Abstract:
A method for providing a sample-rate conversion (“SRC”) filter on an input stream of sampled data provided at a first rate, to produce an output stream of data at a second rate different from the first rate. The input stream of sampled data is operated on with a first low-order interpolation filter routine to produce a first stream of intermediate data. The first stream of intermediate data is operated on with a first simplified interpolation filter routine, having a substantially small number of operations to calculate the coefficients thereof, to produce a second stream of intermediate data. The second stream of intermediate data is operated on with a first decimating filter routine to produce the output stream of data.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    This invention relates to audio sample-rate conversion systems, and more particularly relates to multistage sample-rate conversion filters.  
         BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    For both historical and technical reasons, there have existed a number of industrial standards on audio digital signal sample rates. The well known examples are the 44.1 kHz sample rate for consumer CD players and 48 kHz for professional digital audio. This, in turn, has given rise to sample-rate conversion (“SRC”) systems for converting a stream of digital data at one sample rate to a stream of digital data at a different sample rate. However, the cost of existing SRC systems is high. This imposes a severe constraint in designing more affordable digital audio products that apply to various source signals.  
           [0003]    Early implementations of SRC systems were done in a hybrid digital/analog domain. They were relatively simple, since all that is needed is a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter followed by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. The D/A converter runs at the input sample rate while the A/D converter is controlled by the output sample rate. If the output sample rate is lower, an analog anti-aliasing filter is provided between them. These three components are expensive and consume a large amount of power, if designed for minimum signal degradation.  
           [0004]    Performing sample-rate conversion (SRC) in the digital domain has been a research/development topic for more than a decade. The article by R. E. Crochiere and L. R. Rabiner, “Interpolation and decimation of digital signals-A tutorial review,”  Proc. IEEE,  vol. 69, pp. 300-331, March 1981, is an excellent reference for understanding fundamental insights from early research results in this art area. Real-time, all-digital SRC systems are becoming more and more significant because digital processing of signals, such as voice, audio and video, appears to be increasingly dominant over traditional analog methods thanks to higher signal quality, rich features and the continually lowering cost of digital signal processing.  
           [0005]    [0005]FIG. 1 shows a typical, all-digital SRC system  10  consisting of three basic building blocks: an interpolator (expander)  12 , a high quality lowpass digital filter  14 , and a decimator  16 . The expander  12  takes an input stream of samples at one frequency, for example F s     —     in , and digitally produces a stream of digital samples at a higher rate that is an integer multiple, designated R in this example, of the input rate. Thus, the output of expander  12  is a stream of digital samples at a rate of F s     —     out =R F s     —     in . The decimator does the reverse. Thus, the decimator  16  takes an input stream of samples at one frequency, for example X=R F s     —     in , and digitally produces a stream of digital samples at a lower rate, divided by an integer division factor, designated S in this example, of the input rate. This is referred to as decimation, or, alternatively, downsampling. Thus, the output of decimator  16  is a stream of digital samples at a rate of X/S=F s     —     out =(R/S)F s     —     in .  
           [0006]    The reason for performing expansion followed by decimation is that the input sample rate and the output sample rate may not be a simple integer multiple of one another. The ratio of the interpolation factor R over the decimation factor S is the SRC ratio R/S where both R and S are positive integers. For R&gt;S the SRC system is said to be operated in an SRC-UP mode, whereas an SRC-DOWN mode means R&lt;S.  
           [0007]    R and S may be chosen to have large values in order to achieve higher quality SRC. However, when the values of R and S are high, very high order digital filters, usually finite impulse response (“FIR”) digital filters, are necessary. Thus, as S and R increase, a greatly increasing amount of coefficient memory is required. For example, at a sample rate of 48 kHz an equi-ripple prototype FIR filter with transition bandwidth of Δf=4 kHz, passband ripples=10 −3  and stopband errors=10 −5 , has an order of approximately 128. The order of lowpass filter  14  in FIG. 1 is 128R for an interpolation filter (R is the interpolation factor up to over 1000).  
           [0008]    It is actually quite difficult or even impossible as a practical matter to design an equi-ripple FIR filter with tens of thousands of orders. In fact, the major difficulty encountered in existing audio SRC system, implemented either in an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or on a programmable digital signal processor (DSP) such as a Texas Instruments TMS320 series DSP chip, seems to be large memory size and high computational complexity. For example, an ASIC described in an article by R. Adams and T. Kwan, “A stereo asynchoronous digital sample-rate converter for digital audio,”IEEE  J. Solid-State Circuits , vol. 29, pp. 481-488, April 1994, needs tens of kilobytes of memory to store just a fraction of the nearly 10 million filter coefficients used.  
           [0009]    Moreover, filter coefficient interpolation, which is performed to generate thousands of sets of required polyphase filter coefficients in real time, expends significant computational power which is provided by a hardware multiplier plus an accumulator. A similarly difficult situation is also encountered when a programmable DSP chip is employed. For example, see the article by S. Park et al., “A novel structure for real-time digital sample-rate converters with finite precision error analysis,”  Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoust, Speech and Signal Processing , pp. 3613-3616, Toronto, 1991. Several kilobytes of memory are employed in these SRC systems for filter coefficients alone, in addition to their computational complexities falling in the neighborhood of 10 MIPs for one channel of high quality audio.  
           [0010]    Therefore, attempts have been made using window techniques, for example using a Kaiser window, to design extremely high-order FIR filters. By using an interpolation technique in calculating required coefficients in real-time, a single-stage SRC filter system, such as the system  10  shown in FIG. 1, has become closer to practical, and hardware implementation examples have been reported. Examples may be found, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,780,892, 4,564,918, 4,825,398 and 4,748,578. However, these implementations fall short of the desired efficiencies allowing their utilization in affordable digital audio products for consumers.  
           [0011]    Other attempts at avoiding the use of high-order filters make use of special functions such as Lagrange polynomials or B-spline functions. See, for example, T. O. Ramstad, “Digital methods for conversion between arbitrary sampling frequencies,”  IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech and Signal Processing , vol. ASSP-32, pp. 577-591, Jun. 1984, for an article on the former, and S. Cucchi et al., “DSP implementation of arbitrary sampling frequency conversion for high quality sound application,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoust, Speech and Signal Processing , pp. 3609-3612, Toronto, 1991, for the latter. These methods, however, all have the drawback of requiring a very large number of computations.  
           [0012]    It is known that multistage decimation or interpolation filters are generally more efficient than single-stage filters, in terms of computational complexity. It appears that the same conclusion also holds on memory requirements of multi-stage filters over single-stage versions. It would therefore be desirable to have a multi-stage scheme employing a far smaller memory than required in the prior art to store some of the SRC filter coefficients, and have an accompanying arrangement for efficiently calculating the rest of the filter coefficients, in real time.  
           [0013]    Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide an efficient multistage multi-rate filter. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a multistage SRC filter that is more efficient in both computational and memory requirements than prior art multistage SRC filter implementations. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a multistage SRC that represents a balance of resource considerations.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0014]    In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method for providing a sample-rate conversion (“SRC”) filter on an input stream of sampled data provided at a first rate, to produce an output stream of data at a second rate different from the first rate. The input stream of sampled data is operated on with a first low-order interpolation filter routine to produce a first stream of intermediate data. The first stream of intermediate data is operated on with a first simplified interpolation filter routine, having a substantially small number of operations to calculate the coefficients thereof, to produce a second stream of intermediate data. The second stream of intermediate data is operated on with a first decimating filter routine to produce the output stream of data.  
           [0015]    Implementations of the present invention can exhibit excellent characteristics such as an extremely low memory requirement, simple design and implementing procedure and moderate computational complexity.  
           [0016]    Filter performance of the new implementations can easily reach 100 dB signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) level. The simplicity inherent in the present invention allows hardware implementation, by using either an ASIC or a programmable DSP chip, to be easier and more straightforward than heretofore.  
           [0017]    These and other features of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the invention, taken together with the accompanying drawings.  
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]    [0018]FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a typical, all-digital SRC system;  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 3 is a graph showing the frequency response of a stage-3 filter, with r=3;  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 4 is a more detailed diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the general method for indexing used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a simplified model for explaining the indexing used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a more detailed model for explaining the indexing used in the preferred embodiment of the present invention;  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram depicting a data output stream as a series of vectors; and  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 9 is a diagram of an SRC filter that utilizes a σ-Δ modulator.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
       [0027]    The four stage SRC filter structure  20  depicted in FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It represents an excellent balance between easy design procedure, reduced memory/computation needs, and simple system control flow. The SRC filter structure  20  comprises a stage-1 expander/filter  22 , a stage-2 expander/filter  24 , a stage-3 expander/filter  26  and a stage-4 decimator  28 . The stage-4 decimator  28  can be a simple factor of S prior art decimator, and so the discussion that follows focuses on how best to apply the principles of the present invention to design efficiently embodiments of the first three filters in stages 1, 2 and 3, and how to design them for optimum performance. As an initial matter in that regard, only FIR filters are utilized in the embodiments disclosed herein, because they offer linear phase responses and efficient polyphase implementations in multirate processing. However, infinite impulse response (“IIR”) digital filters may be used, if desired.  
         [0028]    Further, while the embodiment of the present invention disclosed in detail herein utilizes three expander/filter stages, this is only preferred, but not required. Two of such stages, or, alternatively, greater than three such stages may be used in the application of the principles of the present invention, and still remain within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.  
         [0029]    Now, returning to the preferred embodiment, the stage-1 expander/filter  22  performs an interpolation of factor R 1 . The value of R 1  is relatively small so that the transition bandwidth of the stage-1 expander/filter  22  is still reasonably large. The reason for this is that a large value of R 1 , causing a high output sample rate at the stage-1 expander/filter  22 , can lead to an extremely narrow transition band that, in turn, proportionally results in a very high-order for stage-1 filters, which is undesirable. It is desirable to maintain the order of the stage-1 filter between 100 and 800.  
         [0030]    With a small vale of R 1 , the output sample rate in the stage 2 expander/filter  24  is relatively high. However, even though the output sample rate is significantly higher in the stage-2 expander/filter  24  than in the previous stage, the transition band of the stage-2 expander/filter  24  can be more relaxed than that of stage 1 since a large number of the image bands have been already removed by the stage-1 expander/filter  22 , preferably at least half of the image bands. The selection of R 2  is not arbitrary, however, because it is desirable to simplify the stage-3 expander/filter  26  given that it is running at a rather high sample rate, R 1 R 2 F s     —     in . Thus, the choice of R 2  depends on how the stage-3 expander/filter  26  is designed.  
         [0031]    The design aspects of the stage-3 expander/filter  26  occupy a significant role in the design of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. A key aspect is that the stage-3 expander/filter  26  is a relatively simple filter. Simple filters have trivial filter coefficients, and the simplest non-zero filter coefficients are simply ones. Further, the stage-3 expander/filter  26  is cascaded. As a general design matter, it should be appreciated that a trivial-coefficient-based filter can perform acceptably if it is cascaded, even if only two times.  
         [0032]    The underlying principles for the stage-3 expander/filter  26  are now described. Let the stage-3 expander/filter  26  be a cascade of r all-one-coefficients filters that are described by:  
                 H   3          (   z   )       =       (       ∑     k   =   0         R   3     -   1            z     -   k         )     r             Eq   .                (   1   )                                 
 
         [0033]    Notice that, for simplicity, a normalization factor has been omitted in Equation (1). Using the filter described by Equation (1) in stage 3 substantially removes a significant hurdle that has existed heretofore in designing SRC systems: huge storage requirements for filter coefficients. As is shown below, the coefficients of H 3 (z) can be evaluated based on very simple equations when r is small, say r=2 or 3. The magnitude response of H 3 (z) is easily evaluated as:  
               |       H   3          (        jω     )       |     =       (       sin        (     ω                     R   3     /   2       )         sin        (     ω   /   2     )         )     r             Eq   .                (   2   )                                 
 
         [0034]    The function of H 3 (z) is to eliminate the image bands introduced by padding (i.e., inserting) zero-value samples between input samples of stage 3. Furthermore, the monotonic property of H 3 (z) between DC and the frequency ω 0 =2π/R 3 , at which the filter frequency response reaches its first null value, allows the evaluation of Equation (2) at just two digital frequency points to determine the performance of the filter. The first point is  
           ω   1     =     2      π          f   p       RF   s_in           ,                         
 
         [0035]    where f p  denotes maximum frequency of base band signals, and R=R 1 R 2 R 3  is the interpolation factor of the whole SRC system. At ω 1 :  
               |       H   3          (          jω   1       )       |     =       (       sin        (       π                   f   p           R   1          R   2          F   s_in         )         sin        (       π                   f   p         RF   s_in       )         )     r             Eq   .                (   3   )                                 
 
         [0036]    This expression gives the maximum droop in the passband of the stage-3 expander/filter  26 . Thus ω 2 =ω 0 −π/R represents the edge frequency of the first stopband of the stage-3 filter, and the corresponding frequency response at ω 2  is:  
               |       H   3          (          jω   2       )       |     =       (       sin        (       π        (       2      R     -     R   3       )         2      R       )         sin        (       π        (       2      R     -     R   3       )         2      R                   R   3         )         )     r             Eq   .                (   4   )                                 
 
         [0037]    Note the following useful information that is evident from the above expression:  
         [0038]    Increasing the value of R 1 R 2  can greatly improve the filter performance of stage 3 in both passband and stopband. In other words, the first image band is located further away from base band as R 1 R 2  increases.  
         [0039]    For large values of R 3 , which indeed is the case in many SRC applications, the frequency responses at ω 1  and ω 2  asymptotically become independent of R 3 .  
         [0040]    To quantitatively examine the filter performance of stage  3  at both ω 1  and ω 2  several useful cases are evaluated and shown in Table 1 with these parameters: R 3 =256 ( 2   8 ), f p =20 kHz and F s     —     in =48 kHz.  
                                                               TABLE 1                           Stage-3 Filter Performance                R 1     R 2     H(e jω ) (dB)   H(e jω ) (dB)                            2   4   −0.087   r   −23.6 r           2   8   −0.022   r   −29.8 r           2   16   −0.006   r   −36.0 r           2   32   −0.001   r   −42.1 r           2   64   −0.0003   r   −48.1 r           2   128   −0.0001   r   −54.2 r                      
 
         [0041]    A value of r=3 is an optimally balanced selection, and is considered preferred. It will be clear from an inspection of Table 1 that a value of r=1 does not provide nearly adequate filter performance in most applications, although the filter coefficients are indeed trivial.  
         [0042]    With r=2, the coefficients of H 3 (z) still remain quite simple:  
         h 3 (n)=n 1≦n≧R 3    Eq. (5) 
         [0043]    Notice that the other half (R 3 −1) of the filter coefficients (R 3 +1≦n≧2R 3 −1) can be obtained from symmetry. Although this filter provides good filter performance, over 100 dB stopband rejection for digital processing of audio signals is often desired. This requires the value of R 1 R 2  to be at least 256. It will be recalled that it is preferable to use R 1 =2 for the reason previously described. If R 1  is selected to be 2, then to maintain the value of R 1 R 2  as at least 256, R 2  must be 128 or even larger. Therefore, the sample rate at the output of the stage-2 expander/filter  24  reaches a minimum of 256F s     —     in . That is over 10 MHz when F s     —     in =44.1 kHz or higher. Also, for R 2 =128, the order of the stage-2 expander/filter  24  may well increase to over a thousand in order to retain high filter performance. An order of one thousand means large amounts of memory are required, which is undesirable. It is desirable to maintain the order of the stage-2 filter between 100 and 1200.  
         [0044]    With r=3, a high-quality filter is easily achieved even though R 1 R 2  has a moderate value. FIG. 3 is a chart in which the horizontal axis represents frequency in Hertz and the vertical axis represents magnitude of response in dB, showing such a filter&#39;s frequency response  30  within a frequency range including the first stopband  32  that rejects the first image band. The first stopband  32 , or equivalently, image band, starts at 1512 kHz and ends at 1560 kHz with the first null sitting at 1536 kHz.  
         [0045]    The filter coefficients when r=3 can be evaluated by the following expression:  
                 h   3          (   n   )       =     {             n        (     n   +   1     )       2           1   ≤   n   ≥       R   3     -   1                       R   3          (       R   3     +   1     )       2     -       (       R   3     -   n     )          (       2        R   3       -   1   -   n     )                 R   3     ≤   n   ≤         3        R   3       2     -   1                       Eq   .                (   6   )                                 
 
         [0046]    Notice that R 3  has been assumed to be an even number, and again only half of the symmetric coefficients are described in Equation (6). The end summing index in Equation (6) simply changes to (3R 3 −1)/2 if an odd integer of R 3  is chosen. The evaluating procedure to obtain those coefficients is sufficiently straightforward to allow computation in real time. Thus, each set of polyphase components of H 3 (z) consists of at most three integers that require a total of only three integer multiplications and several additions/shifts. The largest coefficient of H 3 (z) is given by 3R 3 R 3 /4=3×2 14  for R 3 =2 8 , requiring merely 16-bit precision, which, in turn, requires only 16-bit registers.  
         [0047]    Given r=3, R 2  can be chosen as 8 or 16 for audio SRC applications. In the following design examples R 2 =16 and R 3 =256. If strict passband performance is required a simple filter can be employed with several taps to pre-distort the base-band signals such that the droop in the passband introduced by the stage-3 expander/filter  26  is well compensated.  
         [0048]    It is well known that filters with fixed coefficients can be implemented more efficiently than those having programmable coefficients. This is particularly true when implementing filters in ASICs. Therefore, when implementing H 3 (z), since the coefficients are determined by the value of R 3  and calculated in real time, the design must be general enough to accommodate every possible set of filter coefficients that will arise in a particular implementation. In any event, it is desirable to maintain R 3  between 100 and 10,000.  
         [0049]    Upon having chosen the value of R 2  the stage-2 expander/filter  24  can easily be made with fixed coefficients. Those fixed coefficients can further be represented by canonical signed digits (CSD) form to greatly simplify computations by using add/shift operations rather than normal multiplications. Even by using a programmable DSP chip, fixed coefficients are easier to handle than time-varying coefficients.  
         [0050]    In implementing an embodiment of the present invention particular attention should be made in designing the first stage filter. In this regard, it should be noted that making distinct the considerations between SRC-UP and SRC-DOWN modes has so far been ignored in the discussion herein. This will now be discussed. The care that should be exercised in designing efficient stage-1 filters that are able to handle both UP and DOWN modes highlights an important design consideration when seeking the high efficiency achievable by the inventive SRC design methodology disclosed herein.  
         [0051]    Some problems are encountered in design when UP modes are involved. They are discussed below. The function of the stage-1 filter simply erases the image band caused by the first interpolator. Therefore, the stage-1 expander/filter  22  can have fixed coefficients. But in DOWN mode; the stage-1 expander/filter  22  must remove high frequency components of the input signals in addition to cutting the image band off.  
         [0052]    Two embodiments of the present invention are presented herein for solving this problem, in the form of two methods. In the first method, several stage-1 filters may be provided, each of which is suitable to a specific DOWN mode. The selection from those pre-set filters is easily done by feeding an index that points to a correct initial memory address of stored filter coefficients. If desired, those pre-computed coefficient sets can be stored in a host system such as a personal computer to save the memory on an ASIC or DSP chip.  
         [0053]    The second method calls for a real-time computing scheme, similar to H 3 (z), that generates filter coefficients based on a generic set of filter coefficients and still meets the filter specifications. Note that this computing procedure needs to be executed only once when the SRC ratio is changed, and stays on until a new SRC ratio is invoked. Nonetheless, the first of these two methods is considered preferred, and that method is utilized in the following design examples.  
         [0054]    Designing filters that can be employed for converting sample rates between 44.1 and 48 kHz, based on the above design guidelines, will now be considered.  
         [0055]    A. Stage-1 Filters Stage-1 filters having an order of 126 provide adequate filter performance and require acceptable amounts of memory and computational complexities. In the UP mode, i.e., the 44.1→48 kHz case, a 126th-order FIR filter can provide over 100 dB stopband rejection and maintain up to 20 kHz passband signals. It is also possible to employ a half-band FIR filter if a somewhat greater number of aliasing errors can be tolerated in the transition band from 20 kHz to 24 kHz. In half-band FIR filters one of the two polyphase sub-filters is a delay element. Therefore half-band FIR filters need nearly 50% lower computations and coefficient memory in comparison to normal FIR filters with the same filter orders. To further reduce computations, symmetry in filter coefficients can be used. Indeed, by selecting an even-order, half-band FIR filters have polyphase components with symmetrical coefficients.  
         [0056]    In the DOWN mode, however, a 126th-order FIR filter can only maintain a passband of about 18.5 kHz if the 100 dB stopband rejection requirement applies.  
         [0057]    Actual filter coefficients for a Stage-1 filter used in a Matlab simulation of an embodiment of the present invention are found in Appendix A. The designer may wish to select other coefficients to accommodate specific application constraints and/or performance objectives. Optimal quantization of filter coefficients may be considered by the designer, as well. All of such variations are well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in this art area.  
         [0058]    B. Stage-2 Filters  
         [0059]    Only the stage-2 expander/filter  24  should have fixed coefficients that are independent of the SRC mode. To be consistent with the filter performance in the stage-1 expander/filter  22  configured as described above, a 143rd-order FIR filter should be used. The order number 143 offers an advantage in that every polyphase component has the same number of coefficients, that is, nine, when R 2 =16. Although the polyphase components may no longer have symmetric coefficients, half of the polyphase components have coefficients that are mirror-symmetric with their counterparts in the other half of the polyphase components. Such a property may be exploited to save coefficient memories.  
         [0060]    Actual filter coefficients for a Stage-2 filter used in a Matlab simulation of an embodiment of the present invention are found in Appendix B. The designer may wish to select other coefficients to accommodate specific application constraints and/or performance objectives. Optimal quantization of filter coefficients may be considered by the designer, as well. All of such variations are well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in this art area.  
         [0061]    In this connection, the designer may wish to consider for stage-2 filters a cascade of several half-band FIR filters having half zero filter coefficients, which results in a need for only half of the computations otherwise, as well as half of the memory requirement. The designer should keep in mind, however, that a drawback of using a cascade of several half-band FIR filters is the need for a more complicated indexing scheme than that described in the following sections.  
         [0062]    C. Stage-3 Filters  
         [0063]    This filter has already been discussed in detail in the previous section. Note, however, that it might be preferred to make this filter fully programmably controlled by selecting R 3  in real time. Remember that larger values of R 3  require higher dynamic ranges in filtering computations.  
         [0064]    Since the impulse response of this filter is very smooth, it is possible to compress the coefficients. Piecewise linearization may be used, for example. However, since the coefficients are already easily calculated, and since the filtering operation does not use neighboring coefficients in the computation of any given output sample, it is not clear that significant savings would result from compression, but the implementation enhancement is suggested in the interest of full disclosure.  
         [0065]    D. Implementation Architecture  
         [0066]    A more detailed diagram of a preferred implementation of the new SRC filter is shown in FIG. 4. The SRC filter  40  includes three expander/filter stages  42 ,  44 ,  46 , and a decimator stage  48 . The stage-1 expander/filter  42  includes two polyphase sub-filters  50 ,  52 , corresponding to R 1 =2, each receiving the input x(n) provided at a sample rate of F s     —     in . The outputs of polyphase sub-filters  50 ,  52 , are selected at a rate of 2F s     —     in , as shown by switch  54 , and provided at that rate as the input x 1 (n) to the stage-2 expander/filter  44 .  
         [0067]    The stage-2 expander/filter  44  includes sixteen polyphase sub-filters  60 ,  62 ,  64 , . . .  66 , corresponding to R 2 =16, each receiving the input x 1 (n). The outputs of polyphase sub-filters  60 ,  62 ,  64 , . . .  66 , are selected sequentially and cyclically at a rate of 32F s     —     in , as shown by switch  68 , and provided at that rate as the input q(n) to the stage-3 expander/filter  46 .  
         [0068]    The stage-3 expander/filter  46  includes R 3  polyphase sub-filters  70 ,  72 ,  74 , . . .  76 , each receiving the input q(n). The outputs of polyphase sub-filters  70 ,  72 ,  74 , . . .  76 , are selected sequentially and cyclically at a rate of 32R 3 F s     —     in , as shown by switch  78 , and provided at that rate as the input to the stage-4 decimator  48 . The output of decimator  48  is the output y(n) of the SRC filter  40 .  
         [0069]    In practice, the stage-4 factor-S decimating must be merged into the three previous stages to avoid any redundant computations that are not related to output samples at a required sample rate. This is accomplished in the preferred embodiments herein by a novel indexing technique, explained below. The resulting memory size for the SRC filter coefficients is only 136 words, which is more than an order of magnitude reduction in comparison to the prior art SRC systems described in the article by R. Adams and T. Kwan, and the article by S. Park et al., cited above. On the other hand, the number of multiplications is 97 per output sample, a moderate quantity for a high quality SRC system.  
         [0070]    An SRC procedure for converting samples provided at a rate of 48 kHz to a rate of 44.1 kHz will now be explained in detail, in conjunction with a Matlab listing implementing such procedure. This procedure includes a novel indexing scheme alluded to above. It will be recalled that it was pointed out that major increases in storage and processing efficiencies are obtained in the preferred embodiments by way of such novel indexing scheme. This indexing is best understood by working backwards from the output sample. FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the steps in determining the current output sample. Thus, the first step  80  is to determine which stage-3 output sample will be the current SRC output sample. The second step  82  is to determine which stage-2 output samples will be used to form the appropriate stage-3 output sample. The third step  84  is to determine the coefficients of the stage-3 filters that will be applied to the stage-2 output samples to form the needed stage-3 output sample, and to compute those coefficients. The fourth step  86  is to determine the stage-1 output samples needed to form the needed stage 2 output samples. The fifth step  88  is to determine the stage-2 filter coefficients needed to form the needed stage-2 output samples, and then to retrieve those coefficients from storage. The sixth step  90  is to determine the input samples needed to form the needed stage-1 output samples. The seventh step  92  is to determine the stage-1 filter coefficients needed to form the needed stage-1 output samples, and then to retrieve those coefficients from storage. The eighth step  94  is to perform the necessary filtering operations for stages 1, 2, then 3. The ninth step  96  is to output the sample and return to the first step  80 .  
         [0071]    The process described above generally, in connection with FIG. 5 will now be explained in more detail. First, FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram showing an SRC filter  140 , based on the SRC filter  40  of FIG. 4, for the case where R 3 =147, S=5120 (this is for the case of 48 kHz to 44.1 kHz conversion). The input sample rate F s     —     in  is referred to here, and hereinafter in this document, as F s , to simplify notation. Thus, the output of the stage-1 expander/filter  142  is provided at a rate of 2F s . The output of the stage-2 expander/filter  144  is provided at a rate of 32F s . The output of the stage-3 expander/filter  146  is provided at a rate of 147*32F s . Decimation is performed by selecting output samples from the output of the stage-3 expander/filter  146  at the rate of 160*32F s , as shown by switch  148 . The resulting output y(n) is a stream of samples provided at a rate of  
         (     147   160     )            F   s     .                           
 
         [0072]    Since out of 147*32=4704 samples only  
         (     147   160     )     ≈   1                         
 
         [0073]    samples are actually provided as output samples, many samples output from the stage-3 expander/filter  146  are discarded. The preferred embodiment takes advantage of this and only calculates those samples actually provided as output samples. Some additional calculation is performed in order to accomplish this, but since the reduction in sample calculations is by a factor of over 4,000, this additional calculation results in a significant reduction in memory and processing requirements.  
         [0074]    [0074]FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the SRC filter  140  of FIG. 6 expanded in detail to assist in understanding the selection process back through the stages, as explained above in connection with FIG. 5. In implementing the functionality of FIG. 7, FIG. 8 will also be referred to, to show how to index the SRC system such that only necessary computations are carried out.  
         [0075]    Note first that if the indexing scheme were not being used, a data stream at 32*147*F s  would be seen prior to the downsampling, or decimation, step. However, the downsampling step provided in the preferred embodiment of the present invention takes only one out of every 32*160 of these samples. Referring to FIG. 8, consider the output of stage 3 prior to downsampling to be vectors  150 ,  152 , . . . ,  154 ,  156 , of 147 samples coming at a rate of 32F s . This is true since there are 147 polyphase filters in stage 3  146  (FIG. 7). To accomplish the downsampling, it is determined which outputs, at which time steps, actually become outputs. After such determination, the method of the referred embodiment works backwards, as it were, to find out which samples must be used with which filter coefficients in the various stages to compute this output.  
         [0076]    Table 2, below, shows which samples are used if there is a 147*32*F s  Hz data stream being downsampled by 160*32.  
                                                 TABLE 2                                   Output   Time   Filter                                         1   1   1           32 * 160 + 1   35   123            2 * 32 * 160 + 1   70   98            3 * 32 * 160 + 1   105   73            4 * 32 * 160 + 1   140   48                      
 
         [0077]    This data are provided by determining which filter outputs provide desired samples, at which time steps For example, the  4   th  output sample is sample 3*32*160+1 prior to downsampling. This is the output of filter  73  at time step  105 . Notice that, since the output of stage 2 is running at 32Fs, the output of the stage 2 that is occurring at the 105 th  time step is exactly that 105 th  sample.  
         [0078]    Table 3, below, shows the general equation used to compute the output samples needed, the stage 2 samples that correspond to those outputs, and the stage 3 filters that will be involved in computing the final output.  
                                     TABLE 3                       Output   Stage 2 Sample   Stage 3 Filter                                 1   1   1       32 * 160 + 1   35   123        2 * 32 * 160 + 1   70   98        3 * 32 * 160 + 1   105   73        4 * 32 * 160 + 1   140   48       O = (i − 1) * 32 * 160 + 1   T 1 = [O/147]   F 1 = O − (T − 1) * 147                  
 
         [0079]    Table 4, below, shows the stage 2 filters and stage 1 samples needed to generate the downsampled data stream.  
                                     TABLE 4                       Stage 2 Sample   Stage 1 Sample   Stage 2 Filter                                1   1   1       2   1   2       . . .   . . .   . . .       16   1   16       17   2   1       . . .   . . .   . . .       m   T 2  = [m/16]   F 2  = m − (T − 1) * 16                  
 
         [0080]    The following Matlab code shows the specific case of 48 kHz to 44.1 kHz conversion. The efficient indexing scheme is applied only to the 2 nd  and 3 rd  stages, but could easily be extended to the  1   st  stage as well. And, while this Matlab code shows only the case of 48 kHz to 44.1 kHz conversion, the teachings of this section can easily be extended to indexing schemes for any conversion rate.  
         [0081]    Matlab Listing:  
         [0082]    % Assumes 48 kHz in, 44.1 kHz out.  
         [0083]    % 1 Channel—multiple channels are just replicas function src  
         [0084]    % stage 1 does not implement efficient indexing  
         [0085]    % Zero pad  
         [0086]    ss=zeros(1,2*max(size(in)));  
         [0087]    ss(1:2:end)=in;  
         [0088]    % (for “in”, start at 1, skip by two, continue to the end)  
         [0089]    % Filter with stage 1 filter  
         [0090]    ss=2*filter(H1_B, H1_A, ss);  
         [0091]    % (the H1_B and H1_A vectors are read from storage)  
         [0092]    % make polyphase filters, i.e., generate the FIR coefficients, for stage 2  
         [0093]    % from non-polyphase stage 2 filter  
         [0094]    for i=1:16  
         [0095]    H2(i,:)=16*H2(i:16:end);  
         [0096]    end  
         [0097]    % Compuation for stages 2 and 3  
         [0098]    for i=1:fix(147*numpts/160)−9  
         [0099]    % subtract 9 since the first nine input samples are discarded  
         [0100]    % to simplify initialization.  
         [0101]    % stage 3 indicies  
         [0102]    O=(i−1)*160*32+1;  
         [0103]    T2=ceil(O/147);  
         [0104]    F2=O−(T2−1)*147;  
         [0105]    % stage 3 coefficients  
         [0106]    % function call; go to function “A”, below  
         [0107]    C=coef(F2);  
         [0108]    % compute necessary stage 2 data  
         [0109]    for j=1:3  
         [0110]    % stage 2 indicies  
         [0111]    m=n+j−1;  
         [0112]    T1=ceil(m/16);  
         [0113]    F1=m−(T1−1)*16  
         [0114]    T1=T1+9;  
         [0115]    % adding 9 insures that the index will not go beyond the  
         [0116]    % file beginning. this is equivalent to discarding the  
         [0117]    % first 9 input samples.  
         [0118]    % perform stage 2 filters, i.e., convolve with stage 1 output  
         [0119]    vec(j)=147*B2(F1,:)*ss(T1:−1:T1−8)&#39;;  
         [0120]    end  
         [0121]    % perform stage 3 filter  
         [0122]    in(i)=C*vec&#39;;  
         [0123]    end  
         [0124]    out(1:fix(147*numpts/160)−9)=in(1:fix(147*numpts/160)−9);  
         [0125]    % Compute Stage 3 Filter Coefficients  
         [0126]    % function “A”:  
         [0127]    function C=coef(m)  
         [0128]    C=zeros(1,3);  
         [0129]    % calculate Eq. (6) (from text, above)  
         [0130]    for i=1:3  
         [0131]    n=(i−1)*147+m;  
         [0132]    if n&gt;=1&amp; n&lt;147  
         [0133]    C(i)=n*(n+1)/2;  
         [0134]    elseif n&gt;=147 &amp; n&lt;2*147  
         [0135]    C(i)=147*(147+1)/2+(n−147)*(2*147−1−n);  
         [0136]    elseif n&gt;=2*147 &amp; n&lt;3*147−1  
         [0137]    C(i)=(3*147−n−1)*(3*147−n)/2;  
         [0138]    end  
         [0139]    end  
         [0140]    % prepare for convolving  
         [0141]    C=fliplr(C)/3176523;  
         [0142]    VI.σ-Δ Oversampling Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Converters With Embedded Src Functions  
         [0143]    A further implementation variation will now be discussed, that is, the use of the interpolation filter in a σ-Δ oversampling D/A converter in the place of the stage-1 expander/filter  22  and the stage-2 expander/filter  24  of the SRC system  20  of FIG. 2. In this way, an SRC function may readily be incorporated into aσ-Δ A oversampling D/A converter.  
         [0144]    Note, however, that whereas a normal SRC filter does not have oversampled output values, a σ-Δ oversampling D/A converter requires oversampled signals to feed the digital modulator. Therefore, it is important not to simply add a σ-Δ interpolation filter to an SRC constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention, because, for example, the stage-3 expander/filter  26  of FIG. 2 may have to generate many more output samples in such a case. Inventive principles to accomplish such a combination will now be described.  
         [0145]    First, it is advantageous to employ a modified SRC filter that produces an output sampled at a sample rate eight times its Nyquist sample rate. This takes advantage of a known interpolation filter technique in a σ-Δ oversampling D/A converter, that is, to upsample signals to an eightfold sample rate using a lowpass filter followed by a sample-and-hold circuit that boosts the sample rate to a higher level, for example to 128 times the original sample rate.  
         [0146]    Implementing such an embedded SRC filter adds considerable computational complexity. To reduce the computational complexity, two optional implementations may be employed. First, note that the interpolation filter performance in a σ-Δ A oversampling D/A converter can be lower than that of a normal SRC filter, since high-frequency shaped noise is introduced by a digital modulator. Therefore, a filter with an 80-dB stopband rejection may be employed. As a result, for a selection of R 2 =8 the performance of H 3 (z) is now higher than adequate.  
         [0147]    [0147]FIG. 9 is a diagram of a decimation filter  162  that follows a σ-Δ modulator  160 . The modulator  160  works at a rate of F mod =3.072 MHz that is typically an oversampled rate of 64 to 384 times the first sample rate FS s1 . A fourth-order SINC filter  164  is employed to downsample the modulator output signals to a rate of 16F S1 . Then, a simple filter  166  such as the stage-3 expander/filter  26  of FIG. 2, with an order of N=r(S−1), is onvert the sample rate at the SINC filter  164  output into a rate of 16 times the final sample rate F S2 .  
         [0148]    This simple filter  166  performs an SRC function with a ratio of R/(S=160). It should be pointed out that the order of the filter is based on the decimation factor S rather than the interpolation factor R. The reason for the modification lies in the fact that there is now an anti-aliasing requirement, while such a condition is not required in other embodiments described above. In this embodiment, however, R has been optimized to have only three possible values: 144, 147 or 160. Note that when R=160 a bypass function results. The final stage  168  is a 16:1 decimator.  
         [0149]    All possible SRC cases are summarized in Table 5. From an on of Table 5 it is apparent that a wide range of frequently used audio sample rates may be converted using this approach.  
                                                                   TABLE 5                           Sample Rates in A Σ - Δ A/D with SRC            M 1     16F S1     R/(S = 160)   16F S2     M 2     F S2                      4   768k   1     768k   16   48k       4   768k   147/160   705.6k   16   44.1k         6   512k   1     512k   16   32k       8   384k   147/160   352.8k   16   22.05k         10   307.2k     1   307.2k   16   19.2k         12   256k   1     256k   16   16k       12   256k   144/160   230.4k   16   14.4k         16   192k   147/160   176.4k   16   11.025k          20   153.6k     1   153.6k   16   9.6k        24   128k   1     128k   16    8k       24   128k   144/160   115.2k   16   7.2k                   
 
         [0150]    The design example shows that an inband SNR of over 90 dB can easily be achieved by using the decimation/SRC filter in FIG. 9 with four typical half-band FIR filters performing a decimation of M 2 =16, just like those filters employed in normal σ-Δ oversampling A/D converters.  
         [0151]    A compact filter procedure is now provided that implements the ‘stage-3’ filter H 3 (z)  166  in FIG. 9 as follows:  
                                                                                                                                                                                                           // The ‘Stage-3’ Filter Calculation Program           // The SRC ratio is R/S: R is the interpolation and S the decimation            ratio.                // L=r(S-1)+1 is the ‘stage-3’ filter&#39;s impulse response length.           // M=Floor(L/R) is the maximum number of terms calculated for each            output.                // INPUT is an array of delayed input values.           // INPUT[0] is the most recent input.           // The RESAMPLER_INDEX register keeps track of when an output            may be                // calculated as well as providing the convolutional offset between the            // input sequence and the filter impulse response. Filter coefficients can be                // evaluated based on (5) or (6) with R 3  being replaced by S=160.            1) Initialization                RESAMPLER_INDEX = R;           INPUT[all] = 0;            2) do forever {                wait for new input;           RESAMPLER_INDEX = RESAMPLER_INDEX-R;           while RESAMPLER_INDEX &lt; R do {                SUM = 0;           COEFFICIENT_INDEX = RESAMPLER_INDEX + 1;           for DATA_INDEX = 0 to M-1 do {                SUM = SUM + INPUT[DATA_INDEX]            FILT(COEFFICIENT_INDEX);                COEFFICIENT_INDEX = COEFFICIENT_INDEX + R;           if COEFFICIENT_INDEX &gt; L then exit the inner loop;}                y(n) = SUM; // y(n) is the output           RESAMPLER_INDEX = RESAMPLER_INDEX + S; }                }                      
 
         [0152]    Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the ivnention as defined by the appended claims.  
                             APPENDIX A                       Stage-1 Filter Coefficients                                −0.00000800008031   −0.01351188782368   −0.00403846539391       0.00002524520299   −0.00312368468930   −0.00535468499783       0.00012749245978   0.01429804952811   0.00079449580461       0.00023168895216   0.01194602726347   0.00489531743842       0.00018596926860   −0.01029924266330   0.00172250243655       −0.00004173798314   −0.02038200385225   −0.00326181826590       −0.00022236139097   0.00073482566492   −0.00303446960299       −0.00009395165195   0.02548598834348   0.00123561352837       0.00022798310620   0.01401306932399   0.00312720489457       0.00028236300811   −0.02391373911549   0.00050741782361       −0.00011124263531   −0.03230583189130   −0.00233378596337       −0.00045226922162   0.01201952643100   −0.00156196018316       −0.00015723875420   0.05147573458066   0.00114604821292       0.00049028087929   0.01540870560244   0.00183787295074       0.00052766243454   −0.06834265722374   −0.00002733586373       −0.00029280537329   −0.07388677535303   −0.00149994275425       −0.00086818706856   0.07990266018034   −0.00071764271163       −0.00017897003432   0.30676295531302   0.00084653891504       0.00099041381460   0.41556780905067   0.00099041381460       0.00084653891504   0.30676295531302   −0.00017897003432       −0.00071764271163   0.07990266018034   −0.00086818706856       −0.00149994275425   −0.07388677535303   −0.00029280537329       −0.00002733586373   −0.06834265722374   0.00052766243454       0.00183787295074   0.01540870560244   0.00049028087929       0.00114604821292   0.05147573458066   −0.00015723875420       −0.00156196018316   0.01201952643100   −0.00045226922162       −0.00233378596337   −0.03230583189130   −0.00011124263531       0.00050741782361   −0.02391373911549   0.00028236300811       0.00312720489457   0.01401306932399   0.00022798310620       0.00123561352837   0.02548598834348   −0.00009395165195       −0.00303446960299   0.00073482566492   −0.00022236139097       −0.00326181826590   −0.02038200385225   −0.00004173798314       0.00172250243655   −0.01029924266330   0.00018596926860       0.00489531743842   0.01194602726347   0.00023168895216       0.00079449580461   0.01429804952811   0.00012749245978       −0.00535468499783   −0.00312368468930   0.00002524520299       −0.00403846539391   −0.01351188782368   −0.00000800008031       0.00400977702922   −0.00388972863157       0.00708514672038   0.00952642115799       −0.00066361611960   0.00790147137539       −0.00874702117957   −0.00423331569757       −0.00423331569757   −0.00874702117957       0.00790147137539   −0.00066361611960       0.00952642115799   0.00708514672038       −0.00388972863157   0.00400977702922                  
 
         [0153]    [0153]                             APPENDIX B                       Stage-2 Filter Coefficients                                −0.00000656642335   −0.00667609485928   −0.00699381729954       −0.00000829347347   −0.00605365327878   −0.00704089968951       −0.00001299396513   −0.00509751898954   −0.00685503945042       −0.00001889619486   −0.00378525193285   −0.00647606554720       −0.00002590574816   −0.00210225610565   −0.00594450502127       −0.00003377059844   −0.00004291296422   −0.00530025283113       −0.00004206107605   0.00238851614791   −0.00458138407311       −0.00005010239889   0.00517726864880   −0.00382314240821       −0.00005699368309   0.00829777990369   −0.00305712544004       −0.00006157598622   0.01171373342216   −0.00231068193092       −0.00006245406490   0.01537847794018   −0.00160652184989       −0.00005801156059   0.01923581503575   −0.00096253565435       −0.00004647574846   0.02322114491056   −0.00039180669783       −0.00002598701520   0.02726294492186   0.00009720076660       0.00000529261223   0.03128454006421   0.00050030613397       0.00004906099173   0.03520611288087   0.00081715607669       0.00010672316139   0.03894688805497   0.00105068232794       0.00017923064540   0.04242741926498   0.00120650256525       0.00026690249991   0.04557189914336   0.00129229867475       0.00036925440324   0.04831041122226   0.00131719649461       0.00048483111855   0.05058104253984   0.00129117601342       0.00061106542586   0.05233178003375   0.00122452909280       0.00074416388891   0.05352212044397   0.00112738671949       0.00087904339359   0.05412433393826   0.00100932243685       0.00100932243685   0.05412433393826   0.00087904339359       0.00112738671949   0.05352212044397   0.00074416388891       0.00122452909280   0.05233178003375   0.00061106542586       0.00129117601342   0.05058104253984   0.00048483111855       0.00131719649461   0.04831041122226   0.00036925440324       0.00129229867475   0.04557189914336   0.00026690249991       0.00120650256525   0.04242741926498   0.00017923064540       0.00105068232794   0.03894688805497   0.00010672316139       0.00081715607669   0.03520611288087   0.00004906099173       0.00050030613397   0.03128454006421   0.00000529261223       0.00009720076660   0.02726294492186   −0.00002598701520       −0.00039180669783   0.02322114491056   −0.00004647574846       −0.00096253565435   0.01923581503575   −o.00005801156059       −0.00160652184989   0.01537847794018   −0.00006245406490       −0.00231068193092   0.01171373342216   −0.00006157598622       −0.00305712544004   0.00829777990369   −0.00005699368309       −0.00382314240821   0.00517726864880   −0.00005010239889       −0.00458138407311   0.00238851614791   −0.00004206107605       −0.00530025283113   −0.00004291296422   −0.00003377059844       −0.00594450502127   −0.00210225610565   −0.00002590574816       −0.00647606554720   −0.00378525 193285   −0.0000 1889619486       −0.00685503945042   −0.00509751898954   −0.00001299396513       −0.00704089968951   −0.00605365327878   −0.00000829347347       −0.00699381729954   −0.00667609485928   −0.00000656642335