 20 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved 2017-04-10. Ahmed, A. 1. (2011). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Hijaz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Oxford: Unity for Prosopographical Research. Zaman 1970, p. 40. Abdel Rahman Ibn Awf, The Richest Muslim Who Bought His Way to Jannah Archived 2015-12-11 at the Wayback Machine "Jami' At-Tirmidhi". Archived from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-03-11. Ahmad, Shayriin (2021). "جهاد عبد الرحمن بن عوف" [Jihad Abdel Rahman bin Auf]. mawdoo3.com (in Arabic). mawdoo3.com. Retrieved 7 December 2021. Lewis, Bernard (1970). "On the Revolutions in Early Islam". Studia Islamica. 32 (32): 215–231. doi:10.2307/1595221. JSTOR 1595221. Retrieved 11 November 2021. Q. Ahmed, Asad (2011). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies (Illustrated ed.). Occasional Publications UPR. ISBN 978-1900934138. Retrieved 7 December 2021. Zaman, Hasanuz (1970). Trade in Islam: Principles and Practices Motamar publication. Umma Publishing House. p. 40. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
[ "Medallion of Adud al-Dawla", "Map of Fars and its surrounding regions in the 9th–10th centuries", "Map of Iraq in the 9th–10th centuries", "Map of northern Iran", "Picture of the Qur'an Gate in Shiraz, constructed during the reign of Adud al-Dawla", "Map of the Buyid Empire at the death of Adud al-Dawla (Yemen not shown)", "" ]	[ 0, 3, 6, 7, 9, 13, 17 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Adud_al-Dawla_medallion.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Map_of_Fars_and_it%27s_surrounding_regions.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Iraq_Ninth_Century.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Caspian_coast_of_Iran_during_the_Iranian_intermezzo.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Quran_Gate_881225_02T.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Buyid_Dynasty_934_1055_%28AD%29.PNG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Buyids_970.png" ]	[ "Fannā (Panāh) Khusraw (Persian: پناه خسرو), better known by his laqab of ʿAḍud al-Dawla (Arabic: عضد الدولة, \"Pillar of the [Abbasid] Dynasty\") (September 24, 936 – March 26, 983) was an emir of the Buyid dynasty, ruling from 949 to 983, and at his height of power ruling an empire stretching from Makran to Yemen and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. He is widely regarded as the greatest monarch of the dynasty, and by the end of his reign was the most powerful ruler in the Middle East.\nThe son of Rukn al-Dawla, Fanna Khusraw was given the title of Adud al-Dawla by the Abbasid caliph in 948 when he was made emir of Fars after the death of his childless uncle Imad al-Dawla, after which Rukn al-Dawla became the senior emir of the Buyids. In 974 Adud al-Dawla was sent by his father to save his cousin Izz al-Dawla from a rebellion. After defeating the rebel forces, he claimed the emirate of Iraq for himself, and forced his cousin to abdicate. His father, however, became angered by this decision and restored Izz al-Dawla. After the death of Adud al-Dawla's father, his cousin rebelled against him, but was defeated. Adud al-Dawla became afterwards the sole ruler of the Buyid dynasty and assumed the ancient Iranian title of Shahanshah (\"King of Kings\").\nWhen Adud al-Dawla became emir of Iraq, the capital city, Baghdad, was suffering from violence and instability owing to sectarian conflict. In order to bring peace and stability to the city, he ordered the banning of public demonstrations and polemics. At the same time, he patronized a number of Shia scholars such as al-Mufid, and sponsored the renovation of a number of important Shia shrines.\nIn addition, 'Adud al-Dawla is credited with sponsoring and patronizing other scientific projects during his time. An observatory was built by his orders in Isfahan where Azophi worked. Al-Muqaddasi also reports that he ordered the construction of a great dam between Shiraz and Istakhr in 960. The dam irrigated some 300 villages in Fars province and became known as Band-e Amir (Dam of the emir). Among his other major constructions was the digging of the Haffar channel, that joined the Karun river to the Shatt al-Arab river (the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates). The port of Khorramshahr was built on the Haffar, at its junction with the Shatt al-Arab.", "Fanna Khusraw was born in Isfahan on September 24, 936. He was the son of Rukn al-Dawla, who was the brother of Imad al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla. According to Ibn Isfandiyar, Fanna Khusraw's mother was the daughter of the Daylamite Firuzanid nobleman al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of the prominent Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki.", "", "In 948, Fanna Khusraw was chosen by his uncle Imad al-Dawla as his successor because he had no heir. Imad al-Dawla died in December 949, and thus Fanna Khusraw became the new ruler of Fars. However, this appointment was not accepted by a group of Daylamite officers, who shortly rebelled against Fanna Khusraw. Rukn al-Dawla quickly left for southern Iran to save his son, and was joined by the vizier of Mu'izz al-Dawla for the same purpose. Together they defeated the rebels and put Fanna Khusraw on the throne in Shiraz. Fanna Khusraw then requested the title of \"Taj al-Dawla\" (Crown of the state) from the Abbasid caliph. However, to Mu'izz al-Dawla, the title of \"Taj\" (\"crown\") implied that Fanna Khusraw was the superior ruler of the Buyid Empire, provoking a reaction from him, and making him decline Fanna Khusraw's request. A more suitable title (\"Adud al-Dawla\") (\"Pillar of the Abbasid dynasty\") was instead chosen. Adud al-Dawla was only thirteen when he was crowned as the ruler of Fars, and was educated there by his tutor Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid.\nAfter the death of Imad al-Dawla in 949, Adud al-Dawla's father Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most powerful of the Buyid rulers, claimed the title of senior emir, which Mu'izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla recognized. In 955, a Daylamite military officer named Muhammad ibn Makan seized Isfahan from Rukn al-Dawla. Adud al-Dawla then marched towards the city and recaptured it from Muhammad ibn Makan. Another Daylamite military officer named Ruzbahan also shortly rebelled against Mu'izz al-Dawla, while his brother Bullaka rebelled against Adud al-Dawla at Shiraz. Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid, however, managed to suppress the rebellion.\nIn 966, Adud al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla made a campaign to impose Buyid rule in Oman. Mu'izz al-Dawla died in 967, and was succeeded by his eldest son Izz al-Dawla as emir of Iraq. The same year, Adud al-Dawla aided the Ziyarid Bisutun in securing the Ziyarid throne from his brother Qabus. Adud al-Dawla and Bisutun then made an alliance, and Bisutun married a daughter of Adud al-Dawla, while he married a daughter of Bisutun.", "In 967, Adud al-Dawla took advantage of the quarrel between the Ilyasid ruler Muhammad ibn Ilyas and his son in Kerman to annex the province to his domain. Mu'izz al-Dawla had already attempted to conquer the province but was defeated by the Ilyasids. Adud al-Dawla conquered all of Kerman, and appointed his son Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris as the viceroy of the province, while a Daylamite officer named Kurkir ibn Justan was appointed as the chief captain of the army of Kerman.\nIn the next year, Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority. In 969/970, Sulaiman, the son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas, wanted to regain his kingdom of Kerman, and invaded the region. Adud al-Dawla managed to defeat the army of Sulaiman and continued to expand his domains to the strait of Hormuz. During his campaign in southern Iran, many Iranian tribes converted to Islam and pledged allegiance to him. In August/September 971, Adud al-Dawla launched a punitive expedition against the Baloch tribes who had declared independence. Adud al-Dawla defeated them on January 8, 972, and installed loyal landowners to control the region. Afterwards, Adud al-Dawla and his father Rukn al-Dawla signed a peace treaty with the Samanids by paying them 150,000 dinars. In the same year, Adud al-Dawla conquered most of Oman, including its capital, Sohar.", "In 974, Izz al-Dawla was trapped in Wasit by his troops who, under their leader, Sebük-Tegin, had rebelled against him. Adud al-Dawla quickly left Fars to quell the rebellion, where he inflicted a decisive defeat on the rebels on January 30, 975, who under their new leader, Alptakin, fled to Syria. Adud al-Dawla then forced Izz al-Dawla to abdicate in his favor on March 12, 975. Rukn al-Dawla, greatly angered at this action, complained to Adud al-Dawla that the line of Mu'izz al-Dawla could not be removed from power. Adud al-Dawla tried to make amends with his father by offering tribute to him, but Rukn al-Dawla rejected his offer, and then restored Izz al-Dawla as the ruler of Iraq. The consequences of the restoration would later lead to war between Izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla after Rukn al-Dawla's death.\nIn 975 Adud al-Dawla launched an expedition to take Bam and defeated another son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas who sought to reconquer Kerman.", "On September 16, 976, Rukn al-Dawla, the last of the first generation Buyids, died. After his death, Izz al-Dawla prepared to take revenge against Adud al-Dawla. He made an alliance with his brother, Fakhr al-Dawla, his father's successor to the territories around Hamadan. He also made an alliance with the Hamdanids of northern Iraq, the Hasanwayhid ruler Hasanwayh, and the ruler of the marshy areas of southern Iraq. However, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, the third son of Rukn al-Dawla, remained loyal to his eldest brother.\nIzz al-Dawla then stopped recognizing the rule of his cousin Adud al-Dawla, and stopped mentioning his name during Friday prayers. Adud al-Dawla, greatly outraged by his cousin, marched towards Khuzestan and easily defeated him in Ahvaz on July 1, 977. Izz al-Dawla then asked Adud al-Dawla for permission to retire and settle in Syria. However, on the road to Syria, Izz al-Dawla became convinced by Abu Taghlib, the Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, to go fight again against his cousin. On May 29, 978, Izz al-Dawla, along with Abu Taghlib, invaded the domains of Adud al-Dawla and fought against him near Samarra. Izz al-Dawla was once again defeated, and was captured and executed at the orders of Adud al-Dawla.\nAdud al-Dawla then marched to Mosul and captured the city, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to the Byzantine city of Anzitene, where he asked for aid. Adud al-Dawla then spent one year in Mosul to consolidate his power, while his army was completing the conquest of Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar. The important Hamdanid city of Mayyafariqin was shortly captured by them, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to Rahba from where he tried to negotiate peace with Adud al-Dawla. Unlike the rest of the Buyids who had held the region temporarily, Adud al-Dawla had complete control of the region during the rest of his reign.\nAdud al-Dawla, now the ruler of Iraq, then took control of the territories under the control of the Bedouins and Kurds. He also killed almost all the sons of Hasanwayh, and appointed Badr ibn Hasanwayh, the last surviving son of Hasanwayh, as the ruler of the Hasanwayhid dynasty. It should be understood that during that period the word \"Kurd\" meant nomad. He then subdued the Shayban tribe, and fought against Hasan ibn 'Imran, the ruler of Batihah. He was, however, defeated, and made peace with Hasan who agreed to recognize his authority. During the same period, Adud al-Dawla had Izz al-Dawla's former vizier Ibn Baqiyya arrested, blinded, and then trampled to death by elephants. His corpse was thereafter impaled at the head of the bridge in Baghdad, where it would remain until Adud al-Dawla's death.", "During the same period, Bisutun died, and his kingdom was thrown into civil war; his governor of Tabaristan, Dubaj ibn Bani, supported his son as the new Ziyarid ruler, while Bisutun's brother Qabus claimed the throne for himself. Adud al-Dawla quickly sent an army to aid Qabus against Dubaj. Qabus managed to defeat him and capture the son of Bisutun in Simnan. Adud al-Dawla then made the Abbasid caliph give Qabus the title of Shams al-Ma'ali.\nIn May 979, Adud al-Dawla invaded the territories of his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who was forced to flee to Qazvin and then to Nishapur, a large part of his troops deserted. Adud al-Dawla then moved to Kerman and later Kermanshah where he set up a governor. In August/September 980, Adud al-Dawla captured Hamadan and occupied the south and east area of the city.\nShortly after, in October/November of the same year, Sahib ibn Abbad, the vizier of Adud al-Dawla's younger brother Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, arrived from Ray to negotiate a transfer of power in the city in favor of his master. Adud al-Dawla recognized his younger brother Mu'ayyad because of his loyalty, and gave him the troops of Fakhr al-Dawla and helped him conquer Tabaristan and Gorgan from Qabus, who had betrayed Adud al-Dawla by giving refuge to Fakhr al-Dawla. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla shortly managed to conquer these two provinces.", "Adud al-Dawla was now the senior ruler of the Buyid Empire, and several rulers such as the Hamdanids, Saffarids, Shahinids, Hasanwayhids and even other lesser rulers who controlled Yemen, including its surrounding regions, acknowledged his authority. Other regions, such as Makran, were also under Buyid control.\nAdud al-Dawla then returned to Baghdad, where he built and restored several buildings in the city. He also stopped the quarrel between the Daylamites and Turks of the Buyid army. In 980, the Byzantine rebel Bardas Skleros fled to Mayyafariqin. When he arrived, he sent his brother to Baghdad to offer his allegiance to Adud al-Dawla and make an alliance against the Byzantines, which Adud al-Dawla accepted. A Byzantine envoy from Constantinople shortly arrived in Baghdad and tried to persuade Adud al-Dawla to hand over the rebel, but he refused, keeping the rebel and some of his family members in Baghdad for the rest of his reign, thus strengthening his diplomatic position with the Byzantines. In 981, Adud al-Dawla sent Abu Bakr Baqillani to Constantinople to negotiate peace. However, he was most likely sent to spy on the Byzantines and how their military functioned, since Adud al-Dawla was planning to invade Byzantine territory.\nIn 982, Adud al-Dawla sent another envoy to Constantinople, this time, Abu Ishaq ibn Shahram, who, after spending three months in the city, concluded a 10-year peace treaty with them. One year later, a Byzantine envoy arrived back in Baghdad, but Adud al-Dawla was too ill to bring an end to the negotiations. In the end, the 10-year peace treaty was finally completed, and the Byzantines also agreed to mention Adud al-Dawla's name in the Friday prayer in Constantinople. Sahib ibn Abbad is known to have said the following about this event: \"he [Adud al-Dawla] has done what no kings of the Arabs nor any Chosroes [kings] of the Persians could – he has Syria and the two Iraqs, and he is close to the Despot of Byzantium and the Maghribi by his continuous correspondence.\"", "Adud al-Dawla kept his court in Shiraz. He visited Baghdad frequently and kept some of his viziers there, one of them being a Christian named Nasir ibn Harun. Furthermore, he had several Zoroastrian statesmen who served him, such as Abu Sahl Sa'id ibn Fadl al-Majusi, who served as his representative in Baghdad before his conquest of Iraq; Abu'l-Faraj Mansur ibn Sahl al-Majusi, who served as his financial minister; and Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi. Adud al-Dawla seems to have greatly respected their religion.\nUnder him the Buyid kingdom flourished. His policies were liberal so there were no riots during his reign. He embellished Baghdad with numerous public buildings, including the famous al-'Adudi Hospital. It was the largest hospital of that time, and was destroyed during the Mongol conquests. Many prominent figures worked at the hospital, such as 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi and Ibn Marzuban.\nAdud al-Dawla also build caravanserai's and dams. Shiraz particularly benefited from this work: there, he built a palace with three hundred and sixty rooms with advanced wind towers for air conditioning. The population of Shiraz had increased so much during his reign that he built a satellite city nearby for his army, named Kard-i Fannā Khusraw (\"made by Fanna Khusraw\")--a clear reference to the names that the Sasanians gave their foundations.\nThere were two annual festivals in the city: the first commemorated the day when water pipes reached the city; the second, the anniversary of the city's foundation. Both celebrations were instituted by Adud al-Dawla on the model of the holiday of Nowruz, the Iranian New Year.\nAll these activities greatly expanded the economy of Fars so that the tax income was tripled in the 10th century. His contributions to the enrichment of Fars made it a region of relative stability and prosperity for the culture of Iran during the Seljuq and Mongol invasions.", "Adud al-Dawla, in order to maintain peace, established marriage ties with several rulers: his daughter was married to the Abbasid caliph at-Ta'i, while another was married to the Samanids and the Ziyarid ruler Bisutun. Adud al-Dawla himself had several wives, which included the daughter of Bisutun; the daughter of Manadhar, a Justanid king; and the daughter of Siyahgil, a Giilite king. From these wives, Adud al-Dawla had several sons: Abu'l-Husain Ahmad and Abu Tahir Firuzshah, from the daughter of Manadhar; Abu Kalijar Marzuban, from the daughter of Siyahgil; and Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, from a Turkic concubine. Adud al-Dawla also had a younger son named Baha' al-Dawla. Abu'l-Husain Ahmad was supported by his mother and his uncle, Fuladh ibn Manadhar, as the heir to the Buyid Empire. However, Abu Kalijar Marzuban, because of his more prominent descent, was appointed as heir to the Buyid Empire by Adud al-Dawla.", "", "Adud al-Dawla died at Baghdad on March 26, 983, and was buried in Najaf. His son Abu Kalijar Marzuban, who was in Baghdad at the time of his death, first kept his death secret in order to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he made the death of his father public, he was given the title of \"Samsam al-Dawla\". However, Adud al-Dawla's other son, Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, challenged the authority of Samsam al-Dawla, resulting in a civil war.", "Adud al-Dawla, like the previous Buyid rulers, maintained the Abbasids in Baghdad, which gave legitimacy to his dynasty in the eyes of some Sunni Muslims. However, he showed more interest than his predecessors to the pre-Islamic culture of Iran, and was proud of his Iranian origin. He visited Persepolis alongside Marasfand, the Zoroastrian chief priest (mobad) of Kazerun, who read the pre-Islamic inscriptions in the city for him. Adud al-Dawla later left an inscription in the city, which tells about his awareness of being heir of an ancient pre-Islamic civilization. Adud al-Dawla even claimed descent from the Sasanian king Bahram V Gor, minted coins of him wearing a Sasanian type crown, which carried the traditional Sasanian inscription, Shahanshah, may his glory increase. The reverse side of the coin said: May Shah Fanna Khusraw live long.\nHowever, he still preferred Arabic authors to Persian ones. There is very little evidence of his interest in Persian poetry. He spoke Arabic, wrote in Arabic and was proud to be a student of a famous Arab grammarian. He studied science in Arabic, including astronomy and mathematics. Many books written in Arabic were dedicated to him whether religious or secular. Apparently showing interest in Arabic rather than Persian, Adud al-Dawla followed the mainstream of intellectual life in a provincial town where culture was dominated by Arabic and Persian.\nLike many of his contemporaries, he does not seem to have felt that his admiration for the pre-Islamic Iranian civilization conflicted with his Muslim Shiite faith. According to some accounts, he repaired the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, and built a mausoleum of Ali in Najaf, which is today known as the Imam Ali Mosque. He is said to have been generous to a prominent Shiite theologian, but did not follow a Shiite religious policy and was tolerant to the Sunnis. He even tried to get closer to the Sunnis by giving his daughter in marriage to the caliph, which was a failure because the caliph refused to consummate the marriage.", "Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988, pp. 265–269.\nClawson & Rubin 2005, p. 19.\nBosworth 1975, p. 275.\nIbn Isfandiyar 1905, pp. 204–270.\nBosworth 1975, p. 263.\nKennedy 2004, p. 230.\nDonohue 2003, pp. 68–69.\nMadelung 1975, p. 214.\nDonohue 2003, pp. 86–93.\nBosworth 1975, p. 266.\nAmedroz & Margoliouth 1921, p. 271.\nKennedy 2004, p. 224.\nTurner 2006, p. 16.\nKennedy 2004, pp. 272, 230.\nKennedy 2004, p. 272.\nBosworth 1975, p. 270.\nDonohue 2003, p. 158.\nMadelung 1975, p. 215.\nKennedy 2004, p. 233.\nDonohue 2003, pp. 77–79.\nDonohue 2003, pp. 78–79.\nDonohue 2003, p. 81.\nDunlop 1997, p. 39.\nRichter-Bernburg 1993, pp. 837–838.\nNagel 1990, pp. 578–586.\nBosworth 1975, p. 289.\nDonohue 2003, p. 85.\nBosworth 1975, p. 274.\nDonohue 2003, p. 22.", "Bürgel, Ch.; Mottahedeh, R. (1988). \"ʿAżod-al-dawla, Abū Šojāʿ Fannā Ḵosrow\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 3. pp. 265–269.\nDunlop, D. M. (1997). \"EBN MARZOBĀN, ABŪ AḤMAD ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. p. 39.\nRichter-Bernburg, L. (1993). \"ʿALĪ B. ʿABBĀS MAJŪSĪ\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 8. pp. 837–838.\nHill, Donald Routledge, Islamic Science And Engineering, Edinburgh University Press (1993), ISBN 0-7486-0455-3\nEdward Granville Browne, Islamic Medicine, 2002, ISBN 81-87570-19-9\nBosworth, C. E. (1975). \"Iran under the Buyids\". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–305. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.\nDonohue, John J. (2003). The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-12860-3.\nNagel, Tilman (1990). \"BUYIDS\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6. pp. 578–586.\nTurner, John P. (2006). \"'Adud al-Dawla\". Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. ISBN 9780415966917.\nKennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.\nClawson, Patrick; Rubin, Michael (2005). Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos. ISBN 978-1-4039-6276-8. Retrieved February 3, 2014.\nMadelung, W. (1975). \"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran\". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.\nIbn Isfandiyar, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (1905). An Abridged Translation of the History of Tabaristan. University of Michigan: BRILL. pp. 1–356. ISBN 978-90-04-09367-6. '.\nAmedroz, Henry F.; Margoliouth, David S., eds. (1921). The Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muti and Ta'i. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.", "Kabir, Mafizullah (1964). The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad, 334/946–447/1055. Retrieved February 3, 2014.\nKraemer, Joel L. (1992). Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09736-0.\nWilferd Madelung, Wolfgang Felix (1995). \"DEYLAMITES\". DEYLAMITES – Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. BII, Fasc. 4. pp. 342–347.", "Donohue, John J. (2011). \"ʿAḍud al- Dawla\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23657. ISSN 1873-9830." ]	[ "'Adud al-Dawla", "Early life", "Reign", "Rule in Fars", "Campaigns in eastern Iran", "Rebellion of Sebük-Tegin and aftermath", "Struggle for power in Iraq and war with the Hamdanids", "War in northern Iran", "Consolidation of the Empire and peace negotiations with the Byzantines", "Administration and contributions", "Family", "Ancestry", "Death and succession", "Legacy", "References", "Sources", "Further reading", "External links" ]	'Adud al-Dawla	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla	[ 124, 125, 126, 127, 128 ]	[ 1419, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1425, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434, 1435, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1439, 1440, 1441, 1442, 1443, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1447, 1448, 1449, 1450, 1451, 1452, 1453, 1454, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1458, 1459, 1460, 1461, 1462, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1468 ]	'Adud al-Dawla Fannā (Panāh) Khusraw (Persian: پناه خسرو), better known by his laqab of ʿAḍud al-Dawla (Arabic: عضد الدولة, "Pillar of the [Abbasid] Dynasty") (September 24, 936 – March 26, 983) was an emir of the Buyid dynasty, ruling from 949 to 983, and at his height of power ruling an empire stretching from Makran to Yemen and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. He is widely regarded as the greatest monarch of the dynasty, and by the end of his reign was the most powerful ruler in the Middle East. The son of Rukn al-Dawla, Fanna Khusraw was given the title of Adud al-Dawla by the Abbasid caliph in 948 when he was made emir of Fars after the death of his childless uncle Imad al-Dawla, after which Rukn al-Dawla became the senior emir of the Buyids. In 974 Adud al-Dawla was sent by his father to save his cousin Izz al-Dawla from a rebellion. After defeating the rebel forces, he claimed the emirate of Iraq for himself, and forced his cousin to abdicate. His father, however, became angered by this decision and restored Izz al-Dawla. After the death of Adud al-Dawla's father, his cousin rebelled against him, but was defeated. Adud al-Dawla became afterwards the sole ruler of the Buyid dynasty and assumed the ancient Iranian title of Shahanshah ("King of Kings"). When Adud al-Dawla became emir of Iraq, the capital city, Baghdad, was suffering from violence and instability owing to sectarian conflict. In order to bring peace and stability to the city, he ordered the banning of public demonstrations and polemics. At the same time, he patronized a number of Shia scholars such as al-Mufid, and sponsored the renovation of a number of important Shia shrines. In addition, 'Adud al-Dawla is credited with sponsoring and patronizing other scientific projects during his time. An observatory was built by his orders in Isfahan where Azophi worked. Al-Muqaddasi also reports that he ordered the construction of a great dam between Shiraz and Istakhr in 960. The dam irrigated some 300 villages in Fars province and became known as Band-e Amir (Dam of the emir). Among his other major constructions was the digging of the Haffar channel, that joined the Karun river to the Shatt al-Arab river (the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates). The port of Khorramshahr was built on the Haffar, at its junction with the Shatt al-Arab. Fanna Khusraw was born in Isfahan on September 24, 936. He was the son of Rukn al-Dawla, who was the brother of Imad al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla. According to Ibn Isfandiyar, Fanna Khusraw's mother was the daughter of the Daylamite Firuzanid nobleman al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of the prominent Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki. In 948, Fanna Khusraw was chosen by his uncle Imad al-Dawla as his successor because he had no heir. Imad al-Dawla died in December 949, and thus Fanna Khusraw became the new ruler of Fars. However, this appointment was not accepted by a group of Daylamite officers, who shortly rebelled against Fanna Khusraw. Rukn al-Dawla quickly left for southern Iran to save his son, and was joined by the vizier of Mu'izz al-Dawla for the same purpose. Together they defeated the rebels and put Fanna Khusraw on the throne in Shiraz. Fanna Khusraw then requested the title of "Taj al-Dawla" (Crown of the state) from the Abbasid caliph. However, to Mu'izz al-Dawla, the title of "Taj" ("crown") implied that Fanna Khusraw was the superior ruler of the Buyid Empire, provoking a reaction from him, and making him decline Fanna Khusraw's request. A more suitable title ("Adud al-Dawla") ("Pillar of the Abbasid dynasty") was instead chosen. Adud al-Dawla was only thirteen when he was crowned as the ruler of Fars, and was educated there by his tutor Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid. After the death of Imad al-Dawla in 949, Adud al-Dawla's father Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most powerful of the Buyid rulers, claimed the title of senior emir, which Mu'izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla recognized. In 955, a Daylamite military officer named Muhammad ibn Makan seized Isfahan from Rukn al-Dawla. Adud al-Dawla then marched towards the city and recaptured it from Muhammad ibn Makan. Another Daylamite military officer named Ruzbahan also shortly rebelled against Mu'izz al-Dawla, while his brother Bullaka rebelled against Adud al-Dawla at Shiraz. Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid, however, managed to suppress the rebellion. In 966, Adud al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla made a campaign to impose Buyid rule in Oman. Mu'izz al-Dawla died in 967, and was succeeded by his eldest son Izz al-Dawla as emir of Iraq. The same year, Adud al-Dawla aided the Ziyarid Bisutun in securing the Ziyarid throne from his brother Qabus. Adud al-Dawla and Bisutun then made an alliance, and Bisutun married a daughter of Adud al-Dawla, while he married a daughter of Bisutun. In 967, Adud al-Dawla took advantage of the quarrel between the Ilyasid ruler Muhammad ibn Ilyas and his son in Kerman to annex the province to his domain. Mu'izz al-Dawla had already attempted to conquer the province but was defeated by the Ilyasids. Adud al-Dawla conquered all of Kerman, and appointed his son Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris as the viceroy of the province, while a Daylamite officer named Kurkir ibn Justan was appointed as the chief captain of the army of Kerman. In the next year, Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority. In 969/970, Sulaiman, the son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas, wanted to regain his kingdom of Kerman, and invaded the region. Adud al-Dawla managed to defeat the army of Sulaiman and continued to expand his domains to the strait of Hormuz. During his campaign in southern Iran, many Iranian tribes converted to Islam and pledged allegiance to him. In August/September 971, Adud al-Dawla launched a punitive expedition against the Baloch tribes who had declared independence. Adud al-Dawla defeated them on January 8, 972, and installed loyal landowners to control the region. Afterwards, Adud al-Dawla and his father Rukn al-Dawla signed a peace treaty with the Samanids by paying them 150,000 dinars. In the same year, Adud al-Dawla conquered most of Oman, including its capital, Sohar. In 974, Izz al-Dawla was trapped in Wasit by his troops who, under their leader, Sebük-Tegin, had rebelled against him. Adud al-Dawla quickly left Fars to quell the rebellion, where he inflicted a decisive defeat on the rebels on January 30, 975, who under their new leader, Alptakin, fled to Syria. Adud al-Dawla then forced Izz al-Dawla to abdicate in his favor on March 12, 975. Rukn al-Dawla, greatly angered at this action, complained to Adud al-Dawla that the line of Mu'izz al-Dawla could not be removed from power. Adud al-Dawla tried to make amends with his father by offering tribute to him, but Rukn al-Dawla rejected his offer, and then restored Izz al-Dawla as the ruler of Iraq. The consequences of the restoration would later lead to war between Izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla after Rukn al-Dawla's death. In 975 Adud al-Dawla launched an expedition to take Bam and defeated another son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas who sought to reconquer Kerman. On September 16, 976, Rukn al-Dawla, the last of the first generation Buyids, died. After his death, Izz al-Dawla prepared to take revenge against Adud al-Dawla. He made an alliance with his brother, Fakhr al-Dawla, his father's successor to the territories around Hamadan. He also made an alliance with the Hamdanids of northern Iraq, the Hasanwayhid ruler Hasanwayh, and the ruler of the marshy areas of southern Iraq. However, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, the third son of Rukn al-Dawla, remained loyal to his eldest brother. Izz al-Dawla then stopped recognizing the rule of his cousin Adud al-Dawla, and stopped mentioning his name during Friday prayers. Adud al-Dawla, greatly outraged by his cousin, marched towards Khuzestan and easily defeated him in Ahvaz on July 1, 977. Izz al-Dawla then asked Adud al-Dawla for permission to retire and settle in Syria. However, on the road to Syria, Izz al-Dawla became convinced by Abu Taghlib, the Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, to go fight again against his cousin. On May 29, 978, Izz al-Dawla, along with Abu Taghlib, invaded the domains of Adud al-Dawla and fought against him near Samarra. Izz al-Dawla was once again defeated, and was captured and executed at the orders of Adud al-Dawla. Adud al-Dawla then marched to Mosul and captured the city, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to the Byzantine city of Anzitene, where he asked for aid. Adud al-Dawla then spent one year in Mosul to consolidate his power, while his army was completing the conquest of Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar. The important Hamdanid city of Mayyafariqin was shortly captured by them, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to Rahba from where he tried to negotiate peace with Adud al-Dawla. Unlike the rest of the Buyids who had held the region temporarily, Adud al-Dawla had complete control of the region during the rest of his reign. Adud al-Dawla, now the ruler of Iraq, then took control of the territories under the control of the Bedouins and Kurds. He also killed almost all the sons of Hasanwayh, and appointed Badr ibn Hasanwayh, the last surviving son of Hasanwayh, as the ruler of the Hasanwayhid dynasty. It should be understood that during that period the word "Kurd" meant nomad. He then subdued the Shayban tribe, and fought against Hasan ibn 'Imran, the ruler of Batihah. He was, however, defeated, and made peace with Hasan who agreed to recognize his authority. During the same period, Adud al-Dawla had Izz al-Dawla's former vizier Ibn Baqiyya arrested, blinded, and then trampled to death by elephants. His corpse was thereafter impaled at the head of the bridge in Baghdad, where it would remain until Adud al-Dawla's death. During the same period, Bisutun died, and his kingdom was thrown into civil war; his governor of Tabaristan, Dubaj ibn Bani, supported his son as the new Ziyarid ruler, while Bisutun's brother Qabus claimed the throne for himself. Adud al-Dawla quickly sent an army to aid Qabus against Dubaj. Qabus managed to defeat him and capture the son of Bisutun in Simnan. Adud al-Dawla then made the Abbasid caliph give Qabus the title of Shams al-Ma'ali. In May 979, Adud al-Dawla invaded the territories of his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who was forced to flee to Qazvin and then to Nishapur, a large part of his troops deserted. Adud al-Dawla then moved to Kerman and later Kermanshah where he set up a governor. In August/September 980, Adud al-Dawla captured Hamadan and occupied the south and east area of the city. Shortly after, in October/November of the same year, Sahib ibn Abbad, the vizier of Adud al-Dawla's younger brother Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, arrived from Ray to negotiate a transfer of power in the city in favor of his master. Adud al-Dawla recognized his younger brother Mu'ayyad because of his loyalty, and gave him the troops of Fakhr al-Dawla and helped him conquer Tabaristan and Gorgan from Qabus, who had betrayed Adud al-Dawla by giving refuge to Fakhr al-Dawla. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla shortly managed to conquer these two provinces. Adud al-Dawla was now the senior ruler of the Buyid Empire, and several rulers such as the Hamdanids, Saffarids, Shahinids, Hasanwayhids and even other lesser rulers who controlled Yemen, including its surrounding regions, acknowledged his authority. Other regions, such as Makran, were also under Buyid control. Adud al-Dawla then returned to Baghdad, where he built and restored several buildings in the city. He also stopped the quarrel between the Daylamites and Turks of the Buyid army. In 980, the Byzantine rebel Bardas Skleros fled to Mayyafariqin. When he arrived, he sent his brother to Baghdad to offer his allegiance to Adud al-Dawla and make an alliance against the Byzantines, which Adud al-Dawla accepted. A Byzantine envoy from Constantinople shortly arrived in Baghdad and tried to persuade Adud al-Dawla to hand over the rebel, but he refused, keeping the rebel and some of his family members in Baghdad for the rest of his reign, thus strengthening his diplomatic position with the Byzantines. In 981, Adud al-Dawla sent Abu Bakr Baqillani to Constantinople to negotiate peace. However, he was most likely sent to spy on the Byzantines and how their military functioned, since Adud al-Dawla was planning to invade Byzantine territory. In 982, Adud al-Dawla sent another envoy to Constantinople, this time, Abu Ishaq ibn Shahram, who, after spending three months in the city, concluded a 10-year peace treaty with them. One year later, a Byzantine envoy arrived back in Baghdad, but Adud al-Dawla was too ill to bring an end to the negotiations. In the end, the 10-year peace treaty was finally completed, and the Byzantines also agreed to mention Adud al-Dawla's name in the Friday prayer in Constantinople. Sahib ibn Abbad is known to have said the following about this event: "he [Adud al-Dawla] has done what no kings of the Arabs nor any Chosroes [kings] of the Persians could – he has Syria and the two Iraqs, and he is close to the Despot of Byzantium and the Maghribi by his continuous correspondence." Adud al-Dawla kept his court in Shiraz. He visited Baghdad frequently and kept some of his viziers there, one of them being a Christian named Nasir ibn Harun. Furthermore, he had several Zoroastrian statesmen who served him, such as Abu Sahl Sa'id ibn Fadl al-Majusi, who served as his representative in Baghdad before his conquest of Iraq; Abu'l-Faraj Mansur ibn Sahl al-Majusi, who served as his financial minister; and Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi. Adud al-Dawla seems to have greatly respected their religion. Under him the Buyid kingdom flourished. His policies were liberal so there were no riots during his reign. He embellished Baghdad with numerous public buildings, including the famous al-'Adudi Hospital. It was the largest hospital of that time, and was destroyed during the Mongol conquests. Many prominent figures worked at the hospital, such as 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi and Ibn Marzuban. Adud al-Dawla also build caravanserai's and dams. Shiraz particularly benefited from this work: there, he built a palace with three hundred and sixty rooms with advanced wind towers for air conditioning. The population of Shiraz had increased so much during his reign that he built a satellite city nearby for his army, named Kard-i Fannā Khusraw ("made by Fanna Khusraw")--a clear reference to the names that the Sasanians gave their foundations. There were two annual festivals in the city: the first commemorated the day when water pipes reached the city; the second, the anniversary of the city's foundation. Both celebrations were instituted by Adud al-Dawla on the model of the holiday of Nowruz, the Iranian New Year. All these activities greatly expanded the economy of Fars so that the tax income was tripled in the 10th century. His contributions to the enrichment of Fars made it a region of relative stability and prosperity for the culture of Iran during the Seljuq and Mongol invasions. Adud al-Dawla, in order to maintain peace, established marriage ties with several rulers: his daughter was married to the Abbasid caliph at-Ta'i, while another was married to the Samanids and the Ziyarid ruler Bisutun. Adud al-Dawla himself had several wives, which included the daughter of Bisutun; the daughter of Manadhar, a Justanid king; and the daughter of Siyahgil, a Giilite king. From these wives, Adud al-Dawla had several sons: Abu'l-Husain Ahmad and Abu Tahir Firuzshah, from the daughter of Manadhar; Abu Kalijar Marzuban, from the daughter of Siyahgil; and Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, from a Turkic concubine. Adud al-Dawla also had a younger son named Baha' al-Dawla. Abu'l-Husain Ahmad was supported by his mother and his uncle, Fuladh ibn Manadhar, as the heir to the Buyid Empire. However, Abu Kalijar Marzuban, because of his more prominent descent, was appointed as heir to the Buyid Empire by Adud al-Dawla. Adud al-Dawla died at Baghdad on March 26, 983, and was buried in Najaf. His son Abu Kalijar Marzuban, who was in Baghdad at the time of his death, first kept his death secret in order to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud al-Dawla's other son, Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, challenged the authority of Samsam al-Dawla, resulting in a civil war. Adud al-Dawla, like the previous Buyid rulers, maintained the Abbasids in Baghdad, which gave legitimacy to his dynasty in the eyes of some Sunni Muslims. However, he showed more interest than his predecessors to the pre-Islamic culture of Iran, and was proud of his Iranian origin. He visited Persepolis alongside Marasfand, the Zoroastrian chief priest (mobad) of Kazerun, who read the pre-Islamic inscriptions in the city for him. Adud al-Dawla later left an inscription in the city, which tells about his awareness of being heir of an ancient pre-Islamic civilization. Adud al-Dawla even claimed descent from the Sasanian king Bahram V Gor, minted coins of him wearing a Sasanian type crown, which carried the traditional Sasanian inscription, Shahanshah, may his glory increase. The reverse side of the coin said: May Shah Fanna Khusraw live long. However, he still preferred Arabic authors to Persian ones. There is very little evidence of his interest in Persian poetry. He spoke Arabic, wrote in Arabic and was proud to be a student of a famous Arab grammarian. He studied science in Arabic, including astronomy and mathematics. Many books written in Arabic were dedicated to him whether religious or secular. Apparently showing interest in Arabic rather than Persian, Adud al-Dawla followed the mainstream of intellectual life in a provincial town where culture was dominated by Arabic and Persian. Like many of his contemporaries, he does not seem to have felt that his admiration for the pre-Islamic Iranian civilization conflicted with his Muslim Shiite faith. According to some accounts, he repaired the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, and built a mausoleum of Ali in Najaf, which is today known as the Imam Ali Mosque. He is said to have been generous to a prominent Shiite theologian, but did not follow a Shiite religious policy and was tolerant to the Sunnis. He even tried to get closer to the Sunnis by giving his daughter in marriage to the caliph, which was a failure because the caliph refused to consummate the marriage. Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988, pp. 265–269. Clawson & Rubin 2005, p. 19. Bosworth 1975, p. 275. Ibn Isfandiyar 1905, pp. 204–270. Bosworth 1975, p. 263. Kennedy 2004, p. 230. Donohue 2003, pp. 68–69. Madelung 1975, p. 214. Donohue 2003, pp. 86–93. Bosworth 1975, p. 266. Amedroz & Margoliouth 1921, p. 271. Kennedy 2004, p. 224. Turner 2006, p. 16. Kennedy 2004, pp. 272, 230. Kennedy 2004, p. 272. Bosworth 1975, p. 270. Donohue 2003, p. 158. Madelung 1975, p. 215. Kennedy 2004, p. 233. Donohue 2003, pp. 77–79. Donohue 2003, pp. 78–79. Donohue 2003, p. 81. Dunlop 1997, p. 39. Richter-Bernburg 1993, pp. 837–838. Nagel 1990, pp. 578–586. Bosworth 1975, p. 289. Donohue 2003, p. 85. Bosworth 1975, p. 274. Donohue 2003, p. 22. Bürgel, Ch.; Mottahedeh, R. (1988). "ʿAżod-al-dawla, Abū Šojāʿ Fannā Ḵosrow". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 3. pp. 265–269. Dunlop, D. M. (1997). "EBN MARZOBĀN, ABŪ AḤMAD ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. p. 39. Richter-Bernburg, L. (1993). "ʿALĪ B. ʿABBĀS MAJŪSĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 8. pp. 837–838. Hill, Donald Routledge, Islamic Science And Engineering, Edinburgh University Press (1993), ISBN 0-7486-0455-3 Edward Granville Browne, Islamic Medicine, 2002, ISBN 81-87570-19-9 Bosworth, C. E. (1975). "Iran under the Buyids". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–305. ISBN 0-521-20093-8. Donohue, John J. (2003). The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-12860-3. Nagel, Tilman (1990). "BUYIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6. pp. 578–586. Turner, John P. (2006). "'Adud al-Dawla". Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. ISBN 9780415966917. Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7. Clawson, Patrick; Rubin, Michael (2005). Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos. ISBN 978-1-4039-6276-8. Retrieved February 3, 2014. Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, Richard N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. ISBN 0-521-20093-8. Ibn Isfandiyar, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (1905). An Abridged Translation of the History of Tabaristan. University of Michigan: BRILL. pp. 1–356. ISBN 978-90-04-09367-6. '. Amedroz, Henry F.; Margoliouth, David S., eds. (1921). The Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muti and Ta'i. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Kabir, Mafizullah (1964). The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad, 334/946–447/1055. Retrieved February 3, 2014. Kraemer, Joel L. (1992). Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09736-0. Wilferd Madelung, Wolfgang Felix (1995). "DEYLAMITES". DEYLAMITES – Encyclopaedia Iranica. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. BII, Fasc. 4. pp. 342–347. Donohue, John J. (2011). "ʿAḍud al- Dawla". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23657. ISSN 1873-9830.
[ "House in 'Ajjur", "", "", "", "", "Ajjur 1945 1:250,000", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 8 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/House_in_Ajjur.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_%27Ajjur_%281870s%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_%27Ajjur_%281940s%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_%27Ajjur_%28modern%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_%27Ajjur_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Ajjur_1945.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.16.jpg" ]	[ "'Ajjur (Arabic: عجّور) was a Palestinian Arab village of over 3,700 inhabitants in 1945, located 24 kilometres (15 mi) northwest of Hebron. It became depopulated in 1948 after several military assaults by Israeli military forces. Agur, Tzafririm, Givat Yeshayahu, Li-On, and Tirosh were built on the village lands.", "Near 'Ajjur, at Khirbet Jannaba al-Fauqa, was a probable site of the Battle of Ajnadayn, waged in the 7th-century CE between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire, and which resulted in a decisive Rashidun victory, incorporating most of Palestine into the domains of Islam. The village of 'Ajjur itself was built during early Fatimid rule in the region in the early twelfth century CE. A mosque was built during this period, and continued to serve 'Ajjur's community until its demise. The village 'Ajjur is believed to be named after \"a sort of cucumber.\"", "Arab chronicler Mujir ad-Din reported that he passed through 'Ajjur on his way from Gaza to Jerusalem in the early sixteenth century, when the village was a part of the Ottoman Empire. By 1596, 'Ajjur was a part of the nahiya (\"subdistrict\") of Gaza, part of Sanjak Gaza, with 35 Muslim households; an estimated 193 persons. It paid a find tax rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, fruit, vineyards, beehives, and goats; a total of 5,500 akçe\nIn 1838 Edward Robinson noted the village as being \"small\", located in the Gaza district. The villagers were Muslim.\nIn 1863 Victor Guérin estimated the population to be around 800. Guérin further noted that several houses, including that of the local Sheikh, were built partly with ancient stones. Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Ajjur had 86 houses and a population of 254, though the population count included men, only. Hartmann found that 'Ajjur had 120 houses.\nIn the 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described 'Ajjur as a small village containing olive trees, with most of its houses clustered together, but some dispersed to the west and south. A private school named Abu Hasan was established in this time period.\nIn 1896 the population of 'Ajjur was estimated to be about 1,767 persons.", "In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Ajjur had a population of 2,073 inhabitants, all Muslim, increasing in the 1931 census to 2,917; 4 Christians and the rest Muslims, in a total of 566 residential houses.\nDuring this period, 'Ajjur became economically active in its vicinity. It held a Friday market or souk that attracted consumers and merchants from nearby towns and villages. A second school was founded in the village in 1934, which served students from nearby villages as well as from 'Ajjur. Like other Arab villages in Palestine at the time, 'Ajjur depended on agriculture, which was the basis of its economy. The main crops were olives and wheat. The second most important economic activity was animal husbandry, in particular, goat herding. Animal ownership was a symbol of social status and pride in the village, and residents gave affectionate names to certain types of animals. Animal herding caused seasonal movement by herders to distant dwellings from the village site, but still in its vicinity such as, Khirbet al-Sura and Khirbet al-'Ammuriyya. Shoe making, carpentry, and tanning were other common occupations in 'Ajjur.\nIn the 1945 statistics, 'Ajjur had a population of 3,730; 10 Christians and 3,720 Muslims, with a total of 58,074 dunams of land. Of this, 2,428 dunums were irrigated or used for plantations, 25,227 dunams used for cereals, while 171 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.", "On 23 October 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Fourth Battalion of Israel's Giv'ati Brigade occupied 'Ajjur in the northern front of Operation Yoav, unifying Israeli military operations in the southern and western fronts. Most of 'Ajjur's inhabitants had fled prior to this assault—their flight was triggered by an earlier attack, on 23 July-24.\nIn 1992, the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village: \"Only three houses remain; two are deserted and one has been turned into a warehouse. One of the deserted houses is a two-storey stone structure that has a large, triple-arched front porch.\" Petersen, who inspected the place in 1994, noted \"a large two-storey building with a vaulted arcade on the northern side. The upper part of the building is today used as a house whilst the lower part appears to be abandoned (although it remains locked). The arcade consists of three cross-vaulted bays resting on two free-standing piers and two engaged piers at either end. On the outer (north) face of each of the two central piers there is a stone carved with two rosettes which appears to be part of a classical entablature. The outer arches is emphasised by a flat hood moulding. Each bay is covered with a cross-vault which reaches a height of approximately 4m. [..] The upper floor is reached by an external staircase on the east side leading to a walled terrace above the arcade. [..] The identity or function of this building is not known although its design and orientation indicate that it may be a mosque.\" In 2000, Meron Benvenisti observed that: \"Three large, beautiful structures, which were located outside the village amid orchards of fruit trees, have been renovated, and Jewish families live in them. In one, chamber music concerts are held.\"", "Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel", "Palmer, 1881, p.265\nMorris, 2004, p. xix, village #294. Also gives the cause of depopulation.\nKhalidi, 1992, p. 207\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 23\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 50 Accessed 2011-10-27. Archived 2009-07-20.\nDear Prince William, if you have to go, make it count, Robert Cohen, March 10, 2018, Mondoweiss\nKhalidi, 1992, p. 206\np. 145 in: Zadok, Ran (1995–1997). \"A Preliminary Analysis of Ancient Survivals in Modern Palestinian Toponymy\". Mediterranean Language Review. 9: 93–171. JSTOR 10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0093.\nal-'Ulaymi, 1876, p. 230. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 91\nHütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 148. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 206\nRobinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 351\nRobinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 119\nGuérin, 1869, p. 103\nSocin, 1879, p. 142\nHartmann, 1883, p. 143\nConder and Kitchener, 1882, p. 414. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 207\nSchick, 1896, p. 123\nBarron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p. 10\nMills, 1932, p. 27\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 93\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 143\nPetersen, 2001, pp. 91−92\nBenvenisti, 2000, p. 319", "Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.\nBenvenisti, M. (2000). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948. Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta (translator). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21154-4.\nConder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.\nGuérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.\nHadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre.\nHartmann, M. (1883). \"Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem turkeschen Staatskalender dur Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.\nHütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.\nKhalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.\nMills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.\nMorris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.\nMoudjir ed-dyn al-'Ulaymi (1876). Sauvaire (ed.). Histoire de Jérusalem et d'Hébron depuis Abraham jusqu'à la fin du XVe siècle de J.-C. : fragments de la Chronique de Moudjir-ed-dyn.\nPalmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nPetersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0.\nRobinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.\nSchick, C. (1896). \"Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.\nSocin, A. (1879). \"Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.", "Welcome to Ajjur\n'Ajjur, from Zochrot\nSurvey of Western Palestine, Map 16: IAA, Wikimedia commons\n'Ajjur, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center\nAll About... Ajjur, from Zochrot\n'Ajjur tour - Report, Zochrot\nRemembering A'jjur, A'jjur Booklet, 10/2008" ]	[ "'Ajjur", "History", "Ottoman era", "British Mandate era", "1948 War and aftermath", "See also", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]	'Ajjur	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ajjur	[ 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135 ]	[ 1469, 1470, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1474, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1487, 1488, 1489, 1490, 1491, 1492, 1493 ]	'Ajjur 'Ajjur (Arabic: عجّور) was a Palestinian Arab village of over 3,700 inhabitants in 1945, located 24 kilometres (15 mi) northwest of Hebron. It became depopulated in 1948 after several military assaults by Israeli military forces. Agur, Tzafririm, Givat Yeshayahu, Li-On, and Tirosh were built on the village lands. Near 'Ajjur, at Khirbet Jannaba al-Fauqa, was a probable site of the Battle of Ajnadayn, waged in the 7th-century CE between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire, and which resulted in a decisive Rashidun victory, incorporating most of Palestine into the domains of Islam. The village of 'Ajjur itself was built during early Fatimid rule in the region in the early twelfth century CE. A mosque was built during this period, and continued to serve 'Ajjur's community until its demise. The village 'Ajjur is believed to be named after "a sort of cucumber." Arab chronicler Mujir ad-Din reported that he passed through 'Ajjur on his way from Gaza to Jerusalem in the early sixteenth century, when the village was a part of the Ottoman Empire. By 1596, 'Ajjur was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Gaza, part of Sanjak Gaza, with 35 Muslim households; an estimated 193 persons. It paid a find tax rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, fruit, vineyards, beehives, and goats; a total of 5,500 akçe In 1838 Edward Robinson noted the village as being "small", located in the Gaza district. The villagers were Muslim. In 1863 Victor Guérin estimated the population to be around 800. Guérin further noted that several houses, including that of the local Sheikh, were built partly with ancient stones. Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Ajjur had 86 houses and a population of 254, though the population count included men, only. Hartmann found that 'Ajjur had 120 houses. In the 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described 'Ajjur as a small village containing olive trees, with most of its houses clustered together, but some dispersed to the west and south. A private school named Abu Hasan was established in this time period. In 1896 the population of 'Ajjur was estimated to be about 1,767 persons. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Ajjur had a population of 2,073 inhabitants, all Muslim, increasing in the 1931 census to 2,917; 4 Christians and the rest Muslims, in a total of 566 residential houses. During this period, 'Ajjur became economically active in its vicinity. It held a Friday market or souk that attracted consumers and merchants from nearby towns and villages. A second school was founded in the village in 1934, which served students from nearby villages as well as from 'Ajjur. Like other Arab villages in Palestine at the time, 'Ajjur depended on agriculture, which was the basis of its economy. The main crops were olives and wheat. The second most important economic activity was animal husbandry, in particular, goat herding. Animal ownership was a symbol of social status and pride in the village, and residents gave affectionate names to certain types of animals. Animal herding caused seasonal movement by herders to distant dwellings from the village site, but still in its vicinity such as, Khirbet al-Sura and Khirbet al-'Ammuriyya. Shoe making, carpentry, and tanning were other common occupations in 'Ajjur. In the 1945 statistics, 'Ajjur had a population of 3,730; 10 Christians and 3,720 Muslims, with a total of 58,074 dunams of land. Of this, 2,428 dunums were irrigated or used for plantations, 25,227 dunams used for cereals, while 171 dunams were built-up (urban) areas. On 23 October 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Fourth Battalion of Israel's Giv'ati Brigade occupied 'Ajjur in the northern front of Operation Yoav, unifying Israeli military operations in the southern and western fronts. Most of 'Ajjur's inhabitants had fled prior to this assault—their flight was triggered by an earlier attack, on 23 July-24. In 1992, the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village: "Only three houses remain; two are deserted and one has been turned into a warehouse. One of the deserted houses is a two-storey stone structure that has a large, triple-arched front porch." Petersen, who inspected the place in 1994, noted "a large two-storey building with a vaulted arcade on the northern side. The upper part of the building is today used as a house whilst the lower part appears to be abandoned (although it remains locked). The arcade consists of three cross-vaulted bays resting on two free-standing piers and two engaged piers at either end. On the outer (north) face of each of the two central piers there is a stone carved with two rosettes which appears to be part of a classical entablature. The outer arches is emphasised by a flat hood moulding. Each bay is covered with a cross-vault which reaches a height of approximately 4m. [..] The upper floor is reached by an external staircase on the east side leading to a walled terrace above the arcade. [..] The identity or function of this building is not known although its design and orientation indicate that it may be a mosque." In 2000, Meron Benvenisti observed that: "Three large, beautiful structures, which were located outside the village amid orchards of fruit trees, have been renovated, and Jewish families live in them. In one, chamber music concerts are held." Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel Palmer, 1881, p.265 Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #294. Also gives the cause of depopulation. Khalidi, 1992, p. 207 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 23 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 50 Accessed 2011-10-27. Archived 2009-07-20. Dear Prince William, if you have to go, make it count, Robert Cohen, March 10, 2018, Mondoweiss Khalidi, 1992, p. 206 p. 145 in: Zadok, Ran (1995–1997). "A Preliminary Analysis of Ancient Survivals in Modern Palestinian Toponymy". Mediterranean Language Review. 9: 93–171. JSTOR 10.13173/medilangrevi.9.1997.0093. al-'Ulaymi, 1876, p. 230. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. 91 Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 148. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 206 Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 351 Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 119 Guérin, 1869, p. 103 Socin, 1879, p. 142 Hartmann, 1883, p. 143 Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. 414. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 207 Schick, 1896, p. 123 Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p. 10 Mills, 1932, p. 27 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 93 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 143 Petersen, 2001, pp. 91−92 Benvenisti, 2000, p. 319 Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. Benvenisti, M. (2000). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948. Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta (translator). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21154-4. Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre. Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem turkeschen Staatskalender dur Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149. Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2. Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5. Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6. Moudjir ed-dyn al-'Ulaymi (1876). Sauvaire (ed.). Histoire de Jérusalem et d'Hébron depuis Abraham jusqu'à la fin du XVe siècle de J.-C. : fragments de la Chronique de Moudjir-ed-dyn. Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0. Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127. Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163. Welcome to Ajjur 'Ajjur, from Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: IAA, Wikimedia commons 'Ajjur, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center All About... Ajjur, from Zochrot 'Ajjur tour - Report, Zochrot Remembering A'jjur, A'jjur Booklet, 10/2008
[ "Modern village of Akbara", "", "", "", "", "'Akbara, as seen from adjacent hill", "'Akbara before its conquest on 9 May 1948", "'Akbara, 1946", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 5, 9 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Akbara_ap_002.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_%27Akbara_%281870s%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_%27Akbara_%281940s%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_%27Akbara_%28modern%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Historical_map_series_for_the_area_of_%27Akbara_%281940s_with_modern_overlay%29.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/10082012a_005.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/%E2%80%98Akbara.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Safad_1946.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.04.jpg" ]	[ "'Akbara (Arabic: عكبرة) is an Arab village in the Israeli municipality of Safed, which included in 2010 more than 200 families. It is 2.5 km south of Safed City. The village was rebuilt in 1977, close to the old village destroyed in 1948 during the 1947–1949 Palestine war.", "The village of 'Akbara was situated 2.5 km south of Safad, along the two sides of a deep wadi that ran north–south. Southeast of the village lay Khirbet al-'Uqeiba, identified as the Roman village Achabare, or Acchabaron. This khirba was a populated village as late as 1904.", "The first 'Akbara mention is during Second Temple period by Josephus Flavius, he noted the rock of Acchabaron (Ακχαβαρων πετραν) among the places in the Upper Galilee he fortified as a preparation for the Jewish Revolt. At the time Josephus Flavius was commanding Jewish rebel forces fighting Romans in the Galilee.\nThe nearby Khirbet al-'Uqeiba was first excavated during the Mandate period, and was shown to contain remains such as building foundations, hewn stones, and wine presses. Cisterns, tombs, oil press and walls of ancient synagogue have also been found. Foerster identifies the ruins as the \"early Galilean type\" synagogue. Above the settlement, a 135 m high vertical cliff is located. There are one hundred and twenty-nine natural and man-made caves interconnected by passages in the cliff. According to tradition, those caves were used for shelter by Jews during their war with Romans. During archeological excavations, coins from Dor and Sepphoris were found in the caves, dating to the Roman emperor Trajan period.\nAkbara/Akbari/Akbora/Akborin is mentioned several times in Rabbinic literature as early as second half of the third century CE. According to some traditions Rabbi Yannai disciplines lived in 'Akbara forming an agricultural community; R. Yannai established a bet midrash there. The earliest mention of this bet midrash is in the context of discussions between Rabbi Yohanan and sages of 'Akbara. According to Talmud school of Rabbi Jose bar Abin was also in Akbara. Several of the rabbis mentioned in Pirkei Avot lived in 'Akbara. Akbara is mentioned as the burial place of several Talmudic sages: Rabbi Nehurai also Rabbi Yannai and Rabbi Dostai his son are buried \"in the gardens\" \"by the spring\". According to tradition, the body of Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon was laying for twenty two years in his widow's garret in Akbara since he told her not to allow his colleagues to bury him. Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon feared to be dishonoured due to his aid to the Romans.\nThe local Jewish community is attested during Fatimid rule of 969 to 1099 by the Cairo Geniza. Samuel ben Samson visited 'Akbara during his 1210 Palestine pilgrimage, he described the tomb of Rabbi Meir he had found there. In 1258 Jacob of Paris visited Akbara and found there, according to Pirkei Avot, tombs of Rabbi Nehurai.", "'Akbara, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Moshe Basola visited the village In 1522 and said that he had found there \"destroyed synagogue, 3 cubits high remaining on two sides\". Later in 1968 the remains of the synagogue were identified by Foester. In the census of 1596 the village was part of the nahiya (\"subdistrict\") of Jira, part of Liwa Safad, with a population of 36 households and 1 bachelor, all Muslims. It paid taxes on a number of crops and produce, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, occasional revenues, goats, beehives, and a press which was either used for processing grapes or olives; a total of 6,115 akçe. 6/24 of the revenue went to a waqf.\nIn 1648 a Turkish traveler Evliya Tshelebi visited Galilee and reflected on history of Akbara cliff caves, which according to tradition were used as a shelter by Jews: \"The children of Israel escaped the plague and hid in\nthese caves. Then Allah sent them a bad spirit which caused them to perish within the caves. Their skeletons, heaped together, can be seen there to this day.\"\nIn 1838, it was noted as a village in the Safad district, while in 1875 Victor Guérin visited, and described it: \"The ruins of Akbara cover a hillock whose slopes were formerly sustained by walls forming terraces; the threshing floors of an Arab village occupy the summit. Round these are grouped the remains of ancient constructions now overthrown.\"\n\"The village lies on the east of the wady. It is dominated by a platform on which foundations can be traced of a rectangular enclosure called el Kuneiseh, measuring thirty paces in length by twenty-three in breadth. It stands east and west, and was firmly constructed of good cut stones. The interior is at present given up to cultivation. This enclosure seems to have been once a Christian church.\"\nIn 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Akbara as a village built of stone and adobe with about 90 inhabitants who cultivated olive and fig trees.\nA population list from about 1887 showed Akbara to have about 335 inhabitants, all Muslims.", "In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Akbara had a population of 147; all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 275, still all Muslims, in a total of 49 houses.\nDuring this period the village houses were made of masonry. In the 1945 statistics the population was 390 Muslims, and the total land area was 3,224 dunums; 2,222 dunums was used for cereals, 199 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, while 6 dunams were built-up (urban) land.", "During the siege of Safad 'Akbara was targeted for occupation in line with Plan D. The Hagana attack was launched on 9 May and completed by the Palmach first battalion. It was found that many of the villagers had fled due to news of Deir Yassin and 'Ein al Zeitun, the village was then blown up and destroyed.\nOn 25 May 1948, during Operation Yiftah, under the command of Yigal Allon, Galilee was cleared of its Palestinian Arab population. The Palmach's First Battalion. Following the 25 May exodus of al-Khisas the last 55 villagers who had remained in their homes for just over a year were 'transferred' by Israeli forces despite having good relations and collaborating with Jewish settlements in the area. During the night of 5/6 June 1949, the village of al-Khisas was surrounded by trucks and the villagers were forced into the trucks ’with kicks, curses and maltreatment,’ in the words of a Mapam Knesset member, Elizer Peri, quoted by Morris: \"The remaining villagers said that they had been ’forced with their hands to destroy their dwellings,’ and had been treated like ’cattle.’ They were then dumped on a bare, sun-scorched hillside near the village of ’Akbara [by then an abandoned Palestinian Arab village] where they were left ’wandering in the wilderness, thirsty and hungry.’ They lived there under inhuman conditions for years afterwards,\" along with the inhabitants of at least two other villages (Qaddita and al-Ja'una) expelled in similar circumstances. The expellees remained at ’Akbara for eighteen years until agreeing to resettlement in Wadi Hamam.\nSalman Abu-Sitta, author of the Atlas of Palestine, estimated that the number of Palestinian refugees from 'Akbara in 1998 was 1,852 people.\nOf what remains of 'Akbara's built structures, Walid Khalidi wrote in 1992 that, \"The original inhabitants of the village were replaced by \"internal\" refugees from Qaddita villages several kilometers north of Safad. Since 1980, however, these internal refugees have been gradually relocated to the nearby, planned village of 'Akbara, 0.5 km west of the old village site. As a precondition of the relocation, each family was required to demolish its home in the former village. Today, fifteen of the old houses still stand on the site, in addition to the school. The new village of 'Akbara was placed under the administration of the city of Safad in 1977. It is now a neighbourhood of the city of Safed.", "List of massacres committed during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war", "Palmer, 1881, pp. 61, 66\nMorris, 2004, p. 224\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 69\nDepartment of Statistics, 1945, p. 9\nAshkenazi, Eli (2010-11-04). \"Safed, a Model for Coexistence or Sectarian Tinderbox?\".\nKhalidi, 1992, p. 430.\nLeibner, 2009, p. 108\nBohstrom, Philippe (2016-09-29). \"Caves in Which Jewish Rebels Hid From Romans 2,000 Years Ago Found in Galilee\".\nKhalidi, 1992, p. 431\nDauphin, 1998, pp. 658-9\nTsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 56\nMarilyn Joyce Segal Chiat (1 January 1982). Handbook of Synagogue Architecture. Scholars Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-89130-524-8.\nShivtiel, Yinon; Frumkin, Amos (2014). \"The use of caves as security measures in the Early Roman Period in the Galilee: Cliff Settlements and Shelter Caves\". Caderno de Geografia. 24 (41): 79–81, 85–87. ISSN 2318-2962.\nA'haron Oppenheimer (2005). Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-3-16-148514-5.\nStuart S. Miller (2006). Sages and Commoners in Late Antique ʼEreẓ Israel: A Philological Inquiry Into Local Traditions in Talmud Yerushalmi. Mohr Siebeck. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-16-148567-1.\nBen Tsiyon Rozenfeld (2010). Torah Centers and Rabbinic Activity in Palestine, 70-400 CE: History and Geographic Distribution. BRILL. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-90-04-17838-0.\nLeibner, 2009, p. 109\nConder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 205\nAlbert Victor (duke of Clarence and Avondale); George V (King of Great Britain) (1886). The Cruise of Her Majesty's Ship \"Bacchante\", 1879-1882: The East. Macmillan and co. p. 695.\nDov Aryeh B. Leib Friedman (1896). Rabbis of Ancient Times: Biographical Sketches of the Talmudic Period (300 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.). Supplemented with Maxims and Proverbs of the Talmud. Rochester Volksblatt. pp. 19–20.\nBenjamin De Tudèle (1841). The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela. A. Asher. p. 427.\nHeinrich Graetz (1873). History of the Jews from the Downfall of the Jewish State to the Conclusion of the Talmud. American Jewish Publication Society. pp. 167–168.\nLeibner, 2009, p. 106\nElkan Nathan Adler (4 April 2014). Jewish Travellers. Routledge. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-1-134-28606-5.\nLeibner, 2009, p. 107\nHütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 176. Note that there is a typo in the grid numbers; they give grid numbers 197/200 for Akbar al-Hattab, however, on their maps it is placed in the correct position, around 197/260. Rhode, 1979, p. 69 correctly places Akbarat al-Hiqab at 197/260\nRhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9\nRobinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 134\nGuérin, 1880, pp. 351–353, as given by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 219\nConder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 196. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 430.\nSchumacher, 1888, p. 188\nBarron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41\nMills, 1932, p. 105\nKhalidi, 1992, pp. 430–431\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 118\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 168\nMorris, 2004, p. 223\nMorris 2004, p. 248\nMorris 2004, p. 250\nBenvenisti, 2002, pp. 206-207\nMorris, 2004, pp. 511–512\nBibliography and References, Palestine Remembered, 25 June 2007, archived from the original on 9 January 2009, retrieved 20 December 2007\nWelcome to 'Akbara, Palestine Remembered, archived from the original on 2008-07-04, retrieved 2007-12-20\nKhalidi, 1992, p xix", "Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.\nBenvenisti, M. (2002). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23422-2.\nConder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 205)\nDauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0860549054.\nDepartment of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.\nGelber, Y. (2006). Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-075-0.\nGuérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.\nHadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.\nHütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.\nKhalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.\nLeibner, Uzi (2009). Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149871-8.\nMills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.\nMoore, Dahlia; Aweiss, Salem (2004). Bridges Over Troubled Water: A Comparative Study Of Jews, Arabs, and Palestinians. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-98060-X.\nMorris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.\nNazzal, Nafez (1978). The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948. Beirut: The Institute for Palestine Studies. pp. 43–45. ISBN 9780887281280.\nPalmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nRhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2017-11-03.\nRobinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.\nRogan, E.; Shlaim, A. (2007). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87598-1.\nSchumacher, G. (1888). \"Population list of the Liwa of Akka\". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.\nTsafrir, Y.; Leah Di Segni; Judith Green (1994). (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. ISBN 965-208-107-8.", "Welcome to Akbara\n'Akbara, Zochrot\nSurvey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons\n'Akbara, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center\nAkbara, Dr. Khalil Rizk.\n3akbara from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh" ]	[ "'Akbara", "Location", "History", "Ottoman era", "British Mandate era", "Israeli era", "See also", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]	'Akbara	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Akbara	[ 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143 ]	[ 1494, 1495, 1496, 1497, 1498, 1499, 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1506, 1507, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1511, 1512, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520, 1521, 1522, 1523, 1524, 1525, 1526, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1530, 1531, 1532 ]	'Akbara 'Akbara (Arabic: عكبرة) is an Arab village in the Israeli municipality of Safed, which included in 2010 more than 200 families. It is 2.5 km south of Safed City. The village was rebuilt in 1977, close to the old village destroyed in 1948 during the 1947–1949 Palestine war. The village of 'Akbara was situated 2.5 km south of Safad, along the two sides of a deep wadi that ran north–south. Southeast of the village lay Khirbet al-'Uqeiba, identified as the Roman village Achabare, or Acchabaron. This khirba was a populated village as late as 1904. The first 'Akbara mention is during Second Temple period by Josephus Flavius, he noted the rock of Acchabaron (Ακχαβαρων πετραν) among the places in the Upper Galilee he fortified as a preparation for the Jewish Revolt. At the time Josephus Flavius was commanding Jewish rebel forces fighting Romans in the Galilee. The nearby Khirbet al-'Uqeiba was first excavated during the Mandate period, and was shown to contain remains such as building foundations, hewn stones, and wine presses. Cisterns, tombs, oil press and walls of ancient synagogue have also been found. Foerster identifies the ruins as the "early Galilean type" synagogue. Above the settlement, a 135 m high vertical cliff is located. There are one hundred and twenty-nine natural and man-made caves interconnected by passages in the cliff. According to tradition, those caves were used for shelter by Jews during their war with Romans. During archeological excavations, coins from Dor and Sepphoris were found in the caves, dating to the Roman emperor Trajan period. Akbara/Akbari/Akbora/Akborin is mentioned several times in Rabbinic literature as early as second half of the third century CE. According to some traditions Rabbi Yannai disciplines lived in 'Akbara forming an agricultural community; R. Yannai established a bet midrash there. The earliest mention of this bet midrash is in the context of discussions between Rabbi Yohanan and sages of 'Akbara. According to Talmud school of Rabbi Jose bar Abin was also in Akbara. Several of the rabbis mentioned in Pirkei Avot lived in 'Akbara. Akbara is mentioned as the burial place of several Talmudic sages: Rabbi Nehurai also Rabbi Yannai and Rabbi Dostai his son are buried "in the gardens" "by the spring". According to tradition, the body of Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon was laying for twenty two years in his widow's garret in Akbara since he told her not to allow his colleagues to bury him. Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon feared to be dishonoured due to his aid to the Romans. The local Jewish community is attested during Fatimid rule of 969 to 1099 by the Cairo Geniza. Samuel ben Samson visited 'Akbara during his 1210 Palestine pilgrimage, he described the tomb of Rabbi Meir he had found there. In 1258 Jacob of Paris visited Akbara and found there, according to Pirkei Avot, tombs of Rabbi Nehurai. 'Akbara, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Moshe Basola visited the village In 1522 and said that he had found there "destroyed synagogue, 3 cubits high remaining on two sides". Later in 1968 the remains of the synagogue were identified by Foester. In the census of 1596 the village was part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jira, part of Liwa Safad, with a population of 36 households and 1 bachelor, all Muslims. It paid taxes on a number of crops and produce, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, occasional revenues, goats, beehives, and a press which was either used for processing grapes or olives; a total of 6,115 akçe. 6/24 of the revenue went to a waqf. In 1648 a Turkish traveler Evliya Tshelebi visited Galilee and reflected on history of Akbara cliff caves, which according to tradition were used as a shelter by Jews: "The children of Israel escaped the plague and hid in these caves. Then Allah sent them a bad spirit which caused them to perish within the caves. Their skeletons, heaped together, can be seen there to this day." In 1838, it was noted as a village in the Safad district, while in 1875 Victor Guérin visited, and described it: "The ruins of Akbara cover a hillock whose slopes were formerly sustained by walls forming terraces; the threshing floors of an Arab village occupy the summit. Round these are grouped the remains of ancient constructions now overthrown." "The village lies on the east of the wady. It is dominated by a platform on which foundations can be traced of a rectangular enclosure called el Kuneiseh, measuring thirty paces in length by twenty-three in breadth. It stands east and west, and was firmly constructed of good cut stones. The interior is at present given up to cultivation. This enclosure seems to have been once a Christian church." In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Akbara as a village built of stone and adobe with about 90 inhabitants who cultivated olive and fig trees. A population list from about 1887 showed Akbara to have about 335 inhabitants, all Muslims. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Akbara had a population of 147; all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 275, still all Muslims, in a total of 49 houses. During this period the village houses were made of masonry. In the 1945 statistics the population was 390 Muslims, and the total land area was 3,224 dunums; 2,222 dunums was used for cereals, 199 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, while 6 dunams were built-up (urban) land. During the siege of Safad 'Akbara was targeted for occupation in line with Plan D. The Hagana attack was launched on 9 May and completed by the Palmach first battalion. It was found that many of the villagers had fled due to news of Deir Yassin and 'Ein al Zeitun, the village was then blown up and destroyed. On 25 May 1948, during Operation Yiftah, under the command of Yigal Allon, Galilee was cleared of its Palestinian Arab population. The Palmach's First Battalion. Following the 25 May exodus of al-Khisas the last 55 villagers who had remained in their homes for just over a year were 'transferred' by Israeli forces despite having good relations and collaborating with Jewish settlements in the area. During the night of 5/6 June 1949, the village of al-Khisas was surrounded by trucks and the villagers were forced into the trucks ’with kicks, curses and maltreatment,’ in the words of a Mapam Knesset member, Elizer Peri, quoted by Morris: "The remaining villagers said that they had been ’forced with their hands to destroy their dwellings,’ and had been treated like ’cattle.’ They were then dumped on a bare, sun-scorched hillside near the village of ’Akbara [by then an abandoned Palestinian Arab village] where they were left ’wandering in the wilderness, thirsty and hungry.’ They lived there under inhuman conditions for years afterwards," along with the inhabitants of at least two other villages (Qaddita and al-Ja'una) expelled in similar circumstances. The expellees remained at ’Akbara for eighteen years until agreeing to resettlement in Wadi Hamam. Salman Abu-Sitta, author of the Atlas of Palestine, estimated that the number of Palestinian refugees from 'Akbara in 1998 was 1,852 people. Of what remains of 'Akbara's built structures, Walid Khalidi wrote in 1992 that, "The original inhabitants of the village were replaced by "internal" refugees from Qaddita villages several kilometers north of Safad. Since 1980, however, these internal refugees have been gradually relocated to the nearby, planned village of 'Akbara, 0.5 km west of the old village site. As a precondition of the relocation, each family was required to demolish its home in the former village. Today, fifteen of the old houses still stand on the site, in addition to the school. The new village of 'Akbara was placed under the administration of the city of Safad in 1977. It is now a neighbourhood of the city of Safed. List of massacres committed during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war Palmer, 1881, pp. 61, 66 Morris, 2004, p. 224 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 69 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 9 Ashkenazi, Eli (2010-11-04). "Safed, a Model for Coexistence or Sectarian Tinderbox?". Khalidi, 1992, p. 430. Leibner, 2009, p. 108 Bohstrom, Philippe (2016-09-29). "Caves in Which Jewish Rebels Hid From Romans 2,000 Years Ago Found in Galilee". Khalidi, 1992, p. 431 Dauphin, 1998, pp. 658-9 Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 56 Marilyn Joyce Segal Chiat (1 January 1982). Handbook of Synagogue Architecture. Scholars Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-89130-524-8. Shivtiel, Yinon; Frumkin, Amos (2014). "The use of caves as security measures in the Early Roman Period in the Galilee: Cliff Settlements and Shelter Caves". Caderno de Geografia. 24 (41): 79–81, 85–87. ISSN 2318-2962. A'haron Oppenheimer (2005). Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-3-16-148514-5. Stuart S. Miller (2006). Sages and Commoners in Late Antique ʼEreẓ Israel: A Philological Inquiry Into Local Traditions in Talmud Yerushalmi. Mohr Siebeck. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-16-148567-1. Ben Tsiyon Rozenfeld (2010). Torah Centers and Rabbinic Activity in Palestine, 70-400 CE: History and Geographic Distribution. BRILL. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-90-04-17838-0. Leibner, 2009, p. 109 Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 205 Albert Victor (duke of Clarence and Avondale); George V (King of Great Britain) (1886). The Cruise of Her Majesty's Ship "Bacchante", 1879-1882: The East. Macmillan and co. p. 695. Dov Aryeh B. Leib Friedman (1896). Rabbis of Ancient Times: Biographical Sketches of the Talmudic Period (300 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.). Supplemented with Maxims and Proverbs of the Talmud. Rochester Volksblatt. pp. 19–20. Benjamin De Tudèle (1841). The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela. A. Asher. p. 427. Heinrich Graetz (1873). History of the Jews from the Downfall of the Jewish State to the Conclusion of the Talmud. American Jewish Publication Society. pp. 167–168. Leibner, 2009, p. 106 Elkan Nathan Adler (4 April 2014). Jewish Travellers. Routledge. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-1-134-28606-5. Leibner, 2009, p. 107 Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 176. Note that there is a typo in the grid numbers; they give grid numbers 197/200 for Akbar al-Hattab, however, on their maps it is placed in the correct position, around 197/260. Rhode, 1979, p. 69 correctly places Akbarat al-Hiqab at 197/260 Rhode, 1979, p. 6 writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9 Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 134 Guérin, 1880, pp. 351–353, as given by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 219 Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 196. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 430. Schumacher, 1888, p. 188 Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41 Mills, 1932, p. 105 Khalidi, 1992, pp. 430–431 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 118 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 168 Morris, 2004, p. 223 Morris 2004, p. 248 Morris 2004, p. 250 Benvenisti, 2002, pp. 206-207 Morris, 2004, pp. 511–512 Bibliography and References, Palestine Remembered, 25 June 2007, archived from the original on 9 January 2009, retrieved 20 December 2007 Welcome to 'Akbara, Palestine Remembered, archived from the original on 2008-07-04, retrieved 2007-12-20 Khalidi, 1992, p xix Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. Benvenisti, M. (2002). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23422-2. Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 205) Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0860549054. Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine. Gelber, Y. (2006). Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-075-0. Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2. Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5. Leibner, Uzi (2009). Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149871-8. Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. Moore, Dahlia; Aweiss, Salem (2004). Bridges Over Troubled Water: A Comparative Study Of Jews, Arabs, and Palestinians. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-98060-X. Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6. Nazzal, Nafez (1978). The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948. Beirut: The Institute for Palestine Studies. pp. 43–45. ISBN 9780887281280. Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2017-11-03. Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. Rogan, E.; Shlaim, A. (2007). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87598-1. Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191. Tsafrir, Y.; Leah Di Segni; Judith Green (1994). (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. ISBN 965-208-107-8. Welcome to Akbara 'Akbara, Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons 'Akbara, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Akbara, Dr. Khalil Rizk. 3akbara from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
[ "'Allo 'Allo! intertitle of \"Puddings Can Go Off\"", "1988 cast photo", "Armoured Vehicle used in the making of 'Allo 'Allo! at the History on Wheels Museum, Eton Wick, Windsor, UK" ]	[ 0, 5, 13 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/88/Alloallotitle.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/83/%27Allo_%27Allo_cast.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Armoured_Vehicle_used_in_the_making_of_%27Allo_%27Allo%21_TV_Series.jpg" ]	[ "'Allo 'Allo! is a British sitcom television series created by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, starring Gorden Kaye, and originally broadcast on BBC1. The sitcom focuses on the life of a café owner in the French town of Nouvion, during the German occupation of France in the Second World War, who has to deal with problems caused by a dishonest German officer, a local French Resistance leader, a stolen painting, and a pair of trapped British airmen, while concealing from his wife the secret affairs he is having with his waitresses. Croft and Lloyd devised the concept as a parody of BBC wartime drama Secret Army, and initially launched the programme with a pilot on 30 December 1982. The sitcom was eventually commissioned following the success of the pilot, and ran for nine series between 7 September 1984 until its conclusion on 14 December 1992. Both Lloyd and Croft wrote the scripts for the first six series, while the remainder were handled by Lloyd and Paul Adam.\nMuch like previous sitcoms created by Croft and Lloyd, the programme employed notable elements such as memorable catchphrases and ending credits, cultural clichés, physical humour and visual gags. However, 'Allo 'Allo! differed from these other sitcoms by featuring overarching plotlines rather than simple stand-alone stories, and the device of having actors speaking English but with theatrical foreign accents to distinguish each character's nationality. The sitcom gained respectable ratings during its run, with its success leading to it receiving stage show reproductions. A special entitled The Return of 'Allo 'Allo!, aired on 22 March 2007, featured cast members returning to reprise their original roles to perform in a special story after the conclusion of the programme, alongside a documentary about the sitcom including a highlight reel of episodes, and interviews with the cast, production team and fans.", "'Allo 'Allo! is set during the Second World War, between the occupation of France by German Axis powers in 1940 and its eventual liberation by Allied forces in July 1944. The story of the sitcom focuses on René Artois, a café owner in Nouvion and a reluctant member of the town's local French Resistance cell who operates under the codename of \"Nighthawk\". Because of the occupation of the town by German forces, led by the dictatorial Major-General Erich von Klinkerhoffen, René finds himself caught up between dealing with four problems – the scheme and plots of the town's corrupt commandant, Colonel Kurt von Strohm; the sabotage plans of the Resistance's leader Michelle Dubois; the efforts by Gestapo agent Herr Otto Flick to find a stolen painting and unmask Resistance members; and the love affairs with his waitresses, particularly Yvette Carte-Blanche, each of which he must conceal from both his wife Edith Artois and each of the other waitresses.\nThroughout the programme's broadcast, the sitcom features a number of overarching storylines, with two of these being the most prominent within episodes. The first, and most prominent, plot concerns the theft of a valuable painting from the town's chateau – The Fallen Madonna by fictional artist van Klomp (usually referred to as \"The Fallen Madonna with the Big Boobies\") – stolen by von Strohm, and the subsequent effort by him to conceal the theft from his superiors and Herr Flick. René is notably forced into handling the stolen painting out of threat of execution, but also due to being indebted to von Strohm for allowing him to fake his death when he is sentenced to execution for unjustified accusations of aiding the Resistance in an act of sabotage. The painting itself is subjected to being lost during the course of its concealment, before receiving a forged copy upon being found, only for it be lost again and sought out by not only by von Strohm, but also Herr Flick who, rather than return it to Berlin, intends to keep it himself.\nThe second storyline concerns the involvement of two stranded British airmen, shot down while over Nouvion. Because of their predicament, several plots in a number of episodes focus on the efforts of Michelle to devise plans that can help to send them back to England, with René not only forced to help hide them within his café or keep them under disguises, but also help in her schemes, sometimes devised by London who relay these plans via a radio installed within the bedroom of Edith's mother. Often, the schemes devised are so complicated that they invariably backfire, especially when they collide with other schemes conducted by von Strohm and his assistants, often leaving him, René and Michelle worse off than before. Most other storylines concern other events, including the efforts to remove von Klinkerhoffen's replacement from power, sabotaging the Germans' plan to invade England, and the subsequent build-up of German concern about an Allied invasion of France following the defeat of Italy.", "As with previous sitcoms created before 'Allo 'Allo!, such as Lloyd and Croft's earlier collaboration Are You Being Served?, much of the humour is derived from classic elements of comedy including classic farce set-ups, physical comedy and visual gags, alongside a large amount of sexual innuendo, and a fast-paced running string of broad cultural clichés. Like most characters devised for previous sitcoms, the cast for the programme were designed with notable elements to distinguish them throughout the series, be it a catchphrase, gimmick, or saying.\nLike previous sitcoms devised by the creators, 'Allo 'Allo! ends each episode with the caption \"You have been watching (in order of appearance)\", followed by a short vignette shot of actors who performed in the episode — whether as a main or supporting character — identified by their name in caption within each sequence. Although the shots appear like a clip from the episode, the production team conduct a separate filming session aimed as a reenactment of a scene the actor was involved in, mostly pertaining to a specific camera angle or action conducted by their character, with the vignette sequence often done in order of their first spoken line; the exception to this is that actor Gorden Kaye is always first in the sequence, regardless of when his first appearance is made.", "As each episode builds on previous ones, viewers are often required to have followed the series to the episode they have reached in order to understand the plot. As 'Allo 'Allo! revolved around individual story arcs spread across several episodes, the creators opted for using a comical version of the \"As you remember ...\" device, commonly used in serials, to act as a recap of events in the current story for the beginning of a new episode. This device within the sitcom was always conducted by René, who would open an episode by breaking the fourth wall (which Michael Bates did in It Ain't Half Hot Mum) to interact with the audience and provide a brief summary of events that had occurred previously, including notable events that had taken place, and also intermittently during episodes to make comic comments. This plot device was rare for comedy (including comedy animation), where plots are prominently gag-driven and self-contained, but its use in 'Allo 'Allo! had a major impact on audiences connecting with the characters. It also had considerable benefits for re-runs, as it allowed local TV stations who had reshuffled episodes for their schedule, to ensure that their audiences could be aware of the plot events surrounding the story of the episode being broadcast.", "One of the trickier problems with 'Allo 'Allo! was the fact that the main characters were of four different nationalities — French, German, English and Italian. Lloyd and Croft determined that it would be too much for the audience to follow multiple languages, so they employed a simple dramatic device to overcome the issue: all characters would speak English in a theatrical foreign accent depicting the foreign language. French and German characters could understand each other when speaking, but the English characters could not understand the others without someone \"translating\" for them and vice versa.\nBecause of this device, each particular main language for the show required a specific accent and speaking style to be devised. While the French-speaking characters mainly spoke with a French accent, the English-speaking characters mostly employed Bertie Wooster-esque \"top-hole, old chap!\"-style banter in an upper-class English accent, and German-speaking characters mainly spoke in a guttural manner. When Italian characters were added to the series, particularly Captain Alberto Bertorelli, in the fourth series, the cast members assigned to these role spoke in a nasal tone, making use of the letter \"a\" on the ends of certain words (e.g., \"What a mistake-a to make-a!\").\nOne of the most notable, and wittiest, aspects of the language device was in the speech of the police officer Crabtree, a character introduced in the second series. Because the character was an Englishman with a poor grasp of French, the actor, Arthur Bostrom, spoke perfectly when the character spoke in English, but extensively deployed malapropism to represent when the character was speaking in French. Bostrom therefore altered not all but certain words in his sentences, substituting different vowels and/or consonants, changing them into different or nonsensical words, usually laden with innuendo. An example is the line \"I was passing by the door, and I thought I would drop in.\", which Bostrom pronounced \"I was pissing by the door, and I thought I would drip in\". Another example is Crabtree's greeting of \"good morning\", pronounced \"good moaning\".", "", "", "After the pilot aired in December 1982, a full-length first series of seven episodes was commissioned and aired from September 1984 onwards. Series two, three and four followed annually, with six episodes each.\nSeries five was commissioned with a view to syndicating the show in America. As a result, it aired as a single long series of twenty-six episodes between September 1988 and February 1989, with each episode running only twenty-five minutes to allow for commercials. The attempts to air the show in America failed (although screening rights to the series were later sold to PBS), and so series six had only eight episodes commissioned, which aired from September 1989 onwards.\nOn 25 January 1990, Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car crash brought on by gale-force winds. This delayed the start of the seventh series, which consisted of ten episodes airing from January 1991 onwards. Series 8 (7 episodes) followed in January 1992, and the ninth and final series of six episodes aired later that year from November onwards.\nTwo Christmas specials were also made. The first was a 45-minute episode, which followed Series 2 in 1985, and the second was also a 45-minute episode, screened at Christmas 1991, preceding Series 8.\nIn 1994, two years after the series ended, the BBC broadcast The Best of 'Allo 'Allo!, a compilation of clips from the series, linked by new scenes featuring Gorden Kaye and Carmen Silvera, in which René and Edith reminisce about the events of the war.\nOn 22 March 2007, a one-off special episode entitled The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! was filmed in Manchester, and was broadcast on 28 April 2007 at 9 pm on BBC 2. The storyline involves René writing his memoirs after the war, and the events from the final episode in 1992 have been overlooked. The new scenes were interspersed with clips from the original series and new interviews. The actors who reprised their roles were: Gorden Kaye, Vicki Michelle, Sue Hodge, Kirsten Cooke, Arthur Bostrom, Guy Siner, Robin Parkinson, John D. Collins and Nicholas Frankau. In addition, Richard Gibson and Sam Kelly are interviewed, although they are not reprising their respective roles. The only main characters who did not appear in the reunion at all (barring those cases where the actor or actress had died) were Private Helga Geerhart (played by Kim Hartman) and Herr Engelbert von Smallhausen (played by John Louis Mansi). Jeremy Lloyd wrote the new material.", "The show's premise was not to make fun of the war but to spoof war-based film and TV dramas, and in particular a BBC1 drama Secret Army, which ran from 1977 to 1979 and dealt with the activities of a Belgian \"escape line\" that returned allied pilots to Britain, working from a Brussels café and later restaurant. Many of the elements and characters are directly taken from Secret Army, such as the café owner having an affair in the restaurant under the nose of his wife, a bed-ridden woman in a room above who knocks on the floor for attention, a pianist who is also the forger, and the enmity between the Gestapo and the German military. Many storylines for 'Allo 'Allo also derive directly from episodes of Secret Army, such as the valuable paintings and the accompanying forgeries, which both the Germans and the Resistance are seeking to obtain in the Secret Army second series episode \"Weekend\". Some actors from Secret Army also appear in ''Allo 'Allo!: Richard Marner, Guy Siner, John D. Collins, Hilary Minster, David Beckett and Louis Sheldon. Inspiration was also drawn from patriotic black-and-white British melodramas of the 1940s.\nThe French village setting is reminiscent of 1972's Clochemerle, whilst Rene's intermediary role between the Germans and the Resistance reflects a comic version of Rick from Casablanca (as well as directly matching the proprietor of the café in Secret Army).", "Having a café-cabaret in the plot, music was often performed on the show. This usually took place with Madame Edith singing, and either Lt. Gruber or Leclerc at the piano. Occasionally, Gruber sang and played piano at the same time. Characters could also be seen whistling or humming tunes at certain points.", "David Croft and Roy Moore composed the theme tune performed at the start and end of each episode. It features a French-style melody performed on an accordion in the (waltz) time signature. The title is \"London Calling\", but according to Guy Siner the first lyrics are:\n'Allo 'Allo, we meet again,\n\nAnd just as before ...\nCarmen Silvera sang the full song and it was released on LP in the 1980s.", "The café cabaret music usually took the form of 1930s film and show tunes – reminiscent of the way period songs were also used in Secret Army.\nMost popular was \"Louise\" from the film Innocents of Paris (1929), which featured a number of times and was even sung in the \"broken-French\" language of Crabtree, who pronounced the title \"Loo-woes\". Gruber sang a number such as \"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\" from Show Boat or \"(I Got a Woman Crazy for Me) She's Funny That Way\" by Neil Monet and Richard A. Whiting. He gazed at René in a slightly lustful manner, replacing lyrics such as \"woman\" and \"she\" with \"boy\" and \"he\". He caused a particular sensation with his straight version of Noël Coward's \"Mad About the Boy\".\nNaturally the \"La Marseillaise\" and the German National Anthem \"Deutschlandlied\" featured from time to time, for example where several French peasants sang La Marsellaise to celebrate the expected bombing of the Germans, but the singers flawlessly and without hesitation switch to Das Lied der Deutschen when the Germans come past. Helga also sometimes stripped to a rather raunchy version of the latter tune.\nCaptain Bertorelli could be seen singing \"'O Sole Mio (It's Now or Never)\"; and the British airmen in a prisoner of war camp could be seen singing \"Hitler Has Only Got One Ball\".\nIn 1986, Gorden Kaye and Vicki Michelle released a version of the hit song \"Je t'aime... moi non plus\". The characters of Yvette and René could be heard talking and canoodling in a comic manner whilst the familiar musical \"Je t'aime...\"' melody played in the background. The song got to number fifty-seven in the UK Singles Chart.\nIn 1985, Gorden Kaye and Carmen Silvera appeared in the Royal Variety Performance in character as René and Edith, and sang \"I Remember It Well\" from Gigi.", "The show gave rise to a successful touring stage-show featuring most of the TV cast. This ran from 1986 to 1992, and included three London stage runs as well as international tours.\nIn January 1990 Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car accident. As a result, his understudy, John Larson, played the part in a London Palladium production. Kaye had a dent in his forehead for the rest of his life from a piece of wood that smashed through the car window. He wanted to end the television show after his accident, but was persuaded by Jeremy Lloyd to continue. In Australia Gorden Kaye's part was played by Australian comedian/impressionist Max Gillies (later, Gorden Kaye repaid the favour when he took over Max Gillies' role in another play in Australia, when Max Gillies was unable to take part).\nThe show was last performed for a summer season at Bournemouth's Pier Theatre in 1996.\nIn 2007 Gorden Kaye, Sue Hodge and Guy Siner reprised their roles in a production of the stage show in Brisbane, Australia. They were joined by Steven Tandy as Colonel von Strohm and Jason Gann as Herr Flick.\nA new touring show, based on the 1992 tour written by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, opened at the Gordon Craig Theatre in Stevenage, Hertfordshire on 29 August 2008 before going on a national tour in 2009. Vicki Michelle reprised her role as Yvette Carte-Blanche. The cast also included Jeffrey Holland playing Rene Artois and his wife Judy Buxton playing Michelle Dubois. Other cast members included Robin Sebastian as Gruber, James Rossman as Herr Flick, Nell Jerram as Private Helga Geerhart and Claire Andreadis as Mimi Labonq.\nThe theatrical version is also frequently performed by amateur theatre companies in the UK and elsewhere.", "All filming was done in Norfolk, much of it at Lynford Hall.\nBetween 1982 and 1987, and from 1989 to 1992, all interior scenes were filmed in front of a studio audience at the BBC Television Centre studios in London. For the fifth series, recorded from December 1987 to August 1988, production moved to BBC Elstree Centre in Studio D. With hopes for a US syndication deal, the BBC planned to make 26 new episodes of the sitcom; hence, a bigger space was needed for the production. Even though the US syndication deal did not go ahead as planned, production remained at BBC Elstree Centre for the remainder of the fifth series. With more space available, the outside set of Café Rene became a semi-permanent structure in the former ATV Garage building.", "", "In Australia, Roadshow Entertainment, under licence from the BBC began releasing the series on DVD in 2006, on a semi-annual basis. To date, all series have been released on DVD; only The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! TV special remains to be released.", "Universal Playback, under licence from the BBC, began releasing the series on DVD in 2002. In the UK six box sets with series 1–9 have been released, as well as a complete box set.\nThe original UK releases have episode titles superimposed over the openings of the episodes (series 1–4). The 2013 re-release of the complete series box set omits the majority, but not all of these superimposed titles. The American releases have no on-screen episode titles, reflecting the way that the shows were originally transmitted.", "In January 2004, BBC Worldwide began releasing the show themselves onto DVD in North America, beginning with Series 1. The releases have continued on a somewhat irregular basis (approximately circa twice-yearly).\nNote: The Best of 'Allo 'Allo! is included as an extra on the series nine DVDs.", "", "\"'Allo 'Allo – BBC1 Sitcom\". comedy.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.\n\"BBC One: 'Allo 'Allo!\". BBC Programmes. Archived from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.\n\"'Allo 'Allo!\". BBC Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2007.\n\"'Allo 'Allo! due for screen return\". BBC News. 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008.\n\"Richard & Judy\". Channel 4. 28 March 2007.\n\"'Allo 'Allo! - Single by Carmen Silvera\". Apple Music. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.\n\"Je t'aime\". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2007.\n\"Production of 'Allo 'Allo \| Theatricalia\". theatricalia.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.\n\"BFI Screenonline: 'Allo 'Allo (1984-92)\". www.screenonline.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.\n\"beeb backCHAT Archive: A Chat with Gorden Kaye\". Aa.marktv.org. 25 January 1990. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2012.\n\"Production of 'Allo 'Allo \| Theatricalia\". theatricalia.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.\nM/C Reviews (8 July 2007). \"M/C Reviews – Theatre: 'Allo 'Allo – What Went Wrong Here, Then?\". Reviews.media-culture.org.au. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.\nMark Brown (4 July 2008). \"Listen very carefully – 'Allo 'Allo! is coming back\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2008.\nBennett, Steve. \"Allo Allo cast to reunite : News 2019 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide\". www.chortle.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.\n\"Celebrating 50 Years of Elstree TV Centre\". atvtoday.co.uk. 30 April 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.\n\"'Allo 'Allo\". IMDb. 30 December 1982. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018.", "'Allo 'Allo! at BBC Online \n'Allo 'Allo! at BBC Online Comedy Guide\n'Allo 'Allo! at IMDb\n'Allo 'Allo! at British Comedy Guide" ]	[ "'Allo 'Allo!", "Premise", "Lloyd & Croft sitcom elements", "\"René Recaps\" device", "\"Foreign\" languages", "Cast", "Characters", "Episodes", "Cultural references", "Music", "Theme tune", "Other music", "Stage show", "Locations", "DVD releases", "Australian and New Zealand releases", "UK releases", "North American releases", "See also", "References", "External links" ]	'Allo 'Allo!	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Allo_%27Allo!	[ 144 ]	[ 1533, 1534, 1535, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540, 1541, 1542, 1543, 1544, 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1554, 1555, 1556, 1557, 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, 1562, 1563, 1564, 1565, 1566, 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574, 1575, 1576, 1577, 1578, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582 ]	'Allo 'Allo! 'Allo 'Allo! is a British sitcom television series created by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, starring Gorden Kaye, and originally broadcast on BBC1. The sitcom focuses on the life of a café owner in the French town of Nouvion, during the German occupation of France in the Second World War, who has to deal with problems caused by a dishonest German officer, a local French Resistance leader, a stolen painting, and a pair of trapped British airmen, while concealing from his wife the secret affairs he is having with his waitresses. Croft and Lloyd devised the concept as a parody of BBC wartime drama Secret Army, and initially launched the programme with a pilot on 30 December 1982. The sitcom was eventually commissioned following the success of the pilot, and ran for nine series between 7 September 1984 until its conclusion on 14 December 1992. Both Lloyd and Croft wrote the scripts for the first six series, while the remainder were handled by Lloyd and Paul Adam. Much like previous sitcoms created by Croft and Lloyd, the programme employed notable elements such as memorable catchphrases and ending credits, cultural clichés, physical humour and visual gags. However, 'Allo 'Allo! differed from these other sitcoms by featuring overarching plotlines rather than simple stand-alone stories, and the device of having actors speaking English but with theatrical foreign accents to distinguish each character's nationality. The sitcom gained respectable ratings during its run, with its success leading to it receiving stage show reproductions. A special entitled The Return of 'Allo 'Allo!, aired on 22 March 2007, featured cast members returning to reprise their original roles to perform in a special story after the conclusion of the programme, alongside a documentary about the sitcom including a highlight reel of episodes, and interviews with the cast, production team and fans. 'Allo 'Allo! is set during the Second World War, between the occupation of France by German Axis powers in 1940 and its eventual liberation by Allied forces in July 1944. The story of the sitcom focuses on René Artois, a café owner in Nouvion and a reluctant member of the town's local French Resistance cell who operates under the codename of "Nighthawk". Because of the occupation of the town by German forces, led by the dictatorial Major-General Erich von Klinkerhoffen, René finds himself caught up between dealing with four problems – the scheme and plots of the town's corrupt commandant, Colonel Kurt von Strohm; the sabotage plans of the Resistance's leader Michelle Dubois; the efforts by Gestapo agent Herr Otto Flick to find a stolen painting and unmask Resistance members; and the love affairs with his waitresses, particularly Yvette Carte-Blanche, each of which he must conceal from both his wife Edith Artois and each of the other waitresses. Throughout the programme's broadcast, the sitcom features a number of overarching storylines, with two of these being the most prominent within episodes. The first, and most prominent, plot concerns the theft of a valuable painting from the town's chateau – The Fallen Madonna by fictional artist van Klomp (usually referred to as "The Fallen Madonna with the Big Boobies") – stolen by von Strohm, and the subsequent effort by him to conceal the theft from his superiors and Herr Flick. René is notably forced into handling the stolen painting out of threat of execution, but also due to being indebted to von Strohm for allowing him to fake his death when he is sentenced to execution for unjustified accusations of aiding the Resistance in an act of sabotage. The painting itself is subjected to being lost during the course of its concealment, before receiving a forged copy upon being found, only for it be lost again and sought out by not only by von Strohm, but also Herr Flick who, rather than return it to Berlin, intends to keep it himself. The second storyline concerns the involvement of two stranded British airmen, shot down while over Nouvion. Because of their predicament, several plots in a number of episodes focus on the efforts of Michelle to devise plans that can help to send them back to England, with René not only forced to help hide them within his café or keep them under disguises, but also help in her schemes, sometimes devised by London who relay these plans via a radio installed within the bedroom of Edith's mother. Often, the schemes devised are so complicated that they invariably backfire, especially when they collide with other schemes conducted by von Strohm and his assistants, often leaving him, René and Michelle worse off than before. Most other storylines concern other events, including the efforts to remove von Klinkerhoffen's replacement from power, sabotaging the Germans' plan to invade England, and the subsequent build-up of German concern about an Allied invasion of France following the defeat of Italy. As with previous sitcoms created before 'Allo 'Allo!, such as Lloyd and Croft's earlier collaboration Are You Being Served?, much of the humour is derived from classic elements of comedy including classic farce set-ups, physical comedy and visual gags, alongside a large amount of sexual innuendo, and a fast-paced running string of broad cultural clichés. Like most characters devised for previous sitcoms, the cast for the programme were designed with notable elements to distinguish them throughout the series, be it a catchphrase, gimmick, or saying. Like previous sitcoms devised by the creators, 'Allo 'Allo! ends each episode with the caption "You have been watching (in order of appearance)", followed by a short vignette shot of actors who performed in the episode — whether as a main or supporting character — identified by their name in caption within each sequence. Although the shots appear like a clip from the episode, the production team conduct a separate filming session aimed as a reenactment of a scene the actor was involved in, mostly pertaining to a specific camera angle or action conducted by their character, with the vignette sequence often done in order of their first spoken line; the exception to this is that actor Gorden Kaye is always first in the sequence, regardless of when his first appearance is made. As each episode builds on previous ones, viewers are often required to have followed the series to the episode they have reached in order to understand the plot. As 'Allo 'Allo! revolved around individual story arcs spread across several episodes, the creators opted for using a comical version of the "As you remember ..." device, commonly used in serials, to act as a recap of events in the current story for the beginning of a new episode. This device within the sitcom was always conducted by René, who would open an episode by breaking the fourth wall (which Michael Bates did in It Ain't Half Hot Mum) to interact with the audience and provide a brief summary of events that had occurred previously, including notable events that had taken place, and also intermittently during episodes to make comic comments. This plot device was rare for comedy (including comedy animation), where plots are prominently gag-driven and self-contained, but its use in 'Allo 'Allo! had a major impact on audiences connecting with the characters. It also had considerable benefits for re-runs, as it allowed local TV stations who had reshuffled episodes for their schedule, to ensure that their audiences could be aware of the plot events surrounding the story of the episode being broadcast. One of the trickier problems with 'Allo 'Allo! was the fact that the main characters were of four different nationalities — French, German, English and Italian. Lloyd and Croft determined that it would be too much for the audience to follow multiple languages, so they employed a simple dramatic device to overcome the issue: all characters would speak English in a theatrical foreign accent depicting the foreign language. French and German characters could understand each other when speaking, but the English characters could not understand the others without someone "translating" for them and vice versa. Because of this device, each particular main language for the show required a specific accent and speaking style to be devised. While the French-speaking characters mainly spoke with a French accent, the English-speaking characters mostly employed Bertie Wooster-esque "top-hole, old chap!"-style banter in an upper-class English accent, and German-speaking characters mainly spoke in a guttural manner. When Italian characters were added to the series, particularly Captain Alberto Bertorelli, in the fourth series, the cast members assigned to these role spoke in a nasal tone, making use of the letter "a" on the ends of certain words (e.g., "What a mistake-a to make-a!"). One of the most notable, and wittiest, aspects of the language device was in the speech of the police officer Crabtree, a character introduced in the second series. Because the character was an Englishman with a poor grasp of French, the actor, Arthur Bostrom, spoke perfectly when the character spoke in English, but extensively deployed malapropism to represent when the character was speaking in French. Bostrom therefore altered not all but certain words in his sentences, substituting different vowels and/or consonants, changing them into different or nonsensical words, usually laden with innuendo. An example is the line "I was passing by the door, and I thought I would drop in.", which Bostrom pronounced "I was pissing by the door, and I thought I would drip in". Another example is Crabtree's greeting of "good morning", pronounced "good moaning". After the pilot aired in December 1982, a full-length first series of seven episodes was commissioned and aired from September 1984 onwards. Series two, three and four followed annually, with six episodes each. Series five was commissioned with a view to syndicating the show in America. As a result, it aired as a single long series of twenty-six episodes between September 1988 and February 1989, with each episode running only twenty-five minutes to allow for commercials. The attempts to air the show in America failed (although screening rights to the series were later sold to PBS), and so series six had only eight episodes commissioned, which aired from September 1989 onwards. On 25 January 1990, Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car crash brought on by gale-force winds. This delayed the start of the seventh series, which consisted of ten episodes airing from January 1991 onwards. Series 8 (7 episodes) followed in January 1992, and the ninth and final series of six episodes aired later that year from November onwards. Two Christmas specials were also made. The first was a 45-minute episode, which followed Series 2 in 1985, and the second was also a 45-minute episode, screened at Christmas 1991, preceding Series 8. In 1994, two years after the series ended, the BBC broadcast The Best of 'Allo 'Allo!, a compilation of clips from the series, linked by new scenes featuring Gorden Kaye and Carmen Silvera, in which René and Edith reminisce about the events of the war. On 22 March 2007, a one-off special episode entitled The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! was filmed in Manchester, and was broadcast on 28 April 2007 at 9 pm on BBC 2. The storyline involves René writing his memoirs after the war, and the events from the final episode in 1992 have been overlooked. The new scenes were interspersed with clips from the original series and new interviews. The actors who reprised their roles were: Gorden Kaye, Vicki Michelle, Sue Hodge, Kirsten Cooke, Arthur Bostrom, Guy Siner, Robin Parkinson, John D. Collins and Nicholas Frankau. In addition, Richard Gibson and Sam Kelly are interviewed, although they are not reprising their respective roles. The only main characters who did not appear in the reunion at all (barring those cases where the actor or actress had died) were Private Helga Geerhart (played by Kim Hartman) and Herr Engelbert von Smallhausen (played by John Louis Mansi). Jeremy Lloyd wrote the new material. The show's premise was not to make fun of the war but to spoof war-based film and TV dramas, and in particular a BBC1 drama Secret Army, which ran from 1977 to 1979 and dealt with the activities of a Belgian "escape line" that returned allied pilots to Britain, working from a Brussels café and later restaurant. Many of the elements and characters are directly taken from Secret Army, such as the café owner having an affair in the restaurant under the nose of his wife, a bed-ridden woman in a room above who knocks on the floor for attention, a pianist who is also the forger, and the enmity between the Gestapo and the German military. Many storylines for 'Allo 'Allo also derive directly from episodes of Secret Army, such as the valuable paintings and the accompanying forgeries, which both the Germans and the Resistance are seeking to obtain in the Secret Army second series episode "Weekend". Some actors from Secret Army also appear in ''Allo 'Allo!: Richard Marner, Guy Siner, John D. Collins, Hilary Minster, David Beckett and Louis Sheldon. Inspiration was also drawn from patriotic black-and-white British melodramas of the 1940s. The French village setting is reminiscent of 1972's Clochemerle, whilst Rene's intermediary role between the Germans and the Resistance reflects a comic version of Rick from Casablanca (as well as directly matching the proprietor of the café in Secret Army). Having a café-cabaret in the plot, music was often performed on the show. This usually took place with Madame Edith singing, and either Lt. Gruber or Leclerc at the piano. Occasionally, Gruber sang and played piano at the same time. Characters could also be seen whistling or humming tunes at certain points. David Croft and Roy Moore composed the theme tune performed at the start and end of each episode. It features a French-style melody performed on an accordion in the (waltz) time signature. The title is "London Calling", but according to Guy Siner the first lyrics are: 'Allo 'Allo, we meet again, And just as before ... Carmen Silvera sang the full song and it was released on LP in the 1980s. The café cabaret music usually took the form of 1930s film and show tunes – reminiscent of the way period songs were also used in Secret Army. Most popular was "Louise" from the film Innocents of Paris (1929), which featured a number of times and was even sung in the "broken-French" language of Crabtree, who pronounced the title "Loo-woes". Gruber sang a number such as "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" from Show Boat or "(I Got a Woman Crazy for Me) She's Funny That Way" by Neil Monet and Richard A. Whiting. He gazed at René in a slightly lustful manner, replacing lyrics such as "woman" and "she" with "boy" and "he". He caused a particular sensation with his straight version of Noël Coward's "Mad About the Boy". Naturally the "La Marseillaise" and the German National Anthem "Deutschlandlied" featured from time to time, for example where several French peasants sang La Marsellaise to celebrate the expected bombing of the Germans, but the singers flawlessly and without hesitation switch to Das Lied der Deutschen when the Germans come past. Helga also sometimes stripped to a rather raunchy version of the latter tune. Captain Bertorelli could be seen singing "'O Sole Mio (It's Now or Never)"; and the British airmen in a prisoner of war camp could be seen singing "Hitler Has Only Got One Ball". In 1986, Gorden Kaye and Vicki Michelle released a version of the hit song "Je t'aime... moi non plus". The characters of Yvette and René could be heard talking and canoodling in a comic manner whilst the familiar musical "Je t'aime..."' melody played in the background. The song got to number fifty-seven in the UK Singles Chart. In 1985, Gorden Kaye and Carmen Silvera appeared in the Royal Variety Performance in character as René and Edith, and sang "I Remember It Well" from Gigi. The show gave rise to a successful touring stage-show featuring most of the TV cast. This ran from 1986 to 1992, and included three London stage runs as well as international tours. In January 1990 Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car accident. As a result, his understudy, John Larson, played the part in a London Palladium production. Kaye had a dent in his forehead for the rest of his life from a piece of wood that smashed through the car window. He wanted to end the television show after his accident, but was persuaded by Jeremy Lloyd to continue. In Australia Gorden Kaye's part was played by Australian comedian/impressionist Max Gillies (later, Gorden Kaye repaid the favour when he took over Max Gillies' role in another play in Australia, when Max Gillies was unable to take part). The show was last performed for a summer season at Bournemouth's Pier Theatre in 1996. In 2007 Gorden Kaye, Sue Hodge and Guy Siner reprised their roles in a production of the stage show in Brisbane, Australia. They were joined by Steven Tandy as Colonel von Strohm and Jason Gann as Herr Flick. A new touring show, based on the 1992 tour written by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, opened at the Gordon Craig Theatre in Stevenage, Hertfordshire on 29 August 2008 before going on a national tour in 2009. Vicki Michelle reprised her role as Yvette Carte-Blanche. The cast also included Jeffrey Holland playing Rene Artois and his wife Judy Buxton playing Michelle Dubois. Other cast members included Robin Sebastian as Gruber, James Rossman as Herr Flick, Nell Jerram as Private Helga Geerhart and Claire Andreadis as Mimi Labonq. The theatrical version is also frequently performed by amateur theatre companies in the UK and elsewhere. All filming was done in Norfolk, much of it at Lynford Hall. Between 1982 and 1987, and from 1989 to 1992, all interior scenes were filmed in front of a studio audience at the BBC Television Centre studios in London. For the fifth series, recorded from December 1987 to August 1988, production moved to BBC Elstree Centre in Studio D. With hopes for a US syndication deal, the BBC planned to make 26 new episodes of the sitcom; hence, a bigger space was needed for the production. Even though the US syndication deal did not go ahead as planned, production remained at BBC Elstree Centre for the remainder of the fifth series. With more space available, the outside set of Café Rene became a semi-permanent structure in the former ATV Garage building. In Australia, Roadshow Entertainment, under licence from the BBC began releasing the series on DVD in 2006, on a semi-annual basis. To date, all series have been released on DVD; only The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! TV special remains to be released. Universal Playback, under licence from the BBC, began releasing the series on DVD in 2002. In the UK six box sets with series 1–9 have been released, as well as a complete box set. The original UK releases have episode titles superimposed over the openings of the episodes (series 1–4). The 2013 re-release of the complete series box set omits the majority, but not all of these superimposed titles. The American releases have no on-screen episode titles, reflecting the way that the shows were originally transmitted. In January 2004, BBC Worldwide began releasing the show themselves onto DVD in North America, beginning with Series 1. The releases have continued on a somewhat irregular basis (approximately circa twice-yearly). Note: The Best of 'Allo 'Allo! is included as an extra on the series nine DVDs. "'Allo 'Allo – BBC1 Sitcom". comedy.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015. "BBC One: 'Allo 'Allo!". BBC Programmes. Archived from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015. "'Allo 'Allo!". BBC Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2007. "'Allo 'Allo! due for screen return". BBC News. 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. "Richard & Judy". Channel 4. 28 March 2007. "'Allo 'Allo! - Single by Carmen Silvera". Apple Music. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. "Je t'aime". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2007. "Production of 'Allo 'Allo \| Theatricalia". theatricalia.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. "BFI Screenonline: 'Allo 'Allo (1984-92)". www.screenonline.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. "beeb backCHAT Archive: A Chat with Gorden Kaye". Aa.marktv.org. 25 January 1990. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2012. "Production of 'Allo 'Allo \| Theatricalia". theatricalia.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. M/C Reviews (8 July 2007). "M/C Reviews – Theatre: 'Allo 'Allo – What Went Wrong Here, Then?". Reviews.media-culture.org.au. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012. Mark Brown (4 July 2008). "Listen very carefully – 'Allo 'Allo! is coming back". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2008. Bennett, Steve. "Allo Allo cast to reunite : News 2019 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide". www.chortle.co.uk. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. "Celebrating 50 Years of Elstree TV Centre". atvtoday.co.uk. 30 April 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015. "'Allo 'Allo". IMDb. 30 December 1982. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018. 'Allo 'Allo! at BBC Online 'Allo 'Allo! at BBC Online Comedy Guide 'Allo 'Allo! at IMDb 'Allo 'Allo! at British Comedy Guide
[ "Cape Taputapu", "Map of western Tutuila where ʻAmanave is marked in red." ]	[ 1, 2 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Cape_Taputapu_National_Natural_Landmark.jpg", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Amanave_village_pos.jpg" ]	[ "ʻAmanave (Samoan: ʻĀmanave) is a village on the coast of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. It is located close to the island's western tip, Cape Taputapu, and to the south of the village of Poloa. It is located in Lealataua County.\nʻAmanave was severely damaged by the 2009 tsunami. However, of a population of about 500 residents, no deaths were recorded. When the tsunami approached, emergency information was sent by radio and a bell rang in the village. After the tsunami, some residents followed the advice of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and moved into houses on a higher elevation.\nIts mayor Aveao Faausu Fonoti received the Community Resiliency Leadership Award at the National Disaster Preparedness Training Center in 2010, due to his handling of the 2009 tsunami. The executive director of the center told reporters: \"In spite of the fact that something like eighty percent of his village was destroyed, there were no casualties. And based on our research we found that many lives were saved because of his bravery, his leadership, his knowledge.\"\nThe village is in an area which is renowned for its rugged volcanic coastline. After its confluence with its tributaries near central parts of the village, Laloafu Stream discharges into the Pacific from ʻAmanave Bay.", "The first formal school established on the island was Atauloma Girls School in ʻAmanave, which opened in 1900–1901. Although originally located in the village of ʻAmanave, it was later relocated to Afao. Remains from the historic site can still be viewed on the top of the hill in the Atauloma area of Afao village.\nDuring World War II, the single-lane roads which for long had been connecting Alofau in the east to ʻAmanave in the west proved inadequate for military requirements. They were therefore replaced by a two-lane, coral-rock-surface road, which could handle the heavy military vehicles.", "Cape Taputapu National Natural Landmark is an exhibit of offshore volcanic rocks, shoreline, and blowholes sculpted by waves. Large sculptures of erosion-resistant volcanic rock dot the water shore, and one of these islets is a volcanic vent through which lava poured during the major episode of volcanism that made Tutuila. The total area designated as a U.S. National Natural Landmark is 170 acres. It is the westernmost point on Tutuila Island, located just beyond ʻAmanave.\nAmanave Village Marine Protected Area\nPalagi Beach, a beach on Loa inlet, just past ʻAmanave and east of Cape Taputapu. It can only be reached by boat or hiking when low tide from the very west end of ʻAmanave. The trailhead begins just before the road turns to go over the mountain to the north side. The beach is a long stretch of white sand beach lined with coconut trees.", "The 1990 U.S. Census reported 53 houses in ʻAmanave. The proportion of ʻAmanave inhabitants born outside of American Samoa was 17% in the early 1980s and 29% in the late 1980s. In 1990, 43 percent of village residents were born outside of American Samoa.", "As of 1995, business license records from the government show eleven commercial enterprises based in the village. Businesses included five grocery stores, a retail shop, a gas station, and several bus companies. There is also banana production on the western side of the village, upslope from the shoreline road near Malama Point. Coconut production occurred east of ʻAmanave on the south side of Leafu Stream.", "Esteban, Miguel and Hiroshi Takagi (2015). Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners. Butterworth-Heinemann. Page 81. ISBN 9780128012703.\n\"American Samoa village mayor to receive leadership award\". Radionz.co.nz. 9 February 2010.\nFidgeon, Tamsin (2004). Columbus World Travel Guide 2004-2005. Highbury Columbus Travel Pub. Page 9. ISBN 9781902221847.\n\"AMERICAN SAMOA WATERSHED PROTECTION PLAN : Volume 2: Watersheds 24-35\" (PDF). Botany.hawaii.edu. Retrieved November 12, 2021.\nShaffer, Robert J. (2000). American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Island Heritage. Page 175. ISBN 9780896103399.\nGray, John Alexander Clinton (1980). Amerika Samoa. Arno Press. Page 242. ISBN 9780405130380.\nGoldin, Meryl Rose (2002). Field Guide to the Samoan Archipelago: Fish, Wildlife, and Protected Areas. Bess Press. Page 282. ISBN 9781573061117.\nClayville, Melinda (2021). Explore American Samoa: The Complete Guide to Tutuila, Aunu'u, and Manu'a Islands. Page 72. ISBN 9798556052970.\n\"American Samoa Statistical Yearbook 2016\" (PDF). American Samoa Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-07-25." ]	[ "'Amanave", "History", "Landmarks", "Demographics", "Economy", "References" ]	'Amanave	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Amanave	[ 145 ]	[ 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1587, 1588, 1589, 1590 ]	'Amanave ʻAmanave (Samoan: ʻĀmanave) is a village on the coast of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. It is located close to the island's western tip, Cape Taputapu, and to the south of the village of Poloa. It is located in Lealataua County. ʻAmanave was severely damaged by the 2009 tsunami. However, of a population of about 500 residents, no deaths were recorded. When the tsunami approached, emergency information was sent by radio and a bell rang in the village. After the tsunami, some residents followed the advice of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and moved into houses on a higher elevation. Its mayor Aveao Faausu Fonoti received the Community Resiliency Leadership Award at the National Disaster Preparedness Training Center in 2010, due to his handling of the 2009 tsunami. The executive director of the center told reporters: "In spite of the fact that something like eighty percent of his village was destroyed, there were no casualties. And based on our research we found that many lives were saved because of his bravery, his leadership, his knowledge." The village is in an area which is renowned for its rugged volcanic coastline. After its confluence with its tributaries near central parts of the village, Laloafu Stream discharges into the Pacific from ʻAmanave Bay. The first formal school established on the island was Atauloma Girls School in ʻAmanave, which opened in 1900–1901. Although originally located in the village of ʻAmanave, it was later relocated to Afao. Remains from the historic site can still be viewed on the top of the hill in the Atauloma area of Afao village. During World War II, the single-lane roads which for long had been connecting Alofau in the east to ʻAmanave in the west proved inadequate for military requirements. They were therefore replaced by a two-lane, coral-rock-surface road, which could handle the heavy military vehicles. Cape Taputapu National Natural Landmark is an exhibit of offshore volcanic rocks, shoreline, and blowholes sculpted by waves. Large sculptures of erosion-resistant volcanic rock dot the water shore, and one of these islets is a volcanic vent through which lava poured during the major episode of volcanism that made Tutuila. The total area designated as a U.S. National Natural Landmark is 170 acres. It is the westernmost point on Tutuila Island, located just beyond ʻAmanave. Amanave Village Marine Protected Area Palagi Beach, a beach on Loa inlet, just past ʻAmanave and east of Cape Taputapu. It can only be reached by boat or hiking when low tide from the very west end of ʻAmanave. The trailhead begins just before the road turns to go over the mountain to the north side. The beach is a long stretch of white sand beach lined with coconut trees. The 1990 U.S. Census reported 53 houses in ʻAmanave. The proportion of ʻAmanave inhabitants born outside of American Samoa was 17% in the early 1980s and 29% in the late 1980s. In 1990, 43 percent of village residents were born outside of American Samoa. As of 1995, business license records from the government show eleven commercial enterprises based in the village. Businesses included five grocery stores, a retail shop, a gas station, and several bus companies. There is also banana production on the western side of the village, upslope from the shoreline road near Malama Point. Coconut production occurred east of ʻAmanave on the south side of Leafu Stream. Esteban, Miguel and Hiroshi Takagi (2015). Handbook of Coastal Disaster Mitigation for Engineers and Planners. Butterworth-Heinemann. Page 81. ISBN 9780128012703. "American Samoa village mayor to receive leadership award". Radionz.co.nz. 9 February 2010. Fidgeon, Tamsin (2004). Columbus World Travel Guide 2004-2005. Highbury Columbus Travel Pub. Page 9. ISBN 9781902221847. "AMERICAN SAMOA WATERSHED PROTECTION PLAN : Volume 2: Watersheds 24-35" (PDF). Botany.hawaii.edu. Retrieved November 12, 2021. Shaffer, Robert J. (2000). American Samoa: 100 Years Under the United States Flag. Island Heritage. Page 175. ISBN 9780896103399. Gray, John Alexander Clinton (1980). Amerika Samoa. Arno Press. Page 242. ISBN 9780405130380. Goldin, Meryl Rose (2002). Field Guide to the Samoan Archipelago: Fish, Wildlife, and Protected Areas. Bess Press. Page 282. ISBN 9781573061117. Clayville, Melinda (2021). Explore American Samoa: The Complete Guide to Tutuila, Aunu'u, and Manu'a Islands. Page 72. ISBN 9798556052970. "American Samoa Statistical Yearbook 2016" (PDF). American Samoa Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
[ "", "Traditional mud-built house." ]	[ 0, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Amran_02.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Amran.jpg" ]	[ "ʿAmrān (Arabic: عمران; Old South Arabian: 𐩲𐩣𐩧𐩬 ʿmrn) is a small city in western central Yemen. It is the capital of the 'Amran Governorate, and was formerly in the Sana'a Governorate. It is located 52.9 kilometres (32.9 mi) by road northwest of the Yemeni capital of Sana'a, at the upper (southern) end of the al-Bawn plain. According to the 2004 census it had a population of 76,863, and an estimated population of 92,763 in 2013.", "'Amran has a long history, dating back to the pre-Islamic era. During that period, it was one of the main centers of the Bakil tribal confederation. At the time of the Sabaean kingdom, the town blossomed into a fortress. A series of bronze plaques from that time were found in the town in the mid-nineteenth century and are now in the British Museum. In particular, in the seventh century it was the great city of valour during the clashes against the Sabeans, a plurality of regionally based tribes. Remains of carved stones that belonged to former temples and palaces bear witness today of past glory. A large stone inscription is found in the western city gate (Bab al-Kabir).\n'Amran is largely absent from medieval sources, and the nearby fortified town of al-Jannat eclipsed it in importance during this period. This may have been partly because 'Amran, located in the middle of the al-Bawn plain on level ground, was less defensible, whereas al-Jannat had a more strategic location. The 10th-century writer al-Hamdani described the ancient palace at 'Amran, but he gives no details about its population or any indication that it was still occupied.\nFrom the late 14th century onward, 'Amran appears to have emerged as a strategic site, and it appears frequently in historical texts such as the Ghayat al-amani of Yahya ibn al-Husayn during this period. Then, in the 1500s and 1600s, 'Amran is mentioned as a more generally important city.\nʿAmran is completely surrounded by walls which date to 1720. The surrounding landscape is dominated by terraced landscapes with stone walls to counteract erosion of fertile arable land. The old souq is noted for its stone columns.", "The road through the city from Sana'a was modernized following Chinese investment and is over 200 km (120 mi) long, and the old medical centre has been transformed into a small public hospital. The city is located in a fertile area in what was the centre of the area's coffee industry.", "Maps (Map). Google Maps.\nWilson, Robert T.O. (1989). Gazetteer of Historical North-West Yemen. Germany: Georg Olms AG. pp. 252–3. Retrieved 22 February 2021.\n\"Amran\". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2021.\nHämäläinen, Pertti (1 August 1999). Yemen. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-0-86442-603-1. Retrieved 13 April 2012.\nMcLaughlin, Daniel (12 February 2008). Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-84162-212-5. Retrieved 13 April 2012.\nMcCulloch, John Ramsay; Haskel, Daniel (1845). M'Culloch's Universal gazetteer: Dictionary, geographical, statistical, and historical, of the various countries, places, and principal natural objects in the world (Public domain ed.). Harper & brothers. pp. 93–. Retrieved 15 April 2012." ]	[ "'Amran", "History and architecture", "Economic development", "References" ]	'Amran	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Amran	[ 146, 147 ]	[ 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1597 ]	'Amran ʿAmrān (Arabic: عمران; Old South Arabian: 𐩲𐩣𐩧𐩬 ʿmrn) is a small city in western central Yemen. It is the capital of the 'Amran Governorate, and was formerly in the Sana'a Governorate. It is located 52.9 kilometres (32.9 mi) by road northwest of the Yemeni capital of Sana'a, at the upper (southern) end of the al-Bawn plain. According to the 2004 census it had a population of 76,863, and an estimated population of 92,763 in 2013. 'Amran has a long history, dating back to the pre-Islamic era. During that period, it was one of the main centers of the Bakil tribal confederation. At the time of the Sabaean kingdom, the town blossomed into a fortress. A series of bronze plaques from that time were found in the town in the mid-nineteenth century and are now in the British Museum. In particular, in the seventh century it was the great city of valour during the clashes against the Sabeans, a plurality of regionally based tribes. Remains of carved stones that belonged to former temples and palaces bear witness today of past glory. A large stone inscription is found in the western city gate (Bab al-Kabir). 'Amran is largely absent from medieval sources, and the nearby fortified town of al-Jannat eclipsed it in importance during this period. This may have been partly because 'Amran, located in the middle of the al-Bawn plain on level ground, was less defensible, whereas al-Jannat had a more strategic location. The 10th-century writer al-Hamdani described the ancient palace at 'Amran, but he gives no details about its population or any indication that it was still occupied. From the late 14th century onward, 'Amran appears to have emerged as a strategic site, and it appears frequently in historical texts such as the Ghayat al-amani of Yahya ibn al-Husayn during this period. Then, in the 1500s and 1600s, 'Amran is mentioned as a more generally important city. ʿAmran is completely surrounded by walls which date to 1720. The surrounding landscape is dominated by terraced landscapes with stone walls to counteract erosion of fertile arable land. The old souq is noted for its stone columns. The road through the city from Sana'a was modernized following Chinese investment and is over 200 km (120 mi) long, and the old medical centre has been transformed into a small public hospital. The city is located in a fertile area in what was the centre of the area's coffee industry. Maps (Map). Google Maps. Wilson, Robert T.O. (1989). Gazetteer of Historical North-West Yemen. Germany: Georg Olms AG. pp. 252–3. Retrieved 22 February 2021. "Amran". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2021. Hämäläinen, Pertti (1 August 1999). Yemen. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-0-86442-603-1. Retrieved 13 April 2012. McLaughlin, Daniel (12 February 2008). Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-84162-212-5. Retrieved 13 April 2012. McCulloch, John Ramsay; Haskel, Daniel (1845). M'Culloch's Universal gazetteer: Dictionary, geographical, statistical, and historical, of the various countries, places, and principal natural objects in the world (Public domain ed.). Harper & brothers. pp. 93–. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
[ "House of Amran" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Amran.jpg" ]	[ "ʽAmran (Arabic: عمران, romanized: ʽAmrān) is one of the governorates of Yemen.", "'Amran Governorate is divided into the following 20 districts. These districts are further divided into sub-districts, and then further subdivided into villages:\nAl Ashah District\nAl Madan District\nAl Qaflah District\nAmran District\nAs Sawd District\nAs Sudah District\nBani Suraim District\nDhi Bin District\nHabur Zulaymah District\nHarf Sufyan District\nHuth District\nIyal Surayh District\nJabal Iyal Yazid District\nKhamir District\nKharif District\nMaswar District\nRaydah District\nShaharah District\nSuwayr District\nThula District", "\"Statistical Yearbook 2011\". Central Statistical Organisation. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2013." ]	[ "'Amran Governorate", "Districts", "References" ]	'Amran Governorate	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Amran_Governorate	[ 148 ]	[ 1598, 1599, 1600 ]	'Amran Governorate ʽAmran (Arabic: عمران, romanized: ʽAmrān) is one of the governorates of Yemen. 'Amran Governorate is divided into the following 20 districts. These districts are further divided into sub-districts, and then further subdivided into villages: Al Ashah District Al Madan District Al Qaflah District Amran District As Sawd District As Sudah District Bani Suraim District Dhi Bin District Habur Zulaymah District Harf Sufyan District Huth District Iyal Surayh District Jabal Iyal Yazid District Khamir District Kharif District Maswar District Raydah District Shaharah District Suwayr District Thula District "Statistical Yearbook 2011". Central Statistical Organisation. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
[ "'Anata, around 1859[1]", "", "Anata region as of late 2014", "Anata' Aerial photo", "'Anata, between 1900 and 1920", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 8, 10, 14, 14 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Anathoth_%28Anata%29%2C_p._549_in_Thomson%2C_1859.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/ShufatMap.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Anata%27_Aerial_photo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Anata2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.17.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Governate_of_Jerusalem.png" ]	[ "'Anata (Arabic: عناتا) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate in the central West Bank, located four kilometers northeast of Jerusalem's Old City. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 'Anata had a population of 9,600 in 2006. Its total land area is 30,603 dunams, of which over half now lies within the Israeli Jerusalem municipality and 1,654 is Palestinian built-up area. Since 1967, 'Anata has been occupied by Israel. Together with Shu'afat refugee camp, the village is almost surrounded by the separation barrier, cutting it off from Jerusalem and surrounding villages except for a checkpoint in the west and a road in the north-east that gives access to the rest of the West Bank.", "'Anata is a village on an ancient site, old stones have been reused in village homes, and cisterns dug into rock have been found, together with caves and ancient agricultural terraces.", "Edward Robinson identified 'Anata with Biblical Anathoth, birthplace of Jeremiah, in his Biblical researches in Palestine. An alternative etymology links the toponym to the Canaanite goddess Anat.", "There are ruins of a Byzantine-era church in the town, proving that it was inhabited prior to the Muslim conquest of Palestine by the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century.", "Ahead of the 1187 Muslim siege of Jerusalem against the Crusaders, Saladin, the Ayyubid general and sultan, situated his administration in 'Anata before he proceeded towards Jerusalem.", "The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1516 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 'Anata appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 10 Muslim households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 40 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, fruit trees, goats and/or bee hives; a total of 9,300 Akçe. All of the revenue went to a Waqf.\nThe village was destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha in 1834 following a pro-Ottoman Arab revolt against Egyptian rule. In 1838 Anata was noted as a Muslim village, located north of Jerusalem.\nWhen W. M. Thomson visited it in the 1850s, he described it as a \"small, half-ruined hamlet, but it was once much larger, and appears to have had a wall around it, a few fragments of which are still to be seen.\" \nIn 1863 Victor Guérin visited the village and described it as being a small, situated on a hill, and with 200 inhabitants. Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Anata had 25 houses and a population of 70, though the population count included men, only. According to information received by\nClermont-Ganneau in 1874, the village was settled by Arab families from Khirbet 'Almit, a mile to the northeast.\nIn 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as a \"village of moderate size, the houses of stone; it stands on a ridge commanding a fine view to the north and east. ...There are a few olives round the village, and a well on the west and another on the south-east.\"\nIn 1896 the population of 'Anata was estimated to be about 180 persons.", "In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Anata had a population of 285, all Muslim, increasing in the 1931 census to 438, still all Muslim, in 98 houses.\nIn the 1945 statistics 'Anata had a population of 540 Muslims, with 18,496 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 353 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,645 used for cereals, while 35 dunams were built-up land.", "In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 'Anata came under Jordanian rule. \nThe Jordanian census of 1961 found 852 inhabitants in 'Anata.", "After the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Anata has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,260, 121 of whom originated from the Israeli territory. At the time of the conquest Anata was one of the most expansive towns in the West Bank, extending from Jerusalem to the wadis near Jericho. Most of its land was confiscated to create the Israeli military base at Anatot, 4 Israeli settlements and several illegal Israeli outposts.\nAfter the 1995 accords, about 3.8% of the land (or 918 dunams) is classified as being Area B, while the remaining 96.2 % (or 23,108 dunams) is Area C. Most of the lands of 'Anata have been confiscated by Israel. Of the 1877 dunums which remain in residents' hands, after creation of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, 957 dunums became part of Area B, 220 dunums part of Area C, and 700 dunums have been declared a closed military zone by the Israeli authorities. The Dahyat as-Salam neighbourhood has been annexed by Israel as part of the Jerusalem municipality. The village boundaries are far-reaching and stretch from 'Anata itself to just east of the Israeli settlement of Alon. Most of the land is undeveloped open space with little or no vegetation.\nAccording to ARIJ, Israel has confiscated land from 'Anata for the construction of 4 Israeli settlements:\n328 dunams for Alon,\n717 dunams for Nofei Prat,\n820 dunams for Kfar Adumim,\n783 dunams for Almon.\nAyn Fara, the Palestinian village’s natural pool and spring, was absorbed into the Israeli Ein Prat Nature Reserve.", "The families are Shiha, Abd al-Latif, Ibrahim, Alayan, Hilwa, Salama, Hamdan, Abu Haniya Musah and al-Kiswani. The latter family fled to 'Anata during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.", "'Anata contains two sanctuaries, dedicated to Saleh and possibly Jeremiah. The former is a mosque dedicated to the prophet Saleh (Biblical Shelah), but Saleh's tomb is believed to be in the village of Nabi Salih to the northwest. The latter sanctuary is a cave dedicated to a \"Rumia\" which according to Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, \"looks as if it had been connected by the folklore with the name Jeremiah, the initial 'je' being removed by aphaeresis as so frequently happens in Arabic.\" This signifies that it is very possible that \"Rumia\" is an Arabicized form of \"Jeremiah\".", "Before 1996, 'Anata was governed by a mukhtar. Since then a village council was established to govern the town.", "Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. 549\nPalmer, 1881, p. 283\nProjected Mid -Year Population for Jerusalem Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.\n'Anata Town Profile Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. 21 July 2004.\nBtselem (Nov 2014) Map of the West Bank, Settlements and the Separation Barrier\nDauphin, 1998, p. 899\nRobinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 109\nNathan Thrall, 'A Day in the Life of Abed Salama: One man’s quest to find his son lays bare the reality of Palestinian life under Israeli rule,' New York Review of Books 19 March 2021:'the town of Anata was once among the most expansive in the West Bank, stretching eastward from the tree-lined mountains of Jerusalem down to the pale yellow hills, rocky canyons, and desert wadis at the edge of the district of Jericho, in the Jordan Valley. Today, Anata is much smaller, the bulk of its lands confiscated to create the Israeli military base of Anatot, four official settlements, and several unauthorized settler outposts.'\nSharon, 1999, p. 87\nConder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 82\nHütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 117\nRobinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 122\nThomson, 1859, vol 2, p. 548\nGuérin, 1869, p. 76 ff\nSocin, 1879, p. 143\nHartmann, 1883, p. 127 noted 52 houses\nClermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol 2, pp. 276-7\nConder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. 7-8\nSchick, 1896, p. 121\nBarron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14\nMills,1932, p. 37\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 56\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 101\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 151\nGovernment of Jordan, 1964, p. 23\n\"Anata\". Grassroots Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.\nPerlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). \"The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version\" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.\n'Anata Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 18\nLand Use/Land Cover Map of 'Anata Village Boundary (Map). Applied Research Institute of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2005-12-22. Retrieved 2008-08-06.\n'Anata Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 19", "Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.\nClermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1896). [ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane. Vol. 2. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.\nConder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nDauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.\nGovernment of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.\nGuérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.\nHadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre.\nHartmann, M. (1883). \"Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.\nHütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.\nMills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.\nPalmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nRobinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.\nRobinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.\nSchick, C. (1896). \"Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.\nSharon, M. (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. I, A. BRILL. ISBN 9004108335.\nSocin, A. (1879). \"Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.\nThomson, W.M. (1859). The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). New York: Harper & brothers.", "Welcome To 'Anata\nAnata\nSurvey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons\n'Anata Town (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)\n'Anata Town Profile, ARIJ\n'Anata aerial photo, ARIJ\nLocality Development Priorities and Needs in 'Anata, ARIJ" ]	[ "'Anata", "History", "Bronze and Iron Ages", "Byzantine period", "Ayyubid period", "Ottoman period", "British Mandate period", "Jordanian period (1948-1967)", "Israeli and PA period (1967-current)", "Main families", "Sanctuaries", "Local administration", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]	'Anata	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Anata	[ 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155 ]	[ 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1615, 1616, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1622, 1623, 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1628 ]	'Anata 'Anata (Arabic: عناتا) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate in the central West Bank, located four kilometers northeast of Jerusalem's Old City. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 'Anata had a population of 9,600 in 2006. Its total land area is 30,603 dunams, of which over half now lies within the Israeli Jerusalem municipality and 1,654 is Palestinian built-up area. Since 1967, 'Anata has been occupied by Israel. Together with Shu'afat refugee camp, the village is almost surrounded by the separation barrier, cutting it off from Jerusalem and surrounding villages except for a checkpoint in the west and a road in the north-east that gives access to the rest of the West Bank. 'Anata is a village on an ancient site, old stones have been reused in village homes, and cisterns dug into rock have been found, together with caves and ancient agricultural terraces. Edward Robinson identified 'Anata with Biblical Anathoth, birthplace of Jeremiah, in his Biblical researches in Palestine. An alternative etymology links the toponym to the Canaanite goddess Anat. There are ruins of a Byzantine-era church in the town, proving that it was inhabited prior to the Muslim conquest of Palestine by the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century. Ahead of the 1187 Muslim siege of Jerusalem against the Crusaders, Saladin, the Ayyubid general and sultan, situated his administration in 'Anata before he proceeded towards Jerusalem. The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1516 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 'Anata appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 10 Muslim households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 40 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, fruit trees, goats and/or bee hives; a total of 9,300 Akçe. All of the revenue went to a Waqf. The village was destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha in 1834 following a pro-Ottoman Arab revolt against Egyptian rule. In 1838 Anata was noted as a Muslim village, located north of Jerusalem. When W. M. Thomson visited it in the 1850s, he described it as a "small, half-ruined hamlet, but it was once much larger, and appears to have had a wall around it, a few fragments of which are still to be seen." In 1863 Victor Guérin visited the village and described it as being a small, situated on a hill, and with 200 inhabitants. Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Anata had 25 houses and a population of 70, though the population count included men, only. According to information received by Clermont-Ganneau in 1874, the village was settled by Arab families from Khirbet 'Almit, a mile to the northeast. In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as a "village of moderate size, the houses of stone; it stands on a ridge commanding a fine view to the north and east. ...There are a few olives round the village, and a well on the west and another on the south-east." In 1896 the population of 'Anata was estimated to be about 180 persons. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Anata had a population of 285, all Muslim, increasing in the 1931 census to 438, still all Muslim, in 98 houses. In the 1945 statistics 'Anata had a population of 540 Muslims, with 18,496 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 353 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,645 used for cereals, while 35 dunams were built-up land. In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 'Anata came under Jordanian rule. The Jordanian census of 1961 found 852 inhabitants in 'Anata. After the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Anata has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,260, 121 of whom originated from the Israeli territory. At the time of the conquest Anata was one of the most expansive towns in the West Bank, extending from Jerusalem to the wadis near Jericho. Most of its land was confiscated to create the Israeli military base at Anatot, 4 Israeli settlements and several illegal Israeli outposts. After the 1995 accords, about 3.8% of the land (or 918 dunams) is classified as being Area B, while the remaining 96.2 % (or 23,108 dunams) is Area C. Most of the lands of 'Anata have been confiscated by Israel. Of the 1877 dunums which remain in residents' hands, after creation of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, 957 dunums became part of Area B, 220 dunums part of Area C, and 700 dunums have been declared a closed military zone by the Israeli authorities. The Dahyat as-Salam neighbourhood has been annexed by Israel as part of the Jerusalem municipality. The village boundaries are far-reaching and stretch from 'Anata itself to just east of the Israeli settlement of Alon. Most of the land is undeveloped open space with little or no vegetation. According to ARIJ, Israel has confiscated land from 'Anata for the construction of 4 Israeli settlements: 328 dunams for Alon, 717 dunams for Nofei Prat, 820 dunams for Kfar Adumim, 783 dunams for Almon. Ayn Fara, the Palestinian village’s natural pool and spring, was absorbed into the Israeli Ein Prat Nature Reserve. The families are Shiha, Abd al-Latif, Ibrahim, Alayan, Hilwa, Salama, Hamdan, Abu Haniya Musah and al-Kiswani. The latter family fled to 'Anata during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. 'Anata contains two sanctuaries, dedicated to Saleh and possibly Jeremiah. The former is a mosque dedicated to the prophet Saleh (Biblical Shelah), but Saleh's tomb is believed to be in the village of Nabi Salih to the northwest. The latter sanctuary is a cave dedicated to a "Rumia" which according to Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, "looks as if it had been connected by the folklore with the name Jeremiah, the initial 'je' being removed by aphaeresis as so frequently happens in Arabic." This signifies that it is very possible that "Rumia" is an Arabicized form of "Jeremiah". Before 1996, 'Anata was governed by a mukhtar. Since then a village council was established to govern the town. Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. 549 Palmer, 1881, p. 283 Projected Mid -Year Population for Jerusalem Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 'Anata Town Profile Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. 21 July 2004. Btselem (Nov 2014) Map of the West Bank, Settlements and the Separation Barrier Dauphin, 1998, p. 899 Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 109 Nathan Thrall, 'A Day in the Life of Abed Salama: One man’s quest to find his son lays bare the reality of Palestinian life under Israeli rule,' New York Review of Books 19 March 2021:'the town of Anata was once among the most expansive in the West Bank, stretching eastward from the tree-lined mountains of Jerusalem down to the pale yellow hills, rocky canyons, and desert wadis at the edge of the district of Jericho, in the Jordan Valley. Today, Anata is much smaller, the bulk of its lands confiscated to create the Israeli military base of Anatot, four official settlements, and several unauthorized settler outposts.' Sharon, 1999, p. 87 Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 82 Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 117 Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 122 Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. 548 Guérin, 1869, p. 76 ff Socin, 1879, p. 143 Hartmann, 1883, p. 127 noted 52 houses Clermont-Ganneau, 1896, vol 2, pp. 276-7 Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, pp. 7-8 Schick, 1896, p. 121 Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14 Mills,1932, p. 37 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 56 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 101 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 151 Government of Jordan, 1964, p. 23 "Anata". Grassroots Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017. Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016. 'Anata Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 18 Land Use/Land Cover Map of 'Anata Village Boundary (Map). Applied Research Institute of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 2005-12-22. Retrieved 2008-08-06. 'Anata Town Profile, ARIJ, p. 19 Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. Clermont-Ganneau, C.S. (1896). [ARP] Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane. Vol. 2. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF). Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre. Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149. Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2. Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127. Sharon, M. (1997). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. I, A. BRILL. ISBN 9004108335. Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163. Thomson, W.M. (1859). The Land and the Book: Or, Biblical Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery, of the Holy Land. Vol. 2 (1 ed.). New York: Harper & brothers. Welcome To 'Anata Anata Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons 'Anata Town (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ) 'Anata Town Profile, ARIJ 'Anata aerial photo, ARIJ Locality Development Priorities and Needs in 'Anata, ARIJ
[ "", "", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 8, 8 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Anin2012.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.08.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Governate_of_Jenin.png" ]	[ "'Anin (Arabic: عانين) a Palestinian village in the West Bank governorate of Jenin. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 3,719 inhabitants in mid-year 2006.", "Potsherds from Iron Age I, IA II, Persian, early and late Roman, Byzantine, early Muslim and the Middle Ages have been found here.\n\"Immediately north of the village is a rock-cut passage large enough to walk along, extending about 50 feet and lined with cement; it then becomes about a foot high. This leads out on to a flat surface of rock.(...) Two rock-cut tombs, now blocked, exist west of this.\"", "'Anin, like the rest of Israel, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 it was a part of the nahiya (\"subdistrict\") of Sahil Atlit which was under the administration of the liwa (\"district\") of Lajjun. The village had a population of 16 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 3,600 akçe. Potsherds from the Ottoman era have also been found here.\nIn 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Anin as: \"a small village on a ridge, partly built of stone, with a small olive grove beneath it on the west, and two wells on that side. It has the appearance of an ancient site, having rock-cut tombs, and a curious channel for water.\"", "In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the village had a population of 360 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 447 Muslims, in 68 houses. \nIn the 1944/5 statistics the population of Anin was 590 Muslims, with a total of 15,049 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,769 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 1,806 dunams for cereals, while 13 dunams were built-up (urban) land.", "After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, 'Anin came under Jordanian rule.\nThe Jordanian census of 1961 found 752 inhabitants.", "'Anin has been under Israeli control along with the rest of the West Bank since the 1967 Six-Day War.", "Palmer, 1881, p. 143\nProjected Mid -Year Population for Jenin Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics\nZertal, 2016, pp. 127-130\nConder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 51\nDauphin, 1998, p. 748\nHütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 159\nConder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 44\nBarron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Jenin, p. 30\nMills, 1932, p. 67\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 16 Archived 2018-09-05 at the Wayback Machine\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 54\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 98\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 148\nGovernment of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 25", "Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.\nConder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nDauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.\nGovernment of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.\nHadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.\nHütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.\nMills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.\nPalmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nZertal, A. (2016). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey. Vol. 3. Boston: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004312302.", "Welcome To 'Anin\nSurvey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons\nOlive wars, 2014, BBC, 'Anin 16.00-21:00" ]	[ "'Anin", "History", "Ottoman era", "British mandate era", "Jordanian era", "Post-1967", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]	'Anin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Anin	[ 156, 157, 158, 159 ]	[ 1629, 1630, 1631, 1632, 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636, 1637, 1638, 1639, 1640, 1641 ]	'Anin 'Anin (Arabic: عانين) a Palestinian village in the West Bank governorate of Jenin. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 3,719 inhabitants in mid-year 2006. Potsherds from Iron Age I, IA II, Persian, early and late Roman, Byzantine, early Muslim and the Middle Ages have been found here. "Immediately north of the village is a rock-cut passage large enough to walk along, extending about 50 feet and lined with cement; it then becomes about a foot high. This leads out on to a flat surface of rock.(...) Two rock-cut tombs, now blocked, exist west of this." 'Anin, like the rest of Israel, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 it was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Sahil Atlit which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Lajjun. The village had a population of 16 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 3,600 akçe. Potsherds from the Ottoman era have also been found here. In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Anin as: "a small village on a ridge, partly built of stone, with a small olive grove beneath it on the west, and two wells on that side. It has the appearance of an ancient site, having rock-cut tombs, and a curious channel for water." In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the village had a population of 360 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 447 Muslims, in 68 houses. In the 1944/5 statistics the population of Anin was 590 Muslims, with a total of 15,049 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,769 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 1,806 dunams for cereals, while 13 dunams were built-up (urban) land. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, 'Anin came under Jordanian rule. The Jordanian census of 1961 found 752 inhabitants. 'Anin has been under Israeli control along with the rest of the West Bank since the 1967 Six-Day War. Palmer, 1881, p. 143 Projected Mid -Year Population for Jenin Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Zertal, 2016, pp. 127-130 Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 51 Dauphin, 1998, p. 748 Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 159 Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 44 Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Jenin, p. 30 Mills, 1932, p. 67 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 16 Archived 2018-09-05 at the Wayback Machine Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 54 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 98 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 148 Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 25 Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF). Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center. Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2. Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Zertal, A. (2016). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey. Vol. 3. Boston: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004312302. Welcome To 'Anin Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons Olive wars, 2014, BBC, 'Anin 16.00-21:00
[ "Scarab of \"king's son Apepi\", who may be 'Apepi" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/PrinceApophisScarabPetrie.png" ]	[ "'Apepi was a ruler of some part of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1650 BC. According to the egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, 'Apepi was the fifty-first ruler of the 14th Dynasty. As such he would have ruled from Avaris over the eastern Nile Delta and possibly over the Western Delta as well. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath sees 'Apepi as a member of the late 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos rulers of the 15th Dynasty.", "'Apepi's only secure attestation is the Turin canon, a king list redacted in the Ramesside period. 'Apepi is listed on a fragment of the document corresponding to column 10, row 15 (column 9 row 16 as per Alan H. Gardiner's reconstruction of the Turin canon). The chronological position of 'Apepi cannot be ascertained beyond doubt due to the fragile and fragmentary state of the canon. Furthermore, the document preserves only the beginning of 'Apepi's prenomen as \"'Ap[...]\". which, Ryholt argues, may be restored to \"'Apepi\".", "Ryholt's reconstruction of the name of 'Apepi is significant because five scarab seals inscribed with \"King's son Apophis\" are known. On two of these seals the inscription is furthermore enclosed in a cartouche and followed by di-ˁnḫ meaning \"given life\". These two attributes are normally reserved to kings or designated heirs to the throne and 'Apepi could be the Apophis referred to on the seals. Tentatively confirming this attribution, Ryholt notes that both scarabs can be dated on stylistic grounds to the 14th Dynasty, between the reigns of Sheshi and Yaqub-Har.", "K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online here.\nDarrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 57\nJürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6\nCecil Mallaby Firth: The archaeological survey of Nubia: report for 1908-1909, 27, 59, pl. 42 [44]\nFrederick George Hilton Price: A catalogue of the Egyptian antiquities in the possession of F.G. Hilton Price, London 1897, available online see No 171 p. 25" ]	[ "'Apepi", "Attestation", "King's son Apophis", "References" ]	'Apepi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Apepi	[ 160 ]	[ 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, 1646 ]	'Apepi 'Apepi was a ruler of some part of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1650 BC. According to the egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, 'Apepi was the fifty-first ruler of the 14th Dynasty. As such he would have ruled from Avaris over the eastern Nile Delta and possibly over the Western Delta as well. Alternatively, Jürgen von Beckerath sees 'Apepi as a member of the late 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos rulers of the 15th Dynasty. 'Apepi's only secure attestation is the Turin canon, a king list redacted in the Ramesside period. 'Apepi is listed on a fragment of the document corresponding to column 10, row 15 (column 9 row 16 as per Alan H. Gardiner's reconstruction of the Turin canon). The chronological position of 'Apepi cannot be ascertained beyond doubt due to the fragile and fragmentary state of the canon. Furthermore, the document preserves only the beginning of 'Apepi's prenomen as "'Ap[...]". which, Ryholt argues, may be restored to "'Apepi". Ryholt's reconstruction of the name of 'Apepi is significant because five scarab seals inscribed with "King's son Apophis" are known. On two of these seals the inscription is furthermore enclosed in a cartouche and followed by di-ˁnḫ meaning "given life". These two attributes are normally reserved to kings or designated heirs to the throne and 'Apepi could be the Apophis referred to on the seals. Tentatively confirming this attribution, Ryholt notes that both scarabs can be dated on stylistic grounds to the 14th Dynasty, between the reigns of Sheshi and Yaqub-Har. K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online here. Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 57 Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6 Cecil Mallaby Firth: The archaeological survey of Nubia: report for 1908-1909, 27, 59, pl. 42 [44] Frederick George Hilton Price: A catalogue of the Egyptian antiquities in the possession of F.G. Hilton Price, London 1897, available online see No 171 p. 25
[ "Panoramic view from the west, photographed from a hill to the south of highway 65.", "", "", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 3, 3, 7 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Ara_panorama_01.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Israel_outline_haifa.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/%27Ara_1942.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Qannir_1945.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.08.jpg" ]	[ "'Ara (Hebrew: עָרָה; Arabic: عاره) is a village in the Haifa District in northern Israel, located in the Wadi Ara valley. Since 1985, 'Ara has been part of the Ar'ara local council. It is located north of highway 65, between Ar'ara and Kfar Qara. Its population of 4,600 (as of 2004) is almost entirely Muslim.", "Burial caves along with white mosaic pavements have been excavated at the village.\nPottery remains from the Middle Bronze IIb and forward have been found here.\nSome of the burial caves have been dated to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages and the Roman era. Byzantine lamps, glass vases and ceramics have also been found.\nA building from the Umayyad era have been excavated in the village. It included many pottery objects and a glass jar, all from the same period.", "'Ara, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596, the village appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Shara of the Liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 2 Muslim households and paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, vines, and goats or beehives; a total of 1,800 akçe.\nIn 1882, PEF's Survey of Western Palestine noted \"traces of ruins on a prominent mound with a well.\"", "In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Arah had a population 372, all Muslims\nThis had increased at the time of the 1931 census to 673 Muslims, in 115 occupied houses.\nIn the 1945 statistics, 'Ara was counted with Ar'ara, together they had a population of 2,290 Muslims, of which 800 were in 'Ara.", "'Ara was merged with the neighboring Ar'ara in 1985.", "Palmer, 1881, p. 148\nDauphin, 1998, p. 748\nZertal, 2016, pp. 108-113\nMassarwa, 2010, Khirbat ‘Ara\nMassarwa, 2010, Khirbat ‘Ara Final Report\nHütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 159\nConder and Kitchener, 1882, p. 57\nBarron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34\nMills, 1932, p. 87\nDepartment of Statistics, 1945, p. 13\nDepartment of Statistics, 1945, p. 15 note A", "Abu Hamid, Amani (2010-11-17). \"Kh. 'Ara (South) Final Report\" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. \nBarron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.\nConder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nDauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.\nDepartment of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.\nHütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.\nMassarwa, Abdallah (2010-07-12). \"Khirbat 'Ara\" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. \nMassarwa, Abdallah (2010-10-03). \"Khirbat 'Ara Final Report\" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. \nMills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.\nPalmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nZertal, A. (2016). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey: From Nahal 'Iron to Nahal Shechem. Vol. 3. Brill. ISBN 978-9004312302.", "Welcome To 'Ara\nSurvey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons" ]	[ "'Ara", "History", "Ottoman era", "British Mandate era", "Israel", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]	'Ara	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ara	[ 161, 162, 163, 164, 165 ]	[ 1647, 1648, 1649, 1650, 1651, 1652, 1653, 1654, 1655, 1656 ]	'Ara 'Ara (Hebrew: עָרָה; Arabic: عاره) is a village in the Haifa District in northern Israel, located in the Wadi Ara valley. Since 1985, 'Ara has been part of the Ar'ara local council. It is located north of highway 65, between Ar'ara and Kfar Qara. Its population of 4,600 (as of 2004) is almost entirely Muslim. Burial caves along with white mosaic pavements have been excavated at the village. Pottery remains from the Middle Bronze IIb and forward have been found here. Some of the burial caves have been dated to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages and the Roman era. Byzantine lamps, glass vases and ceramics have also been found. A building from the Umayyad era have been excavated in the village. It included many pottery objects and a glass jar, all from the same period. 'Ara, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596, the village appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Shara of the Liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 2 Muslim households and paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, vines, and goats or beehives; a total of 1,800 akçe. In 1882, PEF's Survey of Western Palestine noted "traces of ruins on a prominent mound with a well." In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Arah had a population 372, all Muslims This had increased at the time of the 1931 census to 673 Muslims, in 115 occupied houses. In the 1945 statistics, 'Ara was counted with Ar'ara, together they had a population of 2,290 Muslims, of which 800 were in 'Ara. 'Ara was merged with the neighboring Ar'ara in 1985. Palmer, 1881, p. 148 Dauphin, 1998, p. 748 Zertal, 2016, pp. 108-113 Massarwa, 2010, Khirbat ‘Ara Massarwa, 2010, Khirbat ‘Ara Final Report Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 159 Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. 57 Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34 Mills, 1932, p. 87 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 13 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 15 note A Abu Hamid, Amani (2010-11-17). "Kh. 'Ara (South) Final Report" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4. Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine. Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2. Massarwa, Abdallah (2010-07-12). "Khirbat 'Ara" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Massarwa, Abdallah (2010-10-03). "Khirbat 'Ara Final Report" (122). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Zertal, A. (2016). The Manasseh Hill Country Survey: From Nahal 'Iron to Nahal Shechem. Vol. 3. Brill. ISBN 978-9004312302. Welcome To 'Ara Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
[ "View of 'Atara", "", "Maqam of Sheikh al-Qatrawani.", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 8, 13, 13 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Atara272.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Maqam_Qatrawani.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.14.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Governate_of_Ramallah_and_el-Beireh.png" ]	[ "'Atara (Arabic: عطارة 'Atâra) is a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located 15 kilometers north of Ramallah in the central West Bank. A village of nearly 2,300 inhabitants, it is situated along a mountain ridge line with four peaks and is built upon the second highest point in the West Bank at 810 meters above sea level. 'Atara's total land area consists of 9,545 dunams, most of which is cultivable.", "'Atara is located 10.7 kilometers (6.6 mi) (horizontally) north of Ramallah. It is bordered by Silwad to the east, 'Abwein to the north, Burham, 'Ajjul and Umm Safa to the west, and Bir Zeit to the south.", "Sherds from the Iron Age I, Iron Age II, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Mamluk eras have been found.Edward Robinson identified 'Atara with the Biblical Ataroth mentioned in the Book of Joshua 16:2. However, some modern authorities prefer to place Ataroth elsewhere.", "In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. In 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 55 Muslim households who paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olives, vineyards or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 4,300 Akçe.\nIn the 17th-19th centuries, 'Atara was located in the nahiya of Bani Zeid. Adult males were required to pay 58-60 akçe to the Ottoman government in Jerusalem. It was also noted as a Muslim village.\nThe French explorer Victor Guérin passed by the village in 1870, and estimated it to have about 300 inhabitants. An official Ottoman village list from about the same time (1870) showed that 'Atara had a total of 80 houses and a population of 225, though the population count included men only. In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Attara as a large village, seemingly ancient, in a conspicuous position on a hill, with olives round it.\nIn 1896 the population of Atara was estimated to be about 480 persons.", "At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, Atara had a population of 407 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 559 Muslims in 133 houses. In 1922, the Jewish National Fund established a moshav on 500 dunams of land. Known as Ataroth, it was one of the first Zionist hill settlements.\nIn the 1945 statistics the population of 'Atara was 690 Muslims, while the total land area was 9,545 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 3,524 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 3,550 for cereals, while 45 dunams were classified as built-up areas.", "In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, 'Atara came under Jordanian rule.\nThe Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,110 inhabitants.", "Since the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Atara has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 903, of whom 61 originated from the Israeli territory.\nAfter the 1995 accords, 40.8% of village land has been defined as Area A land, 43.8% as Area B, while the remaining 15.4% is Area C. Israel has confiscated a total of 163 dunams of land from the village in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ateret.\nIn 2002, 95-year-old Atara resident Fatima Hassan became the oldest Palestinian fatality in the Second Intifada when the taxi she was in was shot at by Israeli soldiers. Witnesses said the car was waiting in a long line of cars and soldiers smashed the windows before firing. An Israeli military source said soldiers fired at the taxi after it ignored orders to halt on a prohibited road.", "'Atara contains two sanctuaries for saintly figures. The village's old mosque encases the Sanctuary of I'mar. There used to stand a Byzantine church.", "On the Dahrat Hamoud hill about 1.5 km south-west of 'Atara, standing at about 820 meters above sea level, lies the Maqam (shrine) of Sheikh al-Qatrawani. The shrine is one of a series of watchtowers overlooking the coast built by the Mamluks in the 16th century. The sanctuary, built atop the ruins of an ancient Byzantine monastery, is visited by Palestinian Muslims to offer vows and Christians to rest in or near. The present sanctuary is made up of the shrine, the remains of the monastery, a cave and a cistern.\nAccording to local Islamic tradition, the sanctuary was named after a holy man named Sheikh Ahmad al-Qatrawani from the destroyed village of Qatra north of Gaza. Popular belief suggests that al-Qatrawani left his home town of Qatra due to his inability to fulfill his religious duties there, thus relocating to the deserted hill of Dar Hamouda where he \"lived in prayer and self-mortification\". Another popular tale claims when al-Qatrawani died, his dead body descended onto the hilltop where his sanctuary stands.\nAccording to local legend from the town of Bir Zeit, nearby villagers found a Sufi derwish laying on the site and when asked of his origins, he said he was from Qatra and that angels brought him to the site where he would die. The residents of 'Atara, as well as nearby Ajjul and Silwad provided him with food and protection for four years and when they found him dead, they buried him just west of the sanctuary.\nMany Palestinian Christians argue, however, that the site was dedicated to Saint Catherine, suggesting the etymological origin of \"Qatrawani\" to be from \"Catherine\". Hamdan Taha points out similarities between the Muslim tradition of al-Qatrawani descending to his burial place at the time of his death to the Christian tradition of Saint Catherine descending to Mount Sinai at the time of her death.\nThe modern building is a renovated version of the original building built in the late Mamluk era in the 16th century. The renovation took place in 1999 undertaken by the Palestinian Department of Antiquities. The sanctuary is a rectangular building 9.8 meters in width, and 5.9 meters in length. It has two semi-spherical domes, measuring 3.8 and 3.9 meters in diameter respectively. The eastern dome is built of finely cut stones, while the western dome is built of small rough field-stones, but both kinds are of local origin. The northern wall is 85 centimeters thick and is constructed of small stones, mortar and rubble. The eastern room of the sanctuary contains a mihrab (\"prayer niche\") with the typical orientation to Mecca as required in Islamic doctrine.\nThe cistern, currently blocked, is in front of the shrine and most likely collected rainwater in the past for the sanctuary. It possibly also drew water from the nearby spring of Wadi as-Saqi, located two kilometers south of the site. To the west of the Sheikh al-Qatrawani sanctuary is a winepress cut through stone. Its basin is 1.8 meters deep and is coated with a layer of white plaster. A stone-cut cave is located in front of the shrine, but was blocked in 1984 by the residents of 'Atara for \"safety reasons\". In front of the building is a courtyard and the actual tomb of Sheikh al-Qatrawnani is located adjacently west of the site and has been plundered a number of times.\nSherds from the Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk eras have been found here.", "Emigration surged between 1952 and 1955 to the Gulf Arab states, due to poor economic conditions in the West Bank. Several others moved to Ramallah and Jerusalem for work. By 1961, the population was 1,110, however, it decreased tremendously after the 1967 Six-Day War, in which Israel captured and occupied the West Bank from Jordan. The village population slowly grew to 903 in 1982, then 976 in 1987.\nIn the first census taken by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) in 1997, 'Atara's population reached 1,661, of which 92 were Palestinian refugees (5.6%). The gender make-up was 50.2% male and 49.8% female. According to a PCBS estimate, 'Atara had a population of approximately 2,400 inhabitants in mid-year 2006. In the PCBS census in 2007, 'Atara had a population of 2,270, of which 1,139 were males and 1,131 females. There 495 housing units and the average household size consisted of 5.5 family members.", "Until the early 1950s, 'Atara's inhabitants were dependent on agriculture as a main source of income. After 1967, many inhabitants began to work in Israel. As a result, agricultural production has been further reduced and a substantial portion of 'Atara's economy became dependent residents working abroad. Transportation is an issue in the village, with only one road being able to access through Bir Zeit.\nEggs are a primary agricultural product and there are eleven egg farms in the village. Olives are also widely produced and are delivered to an oil pressing factory in the town of 'Arura, where olive oil is produced. Israeli checkpoints around 'Atara, as well as the harvest of 'Atara's olive crop by Israeli settlers from Ateret has effectively strained the village's economy.\n40.8% of village land is defined as Area A land, 43.8% as Area B, while the remaining 15.4% is defined as Area C. Israel has confiscated 163 dunums of the village land in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ateret.", "2007 Census Final Results Archived December 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics\nPalmer, 1881, p. 225\nThe Struggles of a Palestinian Community due to the West Bank Closure Archived December 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. 2001-02-02.\n'Atara The Palestinian Association of Cultural Exchange\nAtara Village profile, ARIJ, p. 4\nFinkelstein et al., 1997, p. 429\nDauphin, 1998, p. 827\nRobinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 80\nTsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 71\nAdam Zertal; Dror Ben-Yosef; Oren Cohen & Ron Be'eri (2009). \"Kh. 'Aujah el-Foqa (Ataroth) — an Iron Age Fortified City in the Jordan Valley\". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 141 (2): 104–123. doi:10.1179/174313009x437819. S2CID 161233235.\nHütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 114\nSinger, 1994, p. 59\nRobinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 125\nGuérin, 1875, p. 169\nSocin, 1879, p. 144 It was also noted to be in the Beni Zeid district\nHartmann, 1883, p. 106, also found 80 houses\nConder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 289\nSchick, 1896, p. 124\nBarron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-District of Ramallah, p. 16\nMills, 1932, p. 47\nJewish National Fund (1949). Jewish Villages in Israel. Jerusalem: Hamadpis Liphshitz Press, pg 6. p. 191.\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 26\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 64\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 111.\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 161\nGovernment of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 24\nPerlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). \"The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version\" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 23 January 2018.\n'Atara Town Profile ARIJ, pp. 17–18\nAssadi, Mohammad. Palestinian Woman, 95, is Shot Dead by Israeli Soldiers Archived June 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Reuters. 2002-12-04.\nVillage sites Palestinian Association for Cultural Exchange.\nTaha, Hamdan. The Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani Studium Biblicum Franciscanum - Jerusalem.\nCanaan, 1927, pp. 51-52\nCanaan, 1927, p. 288, n. 5\nFinkelstein et al., 1997, pp. 421–2\nWelcome to 'Atara Palestine Remembered.\nPalestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).\nPalestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).\nProjected Mid -Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Archived March 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics\nPublications: Atara Archived August 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine The Palestinian Association of Cultural Exchange\nAtara Village profile, ARIJ, pp. 17-18", "Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.\nCanaan, T. (1927). Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine. London: Luzac & Co. (p. 269)\nConder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nDauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.\nFinkelstein, I.; Lederman, Zvi, eds. (1997). Highlands of many cultures. Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Publications Section. ISBN 965-440-007-3.\nGovernment of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).\nGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.\nGuérin, V. (1875). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.\nHadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre.\nHartmann, M. (1883). \"Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.\nHütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.\nKahle, P.E. (1918). Volkserzählungen aus Palästina. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. (Cited in Hamdan Taha)\nMills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.\nPalmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.\nRobinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.\nRobinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.\nSchick, C. (1896). \"Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.\nSinger, A. (1994). Palestinian peasants and Ottoman officials: rural administration around sixteenth-century Jerusalem (3rd, illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47679-8.\nSocin, A. (1879). \"Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem\". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.\nTsafrir, Y.; Leah Di Segni; Judith Green (1994). (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. ISBN 965-208-107-8.", "Welcome To 'Atara\nAtara, Welcome to Palestine\nSurvey of Western Palestine, Map 14: IAA, Wikimedia commons\nAtara factsheet, Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)\nAtara Village profile, ARIJ\nAtara aerial photo, ARIJ\nLocality Development Priorities and Needs in 'Atara Town, ARIJ" ]	[ "'Atara", "Location", "History", "Ottoman era", "British Mandate of Palestine", "Jordanian era", "Post-1967", "Sanctuaries", "Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani", "Demographics", "Economy", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]	'Atara	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Atara	[ 166, 167, 168, 169, 170 ]	[ 1657, 1658, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1666, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1670, 1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, 1683, 1684, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1696 ]	'Atara 'Atara (Arabic: عطارة 'Atâra) is a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located 15 kilometers north of Ramallah in the central West Bank. A village of nearly 2,300 inhabitants, it is situated along a mountain ridge line with four peaks and is built upon the second highest point in the West Bank at 810 meters above sea level. 'Atara's total land area consists of 9,545 dunams, most of which is cultivable. 'Atara is located 10.7 kilometers (6.6 mi) (horizontally) north of Ramallah. It is bordered by Silwad to the east, 'Abwein to the north, Burham, 'Ajjul and Umm Safa to the west, and Bir Zeit to the south. Sherds from the Iron Age I, Iron Age II, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Mamluk eras have been found.Edward Robinson identified 'Atara with the Biblical Ataroth mentioned in the Book of Joshua 16:2. However, some modern authorities prefer to place Ataroth elsewhere. In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. In 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 55 Muslim households who paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olives, vineyards or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 4,300 Akçe. In the 17th-19th centuries, 'Atara was located in the nahiya of Bani Zeid. Adult males were required to pay 58-60 akçe to the Ottoman government in Jerusalem. It was also noted as a Muslim village. The French explorer Victor Guérin passed by the village in 1870, and estimated it to have about 300 inhabitants. An official Ottoman village list from about the same time (1870) showed that 'Atara had a total of 80 houses and a population of 225, though the population count included men only. In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Attara as a large village, seemingly ancient, in a conspicuous position on a hill, with olives round it. In 1896 the population of Atara was estimated to be about 480 persons. At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, Atara had a population of 407 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 559 Muslims in 133 houses. In 1922, the Jewish National Fund established a moshav on 500 dunams of land. Known as Ataroth, it was one of the first Zionist hill settlements. In the 1945 statistics the population of 'Atara was 690 Muslims, while the total land area was 9,545 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 3,524 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 3,550 for cereals, while 45 dunams were classified as built-up areas. In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, 'Atara came under Jordanian rule. The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,110 inhabitants. Since the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Atara has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 903, of whom 61 originated from the Israeli territory. After the 1995 accords, 40.8% of village land has been defined as Area A land, 43.8% as Area B, while the remaining 15.4% is Area C. Israel has confiscated a total of 163 dunams of land from the village in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ateret. In 2002, 95-year-old Atara resident Fatima Hassan became the oldest Palestinian fatality in the Second Intifada when the taxi she was in was shot at by Israeli soldiers. Witnesses said the car was waiting in a long line of cars and soldiers smashed the windows before firing. An Israeli military source said soldiers fired at the taxi after it ignored orders to halt on a prohibited road. 'Atara contains two sanctuaries for saintly figures. The village's old mosque encases the Sanctuary of I'mar. There used to stand a Byzantine church. On the Dahrat Hamoud hill about 1.5 km south-west of 'Atara, standing at about 820 meters above sea level, lies the Maqam (shrine) of Sheikh al-Qatrawani. The shrine is one of a series of watchtowers overlooking the coast built by the Mamluks in the 16th century. The sanctuary, built atop the ruins of an ancient Byzantine monastery, is visited by Palestinian Muslims to offer vows and Christians to rest in or near. The present sanctuary is made up of the shrine, the remains of the monastery, a cave and a cistern. According to local Islamic tradition, the sanctuary was named after a holy man named Sheikh Ahmad al-Qatrawani from the destroyed village of Qatra north of Gaza. Popular belief suggests that al-Qatrawani left his home town of Qatra due to his inability to fulfill his religious duties there, thus relocating to the deserted hill of Dar Hamouda where he "lived in prayer and self-mortification". Another popular tale claims when al-Qatrawani died, his dead body descended onto the hilltop where his sanctuary stands. According to local legend from the town of Bir Zeit, nearby villagers found a Sufi derwish laying on the site and when asked of his origins, he said he was from Qatra and that angels brought him to the site where he would die. The residents of 'Atara, as well as nearby Ajjul and Silwad provided him with food and protection for four years and when they found him dead, they buried him just west of the sanctuary. Many Palestinian Christians argue, however, that the site was dedicated to Saint Catherine, suggesting the etymological origin of "Qatrawani" to be from "Catherine". Hamdan Taha points out similarities between the Muslim tradition of al-Qatrawani descending to his burial place at the time of his death to the Christian tradition of Saint Catherine descending to Mount Sinai at the time of her death. The modern building is a renovated version of the original building built in the late Mamluk era in the 16th century. The renovation took place in 1999 undertaken by the Palestinian Department of Antiquities. The sanctuary is a rectangular building 9.8 meters in width, and 5.9 meters in length. It has two semi-spherical domes, measuring 3.8 and 3.9 meters in diameter respectively. The eastern dome is built of finely cut stones, while the western dome is built of small rough field-stones, but both kinds are of local origin. The northern wall is 85 centimeters thick and is constructed of small stones, mortar and rubble. The eastern room of the sanctuary contains a mihrab ("prayer niche") with the typical orientation to Mecca as required in Islamic doctrine. The cistern, currently blocked, is in front of the shrine and most likely collected rainwater in the past for the sanctuary. It possibly also drew water from the nearby spring of Wadi as-Saqi, located two kilometers south of the site. To the west of the Sheikh al-Qatrawani sanctuary is a winepress cut through stone. Its basin is 1.8 meters deep and is coated with a layer of white plaster. A stone-cut cave is located in front of the shrine, but was blocked in 1984 by the residents of 'Atara for "safety reasons". In front of the building is a courtyard and the actual tomb of Sheikh al-Qatrawnani is located adjacently west of the site and has been plundered a number of times. Sherds from the Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk eras have been found here. Emigration surged between 1952 and 1955 to the Gulf Arab states, due to poor economic conditions in the West Bank. Several others moved to Ramallah and Jerusalem for work. By 1961, the population was 1,110, however, it decreased tremendously after the 1967 Six-Day War, in which Israel captured and occupied the West Bank from Jordan. The village population slowly grew to 903 in 1982, then 976 in 1987. In the first census taken by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) in 1997, 'Atara's population reached 1,661, of which 92 were Palestinian refugees (5.6%). The gender make-up was 50.2% male and 49.8% female. According to a PCBS estimate, 'Atara had a population of approximately 2,400 inhabitants in mid-year 2006. In the PCBS census in 2007, 'Atara had a population of 2,270, of which 1,139 were males and 1,131 females. There 495 housing units and the average household size consisted of 5.5 family members. Until the early 1950s, 'Atara's inhabitants were dependent on agriculture as a main source of income. After 1967, many inhabitants began to work in Israel. As a result, agricultural production has been further reduced and a substantial portion of 'Atara's economy became dependent residents working abroad. Transportation is an issue in the village, with only one road being able to access through Bir Zeit. Eggs are a primary agricultural product and there are eleven egg farms in the village. Olives are also widely produced and are delivered to an oil pressing factory in the town of 'Arura, where olive oil is produced. Israeli checkpoints around 'Atara, as well as the harvest of 'Atara's olive crop by Israeli settlers from Ateret has effectively strained the village's economy. 40.8% of village land is defined as Area A land, 43.8% as Area B, while the remaining 15.4% is defined as Area C. Israel has confiscated 163 dunums of the village land in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ateret. 2007 Census Final Results Archived December 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Palmer, 1881, p. 225 The Struggles of a Palestinian Community due to the West Bank Closure Archived December 22, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. 2001-02-02. 'Atara The Palestinian Association of Cultural Exchange Atara Village profile, ARIJ, p. 4 Finkelstein et al., 1997, p. 429 Dauphin, 1998, p. 827 Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 80 Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 71 Adam Zertal; Dror Ben-Yosef; Oren Cohen & Ron Be'eri (2009). "Kh. 'Aujah el-Foqa (Ataroth) — an Iron Age Fortified City in the Jordan Valley". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 141 (2): 104–123. doi:10.1179/174313009x437819. S2CID 161233235. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 114 Singer, 1994, p. 59 Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 125 Guérin, 1875, p. 169 Socin, 1879, p. 144 It was also noted to be in the Beni Zeid district Hartmann, 1883, p. 106, also found 80 houses Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 289 Schick, 1896, p. 124 Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-District of Ramallah, p. 16 Mills, 1932, p. 47 Jewish National Fund (1949). Jewish Villages in Israel. Jerusalem: Hamadpis Liphshitz Press, pg 6. p. 191. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 26 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 64 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 111. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 161 Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 24 Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 23 January 2018. 'Atara Town Profile ARIJ, pp. 17–18 Assadi, Mohammad. Palestinian Woman, 95, is Shot Dead by Israeli Soldiers Archived June 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Reuters. 2002-12-04. Village sites Palestinian Association for Cultural Exchange. Taha, Hamdan. The Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani Studium Biblicum Franciscanum - Jerusalem. Canaan, 1927, pp. 51-52 Canaan, 1927, p. 288, n. 5 Finkelstein et al., 1997, pp. 421–2 Welcome to 'Atara Palestine Remembered. Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Archived 2008-11-19 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Projected Mid -Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Archived March 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Publications: Atara Archived August 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine The Palestinian Association of Cultural Exchange Atara Village profile, ARIJ, pp. 17-18 Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine. Canaan, T. (1927). Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine. London: Luzac & Co. (p. 269) Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4. Finkelstein, I.; Lederman, Zvi, eds. (1997). Highlands of many cultures. Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Publications Section. ISBN 965-440-007-3. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF). Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Guérin, V. (1875). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 2: Samarie, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre. Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149. Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2. Kahle, P.E. (1918). Volkserzählungen aus Palästina. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. (Cited in Hamdan Taha) Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127. Singer, A. (1994). Palestinian peasants and Ottoman officials: rural administration around sixteenth-century Jerusalem (3rd, illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47679-8. Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163. Tsafrir, Y.; Leah Di Segni; Judith Green (1994). (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. ISBN 965-208-107-8. Welcome To 'Atara Atara, Welcome to Palestine Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: IAA, Wikimedia commons Atara factsheet, Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ) Atara Village profile, ARIJ Atara aerial photo, ARIJ Locality Development Priorities and Needs in 'Atara Town, ARIJ
[ "Al 'Azza entrance", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 2 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Al_%27Azza_entrance.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Palestine_location_map_wide.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Governate_of_Bethlehem.png" ]	[ "'Azza (Arabic: مخيم العزة; also spelled 'Azzeh, 'Azzah or Alazzeh) also known as Beit Jibrin Camp (Arabic: مخيم بيت جبرين) is a Palestinian refugee camp in the Bethlehem Governorate located within the city of Bethlehem. It is the smallest of the 59 refugee camps in the West Bank and the other Arab countries. It was established in 1950 in an area of 20 dunams (0.020 km²; 0.0077 sq mi) and receives services from UNRWA workers based in nearby Aida camp, but inside the camp, there are no medical or educational services, so it was merged with the Aida camp to receive services.\nThe camp is named after a prominent Arab family from the depopulated village of Beit Jibrin west of the Hebron Hills in present-day Israel. The UNRWA recorded a population of 2,025 in 2005, while the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics projected a population of 1,750 in 2006, with UNRWA reporting a population of approximately 1,337 refugees and 2,900 total in 2016.\nIt has been under the control of the Palestinian National Authority since 1995.", "\"Main Indicators by Type of Locality - Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2017\" (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Retrieved 2021-01-19.\n\"Beit Jibrin Refugee Camp\". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. 31 March 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-06-23.\nProjected Mid -Year Population for Bethlehem Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.\n\"Beit Jibrin Camp\". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25.", "Welcome To Bayt Jibrin R.C.\nAl 'Aza Camp (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, ARIJ\nAl 'Aza Camp profile, ARIJ\nAl'aza Camp aerial photo, ARIJ\nThe priorities and needs for development in Al 'Aza camp based on the community and local authorities' assessment, ARIJ\nBeit Jibrin refugee camp, articles from UNWRA, archived from the original on 2013-08-29" ]	[ "'Azza", "References", "External links" ]	'Azza	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Azza	[ 171, 172, 173 ]	[ 1697, 1698, 1699 ]	'Azza 'Azza (Arabic: مخيم العزة; also spelled 'Azzeh, 'Azzah or Alazzeh) also known as Beit Jibrin Camp (Arabic: مخيم بيت جبرين) is a Palestinian refugee camp in the Bethlehem Governorate located within the city of Bethlehem. It is the smallest of the 59 refugee camps in the West Bank and the other Arab countries. It was established in 1950 in an area of 20 dunams (0.020 km²; 0.0077 sq mi) and receives services from UNRWA workers based in nearby Aida camp, but inside the camp, there are no medical or educational services, so it was merged with the Aida camp to receive services. The camp is named after a prominent Arab family from the depopulated village of Beit Jibrin west of the Hebron Hills in present-day Israel. The UNRWA recorded a population of 2,025 in 2005, while the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics projected a population of 1,750 in 2006, with UNRWA reporting a population of approximately 1,337 refugees and 2,900 total in 2016. It has been under the control of the Palestinian National Authority since 1995. "Main Indicators by Type of Locality - Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2017" (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Retrieved 2021-01-19. "Beit Jibrin Refugee Camp". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. 31 March 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-06-23. Projected Mid -Year Population for Bethlehem Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006 Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. "Beit Jibrin Camp". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25. Welcome To Bayt Jibrin R.C. Al 'Aza Camp (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, ARIJ Al 'Aza Camp profile, ARIJ Al'aza Camp aerial photo, ARIJ The priorities and needs for development in Al 'Aza camp based on the community and local authorities' assessment, ARIJ Beit Jibrin refugee camp, articles from UNWRA, archived from the original on 2013-08-29
[ "Film poster", "" ]	[ 0, 3 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Movie_poster_for_1918_silent_film_%27Blue_Blazes%27_Rawden.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/William_S._Hart_letter_in_Motion_Picture_News_%281918%29%2C_page_1802.jpg" ]	[ "'Blue Blazes' Rawden is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by William S. Hart and written by J.G. Hawks. The film stars William S. Hart, Maude George, Robert McKim, Gertrude Claire, Robert Gordon, and Jack Hoxie. The film was released on February 1, 1918, by Paramount Pictures. The film has been preserved and it is available in various viewing formats.", "Tough lumberjack Blue Blazes Rawden takes up residence at the hotel of the equally tough Englishman, Ladyfingers Hilgard. Because Blue Blazes beats him at cards and steals the heart of his woman, Babette Du Fresne, Hilgard challenges Blue Blazes to a gunfight and is killed. Hilgard's mother and brother Eric soon visit the hotel, and Blue Blazes, touched by Mrs. Hilgard's gentle nature, tells her Hilgard died honorably. Babette, angry at Blue Blazes' inattention, tells Eric the truth, and Eric, enraged, shoots and seriously wounds Blue Blazes. After saving Eric from a lynch mob, Blue Blazes makes him promise never to tell Mrs. Hilgard what he knows and leaves town a reformed man.\n— AFI", "William S. Hart as Blue Blazes Rawden\nMaude George as Babette DuFresne\nRobert McKim as 'Ladyfingers' Hilgard\nGertrude Claire as Mother Hilgard\nRobert Gordon as Eric Hilgard\nJack Hoxie as Joe La Barge", "Hart published a letter in the Motion Picture News (March 30, 1918), titled A straight-from-the shoulder letter, advising exhibitors that he was not connected with a company called \"W.H. Productions Co.\". Hart claimed that the company was changing titles of his films and showing previously made features of him without his permission. The letter states that \"the old titles under which they were previously exhibited have been changed and new titles substituted...they are old pictures with new labels\". Hart went on to say that, \"if your patrons...are misled by new titles into a belief that these pictures are my latest productions, it will not only injure my reputation but also seriously affect the reputation of your theatre\". Blue Blazes Rawden is listed at the bottom of the letter, along with his other films that bear the \"Artcraft\" trademark.", "A reviewer in Photoplay (1918) said that \"Hart gives the best exhibition of his acting ability that I have ever yet seen\". They also noted that the story \"has no actual ending\", but rather \"is something of a slice of life...its interest lies in the struggle that goes on in the heart of the naturally ferocious, brutal Rawden, turned gentle by sheer determination\". A review in Variety (1918) praised Hart saying, \"[he] was a good actor long before he thought of going into pictures... he now reveals one more artistic accomplishment - that of an intelligent, careful, painstaking director. The detail in the preparation of the feature goes a long way toward enhancing its value\". The Motion Picture Magazine (1918), said that \"one celluloidic thing is as inevitable as fates and taxes-that William S. Hart starts each new picture career as a bad man and ends it by being completely reformed... like the excess tax, it is an excess reformation\".", "Hal Erickson (2015). \"Blue-Blazes-Rawden - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.\n\"Blue Blazes Rawden (1918) - Overview\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 6 January 2015.\n\"Blue Blazes Rawden\". Rotten Tomatoes.\nHart, William S. (March 30, 1918). \"A straight from the shoulder letter\". Motion Picture News. p. 1802.\n\"Blue Blazes Rawden\". Photoplay. 1918.\n\"Blue Blazes Rawden\". Variety. 1918. p. 46.\n\"Blue Blazes Rawden\". Motion Picture Magazine. 1918. p. 104.", "'Blue Blazes' Rawden at IMDb\nBlue Blazes Rawden at the American Film Institute Catalog\nSynopsis at AllMovie" ]	[ "'Blue Blazes' Rawden", "Plot", "Cast", "Background", "Reviews and reception", "References", "External links" ]	'Blue Blazes' Rawden	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Blue_Blazes%27_Rawden	[ 174, 175 ]	[ 1700, 1701, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1705, 1706, 1707, 1708 ]	'Blue Blazes' Rawden 'Blue Blazes' Rawden is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by William S. Hart and written by J.G. Hawks. The film stars William S. Hart, Maude George, Robert McKim, Gertrude Claire, Robert Gordon, and Jack Hoxie. The film was released on February 1, 1918, by Paramount Pictures. The film has been preserved and it is available in various viewing formats. Tough lumberjack Blue Blazes Rawden takes up residence at the hotel of the equally tough Englishman, Ladyfingers Hilgard. Because Blue Blazes beats him at cards and steals the heart of his woman, Babette Du Fresne, Hilgard challenges Blue Blazes to a gunfight and is killed. Hilgard's mother and brother Eric soon visit the hotel, and Blue Blazes, touched by Mrs. Hilgard's gentle nature, tells her Hilgard died honorably. Babette, angry at Blue Blazes' inattention, tells Eric the truth, and Eric, enraged, shoots and seriously wounds Blue Blazes. After saving Eric from a lynch mob, Blue Blazes makes him promise never to tell Mrs. Hilgard what he knows and leaves town a reformed man. — AFI William S. Hart as Blue Blazes Rawden Maude George as Babette DuFresne Robert McKim as 'Ladyfingers' Hilgard Gertrude Claire as Mother Hilgard Robert Gordon as Eric Hilgard Jack Hoxie as Joe La Barge Hart published a letter in the Motion Picture News (March 30, 1918), titled A straight-from-the shoulder letter, advising exhibitors that he was not connected with a company called "W.H. Productions Co.". Hart claimed that the company was changing titles of his films and showing previously made features of him without his permission. The letter states that "the old titles under which they were previously exhibited have been changed and new titles substituted...they are old pictures with new labels". Hart went on to say that, "if your patrons...are misled by new titles into a belief that these pictures are my latest productions, it will not only injure my reputation but also seriously affect the reputation of your theatre". Blue Blazes Rawden is listed at the bottom of the letter, along with his other films that bear the "Artcraft" trademark. A reviewer in Photoplay (1918) said that "Hart gives the best exhibition of his acting ability that I have ever yet seen". They also noted that the story "has no actual ending", but rather "is something of a slice of life...its interest lies in the struggle that goes on in the heart of the naturally ferocious, brutal Rawden, turned gentle by sheer determination". A review in Variety (1918) praised Hart saying, "[he] was a good actor long before he thought of going into pictures... he now reveals one more artistic accomplishment - that of an intelligent, careful, painstaking director. The detail in the preparation of the feature goes a long way toward enhancing its value". The Motion Picture Magazine (1918), said that "one celluloidic thing is as inevitable as fates and taxes-that William S. Hart starts each new picture career as a bad man and ends it by being completely reformed... like the excess tax, it is an excess reformation". Hal Erickson (2015). "Blue-Blazes-Rawden - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015. "Blue Blazes Rawden (1918) - Overview". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 6 January 2015. "Blue Blazes Rawden". Rotten Tomatoes. Hart, William S. (March 30, 1918). "A straight from the shoulder letter". Motion Picture News. p. 1802. "Blue Blazes Rawden". Photoplay. 1918. "Blue Blazes Rawden". Variety. 1918. p. 46. "Blue Blazes Rawden". Motion Picture Magazine. 1918. p. 104. 'Blue Blazes' Rawden at IMDb Blue Blazes Rawden at the American Film Institute Catalog Synopsis at AllMovie
[ "ʻEua National Park", "" ]	[ 0, 7 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Eua_National_Park_%28Tonga%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Delicatearch.png" ]	[ "ʻEua National Park is a national park on the island of ʻEua in Tonga. It is the country's only national forest park and covers an area of 4.51 km² (2 sq mi). The park is located on the east coast of the island and covers an 800 metres (2,625 ft) band of tropical rainforest and is bordered on the west by sheer cliffs to the ocean, which have numerous caves and chasms. It received National Park Status in 1992. The area is protected by IUCN.", "", "Aglaia heterotricha\nArytera bifoliata\nDiscocalyx listeri\nDysoxylum tongense\nGuioa lentiscifolia\nPhyllanthus amicorum\nPittosporum yunckeri\nPodocarpus pallidus, a rare and endangered conifer (approximately 1,000 trees) found in this location.\nPolyalthia amicorum\nRobiquetia tongensis\nSyzygium crosbyi\nXylosma smithiana", "Lepidodactylus euaensis (Eua forest gecko), a rare and endangered gecko.\nProsopeia tabuensis (red shining-parrot or red-breasted Koki), a species of parrot.\nAerodrarnus spodiopygius (White rumped swiftlet)\nPhaethon lepturus (White-tailed tropicbird)", "Lokupo observation deck, located above a cliff and provides a view of the Lokupo Beach.\nBig Ovava Tree (minimum of 800 years old)\nHafu pool\nʻAna ʻAhu (Smoking Cave), a 70 metres (230 ft) vertical sinkhole with a waterfall cascading into it - the mist rising up from the sinkhole gives it its name.\nʻAna Kuma (Rats Cave), a 10 metres (33 ft) deep cave\nFunga Teʻemoa - the island's highest peak at 312 metres (1,024 ft)", "Bellingham, P. J.; Fitzgerald, Gerard (1996). Draft Management Plan for ʻEua National Park : Kingdom of Tonga. Landcare Research New Zealand, New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.\nDrake, Donald R.; Motley, Timothy J.; Whistler, W. Arthur; Imada, Clyde T. (1996). \"New Zealand Journal of Botany\". Rain forest vegetation of ʻEua Island, Kingdom of Tonga. 34: 65–77.", "National parks of Tonga\nList of National Parks", "\"'Eua National Park in Tonga\". protectedplanet.net. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.\n\"'Eua National Park Reserve\". The Queen's Commonwealth Canopy. Retrieved 6 May 2020.\n\"Tonga Parks & Marine Reserves\". Jasons.com. Retrieved 6 May 2020.\nPaine, James R., ed. (1991). IUCN Directory of Protected Areas in Oceania. International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp. 260–261. ISBN 9782831700694." ]	[ "'Eua National Park", "Biodiversity", "Endemic flora", "Endemic fauna", "Attractions", "Further reading", "See also", "References" ]	'Eua National Park	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Eua_National_Park	[ 176, 177 ]	[ 1709, 1710, 1711, 1712, 1713 ]	'Eua National Park ʻEua National Park is a national park on the island of ʻEua in Tonga. It is the country's only national forest park and covers an area of 4.51 km² (2 sq mi). The park is located on the east coast of the island and covers an 800 metres (2,625 ft) band of tropical rainforest and is bordered on the west by sheer cliffs to the ocean, which have numerous caves and chasms. It received National Park Status in 1992. The area is protected by IUCN. Aglaia heterotricha Arytera bifoliata Discocalyx listeri Dysoxylum tongense Guioa lentiscifolia Phyllanthus amicorum Pittosporum yunckeri Podocarpus pallidus, a rare and endangered conifer (approximately 1,000 trees) found in this location. Polyalthia amicorum Robiquetia tongensis Syzygium crosbyi Xylosma smithiana Lepidodactylus euaensis (Eua forest gecko), a rare and endangered gecko. Prosopeia tabuensis (red shining-parrot or red-breasted Koki), a species of parrot. Aerodrarnus spodiopygius (White rumped swiftlet) Phaethon lepturus (White-tailed tropicbird) Lokupo observation deck, located above a cliff and provides a view of the Lokupo Beach. Big Ovava Tree (minimum of 800 years old) Hafu pool ʻAna ʻAhu (Smoking Cave), a 70 metres (230 ft) vertical sinkhole with a waterfall cascading into it - the mist rising up from the sinkhole gives it its name. ʻAna Kuma (Rats Cave), a 10 metres (33 ft) deep cave Funga Teʻemoa - the island's highest peak at 312 metres (1,024 ft) Bellingham, P. J.; Fitzgerald, Gerard (1996). Draft Management Plan for ʻEua National Park : Kingdom of Tonga. Landcare Research New Zealand, New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Drake, Donald R.; Motley, Timothy J.; Whistler, W. Arthur; Imada, Clyde T. (1996). "New Zealand Journal of Botany". Rain forest vegetation of ʻEua Island, Kingdom of Tonga. 34: 65–77. National parks of Tonga List of National Parks "'Eua National Park in Tonga". protectedplanet.net. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020. "'Eua National Park Reserve". The Queen's Commonwealth Canopy. Retrieved 6 May 2020. "Tonga Parks & Marine Reserves". Jasons.com. Retrieved 6 May 2020. Paine, James R., ed. (1991). IUCN Directory of Protected Areas in Oceania. International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp. 260–261. ISBN 9782831700694.
[ "", "", "" ]	[ 0, 4, 4 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/%27Ksan_Historical_Village_2010.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/BC-relief.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Museum_btn.png" ]	[ "ʼKsan is a historical village and living museum of the Gitxsan Indigenous people in the Skeena Country of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada. ʼKsan is located near Hazelton at the confluence of the Skeena and Bulkley Rivers on Gitxsan territory.", "ʼKsan was founded before Hazelton was in 1866, and was populated by the Gitxsan Indigenous people.", "Hagwilgyet\nKitwanga Fort National Historic Site\nOld Hazelton, British Columbia (Gitanmaax)\nX̱á:ytem", "\"'Ksan\". BC Geographical Names.", "Official website" ]	[ "'Ksan", "History", "See also", "References", "External links" ]	'Ksan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ksan	[ 178, 179 ]	[ 1714 ]	'Ksan ʼKsan is a historical village and living museum of the Gitxsan Indigenous people in the Skeena Country of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada. ʼKsan is located near Hazelton at the confluence of the Skeena and Bulkley Rivers on Gitxsan territory. ʼKsan was founded before Hazelton was in 1866, and was populated by the Gitxsan Indigenous people. Hagwilgyet Kitwanga Fort National Historic Site Old Hazelton, British Columbia (Gitanmaax) X̱á:ytem "'Ksan". BC Geographical Names. Official website
[ "Mamoroallo Tjoka in the 2012 Summer Olympics marathon" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Mamorallo_Tjoka.jpg" ]	[ "'Mamoroallo Tjoka (born 25 October 1984 in Ha Seqhoe, Malehloana, Lesotho) is a Basotho long-distance runner who competed in the marathon event at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. She was the flag bearer of Lesotho during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.", "\"Mamorallo Tjoka\". Olympic.org.\nLondon 2012 profile Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Machine\nStaff (27 July 2012). \"London 2012 Opening Ceremony - Flag Bearers\" (PDF). Olympics. Retrieved 15 June 2012." ]	[ "Mamorallo Tjoka", "References" ]	Mamorallo Tjoka	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mamoroallo_Tjoka	[ 180 ]	[ 1715 ]	Mamorallo Tjoka 'Mamoroallo Tjoka (born 25 October 1984 in Ha Seqhoe, Malehloana, Lesotho) is a Basotho long-distance runner who competed in the marathon event at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. She was the flag bearer of Lesotho during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. "Mamorallo Tjoka". Olympic.org. London 2012 profile Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Machine Staff (27 July 2012). "London 2012 Opening Ceremony - Flag Bearers" (PDF). Olympics. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
[ "" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Nathan_burgoine_canadian_writer.jpg" ]	[ "'Nathan Burgoine is a Canadian writer. His debut novel Light was a shortlisted Lambda Literary Award nominee in the Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror category at the 26th Lambda Literary Awards. The novel was published by Bold Strokes Books in 2013.\nHe has also published short stories and non-fiction essays in a variety of anthologies and literary magazines, including Fool for Love: New Gay Fiction, Men of the Mean Streets, Boys of Summer, Night Shadows, This is How You Die, Blood Sacraments, Wings, Erotica Exotica, Raising Hell, Tented, Tales from the Den, Afternoon Pleasures, I Like It Like That and 5x5.\nHe lives in Ottawa, Ontario with his husband Daniel and their dog Max. Burgoine, Max, and his late dog Coach, all experience heterochromia iridum.\nThe apostrophe that appears at the start of his first name (originally Jonathan) is an homage to his favourite teacher.", "Light (2013)\nThree (2016)\nIn Memoriam (2016)\nTriad Blood (2016)\nHandmade Holidays (2017)\nTriad Soul (2017)\nExit Plans for Teenage Freaks (2018)\nOf Echoes Born (2018)\nSaving the Date (2018)\nFaux Ho Ho (2019)", "Baldassi, Julie (6 March 2014). \"Canadians among finalists for 26th annual Lambda Awards\". Quill & Quire. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2022.\nMandelo, Lee (6 March 2014). \"Queering SFF Tidbit: Lambda Literary Award Finalists Announced\". tor.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2022.\nFreeman, Mack (30 December 2014). \"Book review: Light, by 'Nathan Burgoine\". GLBT Reviews. American Library Association. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2022.\nBustos, Alejandro (11 February 2014). \"Write On Ottawa: One gay superhero + pride week in the nation's capital = one fab debut novel\". Apartment 613. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n@NathanBurgoine (October 16, 2018). \"This was my previous furling, Coach. Max's blue is brighter, and on the same side as mine\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.\n\"Why the comma in your name?\". Goodreads. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.\n\"Guest Blogger author 'Nathan Burgoine shares about Queer Youth and the Arts\". Jory Mickelson. 24 November 2010. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.", "'Nathan Burgoine" ]	[ "'Nathan Burgoine", "Works", "References", "External links" ]	'Nathan Burgoine	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Nathan_Burgoine	[ 181 ]	[ 1716, 1717, 1718, 1719 ]	'Nathan Burgoine 'Nathan Burgoine is a Canadian writer. His debut novel Light was a shortlisted Lambda Literary Award nominee in the Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror category at the 26th Lambda Literary Awards. The novel was published by Bold Strokes Books in 2013. He has also published short stories and non-fiction essays in a variety of anthologies and literary magazines, including Fool for Love: New Gay Fiction, Men of the Mean Streets, Boys of Summer, Night Shadows, This is How You Die, Blood Sacraments, Wings, Erotica Exotica, Raising Hell, Tented, Tales from the Den, Afternoon Pleasures, I Like It Like That and 5x5. He lives in Ottawa, Ontario with his husband Daniel and their dog Max. Burgoine, Max, and his late dog Coach, all experience heterochromia iridum. The apostrophe that appears at the start of his first name (originally Jonathan) is an homage to his favourite teacher. Light (2013) Three (2016) In Memoriam (2016) Triad Blood (2016) Handmade Holidays (2017) Triad Soul (2017) Exit Plans for Teenage Freaks (2018) Of Echoes Born (2018) Saving the Date (2018) Faux Ho Ho (2019) Baldassi, Julie (6 March 2014). "Canadians among finalists for 26th annual Lambda Awards". Quill & Quire. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2022. Mandelo, Lee (6 March 2014). "Queering SFF Tidbit: Lambda Literary Award Finalists Announced". tor.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2022. Freeman, Mack (30 December 2014). "Book review: Light, by 'Nathan Burgoine". GLBT Reviews. American Library Association. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2022. Bustos, Alejandro (11 February 2014). "Write On Ottawa: One gay superhero + pride week in the nation's capital = one fab debut novel". Apartment 613. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2022. @NathanBurgoine (October 16, 2018). "This was my previous furling, Coach. Max's blue is brighter, and on the same side as mine" (Tweet) – via Twitter. "Why the comma in your name?". Goodreads. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022. "Guest Blogger author 'Nathan Burgoine shares about Queer Youth and the Arts". Jory Mickelson. 24 November 2010. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022. 'Nathan Burgoine
[ "Formulas from the code of the 'Ndrangheta: The three handwritten pages describe the text for the speech held when a member is promoted to a higher rank. The text reads awkwardly for a native speaker—it is composed in an uncertain Italian with many grammatical and orthographic mistakes.[65]", "'Ndrangheta hierarchy (labeled in Italian)", "'Ndrangheta structure (detailed, labeled in Italian)" ]	[ 6, 6, 6 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/Ndrangheta_code.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Struttura_ndrangheta.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Struttura_ndrangheta_2011.jpg" ]	[ "The 'Ndrangheta (/(ən)dræŋˈɡɛtə/, Italian: [nˈdraŋɡeta], Calabrian: [(ɳ)ˈɖɽaɲɟɪta]) is a prominent Italian Mafia-type organized crime syndicate and criminal society based in the peninsular and mountainous region of Calabria and dating back to the late 18th century. It is considered one of the most powerful organized crime groups in the world.\nSince the 1950s, following wide-scale emigration from Calabria, the organization has established itself worldwide. The 'Ndrangheta is the only one of the Italian mafia-type organizations to have maintained its ancient rites, passing them down orally and through secret codes. It is characterized by a horizontal structure made up of autonomous clans known as 'ndrine, based almost exclusively on blood ties. Its main activity is drug trafficking, on which it has a monopoly in Europe, but it also deals with arms trafficking, money laundering, racketeering, extortion, loan sharking, and prostitution. The 'Ndrangheta has enjoyed, for decades, a privileged relationship with the main South American cartels, which consider it the most reliable European partner. It is capable of heavily influencing local and national politics and infiltrating large sectors of the legal economy. In 2013 they purportedly made € 53 billion according to a study from Demoskopika Research Institute. A US diplomat estimated that the organization's narcotics trafficking, extortion and money laundering activities accounted for at least three per cent of Italy's GDP in 2010.", "", "The 'Ndrangheta was already known during the reign of the Bourbons of Naples. In the spring of 1792, there was the first official report in history on the 'Ndrangheta, and a mission as \"Royal Visitor\" was entrusted to Giuseppe Maria Galanti; these travelled far and wide throughout most of Calabria, often also making use of reports (answers written on the basis of a sort of questionnaire to fixed questions, prepared by himself) of local notables deemed reliable and trusted. This resulted in a bleak picture, as well as on the economic situation in the region, especially on that of public order. This work has been analyzed by various contemporary historians.\nLuca Addante writes in the introduction to the re-edition of Galanti's report (\"Giornale di viaggio in Calabria\", Rubbettino Editore, 2008): \"the murders, thefts, the kidnappings were infinite; the ignorance of the clergy was scandalous; the village notables, obsessed with the idea of enriching themselves and then ennobling themselves, rapacious monopolizers of local administrations, who grew up in the shadow of a decadent nobility whose remains were being prepared.\" Galanti, in particular, reports in the Giornale the descriptions of disturbing crime phenomena, noting how the inefficient administration of justice, the corruption and the monopoly of the barons, was starting to produce cases, as in Maida, of \"a small bunch of young, freeloaded young men who commit violence with the use of firearms. Justice is idle because without force and without a system malicious people become policemen (a sort of urban guard).\" In the District of Gerace, \"the raids of the criminals in the countryside are general. Almost all the militiamen are the most troublemakers in the province because the criminals and the debtors adopt this profession and are guaranteed by commanders in contempt of the laws. With this, the crimes, which grow every day\".\nIn 1861, the prefect of Reggio Calabria already noticed the presence of so-called camorristi, a term used at the time since there was no formal name for the phenomenon in Calabria (the Camorra was the older and better known criminal organization in Naples). Since the 1880s, there is ample evidence of 'Ndrangheta-type groups in police reports and sentences by local courts. At the time they were often being referred to as the picciotteria, onorata società (honoured society) or camorra and mafia.\nThese secret societies in the areas of Calabria rich in olives and vines were distinct from the often anarchic forms of banditry and were organized hierarchically with a code of conduct that included omertà – the code of silence – according to a sentence from the court in Reggio Calabria in 1890. An 1897 sentence from the court in Palmi mentioned a written code of rules found in the village of Seminara based on honour, secrecy, violence, solidarity (often based on blood relationships) and mutual assistance.\nIn the folk culture surrounding 'Ndrangheta in Calabria, references to the Spanish Garduña often appear. Aside from these references, however, there is nothing to substantiate a link between the two organizations. The Calabrian word 'Ndrangheta derives from Greek ἀνδραγαθία andragathía for \"heroism\" and manly \"virtue\" or ἀνδράγαθος andrágathos, compound words of ἀνήρ, anḗr (gen. ἀνδρóς, andrós), i.e. man, and ἀγαθός, agathós, i.e. good, brave, meaning a courageous man. In many areas of Calabria the verb 'ndranghitiari, from the Greek verb andragathízesthai, means \"to engage in a defiant and valiant attitude\".\nThe word 'Ndrangheta was brought to a wider audience by the Calabrian writer Corrado Alvaro in the Corriere della Sera in September 1955.", "Until 1975, the 'Ndrangheta restricted their Italian operations to Calabria, mainly involved in extortion and blackmail. Their involvement in cigarette contraband expanded their scope and contacts with the Sicilian Mafia and the Neapolitan Camorra. With the arrival of large public works in Calabria, skimming of public contracts became an important source of income. Disagreements over how to distribute the spoils led to the First 'Ndrangheta war killing 233 people. The prevailing factions began to kidnap rich people located in northern Italy for ransom. A high-profile case was the 1973 kidnapping of John Paul Getty III, who had his severed ear mailed to a newspaper in November, and later released in December following the negotiated payment of $2.2 million by Getty's grandfather, J. Paul Getty. There were reportedly more than 200 abductions between the 1970s and mid-1990s acredited to the 'Ndrangheta.\nThe Second 'Ndrangheta war raged from 1985 to 1991. The bloody six-year war between the Condello-Imerti-Serraino-Rosmini clans and the De Stefano-Tegano-Libri-Latella clans led to more than 600 deaths. The Sicilian Mafia contributed to the end of the conflict and probably suggested the subsequent set up of a superordinate body, called La Provincia, to avoid further infighting.\nIn 1996, the Solntsevskaya Bratva of the Russian Mafia, who are very close to Vietnamese narcotics traffickers in Moscow and the Cali Cartel, supported the 'Ndrangheta. The mayor of Moscow in the late 1990s Yuri Luzhkov gave support to these groups as well. The Solntsevskaya mafia have close links to the FSB and control the territory around the FSB Academy in Moscow. The Tambovskaya Bratva, who are very closely associated with the political rise of Vladimir Putin, support the Solntsevsksya mafia. In the 1990s, the organization started to invest in the illegal international drug trade, mainly importing cocaine from Colombia.\nDeputy President of the regional parliament of Calabria Francesco Fortugno was killed by the 'Ndrangheta on 16 October 2005 in Locri. Demonstrations against the organization then ensued, with young protesters carrying banderoles reading \"Ammazzateci tutti!\", Italian for \"Kill us all\". The national government started a large-scale enforcement operation in Calabria and arrested numerous 'ndranghetisti including the murderers of Fortugno.\nThe 'Ndrangheta has expanded its activities to Northern Italy, mainly to sell drugs and to invest in legal businesses which could be used for money laundering. In May 2007 twenty members of 'Ndrangheta were arrested in Milan. On 30 August 2007, hundreds of police raided the town of San Luca, the focal point of the bitter San Luca feud between rival clans among the 'Ndrangheta. Over 30 men and women, linked to the killing of six Italian men in Germany, were arrested.\nSince 30 March 2010, the 'Ndrangheta has been considered an organisation of mafia-type association according to 416 bis under the Italian penal code.\nIn March 2011, the Ndrangheta expanded into northern Italy due to their \"unlimited financial resources\" according to the Italian Anti-Mafia Commission.\nOn 4 June 2012, numerous arrests in Spain, Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, and Finland were made following the Milan District Anti-Mafia Prosecutor's Office investigation into several Switzerland bank accounts and a fleet of ships that supported cocaine shipped to Europe from Venezuela, Argentina, and the Dominican Republic.\nOn 9 October 2012, following a months-long investigation by the central government, the City Council of Reggio Calabria headed by Mayor Demetrio Arena was dissolved for alleged ties to the group. Arena and all the 30 city councilors were sacked to prevent any \"mafia contagion\" in the local government.\nThis was the first time a government of a capital of a provincial government was dismissed. Three central government-appointed administrators will govern the city for 18 months until new elections. The move came after unnamed councilors were suspected of having ties to the 'Ndrangheta under the 10-year centre-right rule of Mayor Giuseppe Scopelliti.\n'Ndrangheta infiltration of political offices is not limited to Calabria. On 10 October 2012, the commissioner of Milan's regional government in charge of public housing, Domenico Zambetti of People of Freedom (PDL), was arrested on accusations he paid the 'Ndrangheta in exchange for an election victory and to extort favours and contracts from the housing official, including construction tenders for the World Expo 2015 in Milan. The probe of alleged vote-buying underscores the infiltration of the 'Ndrangheta in the political machine of Italy's affluent northern Lombardy region. Zambetti's arrest marked the biggest case of 'Ndrangheta infiltration so far uncovered in northern Italy and prompted calls for Lombardy governor Roberto Formigoni to resign.\nIn 2014, in the American FBI and Italian police joint operation New Bridge, members of both the American Gambino and Bonanno families were arrested, as well as ten members of the Ursino clan. Raffaele Valente was among the arrested. In Italian wiretaps, he revealed that he had set up a faction of the Ursino 'Ndrangheta in New York City. Valente was convicted for attempting to sell a sawn-off shotgun and a silencer to an undercover FBI agent for $5000 at a bakery in Brooklyn. He was sentenced to three years and one month in prison. Gambino associate Franco Lupoi and his father-in-law, Nicola Antonio Simonetta, were described as the linchpins of the operation. International organizations like INTERPOL have also engaged in operations against the 'Ndrangheta, specifically in their launch of INTERPOL's Cooperation Against 'Ndrangheta (ICAN). In June 2014, Pope Francis denounced the 'Ndrangheta for their \"adoration of evil and contempt of the common good\" and vowed that the Church would help tackle organized crime, saying that Mafiosi were excommunicated. A spokesperson for the Vatican clarified that the pope's words did not constitute a formal excommunication under canon law, as a period of legal process is required beforehand.\nOn 12 December 2017, 48 members of 'Ndrangheta were arrested for mafia association, extortion, criminal damage, fraudulent transferral of assets and illegal possession of firearms. Out of the 48 arrested, four were forced to house arrest and 44 were ordered to jail detention. Two-time mayor of Taurianova, Calabria and his former cabinet member were among the indicted. It was alleged by investigators that the Calabrian clans had infiltrated construction of public works, control of real estate brokerage, food fields, greenhouse production and renewable energy.\nAccording to some reports, the 'Ndrangheta works in conjunction with Mexican drug cartels in the drug trade, such as with the mercenary army known as Los Zetas.\nOn 9 January 2018, law enforcement in Italy and Germany arrested 169 people in connection with the 'Ndrangheta mafia, specifically the Farao and Marincola clans based in Calabria. Assets worth € 50 million (£44/$59m) were seized. The indictment mentions that owners of German restaurants, ice cream parlours, hotels and pizzerias were forced to buy wine, pizza dough, pastries and other products made in southern Italy. The Farao clan was being led by life-imprisoned Giuseppe Farao, before the arrests, and was passing orders onto his sons. They controlled bakeries, vineyards, olive groves, funeral homes, launderettes, plastic recycling plants and shipyards. The waste disposal of the Ilva steel company based in Taranto was also infiltrated. Some of the charges were mafia association, attempted murder, money laundering, extortion and illegal weapons possession and trafficking. Italian prosecutor, Nicola Gratteri, said that the arrests were the most important step taken against the 'Ndrangehta within the past 20 years. Eleven suspects were detained and accused of blackmailing and money laundering. They were deported back to Italy. Alessandro Figliomeni, former Mayor of Siderno, Calabria, was sentenced to 12 years in prison on 7 May 2018. He is alleged to be a member of the Commisso 'ndrina clan and served in the top hierarchy.\nIn December 2019, more than 300 people were arrested in Calabria on suspicion of belonging to the 'Ndrangheta in an operation involving 2,500 police. Among those arrested was Giancarlo Pittelli, a prominent lawyer and former member of Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia party. The arrests were said by Nicola Gratteri, the chief prosecutor in Catanzaro, to be the second largest in number in the history of Italian organised crime, after those that led to the so-called \"Maxi Trial\" of Sicilian Mafia bosses in Palermo between 1986 and 1992. The trial against the more than 300 'Ndrangheta members began on 13 January 2021.", "Italian anti-organized crime agencies estimated in 2007 that the 'Ndrangheta has an annual revenue of about € 35–40 billion (US$50–60 billion), which amounts to approximately 3.5% of the GDP of Italy. This comes mostly from illegal drug trafficking, but also from ostensibly legal businesses such as construction, restaurants and supermarkets. The 'Ndrangheta has a strong grip on the economy and governance in Calabria. According to a US Embassy cable leaked by WikiLeaks, the 'Ndrangheta controls huge segments of its territory and economy, and accounts for at least three percent of Italy's GDP through drug trafficking, extortion, skimming of public contracts, and usury.\nThe principal difference with the Mafia is in recruitment methods. The 'Ndrangheta recruits members on the criterion of blood relationships resulting in an extraordinary cohesion within the family clan that presents a major obstacle to investigation. Sons of 'ndranghetisti are expected to follow in their fathers' footsteps, and go through a grooming process in their youth to become giovani d'onore (boys of honour) before they eventually enter the ranks as uomini d'onore (men of honour). There are relatively few Calabrian mafiosi who have opted out to become a pentito; at the end of 2002, there were 157 Calabrian witnesses in the state witness protection program. Unlike the Sicilian Mafia in the early 1990s, they have meticulously avoided a head-on confrontation with the Italian state.\nProsecution in Calabria is hindered by the fact that Italian judges and prosecutors who score highly in exams get to choose their posting; those who are forced to work in Calabria will usually request to be transferred right away. With weak government presence and corrupt officials, few civilians are willing to speak out against the organization.", "", "Both the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the 'Ndrangheta are loose confederations of about one hundred organised groups, also called \"cosche\" or families, each of which claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village, though without ever fully conquering and legitimizing its monopoly of violence.\nThere are approximately 100 of these families, totaling between 4,000 and 5,000 members in Reggio Calabria. Other estimates mention 6,000–7,000 men; worldwide there might be some 10,000 members.\nMost of the groups (86) operate in the Province of Reggio Calabria, although a portion of the recorded 70 criminal groups based in the Calabrian provinces Catanzaro and Cosenza also appears to be formally affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta. The families are concentrated in poor villages in Calabria such as Platì, Locri, San Luca, Africo and Altomonte as well as the main city and provincial capital Reggio Calabria. San Luca is considered to be the stronghold of the 'Ndrangheta. According to a former 'ndranghetista, \"almost all the male inhabitants belong to the 'Ndrangheta, and the Sanctuary of Polsi has long been the meeting place of the affiliates.\" Bosses from outside Calabria, from as far as Canada and Australia, regularly attend the meetings at the Sanctuary of Polsi, an indication that the 'ndrine around the world perceive themselves as being part of the same collective entity.\nThe basic local organizational unit of the 'Ndrangheta is called a locale (local or place) with jurisdiction over an entire town or an area in a large urban center. A locale may have branches, called 'ndrina (plural: 'ndrine), in the districts of the same city, in neighbouring towns and villages, or even outside Calabria, in cities and towns in the industrial North of Italy in and around Turin and Milan: for example, Bardonecchia, an alpine town in the province of Turin in Piedmont, has been, the first municipality in northern Italy dissolved for alleged mafia infiltration, with the arrest of the historical 'Ndrangheta boss of the city, Rocco Lo Presti. The small towns of Corsico and Buccinasco in Lombardy are considered to be strongholds of the 'Ndrangheta. Sometimes sotto 'ndrine are established. These subunits enjoy a high degree of autonomy – they have a leader and independent staff. In some contexts the 'ndrine have become more powerful than the locale on which they formally depend. Other observers maintain that the 'ndrina is the basic organizational unit. Each 'ndrina is \"autonomous on its territory and no formal authority stands above the \" 'ndrina boss\", according to the Antimafia Commission. The 'ndrina is usually in control of a small town or a neighborhood. If more than one 'ndrina operates in the same town, they form a locale.\nBlood family and membership of the crime family overlap to a great extent within the 'Ndrangheta. By and large, the 'ndrine consist of men belonging to the same family lineage. Salvatore Boemi, anti-mafia prosecutor in Reggio Calabria, told the Italian Antimafia Commission that \"one becomes a member for the simple fact of being born in a mafia family,\" although other reasons might attract a young man to seek membership, and non-kin have also been admitted. Marriages help cement relations within each 'ndrina and to expand membership. As a result, a few blood families constitute each group, hence \"a high number of people with the same last name often end up being prosecuted for membership of a given 'ndrina.\" Indeed, since there is no limit to the membership of a single unit, bosses try to maximize descendants.\nAt the bottom of the chain of command are the picciotti d'onore or soldiers, who are expected to perform tasks with blind obedience until they are promoted to the next level of cammorista, where they will be granted command over their own group of soldiers. The next level, separated by the 'ndrina but part of 'Ndrangheta, is known as santista and higher still is the vangelista, upon which the up-and-coming gangster has to swear their dedication to a life of crime on the Bible. The Quintino, also called Padrino, is the second-highest level of command in a 'Ndrangheta clan (name Ndrina), being made up of five privileged members of the crime family who report directly to the boss, the capobastone (head of command).", "For many years, the power apparatus of the single families were the sole ruling bodies within the two associations, and they have remained the real centres of power even after superordinate bodies were created in the Cosa Nostra beginning in the 1950s (the Sicilian Mafia Commission) and in the 'Ndrangheta a superordinate body was created only in 1991 as the result of negotiations to end years of inter-family violence.\nUnlike the Sicilian Mafia, the 'Ndrangheta managed to maintain a horizontal organizational structure up to the early 1990s, avoiding the establishment of a formal superordinate body. Information of several witnesses has undermined the myth of absolute autonomy of Calabrian crime families, however. At least since the end of the 19th century, stable mechanisms for coordination and dispute settlement were created. Contacts and meetings among the bosses of the locali were frequent.\nA new investigation, known as Operation Crimine, which ended in July 2010 with an arrest of 305 'Ndrangheta members revealed that the 'Ndrangheta was extremely \"hierarchical, united and pyramidal,\" and not just clan-based as previously believed, as said by Italy's chief anti-mafia prosecutor Pietro Grasso.\nAt least since the 1950s, the chiefs of the 'Ndrangheta locali have met regularly near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in the municipality of San Luca during the September Feast. These annual meetings, known as the crimine, have traditionally served as a forum to discuss future strategies and settle disputes among the locali. The assembly exercises weak supervisory powers over the activities of all 'Ndrangheta groups. Strong emphasis was placed on the temporary character of the position of the crimine boss. A new representative was elected at each meeting. Far from being the \"boss of bosses,\" the capo crimine actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of interfamily violence.\nAt these meetings, every boss \"must give account of all the activities carried out during the year and of all the most important facts taking place in his territory such as kidnappings, homicides, etc.\" The historical preeminence of the San Luca family is such that every new group or locale must obtain its authorization to operate and every group belonging to the 'Ndrangheta \"still has to deposit a small percentage of illicit proceeds to the principale of San Luca in recognition of the latter's primordial supremacy.\"\nSecurity concerns have led to the creation in the 'Ndrangheta of a secret society within the secret society: La Santa. Membership in the Santa is known only to other members. Contrary to the code, it allowed bosses to establish close connections with state representatives, even to the extent that some were affiliated with the Santa. These connections were often established through the Freemasonry, which the santisti – breaking another rule of the traditional code – were allowed to join.\nSince the end of the Second 'Ndrangheta war in 1991, the 'Ndrangheta is ruled by a collegial body or Commission, known as La Provincia. Its primary function is the settlement of inter-family disputes. The body, also referred to as the Commission in reference to its Sicilian counterpart, is composed of three lower bodies, known as mandamenti. One for the clans on the Ionic side (the Aspromonte mountains and Locride) of Calabria, a second for the Tyrrhenian side (the plains of Gioia Tauro) and one central mandamento for the city of Reggio Calabria.\n\nAn article published in July 2019 in Canada, summarized the traditional structure. \n\"For decades, the ’Ndrangheta families of Siderno operating in Canada — about seven of them — have been governed by a board of directors, called the “camera di controllo,” or chamber of control. The local board, as in other countries around the world and other regions of Italy where clans have spread, have all been subservient to the mother clans of Calabria, under a body known as 'il Crimine di Siderno'\".\nBy mid-2019, however, Police in both countries were convinced that \"the ’Ndrangheta's Canadian presence has become so powerful and influential that the board north of Toronto has the authority to make decisions, not only in relation to Canada's underworld, but also abroad, even back in Siderno\".", "According to Italian DIA (Direzione Investigativa Antimafia, Department of the Police of Italy against organized crime) and Guardia di Finanza (Italian Financial Police and Customs Police) the \"'Ndrangheta is now one of the most powerful criminal organizations in the world.\" Economic activities of 'Ndrangheta include international cocaine and weapons smuggling, with Italian investigators estimating that 80% of Europe's cocaine passes through the Calabrian port of Gioia Tauro and is controlled by the 'Ndrangheta. However, according to a report of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Europol, the Iberian Peninsula is considered the main entry point for cocaine into Europe and a gateway to the European market. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that in 2007 nearly ten times as much cocaine was intercepted in Spain (almost 38 MT) in comparison with Italy (almost 4 MT).\n'Ndrangheta groups and Sicilian Cosa Nostra groups sometimes act as joint ventures in cocaine trafficking enterprises.\nFurther activities include skimming money off large public work construction projects, money laundering and traditional crimes such as usury and extortion. 'Ndrangheta invests illegal profits in legal real estate and financial activities.\nIn early February 2017, the Carabinieri arrested 33 suspects in the Calabrian mafia's Piromalli 'ndrina ('Ndrangheta) which was allegedly exporting fake extra virgin olive oil to the U.S.; the product was actually inexpensive olive pomace oil fraudulently labeled. In early 2016, the American television program 60 Minutes had warned that \"the olive oil business has been corrupted by the Mafia\" and that \"Agromafia\" was $16-billion per year enterprise.\nThe business volume of the 'Ndrangheta is estimated at almost € 44 billion in 2007, approximately 2.9% of Italy's GDP, according to a private research institute, Eurispes (Institute of Political, Economic and Social Studies) in Italy. Drug trafficking is the most profitable activity with 62% of the total turnover.", "The 'Ndrangheta has established branches abroad, mainly through migration. The overlap of blood and mafia family seems to have helped the 'Ndrangheta expand beyond its traditional territory: \"The familial bond has not only worked as a shield to protect secrets and enhance security, but also helped to maintain identity in the territory of origin and reproduce it in territories where the family has migrated.\" 'Ndrine are reported to be operating in northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, the rest of Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. One group of 'ndranghetisti discovered outside Italy was in Ontario, Canada, several decades ago. They were dubbed the Siderno Group by Canadian judges as most of its members hailed from and around Siderno.\nMagistrates in Calabria warned a few years ago about the international scale of the 'Ndrangheta's operations. It is now believed to have surpassed the traditional axis between the Sicilian and American Cosa Nostra, to become the major importer of cocaine to Europe. Outside Italy 'Ndrangheta operates in several countries, such as:", "According to the German Federal Intelligence Service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), in a leaked report to a Berlin newspaper, states that the 'Ndrangheta \"act in close co-operation with Albanian mafia families in moving weapons and narcotics across Europe's porous borders\".", "In November 2006, a cocaine trafficking network that operated in Argentina, Spain and Italy was dismantled. The Argentinian police said the 'Ndrangheta had roots in the country and shipped cocaine through Spain to Milan and Turin.", "Known by the name \"The Honoured Society,\" the 'Ndrangheta controlled Italian-Australian organized crime all along the east coast of Australia since the early 20th century. 'Ndrangheta operating in Australia include the Sergi, Barbaro and Papalia clans. Similarly in Victoria the major families are named as Italiano, Arena, Muratore, Benvenuto, and Condello. In the 1960s warfare among 'Ndrangheta clans broke out over the control of the Victoria Market in Melbourne, where an estimated $45 million worth of fruits and vegetables passed through each year. After the death of Domenico Italiano, known as Il Papa, different clans tried to gain control over the produce market. At the time it was unclear that most involved were affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta.\nThe 'Ndrangheta began in Australia in Queensland, where they continued their form of rural organised crime, especially in the fruit and vegetable industry. After the 1998–2006 Melbourne gangland killings which included the murder of 'Ndrangheta Godfather Frank Benvenuto. In 2008, the 'Ndrangheta were tied to the importation of 15 million ecstasy pills to Melbourne, at the time the world's largest ecstasy haul. The pills were hidden in a container-load of tomato cans from Calabria. Australian 'Ndrangheta boss Pasquale Barbaro was arrested. Pasquale Barbaro's father Francesco Barbaro was a boss throughout the 1970s and early 1980s until his retirement. Several of the Barbaro clan, including among others, Francesco, were suspected in orchestrating the murder of Australian businessman Donald Mackay in July 1977 for his anti-drugs campaign.\nItalian authorities believe that former Western Australian mayor of the city of Stirling, Tony Vallelonga, is an associate of Giuseppe Commisso, boss of the Siderno clan of the Ndrangheta. In 2009, Italian police overheard the two discussing Ndrangheta activities. Since migrating from Italy to Australia in 1963, Vallelonga has \"established a long career in grass-roots politics.\"\nThe 'Ndrangheta are also tied to large cocaine imports. Up to 500 kilograms of cocaine was documented relating to the mafia and Australian associates smuggled in slabs of marble, plastic tubes and canned tuna, coming from South America to Melbourne via Italy between 2002 and 2004. A report in 2016 by Vice Media indicated that the activities continued to be profitable: \"Between 2004 and 2014, the gang's members amassed more than $10 million [$7.6 million USD] in real estate and race horses in Victoria alone pouring money into wholesalers, cafes, and restaurants\".\nA June 2015 report by BBC News discussed an investigation by Fairfax Media and \nFour Corners which alleged that \"the 'Ndrangheta, runs a drugs and extortion business worth billions of euros\" in Australia and that \"politicians have been infiltrated by the Calabrian mafia\".\nIn February 2020, two individuals, said to be \"multimillionaire fruit and vegetable kings\" were alleged to be 'Ndrangheta \"capos\", having a relationship with the \"secretive criminal organisation\". The Sydney Morning Herald report specified that the two \"are not accused of any crime in either Italy or Australia\". The alleged information was obtained during investigations of other individuals during Operation Eyphemos in Calabria, which \"led to the arrest ... of 65 men for alleged mafia activities including extortion and political corruption in Calabria\".", "'Ndrangheta clans purchased almost \"an entire neighbourhood\" in Brussels with laundered money originating from drug trafficking. On 5 March 2004, 47 people were arrested, accused of drug trafficking and money laundering to purchase real estate in Brussels for some 28 million euros. The activities extended to the Netherlands where large quantities of heroin and cocaine had been purchased by the Pesce-Bellocco clan from Rosarno and the Strangio clan from San Luca.", "Forces of the Brazilian Polícia Federal have linked illegal drug trading activities in Brazil to 'Ndragheta in operation Monte Pollino, which disassembled cocaine exportation schemes to Europe.\nSeveral important 'Ndrangheta bosses were arrested in Brazil, such as Domenico Pelle, Nicola Assisi and Rocco Morabito.\nAssisi and Morabito (according to investigations by the Brazilian Federal Police) resided in Brazil, where they pretended to be legitimate businessmen and lived in luxury properties, while negotiating with important members of the Primeiro Comando da Capital (considered the largest criminal syndicate in Brazil and one of the most powerful and violent drug cartels in the world) agreements to ship and exporting large shipments of cocaine to Europe.", "According to a May 2018 news report, \"Siderno's Old World 'Ndrangheta boss sent acolytes to populate the New World\" including Michele (Mike) Racco who settled in Toronto in 1952, followed by other mob families. By 2010, investigators in Italy said that Toronto's 'Ndrangheta had climbed \"to the top of the criminal world\" with \"an unbreakable umbilical cord\" to Calabria. In the 2018 book, The Good Mothers: The True Story of the Women Who Took on the World's Most Powerful Mafia, Alex Perry reports that the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta has, for the past decade, been replacing the Sicilian Cosa Nostra as the primary drug traffickers in North America.\nDuring a 2018 trial in Toronto, ex-mobster Carmine Guido told the court that the 'Ndrangheta is a collection of family-based clans, each with its own boss, working within a uniform structure and under board of control.\nThe Canadian 'Ndrangheta is believed to be involved in various activities including the smuggling of unlicensed tobacco products through ties with criminal elements in cross-border Native American tribes. According to Alberto Cisterna of the Italian National Anti-Mafia Directorate, the 'Ndrangheta has a heavy presence in Canada. \"There is a massive number of their people in North America, especially in Toronto. And for two reasons. The first is linked to the banking system. Canada's banking system is very secretive; it does not allow investigation. So Canada is the ideal place to launder money. The second reason is to smuggle drugs.\" The 'Ndrangheta have found Canada a useful North American entry point. The organization used extortion, loan sharking, theft, electoral crimes, mortgage and bank fraud, crimes of violence and cocaine trafficking.\nA Canadian branch labelled the Siderno Group – because its members primarily came from the Ionian coastal town of Siderno in Calabria – is the one discussed earlier. It has been active in Canada since the 1950s, originally formed by Michele (Mike) Racco who was the head of the Group until his death in 1980. Siderno is also home to one of the 'Ndrangheta's biggest and most important clans, heavily involved in the global cocaine business and money laundering. Antonio Commisso, the alleged leader of the Siderno group, is reported to lead efforts to import \"... illicit arms, explosives and drugs ...\" Elements of 'Ndrangheta have been reported to have been present in Hamilton, Ontario as early as 1911. Historical crime families in the Hamilton area include the Musitanos, Luppinos and Papalias.\nAccording to an agreed Statement of Fact filed with the court, \"the Locali [local cells] outside of Calabria replicate the structure from Calabria, and are connected to their mother-Locali in Calabria. The authority to start Locali outside Calabria comes from the governing bodies of the organization in Calabria. The Locali outside of Calabria are part of the same 'Ndrangheta organization as in Calabria, and maintain close relationships with the Locali where its members come from.\" The group's activities in the Greater Toronto Area were controlled by a group known as the 'Camera di Controllo' which \"makes all of the final decisions\", according to the witness' testimony. It consists of six or seven Toronto-area men, who co-ordinate activities and resolves disputes among Calabrian gangsters in Southern Ontario. In 1962, Racco established a crimini or Camera di Controllo in Canada with the help of Giacomo Luppino and Rocco Zito. One of the members was Giuseppe Coluccio, before he was arrested and extradited to Italy. Other members are Vincenzo DeMaria, Carmine Verduci before his death, and Cosimo Stalteri before his death. In August 2015, the IRB issued a deportation order for Carmelo Bruzzese. Bruzzese appealed the decision to Canada's Federal Court, but it was rejected, and on 2 October 2015, Bruzzese was escorted onto a plane in Toronto, landing in Rome, where he was arrested by Italian police. Major Giuseppe De Felice, a commander with the Carabinieri, told the IRB that Bruzzese \"assumed the most important roles and decisions. He gave the orders.\"\nAfter living in Richmond Hill, Ontario for five years until 2010, Antonio Coluccio was one of 29 people named in arrest warrants in Italy in September 2014. Police said they were part of the Commisso 'ndrina ('Ndrangheta) crime family in Siderno. In July 2018, Coluccio was sentenced to 30 years in prison for corruption. His two brothers, including Salvatore and Giuseppe Coluccio, were already in prison due to Mafia-related convictions.\nIn June 2018, Cosimo Ernesto Commisso, of Woodbridge, Ontario and an unrelated woman were shot and killed. According to sources contacted by the Toronto Star, \"Commisso was related to Cosimo \"The Quail\" Commisso of Siderno, Italy, who has had relations in Ontario, is considered by police to be a \"'Ndrangheta organized crime boss\". The National Post reported that Cosimo Ernesto Commisso, while not a known criminal, \"shares a name and family ties with a man who has for decades been reputed to be a Mafia leader in the Toronto area\". The cousin of \"The Quail\", Antonio Commisso, was on the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy until his capture on 28 June 2005, in Woodbridge.\nIn June 2015, RCMP led police raids across the Greater Toronto Area, named Project OPhoenix, which resulted in the arrest of 19 men, allegedly affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta. In March 2018, during the resultant criminal trial north of Toronto, the court heard from a Carabinieri lieutenant-colonel that 'Ndrangheta is active in Germany, Australia and the Greater Toronto Area. \"People in Italy have to be responsible for their representatives here but the final word comes from Italy\". A member of the Greater Toronto Area's 'Ndrangheta cell, Carmine Guido, who had been a police informant, testified at length in 2018 about the structure and activities of the organization which had been under the control of Italian-born Bradford, Ontario resident, Giuseppe (Pino) Ursino and Romanian-born Cosmin (Chris) Dracea of Toronto. The latter two faced two counts of cocaine trafficking for the benefit of a criminal organization and one charge of conspiracy to commit an indictable offence. Guido was paid $2.4 million by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police between 2013 and 2015 to secretly tape dozens of conversations with suspected 'Ndrangheta members. In February 2019, Ursino was sentenced to 11 and a half years in prison on drug trafficking charges, with Dracea sentenced to nine years in prison on cocaine trafficking conspiracy. Neither had a previous criminal record. At the sentencing, the presiding judge made this comment: \"Based on the evidence at trial, Giuseppe Ursino is a high-ranking member of the 'Ndrangheta who orchestrated criminal conduct and then stepped back to lessen his potential implication\" ... Cosmin Dracea knew he was dealing with members of a criminal organization when he conspired to import cocaine\".\n\nDuring the Ursino/Dracea trial, an Italian police expert testified that the 'Ndrangheta operated in the Greater Toronto Area and in Thunder Bay particularly in drug trafficking, extortion, loan sharking, theft of public funds, robbery, fraud, electoral crimes and crimes of violence. After the trial, Tom Andreopoulos, deputy chief federal prosecutor, said that this was the first time in Canada that the 'Ndrangheta was targeted as an organized crime group since 1997, when the Criminal Code was amended to include the offence of criminal organization. He offered this comment about the organization:\n\"We're talking about structured organized crime. We're talking about a political entity, almost; a culture of crime that colonizes across the sea from Italy to Canada. This is one of the most sophisticated criminal organizations in the world.\"\nIn June 2018, a Mafia expert wrote that \"A new alliance between Bonanno associates and the Violi family . . . is significant, as it suggests a growing prominence for Calabrian mafia – the 'Ndrangheta – within the New York families and in Canada\". Criminologist Anna Sergi of the University of Essex added that drug trafficking was the most active pursuit in North America.\nOn 18 July 2019, the York Regional Police announced the largest organized crime bust in Ontario, part of an 18-month long operation called Project Sindicato that was also coordinated with the Italian State Police. York Regional Police had arrested 15 people in Canada, 12 people in Calabria, and seized $35 million worth of homes, sports cars and cash in a major trans-Atlantic probe targeting the most prominent wing of the 'Ndrangheta in Canada headed by Angelo Figliomeni. On 14 and 15 July, approximately 500 officers raided 48 homes and businesses across the GTA, seizing 27 homes worth $24 million, 23 cars, including five Ferraris, and $2 million in cash and jewelry. Nine of the 15 arrests in Canada included major crime figures: Angelo Figliomeni, Vito Sili, Nick Martino, Emilio Zannuti, Erica Quintal, Salvatore Oliveti, Giuseppe Ciurleo, Rafael Lepore and Francesco Vitucci. The charges laid included tax evasion, money laundering, defrauding the government and participating in a criminal organization.\n\nDuring a press conference in Vaughan, Ontario, Fausto Lamparelli of the Italian State Police, offered this comment about the relationship between the 'Ndrangheta in Ontario and Calabria:\n\"This investigation allowed us to learn something new. The 'Ndrangheta crime families in Canada are able to operate autonomously, without asking permission or seeking direction from Italy. Traditionally, 'Ndrangheta clans around the world are all subservient to the mother ship in Calabria. It suggests the power and influence the Canadian-based clans have built.\"\nOn 9 August 2019, as part of the same joint investigation, several former Greater Toronto Area residents were arrested in Calabria, including Giuseppe DeMaria, Francesco Commisso, Rocco Remo Commisso, Antonio Figliomeni and Cosimo Figiomeni. Vincenzo Muià had visited Toronto on 31 March 2019 to meet with Angelo and Cosimo Figliomeni, seeking answers to who had ambushed and killed his brother, Carmelo Muià, in Siderno on 18 January 2018; Muià's smartphone was unwittingly and secretly transmitting his closed-door conversations to authorities in Italy.\nIn 2020, the charges laid against three individuals as a result of Project Sindicato were \"stayed\" (the prosecution discontinued), unless the prosecutors could find new evidence and proceeded with the charges again within one year. In January 2021, the charges against the remaining six were also stayed, including that of Angelo Figliomeni, \"the head of the 'Ndrangheta in Toronto\" according to York Regional Police. The charges were stayed after an investigation \"into the use of the privileged conversations\" that found \"improper use of wiretapping\" and \"significant breaches of solicitor-client privilege\". All property seized by police must now be returned — with the exception of illegal possessions.", "The 'Ndrangheta clans were closely associated with the AUC paramilitary groups led Salvatore Mancuso, a son of Italian immigrants; he surrendered to Álvaro Uribe's government to avoid extradition to the U.S. According to Giuseppe Lumia of the Italian Parliamentary Antimafia Commission, 'Ndrangheta clans are actively involved in the production of cocaine.", "According to a study by the German foreign intelligence service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), 'Ndrangheta groups are using Germany to invest cash from drugs and weapons smuggling. Profits are invested in hotels, restaurants and houses, especially along the Baltic coast and in the eastern German states of Thuringia and Saxony. Investigators believe that the mafia's bases in Germany are used primarily for clandestine financial transactions. In 1999, the state Office of Criminal Investigation in Stuttgart investigated an Italian from San Luca who had allegedly laundered millions through a local bank, the Sparkasse Ulm. The man claimed that he managed a profitable car dealership, and authorities were unable to prove that the business was not the source of his money. The Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) concluded in 2000 that \"the activities of this 'Ndrangheta clan represent a multi-regional criminal phenomenon.\" In 2009, a confidential report by the BKA said some 229 'Ndrangheta families were living in Germany, and were involved in gun-running, money laundering, drug-dealing, and racketeering, as well as legal businesses. Some 900 people were involved in criminal activity, and were also legal owners of hundreds of restaurants, as well as being major players in the property market in the former East. The most represented 'Ndrangheta family originated from the city of San Luca (Italy), with some 200 members in Germany. A war between the two 'Ndrangheta clans Pelle-Romeo (Pelle-Vottari) and Strangio-Nirta from San Luca that had started in 1991 and resulted in several deaths spilled into Germany in 2007; six men were shot to death in front of an Italian restaurant in Duisburg on 15 August 2007. (See San Luca feud.) According to the head of the German federal police service, Joerg Ziercke, \"Half of the criminal groups identified in Germany belong to the 'Ndrangheta. It has been the biggest criminal group since the 1980s. Compared to other groups operating in Germany, the Italians have the strongest organization.\"", "Sebastiano Strangio allegedly lived for 10 years in the Netherlands, where he managed his contacts with Colombian cocaine cartels. He was arrested in Amsterdam on 27 October 2005. The seaports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam are used to import cocaine. The Giorgi, Nirta and Strangio clans from San Luca have a base in the Netherlands and Brussels (Belgium). In March 2012, the head of the Dutch National Crime Squad (Dienst Nationale Recherche, DNR) stated that the DNR will team up with the Tax and Customs Administration and the Fiscal Information and Investigation Service to combat the 'Ndrangheta.", "David Gonzi, a son of former Prime Minister of Malta Lawrence Gonzi, was accused of illegal activities by acting as a trustee shareholder in a gaming company. The company in question was operated by a Calabrian associate of the 'Ndrangheta in Malta. His name appeared several times on an investigation document of over 750 pages that was commissioned by the tribunal of the Reggio Calabria. Gonzi called the document unprofessional. A European arrest warrant was published for Gonzi to appear at the tribunal but this never materialised. Gonzi, however, was completely exonerated from the list of potential suspects in the 'Ndrangheta gaming bust.\nAfter investigation of the presence of the 'Ndrangheta, 21 gaming outlets had their operation license temporarily suspended in Malta due to irregularities in a period of one year.\nIn a Notice of the Conclusion of the Investigation dated 30 June 2016, criminal action was commenced in Italy against 113 persons originally mentioned in the investigation.", "In February 2018, Slovak investigative journalist Ján Kuciak was shot dead at his home together with his fiancée. At the time of his murder, Kuciak was working on a report about Slovak connections with the 'Ndrangheta. He had previously reported on organized tax fraud involving businesspeople close to the ruling Smer-SD party. On 28 February, Aktuality.sk published Kuciak's last, unfinished story. The article details the activities of Italian businessmen with ties to organised crime who have settled in eastern Slovakia, and have spent years embezzling European Union funds intended for the development of this relatively poor region, as well as their connections to high-ranking state officials, such as Viliam Jasaň, a deputy and the Secretary of the State Security Council of Slovakia, or Mária Trošková, a former nude model who became Chief Adviser of Prime Minister Robert Fico. Both Jasaň and Trošková took leave of absence on the same day, stating that they would return to their positions once the investigations were concluded.", "The crime syndicate has a significant presence in Switzerland since the early 1970s but has operated there with little scrutiny due to the inconspicuous life styles of their members, the Swiss legal landscape, and solid foundations in local businesses. In the aftermath of the San Luca feud in 2007 and subsequent arrests in Italy (Operation \"Crimine\"), it became clear that the group had also infiltrated the economically proliferous regions of Switzerland and Southern Germany. In March 2016, Swiss law enforcement in cooperation with Italian state prosecutors arrested a total of 15 individuals, 13 in the city of Frauenfeld, 2 in the canton of Valais, accusing them of active membership to an organized crime syndicate also known as \"Operazione Helvetica\". Since 2015, the Swiss federal police has conducted undercover surveillance and recorded the group's meetings in a restaurant establishment in a small village just outside of Frauenfeld. The meetings were taking place in a relatively remote location using the now defunct entity the \"Wängi Boccia Club\" as its cover. According to the Italian prosecutor Antonio De Bernardo, there are several cells operating within the jurisdiction of the Swiss Federation, estimating the number of operatives per cell to about 40, and a couple of 100 in total. All of the arrested persons are Italian citizens, the two men arrested in the Valais have already been extradited to Italy, and as of August 2016, one individual arrested in Frauenfeld has been approved for extradition to Italy.", "In London, the Aracri and Fazzari clans are thought to be active in money laundering, catering and drug trafficking.", "The earliest evidence of 'Ndrangheta activity in the U.S. points to an intimidation scheme run by the syndicate in Pennsylvania mining towns; this scheme was unearthed in 1906. Current 'Ndrangheta activities in the United States mainly involve drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and money laundering. It is known that the 'Ndrangheta branches in North America have been associating with Italian-American organized crime. The Suraci family from Reggio Calabria has moved some of its operations to the U.S. The family was founded by Giuseppe Suraci who has been in the United States since 1962. His younger cousin, Antonio Rogliano\nruns the family in Calabria. On Tuesday, 11 February 2014, both FBI and Italian Police intercepted the transatlantic network of U.S. and Italian crime families. The raid targeted the Gambino and Bonanno families in the U.S. while in Italy, it targeted the Ursino 'ndrina from Gioiosa Jonica. The defendants were charged with drug trafficking, money laundering and firearms offenses, based, in part, on their participation in a transnational heroin and cocaine trafficking conspiracy involving the 'Ndrangheta. The operation began in 2012 when investigators detected a plan by members of the Ursino clan of the 'Ndrangheta to smuggle large amounts of drugs. An undercover agent was dispatched to Italy and was successful in infiltrating the clan. An undercover agent was also involved in the handover of 1.3 kg of heroin in New York as part of the infiltration operation.\nIn June 2018, a Mafia expert wrote that \"A new alliance between Bonanno associates and the Violi family . . . is significant, as it suggests a growing prominence for Calabrian mafia – the 'Ndrangheta – within the New York families and in Canada\". Criminologist Anna Sergi of the University of Essex added that drug trafficking was the most active pursuit in North America.", "On 24 June 2019, 'Ndrangheta leader Rocco Morabito, dubbed the \"cocaine king of Milan\", escaped from Central Prison in Montevideo alongside three other inmates, escaping \"through a hole in the roof of the building\". Morabito was awaiting extradition to Italy for international drug trafficking, having been arrested at a Montevideo hotel in 2017 after living in Punta del Este under a false name for 13 years.", "Beginning in 2000, music producer Francesco Sbano released three CD compilations of Italian mafia folk songs over a five-year period. Collectively known as La musica della mafia, these compilations consist mainly of songs written by 'Ndrangheta musicians, often sung in Calabrian and dealing with themes such as vengeance (Sangu chiama sangu), betrayal (I cunfirenti), justice within the 'Ndrangheta (Nun c'è pirdunu), and the ordeal of prison life (Canto di carcerato). The 2013 book ZeroZeroZero by Roberto Saviano investigates the activities of the 'Ndrangheta in Italy. Stefano Sollima adapted the book into a 2020 TV series of the same name.", "List of 'ndrine\nList of most wanted fugitives in Italy\nList of members of the 'Ndrangheta\nMuseo della ndrangheta\nToxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta\nCamorra\nSicilian Mafia\nSacra Corona Unita", "The initial /n/ is silent in Calabrian unless immediately preceded by a vowel.", "Ozon, Sorin; Prisacariu, Cătălin. \"Mafia italiană, protejată de mafia statului român\" [The Italian mafia, protected by the Romanian state's mafia]. Newsweek Romania (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2020.\n\"FBI Italian/Mafia\". FBI. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.\n\"Droga, il tramonto della 'Nndrangheta: A comandare ora è la mafia serba\". 24 January 2014.\n\"Italian police smash mafia drug ring\". 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Retrieved 6 March 2020.\nGiuseppe Maria Galanti. \"Giornale di viaggio in Calabria (1792)\" (in Italian). tropeamagazine.it.\n(in Italian) \"Relazione annuale sulla 'Ndrangheta\" Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Italian Antimafia Commission, February 2008.\nBehan, The Camorra, pp. 9–10\nPaoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 36\nGratteri & Nicaso, Fratelli di sangue, pp. 23–28\nTurone, Giuliano (2008). Il delitto di associazione mafiosa. Giuffrè editore. p. 97. ISBN 978-88-14-13917-8. Il vocabolo deriva infatti dal greco antico ανδραγαθία e significa valore, prodezza, carattere del galantuomo. Archived 11 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine\nἀνδραγαθία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project\nἀνήρ. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project\nἀγαθός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project\nlemma ανδραγαθία; Babiniotis, Georgios. Dictionary of Modern Greek. Athens: Lexicology Centre.\nRosen, Ralph M.; Sluiter, Ineke, eds. (2003). Andreia: Studies in manliness and courage in classical antiquity. Brill. p. 55. ISBN 9789004119956.\nἀνδραγαθίζεσθαι. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project\nGratteri & Nicaso, Fratelli di sangue, p. 21\n(in Italian) \"La 'ndrangheta transnazionale: Dalla picciotteria alla santa – Analisi di un fenomeno criminale globalizzato\" Archived 29 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), Giovanni Tizian, March 2009.\nFabio Truzzolillo, \"The 'Ndrangheta: the current state of historical research,\" Modern Italy (August 2011) 16#3, pp. 363–383.\nDickie, Mafia Republic: Italy's Criminal Curse, pp. 137–40 Archived 23 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine\nCatching the Kidnappers Archived 13 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Time, 28 January 1974\nOCCRP. \"What is the 'Ndrangheta?\". OCCRP. 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Retrieved 19 April 2013.\nPaoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 32.\n(in Italian) \"Relazione annuale\" Archived 27 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), Commissione parliamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della criminalità organizzata mafiosa o similare, 30 July 2003.\nVarese, Federico. \"How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the 'Ndrangheta in Northern Italy.\" Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Law & Society Review. June 2006.\n(in Italian) \"La pax della 'ndrangheta soffoca Reggio Calabria\" Archived 11 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine. La Repubblica. 25 April 2007.\nPaoli, Mafia Brotherhoods, p. 29\nNicaso & Danesi, Made Men, p. 23 Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine\nBardonecchia comune chiuso per mafia Archived 4 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine La Stampa 29 aprile 1995\nLa Sorte, Mike (December 2004). \"The 'Ndrangheta Looms Large\". americanmafia.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.\nPaoli. 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Retrieved 21 May 2017." ]	[ "'Ndrangheta", "History", "Origin and etymology", "Modern history", "Characteristics", "Structure", "Organizational structure", "Power structure", "Activities", "Outside Italy", "Albania", "Argentina", "Australia", "Belgium", "Brazil", "Canada", "Colombia", "Germany", "Netherlands", "Malta", "Slovakia", "Switzerland", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Uruguay", "In popular culture", "See also", "Notes", "References" ]	'Ndrangheta	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta	[ 182 ]	[ 1720, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1735, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1754, 1755, 1756, 1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, 1780, 1781, 1782, 1783, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 ]	'Ndrangheta The 'Ndrangheta (/(ən)dræŋˈɡɛtə/, Italian: [nˈdraŋɡeta], Calabrian: [(ɳ)ˈɖɽaɲɟɪta]) is a prominent Italian Mafia-type organized crime syndicate and criminal society based in the peninsular and mountainous region of Calabria and dating back to the late 18th century. It is considered one of the most powerful organized crime groups in the world. Since the 1950s, following wide-scale emigration from Calabria, the organization has established itself worldwide. The 'Ndrangheta is the only one of the Italian mafia-type organizations to have maintained its ancient rites, passing them down orally and through secret codes. It is characterized by a horizontal structure made up of autonomous clans known as 'ndrine, based almost exclusively on blood ties. Its main activity is drug trafficking, on which it has a monopoly in Europe, but it also deals with arms trafficking, money laundering, racketeering, extortion, loan sharking, and prostitution. The 'Ndrangheta has enjoyed, for decades, a privileged relationship with the main South American cartels, which consider it the most reliable European partner. It is capable of heavily influencing local and national politics and infiltrating large sectors of the legal economy. In 2013 they purportedly made € 53 billion according to a study from Demoskopika Research Institute. A US diplomat estimated that the organization's narcotics trafficking, extortion and money laundering activities accounted for at least three per cent of Italy's GDP in 2010. The 'Ndrangheta was already known during the reign of the Bourbons of Naples. In the spring of 1792, there was the first official report in history on the 'Ndrangheta, and a mission as "Royal Visitor" was entrusted to Giuseppe Maria Galanti; these travelled far and wide throughout most of Calabria, often also making use of reports (answers written on the basis of a sort of questionnaire to fixed questions, prepared by himself) of local notables deemed reliable and trusted. This resulted in a bleak picture, as well as on the economic situation in the region, especially on that of public order. This work has been analyzed by various contemporary historians. Luca Addante writes in the introduction to the re-edition of Galanti's report ("Giornale di viaggio in Calabria", Rubbettino Editore, 2008): "the murders, thefts, the kidnappings were infinite; the ignorance of the clergy was scandalous; the village notables, obsessed with the idea of enriching themselves and then ennobling themselves, rapacious monopolizers of local administrations, who grew up in the shadow of a decadent nobility whose remains were being prepared." Galanti, in particular, reports in the Giornale the descriptions of disturbing crime phenomena, noting how the inefficient administration of justice, the corruption and the monopoly of the barons, was starting to produce cases, as in Maida, of "a small bunch of young, freeloaded young men who commit violence with the use of firearms. Justice is idle because without force and without a system malicious people become policemen (a sort of urban guard)." In the District of Gerace, "the raids of the criminals in the countryside are general. Almost all the militiamen are the most troublemakers in the province because the criminals and the debtors adopt this profession and are guaranteed by commanders in contempt of the laws. With this, the crimes, which grow every day". In 1861, the prefect of Reggio Calabria already noticed the presence of so-called camorristi, a term used at the time since there was no formal name for the phenomenon in Calabria (the Camorra was the older and better known criminal organization in Naples). Since the 1880s, there is ample evidence of 'Ndrangheta-type groups in police reports and sentences by local courts. At the time they were often being referred to as the picciotteria, onorata società (honoured society) or camorra and mafia. These secret societies in the areas of Calabria rich in olives and vines were distinct from the often anarchic forms of banditry and were organized hierarchically with a code of conduct that included omertà – the code of silence – according to a sentence from the court in Reggio Calabria in 1890. An 1897 sentence from the court in Palmi mentioned a written code of rules found in the village of Seminara based on honour, secrecy, violence, solidarity (often based on blood relationships) and mutual assistance. In the folk culture surrounding 'Ndrangheta in Calabria, references to the Spanish Garduña often appear. Aside from these references, however, there is nothing to substantiate a link between the two organizations. The Calabrian word 'Ndrangheta derives from Greek ἀνδραγαθία andragathía for "heroism" and manly "virtue" or ἀνδράγαθος andrágathos, compound words of ἀνήρ, anḗr (gen. ἀνδρóς, andrós), i.e. man, and ἀγαθός, agathós, i.e. good, brave, meaning a courageous man. In many areas of Calabria the verb 'ndranghitiari, from the Greek verb andragathízesthai, means "to engage in a defiant and valiant attitude". The word 'Ndrangheta was brought to a wider audience by the Calabrian writer Corrado Alvaro in the Corriere della Sera in September 1955. Until 1975, the 'Ndrangheta restricted their Italian operations to Calabria, mainly involved in extortion and blackmail. Their involvement in cigarette contraband expanded their scope and contacts with the Sicilian Mafia and the Neapolitan Camorra. With the arrival of large public works in Calabria, skimming of public contracts became an important source of income. Disagreements over how to distribute the spoils led to the First 'Ndrangheta war killing 233 people. The prevailing factions began to kidnap rich people located in northern Italy for ransom. A high-profile case was the 1973 kidnapping of John Paul Getty III, who had his severed ear mailed to a newspaper in November, and later released in December following the negotiated payment of $2.2 million by Getty's grandfather, J. Paul Getty. There were reportedly more than 200 abductions between the 1970s and mid-1990s acredited to the 'Ndrangheta. The Second 'Ndrangheta war raged from 1985 to 1991. The bloody six-year war between the Condello-Imerti-Serraino-Rosmini clans and the De Stefano-Tegano-Libri-Latella clans led to more than 600 deaths. The Sicilian Mafia contributed to the end of the conflict and probably suggested the subsequent set up of a superordinate body, called La Provincia, to avoid further infighting. In 1996, the Solntsevskaya Bratva of the Russian Mafia, who are very close to Vietnamese narcotics traffickers in Moscow and the Cali Cartel, supported the 'Ndrangheta. The mayor of Moscow in the late 1990s Yuri Luzhkov gave support to these groups as well. The Solntsevskaya mafia have close links to the FSB and control the territory around the FSB Academy in Moscow. The Tambovskaya Bratva, who are very closely associated with the political rise of Vladimir Putin, support the Solntsevsksya mafia. In the 1990s, the organization started to invest in the illegal international drug trade, mainly importing cocaine from Colombia. Deputy President of the regional parliament of Calabria Francesco Fortugno was killed by the 'Ndrangheta on 16 October 2005 in Locri. Demonstrations against the organization then ensued, with young protesters carrying banderoles reading "Ammazzateci tutti!", Italian for "Kill us all". The national government started a large-scale enforcement operation in Calabria and arrested numerous 'ndranghetisti including the murderers of Fortugno. The 'Ndrangheta has expanded its activities to Northern Italy, mainly to sell drugs and to invest in legal businesses which could be used for money laundering. In May 2007 twenty members of 'Ndrangheta were arrested in Milan. On 30 August 2007, hundreds of police raided the town of San Luca, the focal point of the bitter San Luca feud between rival clans among the 'Ndrangheta. Over 30 men and women, linked to the killing of six Italian men in Germany, were arrested. Since 30 March 2010, the 'Ndrangheta has been considered an organisation of mafia-type association according to 416 bis under the Italian penal code. In March 2011, the Ndrangheta expanded into northern Italy due to their "unlimited financial resources" according to the Italian Anti-Mafia Commission. On 4 June 2012, numerous arrests in Spain, Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, and Finland were made following the Milan District Anti-Mafia Prosecutor's Office investigation into several Switzerland bank accounts and a fleet of ships that supported cocaine shipped to Europe from Venezuela, Argentina, and the Dominican Republic. On 9 October 2012, following a months-long investigation by the central government, the City Council of Reggio Calabria headed by Mayor Demetrio Arena was dissolved for alleged ties to the group. Arena and all the 30 city councilors were sacked to prevent any "mafia contagion" in the local government. This was the first time a government of a capital of a provincial government was dismissed. Three central government-appointed administrators will govern the city for 18 months until new elections. The move came after unnamed councilors were suspected of having ties to the 'Ndrangheta under the 10-year centre-right rule of Mayor Giuseppe Scopelliti. 'Ndrangheta infiltration of political offices is not limited to Calabria. On 10 October 2012, the commissioner of Milan's regional government in charge of public housing, Domenico Zambetti of People of Freedom (PDL), was arrested on accusations he paid the 'Ndrangheta in exchange for an election victory and to extort favours and contracts from the housing official, including construction tenders for the World Expo 2015 in Milan. The probe of alleged vote-buying underscores the infiltration of the 'Ndrangheta in the political machine of Italy's affluent northern Lombardy region. Zambetti's arrest marked the biggest case of 'Ndrangheta infiltration so far uncovered in northern Italy and prompted calls for Lombardy governor Roberto Formigoni to resign. In 2014, in the American FBI and Italian police joint operation New Bridge, members of both the American Gambino and Bonanno families were arrested, as well as ten members of the Ursino clan. Raffaele Valente was among the arrested. In Italian wiretaps, he revealed that he had set up a faction of the Ursino 'Ndrangheta in New York City. Valente was convicted for attempting to sell a sawn-off shotgun and a silencer to an undercover FBI agent for $5000 at a bakery in Brooklyn. He was sentenced to three years and one month in prison. Gambino associate Franco Lupoi and his father-in-law, Nicola Antonio Simonetta, were described as the linchpins of the operation. International organizations like INTERPOL have also engaged in operations against the 'Ndrangheta, specifically in their launch of INTERPOL's Cooperation Against 'Ndrangheta (ICAN). In June 2014, Pope Francis denounced the 'Ndrangheta for their "adoration of evil and contempt of the common good" and vowed that the Church would help tackle organized crime, saying that Mafiosi were excommunicated. A spokesperson for the Vatican clarified that the pope's words did not constitute a formal excommunication under canon law, as a period of legal process is required beforehand. On 12 December 2017, 48 members of 'Ndrangheta were arrested for mafia association, extortion, criminal damage, fraudulent transferral of assets and illegal possession of firearms. Out of the 48 arrested, four were forced to house arrest and 44 were ordered to jail detention. Two-time mayor of Taurianova, Calabria and his former cabinet member were among the indicted. It was alleged by investigators that the Calabrian clans had infiltrated construction of public works, control of real estate brokerage, food fields, greenhouse production and renewable energy. According to some reports, the 'Ndrangheta works in conjunction with Mexican drug cartels in the drug trade, such as with the mercenary army known as Los Zetas. On 9 January 2018, law enforcement in Italy and Germany arrested 169 people in connection with the 'Ndrangheta mafia, specifically the Farao and Marincola clans based in Calabria. Assets worth € 50 million (£44/$59m) were seized. The indictment mentions that owners of German restaurants, ice cream parlours, hotels and pizzerias were forced to buy wine, pizza dough, pastries and other products made in southern Italy. The Farao clan was being led by life-imprisoned Giuseppe Farao, before the arrests, and was passing orders onto his sons. They controlled bakeries, vineyards, olive groves, funeral homes, launderettes, plastic recycling plants and shipyards. The waste disposal of the Ilva steel company based in Taranto was also infiltrated. Some of the charges were mafia association, attempted murder, money laundering, extortion and illegal weapons possession and trafficking. Italian prosecutor, Nicola Gratteri, said that the arrests were the most important step taken against the 'Ndrangehta within the past 20 years. Eleven suspects were detained and accused of blackmailing and money laundering. They were deported back to Italy. Alessandro Figliomeni, former Mayor of Siderno, Calabria, was sentenced to 12 years in prison on 7 May 2018. He is alleged to be a member of the Commisso 'ndrina clan and served in the top hierarchy. In December 2019, more than 300 people were arrested in Calabria on suspicion of belonging to the 'Ndrangheta in an operation involving 2,500 police. Among those arrested was Giancarlo Pittelli, a prominent lawyer and former member of Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia party. The arrests were said by Nicola Gratteri, the chief prosecutor in Catanzaro, to be the second largest in number in the history of Italian organised crime, after those that led to the so-called "Maxi Trial" of Sicilian Mafia bosses in Palermo between 1986 and 1992. The trial against the more than 300 'Ndrangheta members began on 13 January 2021. Italian anti-organized crime agencies estimated in 2007 that the 'Ndrangheta has an annual revenue of about € 35–40 billion (US$50–60 billion), which amounts to approximately 3.5% of the GDP of Italy. This comes mostly from illegal drug trafficking, but also from ostensibly legal businesses such as construction, restaurants and supermarkets. The 'Ndrangheta has a strong grip on the economy and governance in Calabria. According to a US Embassy cable leaked by WikiLeaks, the 'Ndrangheta controls huge segments of its territory and economy, and accounts for at least three percent of Italy's GDP through drug trafficking, extortion, skimming of public contracts, and usury. The principal difference with the Mafia is in recruitment methods. The 'Ndrangheta recruits members on the criterion of blood relationships resulting in an extraordinary cohesion within the family clan that presents a major obstacle to investigation. Sons of 'ndranghetisti are expected to follow in their fathers' footsteps, and go through a grooming process in their youth to become giovani d'onore (boys of honour) before they eventually enter the ranks as uomini d'onore (men of honour). There are relatively few Calabrian mafiosi who have opted out to become a pentito; at the end of 2002, there were 157 Calabrian witnesses in the state witness protection program. Unlike the Sicilian Mafia in the early 1990s, they have meticulously avoided a head-on confrontation with the Italian state. Prosecution in Calabria is hindered by the fact that Italian judges and prosecutors who score highly in exams get to choose their posting; those who are forced to work in Calabria will usually request to be transferred right away. With weak government presence and corrupt officials, few civilians are willing to speak out against the organization. Both the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the 'Ndrangheta are loose confederations of about one hundred organised groups, also called "cosche" or families, each of which claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village, though without ever fully conquering and legitimizing its monopoly of violence. There are approximately 100 of these families, totaling between 4,000 and 5,000 members in Reggio Calabria. Other estimates mention 6,000–7,000 men; worldwide there might be some 10,000 members. Most of the groups (86) operate in the Province of Reggio Calabria, although a portion of the recorded 70 criminal groups based in the Calabrian provinces Catanzaro and Cosenza also appears to be formally affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta. The families are concentrated in poor villages in Calabria such as Platì, Locri, San Luca, Africo and Altomonte as well as the main city and provincial capital Reggio Calabria. San Luca is considered to be the stronghold of the 'Ndrangheta. According to a former 'ndranghetista, "almost all the male inhabitants belong to the 'Ndrangheta, and the Sanctuary of Polsi has long been the meeting place of the affiliates." Bosses from outside Calabria, from as far as Canada and Australia, regularly attend the meetings at the Sanctuary of Polsi, an indication that the 'ndrine around the world perceive themselves as being part of the same collective entity. The basic local organizational unit of the 'Ndrangheta is called a locale (local or place) with jurisdiction over an entire town or an area in a large urban center. A locale may have branches, called 'ndrina (plural: 'ndrine), in the districts of the same city, in neighbouring towns and villages, or even outside Calabria, in cities and towns in the industrial North of Italy in and around Turin and Milan: for example, Bardonecchia, an alpine town in the province of Turin in Piedmont, has been, the first municipality in northern Italy dissolved for alleged mafia infiltration, with the arrest of the historical 'Ndrangheta boss of the city, Rocco Lo Presti. The small towns of Corsico and Buccinasco in Lombardy are considered to be strongholds of the 'Ndrangheta. Sometimes sotto 'ndrine are established. These subunits enjoy a high degree of autonomy – they have a leader and independent staff. In some contexts the 'ndrine have become more powerful than the locale on which they formally depend. Other observers maintain that the 'ndrina is the basic organizational unit. Each 'ndrina is "autonomous on its territory and no formal authority stands above the " 'ndrina boss", according to the Antimafia Commission. The 'ndrina is usually in control of a small town or a neighborhood. If more than one 'ndrina operates in the same town, they form a locale. Blood family and membership of the crime family overlap to a great extent within the 'Ndrangheta. By and large, the 'ndrine consist of men belonging to the same family lineage. Salvatore Boemi, anti-mafia prosecutor in Reggio Calabria, told the Italian Antimafia Commission that "one becomes a member for the simple fact of being born in a mafia family," although other reasons might attract a young man to seek membership, and non-kin have also been admitted. Marriages help cement relations within each 'ndrina and to expand membership. As a result, a few blood families constitute each group, hence "a high number of people with the same last name often end up being prosecuted for membership of a given 'ndrina." Indeed, since there is no limit to the membership of a single unit, bosses try to maximize descendants. At the bottom of the chain of command are the picciotti d'onore or soldiers, who are expected to perform tasks with blind obedience until they are promoted to the next level of cammorista, where they will be granted command over their own group of soldiers. The next level, separated by the 'ndrina but part of 'Ndrangheta, is known as santista and higher still is the vangelista, upon which the up-and-coming gangster has to swear their dedication to a life of crime on the Bible. The Quintino, also called Padrino, is the second-highest level of command in a 'Ndrangheta clan (name Ndrina), being made up of five privileged members of the crime family who report directly to the boss, the capobastone (head of command). For many years, the power apparatus of the single families were the sole ruling bodies within the two associations, and they have remained the real centres of power even after superordinate bodies were created in the Cosa Nostra beginning in the 1950s (the Sicilian Mafia Commission) and in the 'Ndrangheta a superordinate body was created only in 1991 as the result of negotiations to end years of inter-family violence. Unlike the Sicilian Mafia, the 'Ndrangheta managed to maintain a horizontal organizational structure up to the early 1990s, avoiding the establishment of a formal superordinate body. Information of several witnesses has undermined the myth of absolute autonomy of Calabrian crime families, however. At least since the end of the 19th century, stable mechanisms for coordination and dispute settlement were created. Contacts and meetings among the bosses of the locali were frequent. A new investigation, known as Operation Crimine, which ended in July 2010 with an arrest of 305 'Ndrangheta members revealed that the 'Ndrangheta was extremely "hierarchical, united and pyramidal," and not just clan-based as previously believed, as said by Italy's chief anti-mafia prosecutor Pietro Grasso. At least since the 1950s, the chiefs of the 'Ndrangheta locali have met regularly near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in the municipality of San Luca during the September Feast. These annual meetings, known as the crimine, have traditionally served as a forum to discuss future strategies and settle disputes among the locali. The assembly exercises weak supervisory powers over the activities of all 'Ndrangheta groups. Strong emphasis was placed on the temporary character of the position of the crimine boss. A new representative was elected at each meeting. Far from being the "boss of bosses," the capo crimine actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of interfamily violence. At these meetings, every boss "must give account of all the activities carried out during the year and of all the most important facts taking place in his territory such as kidnappings, homicides, etc." The historical preeminence of the San Luca family is such that every new group or locale must obtain its authorization to operate and every group belonging to the 'Ndrangheta "still has to deposit a small percentage of illicit proceeds to the principale of San Luca in recognition of the latter's primordial supremacy." Security concerns have led to the creation in the 'Ndrangheta of a secret society within the secret society: La Santa. Membership in the Santa is known only to other members. Contrary to the code, it allowed bosses to establish close connections with state representatives, even to the extent that some were affiliated with the Santa. These connections were often established through the Freemasonry, which the santisti – breaking another rule of the traditional code – were allowed to join. Since the end of the Second 'Ndrangheta war in 1991, the 'Ndrangheta is ruled by a collegial body or Commission, known as La Provincia. Its primary function is the settlement of inter-family disputes. The body, also referred to as the Commission in reference to its Sicilian counterpart, is composed of three lower bodies, known as mandamenti. One for the clans on the Ionic side (the Aspromonte mountains and Locride) of Calabria, a second for the Tyrrhenian side (the plains of Gioia Tauro) and one central mandamento for the city of Reggio Calabria. An article published in July 2019 in Canada, summarized the traditional structure. "For decades, the ’Ndrangheta families of Siderno operating in Canada — about seven of them — have been governed by a board of directors, called the “camera di controllo,” or chamber of control. The local board, as in other countries around the world and other regions of Italy where clans have spread, have all been subservient to the mother clans of Calabria, under a body known as 'il Crimine di Siderno'". By mid-2019, however, Police in both countries were convinced that "the ’Ndrangheta's Canadian presence has become so powerful and influential that the board north of Toronto has the authority to make decisions, not only in relation to Canada's underworld, but also abroad, even back in Siderno". According to Italian DIA (Direzione Investigativa Antimafia, Department of the Police of Italy against organized crime) and Guardia di Finanza (Italian Financial Police and Customs Police) the "'Ndrangheta is now one of the most powerful criminal organizations in the world." Economic activities of 'Ndrangheta include international cocaine and weapons smuggling, with Italian investigators estimating that 80% of Europe's cocaine passes through the Calabrian port of Gioia Tauro and is controlled by the 'Ndrangheta. However, according to a report of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Europol, the Iberian Peninsula is considered the main entry point for cocaine into Europe and a gateway to the European market. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that in 2007 nearly ten times as much cocaine was intercepted in Spain (almost 38 MT) in comparison with Italy (almost 4 MT). 'Ndrangheta groups and Sicilian Cosa Nostra groups sometimes act as joint ventures in cocaine trafficking enterprises. Further activities include skimming money off large public work construction projects, money laundering and traditional crimes such as usury and extortion. 'Ndrangheta invests illegal profits in legal real estate and financial activities. In early February 2017, the Carabinieri arrested 33 suspects in the Calabrian mafia's Piromalli 'ndrina ('Ndrangheta) which was allegedly exporting fake extra virgin olive oil to the U.S.; the product was actually inexpensive olive pomace oil fraudulently labeled. In early 2016, the American television program 60 Minutes had warned that "the olive oil business has been corrupted by the Mafia" and that "Agromafia" was $16-billion per year enterprise. The business volume of the 'Ndrangheta is estimated at almost € 44 billion in 2007, approximately 2.9% of Italy's GDP, according to a private research institute, Eurispes (Institute of Political, Economic and Social Studies) in Italy. Drug trafficking is the most profitable activity with 62% of the total turnover. The 'Ndrangheta has established branches abroad, mainly through migration. The overlap of blood and mafia family seems to have helped the 'Ndrangheta expand beyond its traditional territory: "The familial bond has not only worked as a shield to protect secrets and enhance security, but also helped to maintain identity in the territory of origin and reproduce it in territories where the family has migrated." 'Ndrine are reported to be operating in northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, the rest of Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. One group of 'ndranghetisti discovered outside Italy was in Ontario, Canada, several decades ago. They were dubbed the Siderno Group by Canadian judges as most of its members hailed from and around Siderno. Magistrates in Calabria warned a few years ago about the international scale of the 'Ndrangheta's operations. It is now believed to have surpassed the traditional axis between the Sicilian and American Cosa Nostra, to become the major importer of cocaine to Europe. Outside Italy 'Ndrangheta operates in several countries, such as: According to the German Federal Intelligence Service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), in a leaked report to a Berlin newspaper, states that the 'Ndrangheta "act in close co-operation with Albanian mafia families in moving weapons and narcotics across Europe's porous borders". In November 2006, a cocaine trafficking network that operated in Argentina, Spain and Italy was dismantled. The Argentinian police said the 'Ndrangheta had roots in the country and shipped cocaine through Spain to Milan and Turin. Known by the name "The Honoured Society," the 'Ndrangheta controlled Italian-Australian organized crime all along the east coast of Australia since the early 20th century. 'Ndrangheta operating in Australia include the Sergi, Barbaro and Papalia clans. Similarly in Victoria the major families are named as Italiano, Arena, Muratore, Benvenuto, and Condello. In the 1960s warfare among 'Ndrangheta clans broke out over the control of the Victoria Market in Melbourne, where an estimated $45 million worth of fruits and vegetables passed through each year. After the death of Domenico Italiano, known as Il Papa, different clans tried to gain control over the produce market. At the time it was unclear that most involved were affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta. The 'Ndrangheta began in Australia in Queensland, where they continued their form of rural organised crime, especially in the fruit and vegetable industry. After the 1998–2006 Melbourne gangland killings which included the murder of 'Ndrangheta Godfather Frank Benvenuto. In 2008, the 'Ndrangheta were tied to the importation of 15 million ecstasy pills to Melbourne, at the time the world's largest ecstasy haul. The pills were hidden in a container-load of tomato cans from Calabria. Australian 'Ndrangheta boss Pasquale Barbaro was arrested. Pasquale Barbaro's father Francesco Barbaro was a boss throughout the 1970s and early 1980s until his retirement. Several of the Barbaro clan, including among others, Francesco, were suspected in orchestrating the murder of Australian businessman Donald Mackay in July 1977 for his anti-drugs campaign. Italian authorities believe that former Western Australian mayor of the city of Stirling, Tony Vallelonga, is an associate of Giuseppe Commisso, boss of the Siderno clan of the Ndrangheta. In 2009, Italian police overheard the two discussing Ndrangheta activities. Since migrating from Italy to Australia in 1963, Vallelonga has "established a long career in grass-roots politics." The 'Ndrangheta are also tied to large cocaine imports. Up to 500 kilograms of cocaine was documented relating to the mafia and Australian associates smuggled in slabs of marble, plastic tubes and canned tuna, coming from South America to Melbourne via Italy between 2002 and 2004. A report in 2016 by Vice Media indicated that the activities continued to be profitable: "Between 2004 and 2014, the gang's members amassed more than $10 million [$7.6 million USD] in real estate and race horses in Victoria alone pouring money into wholesalers, cafes, and restaurants". A June 2015 report by BBC News discussed an investigation by Fairfax Media and Four Corners which alleged that "the 'Ndrangheta, runs a drugs and extortion business worth billions of euros" in Australia and that "politicians have been infiltrated by the Calabrian mafia". In February 2020, two individuals, said to be "multimillionaire fruit and vegetable kings" were alleged to be 'Ndrangheta "capos", having a relationship with the "secretive criminal organisation". The Sydney Morning Herald report specified that the two "are not accused of any crime in either Italy or Australia". The alleged information was obtained during investigations of other individuals during Operation Eyphemos in Calabria, which "led to the arrest ... of 65 men for alleged mafia activities including extortion and political corruption in Calabria". 'Ndrangheta clans purchased almost "an entire neighbourhood" in Brussels with laundered money originating from drug trafficking. On 5 March 2004, 47 people were arrested, accused of drug trafficking and money laundering to purchase real estate in Brussels for some 28 million euros. The activities extended to the Netherlands where large quantities of heroin and cocaine had been purchased by the Pesce-Bellocco clan from Rosarno and the Strangio clan from San Luca. Forces of the Brazilian Polícia Federal have linked illegal drug trading activities in Brazil to 'Ndragheta in operation Monte Pollino, which disassembled cocaine exportation schemes to Europe. Several important 'Ndrangheta bosses were arrested in Brazil, such as Domenico Pelle, Nicola Assisi and Rocco Morabito. Assisi and Morabito (according to investigations by the Brazilian Federal Police) resided in Brazil, where they pretended to be legitimate businessmen and lived in luxury properties, while negotiating with important members of the Primeiro Comando da Capital (considered the largest criminal syndicate in Brazil and one of the most powerful and violent drug cartels in the world) agreements to ship and exporting large shipments of cocaine to Europe. According to a May 2018 news report, "Siderno's Old World 'Ndrangheta boss sent acolytes to populate the New World" including Michele (Mike) Racco who settled in Toronto in 1952, followed by other mob families. By 2010, investigators in Italy said that Toronto's 'Ndrangheta had climbed "to the top of the criminal world" with "an unbreakable umbilical cord" to Calabria. In the 2018 book, The Good Mothers: The True Story of the Women Who Took on the World's Most Powerful Mafia, Alex Perry reports that the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta has, for the past decade, been replacing the Sicilian Cosa Nostra as the primary drug traffickers in North America. During a 2018 trial in Toronto, ex-mobster Carmine Guido told the court that the 'Ndrangheta is a collection of family-based clans, each with its own boss, working within a uniform structure and under board of control. The Canadian 'Ndrangheta is believed to be involved in various activities including the smuggling of unlicensed tobacco products through ties with criminal elements in cross-border Native American tribes. According to Alberto Cisterna of the Italian National Anti-Mafia Directorate, the 'Ndrangheta has a heavy presence in Canada. "There is a massive number of their people in North America, especially in Toronto. And for two reasons. The first is linked to the banking system. Canada's banking system is very secretive; it does not allow investigation. So Canada is the ideal place to launder money. The second reason is to smuggle drugs." The 'Ndrangheta have found Canada a useful North American entry point. The organization used extortion, loan sharking, theft, electoral crimes, mortgage and bank fraud, crimes of violence and cocaine trafficking. A Canadian branch labelled the Siderno Group – because its members primarily came from the Ionian coastal town of Siderno in Calabria – is the one discussed earlier. It has been active in Canada since the 1950s, originally formed by Michele (Mike) Racco who was the head of the Group until his death in 1980. Siderno is also home to one of the 'Ndrangheta's biggest and most important clans, heavily involved in the global cocaine business and money laundering. Antonio Commisso, the alleged leader of the Siderno group, is reported to lead efforts to import "... illicit arms, explosives and drugs ..." Elements of 'Ndrangheta have been reported to have been present in Hamilton, Ontario as early as 1911. Historical crime families in the Hamilton area include the Musitanos, Luppinos and Papalias. According to an agreed Statement of Fact filed with the court, "the Locali [local cells] outside of Calabria replicate the structure from Calabria, and are connected to their mother-Locali in Calabria. The authority to start Locali outside Calabria comes from the governing bodies of the organization in Calabria. The Locali outside of Calabria are part of the same 'Ndrangheta organization as in Calabria, and maintain close relationships with the Locali where its members come from." The group's activities in the Greater Toronto Area were controlled by a group known as the 'Camera di Controllo' which "makes all of the final decisions", according to the witness' testimony. It consists of six or seven Toronto-area men, who co-ordinate activities and resolves disputes among Calabrian gangsters in Southern Ontario. In 1962, Racco established a crimini or Camera di Controllo in Canada with the help of Giacomo Luppino and Rocco Zito. One of the members was Giuseppe Coluccio, before he was arrested and extradited to Italy. Other members are Vincenzo DeMaria, Carmine Verduci before his death, and Cosimo Stalteri before his death. In August 2015, the IRB issued a deportation order for Carmelo Bruzzese. Bruzzese appealed the decision to Canada's Federal Court, but it was rejected, and on 2 October 2015, Bruzzese was escorted onto a plane in Toronto, landing in Rome, where he was arrested by Italian police. Major Giuseppe De Felice, a commander with the Carabinieri, told the IRB that Bruzzese "assumed the most important roles and decisions. He gave the orders." After living in Richmond Hill, Ontario for five years until 2010, Antonio Coluccio was one of 29 people named in arrest warrants in Italy in September 2014. Police said they were part of the Commisso 'ndrina ('Ndrangheta) crime family in Siderno. In July 2018, Coluccio was sentenced to 30 years in prison for corruption. His two brothers, including Salvatore and Giuseppe Coluccio, were already in prison due to Mafia-related convictions. In June 2018, Cosimo Ernesto Commisso, of Woodbridge, Ontario and an unrelated woman were shot and killed. According to sources contacted by the Toronto Star, "Commisso was related to Cosimo "The Quail" Commisso of Siderno, Italy, who has had relations in Ontario, is considered by police to be a "'Ndrangheta organized crime boss". The National Post reported that Cosimo Ernesto Commisso, while not a known criminal, "shares a name and family ties with a man who has for decades been reputed to be a Mafia leader in the Toronto area". The cousin of "The Quail", Antonio Commisso, was on the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy until his capture on 28 June 2005, in Woodbridge. In June 2015, RCMP led police raids across the Greater Toronto Area, named Project OPhoenix, which resulted in the arrest of 19 men, allegedly affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta. In March 2018, during the resultant criminal trial north of Toronto, the court heard from a Carabinieri lieutenant-colonel that 'Ndrangheta is active in Germany, Australia and the Greater Toronto Area. "People in Italy have to be responsible for their representatives here but the final word comes from Italy". A member of the Greater Toronto Area's 'Ndrangheta cell, Carmine Guido, who had been a police informant, testified at length in 2018 about the structure and activities of the organization which had been under the control of Italian-born Bradford, Ontario resident, Giuseppe (Pino) Ursino and Romanian-born Cosmin (Chris) Dracea of Toronto. The latter two faced two counts of cocaine trafficking for the benefit of a criminal organization and one charge of conspiracy to commit an indictable offence. Guido was paid $2.4 million by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police between 2013 and 2015 to secretly tape dozens of conversations with suspected 'Ndrangheta members. In February 2019, Ursino was sentenced to 11 and a half years in prison on drug trafficking charges, with Dracea sentenced to nine years in prison on cocaine trafficking conspiracy. Neither had a previous criminal record. At the sentencing, the presiding judge made this comment: "Based on the evidence at trial, Giuseppe Ursino is a high-ranking member of the 'Ndrangheta who orchestrated criminal conduct and then stepped back to lessen his potential implication" ... Cosmin Dracea knew he was dealing with members of a criminal organization when he conspired to import cocaine". During the Ursino/Dracea trial, an Italian police expert testified that the 'Ndrangheta operated in the Greater Toronto Area and in Thunder Bay particularly in drug trafficking, extortion, loan sharking, theft of public funds, robbery, fraud, electoral crimes and crimes of violence. After the trial, Tom Andreopoulos, deputy chief federal prosecutor, said that this was the first time in Canada that the 'Ndrangheta was targeted as an organized crime group since 1997, when the Criminal Code was amended to include the offence of criminal organization. He offered this comment about the organization: "We're talking about structured organized crime. We're talking about a political entity, almost; a culture of crime that colonizes across the sea from Italy to Canada. This is one of the most sophisticated criminal organizations in the world." In June 2018, a Mafia expert wrote that "A new alliance between Bonanno associates and the Violi family . . . is significant, as it suggests a growing prominence for Calabrian mafia – the 'Ndrangheta – within the New York families and in Canada". Criminologist Anna Sergi of the University of Essex added that drug trafficking was the most active pursuit in North America. On 18 July 2019, the York Regional Police announced the largest organized crime bust in Ontario, part of an 18-month long operation called Project Sindicato that was also coordinated with the Italian State Police. York Regional Police had arrested 15 people in Canada, 12 people in Calabria, and seized $35 million worth of homes, sports cars and cash in a major trans-Atlantic probe targeting the most prominent wing of the 'Ndrangheta in Canada headed by Angelo Figliomeni. On 14 and 15 July, approximately 500 officers raided 48 homes and businesses across the GTA, seizing 27 homes worth $24 million, 23 cars, including five Ferraris, and $2 million in cash and jewelry. Nine of the 15 arrests in Canada included major crime figures: Angelo Figliomeni, Vito Sili, Nick Martino, Emilio Zannuti, Erica Quintal, Salvatore Oliveti, Giuseppe Ciurleo, Rafael Lepore and Francesco Vitucci. The charges laid included tax evasion, money laundering, defrauding the government and participating in a criminal organization. During a press conference in Vaughan, Ontario, Fausto Lamparelli of the Italian State Police, offered this comment about the relationship between the 'Ndrangheta in Ontario and Calabria: "This investigation allowed us to learn something new. The 'Ndrangheta crime families in Canada are able to operate autonomously, without asking permission or seeking direction from Italy. Traditionally, 'Ndrangheta clans around the world are all subservient to the mother ship in Calabria. It suggests the power and influence the Canadian-based clans have built." On 9 August 2019, as part of the same joint investigation, several former Greater Toronto Area residents were arrested in Calabria, including Giuseppe DeMaria, Francesco Commisso, Rocco Remo Commisso, Antonio Figliomeni and Cosimo Figiomeni. Vincenzo Muià had visited Toronto on 31 March 2019 to meet with Angelo and Cosimo Figliomeni, seeking answers to who had ambushed and killed his brother, Carmelo Muià, in Siderno on 18 January 2018; Muià's smartphone was unwittingly and secretly transmitting his closed-door conversations to authorities in Italy. In 2020, the charges laid against three individuals as a result of Project Sindicato were "stayed" (the prosecution discontinued), unless the prosecutors could find new evidence and proceeded with the charges again within one year. In January 2021, the charges against the remaining six were also stayed, including that of Angelo Figliomeni, "the head of the 'Ndrangheta in Toronto" according to York Regional Police. The charges were stayed after an investigation "into the use of the privileged conversations" that found "improper use of wiretapping" and "significant breaches of solicitor-client privilege". All property seized by police must now be returned — with the exception of illegal possessions. The 'Ndrangheta clans were closely associated with the AUC paramilitary groups led Salvatore Mancuso, a son of Italian immigrants; he surrendered to Álvaro Uribe's government to avoid extradition to the U.S. According to Giuseppe Lumia of the Italian Parliamentary Antimafia Commission, 'Ndrangheta clans are actively involved in the production of cocaine. According to a study by the German foreign intelligence service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), 'Ndrangheta groups are using Germany to invest cash from drugs and weapons smuggling. Profits are invested in hotels, restaurants and houses, especially along the Baltic coast and in the eastern German states of Thuringia and Saxony. Investigators believe that the mafia's bases in Germany are used primarily for clandestine financial transactions. In 1999, the state Office of Criminal Investigation in Stuttgart investigated an Italian from San Luca who had allegedly laundered millions through a local bank, the Sparkasse Ulm. The man claimed that he managed a profitable car dealership, and authorities were unable to prove that the business was not the source of his money. The Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) concluded in 2000 that "the activities of this 'Ndrangheta clan represent a multi-regional criminal phenomenon." In 2009, a confidential report by the BKA said some 229 'Ndrangheta families were living in Germany, and were involved in gun-running, money laundering, drug-dealing, and racketeering, as well as legal businesses. Some 900 people were involved in criminal activity, and were also legal owners of hundreds of restaurants, as well as being major players in the property market in the former East. The most represented 'Ndrangheta family originated from the city of San Luca (Italy), with some 200 members in Germany. A war between the two 'Ndrangheta clans Pelle-Romeo (Pelle-Vottari) and Strangio-Nirta from San Luca that had started in 1991 and resulted in several deaths spilled into Germany in 2007; six men were shot to death in front of an Italian restaurant in Duisburg on 15 August 2007. (See San Luca feud.) According to the head of the German federal police service, Joerg Ziercke, "Half of the criminal groups identified in Germany belong to the 'Ndrangheta. It has been the biggest criminal group since the 1980s. Compared to other groups operating in Germany, the Italians have the strongest organization." Sebastiano Strangio allegedly lived for 10 years in the Netherlands, where he managed his contacts with Colombian cocaine cartels. He was arrested in Amsterdam on 27 October 2005. The seaports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam are used to import cocaine. The Giorgi, Nirta and Strangio clans from San Luca have a base in the Netherlands and Brussels (Belgium). In March 2012, the head of the Dutch National Crime Squad (Dienst Nationale Recherche, DNR) stated that the DNR will team up with the Tax and Customs Administration and the Fiscal Information and Investigation Service to combat the 'Ndrangheta. David Gonzi, a son of former Prime Minister of Malta Lawrence Gonzi, was accused of illegal activities by acting as a trustee shareholder in a gaming company. The company in question was operated by a Calabrian associate of the 'Ndrangheta in Malta. His name appeared several times on an investigation document of over 750 pages that was commissioned by the tribunal of the Reggio Calabria. Gonzi called the document unprofessional. A European arrest warrant was published for Gonzi to appear at the tribunal but this never materialised. Gonzi, however, was completely exonerated from the list of potential suspects in the 'Ndrangheta gaming bust. After investigation of the presence of the 'Ndrangheta, 21 gaming outlets had their operation license temporarily suspended in Malta due to irregularities in a period of one year. In a Notice of the Conclusion of the Investigation dated 30 June 2016, criminal action was commenced in Italy against 113 persons originally mentioned in the investigation. In February 2018, Slovak investigative journalist Ján Kuciak was shot dead at his home together with his fiancée. At the time of his murder, Kuciak was working on a report about Slovak connections with the 'Ndrangheta. He had previously reported on organized tax fraud involving businesspeople close to the ruling Smer-SD party. On 28 February, Aktuality.sk published Kuciak's last, unfinished story. The article details the activities of Italian businessmen with ties to organised crime who have settled in eastern Slovakia, and have spent years embezzling European Union funds intended for the development of this relatively poor region, as well as their connections to high-ranking state officials, such as Viliam Jasaň, a deputy and the Secretary of the State Security Council of Slovakia, or Mária Trošková, a former nude model who became Chief Adviser of Prime Minister Robert Fico. Both Jasaň and Trošková took leave of absence on the same day, stating that they would return to their positions once the investigations were concluded. The crime syndicate has a significant presence in Switzerland since the early 1970s but has operated there with little scrutiny due to the inconspicuous life styles of their members, the Swiss legal landscape, and solid foundations in local businesses. In the aftermath of the San Luca feud in 2007 and subsequent arrests in Italy (Operation "Crimine"), it became clear that the group had also infiltrated the economically proliferous regions of Switzerland and Southern Germany. In March 2016, Swiss law enforcement in cooperation with Italian state prosecutors arrested a total of 15 individuals, 13 in the city of Frauenfeld, 2 in the canton of Valais, accusing them of active membership to an organized crime syndicate also known as "Operazione Helvetica". Since 2015, the Swiss federal police has conducted undercover surveillance and recorded the group's meetings in a restaurant establishment in a small village just outside of Frauenfeld. The meetings were taking place in a relatively remote location using the now defunct entity the "Wängi Boccia Club" as its cover. According to the Italian prosecutor Antonio De Bernardo, there are several cells operating within the jurisdiction of the Swiss Federation, estimating the number of operatives per cell to about 40, and a couple of 100 in total. All of the arrested persons are Italian citizens, the two men arrested in the Valais have already been extradited to Italy, and as of August 2016, one individual arrested in Frauenfeld has been approved for extradition to Italy. In London, the Aracri and Fazzari clans are thought to be active in money laundering, catering and drug trafficking. The earliest evidence of 'Ndrangheta activity in the U.S. points to an intimidation scheme run by the syndicate in Pennsylvania mining towns; this scheme was unearthed in 1906. Current 'Ndrangheta activities in the United States mainly involve drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and money laundering. It is known that the 'Ndrangheta branches in North America have been associating with Italian-American organized crime. The Suraci family from Reggio Calabria has moved some of its operations to the U.S. The family was founded by Giuseppe Suraci who has been in the United States since 1962. His younger cousin, Antonio Rogliano runs the family in Calabria. On Tuesday, 11 February 2014, both FBI and Italian Police intercepted the transatlantic network of U.S. and Italian crime families. The raid targeted the Gambino and Bonanno families in the U.S. while in Italy, it targeted the Ursino 'ndrina from Gioiosa Jonica. The defendants were charged with drug trafficking, money laundering and firearms offenses, based, in part, on their participation in a transnational heroin and cocaine trafficking conspiracy involving the 'Ndrangheta. The operation began in 2012 when investigators detected a plan by members of the Ursino clan of the 'Ndrangheta to smuggle large amounts of drugs. An undercover agent was dispatched to Italy and was successful in infiltrating the clan. An undercover agent was also involved in the handover of 1.3 kg of heroin in New York as part of the infiltration operation. In June 2018, a Mafia expert wrote that "A new alliance between Bonanno associates and the Violi family . . . is significant, as it suggests a growing prominence for Calabrian mafia – the 'Ndrangheta – within the New York families and in Canada". Criminologist Anna Sergi of the University of Essex added that drug trafficking was the most active pursuit in North America. On 24 June 2019, 'Ndrangheta leader Rocco Morabito, dubbed the "cocaine king of Milan", escaped from Central Prison in Montevideo alongside three other inmates, escaping "through a hole in the roof of the building". Morabito was awaiting extradition to Italy for international drug trafficking, having been arrested at a Montevideo hotel in 2017 after living in Punta del Este under a false name for 13 years. Beginning in 2000, music producer Francesco Sbano released three CD compilations of Italian mafia folk songs over a five-year period. Collectively known as La musica della mafia, these compilations consist mainly of songs written by 'Ndrangheta musicians, often sung in Calabrian and dealing with themes such as vengeance (Sangu chiama sangu), betrayal (I cunfirenti), justice within the 'Ndrangheta (Nun c'è pirdunu), and the ordeal of prison life (Canto di carcerato). The 2013 book ZeroZeroZero by Roberto Saviano investigates the activities of the 'Ndrangheta in Italy. Stefano Sollima adapted the book into a 2020 TV series of the same name. 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Retrieved 19 July 2019. "Following dirty money leads police to alleged Mafia clan north of Toronto living life of luxury". National Post. 18 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019. Also charged are Emilio Zannuti, 48, of Vaughan, alleged to play a senior role in the organization; Vito Sili, 37, of Vaughan, alleged to help move the group's money; Erica Quintal, 30, of Bolton, alleged to be a bookkeeper with the group; Nicola Martino, 52, of Vaughan, alleged to be another money man; Giuseppe Ciurleo, 30, of Toronto, alleged to help Zanutti run gambling; Rafael Lepore, 59, of Vaughan, alleged to be a gambling machine operator; and Francesco Vitucci, 44, of Vaughan, alleged to be Figlimoeni's former driver who moved up to help run a café. "Several GTA residents arrested in Italy following Mafia sweep". The Star. 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019. Humphreys, Adrian (11 August 2019). "Italian Mafia boss visiting Canada unwittingly carried a police wiretap to his meetings". National Post. nationalpost.com. "Mafia boss with ties to GTA arrests found dead in Italian prison cell". Hamilton Spectator. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021. York police at the time said they considered Angelo Figliomini as the head of an international 'Ndrangheta group with a base in York Region. "Charges stayed in one of Ontario's largest Mob busts after alleged illegal conduct by investigators". CBC News. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021. All property seized by police must now be returned — with the exception of illegal possessions, such as the gambling machines "Massive GTA Mafia bust collapses. Defence says York police accessed lawyers' communications". Toronto Star. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021. (in Spanish) "Tiene Italia indicios sobre presencia de cárteles mexicanos en Europa" Archived 24 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, El Universal, 15 April 2007. (in Spanish) "La mafia calabresa produce su cocaína en Colombia" Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, El Universal (Caracas), 30 October 2007. "Italian Mafia Invests Millions in Germany" Archived 28 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Deutsche Welle, 13 November 2006. (in German) "Mafia setzt sich in Deutschland fest" Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ("Mafia sets firmly in Germany"), Berliner Zeitung, 11 November 2006. "A Mafia Wake-Up Call" Archived 20 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Der Spiegel, 20 August 2007. "Report: Germany losing battle against Calabrian mafia" Archived 5 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, The Earth Times, 12 August 2009. (in German) "Italienische Mafia wird in Deutschland heimisch" Archived 14 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine ("Italian Mafia makes home in Germany"), Die Zeit, 12 August 2009. "A mafia family feud spills over" Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News Online, 16 August 2007. "How the tentacles of the Calabrian Mafia spread from Italy" Archived 6 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Times Online, 15 August 2007. "Six Italians Killed in Duisburg" Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Spiegel Online, 15 August 2007. "One in two crime gangs in Germany are Italian, police boss says" Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Business Ghana, 8 January 2013. (in Italian) "'Ndrangheta, preso ad Amsterdam il boss Sebastiano Strangio" Archived 15 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, La Repubblica, 28 October 2005. (in Italian) "'Ndrangheta, estradato dall'Olanda il boss Sebastiano Strangio" Archived 20 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine, La Repubblica, 27 March 2006. (in Dutch) "Maffiakillers Duisburg zijn hier" Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, De Telegraaf, 19 August 2007. (in Italian) "Olanda, Paese-rifugio dei killer", Il Sole 24 Ore, 18 August 2007. (in Dutch) "Recherche onderzoekt 'Ndrangheta" Archived 11 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, NOS, 10 March 2012. "Lawyer, consultant exonerated from list of potential suspects in 'Ndrangheta gaming bust". The Malta Independent. 8 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016. Sansone, Kurt (29 July 2015), "Updated: David Gonzi being investigated in Mafia betting probe. Insists role was limited to providing fiduciary services" Archived 23 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Times of Malta. Balzan, Jurden (2 August 2015), "David Gonzi brushes off European arrest warrant threat" Archived 24 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Malta Today, Orland, Kevin Schembri (10 October 2015), "'Ndrangheta links to companies: Malta Gaming Authority 'effective regulator' – Jose Herrera" Archived 22 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Malta Independent. "'Ndrangheta e gioco online: chiuse indagini per 113 (NOMI)". Il Dispaccio. Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018. "Kuciak investigated links between politicians and mafia". The Slovak Spectator. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2021. Kuciak, Ján. "Talianska mafia na Slovensku. Jej chápadlá siahajú aj do politiky". Aktuality.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 1 March 2018. "Trošková and Jasaň are leaving their posts at Government's Office". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 1 March 2018. "Die 'Ndrangheta kann sich in der Schweiz nicht mehr sicher fühlen" Archived 6 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine-Interview with A. De Bernardo- (in German). Tages Anzeiger online. Retrieved 8 August 2016. "Schweiz liefert ersten Frauenfelder Mafioso aus" Archived 6 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in German). Tages Anzeiger online. Retrieved 8 August 2016. "'Unstoppable' spread of Calabria's 'ndrangheta mafia sees outposts established in UK and Ireland". The Independent. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014. "Who are the 'Ndrangheta", Reuters, 15 August 2007. "Anti-mafia raids in U.S. and Italy". Toronto Sun. 11 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015. "Rocco Morabito: Italian mafia boss escapes prison in Uruguay". The Independent. 24 June 2019. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019. "Songs of the Criminal Life", NPR, 2 October 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2009. Archived 10 September 2009. Gerd Ribbeck. "La musica della Mafia" [The music of the Mafia]. Archived from the original on 3 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009. Behan, Tom (1996). The Camorra, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-09987-0 Dickie, John (2013). Mafia Republic: Italy's Criminal Curse. Cosa Nostra, 'Ndrangheta and Camorra from 1946 to the Present, London: Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 978-1444726435 Gratteri, Nicola & Antonio Nicaso (2006). Fratelli di sangue, Cosenza: Pellegrini Editore, ISBN 88-8101-373-8 (in Italian) Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9 (Review by Klaus Von Lampe) (Review by Alexandra V. Orlova) Truzzolillo, Fabio. "The 'Ndrangheta: the current state of historical research," Modern Italy (August 2011) 16#3 pp. 363–383. Varese, Federico. "How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the 'Ndrangheta in Northern Italy." Law & Society Review, June 2006. Nicaso, Antonio; Lamothe, Lee (1995). The Global Mafia: The New World Order of Organized Crime. Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7715-7311-1. Archived from the original on 6 December 2000. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
[ "'Nduja ready for eating", "'Nduja with bread, with a piece of 'Nduja sausage in background", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 3, 3 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/%27Nduja.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Nduja_mit_Brot.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Salami_aka.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Frizzuli_con_peperoni_cruschi.jpg" ]	[ "'Nduja (Calabrian: [nˈduːja]) is a spicy, spreadable pork sausage from the region of Calabria in Southern Italy. It is similar to sobrassada from the Balearic Islands in Spain, and is loosely based on the French andouille. It is Calabria's contribution to the many types of Italian salumi, and originates from the area around the small Calabrian town of Spilinga.\n'Nduja is made using meat from the head (minus the jowls, which are used for guanciale), trimmings from various meat cuts, some clean skin, fatback, and roasted Calabrian chilli peppers, which give 'nduja its characteristic fiery taste. These are all minced together, then stuffed in large sausage casings and smoked, creating a soft large sausage, from where the spicy mixture later is scooped out as needed. 'Nduja is mainly served with slices of bread or with ripe cheese. Its unique taste makes it suitable for a variety of dishes. For example, it can be added to pasta sauces. It is sold in jars or as thick slices from the soft 'nduja sausage. In past 'nduja was a mix of remnants of meat, eaten by poor people in Southern Italy.\n'Nduja's popularity boomed around 2015–2016 in the US and the UK, and it was featured in dishes at restaurants including New York City's Spotted Pig and London's Temple and Sons.", "Soppressata\nHarissa\nList of sausages", "Ruhlman, Michael; Polcyn, Brian (27 August 2012), Salumi: The Craft of Italian Dry Curing, W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 157–158, ISBN 978-0-393-06859-7\n\"'Nduja Festival of Spilinga 2018\". Nduja.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-02. Retrieved 2018-10-06.\n\"The New Bacon: Pancetta, Guanciale and More\", San Jose Mercury News, 2011-03-15\nPrince, Rose (2011-09-14). \"The many uses of 'nduja\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2018-10-06.\n\"Why 2016 was the year of the 'nduja sausage\". The Independent. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01. Retrieved 25 May 2019.\nUniversity, Spoon. \"A spread called Nduja is suddenly popular in the US — here's how to eat it\". Business Insider. Retrieved 25 May 2019.\n\"The Italian sensation sweeping the nation – 'Nduja – Cannon & Cannon\". Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.\nVines, Richard (13 December 2016). \"What Is Nduja and Why Is It Suddenly on Every Menu?\". www.bloomberg.com.", "Media related to ’Nduja at Wikimedia Commons" ]	[ "'Nduja", "See also", "References", "External link" ]	'Nduja	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Nduja	[ 183, 184 ]	[ 1907, 1908, 1909 ]	'Nduja 'Nduja (Calabrian: [nˈduːja]) is a spicy, spreadable pork sausage from the region of Calabria in Southern Italy. It is similar to sobrassada from the Balearic Islands in Spain, and is loosely based on the French andouille. It is Calabria's contribution to the many types of Italian salumi, and originates from the area around the small Calabrian town of Spilinga. 'Nduja is made using meat from the head (minus the jowls, which are used for guanciale), trimmings from various meat cuts, some clean skin, fatback, and roasted Calabrian chilli peppers, which give 'nduja its characteristic fiery taste. These are all minced together, then stuffed in large sausage casings and smoked, creating a soft large sausage, from where the spicy mixture later is scooped out as needed. 'Nduja is mainly served with slices of bread or with ripe cheese. Its unique taste makes it suitable for a variety of dishes. For example, it can be added to pasta sauces. It is sold in jars or as thick slices from the soft 'nduja sausage. In past 'nduja was a mix of remnants of meat, eaten by poor people in Southern Italy. 'Nduja's popularity boomed around 2015–2016 in the US and the UK, and it was featured in dishes at restaurants including New York City's Spotted Pig and London's Temple and Sons. Soppressata Harissa List of sausages Ruhlman, Michael; Polcyn, Brian (27 August 2012), Salumi: The Craft of Italian Dry Curing, W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 157–158, ISBN 978-0-393-06859-7 "'Nduja Festival of Spilinga 2018". Nduja.org. Archived from the original on 2018-09-02. Retrieved 2018-10-06. "The New Bacon: Pancetta, Guanciale and More", San Jose Mercury News, 2011-03-15 Prince, Rose (2011-09-14). "The many uses of 'nduja". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2018-10-06. "Why 2016 was the year of the 'nduja sausage". The Independent. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01. Retrieved 25 May 2019. University, Spoon. "A spread called Nduja is suddenly popular in the US — here's how to eat it". Business Insider. Retrieved 25 May 2019. "The Italian sensation sweeping the nation – 'Nduja – Cannon & Cannon". Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019. Vines, Richard (13 December 2016). "What Is Nduja and Why Is It Suddenly on Every Menu?". www.bloomberg.com. Media related to ’Nduja at Wikimedia Commons
[ "Theatrical re-release poster" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Poster_-_%27Neath_the_Arizona_Skies_03.jpg" ]	[ "'Neath the Arizona Skies is a 1934 Western film directed by Harry L. Fraser, produced by Lone Star Productions, released by Monogram Pictures and starring John Wayne. Wayne's character attempts to locate a little girl's father, so that she may claim a $50,000 Indian oil claim. The film co-stars Sheila Terry and Shirley Jean Rickert. George \"Gabby\" Hayes played a featured character with a speaking role, but his name was omitted from the cast list in the opening credits.", "Chris Morrell (Wayne) is the surrogate father of Nina, a young Indian girl who is a U.S. government ward because her father left her mother before birth and her mother died in childbirth. An oil strike makes Nina's mother's Indian oil land lease worth $50,000, which Morrell will get to take care of Nina if he can find her father and have him sign guardianship papers (or prove the father is dead).\nMinions of Sam Black (Canutt), the local outlaw ringleader, hear about the oil land claim and Black determines to collect it. The gang comes to take Nina from Morrell, but Morrell escapes with her. He sends her off on horseback to his friend Bud Moore's ranch while he deals with the outlaws, eventually stampeding their horses away. He makes his getaway but collapses in exhaustion near a brook. Nina arrives at the ranch only to discover Bud Moore died the year before. Nina gets taken care of by Matt Downing (Hayes), a good-natured cook, in contrast to the obviously evil Vic Byrd, the new ranch owner who insists that she stay to do work.\nVic goes to town and robs $6,000 from a local businessman with the help of Bud Moore's brother, Jim. During his escape, Jim happens upon Morrell collapsed from exhaustion, and swaps clothes with him to deflect suspicion. Also riding home from town, Moore's sister Clara (Terry) discovers the passed out Morrell in the clothes she had heard the local businessman describe as being worn by the robber. She revives him though she is suspicious of him and ties him up beforehand. When she learns he is Bud's friend, she frees him and takes him to her homestead, where he runs into Jim and recognizes him as the man that took his clothes, and therefore is the robber. They have words but Morrell does not tell Clara about Jim.\nMatt informs Tom, another ranch worker, that Tom is Nina's father, which he knows because he was there with Morrell when Nina was born.\nVic and Jim go to retrieve the robbed money from the stump where Jim hid it and come across the stampeded horses of Sam Black and his gang. They gather the horses and when they run across a gang member, they ask to be led to Sam Black. Vic offers to turn Nina over to Black in exchange for $10,000 and Morrell's murder, to which Black readily agrees. Meanwhile, Morrell happens upon Matt, who tells him Nina is at the ranch with her father Tom, and the two ride off together. Jim leads Vic to the hidden money, where Vic shoots him and takes off with the cash. Morrell and Matt see Vic ride away and discover the bleeding Jim, who tells them Vic is going to the ranch to get Nina to turn over to Sam Black. Black's gang arrives at Clara's homestead looking for Morrell, and when she says he is not there, they force Clara to go with them.\nVic arrives at the ranch, where Tom is joyously playing with Nina. Vic insists on taking the girl, just as Morrell shows up. Nina yells at the front door to greet Morrell and runs out and jumps into his arms, and Vic follows, gun in hand, but just before he can shoot Morrell, Tom shoots Vic from inside.\nImmediately after, Sam Black's gang arrives, and a shoot-out breaks out with Morrell, Tom and Nina taking cover in a cabin while Black and his gang retreat to the ranch house, which is close enough that they continue to shoot at each other. At a break in the shooting, Morrell and Tom realize they have only one bullet left and conspire about how to use it. Not knowing that, Black yells out to offer to trade Clara for Nina. Morrell offers himself instead, and they agree Morrell and Clara will walk past each other through the courtyard between the house and the cabin. The two start off, Morrell giving Tom a final instruction as he leaves to \"be sure and use that last bullet right\". After Morrell and Clara pass each other, Tom shoots the gun, and Morrell grunts and drops to the dirt.\nBlack's gang rushes past Morrell to get to Nina, but Morrell was playing dead and trips the last gang member to pass, just as the Sheriff arrives with a posse. Black goes in the cabin, knocks Tom down, shoves Clara aside, grabs Nina, shoots Tom (apparently dead), and jumps out the window with Nina. With the gang occupied in a shoot-out with the Sheriff's posse, Morrell rushes in the cabin and follows Black on horseback as the Sheriff and posse arrest the gang.\nAs Black makes his escape, his horse falls (apparently with both Nina and he on top, but it is painfully obvious there is no girl actually there), and Black jumps back on (again, with no girl anywhere to be seen!) and rides off as Morrell pursues. Soon thereafter, Black jumps off a cliff with his horse and Nina into a small lake, and Morrell leaps after them, sans horse. Morrell and Black fight under the water while Nina (she is really back now!) struggles out with the horse. Bubbles emerge at the surface, followed by Morrell, who swims to Nina and hugs her as bubbles pop up from the spot where Black was, his last gasp.\nIn a final comical scene typical of B-movies of the era, Matt and Nina giggle in fits as they peek in on Morrell and Clara stealing some smooches.", "John Wayne as Chris Morrell\nSheila Terry as Clara Moore\nShirley Jean Rickert as Nina (credited as Shirley Jane Rickert)\nJack Rockwell as Vic Byrd\nYakima Canutt as Sam Black\nHarry L. Fraser as henchman in the brush (credited as Weston Edwards)\nJay Wilsey as Jim Moore (credited as Buffalo Bill Jr.)\nPhilip Kieffer as Jameson Hodges (credited as Phil Keefer)\nEarl Dwire as Tom\nGeorge \"Gabby\" Hayes as Matt Downing (uncredited)", "John Wayne filmography\nYakima Canutt filmography", "Ricci, Mark; Zmijewsky, Boris; Zmijewsky, Steve (January 1983). The Complete Films of John Wayne. New York: Citadel Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-8065-0872-6.\nNY Times review Archived 2012-06-16 at the Wayback Machine.\nLandesman, Fred (May 2004). The John Wayne Filmography. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company. p. 536. ISBN 978-0-7864-1779-7.", "'Neath the Arizona Skies at IMDb \n'Neath the Arizona Skies is available for free download at the Internet Archive\n'Neath the Arizona Skies at AllMovie\n'Neath the Arizona Skies at the TCM Movie Database\n'Neath the Arizona Skies at the American Film Institute Catalog" ]	[ "'Neath the Arizona Skies", "Plot summary", "Cast", "See also", "References", "External links" ]	'Neath the Arizona Skies	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Neath_the_Arizona_Skies	[ 185 ]	[ 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 ]	'Neath the Arizona Skies 'Neath the Arizona Skies is a 1934 Western film directed by Harry L. Fraser, produced by Lone Star Productions, released by Monogram Pictures and starring John Wayne. Wayne's character attempts to locate a little girl's father, so that she may claim a $50,000 Indian oil claim. The film co-stars Sheila Terry and Shirley Jean Rickert. George "Gabby" Hayes played a featured character with a speaking role, but his name was omitted from the cast list in the opening credits. Chris Morrell (Wayne) is the surrogate father of Nina, a young Indian girl who is a U.S. government ward because her father left her mother before birth and her mother died in childbirth. An oil strike makes Nina's mother's Indian oil land lease worth $50,000, which Morrell will get to take care of Nina if he can find her father and have him sign guardianship papers (or prove the father is dead). Minions of Sam Black (Canutt), the local outlaw ringleader, hear about the oil land claim and Black determines to collect it. The gang comes to take Nina from Morrell, but Morrell escapes with her. He sends her off on horseback to his friend Bud Moore's ranch while he deals with the outlaws, eventually stampeding their horses away. He makes his getaway but collapses in exhaustion near a brook. Nina arrives at the ranch only to discover Bud Moore died the year before. Nina gets taken care of by Matt Downing (Hayes), a good-natured cook, in contrast to the obviously evil Vic Byrd, the new ranch owner who insists that she stay to do work. Vic goes to town and robs $6,000 from a local businessman with the help of Bud Moore's brother, Jim. During his escape, Jim happens upon Morrell collapsed from exhaustion, and swaps clothes with him to deflect suspicion. Also riding home from town, Moore's sister Clara (Terry) discovers the passed out Morrell in the clothes she had heard the local businessman describe as being worn by the robber. She revives him though she is suspicious of him and ties him up beforehand. When she learns he is Bud's friend, she frees him and takes him to her homestead, where he runs into Jim and recognizes him as the man that took his clothes, and therefore is the robber. They have words but Morrell does not tell Clara about Jim. Matt informs Tom, another ranch worker, that Tom is Nina's father, which he knows because he was there with Morrell when Nina was born. Vic and Jim go to retrieve the robbed money from the stump where Jim hid it and come across the stampeded horses of Sam Black and his gang. They gather the horses and when they run across a gang member, they ask to be led to Sam Black. Vic offers to turn Nina over to Black in exchange for $10,000 and Morrell's murder, to which Black readily agrees. Meanwhile, Morrell happens upon Matt, who tells him Nina is at the ranch with her father Tom, and the two ride off together. Jim leads Vic to the hidden money, where Vic shoots him and takes off with the cash. Morrell and Matt see Vic ride away and discover the bleeding Jim, who tells them Vic is going to the ranch to get Nina to turn over to Sam Black. Black's gang arrives at Clara's homestead looking for Morrell, and when she says he is not there, they force Clara to go with them. Vic arrives at the ranch, where Tom is joyously playing with Nina. Vic insists on taking the girl, just as Morrell shows up. Nina yells at the front door to greet Morrell and runs out and jumps into his arms, and Vic follows, gun in hand, but just before he can shoot Morrell, Tom shoots Vic from inside. Immediately after, Sam Black's gang arrives, and a shoot-out breaks out with Morrell, Tom and Nina taking cover in a cabin while Black and his gang retreat to the ranch house, which is close enough that they continue to shoot at each other. At a break in the shooting, Morrell and Tom realize they have only one bullet left and conspire about how to use it. Not knowing that, Black yells out to offer to trade Clara for Nina. Morrell offers himself instead, and they agree Morrell and Clara will walk past each other through the courtyard between the house and the cabin. The two start off, Morrell giving Tom a final instruction as he leaves to "be sure and use that last bullet right". After Morrell and Clara pass each other, Tom shoots the gun, and Morrell grunts and drops to the dirt. Black's gang rushes past Morrell to get to Nina, but Morrell was playing dead and trips the last gang member to pass, just as the Sheriff arrives with a posse. Black goes in the cabin, knocks Tom down, shoves Clara aside, grabs Nina, shoots Tom (apparently dead), and jumps out the window with Nina. With the gang occupied in a shoot-out with the Sheriff's posse, Morrell rushes in the cabin and follows Black on horseback as the Sheriff and posse arrest the gang. As Black makes his escape, his horse falls (apparently with both Nina and he on top, but it is painfully obvious there is no girl actually there), and Black jumps back on (again, with no girl anywhere to be seen!) and rides off as Morrell pursues. Soon thereafter, Black jumps off a cliff with his horse and Nina into a small lake, and Morrell leaps after them, sans horse. Morrell and Black fight under the water while Nina (she is really back now!) struggles out with the horse. Bubbles emerge at the surface, followed by Morrell, who swims to Nina and hugs her as bubbles pop up from the spot where Black was, his last gasp. In a final comical scene typical of B-movies of the era, Matt and Nina giggle in fits as they peek in on Morrell and Clara stealing some smooches. John Wayne as Chris Morrell Sheila Terry as Clara Moore Shirley Jean Rickert as Nina (credited as Shirley Jane Rickert) Jack Rockwell as Vic Byrd Yakima Canutt as Sam Black Harry L. Fraser as henchman in the brush (credited as Weston Edwards) Jay Wilsey as Jim Moore (credited as Buffalo Bill Jr.) Philip Kieffer as Jameson Hodges (credited as Phil Keefer) Earl Dwire as Tom George "Gabby" Hayes as Matt Downing (uncredited) John Wayne filmography Yakima Canutt filmography Ricci, Mark; Zmijewsky, Boris; Zmijewsky, Steve (January 1983). The Complete Films of John Wayne. New York: Citadel Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-8065-0872-6. NY Times review Archived 2012-06-16 at the Wayback Machine. Landesman, Fred (May 2004). The John Wayne Filmography. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company. p. 536. ISBN 978-0-7864-1779-7. 'Neath the Arizona Skies at IMDb 'Neath the Arizona Skies is available for free download at the Internet Archive 'Neath the Arizona Skies at AllMovie 'Neath the Arizona Skies at the TCM Movie Database 'Neath the Arizona Skies at the American Film Institute Catalog
[ "The Old 'Oss capturing a passing maiden during the May Day festival", "The Old 'Oss party attending the 'Obby 'Oss with dozens of accordions, melodeons and drums", "Crowds of tourists observing the Padstow 'Obby 'Oss custom in 2006", "The blue ribbon 'Oss in 2009", "May Pole in Padstow, 2006", "The Minehead Hobby Horse in 2008", "The Tarasque from Southern France" ]	[ 0, 0, 3, 5, 6, 8, 8 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Red_obby_oss_party_20050502.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/May_Day_in_Padstow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738587.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Padstow%2C_Mayday_2009_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1287325.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Maypole_on_May_Day_in_Padstow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_738591.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Mineheadhobbyhorse.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Old_postcard_of_Saint_Martha_celebration_in_Tarascon.jpg" ]	[ "The 'Obby 'Oss festival is a folk custom that takes place each May Day in Padstow, a coastal town in North Cornwall. It involves two separate processions making their way around the town, each containing an eponymous hobby horse known as the 'Obby 'Oss.\nThe festival starts at midnight on May Eve when townspeople gather outside the Golden Lion Inn to sing the \"Night Song\". By morning, the town has been dressed with greenery and flowers placed around the maypole. The excitement begins with the appearance of one of the 'Obby 'Osses. Male dancers cavort through the town dressed as one of two 'Obby 'Osses, the \"Old\" and the \"Blue Ribbon\" or \"Methodist\" 'Obby 'Osses; as the name suggests, they are stylised depictions of horses. Prodded on by assistants known as \"Teasers\", each wears a mask and black frame-hung cape under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. Throughout the day, the two parades, led by the \"MC\" in his top hat and decorated stick, followed by a band of accordions and drums, then the 'Oss and the Teaser, with a host of people, the \"Mayers\" - all singing the \"Morning Song\" – pass along the streets of the town. Finally, late in the evening, the two 'osses meet, at the maypole, before returning to their respective stables where the crowd sings of the 'Obby 'Oss death, until its resurrection the following May Eve.\nDuring the twentieth century the existence of the festival was described by a number of folklorists who brought greater attention to it. This helped to make the event a popular tourist attraction and establish it as one of the most famous folk customs in Britain.", "The festival takes place on May Day every year. It entails two separate processions that make their way around Padstow on circuits that take twelve hours to traverse. Each procession represents a different half of the town's community.\nOnly those whose families have lived in Lowenac Padstow for at least two generations are permitted to take part in the processions.\nEach procession contains by an 'Obby 'Oss, a hobby horse consisting of an oval frame covered in black oilskin, which has a small horse's head in the front with a snapping jaw. This is led by an individual known as the Teaser, who is dressed in white and carries a painted club. The procession also contains a retinue of white-clad individuals, some playing accordions, melodeons and drums.\nThis retinue sings a local version of a Mayers' song. At times this tune becomes a dirge, at which the 'Obby 'Oss sinks to the ground and lies flat. When the chorus becomes triumphant again the 'Oss rises and continues along the procession.", "", "The origins of the celebrations in Padstow are unknown. There is extensive documentary evidence of British community May Day celebrations in the 16th century and earlier, although the earliest mention of the 'Obby 'Oss at Padstow dates from 1803. An earlier hobby horse is mentioned in the Cornish language drama Beunans Meriasek, a life of the Camborne saint, where it is associated with a troupe, or \"companions.\" There is no evidence to suggest that the 'Obby 'Oss festival is older than the eighteenth century.\nIt has been speculated that such festivals have pre-Christian origins, such as in the Celtic festival of Beltane in the Celtic nations, and the Germanic celebrations during the Þrimilci-mōnaþ (literally Three-Milking Month or Month of Three Milkings) in England.\nThe custom attracted little attention outside of the town until 1907, when the folklorist Francis Etherington drew attention to it. In 1913 the folklorist Thurstan Peter wrote about it; influenced by the ideas of the anthropologist James Frazer, Peter argued that the 'Obby 'Oss custom might have once been a pre-Christian religious ritual designed to secure fertility. The idea that the custom had pre-Christian roots helped to convert it into a tourist attraction. This idea of the custom as a pre-Christian one percolated into the Padstow community, for when the historian Ronald Hutton visited the town in 1985 he found locals describing it to him as an ancient pagan fertility rite. In the 1950s Alan Lomax, then in London and working for the BBC, and his collaborator Peter Kennedy of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, decided to document the unique May Eve and May Day Festivals at Padstow, they selected George Pickow to be their cameraman. The result was the 16-minute colour film Oss Oss Wee Oss (1953).", "By the 1990s, the 'Obby 'Oss festival was a major attraction that drew large numbers of visitors to Lowennac/Padstow. By that point, Hutton referred to it as \"one of the most famous and most dramatic folk customs of modern Britain\", adding that it constituted \"a tremendous reaffirmation of communal pride and solidarity in this small and normally quiet settlement\". The folklorist Doc Rowe, who has attended and documented the custom every year since 1963, goes further - describing 'Obby 'Oss Day as \"a united proclamation - almost a 'clenched fist' in the face of time and outside influences... [it] can be seen as a communal pace-maker and, on Mayday, it recharges the community and the good fellowship of the people of Padstow.\"\nThe festival was not held in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\nIn 2022, a coroner's inquiry in Truro considered the death of Laura Smallwood at the 2019 event, when she was struck by a wooden 'Oss and fell unconscious. The coroner concluded that \"I find as fact that the 'Oss struck Laura and it is far more likely than not that this caused the injuries identified at post-mortem that led directly to her death.\" He added that it was \"frankly surprising\" that the event had \"no single event organiser\" dealing with safety issues, and said that he would send a report to the government expressing concerns about such events needing to have a named organiser, as well as the need for more police powers to control them.", "The celebration itself starts at midnight on 30 April with unaccompanied singing around the town starting at the Golden Lion Inn. By the morning of 1 May, the town is dressed with greenery, flowers and flags, with the focus being the maypole.\nThe climax arrives when two groups of dancers progress through the town, one of each team wearing a stylised recreation of a 'horse.' The two 'osses are known as the \"Old\" and the \"Blue Ribbon\" 'osses. During the day a number of \"Junior\" or \"colt\" 'osses appear, operated by children. Accompanied by drums and accordions and led by acolytes known as \"Teasers\", each 'oss is adorned by a gruesome mask and black, oilskin cape on a circular frame under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. The Blue ribbon 'oss is apparently of more recent origin. In the late 19th century, Blue 'Oss was supported by members of the Temperance movement who were trying to discourage the consumption of alcohol associated with the \"old\" 'oss followers. After the first world war the imperative of temperance was lost, and the 'oss became known as the Peace 'Oss. Each 'oss has a \"stable\" (in the case of the Old 'Oss, the Golden Lion Inn and the Blue Ribbon 'Oss, the institute, from which they emerge at the start of the day's proceedings and retire at the end. Sometimes in the late afternoon, the 'osses may meet at the maypole and dance together.", "Unite and unite and let us all unite,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nAnd whither we are going we will all unite,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nI warn you young men everyone,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nTo go to the green-wood and fetch your May home,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mr. ..... and joy you betide,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nAnd bright is your bride that lies by your side,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mrs. ..... and gold be your ring,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nAnd give to us a cup of ale the merrier we shall sing,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Miss ..... all in your gown of green,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nYou are as fine a lady as wait upon the Queen,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nNow fare you well, and we bid you all good cheer,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nWe call once more unto your house before another year,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.", "Unite and unite and let us all unite,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nAnd whither we are going we will all unite,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mr. ..... I know you well afine,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nYou have a shilling in your purse and I wish it were in mine,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nAll out of your beds,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nYour chamber shall be strewed with the white rose and the red\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nWhere are the young men that here now should dance,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nSome they are in England some they are in France,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nWhere are the maidens that here now should sing,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nThey are in the meadows the flowers gathering,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mr. ..... with your sword by your side,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nYour steed is in the stable awaiting for to ride,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Miss ..... and strew all your flowers,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nIt is but a while ago since we have strewn ours,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nO! where is St. George,\n\nO!, where is he O,\n\nHe is out in his long boat on the salt sea O.\n\nUp flies the kite and down tails the lark O.\n\nAunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old ewe\n\nAnd she died in her own Park O.\n\nWith the merry ring, adieu the merry spring,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nHow happy is the little bird that merrily doth sing,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nThe young men of Padstow they might if they would,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nThey might have built a ship and gilded her with gold,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nThe young women of Padstow might if they would,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nThey might have made a garland with the white rose and the red,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Mr. ..... and reach me your hand,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nAnd you shall have a lively lass with a thousand pounds in hand.\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nArise up Miss ..... all in your cloak of silk,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nAnd all your body under as white as any milk,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.\n\nO! where is St. George,\n\nO!, where is he O,\n\nHe is out in his long boat on the salt sea O.\n\nUp flies the kite and down tails the lark O.\n\nAunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old ewe\n\nAnd she died in her own Park O.\n\nNow fare you well and bid you all good cheer,\n\nFor summer is acome unto day,\n\nWe call no more unto your house before another year,\n\nIn the merry morning of May.", "'Obby 'Oss traditions also exist in nearby Barnstaple and Combe Martin.\nMinehead in Somerset also has two large hobby horses, the Sailors' Horse and the Town Horse. Although more pointed or boat-shaped than the Padstow 'Osses, they are similar in that the dancer within the costume wears a tall, conical hat with a grotesque mask over their face; the horse framework is suspended from the dancer's shoulders and a long skirt hangs down to partly hide their body; the animal's heads are small and wooden with snapping jaws. They also capture bystanders.\nThere is documentary evidence of an 'Oss at Penzance in the late 19th century, made with a caped stick and skull, which has formed the basis of the Penglaz 'Obby 'Oss that appears during the Golowan festival and the Montol Festival, both modern revivals; the skull 'oss is strikingly similar to the Mari Lwyd in Wales associated with the pre-Christian deity Rhiannon, known as Epona the horse goddess in continental Celtic cultures, passing into festive folklore as 'the Old Grey Mare' in neighbouring parts of Britain e.g. Dartmoor (Widecombe Fair), Dorset (The Grey Mare and her Colts), as well as the Soultide mummers' horses of Cheshire.\nSimilar Corpus Christi (May–June) folk tradition exists in Galicia in Spain and Portugal where St George fights a dragon in the manner of the Cornish Mummers Plays. Tinsel-cloaked street entertainers dress similarly to the Welsh Mari Llywd but the snapping animal skull might be a goat or fox rather than horse and depicts the Coco or the Peluda.\nThe Tarasque procession from southern France has direct pre-Roman Celtic antecedents and a terrifying ancient Celtic sculpture at the Musée lapidaire d'Avignon depicts the monster hoarding severed human heads.\nThere are some similarities between this festival and the Lajkonik hobby-horse festival in Kraków, Poland. In particular the idea that young women may be captured or struck with a stick to bring them \"luck\" or fertility suggests a pagan, or at least medieval origin. Lajkonik is 700 years old.\nRather more recent is the Banbury Hobby-Horse festival, which started in 2000, and features ritual animals from all parts of the British Isles, some old, some more modern.", "A May-Day procession including a Teaser and Hobby Horse that tries to capture women under its skirts features in the climactic scenes of the 1973 British cult-horror flick The Wicker Man.", "", "\"Family Rankin – Padstow (The May Morning Song) lyrics\". Lyricsty.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2017.\nHutton 1996, p. 81.\n\"Riding a cock horse\". Fortean Times. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2007.\nStokes, Whitley, ed. and tr; Hadton, Dominus (1830-1909), Beunans Meriasek. The life of Saint Meriasek, bishop and confessor. A Cornish drama. https://archive.org/details/beunansmeriasek01hadtgoog/page/n84\nHutton 1996, p. 82.\nCaput XV: De mensibus Anglorum from De mensibus Anglorum. Available online: Archived 7 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine\n\"English Folk Customs\". Anglo-Saxon Heathenism. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2017.\n\"Obby Oss Day\". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007.\nRowe, Doc (2006). May Day: The Coming of Spring. United Kingdom: English Heritage. pp. 38–40. ISBN 1-85074-983-3.\nMatthews, Chris (19 March 2020). \"Obby Oss celebrations have been cancelled\". CornwallLive.\n\"Padstow Obby Oss festival: Laura Smallwood dies in hospital\", BBC News, 4 May 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2022\n\"Nurse was killed by wooden horse at festival in Padstow\", BBC News, 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022\n\"Master Mummers - Antrobus Soulcakers 2008\". www.mastermummers.org.\n\"Banbury Hobby Horse Festival\". Hobby Horse Festival. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.", "Banks, M. M. (1938). \"Padstow May Festival\". Folklore. 49 (4): 391–394. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1938.9718782.\nCawte, E. C. (1978). Ritual Animal Disguise: A Historical and Geographical Study of Animal Disguise in the British Isles. Cambridge and Totowa: D.S. Brewer Ltd. and Rowman and Littlefield for the Folklore Society. ISBN 978-0-85991-028-6.\nCornish, Helen (2015). \"Not All Singing and Dancing: Padstow, Folk Festivals and Belonging\". Ethnos: 1–17.\nGilligan, J. Herman, in (1987). Bouquet, Mary; Winter, Michael (eds.). \"Visitors, Tourists and Outsiders in a Cornish Town\". Who from Their Labours Rest?: Conflict and Practice in Rural Tourism. Aldershot: Avebury. ISBN 978-0566053306.\nGilligan, J. Herman, in (1990). Harris, C.C. (ed.). \"Padstow: Economic and Social Change in a Cornish Town\". Family, Economy and Community. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.\nHole, Christina (1995) [1976]. A Dictionary of British Folk Customs. Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-129-5.\nHutton, Ronald (1996). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820570-8.\nRawe, Donald R. (1972). Padstow's Obby Oss and May Day Festivities: A Study in Tradition and Folklore. Wadebridge: Lodenek Press. ISBN 978-0902899162.\nSemmens, Jason (2005). \"Guising, Ritual and Revival: The Hobby Horse in Cornwall\". Old Cornwall. 13 (6): 39–46.", "Video of the \"Old Oss\" emerging from its stable\nPadstow Obby Oss with references to music notation and links\nOss Oss Wee Oss; (1953) Alan Lomax Archive" ]	[ "'Obby 'Oss festival", "Description", "History", "Origins", "Modern developments", "Celebration practice", "Night Song", "Day Song", "Similar hobby horses elsewhere", "Cultural references", "References", "Footnotes", "Bibliography", "External links" ]	'Obby 'Oss festival	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Obby_%27Oss_festival	[ 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192 ]	[ 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 ]	'Obby 'Oss festival The 'Obby 'Oss festival is a folk custom that takes place each May Day in Padstow, a coastal town in North Cornwall. It involves two separate processions making their way around the town, each containing an eponymous hobby horse known as the 'Obby 'Oss. The festival starts at midnight on May Eve when townspeople gather outside the Golden Lion Inn to sing the "Night Song". By morning, the town has been dressed with greenery and flowers placed around the maypole. The excitement begins with the appearance of one of the 'Obby 'Osses. Male dancers cavort through the town dressed as one of two 'Obby 'Osses, the "Old" and the "Blue Ribbon" or "Methodist" 'Obby 'Osses; as the name suggests, they are stylised depictions of horses. Prodded on by assistants known as "Teasers", each wears a mask and black frame-hung cape under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. Throughout the day, the two parades, led by the "MC" in his top hat and decorated stick, followed by a band of accordions and drums, then the 'Oss and the Teaser, with a host of people, the "Mayers" - all singing the "Morning Song" – pass along the streets of the town. Finally, late in the evening, the two 'osses meet, at the maypole, before returning to their respective stables where the crowd sings of the 'Obby 'Oss death, until its resurrection the following May Eve. During the twentieth century the existence of the festival was described by a number of folklorists who brought greater attention to it. This helped to make the event a popular tourist attraction and establish it as one of the most famous folk customs in Britain. The festival takes place on May Day every year. It entails two separate processions that make their way around Padstow on circuits that take twelve hours to traverse. Each procession represents a different half of the town's community. Only those whose families have lived in Lowenac Padstow for at least two generations are permitted to take part in the processions. Each procession contains by an 'Obby 'Oss, a hobby horse consisting of an oval frame covered in black oilskin, which has a small horse's head in the front with a snapping jaw. This is led by an individual known as the Teaser, who is dressed in white and carries a painted club. The procession also contains a retinue of white-clad individuals, some playing accordions, melodeons and drums. This retinue sings a local version of a Mayers' song. At times this tune becomes a dirge, at which the 'Obby 'Oss sinks to the ground and lies flat. When the chorus becomes triumphant again the 'Oss rises and continues along the procession. The origins of the celebrations in Padstow are unknown. There is extensive documentary evidence of British community May Day celebrations in the 16th century and earlier, although the earliest mention of the 'Obby 'Oss at Padstow dates from 1803. An earlier hobby horse is mentioned in the Cornish language drama Beunans Meriasek, a life of the Camborne saint, where it is associated with a troupe, or "companions." There is no evidence to suggest that the 'Obby 'Oss festival is older than the eighteenth century. It has been speculated that such festivals have pre-Christian origins, such as in the Celtic festival of Beltane in the Celtic nations, and the Germanic celebrations during the Þrimilci-mōnaþ (literally Three-Milking Month or Month of Three Milkings) in England. The custom attracted little attention outside of the town until 1907, when the folklorist Francis Etherington drew attention to it. In 1913 the folklorist Thurstan Peter wrote about it; influenced by the ideas of the anthropologist James Frazer, Peter argued that the 'Obby 'Oss custom might have once been a pre-Christian religious ritual designed to secure fertility. The idea that the custom had pre-Christian roots helped to convert it into a tourist attraction. This idea of the custom as a pre-Christian one percolated into the Padstow community, for when the historian Ronald Hutton visited the town in 1985 he found locals describing it to him as an ancient pagan fertility rite. In the 1950s Alan Lomax, then in London and working for the BBC, and his collaborator Peter Kennedy of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, decided to document the unique May Eve and May Day Festivals at Padstow, they selected George Pickow to be their cameraman. The result was the 16-minute colour film Oss Oss Wee Oss (1953). By the 1990s, the 'Obby 'Oss festival was a major attraction that drew large numbers of visitors to Lowennac/Padstow. By that point, Hutton referred to it as "one of the most famous and most dramatic folk customs of modern Britain", adding that it constituted "a tremendous reaffirmation of communal pride and solidarity in this small and normally quiet settlement". The folklorist Doc Rowe, who has attended and documented the custom every year since 1963, goes further - describing 'Obby 'Oss Day as "a united proclamation - almost a 'clenched fist' in the face of time and outside influences... [it] can be seen as a communal pace-maker and, on Mayday, it recharges the community and the good fellowship of the people of Padstow." The festival was not held in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, a coroner's inquiry in Truro considered the death of Laura Smallwood at the 2019 event, when she was struck by a wooden 'Oss and fell unconscious. The coroner concluded that "I find as fact that the 'Oss struck Laura and it is far more likely than not that this caused the injuries identified at post-mortem that led directly to her death." He added that it was "frankly surprising" that the event had "no single event organiser" dealing with safety issues, and said that he would send a report to the government expressing concerns about such events needing to have a named organiser, as well as the need for more police powers to control them. The celebration itself starts at midnight on 30 April with unaccompanied singing around the town starting at the Golden Lion Inn. By the morning of 1 May, the town is dressed with greenery, flowers and flags, with the focus being the maypole. The climax arrives when two groups of dancers progress through the town, one of each team wearing a stylised recreation of a 'horse.' The two 'osses are known as the "Old" and the "Blue Ribbon" 'osses. During the day a number of "Junior" or "colt" 'osses appear, operated by children. Accompanied by drums and accordions and led by acolytes known as "Teasers", each 'oss is adorned by a gruesome mask and black, oilskin cape on a circular frame under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. The Blue ribbon 'oss is apparently of more recent origin. In the late 19th century, Blue 'Oss was supported by members of the Temperance movement who were trying to discourage the consumption of alcohol associated with the "old" 'oss followers. After the first world war the imperative of temperance was lost, and the 'oss became known as the Peace 'Oss. Each 'oss has a "stable" (in the case of the Old 'Oss, the Golden Lion Inn and the Blue Ribbon 'Oss, the institute, from which they emerge at the start of the day's proceedings and retire at the end. Sometimes in the late afternoon, the 'osses may meet at the maypole and dance together. Unite and unite and let us all unite, For summer is acome unto day, And whither we are going we will all unite, In the merry morning of May. I warn you young men everyone, For summer is acome unto day, To go to the green-wood and fetch your May home, In the merry morning of May. Arise up Mr. ..... and joy you betide, For summer is acome unto day, And bright is your bride that lies by your side, In the merry morning of May. Arise up Mrs. ..... and gold be your ring, For summer is acome unto day, And give to us a cup of ale the merrier we shall sing, In the merry morning of May. Arise up Miss ..... all in your gown of green, For summer is acome unto day, You are as fine a lady as wait upon the Queen, In the merry morning of May. Now fare you well, and we bid you all good cheer, For summer is acome unto day, We call once more unto your house before another year, In the merry morning of May. Unite and unite and let us all unite, For summer is acome unto day, And whither we are going we will all unite, In the merry morning of May. Arise up Mr. ..... I know you well afine, For summer is acome unto day, You have a shilling in your purse and I wish it were in mine, In the merry morning of May. All out of your beds, For summer is acome unto day, Your chamber shall be strewed with the white rose and the red In the merry morning of May. Where are the young men that here now should dance, For summer is acome unto day, Some they are in England some they are in France, In the merry morning of May. Where are the maidens that here now should sing, For summer is acome unto day, They are in the meadows the flowers gathering, In the merry morning of May. Arise up Mr. ..... with your sword by your side, For summer is acome unto day, Your steed is in the stable awaiting for to ride, In the merry morning of May. Arise up Miss ..... and strew all your flowers, For summer is acome unto day, It is but a while ago since we have strewn ours, In the merry morning of May. O! where is St. George, O!, where is he O, He is out in his long boat on the salt sea O. Up flies the kite and down tails the lark O. Aunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old ewe And she died in her own Park O. With the merry ring, adieu the merry spring, For summer is acome unto day, How happy is the little bird that merrily doth sing, In the merry morning of May. The young men of Padstow they might if they would, For summer is acome unto day, They might have built a ship and gilded her with gold, In the merry morning of May. The young women of Padstow might if they would, For summer is acome unto day, They might have made a garland with the white rose and the red, In the merry morning of May. Arise up Mr. ..... and reach me your hand, For summer is acome unto day, And you shall have a lively lass with a thousand pounds in hand. In the merry morning of May. Arise up Miss ..... all in your cloak of silk, For summer is acome unto day, And all your body under as white as any milk, In the merry morning of May. O! where is St. George, O!, where is he O, He is out in his long boat on the salt sea O. Up flies the kite and down tails the lark O. Aunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old ewe And she died in her own Park O. Now fare you well and bid you all good cheer, For summer is acome unto day, We call no more unto your house before another year, In the merry morning of May. 'Obby 'Oss traditions also exist in nearby Barnstaple and Combe Martin. Minehead in Somerset also has two large hobby horses, the Sailors' Horse and the Town Horse. Although more pointed or boat-shaped than the Padstow 'Osses, they are similar in that the dancer within the costume wears a tall, conical hat with a grotesque mask over their face; the horse framework is suspended from the dancer's shoulders and a long skirt hangs down to partly hide their body; the animal's heads are small and wooden with snapping jaws. They also capture bystanders. There is documentary evidence of an 'Oss at Penzance in the late 19th century, made with a caped stick and skull, which has formed the basis of the Penglaz 'Obby 'Oss that appears during the Golowan festival and the Montol Festival, both modern revivals; the skull 'oss is strikingly similar to the Mari Lwyd in Wales associated with the pre-Christian deity Rhiannon, known as Epona the horse goddess in continental Celtic cultures, passing into festive folklore as 'the Old Grey Mare' in neighbouring parts of Britain e.g. Dartmoor (Widecombe Fair), Dorset (The Grey Mare and her Colts), as well as the Soultide mummers' horses of Cheshire. Similar Corpus Christi (May–June) folk tradition exists in Galicia in Spain and Portugal where St George fights a dragon in the manner of the Cornish Mummers Plays. Tinsel-cloaked street entertainers dress similarly to the Welsh Mari Llywd but the snapping animal skull might be a goat or fox rather than horse and depicts the Coco or the Peluda. The Tarasque procession from southern France has direct pre-Roman Celtic antecedents and a terrifying ancient Celtic sculpture at the Musée lapidaire d'Avignon depicts the monster hoarding severed human heads. There are some similarities between this festival and the Lajkonik hobby-horse festival in Kraków, Poland. In particular the idea that young women may be captured or struck with a stick to bring them "luck" or fertility suggests a pagan, or at least medieval origin. Lajkonik is 700 years old. Rather more recent is the Banbury Hobby-Horse festival, which started in 2000, and features ritual animals from all parts of the British Isles, some old, some more modern. A May-Day procession including a Teaser and Hobby Horse that tries to capture women under its skirts features in the climactic scenes of the 1973 British cult-horror flick The Wicker Man. "Family Rankin – Padstow (The May Morning Song) lyrics". Lyricsty.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2017. Hutton 1996, p. 81. "Riding a cock horse". Fortean Times. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2007. Stokes, Whitley, ed. and tr; Hadton, Dominus (1830-1909), Beunans Meriasek. The life of Saint Meriasek, bishop and confessor. A Cornish drama. https://archive.org/details/beunansmeriasek01hadtgoog/page/n84 Hutton 1996, p. 82. Caput XV: De mensibus Anglorum from De mensibus Anglorum. Available online: Archived 7 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine "English Folk Customs". Anglo-Saxon Heathenism. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2017. "Obby Oss Day". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Rowe, Doc (2006). May Day: The Coming of Spring. United Kingdom: English Heritage. pp. 38–40. ISBN 1-85074-983-3. Matthews, Chris (19 March 2020). "Obby Oss celebrations have been cancelled". CornwallLive. "Padstow Obby Oss festival: Laura Smallwood dies in hospital", BBC News, 4 May 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2022 "Nurse was killed by wooden horse at festival in Padstow", BBC News, 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022 "Master Mummers - Antrobus Soulcakers 2008". www.mastermummers.org. "Banbury Hobby Horse Festival". Hobby Horse Festival. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017. Banks, M. M. (1938). "Padstow May Festival". Folklore. 49 (4): 391–394. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1938.9718782. Cawte, E. C. (1978). Ritual Animal Disguise: A Historical and Geographical Study of Animal Disguise in the British Isles. Cambridge and Totowa: D.S. Brewer Ltd. and Rowman and Littlefield for the Folklore Society. ISBN 978-0-85991-028-6. Cornish, Helen (2015). "Not All Singing and Dancing: Padstow, Folk Festivals and Belonging". Ethnos: 1–17. Gilligan, J. Herman, in (1987). Bouquet, Mary; Winter, Michael (eds.). "Visitors, Tourists and Outsiders in a Cornish Town". Who from Their Labours Rest?: Conflict and Practice in Rural Tourism. Aldershot: Avebury. ISBN 978-0566053306. Gilligan, J. Herman, in (1990). Harris, C.C. (ed.). "Padstow: Economic and Social Change in a Cornish Town". Family, Economy and Community. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Hole, Christina (1995) [1976]. A Dictionary of British Folk Customs. Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-129-5. Hutton, Ronald (1996). The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820570-8. Rawe, Donald R. (1972). Padstow's Obby Oss and May Day Festivities: A Study in Tradition and Folklore. Wadebridge: Lodenek Press. ISBN 978-0902899162. Semmens, Jason (2005). "Guising, Ritual and Revival: The Hobby Horse in Cornwall". Old Cornwall. 13 (6): 39–46. Video of the "Old Oss" emerging from its stable Padstow Obby Oss with references to music notation and links Oss Oss Wee Oss; (1953) Alan Lomax Archive
[ "1904 illustration by James McBryde", "The ominous inscription upon the whistle", "Illustration of the nightmare Parkins experiences of himself desperately fleeing an apparition along the beach in the hours after he blew the bronze whistle" ]	[ 0, 3, 3 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Whistle_and_I%27ll_come_to_you_illustration.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/James_-_Ghost_Stories_of_an_Antiquary_page_226a.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/James_-_Ghost_Stories_of_an_Antiquary_page_232gray.jpg" ]	[ "\"'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'\" is a ghost story by British writer M. R. James, included in his collection Ghost Stories of an Antiquary (1904). The story is named after a 1793 poem of the same name penned by Robert Burns.", "", "Parkins, the protagonist, is a young Cambridge University professor on holiday in the town of Burnstow (a fictionalized version of Felixstowe, Suffolk), on the southeast coast of England. He resides at The Globe Inn for the duration of his stay, and has promised to investigate the grounds of a nearby preceptory for a colleague during his stay, with view to his colleague further exploring the site the following summer.\nWhile investigating a cavity within what he believes to be the base of a ruined Templar platform or altar for his colleague, Parkins finds an ancient bronze whistle. Parkins pockets his find and returns to the inn, noting as he walks along the desolate beach that a \"shape of indistinct personage\" appears to be making great efforts to catch up with him in the distance, to no avail.", "After an evening meal at the inn, Parkins inspects the whistle while alone in his room. First clearing the hard-packed soil from the item onto a sheet of paper, he then empties the soil out of the window, observing what he believes to be a sole individual \"stationed on the shore, facing the inn\". Parkins then holds the whistle close to a candle, discovering two inscriptions on the item. On one side are inscribed the letters \"FUR FLA FLE BIS\"; the inscription on the other side reads \"QUIS EST ISTE QUI UENIT\".\nParkins recognizes this second inscription as Latin (\"Quis est iste qui venit?\"), translating it as \"Who is this who is coming?\" He is unable to figure out the first inscription on the whistle, which he then blows twice.\nUpon blowing the whistle, Parkins becomes aware of a sudden surge of wind outside his window as a vision of a \"wide, dark expanse at night with a fresh wind blowing\" enters his mind. In the middle of this vision is a solitary figure.", "That night, Parkins dreams of a man desperately fleeing from a \"bobbing, black object\" along a shoreline in a state of extreme fear. In the distance, the pursuing apparition moves in a strange manner and with incredible speed. The man repeatedly clambers over high groynes in desperation before collapsing to the ground in sheer exhaustion as the object the man had been fleeing reveals itself as a figure in \"pale, fluttering draperies\". Each time Parkins closes his eyes, the scenario progresses, although the vision immediately vanishes when he opens his eyes. Realising he is unable to dispel the visions, Parkins decides to read himself to sleep, although when he attempts to light a match, he hears the sound of scurrying on his floor in the direction away from his bed, which he believes may be the sound of rats fleeing. Parkins then reads himself to a sound sleep, with the candle beside his bed still burning when he is woken by staff at the inn the following morning.", "As he prepares to leave the inn, Parkins is informed by a maid that both beds in his room appeared to have been slept in. The maid had already made both beds, explaining the sheets on the bed he had not slept in were \"crumpled and thrown about all ways\". Parkins theorises he may have disturbed the quilt and sheets while unpacking. He then leaves the inn to play golf with an acquaintance, whom he informs of the whistle he had found at the preceptory the previous day. This acquaintance, who appears to have strong anti-Catholic sentiments, informs Parkins of his belief the whistle—which he had left in his inn room—may have belonged to Papists, and he should be wary of keeping and using the object.\nReturning to the inn, both encounter a terrified, hyperventilating boy running from the inn who explains he has just seen a white, faceless figure behind an unlit window of a room at the inn. Both placate the boy, and resolve to investigate the matter, believing initially the child may have been the victim of a cruel prank. Upon returning to his locked room, Parkins realises that the description of the windows of the room given by the boy could only mean the child had seen the apparition in his room. He then notices that the sheets upon the room's second, unused bed are again twisted and contorted.", "Inside Parkins's room that evening, he shows the whistle to his golfing partner, asking if he can decipher the second inscription, although his acquaintance is unable to do so. This acquaintance then leaves the room. Parkins then realises that the night ahead may be moonlit and that, as no curtains cover the windows of his room, his sleep may be disturbed by moonlight. To prevent this, he fashions a partition between his bed and the window using a rug, a stick and his umbrella. Parkins then reads for a short while before blowing out the candle beside his bed and falling asleep.\nApproximately one hour later, Parkins is woken by the sound of his improvised device collapsing to the floor and moonlight shining on his face. He then hears a movement in the empty bed across his room. As he ponders the possibility of rats or other vermin being the source of this sound, he realises the \"rattling and shaking\" sounds could not be caused by rodents. Parkins then sees a figure sit up on the bed, causing him to jump from his own bed in the direction of the window, to retrieve his cane. As he does so, the \"personage in the empty bed\" moves into a position above the door, with arms outspread. This apparition remains stationary in the shadows for several moments as Parkins's fear escalates. The apparition then moves in a stooping posture in his direction as the draped arms feel about the room, leading Parkins to quickly determine the spectre may be blind.\nThe apparition then darts towards Parkins's bed, feeling about the pillow and sheets for his body. Realising he is no longer in the bed, the apparition moves towards the window, into the moonlight, allowing Parkins to see the veiled form clearly. The distorted face and the arms of the apparition are wrapped inside linen, with the arms outstretched, and the apparition continues to search the room for him.\nOne corner of the draperies veiling the form brushes across Parkins's face, causing Parkins to elicit a cry of fear. This cry reveals his general location to the apparition, which moves rapidly in his direction. Parkins backs against the open window of his room, screaming repeatedly as the face of the apparition is \"thrust close into his own\". At this moment, Parkins's friend kicks the door to his room open, just in time to see the apparition advancing towards Parkins. As he advances, the apparition disappears, and the linens which had veiled the form crumple to the floor. The following day, the whistle is thrown far into the sea.", "The BBC has filmed the story twice as Whistle and I'll Come to You, firstly in 1968 in a version directed by Jonathan Miller and starring Michael Hordern, and again in 2010 starring John Hurt and Sophie Thompson.", "This may be a Biblical reference to the Latin version of Isaiah 63:1.\nThis inscription is never explained in the story, but it also seems to be Latin. Read as \"Fur, flabis, flebis\", the inscription roughly translates thus: \"Thief, if you blow, you will weep\".", "\"'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You My Lad'\". americanliterature.com. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2021.\n\"What is the Meaning of the \"FUR/FLA/FLE/BIS\" Inscription in \"Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad\"?\". M.R. James Frequently Asked Questions. globalnet.co.uk. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2007.\nJames, M.R. (1993). Collected Ghost Stories. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth. pp. 65–81. ISBN 1-853-26053-3.", "An omnibus collection of James's short fiction at Standard Ebooks\nFull text of \"'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'\" steve-calvert.co.uk\n\"'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'\", narrated by Michael Hordern\nFifteen-minute drama: \"'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'\" as broadcast on BBC Radio 4\nBritish Theatre Guide review of stage performances of \"'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'\"\n \"'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'\" public domain audiobook at LibriVox" ]	[ "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'", "Plot", "Discovery", "Inspection and calling", "First night", "Second day", "Second night", "Adaptations", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]	'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Oh,_Whistle,_and_I%27ll_Come_to_You,_My_Lad%27	[ 193 ]	[ 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 ]	'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad' "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'" is a ghost story by British writer M. R. James, included in his collection Ghost Stories of an Antiquary (1904). The story is named after a 1793 poem of the same name penned by Robert Burns. Parkins, the protagonist, is a young Cambridge University professor on holiday in the town of Burnstow (a fictionalized version of Felixstowe, Suffolk), on the southeast coast of England. He resides at The Globe Inn for the duration of his stay, and has promised to investigate the grounds of a nearby preceptory for a colleague during his stay, with view to his colleague further exploring the site the following summer. While investigating a cavity within what he believes to be the base of a ruined Templar platform or altar for his colleague, Parkins finds an ancient bronze whistle. Parkins pockets his find and returns to the inn, noting as he walks along the desolate beach that a "shape of indistinct personage" appears to be making great efforts to catch up with him in the distance, to no avail. After an evening meal at the inn, Parkins inspects the whistle while alone in his room. First clearing the hard-packed soil from the item onto a sheet of paper, he then empties the soil out of the window, observing what he believes to be a sole individual "stationed on the shore, facing the inn". Parkins then holds the whistle close to a candle, discovering two inscriptions on the item. On one side are inscribed the letters "FUR FLA FLE BIS"; the inscription on the other side reads "QUIS EST ISTE QUI UENIT". Parkins recognizes this second inscription as Latin ("Quis est iste qui venit?"), translating it as "Who is this who is coming?" He is unable to figure out the first inscription on the whistle, which he then blows twice. Upon blowing the whistle, Parkins becomes aware of a sudden surge of wind outside his window as a vision of a "wide, dark expanse at night with a fresh wind blowing" enters his mind. In the middle of this vision is a solitary figure. That night, Parkins dreams of a man desperately fleeing from a "bobbing, black object" along a shoreline in a state of extreme fear. In the distance, the pursuing apparition moves in a strange manner and with incredible speed. The man repeatedly clambers over high groynes in desperation before collapsing to the ground in sheer exhaustion as the object the man had been fleeing reveals itself as a figure in "pale, fluttering draperies". Each time Parkins closes his eyes, the scenario progresses, although the vision immediately vanishes when he opens his eyes. Realising he is unable to dispel the visions, Parkins decides to read himself to sleep, although when he attempts to light a match, he hears the sound of scurrying on his floor in the direction away from his bed, which he believes may be the sound of rats fleeing. Parkins then reads himself to a sound sleep, with the candle beside his bed still burning when he is woken by staff at the inn the following morning. As he prepares to leave the inn, Parkins is informed by a maid that both beds in his room appeared to have been slept in. The maid had already made both beds, explaining the sheets on the bed he had not slept in were "crumpled and thrown about all ways". Parkins theorises he may have disturbed the quilt and sheets while unpacking. He then leaves the inn to play golf with an acquaintance, whom he informs of the whistle he had found at the preceptory the previous day. This acquaintance, who appears to have strong anti-Catholic sentiments, informs Parkins of his belief the whistle—which he had left in his inn room—may have belonged to Papists, and he should be wary of keeping and using the object. Returning to the inn, both encounter a terrified, hyperventilating boy running from the inn who explains he has just seen a white, faceless figure behind an unlit window of a room at the inn. Both placate the boy, and resolve to investigate the matter, believing initially the child may have been the victim of a cruel prank. Upon returning to his locked room, Parkins realises that the description of the windows of the room given by the boy could only mean the child had seen the apparition in his room. He then notices that the sheets upon the room's second, unused bed are again twisted and contorted. Inside Parkins's room that evening, he shows the whistle to his golfing partner, asking if he can decipher the second inscription, although his acquaintance is unable to do so. This acquaintance then leaves the room. Parkins then realises that the night ahead may be moonlit and that, as no curtains cover the windows of his room, his sleep may be disturbed by moonlight. To prevent this, he fashions a partition between his bed and the window using a rug, a stick and his umbrella. Parkins then reads for a short while before blowing out the candle beside his bed and falling asleep. Approximately one hour later, Parkins is woken by the sound of his improvised device collapsing to the floor and moonlight shining on his face. He then hears a movement in the empty bed across his room. As he ponders the possibility of rats or other vermin being the source of this sound, he realises the "rattling and shaking" sounds could not be caused by rodents. Parkins then sees a figure sit up on the bed, causing him to jump from his own bed in the direction of the window, to retrieve his cane. As he does so, the "personage in the empty bed" moves into a position above the door, with arms outspread. This apparition remains stationary in the shadows for several moments as Parkins's fear escalates. The apparition then moves in a stooping posture in his direction as the draped arms feel about the room, leading Parkins to quickly determine the spectre may be blind. The apparition then darts towards Parkins's bed, feeling about the pillow and sheets for his body. Realising he is no longer in the bed, the apparition moves towards the window, into the moonlight, allowing Parkins to see the veiled form clearly. The distorted face and the arms of the apparition are wrapped inside linen, with the arms outstretched, and the apparition continues to search the room for him. One corner of the draperies veiling the form brushes across Parkins's face, causing Parkins to elicit a cry of fear. This cry reveals his general location to the apparition, which moves rapidly in his direction. Parkins backs against the open window of his room, screaming repeatedly as the face of the apparition is "thrust close into his own". At this moment, Parkins's friend kicks the door to his room open, just in time to see the apparition advancing towards Parkins. As he advances, the apparition disappears, and the linens which had veiled the form crumple to the floor. The following day, the whistle is thrown far into the sea. The BBC has filmed the story twice as Whistle and I'll Come to You, firstly in 1968 in a version directed by Jonathan Miller and starring Michael Hordern, and again in 2010 starring John Hurt and Sophie Thompson. This may be a Biblical reference to the Latin version of Isaiah 63:1. This inscription is never explained in the story, but it also seems to be Latin. Read as "Fur, flabis, flebis", the inscription roughly translates thus: "Thief, if you blow, you will weep". "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You My Lad'". americanliterature.com. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2021. "What is the Meaning of the "FUR/FLA/FLE/BIS" Inscription in "Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad"?". M.R. James Frequently Asked Questions. globalnet.co.uk. 1 January 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2007. James, M.R. (1993). Collected Ghost Stories. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth. pp. 65–81. ISBN 1-853-26053-3. An omnibus collection of James's short fiction at Standard Ebooks Full text of "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'" steve-calvert.co.uk "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'", narrated by Michael Hordern Fifteen-minute drama: "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'" as broadcast on BBC Radio 4 British Theatre Guide review of stage performances of "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'" "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'" public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[ "First pages from the Diwan of Urfi" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/First_pages_from_the_Diwan_of_Urfi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" ]	[ "Jamāl-al-Din Moḥammad Sidi (1555–1591) was a Persian poet. He lived from 963 AH-999 AH; c. 1556-1590 CE; known by his pen-name Urfi, or Orfi or Urfi Shirazi (Persian: عرفی شیرازی), was a 16th-century Persian poet.\nHe was born in Shiraz and in his youth, he migrated to India and became one of the poets of the court of Akbar the Great. He is one of the most prominent Persian poets of Indian style.", "Inan, Murat Umut (2019). \"Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World\". The Persianate World (1 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 75–92. ISBN 978-0-520-30092-7.\nPAUL LOSENSKY, \"ʿORFI ŠIRAZI\" in Encyclopaedia Iranica", "عرفی شیرازی, Dehkhoda Dictionary\nList of Persian poets and authors\nPersian literature" ]	[ "'Orfi Shirazi", "References", "External links" ]	'Orfi Shirazi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Orfi_Shirazi	[ 194 ]	[ 1983 ]	'Orfi Shirazi Jamāl-al-Din Moḥammad Sidi (1555–1591) was a Persian poet. He lived from 963 AH-999 AH; c. 1556-1590 CE; known by his pen-name Urfi, or Orfi or Urfi Shirazi (Persian: عرفی شیرازی), was a 16th-century Persian poet. He was born in Shiraz and in his youth, he migrated to India and became one of the poets of the court of Akbar the Great. He is one of the most prominent Persian poets of Indian style. Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". The Persianate World (1 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 75–92. ISBN 978-0-520-30092-7. PAUL LOSENSKY, "ʿORFI ŠIRAZI" in Encyclopaedia Iranica عرفی شیرازی, Dehkhoda Dictionary List of Persian poets and authors Persian literature
[ "A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god ʻOro, made of woven dried coconut fibre (sennit), which would have protected a Polynesian god effigy (toʻo), made of wood. The mana of the god was symbolised by feathers, usually red in colour, which were attached to the surface of the woven covering. Figure held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.", "Taputapuatea marae on Raiatea" ]	[ 0, 2 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Tahiti-Oro.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Marae%2C_Raiatea_2.jpg" ]	[ "ʻOro is a god in Tahiti and Society Islands mythology. The veneration of ʻOro, although practiced in varying intensity among the islands, was a major religion of the Society Islands in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially Tahiti, Tahaa, Moorea, and Raiatea. On Tahiti, ʻOro was the main deity and the god of war. The secret society of Arioi was closely linked because of its rites. On the Marquesas Islands, ʻOro bore the name Mahui.", "Four main gods were venerated on the Society Islands: Taʻaroa, originally the god of the sea and fishing, Tane, god of the forest and handicrafts, Tu, the old god of war and Roʻo, god of agricultural products and the weather. These main gods were also venerated on the other Polynesian islands.\nThe colonists who settled as part of the Polynesian expansion spread their religion amongst the various islands. Over the centuries the continual movement and developments of the original society groups brought about local differences and adaptations of the cult within the Polynesian Triangle.\nOn the island of Raiatea the priests elevated the god Taʻaroa from the role of sea god - already an important function in a maritime society - to the god responsible for creating the world. A possible explanation for this is that the ariki, the hereditary chiefs and members of the highest noble ranks on Raiatea, could trace their lineage directly to Taʻaroa. A further development of this cult was the veneration of ʻOro, the son of Taʻaroa and Hina tu a uta, to whom the marae Taputapuatea in the Opoa valley on Raiatea is dedicated. According to tradition, Taputapuatea is the mythical birthplace of ʻOro. The cult of Taʻaroa also spread to the Cook Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago and Mangareva. Large islands, such as New Zealand and Hawaii, remained unaffected by the cult and its developments and Taʻaroa retains his original function there as god of the sea. Similarly, on many of the other islands of the south Pacific ʻOro did not have the same superior function as on Tahiti and Raiatea.\nDue to the growing influence of Taputapuatea - one can characterize it as a type of central pilgrimage site - ʻOro gained more political power and religious influence within the Polynesian pantheon. On the neighboring island of Tahiti the veneration of ʻOro grew in importance during the late proto-historical or early historical period and can be seen as a clear step from Polytheism to Monotheism. This development was substantially driven by the influential secret society of Arioi, who were of great religious and political importance. From within their ranks came the upper echelons of the nobility and the priesthood. The Arioi could trace the foundation of their order back to the god ʻOro himself.\nOn Tahiti ʻOro was the god of war, who in times of peace became the god of the fine arts. Not only pigs but also humans were sacrificed to him. During his third voyage in 1777 James Cook was witness to such a human sacrifice. The prisoner was held securely on a platform whilst a priest smashed his skull with a holy mace.", "According to legend ʻOro lived with his sisters Teouri and Oaaoa on Mount Pahia on the island of Bora Bora. He asked his sisters for help in finding a suitable wife and descended to earth on a rainbow in the guise of a warrior. His search of the various islands at first proved futile, which also saddened his sisters. In the course of their journey home to Pahia the sisters arrived in the village of Vaitape, near Vaiʻotaha marae on Bora Bora. There they spotted Vairaumati, a beautiful young woman bathing in a pool of water. The sisters told ʻOro of their encounter and he decided to make Vairaumati his wife. Vairaumati found this young, strong warrior attractive. Every morning ʻOro would descend to earth to meet Vairaumati and then leave again in the evening to return to Pahia. ʻOro's brothers ʻOro-tetefa and Uru-tetefa, transformed themselves into a bunch of red feathers and a pregnant sow as wedding gifts. \nVairumati gave birth to a son, who one day would become a powerful chieftain. ʻOro flew across the sky in the shape of a flame and made Vairaumati into a goddess.\nThe rainbow is also a symbol in Hawaiian mythology, even though the cult of ʻOro is a relatively late creation, coming about sometime after the settlement of the Hawaiian Archipelago by Polynesians from the Society Islands. In Hawaii the god Lono also descended to earth on a rainbow. The motif of the marriage of a human woman with a god descended from the sky is recurrent in Polynesian mythology, as well as being evident in numerous other mythologies from various cultures.", "Polynesian gods manifest themselves in two different ways: as \"Ata\" and as \"Toʻo\".\nAta was a natural object or artefact sought after by humans that would symbolise the incarnation of the gods. For the god ʻOro this was as either:\nʻOro-i-te-maro-tea: (ʻOro of the yellow belt), the manifestation of ʻOro as a light yellow thrush.\nʻOro-i-te-maro-ura: (ʻOro of the red belt), the manifestation of ʻOro as a red-green Aʻa-bird.\nToʻo was a man-made object, for example a figure made of wood or stone, that presented a figurative image of the god. On Tahiti the god ʻOro was presented in an effigy wrapped in coconut fibers with a mace-shaped wooden \"soul\" in the middle. Red and yellow feathers—the symbols of the god—were placed within the layers of coconut fiber. The Toʻo was stored and kept safe on the ceremonial platform and would be regularly re-clothed in tapa fiber during a complicated ceremony. This ritual possibly has to do with the local burial cult where the body would be swathed in tapa.", "J.A. Moerenhout, Voyages aux îles du Grand Océan, Paris, 1837; englische Übersetzung: Travels to the Islands of the Pacific Ocean, Lanham - London, 1983, S. 244\nSalmond, Anne (2010). Aphrodite's Island. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 24-26. ISBN 9780520261143.\nPeter Buck: Vikings of the Sunrise, New York 1938, S. 89 f.\nJames Cook: Entdeckungsfahrten im Pazific, Logbücher der Reisen 1768 - 1779; deutsche Ausgabe Tübingen-Basel, 1971\nMartha Beckwith: Hawaiian Mythology, Yale University Press 1940\nRobert D. Craig: Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology, S. 194\nAnthony JP Meyer: Ozeanische Kunst, Köln 1995, p. 515", "Robert D. Craig. \"ʻOro\". Dictionary of Polynesian mythology. Greenwood Publishing Group (1989), p. 193-194." ]	[ "'Oro", "Origins", "Legends", "Manifestations", "References", "Further reading" ]	'Oro	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Oro	[ 195, 196 ]	[ 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 ]	'Oro ʻOro is a god in Tahiti and Society Islands mythology. The veneration of ʻOro, although practiced in varying intensity among the islands, was a major religion of the Society Islands in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially Tahiti, Tahaa, Moorea, and Raiatea. On Tahiti, ʻOro was the main deity and the god of war. The secret society of Arioi was closely linked because of its rites. On the Marquesas Islands, ʻOro bore the name Mahui. Four main gods were venerated on the Society Islands: Taʻaroa, originally the god of the sea and fishing, Tane, god of the forest and handicrafts, Tu, the old god of war and Roʻo, god of agricultural products and the weather. These main gods were also venerated on the other Polynesian islands. The colonists who settled as part of the Polynesian expansion spread their religion amongst the various islands. Over the centuries the continual movement and developments of the original society groups brought about local differences and adaptations of the cult within the Polynesian Triangle. On the island of Raiatea the priests elevated the god Taʻaroa from the role of sea god - already an important function in a maritime society - to the god responsible for creating the world. A possible explanation for this is that the ariki, the hereditary chiefs and members of the highest noble ranks on Raiatea, could trace their lineage directly to Taʻaroa. A further development of this cult was the veneration of ʻOro, the son of Taʻaroa and Hina tu a uta, to whom the marae Taputapuatea in the Opoa valley on Raiatea is dedicated. According to tradition, Taputapuatea is the mythical birthplace of ʻOro. The cult of Taʻaroa also spread to the Cook Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago and Mangareva. Large islands, such as New Zealand and Hawaii, remained unaffected by the cult and its developments and Taʻaroa retains his original function there as god of the sea. Similarly, on many of the other islands of the south Pacific ʻOro did not have the same superior function as on Tahiti and Raiatea. Due to the growing influence of Taputapuatea - one can characterize it as a type of central pilgrimage site - ʻOro gained more political power and religious influence within the Polynesian pantheon. On the neighboring island of Tahiti the veneration of ʻOro grew in importance during the late proto-historical or early historical period and can be seen as a clear step from Polytheism to Monotheism. This development was substantially driven by the influential secret society of Arioi, who were of great religious and political importance. From within their ranks came the upper echelons of the nobility and the priesthood. The Arioi could trace the foundation of their order back to the god ʻOro himself. On Tahiti ʻOro was the god of war, who in times of peace became the god of the fine arts. Not only pigs but also humans were sacrificed to him. During his third voyage in 1777 James Cook was witness to such a human sacrifice. The prisoner was held securely on a platform whilst a priest smashed his skull with a holy mace. According to legend ʻOro lived with his sisters Teouri and Oaaoa on Mount Pahia on the island of Bora Bora. He asked his sisters for help in finding a suitable wife and descended to earth on a rainbow in the guise of a warrior. His search of the various islands at first proved futile, which also saddened his sisters. In the course of their journey home to Pahia the sisters arrived in the village of Vaitape, near Vaiʻotaha marae on Bora Bora. There they spotted Vairaumati, a beautiful young woman bathing in a pool of water. The sisters told ʻOro of their encounter and he decided to make Vairaumati his wife. Vairaumati found this young, strong warrior attractive. Every morning ʻOro would descend to earth to meet Vairaumati and then leave again in the evening to return to Pahia. ʻOro's brothers ʻOro-tetefa and Uru-tetefa, transformed themselves into a bunch of red feathers and a pregnant sow as wedding gifts. Vairumati gave birth to a son, who one day would become a powerful chieftain. ʻOro flew across the sky in the shape of a flame and made Vairaumati into a goddess. The rainbow is also a symbol in Hawaiian mythology, even though the cult of ʻOro is a relatively late creation, coming about sometime after the settlement of the Hawaiian Archipelago by Polynesians from the Society Islands. In Hawaii the god Lono also descended to earth on a rainbow. The motif of the marriage of a human woman with a god descended from the sky is recurrent in Polynesian mythology, as well as being evident in numerous other mythologies from various cultures. Polynesian gods manifest themselves in two different ways: as "Ata" and as "Toʻo". Ata was a natural object or artefact sought after by humans that would symbolise the incarnation of the gods. For the god ʻOro this was as either: ʻOro-i-te-maro-tea: (ʻOro of the yellow belt), the manifestation of ʻOro as a light yellow thrush. ʻOro-i-te-maro-ura: (ʻOro of the red belt), the manifestation of ʻOro as a red-green Aʻa-bird. Toʻo was a man-made object, for example a figure made of wood or stone, that presented a figurative image of the god. On Tahiti the god ʻOro was presented in an effigy wrapped in coconut fibers with a mace-shaped wooden "soul" in the middle. Red and yellow feathers—the symbols of the god—were placed within the layers of coconut fiber. The Toʻo was stored and kept safe on the ceremonial platform and would be regularly re-clothed in tapa fiber during a complicated ceremony. This ritual possibly has to do with the local burial cult where the body would be swathed in tapa. J.A. Moerenhout, Voyages aux îles du Grand Océan, Paris, 1837; englische Übersetzung: Travels to the Islands of the Pacific Ocean, Lanham - London, 1983, S. 244 Salmond, Anne (2010). Aphrodite's Island. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 24-26. ISBN 9780520261143. Peter Buck: Vikings of the Sunrise, New York 1938, S. 89 f. James Cook: Entdeckungsfahrten im Pazific, Logbücher der Reisen 1768 - 1779; deutsche Ausgabe Tübingen-Basel, 1971 Martha Beckwith: Hawaiian Mythology, Yale University Press 1940 Robert D. Craig: Dictionary of Polynesian Mythology, S. 194 Anthony JP Meyer: Ozeanische Kunst, Köln 1995, p. 515 Robert D. Craig. "ʻOro". Dictionary of Polynesian mythology. Greenwood Publishing Group (1989), p. 193-194.
[ "ʻOta ʻika", "", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Ota_ika_%285737464134%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Ika_mata.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Poisson_cru_%C3%A0_la_tahitienne.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Kokodafood.jpg" ]	[ "ʻOta ʻika is a Oceanian dish consisting of raw fish marinated in citrus juice and coconut milk. The Tongan, Tahitian, and Samoan variants are essentially identical in that the raw fish is briefly marinated in lemon or lime juice until the surface of the flesh becomes opaque. The fish is then mixed with coconut milk and diced vegetables (most commonly cucumber, tomato, onion, green onion, and spicy peppers). This is the national dish of Tonga. \nThe dish is otherwise known as coconut fish in Nauru, kokoda in Fiji and Papua New Guinea, oka in Samoa, ika mata in the Cook Islands and New Zealand, orao ra in Kiribati, and simply poisson cru on the French islands. The word \"ota\" means \"raw\" within the Polynesian language group, although the more common term for the dish in French Polynesia is its French equivalent, \"poisson cru\" (literally, \"raw fish\"). Any type of seafood can be used to make \"ota,\" the word \"ika\" means fish (\"i'a\" in Samoan language), but the dish is often prepared with mussels (\"ota pipi/maso\"), prawns (\"ota ulavai\"), crab (\"ota pa'a/paka\"), lobster (\"ota ula\"), octopus/squid (\"ota fe'e/feke\"), sea urchin (\"ota vana/tuitui\"), and eel (\"ota pusi\").\nA very similar dish is the kinilaw of the Philippines, and its descendant dish, the kelaguen of the Marianas Islands. The poke of Hawaii is also similar though it does not use citrus juices or coconut milk. It is also similar to the Latin American ceviche, though the latter is relatively recent and may be a derivative dish, as citruses are not native to the Americas.", "Kinilaw\nKelaguen\nHinava\nCeviche\nCrudo\nHoe\nHoe-deopbap\nList of hors d'oeuvre\nList of raw fish dishes\nList of salads\nPoke\nTataki\nSingju\nYusheng", "Brillat, Michael (1999). South Pacific islands (1st ed.). Munich, Germany: Nelles Verlag. ISBN 3-88618-104-9. OCLC 43578477.\nThe World's Best Street Food: Where to Find It and How to Make It. Lonely Planet Publications. 2012. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-74321-664-4. Retrieved July 30, 2016.\nHaden, Roger (2009). Food Culture in the Pacific Islands. ABC-CLIO. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-313-34492-3.", "\"ʻOta ʻika (raw fish in coconut milk)\", The Polynesian Kitchen" ]	[ "'Ota 'ika", "See also", "Sources", "Further reading" ]	'Ota 'ika	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ota_%27ika	[ 197, 198, 199, 200 ]	[ 1998, 1999 ]	'Ota 'ika ʻOta ʻika is a Oceanian dish consisting of raw fish marinated in citrus juice and coconut milk. The Tongan, Tahitian, and Samoan variants are essentially identical in that the raw fish is briefly marinated in lemon or lime juice until the surface of the flesh becomes opaque. The fish is then mixed with coconut milk and diced vegetables (most commonly cucumber, tomato, onion, green onion, and spicy peppers). This is the national dish of Tonga. The dish is otherwise known as coconut fish in Nauru, kokoda in Fiji and Papua New Guinea, oka in Samoa, ika mata in the Cook Islands and New Zealand, orao ra in Kiribati, and simply poisson cru on the French islands. The word "ota" means "raw" within the Polynesian language group, although the more common term for the dish in French Polynesia is its French equivalent, "poisson cru" (literally, "raw fish"). Any type of seafood can be used to make "ota," the word "ika" means fish ("i'a" in Samoan language), but the dish is often prepared with mussels ("ota pipi/maso"), prawns ("ota ulavai"), crab ("ota pa'a/paka"), lobster ("ota ula"), octopus/squid ("ota fe'e/feke"), sea urchin ("ota vana/tuitui"), and eel ("ota pusi"). A very similar dish is the kinilaw of the Philippines, and its descendant dish, the kelaguen of the Marianas Islands. The poke of Hawaii is also similar though it does not use citrus juices or coconut milk. It is also similar to the Latin American ceviche, though the latter is relatively recent and may be a derivative dish, as citruses are not native to the Americas. Kinilaw Kelaguen Hinava Ceviche Crudo Hoe Hoe-deopbap List of hors d'oeuvre List of raw fish dishes List of salads Poke Tataki Singju Yusheng Brillat, Michael (1999). South Pacific islands (1st ed.). Munich, Germany: Nelles Verlag. ISBN 3-88618-104-9. OCLC 43578477. The World's Best Street Food: Where to Find It and How to Make It. Lonely Planet Publications. 2012. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-74321-664-4. Retrieved July 30, 2016. Haden, Roger (2009). Food Culture in the Pacific Islands. ABC-CLIO. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-313-34492-3. "ʻOta ʻika (raw fish in coconut milk)", The Polynesian Kitchen
[ "Jarry in Alfortville", "The Grand Gidouille on Ubu's belly is a symbol of 'pataphysics." ]	[ 0, 11 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Jarry_velo.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/V%C3%A9ritable_portrait_de_Monsieur_Ubu.png" ]	[ "'Pataphysics (French: 'pataphysique) is a \"philosophy\" of science invented by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873–1907) intended to be a parody of science. Difficult to be simply defined or pinned down, it has been described as the \"science of imaginary solutions\".", "'Pataphysics was a concept expressed by Jarry in a mock-scientific manner, with undertones of spoofing and quackery, as expounded in his novel Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician. Here, Jarry toyed with conventional concepts and interpretations of reality. Another attempt at a definition interprets 'pataphysics as an idea that \"the virtual or imaginary nature of things as glimpsed by the heightened vision of poetry or science or love can be seized and lived as real\". Jarry defines 'pataphysics in a number of statements and examples, including that it is \"the science of imaginary solutions, which symbolically attributes the properties of objects, described by their virtuality, to their lineaments\". A practitioner of 'pataphysics is a pataphysician or a pataphysicist.", "One definition of 'pataphysics is that it's \"a branch of philosophy or science that examines imaginary phenomena that exist in a world beyond metaphysics; it is the science of imaginary solutions.\"\nThere are over one hundred definitions of 'pataphysics. Some examples are shown below.\n'Pataphysics is the science of that which is superinduced upon metaphysics, whether within or beyond the latter's limitations, extending as far beyond metaphysics as the latter extends beyond physics. ... 'Pataphysics will be, above all, the science of the particular, despite the common opinion that the only science is that of the general. 'Pataphysics will examine the laws governing exceptions, and will explain the universe supplementary to this one.\n'Pataphysics is patient; 'Pataphysics is benign; 'Pataphysics envies nothing, is never distracted, never puffed up, it has neither aspirations nor seeks not its own, it is even-tempered, and thinks not evil; it mocks not iniquity: it is enraptured with scientific truth; it supports everything, believes everything, has faith in everything and upholds everything that is.\n— Alistair Brotchie (a humorous allusion to First Corinthians 13 about the virtues of love)\nPataphysics passes easily from one state of apparent definition to another. Thus it can present itself under the aspect of a gas, a liquid or a solid.\nPataphysics \"the science of the particular\" does not, therefore, study the rules governing the general recurrence of a periodic incident (the expected case) so much as study the games governing the special occurrence of a sporadic accident (the excepted case). [...] Jarry performs humorously on behalf of literature what Nietzsche performs seriously on behalf of philosophy. Both thinkers in effect attempt to dream up a \"gay science\" whose joie de vivre thrives wherever the tyranny of truth has increased our esteem for the lie and wherever the tyranny of reason has increased our esteem for the mad.", "The word 'pataphysics is a contracted formation, derived from the Greek τὰ ἐπὶ τὰ μεταφυσικά (tà epì tà metàphusiká), a phrase or expression meaning \"that which is above metaphysics\", and is itself a sly variation on the title of Aristotle's Metaphysics, which in Greek is \"τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά\" (ta meta ta physika).\n\nJarry mandated the inclusion of the apostrophe in the orthography, 'pataphysique and 'pataphysics, \"...to avoid a simple pun\". The words pataphysician or pataphysicist and the adjective pataphysical should not include the apostrophe. Only when consciously referring to Jarry's science itself should the word 'pataphysics carry the apostrophe. The term pataphysics is a paronym (considered a kind of pun in French) of metaphysics. Since the apostrophe in no way affects the meaning or pronunciation of pataphysics, this spelling of the term is a sly notation, to the reader, suggesting a variety of puns that listeners may hear, or be aware of. These puns include patte à physique (\"physics paw\"), as interpreted by Jarry scholars Keith Beaumont and Roger Shattuck, pas ta physique (\"not your physics\"), and pâte à physique (\"physics paste\").", "The term first appeared in print in the text of Alfred Jarry's play Guignol in the 28 April 1893 issue of L'Écho de Paris littéraire illustré, but it has been suggested that the word has its origins in the same school pranks at the lycée in Rennes that led Jarry to write Ubu Roi. Jarry considered Ibicrates and Sophrotatos the Armenian as the fathers of this \"science\".", "The Collège de 'Pataphysique, founded in 1948 in Paris, France, is \"a society committed to learned and inutilious research\". (The word 'inutilious' is synonymous with 'useless'.) The motto of the college is Latin: Eadem mutata resurgo (\"I arise again the same though changed\").\nThe permanent head of the college is the Inamovable Curator, Dr. Faustroll, assisted by Bosse-de-Nage (Starosta): both are fictional.\nThe Vice-Curator is the \"first and most senior living entity\" in the college's hierarchy. The Vice-Curatrice as of 2018 is Tanya Peixoto of the London Institute of 'Pataphysics and Bookartbookshop. She was elected in 2014 to succeed Her Magnificence Lutembi – a crocodile – who succeeded Opach, The Baron Mollet and Doctor Sandomir.\nJean-Christophe Averty was appointed Satrap in 1990.\nPublications of the college, generally called Latin: Viridis Candela (\"green candle\"), include the Cahiers, Dossiers and the Subsidia Pataphysica.\nNotable members have included Marcel Duchamp, Joan Miró, Eugène Ionesco, Noël Arnaud, Jean-Christophe Averty, René Daumal, Luc Étienne, François Le Lionnais, Jean Lescure, Raymond Queneau, Boris Vian, Jacques Carelman, Man Ray, Max Ernst, Julien Torma, Roger Shattuck, Groucho, Chico and Harpo Marx, Philippe de Chérisey, Rolando Villazón, Fernando Arrabal and Gavin Bryars. The Oulipo began as a subcommittee of the college.", "Although France had been always the centre of the pataphysical globe, there are followers in different cities around the world. In 1966 Juan Esteban Fassio was commissioned to draw the map of the Collège de 'Pataphysique and its institutes abroad.\nThe college stopped its public activities between 1975 and 2000, referred to as its occultation. However through that time, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Canada, The Netherlands, and many other countries showed that the internationalization of 'pataphysics was irreversible.\nIn the 1950s, Buenos Aires in the Western Hemisphere and Milan in Europe were the first cities to have 'pataphysical institutes. London, Edinburgh, Budapest, and Liège, as well as many other European cities, caught up in the sixties.", "During the communist era, a small group of 'pataphysicists in Czechoslovakia started a journal called PAKO, or Pataphysical Collegium. Jarry's plays had a lasting impression on the country's underground philosophical scene.", "The London Institute of 'Pataphysics was established in September 2000 to promote 'pataphysics in the English-speaking world. The institute has various publications, including a journal, and has six departments: Bureau for the Investigation of Subliminal Images, Committee for Hirsutism and Pogonotrophy, Department of Dogma and Theory, Department of Potassons, Department of Reconstructive Archaeology, and The Office of Patentry.\nThe institute also contains a pataphysical museum and archive and organised the Anthony Hancock Paintings and Sculptures exhibition in 2002.\nThe official orchestra of the London Institute of 'Pataphysics is the London Snorkelling Team.", "Musée Patamécanique is a private museum located in Bristol, Rhode Island. Founded in 2006, it is open by appointment only to friends, colleagues, and occasionally to outside observers. The museum is presented as a hybrid between an automaton theatre and a cabinet of curiosities and contains works representing the field of Patamechanics, an artistic practice and area of study chiefly inspired by 'pataphysics.\nExamples of exhibits include a troupe of singing animatronic chipmunks, a time machine the museum says is the world's largest automated phenakistoscope, an olfactory clock, a chandelier of singing animatronic nightingales, an Undigestulator (a device that purportedly reconstitutes digested foods), a peanuts enlarger, a syzygistic oracle, the earolin (a 24-inch tall holographic ear that plays the violin), and a machine for capturing the dreams of bumble bees.", "A 'Pataphysics Institute opened in Vilnius, Lithuania in May 2013.", "Clinamen\nA clinamen is the unpredictable swerve of atoms that poet Christian Bök calls \"...the smallest possible aberration that can make the greatest possible difference\". An example is Jarry's merdre, a swerve of French: merde (\"shit\"). \nAntinomy\nAn antinomy is the mutually incompatible. It represents the duality of things, the echo or symmetry, the good and the evil at the same time. Hugill mentions various examples including the plus minus, the faust-troll, the haldern-ablou, the yes-but, the ha-ha and the paradox.\nSyzygy\nThe syzygy originally comes from astronomy and denotes the alignment of three celestial bodies in a straight line. In a pataphysical context it is the pun. It usually describes a conjunction of things, something unexpected and surprising. Serendipity is a simple chance encounter but the syzygy has a more scientific purpose. Bök mentions Jarry suggesting that the fall of a body towards a centre might not be preferable to the ascension of a vacuum towards a periphery.\nAbsolute\nThe absolute is the idea of a transcended reality.\nAnomaly\nAn anomaly represents the exception. Jarry said that, \"Pataphysics will examine the laws governing exceptions, and will explain the universe supplementary to this one.\" Bök calls it \"...the repressed part of a rule which ensures that the rule does not work\".\nPataphor\nA pataphor is an unusually extended metaphor based on 'pataphysics. As Jarry claimed that 'pataphysics exists \"...as far from metaphysics as metaphysics extends from regular reality\", a pataphor attempts to create a figure of speech that exists as far from metaphor as metaphor exists from non-figurative language.", "The pataphysical calendar is a variation of the Gregorian calendar. The Collège de 'Pataphysique created the calendar in 1949. The pataphysical era (E.P.) started on Jarry's birthday, 8 September 1873 vulg. When converting pataphysical dates to Gregorian dates, the appendage (vulg.) for vulgate (\"common\") is added.\nThe week starts on a Sunday. Every 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd is a Sunday and every 13th day of a month falls on a Friday (see Friday the 13th). Each day is assigned a specific name or saint. For example, the 27 Haha (1 November vulg.) is called French: Occultation d'Alfred Jarry or the 14 Sable (14 December vulg.) is the day of French: Don Quichote, champion du monde.\nThe year has a total of 13 months each with 29 days. The 29th day of each month is imaginary with two exceptions:\nthe 29 Gidouille (13 July vulg.) is always non-imaginary\nthe 29 Gueules (23 February vulg.) is non-imaginary during leap years\nThe table below shows the names and order of months in a pataphysical year with their corresponding Gregorian dates and approximate translations or meanings by Hugill.\nFor example:\n8 September 1873 (vulg.) = 1 Absolu 1\n1 January 2000 (vulg.) = 4 Décervelage 127\n10 November 2012 (vulg.)(Saturday) = 8 As 140 (Sunday)", "In the 1960s 'pataphysics was used as a conceptual principle within various fine art forms, especially pop art and popular culture. Works within the pataphysical tradition tend to focus on the processes of their creation, and elements of chance or arbitrary choices are frequently key in those processes. Select pieces from the artist Marcel Duchamp and the composer John Cage characterize this. At around this time, Asger Jorn, a pataphysician and member of the Situationist International, referred to 'pataphysics as a new religion.", "In 1948 Raymond Queneau, Jean Genet, and Eugène Ionesco founded Collège de pataphysique and published OULIPO, which influenced the following writers: \nBoris Vian became involved with the Collège de 'Pataphysique.\nRené Daumal has references to pataphysics in his writings.\nHandspring Puppet Company produces theatrical works with elements of pataphysics.\nPat Murphy features pataphysics in several works of science fiction.\nJean Baudrillard is often described as a pataphysician and identified as such for some part of his life.\nPablo Lopez has developed an extension of 'pataphysics called the pataphor.", "In the song \"Maxwell's Silver Hammer\" on the Beatles album Abbey Road, \"'Pataphysical science\" is mentioned as a course of study for Maxwell Edison's first victim, Joan.\nThe debut album by Ron 'Pate's Debonairs, featuring Reverend Fred Lane (his first appearance on vinyl), is titled Raudelunas 'Pataphysical Revue (1977), a live theatrical performance. A review in The Wire magazine said, \"No other record has ever come as close to realising Alfred Jarry's desire 'to make the soul monstrous'—or even had the vision or invention to try.\" 'Pate (note the pataphysical apostrophe) and Lane were central members in the Raudelunas art collective in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.\nProfessor Andrew Hugill, of De Montfort University, is a practitioner of pataphysical music. He curated Pataphysics, for the Sonic Arts Network's CD series, and in 2007 some of his own music was issued by UHRecordings under the title Pataphysical Piano; The sounds and silences of Andrew Hugill.\nBritish progressive rock band Soft Machine were self-described as \"the Official Orchestra of the College of Pataphysics\" and featured the two songs \"Pataphysical Introduction\" parts I and II on their 1969 album Volume Two.\nJapanese psychedelic rock band Acid Mothers Temple refer to the topic on their 1999 release Pataphisical Freak Out MU!!.\nAutolux, a Los Angeles–based noise pop band, have a song \"Science of Imaginary Solutions\" on their second album Transit Transit.\nThe composer Gavin Bryars has been a member of the Collège de 'Pataphysique since 1974; he was appointed Regent in 2001 and a Transcendent Satrap in 2015 at the pataphysical New Year's Eve Vigil E.P. 143 (7 September 2015 vulg.)", "In 1962 American artist James E. Brewton developed a style of abstract expressionism he called Graffiti Pataphysic. A survey of Brewton's 'pataphysics-related work was shown in 2014 in Philadelphia.\nAmerican artist Thomas Chimes developed an interest in Jarry's 'pataphysics, which became a lifelong passion, inspiring much of the painter's creative work.\nIn 2000,The Laboratory of Feminist Pataphysics was founded by Canadian visual artist, writer and scholar, Mireille Perron. The Laboratory of Feminist Pataphysics has been shown at the Nickle Arts Museum, The New Gallery and Stride Gallery in Calgary, Alberta.\nIn 2010 American artist Kevin Ferreira began a visual exploration into the imaginary solutions for the constructs of reality (pataphysics=pata art). The exhibit SpektrumMEK that resulted from this endeavor has been put into his book \"SpektrumMEK: A pataphysical gestation to the birth of Lil' t\".\nThe League of Imaginary Scientists, a Los Angeles-based art collective specializing in 'pataphysics-based interactive experiments. In 2011 they exhibited a series of projects at Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.\nBrian Reffin Smith, a Berlin-based British artist and Regent of Catachemistry and Speculative Metallurgy in the Collège de 'Pataphysique, Paris, often shows art based upon or influenced by 'Pataphysics and conducts performances at Pataphysical events. He was part of a group of German and Czech artists who exhibited at Patadata, in Zlín, Czech Republic, 2017.", "The SCP Foundation has multiple articles referencing pataphysical concepts, such as SCP-2747 (\"As below, so above\"). \"Pataphysics\" articles often deal with the fictional nature of the Foundation. For example, SCP-3309 (\"Where We Go When We Fade, Fade Away\") features Foundation scientists attempting to manipulate the real-life website's article deletion feature to destroy problematic SCP objects.", "Le Corbusier developed an interest in Jarry's work.", "The pataphor (Spanish: patáfora, French: pataphore), is a term coined by writer and musician Pablo Lopez, for an unusually extended metaphor based on Alfred Jarry's \"science\" of 'pataphysics'.\nAs Jarry claimed that 'pataphysics existed \"as far from metaphysics as metaphysics extends from regular reality\", a pataphor attempts to create a figure of speech that exists as far from metaphor as metaphor exists from non-figurative language. Whereas a metaphor compares a real object or event to a seemingly unrelated subject to emphasize their similarities, the pataphor uses the newly created metaphorical similarity as a reality on which to base itself. In going beyond mere ornamentation of the original idea, the pataphor seeks to describe a new and separate world, in which an idea or aspect has taken on a life of its own.\nLike 'pataphysics itself, pataphors essentially describe two degrees of separation from reality (rather than merely one degree of separation, which is the world of metaphors and metaphysics). The pataphor may also be said to function as a critical tool, describing the world of \"assumptions based on assumptions\"—such as belief systems or rhetoric run amok. The following is an example.\nNon-figurative:\nTom and Alice stood side by side in the lunch line.\nMetaphor:\nTom and Alice stood side by side in the lunch line, two pieces positioned on a chessboard.\nPataphor:\nTom took a step closer to Alice and made a date for Friday night, checkmating. Rudy was furious at losing to Margaret so easily and dumped the board on the rose-colored quilt, stomping downstairs.\nThus, the pataphor has created a world where the chessboard exists, including the characters who live in that world, entirely abandoning the original context.\nThe pataphor has been subject to commercial interpretations, usage in speculative computer applications, applied to highly imaginative problem solving methods and even politics on the international level. The Firesign Theatre is a comedy troupe whose jokes often rely on pataphors. There is a band called Pataphor and an interactive fiction in the Interactive Fiction Database called \"PataNoir\", based on pataphors. Pataphor is used by the Writer's Program at the University of North Florida, and has appeared in works affiliated with the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University.\nPataphors have been the subject of art exhibits, as in Tara Strickstein's 2010 \"Pataphor\" exhibit at Next Art Fair/Art Chicago, other artworks, and architectural works. Pataphors have also been used in literary criticism, and mentioned in Art in America.\nThere is also a book of pataphorical art called Pataphor by Dutch artist Hidde van Schie.\nIn The Disappearance of Literature: Blanchot, Agamben, and the Writers of the No, Aaron Hillyer writes:\nWhile metaphysics and metaphors attain one degree of separation from reality, pataphors and pataphysics move beyond by two degrees. This allows an idea to assume its own life, a sort of plasticity freed from the harness of rigid representation. In other words, metaphors operate on the level of the same. They juxtapose apparently unrelated material in order to draw out subtle identities. Pataphors unsettle this mechanism; they use the facade of metaphorical similarity as a basis for establishing an entirely new range of references and outlandish articulations: a new world in the midst of the old, the novel taking to the streets. Just as Kafka sought to forge a new form of life on the basis of absolute separation from historical progress, on cultural 'intransmissibility', and just as Blanchot pursued the 'pure novel' that exists in a relationship of absolute refusal of the established world, so the pataphysician seeks to initiate a new world on the grounds of a tenuous unreality.", "Absurdism\nAtlas Press\nDada\nDerailment (thought disorder)\nIrish bull\nMetafiction\nOuxpo\nPseudoscience", "\"Exploits & Opinions of Doctor Faustroll, Pataphysician\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Shattuck, Roger. \"Introduction\". Jarry, Alfred. Exploits & Opinions of Doctor Faustroll, Pataphysician. A Neo-Scientific Novel. Exact Change Boston (1996) page ix.\n\"Definition of PATAPHYSICS\". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 26 September 2020.\nHill, Phillip G. Our Dramatic Heritage. Vol. 6. Fairleigh Dickenson, 1995, p. 31. ISBN 0838634214.\n\"Exploits & Opinions of Doctor Faustroll, Pataphysician\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Shattuck, Roger. \"Introduction\". Jarry, Alfred. A Neo-Scientific Novel. Exact Change Boston (1996) page ix and page 21.\nJarry 1996, p. 21.\nAmerican Heritage Dictionary entry at Dictionary.com. 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Retrieved 8 October 2021.\nBrotchie 1995, pp. 10–31.\nMotte, Warren (2007). Oulipo: A Primer of Potential Literature. Dalkey Archive Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-56478-187-1.\nBrotchie 1995, p. 22.\nHugill 2012, p. 39.\nBrotchie 1995, p. 31.\nHugill 2012, p. 48.\nWebpage. Archived 24 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine of the London Institute of 'Pataphysics.\nAnthony Hancock Paintings and Sculptures exhibition. Archived 24 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine.\nWebpage. Archived 5 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine of Musée Patamécanique.\nMusée Patamécanique exhibition. Archived 5 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.\n\"Vilnius Pataphysics Institute – Rupert\". rupert.lt (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.\nBök 2002, pp. 43–45.\nHugill 2012, pp. 15–16.\nHugill 2012, pp. 9–12.\nBök 2002, pp. 40–43.\nHugill 2012, pp. 13–15.\nHugill 2012, pp. 16–19.\nBök 2002, pp. 38–40.\nHugill 2012, pp. 12–13.\n\"Paul Avion's Pataphor\". 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His critics call his method in these stories “pataphysical.”\nIntern (8 August 2014). \"Review: Oulipo Compendium\". Boston Review. Retrieved 9 November 2020.\nRolls, Alistair; West-Sooby, John; Fornasiero, Jean (1 July 2014), \"Boris Vian: A Life in Paradox\", If I Say If: The Poems and Short Stories of Boris Vian, University of Adelaide Press, pp. 1–12, doi:10.20851/vian-if-01, ISBN 978-1-922064-62-2, retrieved 9 November 2020.\nGac, Roberto (3 February 2016). \"René Daumal et l'enseignement de Gurdjieff : René Daumal, le perpétuel incandescent, Ouvrage collectif aux édition Le bois d'Orion (2008)\". Sens Public. doi:10.7202/1043376ar. ISSN 2104-3272.\nYouker, Timothy (13 November 2017), \"Handspring Puppet Company\", Documentary Vanguards in Modern Theatre, Routledge, pp. 163–179, doi:10.4324/9781315113081-9, ISBN 978-1-315-11308-1, retrieved 9 November 2020.\nClapp, Jeffrey (14 September 2020). \"Jeff VanderMeer, or the Novel Trapped in the Open World\". 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Brewton (1930–1967) - Programs – Slought\". slought.org. 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018.\n\"Nickle Galleries \| University of Calgary \|\". nickle.ucalgary.ca. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.\n\"LABORATORY OF FEMINIST PATAPHYSICS PRESENTS: ATELIERS OF THE NEAR FUTURE – MIREILLE PERRON \| STRIDE GALLERY\". stride.ab.ca. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.\n\"SCP-3309: Where We Go When We Fade, Fade Away\". SCP Wiki. Retrieved 4 October 2020.\n\"10 Supremely Nerdy Language Tidbits - Listverse\". 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.\n\"Pataphor\". unf.edu. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.\nChile, El Clarín de. \"El Clarín\". El Clarin de Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 July 2022.\nThe Cahiers du Collège de 'Pataphysique, n°22 (December 2005), Collège de 'Pataphysique.\n\"Pataphor / Pataphors: Official Site : closet 'pataphysics\". Pataphor.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\n\"Coke... it's the Real Thing \" Not A Real Thing\". Notarealthing.com. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\n\"i l I .P o s e d p hi l . o s o ph y\". Illposed.com. 23 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\nFindlay, John (3 July 2010). \"Wingwams: Playing with pataphors\". Wingwams.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\n\"El Clarín de Chile - Patafísica y patáforas\". Elclarin.cl. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\n\"Pataphor\". Pataphor.bandcamp.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\n\"PataNoir - Details\". Ifdb.tads.org. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\n\"Parchment\". Iplayif.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\nKowalewski, Hubert. \"\"The Life of Insects\" as a pataphor\". serwisy.umcs.lublin.pl. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.\nArtTalkGuest. \"Tara Strickstein's \"Pataphor\" at Next Art Fair/Art Chicago 2010 \| Art Talk Chicago\". Chicagonow.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\nCrest, Russ (3 April 2014). \"Website Builder Made With Color Presents: The Installations of Linville And McKenzie\". Beautiful/Decay. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.\n\"Art + Architecture: Swipes and Changeups with Mike Nesbit \| Features \| Archinect\". archinect.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.\n\"A Collaborative Review of Amy Catanzano's Starlight in Two Million - Queen Mob's Tea House\". Queen Mob's Tea House. 22 May 2015. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2016.\n\"NEXT Art Fair - Events - Art in America\". artinamericamagazine.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.\n\"Pataphor - Hidde van Schie - TENT Rotterdam\". TENT Rotterdam. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.\nThe Disappearance of Literature: Blanchot, Agamben, and the Writers of the No (Reprint ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. 26 March 2015. ISBN 9781501306808.", "Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. ISBN 978-1-5013-0680-8.\nBeaumont, Keith (1984). Alfred Jarry: A Critical and Biographical Study. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-01712-X.\nBök, Christian (2002). 'Pataphysics: The Poetics of an Imaginary Science. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-1877-5.\nBrotchie, Alistair, ed. (1995). A True History of the College of 'Pataphysics. Atlas Press. ISBN 0-947757-78-3.\nAlistair Brotchie; Stanley Chapman; Thieri Foulc; Kevin Jackson, eds. (2003). 'Pataphysics: definitions and citations. London: Atlas Press. ISBN 1-900565-08-0.\nBrotchie, Alistair (2011). Alfred Jarry: A Pataphysical Life. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01619-3.\nClements, Cal (2002). Pataphysica. iUnivers, Inc. ISBN 0-595-23604-9.\nHiebert, Ted (2018). 101 Words of Pataphysics. Noxious Sector Press. ISBN 978-0-993-60585-7.\nHillyer, Aaron. The Disappearance of Literature: Blanchot, Agamben, and the Writers of the No.\nHugill, Andrew (2012). 'Pataphysics: A useless guide. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01779-4.\nJones, Andrew. Plunderphonics,Pataphysics & Pop Mechanics: An Introduction to Musique Actuelle. SAF Publishing Ltd, 1995.\nJarry, Alfred (1980). Gestes et opinions du Docteur Faustroll, pataphysicien (in French). France: Gallimard. ISBN 2-07-032198-3.\nJarry, Alfred (1996). Exploits and opinions of Dr. Faustroll, pataphysician. Exact Change. ISBN 1-878972-07-3.\nJarry, Alfred (2006). Collected works II - Three early novels. London: Atlas Press. ISBN 1-900565-36-6.\nShattuck, Roger (1980). Roger Shattuck's Selected Works of Alfred Jarry. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-5167-1.\nTaylor, Michael R. (2007). Thomas Chimes Adventures in 'Pataphysics. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87633-253-5.\nVian, Boris (2006). Stanley Chapman (ed.). 'Pataphysics? What's That?. London: Atlas Press. ISBN 1-900565-32-3.\nMorton, Donald. \"Pataphysics of the Closet.\" Transformation: Marxist Boundary Work in Theory, Economics, *Politics and Culture (2001): 1–69.\nPowrie, Phil. \"René Daumal and the 'pataphysics of liberation.\" Neophilologus 73.4 (1989): 532–540.\nH. Bouché, François Lachenal: Was ist 'Pataphysik? Elementare Prolegomena zu einer Einführung in die 'Pataphysik. Offenbach 1959.\nCal Clements: Pataphysica. iUniverse 2002 ISBN 0-595-23604-9\nLennon, Nigey. \"Alfred Jarry: The Man with the Axe.\" (1984) Airstreambooks.net ISBN 0-86719-382-4", "Official website of the College of Pataphysics\nPatakosmos, Pataphysical terrestrial and extraterrestrial Institutes Tourist Map" ]	[ "'Pataphysics", "Introduction", "Definitions", "Etymology", "History", "The Collège de 'Pataphysique", "Offshoots of the Collège de 'Pataphysique", "Czechoslovakia", "London Institute of 'Pataphysics", "Musée Patamécanique", "'Pataphysics Institute in Vilnius", "Concepts", "Pataphysical calendar", "Works influenced by 'Pataphysics", "In literature", "In music", "In visual art", "In online fiction", "In architecture", "Pataphor", "See also", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ]	'Pataphysics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Pataphysics	[ 201, 202 ]	[ 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030, 2031, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2035, 2036, 2037, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, 2044, 2045, 2046, 2047, 2048, 2049, 2050, 2051, 2052, 2053, 2054, 2055, 2056, 2057, 2058, 2059, 2060, 2061, 2062, 2063, 2064, 2065, 2066, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2070, 2071, 2072 ]	'Pataphysics 'Pataphysics (French: 'pataphysique) is a "philosophy" of science invented by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873–1907) intended to be a parody of science. Difficult to be simply defined or pinned down, it has been described as the "science of imaginary solutions". 'Pataphysics was a concept expressed by Jarry in a mock-scientific manner, with undertones of spoofing and quackery, as expounded in his novel Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician. Here, Jarry toyed with conventional concepts and interpretations of reality. Another attempt at a definition interprets 'pataphysics as an idea that "the virtual or imaginary nature of things as glimpsed by the heightened vision of poetry or science or love can be seized and lived as real". Jarry defines 'pataphysics in a number of statements and examples, including that it is "the science of imaginary solutions, which symbolically attributes the properties of objects, described by their virtuality, to their lineaments". A practitioner of 'pataphysics is a pataphysician or a pataphysicist. One definition of 'pataphysics is that it's "a branch of philosophy or science that examines imaginary phenomena that exist in a world beyond metaphysics; it is the science of imaginary solutions." There are over one hundred definitions of 'pataphysics. Some examples are shown below. 'Pataphysics is the science of that which is superinduced upon metaphysics, whether within or beyond the latter's limitations, extending as far beyond metaphysics as the latter extends beyond physics. ... 'Pataphysics will be, above all, the science of the particular, despite the common opinion that the only science is that of the general. 'Pataphysics will examine the laws governing exceptions, and will explain the universe supplementary to this one. 'Pataphysics is patient; 'Pataphysics is benign; 'Pataphysics envies nothing, is never distracted, never puffed up, it has neither aspirations nor seeks not its own, it is even-tempered, and thinks not evil; it mocks not iniquity: it is enraptured with scientific truth; it supports everything, believes everything, has faith in everything and upholds everything that is. — Alistair Brotchie (a humorous allusion to First Corinthians 13 about the virtues of love) Pataphysics passes easily from one state of apparent definition to another. Thus it can present itself under the aspect of a gas, a liquid or a solid. Pataphysics "the science of the particular" does not, therefore, study the rules governing the general recurrence of a periodic incident (the expected case) so much as study the games governing the special occurrence of a sporadic accident (the excepted case). [...] Jarry performs humorously on behalf of literature what Nietzsche performs seriously on behalf of philosophy. Both thinkers in effect attempt to dream up a "gay science" whose joie de vivre thrives wherever the tyranny of truth has increased our esteem for the lie and wherever the tyranny of reason has increased our esteem for the mad. The word 'pataphysics is a contracted formation, derived from the Greek τὰ ἐπὶ τὰ μεταφυσικά (tà epì tà metàphusiká), a phrase or expression meaning "that which is above metaphysics", and is itself a sly variation on the title of Aristotle's Metaphysics, which in Greek is "τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά" (ta meta ta physika). Jarry mandated the inclusion of the apostrophe in the orthography, 'pataphysique and 'pataphysics, "...to avoid a simple pun". The words pataphysician or pataphysicist and the adjective pataphysical should not include the apostrophe. Only when consciously referring to Jarry's science itself should the word 'pataphysics carry the apostrophe. The term pataphysics is a paronym (considered a kind of pun in French) of metaphysics. Since the apostrophe in no way affects the meaning or pronunciation of pataphysics, this spelling of the term is a sly notation, to the reader, suggesting a variety of puns that listeners may hear, or be aware of. These puns include patte à physique ("physics paw"), as interpreted by Jarry scholars Keith Beaumont and Roger Shattuck, pas ta physique ("not your physics"), and pâte à physique ("physics paste"). The term first appeared in print in the text of Alfred Jarry's play Guignol in the 28 April 1893 issue of L'Écho de Paris littéraire illustré, but it has been suggested that the word has its origins in the same school pranks at the lycée in Rennes that led Jarry to write Ubu Roi. Jarry considered Ibicrates and Sophrotatos the Armenian as the fathers of this "science". The Collège de 'Pataphysique, founded in 1948 in Paris, France, is "a society committed to learned and inutilious research". (The word 'inutilious' is synonymous with 'useless'.) The motto of the college is Latin: Eadem mutata resurgo ("I arise again the same though changed"). The permanent head of the college is the Inamovable Curator, Dr. Faustroll, assisted by Bosse-de-Nage (Starosta): both are fictional. The Vice-Curator is the "first and most senior living entity" in the college's hierarchy. The Vice-Curatrice as of 2018 is Tanya Peixoto of the London Institute of 'Pataphysics and Bookartbookshop. She was elected in 2014 to succeed Her Magnificence Lutembi – a crocodile – who succeeded Opach, The Baron Mollet and Doctor Sandomir. Jean-Christophe Averty was appointed Satrap in 1990. Publications of the college, generally called Latin: Viridis Candela ("green candle"), include the Cahiers, Dossiers and the Subsidia Pataphysica. Notable members have included Marcel Duchamp, Joan Miró, Eugène Ionesco, Noël Arnaud, Jean-Christophe Averty, René Daumal, Luc Étienne, François Le Lionnais, Jean Lescure, Raymond Queneau, Boris Vian, Jacques Carelman, Man Ray, Max Ernst, Julien Torma, Roger Shattuck, Groucho, Chico and Harpo Marx, Philippe de Chérisey, Rolando Villazón, Fernando Arrabal and Gavin Bryars. The Oulipo began as a subcommittee of the college. Although France had been always the centre of the pataphysical globe, there are followers in different cities around the world. In 1966 Juan Esteban Fassio was commissioned to draw the map of the Collège de 'Pataphysique and its institutes abroad. The college stopped its public activities between 1975 and 2000, referred to as its occultation. However through that time, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Canada, The Netherlands, and many other countries showed that the internationalization of 'pataphysics was irreversible. In the 1950s, Buenos Aires in the Western Hemisphere and Milan in Europe were the first cities to have 'pataphysical institutes. London, Edinburgh, Budapest, and Liège, as well as many other European cities, caught up in the sixties. During the communist era, a small group of 'pataphysicists in Czechoslovakia started a journal called PAKO, or Pataphysical Collegium. Jarry's plays had a lasting impression on the country's underground philosophical scene. The London Institute of 'Pataphysics was established in September 2000 to promote 'pataphysics in the English-speaking world. The institute has various publications, including a journal, and has six departments: Bureau for the Investigation of Subliminal Images, Committee for Hirsutism and Pogonotrophy, Department of Dogma and Theory, Department of Potassons, Department of Reconstructive Archaeology, and The Office of Patentry. The institute also contains a pataphysical museum and archive and organised the Anthony Hancock Paintings and Sculptures exhibition in 2002. The official orchestra of the London Institute of 'Pataphysics is the London Snorkelling Team. Musée Patamécanique is a private museum located in Bristol, Rhode Island. Founded in 2006, it is open by appointment only to friends, colleagues, and occasionally to outside observers. The museum is presented as a hybrid between an automaton theatre and a cabinet of curiosities and contains works representing the field of Patamechanics, an artistic practice and area of study chiefly inspired by 'pataphysics. Examples of exhibits include a troupe of singing animatronic chipmunks, a time machine the museum says is the world's largest automated phenakistoscope, an olfactory clock, a chandelier of singing animatronic nightingales, an Undigestulator (a device that purportedly reconstitutes digested foods), a peanuts enlarger, a syzygistic oracle, the earolin (a 24-inch tall holographic ear that plays the violin), and a machine for capturing the dreams of bumble bees. A 'Pataphysics Institute opened in Vilnius, Lithuania in May 2013. Clinamen A clinamen is the unpredictable swerve of atoms that poet Christian Bök calls "...the smallest possible aberration that can make the greatest possible difference". An example is Jarry's merdre, a swerve of French: merde ("shit"). Antinomy An antinomy is the mutually incompatible. It represents the duality of things, the echo or symmetry, the good and the evil at the same time. Hugill mentions various examples including the plus minus, the faust-troll, the haldern-ablou, the yes-but, the ha-ha and the paradox. Syzygy The syzygy originally comes from astronomy and denotes the alignment of three celestial bodies in a straight line. In a pataphysical context it is the pun. It usually describes a conjunction of things, something unexpected and surprising. Serendipity is a simple chance encounter but the syzygy has a more scientific purpose. Bök mentions Jarry suggesting that the fall of a body towards a centre might not be preferable to the ascension of a vacuum towards a periphery. Absolute The absolute is the idea of a transcended reality. Anomaly An anomaly represents the exception. Jarry said that, "Pataphysics will examine the laws governing exceptions, and will explain the universe supplementary to this one." Bök calls it "...the repressed part of a rule which ensures that the rule does not work". Pataphor A pataphor is an unusually extended metaphor based on 'pataphysics. As Jarry claimed that 'pataphysics exists "...as far from metaphysics as metaphysics extends from regular reality", a pataphor attempts to create a figure of speech that exists as far from metaphor as metaphor exists from non-figurative language. The pataphysical calendar is a variation of the Gregorian calendar. The Collège de 'Pataphysique created the calendar in 1949. The pataphysical era (E.P.) started on Jarry's birthday, 8 September 1873 vulg. When converting pataphysical dates to Gregorian dates, the appendage (vulg.) for vulgate ("common") is added. The week starts on a Sunday. Every 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd is a Sunday and every 13th day of a month falls on a Friday (see Friday the 13th). Each day is assigned a specific name or saint. For example, the 27 Haha (1 November vulg.) is called French: Occultation d'Alfred Jarry or the 14 Sable (14 December vulg.) is the day of French: Don Quichote, champion du monde. The year has a total of 13 months each with 29 days. The 29th day of each month is imaginary with two exceptions: the 29 Gidouille (13 July vulg.) is always non-imaginary the 29 Gueules (23 February vulg.) is non-imaginary during leap years The table below shows the names and order of months in a pataphysical year with their corresponding Gregorian dates and approximate translations or meanings by Hugill. For example: 8 September 1873 (vulg.) = 1 Absolu 1 1 January 2000 (vulg.) = 4 Décervelage 127 10 November 2012 (vulg.)(Saturday) = 8 As 140 (Sunday) In the 1960s 'pataphysics was used as a conceptual principle within various fine art forms, especially pop art and popular culture. Works within the pataphysical tradition tend to focus on the processes of their creation, and elements of chance or arbitrary choices are frequently key in those processes. Select pieces from the artist Marcel Duchamp and the composer John Cage characterize this. At around this time, Asger Jorn, a pataphysician and member of the Situationist International, referred to 'pataphysics as a new religion. In 1948 Raymond Queneau, Jean Genet, and Eugène Ionesco founded Collège de pataphysique and published OULIPO, which influenced the following writers: Boris Vian became involved with the Collège de 'Pataphysique. René Daumal has references to pataphysics in his writings. Handspring Puppet Company produces theatrical works with elements of pataphysics. Pat Murphy features pataphysics in several works of science fiction. Jean Baudrillard is often described as a pataphysician and identified as such for some part of his life. Pablo Lopez has developed an extension of 'pataphysics called the pataphor. In the song "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" on the Beatles album Abbey Road, "'Pataphysical science" is mentioned as a course of study for Maxwell Edison's first victim, Joan. The debut album by Ron 'Pate's Debonairs, featuring Reverend Fred Lane (his first appearance on vinyl), is titled Raudelunas 'Pataphysical Revue (1977), a live theatrical performance. A review in The Wire magazine said, "No other record has ever come as close to realising Alfred Jarry's desire 'to make the soul monstrous'—or even had the vision or invention to try." 'Pate (note the pataphysical apostrophe) and Lane were central members in the Raudelunas art collective in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Professor Andrew Hugill, of De Montfort University, is a practitioner of pataphysical music. He curated Pataphysics, for the Sonic Arts Network's CD series, and in 2007 some of his own music was issued by UHRecordings under the title Pataphysical Piano; The sounds and silences of Andrew Hugill. British progressive rock band Soft Machine were self-described as "the Official Orchestra of the College of Pataphysics" and featured the two songs "Pataphysical Introduction" parts I and II on their 1969 album Volume Two. Japanese psychedelic rock band Acid Mothers Temple refer to the topic on their 1999 release Pataphisical Freak Out MU!!. Autolux, a Los Angeles–based noise pop band, have a song "Science of Imaginary Solutions" on their second album Transit Transit. The composer Gavin Bryars has been a member of the Collège de 'Pataphysique since 1974; he was appointed Regent in 2001 and a Transcendent Satrap in 2015 at the pataphysical New Year's Eve Vigil E.P. 143 (7 September 2015 vulg.) In 1962 American artist James E. Brewton developed a style of abstract expressionism he called Graffiti Pataphysic. A survey of Brewton's 'pataphysics-related work was shown in 2014 in Philadelphia. American artist Thomas Chimes developed an interest in Jarry's 'pataphysics, which became a lifelong passion, inspiring much of the painter's creative work. In 2000,The Laboratory of Feminist Pataphysics was founded by Canadian visual artist, writer and scholar, Mireille Perron. The Laboratory of Feminist Pataphysics has been shown at the Nickle Arts Museum, The New Gallery and Stride Gallery in Calgary, Alberta. In 2010 American artist Kevin Ferreira began a visual exploration into the imaginary solutions for the constructs of reality (pataphysics=pata art). The exhibit SpektrumMEK that resulted from this endeavor has been put into his book "SpektrumMEK: A pataphysical gestation to the birth of Lil' t". The League of Imaginary Scientists, a Los Angeles-based art collective specializing in 'pataphysics-based interactive experiments. In 2011 they exhibited a series of projects at Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. Brian Reffin Smith, a Berlin-based British artist and Regent of Catachemistry and Speculative Metallurgy in the Collège de 'Pataphysique, Paris, often shows art based upon or influenced by 'Pataphysics and conducts performances at Pataphysical events. He was part of a group of German and Czech artists who exhibited at Patadata, in Zlín, Czech Republic, 2017. The SCP Foundation has multiple articles referencing pataphysical concepts, such as SCP-2747 ("As below, so above"). "Pataphysics" articles often deal with the fictional nature of the Foundation. For example, SCP-3309 ("Where We Go When We Fade, Fade Away") features Foundation scientists attempting to manipulate the real-life website's article deletion feature to destroy problematic SCP objects. Le Corbusier developed an interest in Jarry's work. The pataphor (Spanish: patáfora, French: pataphore), is a term coined by writer and musician Pablo Lopez, for an unusually extended metaphor based on Alfred Jarry's "science" of 'pataphysics'. As Jarry claimed that 'pataphysics existed "as far from metaphysics as metaphysics extends from regular reality", a pataphor attempts to create a figure of speech that exists as far from metaphor as metaphor exists from non-figurative language. Whereas a metaphor compares a real object or event to a seemingly unrelated subject to emphasize their similarities, the pataphor uses the newly created metaphorical similarity as a reality on which to base itself. In going beyond mere ornamentation of the original idea, the pataphor seeks to describe a new and separate world, in which an idea or aspect has taken on a life of its own. Like 'pataphysics itself, pataphors essentially describe two degrees of separation from reality (rather than merely one degree of separation, which is the world of metaphors and metaphysics). The pataphor may also be said to function as a critical tool, describing the world of "assumptions based on assumptions"—such as belief systems or rhetoric run amok. The following is an example. Non-figurative: Tom and Alice stood side by side in the lunch line. Metaphor: Tom and Alice stood side by side in the lunch line, two pieces positioned on a chessboard. Pataphor: Tom took a step closer to Alice and made a date for Friday night, checkmating. Rudy was furious at losing to Margaret so easily and dumped the board on the rose-colored quilt, stomping downstairs. Thus, the pataphor has created a world where the chessboard exists, including the characters who live in that world, entirely abandoning the original context. The pataphor has been subject to commercial interpretations, usage in speculative computer applications, applied to highly imaginative problem solving methods and even politics on the international level. The Firesign Theatre is a comedy troupe whose jokes often rely on pataphors. There is a band called Pataphor and an interactive fiction in the Interactive Fiction Database called "PataNoir", based on pataphors. Pataphor is used by the Writer's Program at the University of North Florida, and has appeared in works affiliated with the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. Pataphors have been the subject of art exhibits, as in Tara Strickstein's 2010 "Pataphor" exhibit at Next Art Fair/Art Chicago, other artworks, and architectural works. Pataphors have also been used in literary criticism, and mentioned in Art in America. There is also a book of pataphorical art called Pataphor by Dutch artist Hidde van Schie. In The Disappearance of Literature: Blanchot, Agamben, and the Writers of the No, Aaron Hillyer writes: While metaphysics and metaphors attain one degree of separation from reality, pataphors and pataphysics move beyond by two degrees. This allows an idea to assume its own life, a sort of plasticity freed from the harness of rigid representation. In other words, metaphors operate on the level of the same. They juxtapose apparently unrelated material in order to draw out subtle identities. Pataphors unsettle this mechanism; they use the facade of metaphorical similarity as a basis for establishing an entirely new range of references and outlandish articulations: a new world in the midst of the old, the novel taking to the streets. Just as Kafka sought to forge a new form of life on the basis of absolute separation from historical progress, on cultural 'intransmissibility', and just as Blanchot pursued the 'pure novel' that exists in a relationship of absolute refusal of the established world, so the pataphysician seeks to initiate a new world on the grounds of a tenuous unreality. Absurdism Atlas Press Dada Derailment (thought disorder) Irish bull Metafiction Ouxpo Pseudoscience "Exploits & Opinions of Doctor Faustroll, Pataphysician" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Shattuck, Roger. "Introduction". Jarry, Alfred. Exploits & Opinions of Doctor Faustroll, Pataphysician. A Neo-Scientific Novel. Exact Change Boston (1996) page ix. "Definition of PATAPHYSICS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 26 September 2020. Hill, Phillip G. Our Dramatic Heritage. Vol. 6. Fairleigh Dickenson, 1995, p. 31. ISBN 0838634214. 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Sens Public. doi:10.7202/1043376ar. ISSN 2104-3272. Youker, Timothy (13 November 2017), "Handspring Puppet Company", Documentary Vanguards in Modern Theatre, Routledge, pp. 163–179, doi:10.4324/9781315113081-9, ISBN 978-1-315-11308-1, retrieved 9 November 2020. Clapp, Jeffrey (14 September 2020). "Jeff VanderMeer, or the Novel Trapped in the Open World". Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction. 62 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1080/00111619.2020.1816890. ISSN 0011-1619. S2CID 224913909. The Jean Baudrillard Reader. Redhead, Steve, Columbia University Press, 2008, pp. 6–7. 2008. ISBN 978-0-231-14613-5. Han, Ji-Ae (28 October 2016). "The Notion and Forms of Pataphor in Science Educational Contents Design". Journal of Digital Convergence. 14 (10): 399–406. doi:10.14400/jdc.2016.14.10.399. ISSN 1738-1916. "That Ubu that you do". The Guardian. 25 April 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2022. Baxter, Ed (September 1998). "100 Records That Set The World on Fire ... While No One Was Listening". 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Exploits and opinions of Dr. Faustroll, pataphysician. Exact Change. ISBN 1-878972-07-3. Jarry, Alfred (2006). Collected works II - Three early novels. London: Atlas Press. ISBN 1-900565-36-6. Shattuck, Roger (1980). Roger Shattuck's Selected Works of Alfred Jarry. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-5167-1. Taylor, Michael R. (2007). Thomas Chimes Adventures in 'Pataphysics. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87633-253-5. Vian, Boris (2006). Stanley Chapman (ed.). 'Pataphysics? What's That?. London: Atlas Press. ISBN 1-900565-32-3. Morton, Donald. "Pataphysics of the Closet." Transformation: Marxist Boundary Work in Theory, Economics, *Politics and Culture (2001): 1–69. Powrie, Phil. "René Daumal and the 'pataphysics of liberation." Neophilologus 73.4 (1989): 532–540. H. Bouché, François Lachenal: Was ist 'Pataphysik? Elementare Prolegomena zu einer Einführung in die 'Pataphysik. Offenbach 1959. Cal Clements: Pataphysica. iUniverse 2002 ISBN 0-595-23604-9 Lennon, Nigey. 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[ "Steve Allen made his second guest appearance in the episode." ]	[ 2 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Steve_Allen_-_press_photo.JPG" ]	[ "\"'Round Springfield\" is the twenty-second episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 30, 1995. In the episode, Bart is hospitalized after eating a piece of jagged metal in his Krusty-O's cereal and sues Krusty the Clown. While visiting Bart, Lisa discovers her old mentor, jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy, is also in the hospital. When he dies suddenly, she resolves to honor his memory. Steve Allen (as himself) and Ron Taylor (as Bleeding Gums Murphy) guest star, each in their second appearance on the show. Dan Higgins also returns as the writer and performer of all of Lisa and Bleeding Gums' saxophone solos.\nThe episode was written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia – based on a story idea by Al Jean and Mike Reiss – and was the first episode directed by Steven Dean Moore. Jean and Reiss, who were previously the series' showrunners, returned to produce this episode (as well as \"A Star Is Burns\") to ease the workload of the show's regular staff. They worked on it alongside the staff of The Critic, the series they had left The Simpsons to create. The episode marks the series' first time that a recurring character was killed off, something the staff had considered for a while. The episode features numerous cultural references, including Carole King's song \"Jazzman\", the actor James Earl Jones and the Kimba the White Lion/The Lion King controversy.\nThe episode also features the phrase \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", used by Groundskeeper Willie to describe the French. The phrase has since entered the public lexicon. It has been used and referenced by journalists and academics, and it appears in two Oxford quotation dictionaries.", "Bart gets a stomach ache after accidentally eating a jagged metal Krusty-O prize packed in his breakfast cereal. Thinking Bart is feigning illness to avoid a history test, Homer and Marge send him to school anyway. After Bart struggles through the test, Mrs. Krabappel allows him to visit the school nurse once she sees he actually may be ill. Bart collapses in the nurse's office and is taken to Springfield General Hospital, where he undergoes appendicitis surgery from Dr. Hibbert and Dr. Nick. While visiting Bart in the hospital, Lisa discovers her hero, jazzman Bleeding Gums Murphy, is a patient in another ward. He is destitute after spending all the royalties from his only album, Sax on the Beach, on a $1500-a-day Fabergé egg habit.\nBart's classmates admire his scar and demand to have appendectomies of their own. Lisa spends time with Murphy, who lends her his saxophone for a school recital. With most of the orchestra absent while recovering from appendix surgery, the remaining trio perform and Lisa is a hit with the crowd. She is saddened to learn that Bleeding Gums has died when she returns to the hospital the next day. Lisa is the only person who attends his funeral, where Reverend Lovejoy misidentifies him as a sousaphone player. Lisa vows to make sure that everyone in Springfield appreciates Bleeding Gums' musical legacy. Bart sues Krusty the Clown and is given a $100,000 settlement. After Bart's attorney Lionel Hutz deducts his legal fees, Bart is left with only $500.\nStill stricken with grief, Lisa decides that the best way to honor Bleeding Gums' memory is by having his album played on the local jazz station. Lisa spots it at the Android's Dungeon for $250; after hearing that Bleeding Gums is dead, Comic Book Guy doubles the price to $500. As she leaves, Bart arrives with his $500 settlement to buy a pog with Steve Allen's face. After seeing his sister's sad face through the shop window, Bart buys Lisa the album because she was the only one who believed his stomach ache was real. When she says he will never again see $500, Bart shows her a box of new Krusty-Os with flesh-eating bacteria which he intends to eat and sue Krusty again with.\nWhen the radio station plays one of Bleeding Gums' songs, Lisa is disappointed because the station's tiny range prevents anyone from hearing it. Lightning strikes the antenna, giving it extra power and projecting it into every radio in Springfield. She is satisfied and turns to leave, but Bleeding Gums appears from the heavens to tell Lisa that she has made \"an old jazz man happy\". Mufasa from The Lion King, Darth Vader from the Star Wars film series, and James Earl Jones then appear in the clouds alongside Bleeding Gums, who tells them to keep quiet. After saying their final goodbyes, Lisa and Bleeding Gums perform \"Jazzman\" one last time.", "\"'Round Springfield\" was written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia, based on a story idea by Al Jean and Mike Reiss. It was the first episode directed by Steven Dean Moore. Due to Fox's demand for 24 to 25 episodes per season, which the production staff found impossible to meet, two episodes of each season were written and produced by former showrunners, to relieve the stress on The Simpsons' writing staff. Jean and Reiss, who were showrunners for the show's third and fourth seasons, returned to produce the episode, as well as \"A Star Is Burns\", instead of the season's main showrunner David Mirkin. On both episodes, they were aided by the staff of The Critic, the show the two left The Simpsons to create. Sternin and Ventimilia were writers on The Critic and were big fans of The Simpsons, so were thrilled to be able to write an episode.\nThe episode marked the first time a recurring character has been killed off on the show. The writers and production team felt that it would be a good, emotional storyline, which, through Lisa, could focus on the theme of grief. They decided that it could not be one of the main characters; Jean joked that \"we wouldn't want it to be someone like Mr. Burns, that we'd obviously want to see in the show again\". Eventually, Jean decided on Bleeding Gums Murphy, a character introduced in the season one episode \"Moaning Lisa\"; a flashback to \"Moaning Lisa\" is featured in the episode. Murphy was a fairly minor character, only appearing in a couple of episodes, but he appeared in the show's opening sequence and remained there after the episode, until the opening was re-designed in season 20. Moore's first ever job on the show was in the animation department for \"Moaning Lisa\" so he \"appreciated\" being able to direct the episode. Reiss stated, \"I had been polling for years to kill Marge's mom but this was a better idea\". Actor Ron Taylor returned to guest star as Murphy in the episode. Comedian Steve Allen also made his second guest appearance on the show, having previously appeared in the episode \"Separate Vocations\".\nThe main story of the episode's first act sees Bart get appendicitis from eating a jagged metal Krusty-O. Mike Reiss's father, being a doctor, \"sort of\" acted as the medical consultant on the episode. He stated that it is impossible to get appendicitis from eating a piece of metal, but the writers decided to do it anyway.\nIn his flashback, Murphy is shown as having a \"$1,500 a day Fabergé egg habit\". Al Jean \"didn't realize just how expensive\" Fabergé eggs actually were (in 2013, a collector revealed he spent just over $100 million to purchase nine Fabergé eggs), so the joke does not make much sense.", "The episode contains numerous references to popular culture. The title is a play on both the jazz standard 'Round Midnight by Thelonious Monk and the similarly named film also about an unappreciated jazz musician. When a deceased Bleeding Gums Murphy appears to Lisa in a cloud towards the end of the episode, he is joined by Darth Vader, Mufasa, and James Earl Jones. Although all three roles were originally portrayed by Jones, the characters in this scene were impersonated by cast member Harry Shearer; Jones himself guest starred twice previously. Additionally, Mufasa accidentally mentions \"Kimba\" and corrects himself by saying \"Simba\". This is a reference to the debate regarding The Lion King's resemblance to the anime Kimba the White Lion. Lisa and Bleeding Gums play Carole King's song \"Jazzman\" in this scene and in the hospital earlier in the episode. Bleeding Gums has to leave at the end of the scene because he has a date with the jazz singer Billie Holiday.\nAdditionally, Homer has a Starland Vocal Band tattoo on his arm, Bart considers buying a Steve Allen \"ultimate pog\", and the music heard just before Bart's operation is a parody of the theme music of ER. Bleeding Gums appears on an episode of The Cosby Show, a reference to Bill Cosby often getting jazz musicians he liked to appear on the show; in the episode, Cosby is voiced by The Simpsons regular Dan Castellaneta. Lionel Hutz's \"crack team of lawyers\", Robert Shaporo and Albert Dershman, are parodies of Robert Shapiro and Alan Dershowitz, two of the defense attorneys at the O. J. Simpson murder case. The three drive away in a white pickup truck, similar to the Ford Bronco that Al Cowlings and O. J. Simpson drove in their televised low-speed pursuit before Simpson's arrest.", "In its original broadcast, \"'Round Springfield\" finished 60th in the ratings for the week of April 24 to April 30, 1995, with a Nielsen rating of 8.2. The episode was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week.\nMike Reiss and Al Jean thought that the episode would \"get a ton of awards\", and joked that this was why they opted to receive a story credit, which they usually would not. Ultimately it did not win any awards.\nWarren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, found that it was \"a real tear-jerker\" and praised Grampa believing everything he saw was death. In a DVD review of the sixth season, Ryan Keefer of DVD Verdict rated the episode a \"B\".\nAdam Finley of TV Squad praised the episode, noting its many \"great moments\" including \"Steve Allen pimping his books on TV: How to Make Love to Steve Allen; Happiness is a Naked Steve Allen; Journey to the Center of Steve Allen; The Joy of Cooking Steve Allen\" and \"Moe running a \"retox\" clinic right next to a detox clinic\".\nThe podcast Put it in H - A Die Hard Simpsons Podcast praised the episode for its \"high number of laughs per minute while still being full of heart\".\nHowever, Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide called the episode \"dull\", stating that \"some of the moments connected to Bart's illness are funny\", but that he \"really hate[s] that \"Jazzman\" song\" and dislikes \"the Bleeding Gums parts\".", "In the episode, budget cuts at Springfield Elementary School force the janitor Groundskeeper Willie to be used as a French teacher. Expressing his disdain for the French, he exclaims to his class: \"Bonjourrrrr, you cheese-eatin' surrender monkeys.\" The quote, particularly the phrase \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", has since entered wider use. It was used particularly in the run-up to the war in Iraq, having been popularized by the conservative National Review journalist Jonah Goldberg, to describe European and especially French opposition to military action. A piece in The Guardian noted that the phrase was \"made acceptable in official diplomatic channels around the globe\". Ben Macintyre has written that the phrase is \"perhaps the most famous\" of the show's coinages and since Goldberg's usage it \"has gone on to become a journalistic cliché\".\nIt has subsequently been used by the New York Post (as \"Surrender Monkeys\") as the headline for its December 7, 2006, front page, referring to the Iraq Study Group and its recommendation that U.S. soldiers be withdrawn from Iraq by early 2008. The Daily Telegraph has cited it in relation to Anglo-French military cooperation. The term has been used in books by commentator Laura Ingraham, and academics Stuart Croft, Stephen Chan, and Paul L. Moorcraft and Philip M. Taylor. Ned Sherrin included the quote in the Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations; it was introduced in the third edition in 2005. It is also included in the Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations. Douglas Coupland's 2009 novel Generation A refers to Groundskeeper Willie's use of the phrase.\nThe line was written by Ken Keeler during one of the episode's re-write sessions, although none of those present on the episode's DVD audio commentary could remember for sure. According to Reiss, Keeler called it his \"greatest contribution to the show.\" The writers were surprised it became as widely used as it did and never meant it as a political statement, merely as an \"obnoxious\" joke for Willie. The French dub of the show uses the line \"singes mangeurs de fromage\", omitting the word \"surrender\".", "Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family. Created by Matt Groening; edited by Ray Richmond and Antonia Coffman. (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M..\nMartyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). \"Round Springfield\". BBC. Retrieved 2007-02-08.\nReiss, Mike (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode \"'Round Springfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\nMoore, Steven Dean (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode \"'Round Springfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\n\"Ask Bill and Josh 2 Q&A Thread\". No Homers Club. 2006-01-08. Retrieved 2010-07-26.\nSternin, Joshua (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode \"'Round Springfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\nVentimilia, Jeffrey (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode \"'Round Springfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\nJean, Al (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode \"'Round Springfield\" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.\nGetlen, Larry (2009-02-22). \"Q&A: Matt Groening\". New York Post. Archived from the original on 2009-03-12. Retrieved 2022-01-17.\n\"The World's Most Beautiful Eggs: The Genius of Carl Faberge\" Archived 30 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine BBC FOUR\nScott Chernoff (2007-07-24). \"I Bent My Wookiee! Celebrating the Star Wars/Simpsons Connection\". No Homers Club. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2022-01-17.\n\"Thursday Hits Make NBC No. 1\". The Sun-Sentinel. Associated Press. 1995-05-04. p. 4E.\nKeefer, Ryan (August 29, 2005). \"DVD Verdict Review – The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season\". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31.\nFinley, Adam (2006-09-07). \"The Simpsons: 'Round Springfield\". HuffPost TV. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2011-08-06.\n\"Round Springfield - S06E22\". Audioboom. Retrieved 2020-06-25.\nJacobson, Colin (August 15, 2005). \"The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season (1994)\". DVD Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24.\nDu Vernay, Denise; Waltonen, Karma (2010). The Simpsons in the Classroom: Embiggening the Learning Experience with the Wisdom of Springfield. McFarland. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7864-4490-8.\nYounge, Gary; Henley, Jon (2003-02-11). \"Wimps, weasels and monkeys – the US media view of 'perfidious France'\". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2022.\nMacintyre, Ben (2007-08-11). \"Last word: Any word that embiggens the vocabulary is cromulent with me\". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-03.\nLathem, Niles (2006-12-07). \"Iraq 'Appease' Squeeze on W.\" New York Post. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2022-01-17.\nRayment, Sean (2010-11-02). \"Anglo-French force: Cheese-eating surrender monkeys? Non\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2011-08-03.\nIngraham, Laura (2003). Shut Up & Sing: How Elites from Hollywood, Politics, and the UN Are Subverting America. Regnery Publishing. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-89526-101-4.\nCroft, Stuart (2006). Culture, Crisis and America's War on Terror. Cambridge University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-521-68733-1.\nChan, Stephen (2004). Out of Evil: New International Politics and Old Doctrines of War. I.B. Tauris. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-85043-420-7.\nMoorcraft, Paul L.; Taylor, Philip M. (2008). Shooting the Messenger: The Political Impact of War Reporting. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-57488-947-5.\nSherrin, Ned (2008). The Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations (fourth ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. xii; 137. ISBN 978-0-19-957006-5.\nShorto, Russell (2007-08-24). \"Simpsons quotes enter new Oxford dictionary\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2008-09-23.\nCoupland, Douglas (2009). Generation A. Random House Canada. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-307-35772-4.\nReiss, Mike; Klickstein, Mathew (2018). Springfield confidential: jokes, secrets, and outright lies from a lifetime writing for the Simpsons. New York City: Dey Street Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-0062748034.", "\"'Round Springfield episode capsule\". The Simpsons Archive.\n\"'Round Springfield\" at IMDb" ]	[ "'Round Springfield", "Plot", "Production", "Cultural references", "Reception", "Cheese-eating surrender monkeys", "References", "External links" ]	'Round Springfield	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Round_Springfield	[ 203 ]	[ 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076, 2077, 2078, 2079, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2089, 2090, 2091, 2092, 2093, 2094, 2095, 2096, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2100, 2101, 2102, 2103, 2104, 2105, 2106, 2107, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2111 ]	'Round Springfield "'Round Springfield" is the twenty-second episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 30, 1995. In the episode, Bart is hospitalized after eating a piece of jagged metal in his Krusty-O's cereal and sues Krusty the Clown. While visiting Bart, Lisa discovers her old mentor, jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy, is also in the hospital. When he dies suddenly, she resolves to honor his memory. Steve Allen (as himself) and Ron Taylor (as Bleeding Gums Murphy) guest star, each in their second appearance on the show. Dan Higgins also returns as the writer and performer of all of Lisa and Bleeding Gums' saxophone solos. The episode was written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia – based on a story idea by Al Jean and Mike Reiss – and was the first episode directed by Steven Dean Moore. Jean and Reiss, who were previously the series' showrunners, returned to produce this episode (as well as "A Star Is Burns") to ease the workload of the show's regular staff. They worked on it alongside the staff of The Critic, the series they had left The Simpsons to create. The episode marks the series' first time that a recurring character was killed off, something the staff had considered for a while. The episode features numerous cultural references, including Carole King's song "Jazzman", the actor James Earl Jones and the Kimba the White Lion/The Lion King controversy. The episode also features the phrase "cheese-eating surrender monkeys", used by Groundskeeper Willie to describe the French. The phrase has since entered the public lexicon. It has been used and referenced by journalists and academics, and it appears in two Oxford quotation dictionaries. Bart gets a stomach ache after accidentally eating a jagged metal Krusty-O prize packed in his breakfast cereal. Thinking Bart is feigning illness to avoid a history test, Homer and Marge send him to school anyway. After Bart struggles through the test, Mrs. Krabappel allows him to visit the school nurse once she sees he actually may be ill. Bart collapses in the nurse's office and is taken to Springfield General Hospital, where he undergoes appendicitis surgery from Dr. Hibbert and Dr. Nick. While visiting Bart in the hospital, Lisa discovers her hero, jazzman Bleeding Gums Murphy, is a patient in another ward. He is destitute after spending all the royalties from his only album, Sax on the Beach, on a $1500-a-day Fabergé egg habit. Bart's classmates admire his scar and demand to have appendectomies of their own. Lisa spends time with Murphy, who lends her his saxophone for a school recital. With most of the orchestra absent while recovering from appendix surgery, the remaining trio perform and Lisa is a hit with the crowd. She is saddened to learn that Bleeding Gums has died when she returns to the hospital the next day. Lisa is the only person who attends his funeral, where Reverend Lovejoy misidentifies him as a sousaphone player. Lisa vows to make sure that everyone in Springfield appreciates Bleeding Gums' musical legacy. Bart sues Krusty the Clown and is given a $100,000 settlement. After Bart's attorney Lionel Hutz deducts his legal fees, Bart is left with only $500. Still stricken with grief, Lisa decides that the best way to honor Bleeding Gums' memory is by having his album played on the local jazz station. Lisa spots it at the Android's Dungeon for $250; after hearing that Bleeding Gums is dead, Comic Book Guy doubles the price to $500. As she leaves, Bart arrives with his $500 settlement to buy a pog with Steve Allen's face. After seeing his sister's sad face through the shop window, Bart buys Lisa the album because she was the only one who believed his stomach ache was real. When she says he will never again see $500, Bart shows her a box of new Krusty-Os with flesh-eating bacteria which he intends to eat and sue Krusty again with. When the radio station plays one of Bleeding Gums' songs, Lisa is disappointed because the station's tiny range prevents anyone from hearing it. Lightning strikes the antenna, giving it extra power and projecting it into every radio in Springfield. She is satisfied and turns to leave, but Bleeding Gums appears from the heavens to tell Lisa that she has made "an old jazz man happy". Mufasa from The Lion King, Darth Vader from the Star Wars film series, and James Earl Jones then appear in the clouds alongside Bleeding Gums, who tells them to keep quiet. After saying their final goodbyes, Lisa and Bleeding Gums perform "Jazzman" one last time. "'Round Springfield" was written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia, based on a story idea by Al Jean and Mike Reiss. It was the first episode directed by Steven Dean Moore. Due to Fox's demand for 24 to 25 episodes per season, which the production staff found impossible to meet, two episodes of each season were written and produced by former showrunners, to relieve the stress on The Simpsons' writing staff. Jean and Reiss, who were showrunners for the show's third and fourth seasons, returned to produce the episode, as well as "A Star Is Burns", instead of the season's main showrunner David Mirkin. On both episodes, they were aided by the staff of The Critic, the show the two left The Simpsons to create. Sternin and Ventimilia were writers on The Critic and were big fans of The Simpsons, so were thrilled to be able to write an episode. The episode marked the first time a recurring character has been killed off on the show. The writers and production team felt that it would be a good, emotional storyline, which, through Lisa, could focus on the theme of grief. They decided that it could not be one of the main characters; Jean joked that "we wouldn't want it to be someone like Mr. Burns, that we'd obviously want to see in the show again". Eventually, Jean decided on Bleeding Gums Murphy, a character introduced in the season one episode "Moaning Lisa"; a flashback to "Moaning Lisa" is featured in the episode. Murphy was a fairly minor character, only appearing in a couple of episodes, but he appeared in the show's opening sequence and remained there after the episode, until the opening was re-designed in season 20. Moore's first ever job on the show was in the animation department for "Moaning Lisa" so he "appreciated" being able to direct the episode. Reiss stated, "I had been polling for years to kill Marge's mom but this was a better idea". Actor Ron Taylor returned to guest star as Murphy in the episode. Comedian Steve Allen also made his second guest appearance on the show, having previously appeared in the episode "Separate Vocations". The main story of the episode's first act sees Bart get appendicitis from eating a jagged metal Krusty-O. Mike Reiss's father, being a doctor, "sort of" acted as the medical consultant on the episode. He stated that it is impossible to get appendicitis from eating a piece of metal, but the writers decided to do it anyway. In his flashback, Murphy is shown as having a "$1,500 a day Fabergé egg habit". Al Jean "didn't realize just how expensive" Fabergé eggs actually were (in 2013, a collector revealed he spent just over $100 million to purchase nine Fabergé eggs), so the joke does not make much sense. The episode contains numerous references to popular culture. The title is a play on both the jazz standard 'Round Midnight by Thelonious Monk and the similarly named film also about an unappreciated jazz musician. When a deceased Bleeding Gums Murphy appears to Lisa in a cloud towards the end of the episode, he is joined by Darth Vader, Mufasa, and James Earl Jones. Although all three roles were originally portrayed by Jones, the characters in this scene were impersonated by cast member Harry Shearer; Jones himself guest starred twice previously. Additionally, Mufasa accidentally mentions "Kimba" and corrects himself by saying "Simba". This is a reference to the debate regarding The Lion King's resemblance to the anime Kimba the White Lion. Lisa and Bleeding Gums play Carole King's song "Jazzman" in this scene and in the hospital earlier in the episode. Bleeding Gums has to leave at the end of the scene because he has a date with the jazz singer Billie Holiday. Additionally, Homer has a Starland Vocal Band tattoo on his arm, Bart considers buying a Steve Allen "ultimate pog", and the music heard just before Bart's operation is a parody of the theme music of ER. Bleeding Gums appears on an episode of The Cosby Show, a reference to Bill Cosby often getting jazz musicians he liked to appear on the show; in the episode, Cosby is voiced by The Simpsons regular Dan Castellaneta. Lionel Hutz's "crack team of lawyers", Robert Shaporo and Albert Dershman, are parodies of Robert Shapiro and Alan Dershowitz, two of the defense attorneys at the O. J. Simpson murder case. The three drive away in a white pickup truck, similar to the Ford Bronco that Al Cowlings and O. J. Simpson drove in their televised low-speed pursuit before Simpson's arrest. In its original broadcast, "'Round Springfield" finished 60th in the ratings for the week of April 24 to April 30, 1995, with a Nielsen rating of 8.2. The episode was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week. Mike Reiss and Al Jean thought that the episode would "get a ton of awards", and joked that this was why they opted to receive a story credit, which they usually would not. Ultimately it did not win any awards. Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, found that it was "a real tear-jerker" and praised Grampa believing everything he saw was death. In a DVD review of the sixth season, Ryan Keefer of DVD Verdict rated the episode a "B". Adam Finley of TV Squad praised the episode, noting its many "great moments" including "Steve Allen pimping his books on TV: How to Make Love to Steve Allen; Happiness is a Naked Steve Allen; Journey to the Center of Steve Allen; The Joy of Cooking Steve Allen" and "Moe running a "retox" clinic right next to a detox clinic". The podcast Put it in H - A Die Hard Simpsons Podcast praised the episode for its "high number of laughs per minute while still being full of heart". However, Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide called the episode "dull", stating that "some of the moments connected to Bart's illness are funny", but that he "really hate[s] that "Jazzman" song" and dislikes "the Bleeding Gums parts". In the episode, budget cuts at Springfield Elementary School force the janitor Groundskeeper Willie to be used as a French teacher. Expressing his disdain for the French, he exclaims to his class: "Bonjourrrrr, you cheese-eatin' surrender monkeys." The quote, particularly the phrase "cheese-eating surrender monkeys", has since entered wider use. It was used particularly in the run-up to the war in Iraq, having been popularized by the conservative National Review journalist Jonah Goldberg, to describe European and especially French opposition to military action. A piece in The Guardian noted that the phrase was "made acceptable in official diplomatic channels around the globe". Ben Macintyre has written that the phrase is "perhaps the most famous" of the show's coinages and since Goldberg's usage it "has gone on to become a journalistic cliché". It has subsequently been used by the New York Post (as "Surrender Monkeys") as the headline for its December 7, 2006, front page, referring to the Iraq Study Group and its recommendation that U.S. soldiers be withdrawn from Iraq by early 2008. The Daily Telegraph has cited it in relation to Anglo-French military cooperation. The term has been used in books by commentator Laura Ingraham, and academics Stuart Croft, Stephen Chan, and Paul L. Moorcraft and Philip M. Taylor. Ned Sherrin included the quote in the Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations; it was introduced in the third edition in 2005. It is also included in the Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations. Douglas Coupland's 2009 novel Generation A refers to Groundskeeper Willie's use of the phrase. The line was written by Ken Keeler during one of the episode's re-write sessions, although none of those present on the episode's DVD audio commentary could remember for sure. According to Reiss, Keeler called it his "greatest contribution to the show." The writers were surprised it became as widely used as it did and never meant it as a political statement, merely as an "obnoxious" joke for Willie. The French dub of the show uses the line "singes mangeurs de fromage", omitting the word "surrender". Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family. Created by Matt Groening; edited by Ray Richmond and Antonia Coffman. (1st ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M.. Martyn, Warren; Wood, Adrian (2000). "Round Springfield". BBC. Retrieved 2007-02-08. Reiss, Mike (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "'Round Springfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. Moore, Steven Dean (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "'Round Springfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. "Ask Bill and Josh 2 Q&A Thread". No Homers Club. 2006-01-08. Retrieved 2010-07-26. Sternin, Joshua (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "'Round Springfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. Ventimilia, Jeffrey (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "'Round Springfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. Jean, Al (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "'Round Springfield" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. Getlen, Larry (2009-02-22). "Q&A: Matt Groening". New York Post. Archived from the original on 2009-03-12. Retrieved 2022-01-17. "The World's Most Beautiful Eggs: The Genius of Carl Faberge" Archived 30 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine BBC FOUR Scott Chernoff (2007-07-24). "I Bent My Wookiee! Celebrating the Star Wars/Simpsons Connection". No Homers Club. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2022-01-17. "Thursday Hits Make NBC No. 1". The Sun-Sentinel. Associated Press. 1995-05-04. p. 4E. Keefer, Ryan (August 29, 2005). "DVD Verdict Review – The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-31. Finley, Adam (2006-09-07). "The Simpsons: 'Round Springfield". HuffPost TV. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2011-08-06. "Round Springfield - S06E22". Audioboom. Retrieved 2020-06-25. Jacobson, Colin (August 15, 2005). "The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season (1994)". DVD Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-24. Du Vernay, Denise; Waltonen, Karma (2010). The Simpsons in the Classroom: Embiggening the Learning Experience with the Wisdom of Springfield. McFarland. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7864-4490-8. Younge, Gary; Henley, Jon (2003-02-11). "Wimps, weasels and monkeys – the US media view of 'perfidious France'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2022. Macintyre, Ben (2007-08-11). "Last word: Any word that embiggens the vocabulary is cromulent with me". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-03. Lathem, Niles (2006-12-07). "Iraq 'Appease' Squeeze on W." New York Post. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2022-01-17. Rayment, Sean (2010-11-02). "Anglo-French force: Cheese-eating surrender monkeys? Non". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2011-08-03. Ingraham, Laura (2003). Shut Up & Sing: How Elites from Hollywood, Politics, and the UN Are Subverting America. Regnery Publishing. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-89526-101-4. Croft, Stuart (2006). Culture, Crisis and America's War on Terror. Cambridge University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-521-68733-1. Chan, Stephen (2004). Out of Evil: New International Politics and Old Doctrines of War. I.B. Tauris. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-85043-420-7. Moorcraft, Paul L.; Taylor, Philip M. (2008). Shooting the Messenger: The Political Impact of War Reporting. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-57488-947-5. Sherrin, Ned (2008). The Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations (fourth ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. xii; 137. ISBN 978-0-19-957006-5. Shorto, Russell (2007-08-24). "Simpsons quotes enter new Oxford dictionary". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2008-09-23. Coupland, Douglas (2009). Generation A. Random House Canada. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-307-35772-4. Reiss, Mike; Klickstein, Mathew (2018). Springfield confidential: jokes, secrets, and outright lies from a lifetime writing for the Simpsons. New York City: Dey Street Books. p. 79. ISBN 978-0062748034. "'Round Springfield episode capsule". The Simpsons Archive. "'Round Springfield" at IMDb
[ "'Til Tuesday in 1985" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Til_Tuesday_1985_press_photo.jpg" ]	[ "'Til Tuesday (often stylized as 'til tuesday) was an American new wave band formed in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The band, consisting of Aimee Mann (lead vocals, bass), Robert Holmes (guitar), Joey Pesce (keyboards), and Michael Hausman (drums), was active from 1982 to 1989. They are best known for their 1985 hit single \"Voices Carry\".", "'Til Tuesday first gained fame six months after its formation when it won Boston's WBCN Rock & Roll Rumble in 1983. Their original composition \"Love in a Vacuum\" (credited to all members of the group) received a fair amount of airplay on the station, and the group was eventually signed to Epic Records.\n\"Love in a Vacuum\" was re-recorded for the Epic debut album, 1985's Voices Carry; however, the breakthrough song turned out to be the title track. The \"Voices Carry\" single peaked at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and is said to have been inspired by an argument between Mann and Hausman, who had broken off a relationship before the album's release. According to producer Mike Thorne on his Stereo Society web site, \"The title track was originally written and sung by Aimee as if to a woman.... The record company was predictably unhappy with such lyrics.\"\nThe band became an early MTV staple with the \"Voices Carry\" video, which depicts an domineering boyfriend trying to convert Mann to his upper-class lifestyle; she finally lashes out at him during a concert, standing up from her seat in the audience and removing her cap to reveal her signature spiky, rat-tailed hair. The group won that year's MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist.\nBy the 1986 follow-up Welcome Home, Mann was beginning to write more of the songs herself and the band was moving away from the slick new wave sound of their debut. But while critical reaction was generally strong, the #26 placing for the lead single, \"What About Love\", was a commercial disappointment, especially after the top-ten success of \"Voices Carry\". Even more problematic, the album just barely sneaked into the U.S. top 50, also a letdown after the #19 placing for their debut.\nAfter the album's release Pesce left the band and was replaced by Michael Montes. At about the same time, Mann's two-year relationship with singer-songwriter Jules Shear, whom she had been dating since the release of the Voices Carry album, came to an end. This breakup somewhat informed the band's final album, 1988's Everything's Different Now, particularly in the song \"J for Jules\", though Mann insisted that not every song on the LP was about the relationship. Shear collaborated with Matthew Sweet on the album's title track; it also featured \"The Other End (Of the Telescope)\", a collaboration between Mann and Elvis Costello on which Costello provides a guest vocal.\nWhile critical praise continued to flow, Everything's Different Now album peaked at No. 124 in the U.S., while the lead single \"(Believed You Were) Lucky\" (co-written with Shear) reached number 95. \n'Til Tuesday essentially broke up after the release of Everything's Different Now. However, for a short time Mann continued to tour under the 'Til Tuesday name with various session players (including guitarists Jon Brion and Clayton Scoble) while legal problems with the band's label Epic prevented her from beginning work on a solo record for several years.", "Aimee Mann – lead vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar (1982–1989)\nRobert Holmes – guitar, backing vocals (1982–1989)\nJoey Pesce – keyboards, synthesizer, piano, backing vocals (1982–1987)\nMichael Hausman – drums, percussion (1982–1989)\nMichael Montes – keyboards (1987–1989)", "Jon Brion – guitar, bass guitar\nClayton Scoble – guitar\nDave Darby – bass guitar", "", "", "Coming Up Close: A Retrospective (1996, Epic)", "", "Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 1180/1. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.\nBleggi, Doug (November 21, 2018). \"Aimee Mann Interview On 25 Years Of Going Solo\". Stereogum. Retrieved September 7, 2021.\nBrooks, E. (May 1985). 'til tuesday – Voices Carry (Epic). Spin. Retrieved August 21, 2010.\n\"'Til Tuesday Chart History, Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved September 6, 2021.\nThorne, Mike (March 1999). \"The making of Til Tuesday's Voices Carry\". StereoSociety.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2009.\n\"'Til Tuesday Chart History, Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved September 6, 2021.\nWillman, Chris (November 20, 1988). \"'Til Tuesday: Art From a Broken Heart\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 31, 2011.\nKent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.\nRPM album chart positions:\nVoices Carry: \"RPM 100 Albums\". RPM. Vol. 42, no. 26. September 7, 1985. Retrieved September 6, 2021.\nWelcome Home: \"RPM 100 Albums\". RPM. Vol. 45, no. 10. November 29, 1986. Retrieved September 6, 2021.\n\"Gold & Platinum (\"Til Tuesday\" Search)\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved September 7, 2021.\n\"Gold/Platinum (\"Til Tuesday\" Search)\". Music Canada. Retrieved September 7, 2021.\nRPM singles chart positions:\n\n\"Voices Carry\": \"RPM 100 Singles\". RPM. Vol. 42, no. 23. August 17, 1985. Retrieved September 6, 2021.\n\"What About Love\": \"RPM 100 Singles\". RPM. Vol. 45, no. 7. November 8, 1986. Retrieved September 6, 2021." ]	[ "'Til Tuesday", "History", "Personnel", "Touring members", "Discography", "Studio albums", "Compilation albums", "Singles", "References" ]	'Til Tuesday	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Til_Tuesday	[ 204 ]	[ 2112, 2113, 2114, 2115, 2116, 2117, 2118, 2119, 2120, 2121, 2122, 2123, 2124 ]	'Til Tuesday 'Til Tuesday (often stylized as 'til tuesday) was an American new wave band formed in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The band, consisting of Aimee Mann (lead vocals, bass), Robert Holmes (guitar), Joey Pesce (keyboards), and Michael Hausman (drums), was active from 1982 to 1989. They are best known for their 1985 hit single "Voices Carry". 'Til Tuesday first gained fame six months after its formation when it won Boston's WBCN Rock & Roll Rumble in 1983. Their original composition "Love in a Vacuum" (credited to all members of the group) received a fair amount of airplay on the station, and the group was eventually signed to Epic Records. "Love in a Vacuum" was re-recorded for the Epic debut album, 1985's Voices Carry; however, the breakthrough song turned out to be the title track. The "Voices Carry" single peaked at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and is said to have been inspired by an argument between Mann and Hausman, who had broken off a relationship before the album's release. According to producer Mike Thorne on his Stereo Society web site, "The title track was originally written and sung by Aimee as if to a woman.... The record company was predictably unhappy with such lyrics." The band became an early MTV staple with the "Voices Carry" video, which depicts an domineering boyfriend trying to convert Mann to his upper-class lifestyle; she finally lashes out at him during a concert, standing up from her seat in the audience and removing her cap to reveal her signature spiky, rat-tailed hair. The group won that year's MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist. By the 1986 follow-up Welcome Home, Mann was beginning to write more of the songs herself and the band was moving away from the slick new wave sound of their debut. But while critical reaction was generally strong, the #26 placing for the lead single, "What About Love", was a commercial disappointment, especially after the top-ten success of "Voices Carry". Even more problematic, the album just barely sneaked into the U.S. top 50, also a letdown after the #19 placing for their debut. After the album's release Pesce left the band and was replaced by Michael Montes. At about the same time, Mann's two-year relationship with singer-songwriter Jules Shear, whom she had been dating since the release of the Voices Carry album, came to an end. This breakup somewhat informed the band's final album, 1988's Everything's Different Now, particularly in the song "J for Jules", though Mann insisted that not every song on the LP was about the relationship. Shear collaborated with Matthew Sweet on the album's title track; it also featured "The Other End (Of the Telescope)", a collaboration between Mann and Elvis Costello on which Costello provides a guest vocal. While critical praise continued to flow, Everything's Different Now album peaked at No. 124 in the U.S., while the lead single "(Believed You Were) Lucky" (co-written with Shear) reached number 95. 'Til Tuesday essentially broke up after the release of Everything's Different Now. However, for a short time Mann continued to tour under the 'Til Tuesday name with various session players (including guitarists Jon Brion and Clayton Scoble) while legal problems with the band's label Epic prevented her from beginning work on a solo record for several years. Aimee Mann – lead vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar (1982–1989) Robert Holmes – guitar, backing vocals (1982–1989) Joey Pesce – keyboards, synthesizer, piano, backing vocals (1982–1987) Michael Hausman – drums, percussion (1982–1989) Michael Montes – keyboards (1987–1989) Jon Brion – guitar, bass guitar Clayton Scoble – guitar Dave Darby – bass guitar Coming Up Close: A Retrospective (1996, Epic) Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. pp. 1180/1. ISBN 1-85227-745-9. Bleggi, Doug (November 21, 2018). "Aimee Mann Interview On 25 Years Of Going Solo". Stereogum. Retrieved September 7, 2021. Brooks, E. (May 1985). 'til tuesday – Voices Carry (Epic). Spin. Retrieved August 21, 2010. "'Til Tuesday Chart History, Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 6, 2021. Thorne, Mike (March 1999). "The making of Til Tuesday's Voices Carry". StereoSociety.com. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved June 17, 2009. "'Til Tuesday Chart History, Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved September 6, 2021. Willman, Chris (November 20, 1988). "'Til Tuesday: Art From a Broken Heart". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 31, 2011. Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. RPM album chart positions: Voices Carry: "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. Vol. 42, no. 26. September 7, 1985. Retrieved September 6, 2021. Welcome Home: "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. Vol. 45, no. 10. November 29, 1986. Retrieved September 6, 2021. "Gold & Platinum ("Til Tuesday" Search)". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved September 7, 2021. "Gold/Platinum ("Til Tuesday" Search)". Music Canada. Retrieved September 7, 2021. RPM singles chart positions: "Voices Carry": "RPM 100 Singles". RPM. Vol. 42, no. 23. August 17, 1985. Retrieved September 6, 2021. "What About Love": "RPM 100 Singles". RPM. Vol. 45, no. 7. November 8, 1986. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
[ "Title page from 1633 printing", "Page from a 1633 printed edition", "Angelique Rockas as Annabella in New Theatre production directed by Declan Donnelan, London 1980" ]	[ 0, 1, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Houghton_STC_11165_-_Tis_Pitty%2C_title.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Houghton_STC_11165_-_Tis_Pitty%2C_page_11.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Angelique_Rockas_as_Annabella_%28%27Tis_PIty_she%27s_a_Whore%29.jpg" ]	[ "'Tis Pity She's a Whore (original spelling: 'Tis Pitty Shee's a Who[o]re) is a tragedy written by John Ford. It was first performed c. 1626 or between 1629 and 1633, by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Cockpit Theatre. The play was first published in 1633, in a quarto printed by Nicholas Okes for the bookseller Richard Collins. Ford dedicated the play to John Mordaunt, 1st Earl of Peterborough and Baron of Turvey.", "Giovanni, recently returned to Parma from university in Bologna, has developed an incestuous passion for his sister Annabella and the play opens with his discussing this ethical problem with Friar Bonaventura. Bonaventura tries to convince Giovanni that his desires are evil despite Giovanni's passionate reasoning and eventually persuades him to try to rid himself of his feelings through repentance.\nAnnabella, meanwhile, is being approached by a number of suitors including Bergetto, Grimaldi, and Soranzo. She is not interested in any of them. Giovanni finally tells her how he feels (obviously having failed in his attempts to repent) and finally wins her over. Annabella's tutoress Putana (literally, \"Whore\") encourages the relationship. The siblings consummate their relationship.\nHippolita, a past lover of Soranzo, verbally attacks him, furious with him for letting her send her husband Richardetto on a dangerous journey she believed would result in his death so that they could be together, then declining his vows and abandoning her. Soranzo leaves and his servant Vasques promises to help Hippolita get revenge on Soranzo and the pair agree to marry after they murder him.\nRichardetto is not dead but also in Parma in disguise with his niece Philotis. Richardetto is also desperate for revenge against Soranzo and convinces Grimaldi that to win Annabella, he should stab Soranzo with a poisoned sword. Unfortunately, Bergetto and Philotis, now betrothed, are planning to marry secretly in the place Richardetto orders Grimaldi to wait. Grimaldi mistakenly stabs and kills Bergetto instead, leaving Philotis, Poggio (Bergetto's servant), and Donado (Bergetto's uncle) distraught.\nAnnabella resigns herself to marrying Soranzo, knowing she has to marry someone other than her brother. She subsequently falls ill and it is revealed that she is pregnant. Friar Bonaventura then persuades her to marry Soranzo before her pregnancy becomes apparent. Donado and Florio (father of Annabella and Giovanni) go to the cardinal's house, where Grimaldi has been in hiding, to beg for justice. The cardinal refuses due to Grimaldi's high status and instead sends him back to Rome. Florio tells Donado to wait for God to bring them justice.\nAnnabella and Soranzo are married soon after, and their ceremony includes masque dancers, one of whom reveals herself to be Hippolita. She claims to be willing to drink a toast with Soranzo and the two raise their glasses and drink, on which note she explains that her plan was to poison his wine. Vasques comes forward and reveals that he was always loyal to his master and he poisoned Hippolita. She dies spouting insults and damning prophecies to the newlyweds. Seeing the effects of anger and revenge, Richardetto abandons his plans and sends Philotis off to a convent to save her soul.\nWhen Soranzo discovers Annabella's pregnancy, the two argue until Annabella realises that Soranzo truly did love her and finds herself consumed with guilt. She is confined to her room by her husband, who plots with Vasques to avenge himself against his cheating wife and her unknown lover. On Soranzo's exit, Putana comes onto the stage and Vasques pretends to befriend her to gain the name of Annabella's baby's father. Once Putana reveals that it's Giovanni, Vasques has bandits tie Putana up and put out her eyes as punishment for the terrible acts she has willingly overseen and encouraged. In her room, Annabella writes a letter to her brother in her own blood, warning him that Soranzo knows and will soon seek revenge. The friar delivers the letter but Giovanni is too arrogant to believe he can be harmed and ignores advice to decline the invitation to Soranzo's birthday feast. The friar subsequently flees Parma to avoid further involvement in Giovanni's downfall.\nOn the day of the feast, Giovanni visits Annabella in her room and after talking with her, stabs her during a kiss. He then enters the feast, at which all remaining characters are present, wielding a dagger on which his sister's heart is skewered and tells everyone of the incestuous affair. Florio dies immediately from shock. Soranzo attacks Giovanni verbally and Giovanni stabs and kills him. Vasques intervenes, wounding Giovanni before ordering the bandits to finish the job. Following the massacre, the cardinal orders Putana to be burnt at the stake, Vasques to be banished, and the church to seize all the wealth and property belonging to the dead. Richardetto finally reveals his true identity to Donado and the play ends with the cardinal saying of Annabella \"who could not say, 'Tis pity she's a whore?\".", "Men\nFriar Bonaventura – A friar and Giovanni's mentor\nA Cardinal – Nuncio to the Pope\nSoranzo – A nobleman (Annabella's suitor and eventual husband)\nFlorio – A citizen of Parma, and father of Annabella and Giovanni\nDonado – A citizen of Parma, and uncle of Bergetto\nGrimaldi – A Roman gentleman (Annabella's suitor)\nGiovanni – Son of Florio (his name is pronounced with four syllables)\nBergetto – Nephew of Donado (Annabella's suitor and then Philotis's fiancé/suitor)\nRichardetto – Hippolita's husband, disguised as a physician, also Philotis' uncle\nVasques – Loyal servant to Soranzo\nPoggio – Servant to Bergetto\nBanditti – Outlaws, a criminal mob\nOfficers\nWomen\nAnnabella – Daughter of Florio\nHippolita – Wife of Richardetto (Soranzo's former paramour)\nPhilotis – Niece of Richardetto (becomes Bergetto's fiancée)\nPutana – Tutoress of Annabella; her name derives from the Italian word for \"whore\", puttana.", "The play's open treatment of the subject of incest made it one of the most controversial works in English literature. The play was entirely omitted from an 1831 collection of Ford's plays; its title has often been changed to something euphemistic such as Giovanni and Annabella or 'Tis Pity or The Brother and Sister. Indeed, until well into the twentieth century, critics were usually harsh in their condemnations of the play; the subject matter offended them, as did Ford's failure to condemn his protagonist. Critic Mark Stavig wrote, \"Instead of stressing the villainy, Ford portrays Giovanni as a talented, virtuous, and noble man who is overcome by a tumultuous, unavoidable passion that brings about his destruction\". Adolphus Ward said: \"'Tis Pity She's a Whore has been justly recognized as a tragedy of extraordinary power\". Since the mid-twentieth century, scholars and critics have generally shown more appreciation of the complexities and ambiguities of the work, though the treatment of the main subject still remains \"unsettling\", in the words of Michael Billington, reviewing the 2014 production for The Guardian, because Ford refuses \"to either condone or condemn incest: he simply presents it as an unstoppable force\".", "The play was revived early in the Restoration era; Samuel Pepys saw a 1661 performance at the Salisbury Court Theatre. In 1894, the play was translated into French by Maurice Maeterlinck and produced under the title Annabella at the Théâtre de l'Œuvre.\nThe play was not seen again in Britain until 1923, in a production by the Phoenix Society at the original Shaftesbury Theatre, and thereafter it was performed by the Arts Theatre Club (1934) and in two productions by Donald Wolfit in 1940 (Cambridge) and 1941 (The Strand Theatre).\nIn 1980 Declan Donnellan directed the play for New Theatre Company at Theatre Space and Half Moon Theatre. The lead roles played by Malcolm Jamieson and Angelique Rockas received praise for their performances.\nIn 2011, Jonathan Munby directed a \"Tarantino-esque\" production of the play set in 1960s Italy, staged at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds from 7 to 28 May. Featuring an image of Christ and the Virgin Mary, the publicity poster for the play caused controversy before it even opened, and was replaced after a letter of complaint from the Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds. In the lead roles, Damien Molony as Giovanni and Sarah Vickers as Annabella received praise for their performances.\nBetween 2011 and 2014, theatre company Cheek by Jowl staged the play, directed by Declan Donnellan and designed by Nick Ormerod. The production went on tour to the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York and the Barbican Centre in London, amongst others. The production was revived with different casts in 2012 and 2014. In 2011–2012, Lydia Wilson played Annabella, and the role was played by Gina Bramhill in 2012–2013 and Eve Ponsonby in 2014.\nMichael Longhurst directed a production of the play in 2014 at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, part of the Globe Theatre, making use of period costumes and Jacobean musical instruments, as well as candlelight.", "Dommage qu'elle soit une p... (1961), French adaptation by director Luchino Visconti, performed at the Théâtre de Paris with Romy Schneider (Annabella) and Alain Delon (Giovanni).\nMy Sister, My Love (Syskonbädd 1782) (1966), film adaptation by director Vilgot Sjöman, starring Bibi Andersson and Per Oscarsson\n'Tis Pity She's a Whore (Addio fratello crudele) (1971), film adaptation by director Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, starring Charlotte Rampling and Oliver Tobias\nFilmed for BBC Two by director Roland Joffé under its original title, and transmitted on 7 May 1980, Production starred Kenneth Cranham (as Giovanni), Cherie Lunghi (as Annabella), and John Coles Jeremy Child, as the Priest. It used an unedited text while transferring the setting to eighteenth century England.\nA BBC Radio 3 adaptation featuring Jessie Buckley as Annabella and Damien Molony as Giovanni was adapted and directed by Pauline Harris and first broadcast on 7 January 2018.\nSchade, dass sie eine Hure war, German opera adaptation by Kerstin Maria Pöhler (libretto) and Anno Schreier (composer), world premiere on 16 February 2019, Opernhaus Düsseldorf", "Peter Greenaway has said that the play provided him with the main template for his 1989 film The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover.\nThe pilot episode of Midsomer Murders, \"The Killings at Badger's Drift\" (1997), contains references to the play.\nA song with almost the same name, \"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\", is featured on David Bowie's final studio album Blackstar (2016). \"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)\", from the same album, loosely recounts the play's events from Annabella's decision to marry Soranzo to Giovanni's reception of her note written in blood.\nThe play is referenced in Tom Stoppard's 1982 play The Real Thing.", "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ford, John\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 641–643.\nLogan, Terence P.; Smith, Denzell S. (1978). The Later Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 141.\nMatthew A. Everett (9 November 2010). \"THEATER Classical Actors Ensemble's \"'Tis Pity She's a Whore\": Isn't it, though?\". Twin Cities Daily Planet.\nJohn Ford (2014) [1633]. Martin Wiggins (ed.). 'Tis Pity She's a Whore. Bloomsbury. p. 44. ISBN 9781408144312. ... rather than three as in modern Italian\nWhite 2012, p. 12\nWhite, Martin (2012). Ford: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 20. ISBN 9781137006073.\nLogan & Smith 1978, p. 127.\nMark Stavig, John Ford and the Traditional Moral Order, Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin Press, 1968; p. 95.\nLogan & Smith 1978, pp. 128–129.\nBillington, Michael (29 October 2014). \"'Tis Pity She's a Whore review – naked passion illuminated by candlelight\". The Guardian.\nSimon Baker (ed.), 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (Routledge, 1997), p. 15.\n\"Lindsay Anderson On ' Tis Pity'\" – via Internet Archive.\nJohn Ford (2014). \"Major British productions in the 20th century\". In Martin Wiggins (ed.). 'Tis Pity She's a Whore. A&C Black. p. 43. ISBN 9781408144329.\nThe British Newspaper Archive (1 January 1900). \"Results for 'the stage tis pity she's a whore 1980 ann morley priestman'\". British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 17 September 2021.\n\"Tis Pity Reviews\".\n\"'Tis Pity She's A Whore\". The Guardian. 21 April 2011.\n\"Theatre relents after bishop's complaint over poster for 'Tis Pity She's a Whore\". Yorkshire Post.\n\"Playhouse poster replaced after Leeds diocese criticism\". BBC News. 20 April 2011.\n\"'Tis Pity She's a Whore Leeds\". Whats on Stage.\n\"'Tis Pity She's a Whore, West Yorkshire Playhouse/The Lady in the Van, Hull Truck theatre, review\". The Telegraph.\n\"Cheek by Jowl Website: Previous Productions\". cheekbyjowl.com. London: Cheek by Jowl Theatre Company. Retrieved 25 October 2017.\n\"Sam Wanamaker Playhouse: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore\". shakespearesglobe.com. Shakespeare's Globe. 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2014.\n\"'Tis Pity She's a Whore\". BBC Genome. 7 May 1980. Retrieved 9 February 2017.\n\"Drama On 3: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore\". Retrieved 7 January 2018.\n\"Revue der Opern-Parodien\" by Regine Müller, Rheinische Post, 17 February 2019 (in German); Production details, Deutsche Oper am Rhein\nVernon Gras and Marguerite Gras (eds.), Peter Greenaway: Interviews, Jackson, Mississippi, University Press of Mississippi, 2000; p. 69", "Addio, fratello crudele (1971) at IMDb – Giuseppe Patroni Griffi's 1971 feature film based upon the play\nToch zonde dat 't een hoer is (1978) at IMDb (TV, BRT)\n'Tis Pity She's a Whore (1980) at IMDb (TV, BBC)\nFull text, Folger Shakespeare Library\nScanned text, HathiTrust Digital Library\n'Tis Pity She's a Whore at Theatricalia.com\nTimeline, characters, production history, synopsis, critical perspectives, Red Bull Theatre New York\nCurtainUp Review of 'Tis Pity – review of a modern performance by the Friendly Fire Theatre\nReviews of the 1980 New Theatre production, directed by Declan Donnellan\n 'Tis Pity She's a Whore public domain audiobook at LibriVox" ]	[ "'Tis Pity She's a Whore", "Synopsis", "Characters", "Reception", "Notable performances", "Adaptations", "Influence", "References", "External links" ]	'Tis Pity She's a Whore	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Tis_Pity_She%27s_a_Whore	[ 205, 206 ]	[ 2125, 2126, 2127, 2128, 2129, 2130, 2131, 2132, 2133, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2137, 2138, 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2143, 2144, 2145, 2146, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, 2153, 2154, 2155 ]	'Tis Pity She's a Whore 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (original spelling: 'Tis Pitty Shee's a Who[o]re) is a tragedy written by John Ford. It was first performed c. 1626 or between 1629 and 1633, by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Cockpit Theatre. The play was first published in 1633, in a quarto printed by Nicholas Okes for the bookseller Richard Collins. Ford dedicated the play to John Mordaunt, 1st Earl of Peterborough and Baron of Turvey. Giovanni, recently returned to Parma from university in Bologna, has developed an incestuous passion for his sister Annabella and the play opens with his discussing this ethical problem with Friar Bonaventura. Bonaventura tries to convince Giovanni that his desires are evil despite Giovanni's passionate reasoning and eventually persuades him to try to rid himself of his feelings through repentance. Annabella, meanwhile, is being approached by a number of suitors including Bergetto, Grimaldi, and Soranzo. She is not interested in any of them. Giovanni finally tells her how he feels (obviously having failed in his attempts to repent) and finally wins her over. Annabella's tutoress Putana (literally, "Whore") encourages the relationship. The siblings consummate their relationship. Hippolita, a past lover of Soranzo, verbally attacks him, furious with him for letting her send her husband Richardetto on a dangerous journey she believed would result in his death so that they could be together, then declining his vows and abandoning her. Soranzo leaves and his servant Vasques promises to help Hippolita get revenge on Soranzo and the pair agree to marry after they murder him. Richardetto is not dead but also in Parma in disguise with his niece Philotis. Richardetto is also desperate for revenge against Soranzo and convinces Grimaldi that to win Annabella, he should stab Soranzo with a poisoned sword. Unfortunately, Bergetto and Philotis, now betrothed, are planning to marry secretly in the place Richardetto orders Grimaldi to wait. Grimaldi mistakenly stabs and kills Bergetto instead, leaving Philotis, Poggio (Bergetto's servant), and Donado (Bergetto's uncle) distraught. Annabella resigns herself to marrying Soranzo, knowing she has to marry someone other than her brother. She subsequently falls ill and it is revealed that she is pregnant. Friar Bonaventura then persuades her to marry Soranzo before her pregnancy becomes apparent. Donado and Florio (father of Annabella and Giovanni) go to the cardinal's house, where Grimaldi has been in hiding, to beg for justice. The cardinal refuses due to Grimaldi's high status and instead sends him back to Rome. Florio tells Donado to wait for God to bring them justice. Annabella and Soranzo are married soon after, and their ceremony includes masque dancers, one of whom reveals herself to be Hippolita. She claims to be willing to drink a toast with Soranzo and the two raise their glasses and drink, on which note she explains that her plan was to poison his wine. Vasques comes forward and reveals that he was always loyal to his master and he poisoned Hippolita. She dies spouting insults and damning prophecies to the newlyweds. Seeing the effects of anger and revenge, Richardetto abandons his plans and sends Philotis off to a convent to save her soul. When Soranzo discovers Annabella's pregnancy, the two argue until Annabella realises that Soranzo truly did love her and finds herself consumed with guilt. She is confined to her room by her husband, who plots with Vasques to avenge himself against his cheating wife and her unknown lover. On Soranzo's exit, Putana comes onto the stage and Vasques pretends to befriend her to gain the name of Annabella's baby's father. Once Putana reveals that it's Giovanni, Vasques has bandits tie Putana up and put out her eyes as punishment for the terrible acts she has willingly overseen and encouraged. In her room, Annabella writes a letter to her brother in her own blood, warning him that Soranzo knows and will soon seek revenge. The friar delivers the letter but Giovanni is too arrogant to believe he can be harmed and ignores advice to decline the invitation to Soranzo's birthday feast. The friar subsequently flees Parma to avoid further involvement in Giovanni's downfall. On the day of the feast, Giovanni visits Annabella in her room and after talking with her, stabs her during a kiss. He then enters the feast, at which all remaining characters are present, wielding a dagger on which his sister's heart is skewered and tells everyone of the incestuous affair. Florio dies immediately from shock. Soranzo attacks Giovanni verbally and Giovanni stabs and kills him. Vasques intervenes, wounding Giovanni before ordering the bandits to finish the job. Following the massacre, the cardinal orders Putana to be burnt at the stake, Vasques to be banished, and the church to seize all the wealth and property belonging to the dead. Richardetto finally reveals his true identity to Donado and the play ends with the cardinal saying of Annabella "who could not say, 'Tis pity she's a whore?". Men Friar Bonaventura – A friar and Giovanni's mentor A Cardinal – Nuncio to the Pope Soranzo – A nobleman (Annabella's suitor and eventual husband) Florio – A citizen of Parma, and father of Annabella and Giovanni Donado – A citizen of Parma, and uncle of Bergetto Grimaldi – A Roman gentleman (Annabella's suitor) Giovanni – Son of Florio (his name is pronounced with four syllables) Bergetto – Nephew of Donado (Annabella's suitor and then Philotis's fiancé/suitor) Richardetto – Hippolita's husband, disguised as a physician, also Philotis' uncle Vasques – Loyal servant to Soranzo Poggio – Servant to Bergetto Banditti – Outlaws, a criminal mob Officers Women Annabella – Daughter of Florio Hippolita – Wife of Richardetto (Soranzo's former paramour) Philotis – Niece of Richardetto (becomes Bergetto's fiancée) Putana – Tutoress of Annabella; her name derives from the Italian word for "whore", puttana. The play's open treatment of the subject of incest made it one of the most controversial works in English literature. The play was entirely omitted from an 1831 collection of Ford's plays; its title has often been changed to something euphemistic such as Giovanni and Annabella or 'Tis Pity or The Brother and Sister. Indeed, until well into the twentieth century, critics were usually harsh in their condemnations of the play; the subject matter offended them, as did Ford's failure to condemn his protagonist. Critic Mark Stavig wrote, "Instead of stressing the villainy, Ford portrays Giovanni as a talented, virtuous, and noble man who is overcome by a tumultuous, unavoidable passion that brings about his destruction". Adolphus Ward said: "'Tis Pity She's a Whore has been justly recognized as a tragedy of extraordinary power". Since the mid-twentieth century, scholars and critics have generally shown more appreciation of the complexities and ambiguities of the work, though the treatment of the main subject still remains "unsettling", in the words of Michael Billington, reviewing the 2014 production for The Guardian, because Ford refuses "to either condone or condemn incest: he simply presents it as an unstoppable force". The play was revived early in the Restoration era; Samuel Pepys saw a 1661 performance at the Salisbury Court Theatre. In 1894, the play was translated into French by Maurice Maeterlinck and produced under the title Annabella at the Théâtre de l'Œuvre. The play was not seen again in Britain until 1923, in a production by the Phoenix Society at the original Shaftesbury Theatre, and thereafter it was performed by the Arts Theatre Club (1934) and in two productions by Donald Wolfit in 1940 (Cambridge) and 1941 (The Strand Theatre). In 1980 Declan Donnellan directed the play for New Theatre Company at Theatre Space and Half Moon Theatre. The lead roles played by Malcolm Jamieson and Angelique Rockas received praise for their performances. In 2011, Jonathan Munby directed a "Tarantino-esque" production of the play set in 1960s Italy, staged at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds from 7 to 28 May. Featuring an image of Christ and the Virgin Mary, the publicity poster for the play caused controversy before it even opened, and was replaced after a letter of complaint from the Roman Catholic Bishop of Leeds. In the lead roles, Damien Molony as Giovanni and Sarah Vickers as Annabella received praise for their performances. Between 2011 and 2014, theatre company Cheek by Jowl staged the play, directed by Declan Donnellan and designed by Nick Ormerod. The production went on tour to the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York and the Barbican Centre in London, amongst others. The production was revived with different casts in 2012 and 2014. In 2011–2012, Lydia Wilson played Annabella, and the role was played by Gina Bramhill in 2012–2013 and Eve Ponsonby in 2014. Michael Longhurst directed a production of the play in 2014 at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, part of the Globe Theatre, making use of period costumes and Jacobean musical instruments, as well as candlelight. Dommage qu'elle soit une p... (1961), French adaptation by director Luchino Visconti, performed at the Théâtre de Paris with Romy Schneider (Annabella) and Alain Delon (Giovanni). My Sister, My Love (Syskonbädd 1782) (1966), film adaptation by director Vilgot Sjöman, starring Bibi Andersson and Per Oscarsson 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (Addio fratello crudele) (1971), film adaptation by director Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, starring Charlotte Rampling and Oliver Tobias Filmed for BBC Two by director Roland Joffé under its original title, and transmitted on 7 May 1980, Production starred Kenneth Cranham (as Giovanni), Cherie Lunghi (as Annabella), and John Coles Jeremy Child, as the Priest. It used an unedited text while transferring the setting to eighteenth century England. A BBC Radio 3 adaptation featuring Jessie Buckley as Annabella and Damien Molony as Giovanni was adapted and directed by Pauline Harris and first broadcast on 7 January 2018. Schade, dass sie eine Hure war, German opera adaptation by Kerstin Maria Pöhler (libretto) and Anno Schreier (composer), world premiere on 16 February 2019, Opernhaus Düsseldorf Peter Greenaway has said that the play provided him with the main template for his 1989 film The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover. The pilot episode of Midsomer Murders, "The Killings at Badger's Drift" (1997), contains references to the play. A song with almost the same name, "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore", is featured on David Bowie's final studio album Blackstar (2016). "Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)", from the same album, loosely recounts the play's events from Annabella's decision to marry Soranzo to Giovanni's reception of her note written in blood. The play is referenced in Tom Stoppard's 1982 play The Real Thing. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ford, John" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 641–643. Logan, Terence P.; Smith, Denzell S. (1978). The Later Jacobean and Caroline Dramatists. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 141. Matthew A. Everett (9 November 2010). "THEATER Classical Actors Ensemble's "'Tis Pity She's a Whore": Isn't it, though?". Twin Cities Daily Planet. John Ford (2014) [1633]. Martin Wiggins (ed.). 'Tis Pity She's a Whore. Bloomsbury. p. 44. ISBN 9781408144312. ... rather than three as in modern Italian White 2012, p. 12 White, Martin (2012). Ford: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 20. ISBN 9781137006073. Logan & Smith 1978, p. 127. Mark Stavig, John Ford and the Traditional Moral Order, Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin Press, 1968; p. 95. Logan & Smith 1978, pp. 128–129. Billington, Michael (29 October 2014). "'Tis Pity She's a Whore review – naked passion illuminated by candlelight". The Guardian. Simon Baker (ed.), 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (Routledge, 1997), p. 15. "Lindsay Anderson On ' Tis Pity'" – via Internet Archive. John Ford (2014). "Major British productions in the 20th century". In Martin Wiggins (ed.). 'Tis Pity She's a Whore. A&C Black. p. 43. ISBN 9781408144329. The British Newspaper Archive (1 January 1900). "Results for 'the stage tis pity she's a whore 1980 ann morley priestman'". British Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 17 September 2021. "Tis Pity Reviews". "'Tis Pity She's A Whore". The Guardian. 21 April 2011. "Theatre relents after bishop's complaint over poster for 'Tis Pity She's a Whore". Yorkshire Post. "Playhouse poster replaced after Leeds diocese criticism". BBC News. 20 April 2011. "'Tis Pity She's a Whore Leeds". Whats on Stage. "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, West Yorkshire Playhouse/The Lady in the Van, Hull Truck theatre, review". The Telegraph. "Cheek by Jowl Website: Previous Productions". cheekbyjowl.com. London: Cheek by Jowl Theatre Company. Retrieved 25 October 2017. "Sam Wanamaker Playhouse: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore". shakespearesglobe.com. Shakespeare's Globe. 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2014. "'Tis Pity She's a Whore". BBC Genome. 7 May 1980. Retrieved 9 February 2017. "Drama On 3: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore". Retrieved 7 January 2018. "Revue der Opern-Parodien" by Regine Müller, Rheinische Post, 17 February 2019 (in German); Production details, Deutsche Oper am Rhein Vernon Gras and Marguerite Gras (eds.), Peter Greenaway: Interviews, Jackson, Mississippi, University Press of Mississippi, 2000; p. 69 Addio, fratello crudele (1971) at IMDb – Giuseppe Patroni Griffi's 1971 feature film based upon the play Toch zonde dat 't een hoer is (1978) at IMDb (TV, BRT) 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (1980) at IMDb (TV, BBC) Full text, Folger Shakespeare Library Scanned text, HathiTrust Digital Library 'Tis Pity She's a Whore at Theatricalia.com Timeline, characters, production history, synopsis, critical perspectives, Red Bull Theatre New York CurtainUp Review of 'Tis Pity – review of a modern performance by the Friendly Fire Theatre Reviews of the 1980 New Theatre production, directed by Declan Donnellan 'Tis Pity She's a Whore public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[ "William J. Kirkpatrick" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/WilliamJKirkpatrick.jpg" ]	[ "\"'Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus\" is a Christian hymn with music by William J. Kirkpatrick and lyrics by Louisa M. R. Stead. The lyrics were written in 1882. They appeared in Stead's Songs of Triumph.\nThe song is included in many hymnals and has been recorded by many artists.", "'Tis so sweet to trust in Jesus,\n\nJust to take Him at His Word;\n\nJust to rest upon His promise,\n\nJust to know, \"Thus says the Lord!\"\n\nRefrain:\n\nJesus, Jesus, how I trust Him!\n\nHow I've proved Him o'er and o'er\n\nJesus, Jesus, precious Jesus!\n\nO for grace to trust Him more!\n\nO how sweet to trust in Jesus,\n\nJust to trust His cleansing blood;\n\nJust in simple faith to plunge me\n\n'Neath the healing, cleansing flood!\n\nRefrain\n\nYes, 'tis sweet to trust in Jesus,\n\nJust from sin and self to cease;\n\nJust from Jesus simply taking\n\nLife and rest, and joy and peace.\n\nRefrain\n\nI'm so glad I learned to trust Thee,\n\nPrecious Jesus, Savior, Friend;\n\nAnd I know that Thou art with me,\n\nWilt be with me to the end.\n\nRefrain", "Osbeck, Kenneth (1985). 101 More Hymn Stories, Part 2. Kregel Publications. p. 91. ISBN 9780825434204.", "The story behind \"Rock of Ages\" and a brief biography of Toplady" ]	[ "'Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus", "Lyrics", "References", "External links" ]	'Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Tis_So_Sweet_to_Trust_in_Jesus	[ 207 ]	[ 2156, 2157, 2158 ]	'Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus "'Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus" is a Christian hymn with music by William J. Kirkpatrick and lyrics by Louisa M. R. Stead. The lyrics were written in 1882. They appeared in Stead's Songs of Triumph. The song is included in many hymnals and has been recorded by many artists. 'Tis so sweet to trust in Jesus, Just to take Him at His Word; Just to rest upon His promise, Just to know, "Thus says the Lord!" Refrain: Jesus, Jesus, how I trust Him! How I've proved Him o'er and o'er Jesus, Jesus, precious Jesus! O for grace to trust Him more! O how sweet to trust in Jesus, Just to trust His cleansing blood; Just in simple faith to plunge me 'Neath the healing, cleansing flood! Refrain Yes, 'tis sweet to trust in Jesus, Just from sin and self to cease; Just from Jesus simply taking Life and rest, and joy and peace. Refrain I'm so glad I learned to trust Thee, Precious Jesus, Savior, Friend; And I know that Thou art with me, Wilt be with me to the end. Refrain Osbeck, Kenneth (1985). 101 More Hymn Stories, Part 2. Kregel Publications. p. 91. ISBN 9780825434204. The story behind "Rock of Ages" and a brief biography of Toplady
[ "The Lobster, illustrated by John Tenniel" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/De_Alice%27s_Abenteuer_im_Wunderland_Carroll_pic_36.jpg" ]	[ "\"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster\" is a poem by Lewis Carroll that appears in Chapter 10 of his 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. It is recited by Alice to the Mock Turtle and the Gryphon.", "\"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster\" is a parody of \"The Sluggard\", a moralistic poem by Isaac Watts which was well known in Carroll's day. \"The Sluggard\" depicts the unsavory lifestyle of a slothful individual as a negative example. Carroll's lobster's corresponding vice is that he is weak and cannot back up his boasts, and is consequently easy prey. This fits the pattern of the predatory parody poems in the two Alice books.", "", "As published in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1867):\n[After the Gryphon and the Mock Turtle have sung and danced to the Lobster Quadrille, Alice mentions the poems she has attempted to recite, and the Gryphon tells Alice to stand and recite \"'Tis the voice of the sluggard\", which she reluctantly does] \"but her head was so full of the Lobster Quadrille, that she hardly knew what she was saying ...\"\n'Tis the voice of the lobster; I heard him declare,\n\n\"You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair.\"\n\nAs a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose\n\nTrims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.\n[The Gryphon and the Mock Turtle interrupt with a brief exchange about what this unfamiliar version of the poem means, and then insist that Alice continue:]\nI passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,\n\nHow the owl and the oyster were sharing a pie—\n[Alice's recitation is cut short by the Mock Turtle, who finds the poem \"the most confusing thing I ever heard\".]", "In 1886, Carroll wrote an altered and expanded version of the poem for the first theatrical adaptation of Alice. In this version, a panther replaces the oyster. A manuscript signed and dated 31 October 1886 reads:\n'Tis the voice of the Lobster, I heard him declare\n\n\"You have baked me too brown: I must sugar my hair.\"\n\nAs a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose\n\nTrims his belt & his buttons, & turns out his toes.\n\nWhen the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,\n\nAnd will talk in contemptuous tones of the Shark:\n\nBut, when the tide rises and Sharks are around,\n\nHis voice has a timid & tremulous sound.\n\nI passed by his garden, & marked with one eye\n\nHow the Owl & the Panther were sharing a pie:\n\nThe Panther took pie-crust, & gravy, & meat,\n\nWhile the Owl got the dish as his share of the treat.\n\nWhen the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon,\n\nWas kindly permitted to pocket the spoon:\n\nWhile the Panther received knife & fork with a growl,\n\nAnd concluded the banquet by eating the Owl.", "Amlen, Deb. \"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster\". nytimes.com. Retrieved 18 December 2016.\nMartin Gardner. The Annotated Alice.\nMouw, R.J.; Noll, M.A. (2004). Wonderful Words of Life: Hymns in American Protestant History and Theology. Calvin Institute of Christian Worship Liturgical Studies. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8028-2160-7. Retrieved 18 December 2016.\nCarroll, Lewis (1867). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan. pp. 157–159.\n\"Carroll's \"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster\"\". themorgan.org. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2016.", "Making Sense of Nonsense: An Examination of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Norton Juster's The Phantom Tollbooth as Allegories of Children's Learning" ]	[ "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster", "Analysis", "Text", "Published version", "Expanded version", "References", "External links" ]	'Tis the Voice of the Lobster	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Tis_the_Voice_of_the_Lobster	[ 208 ]	[ 2159, 2160, 2161, 2162, 2163, 2164, 2165, 2166, 2167 ]	'Tis the Voice of the Lobster "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" is a poem by Lewis Carroll that appears in Chapter 10 of his 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. It is recited by Alice to the Mock Turtle and the Gryphon. "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" is a parody of "The Sluggard", a moralistic poem by Isaac Watts which was well known in Carroll's day. "The Sluggard" depicts the unsavory lifestyle of a slothful individual as a negative example. Carroll's lobster's corresponding vice is that he is weak and cannot back up his boasts, and is consequently easy prey. This fits the pattern of the predatory parody poems in the two Alice books. As published in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1867): [After the Gryphon and the Mock Turtle have sung and danced to the Lobster Quadrille, Alice mentions the poems she has attempted to recite, and the Gryphon tells Alice to stand and recite "'Tis the voice of the sluggard", which she reluctantly does] "but her head was so full of the Lobster Quadrille, that she hardly knew what she was saying ..." 'Tis the voice of the lobster; I heard him declare, "You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair." As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes. [The Gryphon and the Mock Turtle interrupt with a brief exchange about what this unfamiliar version of the poem means, and then insist that Alice continue:] I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye, How the owl and the oyster were sharing a pie— [Alice's recitation is cut short by the Mock Turtle, who finds the poem "the most confusing thing I ever heard".] In 1886, Carroll wrote an altered and expanded version of the poem for the first theatrical adaptation of Alice. In this version, a panther replaces the oyster. A manuscript signed and dated 31 October 1886 reads: 'Tis the voice of the Lobster, I heard him declare "You have baked me too brown: I must sugar my hair." As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose Trims his belt & his buttons, & turns out his toes. When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark, And will talk in contemptuous tones of the Shark: But, when the tide rises and Sharks are around, His voice has a timid & tremulous sound. I passed by his garden, & marked with one eye How the Owl & the Panther were sharing a pie: The Panther took pie-crust, & gravy, & meat, While the Owl got the dish as his share of the treat. When the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon, Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon: While the Panther received knife & fork with a growl, And concluded the banquet by eating the Owl. Amlen, Deb. "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster". nytimes.com. Retrieved 18 December 2016. Martin Gardner. The Annotated Alice. Mouw, R.J.; Noll, M.A. (2004). Wonderful Words of Life: Hymns in American Protestant History and Theology. Calvin Institute of Christian Worship Liturgical Studies. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8028-2160-7. Retrieved 18 December 2016. Carroll, Lewis (1867). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. London: Macmillan. pp. 157–159. "Carroll's "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster"". themorgan.org. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2016. Making Sense of Nonsense: An Examination of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Norton Juster's The Phantom Tollbooth as Allegories of Children's Learning
[ "'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret, formerly Self-portrait as a young man, 1639–40, Uffizi, Florence" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Harmensz_van_Rijn_Rembrandt_-_Ritratto_di_giovane_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" ]	[ "'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret, formerly known as Self-portrait as a young man (both with variant titles) is a tronie portrait of a young man that was traditionally regarded as one of over 40 painted self-portraits by Rembrandt. It is now in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence, where the most recent restoration by Daniele Rossi revealed a signature previously hidden under old varnish.\nThe Rembrandt Research Project and other modern scholars now doubt that it is by Rembrandt at all, although it might be an unfinished Rembrandt portrait taken over by another artist. Even more unlikely is that it is a Rembrandt self-portrait, simply on the low level of resemblance of the face to the many certain examples. It used to be dated to about 1634, on the grounds of the age of the subject, if a self-portrait, and the lack of the moustache that Rembrandt usually has for most of the 1630s. Seen in terms of Rembrandt's style alone, about 1639-40 seems more likely.\nAs in many of Rembrandt's actual self-portraits, the subject wears fanciful dress that suggests the 16th rather than the 17th century. The gorget was contemporary wear for a soldier, included in a number of Rembrandt's tronie self-portraits.", "The painting belonged to the art-loving Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (\"Jan Willem\", r. 1690-1716), who was married to Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the last of the Medici family. Johann Wilhelm had his own collection of artists' self-portraits, like his father in law. He gave the painting to the Gerini family, Florentine grandees and art patrons. It was exhibited in Florence as a Rembrandt self-portrait in 1724, and so described in the published illustrated catalogue of the Gerini collection in 1759. In the Palazzo Gerini an allegory of the arts in fresco by Giuseppe Zocchi (1711–67) shows the personification of \"Painting\" looking at the catalogue, held by two putti, open to the page illustrating this painting. The highly unusual rendition in fresco of a reproductive print shows the prestige the painting had. In 1818 it entered the Uffizi's famous collection of artists' self-portraits.", "White, 169\nWhite, 50, 169\nWhite, 61-62\nWhite, 49\nWhite, 50; fresco illustrated on 51", "White, Christopher, Buvelot, Quentin (eds), Rembrandt by himself, Cat. # 52, 1999, National Gallery, London/Mauritshuis, The Hague, ISBN 1857092708", "Uffizi page/ Google Art Project" ]	[ "'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret", "Provenance", "Notes", "References", "External links" ]	'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Tronie%27_of_a_Young_Man_with_Gorget_and_Beret	[ 209 ]	[ 2168, 2169, 2170 ]	'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret 'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret, formerly known as Self-portrait as a young man (both with variant titles) is a tronie portrait of a young man that was traditionally regarded as one of over 40 painted self-portraits by Rembrandt. It is now in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence, where the most recent restoration by Daniele Rossi revealed a signature previously hidden under old varnish. The Rembrandt Research Project and other modern scholars now doubt that it is by Rembrandt at all, although it might be an unfinished Rembrandt portrait taken over by another artist. Even more unlikely is that it is a Rembrandt self-portrait, simply on the low level of resemblance of the face to the many certain examples. It used to be dated to about 1634, on the grounds of the age of the subject, if a self-portrait, and the lack of the moustache that Rembrandt usually has for most of the 1630s. Seen in terms of Rembrandt's style alone, about 1639-40 seems more likely. As in many of Rembrandt's actual self-portraits, the subject wears fanciful dress that suggests the 16th rather than the 17th century. The gorget was contemporary wear for a soldier, included in a number of Rembrandt's tronie self-portraits. The painting belonged to the art-loving Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine ("Jan Willem", r. 1690-1716), who was married to Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the last of the Medici family. Johann Wilhelm had his own collection of artists' self-portraits, like his father in law. He gave the painting to the Gerini family, Florentine grandees and art patrons. It was exhibited in Florence as a Rembrandt self-portrait in 1724, and so described in the published illustrated catalogue of the Gerini collection in 1759. In the Palazzo Gerini an allegory of the arts in fresco by Giuseppe Zocchi (1711–67) shows the personification of "Painting" looking at the catalogue, held by two putti, open to the page illustrating this painting. The highly unusual rendition in fresco of a reproductive print shows the prestige the painting had. In 1818 it entered the Uffizi's famous collection of artists' self-portraits. White, 169 White, 50, 169 White, 61-62 White, 49 White, 50; fresco illustrated on 51 White, Christopher, Buvelot, Quentin (eds), Rembrandt by himself, Cat. # 52, 1999, National Gallery, London/Mauritshuis, The Hague, ISBN 1857092708 Uffizi page/ Google Art Project
[ "Newspaper advertisement" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/1915_-_Hippodrome_Theater_Ad_Allentown_PA.jpg" ]	[ "'Twas Ever Thus is a 1915 American drama silent film directed by Hobart Bosworth, written by Elsie Janis, and starring Elsie Janis, Hobart Bosworth, Owen Moore, Myrtle Stedman, Harry Ham, and Helen Wolcott. It was released on September 23, 1915, by Paramount Pictures.", "", "Elsie Janis as Lithesome / Prudence Alden / Marian Gordon\nHobart Bosworth as Hard Muscle / Col. Warren / John Rogers\nOwen Moore as Long Biceps / Frank Warren / Jack Rogers\nMyrtle Stedman as Joysome / Betty Judkns / chorus girl\nHarry Ham as Joe Alden / Sub-editor\nHelen Wolcott as Jean Hopkins / Helen Farnum\nJoe Ray as A Tough\nLudloe Goodman as George St. John\nCharles Wainwright as Jack's Friend\nArt Acord as Manservant (uncredited)", "Janiss Garza (2014). \"Twas-Ever-Thus - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.\n\"'Twas Ever Thus (1915) - Overview - TCM.com\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 24 December 2014.", "'Twas Ever Thus at IMDb\nSynopsis at AllMovie" ]	[ "'Twas Ever Thus", "Plot", "Cast", "References", "External links" ]	'Twas Ever Thus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Twas_Ever_Thus	[ 210 ]	[ 2171, 2172, 2173 ]	'Twas Ever Thus 'Twas Ever Thus is a 1915 American drama silent film directed by Hobart Bosworth, written by Elsie Janis, and starring Elsie Janis, Hobart Bosworth, Owen Moore, Myrtle Stedman, Harry Ham, and Helen Wolcott. It was released on September 23, 1915, by Paramount Pictures. Elsie Janis as Lithesome / Prudence Alden / Marian Gordon Hobart Bosworth as Hard Muscle / Col. Warren / John Rogers Owen Moore as Long Biceps / Frank Warren / Jack Rogers Myrtle Stedman as Joysome / Betty Judkns / chorus girl Harry Ham as Joe Alden / Sub-editor Helen Wolcott as Jean Hopkins / Helen Farnum Joe Ray as A Tough Ludloe Goodman as George St. John Charles Wainwright as Jack's Friend Art Acord as Manservant (uncredited) Janiss Garza (2014). "Twas-Ever-Thus - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014. "'Twas Ever Thus (1915) - Overview - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 24 December 2014. 'Twas Ever Thus at IMDb Synopsis at AllMovie
[ "Rüppell's fox is among the desert animals found in the 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid." ]	[ 2 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox.jpg" ]	[ "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid is a protected area in southern Saudi Arabia, located on the western edge of the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter), the largest sandy desert in the world. The protected area is divided into three sections; a core nature reserve; a zone where controlled grazing is permitted; and a hunting zone.\n'Uruq Bani Ma'arid is in an area in which the Arabian oryx used to live before it became extinct in the wild. The reserve has been chosen for the reintroduction of oryx that have been bred in a captive breeding programme. It has also been selected as being suitable for the re-establishment of herds of Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) and ostrich (Struthio camelus), all of which have historically inhabited the area.", "The site of this protected area extends from a latitude of 19°30'N and longitude of 45°30'E, to a latitude of 19° 10'N and longitude of 45° 15'E, with a total area of 12,658 km² (4,887 sq mi). As well as the dissected limestone plateau underlying the linear dunes, the reserve includes part of the Tuwaiq Escarpment, wadis and gravel plains. The ergs of red sand lie parallel to each other and may be as much as 150 m (492 ft) high. They are separated by corridors with sandy or gravelly bases. The climate is hot and arid. Rainfall is very infrequent and averages about 30 mm (1.2 in) per year. Downpours on the escarpment cause the wadis to flow and water drains into the substrate where it is retained.", "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid has been designated an Important Plant Area because of the richness of its plant life as compared to other parts of the Empty Quarter, and the presence of many plant species endemic to the Arabian Peninsula. The limestone escarpment has little vegetation but the wadis crease the sides of the escarpment and support a variety of shrubby growth including Acacias, grasses and perennial legumes. Some scanty vegetation grows on the dunes, particularly Calligonum crinitum ssp. arabicum together with sedges and perennial grasses. In the corridors between the dunes grow dwarf Haloxylon persicum, Moringa peregrina and Commiphora myrrha. Few annual plants grow here, but after rain has fallen there is growth of new shoots on the perennial plants. 106 species of plant have been recorded in the reserve.\nBetween 1995 and 2013, some 149 Arabian oryx had been released into the reserve, and it was estimated in 2013 that about 500 individuals were present. The reserve is unfenced, so this is currently the only population in the wild. Arabian sand gazelle and mountain gazelle have also been successfully reintroduced since 1995.\nOther animals that may be seen in the reserve include the Rüppell's fox, sand cat, red fox, Cape hare, desert hedgehog, Cheesman's gerbil, lesser Egyptian jerboa, desert monitor, other lizards and snakes, and feral dogs. 104 species of bird have been recorded in the reserve but there are only about 16 resident species. Houbara bustard are sometimes seen here, possibly on migration, but the lappet-faced vulture and short-toed snake eagle breed here.", "\"'Uruq Bani Ma'arid\". Saudi Wildlife Authority. 2014. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.\nHall, M.; Miller, A.G.; Llewellyn, O.A.; Al-Abbasi, T.M.; Al-Harbi, R.J.; Al-Shammari, K.F. (2011). \"Important Plant Areas in the Arabian Peninsula: 3. 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid\". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 68 (2): 183–197. doi:10.1017/S0960428611000047.\nJenny Walker; Stuart Butler; Anthony Ham; Andrea Schulte-Peevers (2013). Lonely Planet Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 626. ISBN 978-1-74321-783-2." ]	[ "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid", "Geography", "Flora and fauna", "References" ]	'Uruq Bani Ma'arid	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Uruq_Bani_Ma%27arid	[ 211 ]	[ 2174, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2179, 2180 ]	'Uruq Bani Ma'arid 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid is a protected area in southern Saudi Arabia, located on the western edge of the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter), the largest sandy desert in the world. The protected area is divided into three sections; a core nature reserve; a zone where controlled grazing is permitted; and a hunting zone. 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid is in an area in which the Arabian oryx used to live before it became extinct in the wild. The reserve has been chosen for the reintroduction of oryx that have been bred in a captive breeding programme. It has also been selected as being suitable for the re-establishment of herds of Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) and ostrich (Struthio camelus), all of which have historically inhabited the area. The site of this protected area extends from a latitude of 19°30'N and longitude of 45°30'E, to a latitude of 19° 10'N and longitude of 45° 15'E, with a total area of 12,658 km² (4,887 sq mi). As well as the dissected limestone plateau underlying the linear dunes, the reserve includes part of the Tuwaiq Escarpment, wadis and gravel plains. The ergs of red sand lie parallel to each other and may be as much as 150 m (492 ft) high. They are separated by corridors with sandy or gravelly bases. The climate is hot and arid. Rainfall is very infrequent and averages about 30 mm (1.2 in) per year. Downpours on the escarpment cause the wadis to flow and water drains into the substrate where it is retained. 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid has been designated an Important Plant Area because of the richness of its plant life as compared to other parts of the Empty Quarter, and the presence of many plant species endemic to the Arabian Peninsula. The limestone escarpment has little vegetation but the wadis crease the sides of the escarpment and support a variety of shrubby growth including Acacias, grasses and perennial legumes. Some scanty vegetation grows on the dunes, particularly Calligonum crinitum ssp. arabicum together with sedges and perennial grasses. In the corridors between the dunes grow dwarf Haloxylon persicum, Moringa peregrina and Commiphora myrrha. Few annual plants grow here, but after rain has fallen there is growth of new shoots on the perennial plants. 106 species of plant have been recorded in the reserve. Between 1995 and 2013, some 149 Arabian oryx had been released into the reserve, and it was estimated in 2013 that about 500 individuals were present. The reserve is unfenced, so this is currently the only population in the wild. Arabian sand gazelle and mountain gazelle have also been successfully reintroduced since 1995. Other animals that may be seen in the reserve include the Rüppell's fox, sand cat, red fox, Cape hare, desert hedgehog, Cheesman's gerbil, lesser Egyptian jerboa, desert monitor, other lizards and snakes, and feral dogs. 104 species of bird have been recorded in the reserve but there are only about 16 resident species. Houbara bustard are sometimes seen here, possibly on migration, but the lappet-faced vulture and short-toed snake eagle breed here. "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid". Saudi Wildlife Authority. 2014. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017. Hall, M.; Miller, A.G.; Llewellyn, O.A.; Al-Abbasi, T.M.; Al-Harbi, R.J.; Al-Shammari, K.F. (2011). "Important Plant Areas in the Arabian Peninsula: 3. 'Uruq Bani Ma'arid". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 68 (2): 183–197. doi:10.1017/S0960428611000047. Jenny Walker; Stuart Butler; Anthony Ham; Andrea Schulte-Peevers (2013). Lonely Planet Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 626. ISBN 978-1-74321-783-2.
[ "", "", "Uyayna" ]	[ 0, 0, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Al_Oyainah_01.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Uyayna_03.JPG" ]	[ "Al-'Uyayna or al-'Uyaynah (Arabic: العيينة‎) is a village in central Saudi Arabia, located some 30 km (19 mi) northwest of the Saudi capital Riyadh. Al-Uyaynah was the birthplace of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Today, Uyaynah is a small village and forms together with its neighbor al-Jubayla the Subgovernorate of Al-Uyaynah and Al-Jubayla, with a combined population of 4,000. The subgovernorate is part of the Governorate of Dir'iyyah, which in turn is part of Riyadh Province.", "Al-Uyaynah is located inside the narrow, dry river-bed of Wadi Hanifa, which continues southwards through Dir'iyyah and Riyadh. The area where Uyaynah is located was the homeland of Musaylima, who claimed to be a prophet following Muhammad's death in 632, and led his tribe, the Banu Hanifa, against the Muslim conquest of the area. The Battle of Yamama between Musaylima and the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid occurred nearby, and a graveyard for the fallen Muslim warriors from that battle is located adjacent to the village.", "The name Uyaynah, which is the diminutive word for \"ain\", meaning \"water spring\", was not used for the settlements in the area in that period. Instead, early Muslim geographic sources, such as Yaqut, mention the towns of 'Aqraba, Budha, and al-Haddar, the latter said to be Musaylima's home village. Geographic sources do, however, mention, a spring in the area by the name of \"al-Uyaynh\", from which the name \"al-Uyaynah\" probably derives.", "In the 15th century, the Al Mu'ammar clan of the tribe of Banu Tamim purchased al-Uyaynah from its previous owners, the clan of Al Yazid, who are said to be a remnant of the Banu Hanifa. Later on the town prospered considerably and attracted many settlers from the vicinity, and by the 18th century had become the leading town of the region of Nejd (central Arabia). The Islamic scholar and religious reformer, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, was born in 'Uyaynah during this period. After extensive travels, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab returned to Uyaynah in 1740, and began his call to \"purify\" local Islamic practice from what he considered to be illegitimate innovations akin to idolatry. In particular, he preached against the veneration of Muslim saints, such as Zayd ibn al-Khattab, the brother of the second Muslim Caliph Omar, whose tomb was located in Uyaynah and was venerated by locals. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab convinced the emir of Uyaynah, Uthman ibn Mu'ammar, to implement his ideas, and the grave of Zayd was levelled. The graveyard which contains Zayd's remains is unmarked and neglected today.\nThe Banu Khalid tribe, who ruled al-Hasa in eastern Arabia, held considerable influence over al-Uyaynah, and compelled Ibn Mu'ammar to expel Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab from the town in 1744. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab found refuge among the clan of Al Saud in nearby Dir'iyyah, further south. The Saudis set about conquering the surrounding towns and villages in the name of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's reforms, and during the course of those wars, al-Uyaynah was largely destroyed, especially after an epidemic of the plague had ravaged the town.\nUyaynah lay deserted thereafter and was only revived in the 20th century, but remains a very small town. King Abdulaziz Military College, which is in charge of training the officer corps of the Saudi Army, is located in Uyaynah.", "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab", "List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia\nRegions of Saudi Arabia", "Rashid, S.A., \"al-Uyaynah\", Encyclopedia of Islam\nAl Riyadh, Issue 14193, May 4, 2007 (Arabic)\nDeputy Governorate of Riyadh Region for Regional Municipalities" ]	[ "'Uyayna", "Location", "The origin of its name", "History", "Notable People", "See also", "References" ]	'Uyayna	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Uyayna	[ 212, 213, 214 ]	[ 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, 2185, 2186, 2187, 2188 ]	'Uyayna Al-'Uyayna or al-'Uyaynah (Arabic: العيينة‎) is a village in central Saudi Arabia, located some 30 km (19 mi) northwest of the Saudi capital Riyadh. Al-Uyaynah was the birthplace of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Today, Uyaynah is a small village and forms together with its neighbor al-Jubayla the Subgovernorate of Al-Uyaynah and Al-Jubayla, with a combined population of 4,000. The subgovernorate is part of the Governorate of Dir'iyyah, which in turn is part of Riyadh Province. Al-Uyaynah is located inside the narrow, dry river-bed of Wadi Hanifa, which continues southwards through Dir'iyyah and Riyadh. The area where Uyaynah is located was the homeland of Musaylima, who claimed to be a prophet following Muhammad's death in 632, and led his tribe, the Banu Hanifa, against the Muslim conquest of the area. The Battle of Yamama between Musaylima and the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid occurred nearby, and a graveyard for the fallen Muslim warriors from that battle is located adjacent to the village. The name Uyaynah, which is the diminutive word for "ain", meaning "water spring", was not used for the settlements in the area in that period. Instead, early Muslim geographic sources, such as Yaqut, mention the towns of 'Aqraba, Budha, and al-Haddar, the latter said to be Musaylima's home village. Geographic sources do, however, mention, a spring in the area by the name of "al-Uyaynh", from which the name "al-Uyaynah" probably derives. In the 15th century, the Al Mu'ammar clan of the tribe of Banu Tamim purchased al-Uyaynah from its previous owners, the clan of Al Yazid, who are said to be a remnant of the Banu Hanifa. Later on the town prospered considerably and attracted many settlers from the vicinity, and by the 18th century had become the leading town of the region of Nejd (central Arabia). The Islamic scholar and religious reformer, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, was born in 'Uyaynah during this period. After extensive travels, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab returned to Uyaynah in 1740, and began his call to "purify" local Islamic practice from what he considered to be illegitimate innovations akin to idolatry. In particular, he preached against the veneration of Muslim saints, such as Zayd ibn al-Khattab, the brother of the second Muslim Caliph Omar, whose tomb was located in Uyaynah and was venerated by locals. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab convinced the emir of Uyaynah, Uthman ibn Mu'ammar, to implement his ideas, and the grave of Zayd was levelled. The graveyard which contains Zayd's remains is unmarked and neglected today. The Banu Khalid tribe, who ruled al-Hasa in eastern Arabia, held considerable influence over al-Uyaynah, and compelled Ibn Mu'ammar to expel Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab from the town in 1744. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab found refuge among the clan of Al Saud in nearby Dir'iyyah, further south. The Saudis set about conquering the surrounding towns and villages in the name of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's reforms, and during the course of those wars, al-Uyaynah was largely destroyed, especially after an epidemic of the plague had ravaged the town. Uyaynah lay deserted thereafter and was only revived in the 20th century, but remains a very small town. King Abdulaziz Military College, which is in charge of training the officer corps of the Saudi Army, is located in Uyaynah. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia Regions of Saudi Arabia Rashid, S.A., "al-Uyaynah", Encyclopedia of Islam Al Riyadh, Issue 14193, May 4, 2007 (Arabic) Deputy Governorate of Riyadh Region for Regional Municipalities
[ "'otai" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Otai.jpg" ]	[ "ʻotai is a drink which originated in western Polynesia and is usually made as a refreshing accompaniment to large meals.\nToday, the beverage is most associated with Tongan cuisine, although similar versions of 'otai were made and enjoyed in other archipelagoes, including Uvea, Samoa, Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu, and Niue. The original Samoan version as recorded by European colonists in the 1890s was made by mixing grated ambarella fruit (called vi in Samoan language and Tongan, wi in Hawaiian language) and young coconut meat with coconut milk and coconut water. The mixture was poured into large, empty coconut shells corked with coconut husk and allowed to chill in cold pools of water (or behind waterfalls) before serving.\nThe modern Tongan recipe most well-known today is usually a blend of water, shredded coconut meat, and any variety of grated tropical fruits, most commonly watermelon, mango and pineapple, with watermelon being the most used in the Tongan Islands. Sugar is usually added to taste. Tongan historians have noted this version is a very modern take on the traditional Polynesian ʻotai, especially since milk, refined sugar, watermelons, mangos, and pineapples are all introduced, foreign ingredients that were not native to Tonga. The original Tongan recipe was said to be identical to the Samoan recipe, except the preferred native fruit was not ambarella (vi), but the Tongan mountain apple, called fekika. In Samoa, this distinction of \"native\" and \"introduced\" recipes is differentiated as \"ʻotai\" only refers to the drink prepared with vi fruit, while the ʻotai made with European-introduced fruits are respectively called vai meleni (watermelon drink), vai mago (mango drink), or vai fala (pineapple drink).", "List of juices", "POLLEX-Online : The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online. Oceanic Linguistics. Entries for QOTAI (PN) Dish of raw fruits: (')o(o)tai - Pollex\nThe Samoa Islands, Volume 1. Kramer, Augustin. Polynesian Press" ]	[ "'otai", "See also", "References" ]	'otai	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27otai	[ 215 ]	[ 2189 ]	'otai ʻotai is a drink which originated in western Polynesia and is usually made as a refreshing accompaniment to large meals. Today, the beverage is most associated with Tongan cuisine, although similar versions of 'otai were made and enjoyed in other archipelagoes, including Uvea, Samoa, Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu, and Niue. The original Samoan version as recorded by European colonists in the 1890s was made by mixing grated ambarella fruit (called vi in Samoan language and Tongan, wi in Hawaiian language) and young coconut meat with coconut milk and coconut water. The mixture was poured into large, empty coconut shells corked with coconut husk and allowed to chill in cold pools of water (or behind waterfalls) before serving. The modern Tongan recipe most well-known today is usually a blend of water, shredded coconut meat, and any variety of grated tropical fruits, most commonly watermelon, mango and pineapple, with watermelon being the most used in the Tongan Islands. Sugar is usually added to taste. Tongan historians have noted this version is a very modern take on the traditional Polynesian ʻotai, especially since milk, refined sugar, watermelons, mangos, and pineapples are all introduced, foreign ingredients that were not native to Tonga. The original Tongan recipe was said to be identical to the Samoan recipe, except the preferred native fruit was not ambarella (vi), but the Tongan mountain apple, called fekika. In Samoa, this distinction of "native" and "introduced" recipes is differentiated as "ʻotai" only refers to the drink prepared with vi fruit, while the ʻotai made with European-introduced fruits are respectively called vai meleni (watermelon drink), vai mago (mango drink), or vai fala (pineapple drink). List of juices POLLEX-Online : The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online. Oceanic Linguistics. Entries for QOTAI (PN) Dish of raw fruits: (')o(o)tai - Pollex The Samoa Islands, Volume 1. Kramer, Augustin. Polynesian Press
[ "", "" ]	[ 0, 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Trompenburg_op_16_juni_2009.JPG", "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/2010-NL-P07-Noord-Holland-positiekaart-gemnamen.jpg" ]	[ "'s-Graveland is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Wijdemeren, and lies about 4 km northwest of Hilversum.\nThe former municipality of 's-Graveland merged with Loosdrecht and Nederhorst den Berg on 1 January 2002 to form the new municipality Wijdemeren.\nThe village was first mentioned in 1634 as \"de akkers in 's Graevenlandt\", and means \"the land of the Count (of Holland)\". The area was property of the count until the early 16th century when it was cultivated.", "Since the seventeenth century,'s-Graveland was a popular location for wealthy families from Amsterdam, who bought, built or inherited villas and estates there, like:\nBantam,\nBoekesteyn,\nGooilust,\nHilverbeek aan de Leeuwenlaan,\nLand en Bosch,\nSchaep en Burgh,\nSchoonoord,\nSpanderswoud,\nSperwershof,\nSpiegelrust,\nSwaenenburgh,\nTrompenburgh, built by Cornelis Tromp, in loan by the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.\nThe 's-Gravelandsevaart or 's-Gravelands canal ('vaart' is a passage for boats, 'varen' means to sail in Dutch), where most of the homes were built, used to be a major connection between Amsterdam and Hilversum. Transport per ship was often preferred over carriage, because the roads were not paved.\nIn the year 1672 the French caused a lot of damage, destroying homes and killing inhabitants. In 1673 the French abandoned the area again, and many homes were rebuilt, new gardens were added in French fashion.", "Gustav Leonhardt (1928–2012), Dutch keyboard player, conductor, musicologist, teacher and editor\nTjalling Koopmans (1910–1985), Dutch-American mathematician and economist and winner of the 1975 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 May 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 1243HV\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 2 May 2022.\n\"'s-Graveland - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 May 2022." ]	[ "'s-Graveland", "Estates", "Notable people", "References" ]	's-Graveland	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Graveland	[ 216, 217 ]	[ 2190, 2191, 2192, 2193 ]	's-Graveland 's-Graveland is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Wijdemeren, and lies about 4 km northwest of Hilversum. The former municipality of 's-Graveland merged with Loosdrecht and Nederhorst den Berg on 1 January 2002 to form the new municipality Wijdemeren. The village was first mentioned in 1634 as "de akkers in 's Graevenlandt", and means "the land of the Count (of Holland)". The area was property of the count until the early 16th century when it was cultivated. Since the seventeenth century,'s-Graveland was a popular location for wealthy families from Amsterdam, who bought, built or inherited villas and estates there, like: Bantam, Boekesteyn, Gooilust, Hilverbeek aan de Leeuwenlaan, Land en Bosch, Schaep en Burgh, Schoonoord, Spanderswoud, Sperwershof, Spiegelrust, Swaenenburgh, Trompenburgh, built by Cornelis Tromp, in loan by the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. The 's-Gravelandsevaart or 's-Gravelands canal ('vaart' is a passage for boats, 'varen' means to sail in Dutch), where most of the homes were built, used to be a major connection between Amsterdam and Hilversum. Transport per ship was often preferred over carriage, because the roads were not paved. In the year 1672 the French caused a lot of damage, destroying homes and killing inhabitants. In 1673 the French abandoned the area again, and many homes were rebuilt, new gardens were added in French fashion. Gustav Leonhardt (1928–2012), Dutch keyboard player, conductor, musicologist, teacher and editor Tjalling Koopmans (1910–1985), Dutch-American mathematician and economist and winner of the 1975 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 May 2022. "Postcodetool for 1243HV". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 2 May 2022. "'s-Graveland - (geografische naam)". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 May 2022.
[ "Dutch Reformed church", "", "", "" ]	[ 0, 0, 1, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/%27s-Gravendeel%2C_de_Kerk_op_de_Heul_GM1963-WN13_IMG_0979_2021-09-06_17.30.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/P08-ZH-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/%27s-Gravendeel%2C_korenmolen_het_Vliegend_Hert_RM17406_foto3_2014-04-14_17.10.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Hervormde_kerk_in_%27s-Gravendeel.JPG" ]	[ "'s-Gravendeel ([ˌs xraːvə(n)ˈdeːl] (listen)) is a town and former municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. 's-Gravendeel is on the eastern side of Hoeksche Waard Island on the river Dordtsche Kil. It is connected to Dordrecht by means of the Kil Tunnel.\nThe village was first mentioned in 1645 as Schravendeel, and means \"settlement of the Count (of Holland)\". The village was founded after the new polder Nieuw-Bonaventura was drained in 1593. It used to be property of the States of Holland. In 1731, the village was sold to Dordrecht. 's-Gravendeel developed into the centre of the flax industry.\nThe Dutch Reformed church is a cruciform church built in 1905 after the 1637 church had burnt down. The tower was destroyed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1951.\n's-Gravendeel was home to 928 people in 1840. It was affected by the North Sea flood of 1953. In 1970, the old harbour was filled up and a new harbour was built on the Dordtsche Kil.\nThe municipality of 's-Gravendeel was merged with Binnenmaas on 1 January 2007. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the new municipality Hoeksche Waard.", "", "\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 4 May 2022.\n\"Postcodetool for 3295AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 4 May 2022.\n\"'s-Gravendeel - (geografische naam)\". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022.\n\"'s-Gravendeel\". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022.\nRonald Stenvert & Sabine Broekhoven (2004). \"'s-Gravendeel\" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9034 3. Retrieved 4 May 2022.\nWet samenvoeging gemeenten Binnenmaas, Cromstrijen, Korendijk, Oud-Beijerland en Strijen, 11 July 2018, accessed at overheid.nl" ]	[ "'s-Gravendeel", "Gallery", "References" ]	's-Gravendeel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Gravendeel	[ 218, 219, 220 ]	[ 2194, 2195 ]	's-Gravendeel 's-Gravendeel ([ˌs xraːvə(n)ˈdeːl] (listen)) is a town and former municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. 's-Gravendeel is on the eastern side of Hoeksche Waard Island on the river Dordtsche Kil. It is connected to Dordrecht by means of the Kil Tunnel. The village was first mentioned in 1645 as Schravendeel, and means "settlement of the Count (of Holland)". The village was founded after the new polder Nieuw-Bonaventura was drained in 1593. It used to be property of the States of Holland. In 1731, the village was sold to Dordrecht. 's-Gravendeel developed into the centre of the flax industry. The Dutch Reformed church is a cruciform church built in 1905 after the 1637 church had burnt down. The tower was destroyed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1951. 's-Gravendeel was home to 928 people in 1840. It was affected by the North Sea flood of 1953. In 1970, the old harbour was filled up and a new harbour was built on the Dordtsche Kil. The municipality of 's-Gravendeel was merged with Binnenmaas on 1 January 2007. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the new municipality Hoeksche Waard. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 4 May 2022. "Postcodetool for 3295AA". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 4 May 2022. "'s-Gravendeel - (geografische naam)". Etymologiebank (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022. "'s-Gravendeel". Plaatsengids (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022. Ronald Stenvert & Sabine Broekhoven (2004). "'s-Gravendeel" (in Dutch). Zwolle: Waanders. ISBN 90 400 9034 3. Retrieved 4 May 2022. Wet samenvoeging gemeenten Binnenmaas, Cromstrijen, Korendijk, Oud-Beijerland en Strijen, 11 July 2018, accessed at overheid.nl
[ "'s-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/%27s-Gravenweg_168%2C_Kralingen.jpg" ]	[ "'s-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen, Rotterdam is a Louis XIV-XV façade house ca. 1850 that is classified as a Dutch National Heritage Site (number: 32911).", "\"rijksmonumenten.nl\". Retrieved 5 September 2012.\n\"monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2012." ]	[ "'s-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen", "References" ]	's-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Gravenweg_168,_Kralingen	[ 221 ]	[ 2196 ]	's-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen 's-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen, Rotterdam is a Louis XIV-XV façade house ca. 1850 that is classified as a Dutch National Heritage Site (number: 32911). "rijksmonumenten.nl". Retrieved 5 September 2012. "monumentenregister.cultureelerfgoed.nl". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
[ "", "The town centre (dark green) and the statistical district (light green) of 's-Gravenzande in the municipality of Westland.", "'s-Gravenzande in 1868." ]	[ 0, 0, 1 ]	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/LocatieWestland.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Map_NL_-_Westland_-_%27s-Gravenzande.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Gravesande_1868.png" ]	[ "'s-Gravenzande is a town in the province of South Holland, in the Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Westland, and lies about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southwest of The Hague. Until 2004 it was a separate municipality and covered an area of 20.77 km² (of which 3.38 km² water).\nThe town of 's-Gravenzande had 15,241 inhabitants in 2011. The built-up area of the town was 2.7 km², and contained 5,879 residences.\nThe statistical area \"'s-Gravenzande\", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 119,750.\nAs of 1 January 2009, 's-Gravenzande is the largest town in Westland with 19.428 inhabitants.\nThe former municipality of 's-Gravenzande also included the township of Heenweg.", "'s-Gravenzande is the only place in the Westland with a history as a city. 's-Gravenzande was granted city rights in 1246 by Count William II of Holland who, just like his father Count Floris IV, regularly resided at his estate near the town. It is therefore the only \"city\" in Westland.\nMachteld van Brabant, daughter of Duke Henry I and wife of Floris IV, was responsible for building the town's church, and gave it a Madonna statue to which miraculous powers were attributed. 's-Gravenzande subsequently became a pilgrimage site.\nThe neighborhood of Gravesend, Brooklyn, New York in the United States is said by some to have been named for 's-Gravenzande.", "Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Bevolkingskernen in Nederland 2001 Archived March 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. (Statistics are for the continuous built-up area).\nStatistics Netherlands (CBS), Statline: Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2003-2005. As of 1 January 2005. Archived April 27, 1999, at the Wayback Machine\n\"Gemeente Westland - Feiten en cijfers\". Archived from the original on 2009-09-11. Retrieved 2009-09-09.\nLetter to the Editor: Gravesend, The New York Times, December 20, 1992. Accessed October 28, 2007. \"As a historical archeologist specializing in the early history of New York, I can tell you that what is now the Gravesend section of Brooklyn was not named for the hometown that Lady Deborah Moody and her followers left in England, as you stated in your article about the community on Oct. 18, but by the Dutch governor-general, William Kieft. Kieft chose to name the settlement \" 's'Gravesande\" after the town in Holland that had been the seat of the Counts of Holland before they moved to The Hague. It means the count's sand or beach.\"", "Forum van de stad 's-Gravenzande" ]	[ "'s-Gravenzande", "History", "References", "External links" ]	's-Gravenzande	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Gravenzande	[ 222, 223 ]	[ 2197, 2198, 2199, 2200, 2201 ]	's-Gravenzande 's-Gravenzande is a town in the province of South Holland, in the Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Westland, and lies about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southwest of The Hague. Until 2004 it was a separate municipality and covered an area of 20.77 km² (of which 3.38 km² water). The town of 's-Gravenzande had 15,241 inhabitants in 2011. The built-up area of the town was 2.7 km², and contained 5,879 residences. The statistical area "'s-Gravenzande", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 119,750. As of 1 January 2009, 's-Gravenzande is the largest town in Westland with 19.428 inhabitants. The former municipality of 's-Gravenzande also included the township of Heenweg. 's-Gravenzande is the only place in the Westland with a history as a city. 's-Gravenzande was granted city rights in 1246 by Count William II of Holland who, just like his father Count Floris IV, regularly resided at his estate near the town. It is therefore the only "city" in Westland. Machteld van Brabant, daughter of Duke Henry I and wife of Floris IV, was responsible for building the town's church, and gave it a Madonna statue to which miraculous powers were attributed. 's-Gravenzande subsequently became a pilgrimage site. The neighborhood of Gravesend, Brooklyn, New York in the United States is said by some to have been named for 's-Gravenzande. Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Bevolkingskernen in Nederland 2001 Archived March 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. (Statistics are for the continuous built-up area). Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Statline: Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2003-2005. As of 1 January 2005. Archived April 27, 1999, at the Wayback Machine "Gemeente Westland - Feiten en cijfers". Archived from the original on 2009-09-11. Retrieved 2009-09-09. Letter to the Editor: Gravesend, The New York Times, December 20, 1992. Accessed October 28, 2007. "As a historical archeologist specializing in the early history of New York, I can tell you that what is now the Gravesend section of Brooklyn was not named for the hometown that Lady Deborah Moody and her followers left in England, as you stated in your article about the community on Oct. 18, but by the Dutch governor-general, William Kieft. Kieft chose to name the settlement " 's'Gravesande" after the town in Holland that had been the seat of the Counts of Holland before they moved to The Hague. It means the count's sand or beach." Forum van de stad 's-Gravenzande

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