Abstract:
A movable device holds a radiation protection drape for reducing exposure and protecting medical personnel from hazardous X-ray radiation scattered by the patient during fluoroscopy. The device enables positioning an X-ray opaque drape such that it covers the patient in an anatomically and procedurally compatible ways that reduces significantly the scattered radiation towards the operators. The device is capable of repositioning the X-ray opaque drape according to the C-arm movement to prevent interfering with the X-ray beam and the fluoroscopy image. The device is simple to use, reusable, and intended for the invasive, diagnostic and interventional procedure done in the catheterization laboratory.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to reducing exposure of medical personnel to X-ray radiation scattered by the patient body during fluoroscopic procedures. 
         [0002]    The harmful effect of radiation was soon recognised after the discovery of X-ray by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895 yet the carcinogenesis potential of X-rays was not discovered till the middle of the twentieth century. 
         [0003]    Although the acute effects of radiation are not commonly a problem, the probability of occurrence of stochastic effect leading to cancer is directly related to the radiation dose. 
         [0004]    Stochastic effect is particularly important because there is no threshold below which, the radiation induced effect will not occur. Medical personnel involved in x-ray guided interventional procedures, including invasive and interventional cardiologists, have frequent exposure through, fluoroscopy and cineangiography; many of the above are long and complex procedures. Procedures done through the radial artery or femoral approach in general, might require long fluoroscopy times and therefore greater cumulative scatter radiation to the operator and staff. Even shorter procedures done by the hundreds per year will lead to significant cumulative dose of radiation exposure to the operator. While the acute radiation exposure per ease is not significant enough to be a major concern, the cumulative risk associated with a lifetime of exposure could become significant. In addition to higher cancer risk, there is increase of cataract incidence compare to the general population. In addition procedures done through radial access site are known to have on average longer fluoroscopy times. Some operators will avoid using the left radial as an access site due to the fact that they are being exposed to much higher scattered radiation compare to right radial or femoral access site procedures. It is well accepted that radial procedures are safer compare to femoral ones in regard to bleeding complication, mobility of the patients after the procedure and even lower mortality. As a consequence, avoiding using left radial due to fear of radiation exposure might prevent many patients from having radial procedures and will put them at risk for higher morbidity and mortality. 
         [0005]    Medical personnel usually wear protective aprons, thyroid lead collar, and leaded glasses. Other radiation shields are used for protection and are deployed between the radiation source or the patient and the personnel in the catheterization laboratory. 
         [0006]    Despite all protection measures, the operators are exposed especially to scattered radiation coming from the patient Some operators will be exposed to radiation level higher than permitted per year (50 mSv). 
         [0007]    U.S. Publ. Patent Application No. 20110165269: “Radiation Protection System”, to Khandkar; Ashok C., discloses a shield for radiation attenuation. The shield includes a carrier suitable for topical application on human tissue, such as skin. The carrier includes an active ingredient that is homogenously dispersed throughout the carrier. 
         [0008]    U.S. Publ. Patent Application No. 20100176318: “Shape retentive flexible radiation absorber”, to Smith Peter C.; discloses a composite radiation absorber made up of a rubber or rubber like matrix material filled containing a radiation absorptive element, or a plurality of radiation absorptive elements, combined with deformable and shape retentive member or members that once deformed Into a desired shape will essentially retain that shape for the composite in use. 
         [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,829,873: “Lower shield for radiation protection system” to Fox, et al. discloses a radiation protection shield for protecting medical personnel from radiation being applied to a patient, positioned on a table. The shield includes a frame and a primary screen including a radiation-resistant material connected to said frame. 
         [0010]    U.S. Pat. No. 767,900: “Radiation attenuation system for lateral imaging”, to Cadwalader, et al., discloses a radiation attenuation system for attenuating radiation during lateral radiographic imaging of an object is provided. The system includes a radiation attenuating barrier that is substantially conformable to the object and configured to at least partially cover the object 
         [0011]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,294,845 “Radiation protection arrangement, comprising a separable cover”, to Ballsieper, discloses a radiation protection arrangement for screening radiation emitted from a radiation source, especially an x-ray source. Said arrangement is provided with a screening element consisting of, or comprising, a radiation protection material, and a cover, which fully surrounds the screening element. Said cover can be pulled over the screening element and completely separated from the same. As the cover can be changed, the radiation protection arrangement can be kept clean and sterile in a simple manner. 
         [0012]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,109,505: “Shaped biocompatible radiation shield and method for making same”, to Sliski, et at, discloses a radiation applicator system is structured to be mounted to a radiation source for providing a predefined dose of radiation for treating a localized area or volume, such as the tissue surrounding the site of m excised tumor. 
         [0013]    U.S. Pat. No. 7,099,427: “Radiation attenuation system”, to Cadwalader. et at, discloses a radiation attenuation system far use with Computed Tomography procedures is disclosed. The system includes a shield made of a radiation attenuation material and may be useful in blocking or attenuating radiation, and assisting in the protection of at least one of a patient and a medical personnel present during the Computed Tomography procedure. 
         [0014]    U.S. Pat. No. 5.012,114: “Radiation shield”, to Sisson, Jr., discloses a radiation shield comprises a wrappable sheet of radiation-shielding material such as lead-filled plastic sheet faced on one side with a vinyl lacing sheet and on the other side with a sheet of heat-resistant material. 
         [0015]    U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,233: “Radiation shield”, to Orrison, Jr., discloses a flexible shield for covering an article and attenuating the flux of electromagnetic radiation relative to the article includes a polymetric matrix charged with an attenuating filler. The shield has a transmission attenuation factor of at least 50% of a primary 100 kVp x-ray beam, a durometer of less than about 100 Shore “00” and a coefficient of sliding friction relative to the article of at least 0.15. 
         [0016]    U.S. Pat. No. 3,233,248: “Radiation protective apron”, to Bushnell, discloses a radiation controlling shield garments. 
       References: 
       [0017]    Underwood E A. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-4923) and the Early Development of Radiology. Proc R Soc Med, 1945;38:697-706. 
         [0018]    Kolodny A. Tissue Changes after Experimental Deep Roentgen Irradiation. Am J Pathol. 1925;1:285-294. 
         [0019]    Limacher M C, Douglas P S, Germane G, Laskey W K, Lindsay B D, McKetty M H, Moore M E, Park J K, Prigent F M, Walsh M N. ACC expert consensus document. Radiation safety in the practice of cardiology, American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:892-913. Review. 
         [0020]    Hirshfeld J W Jr, Balter S, Brinker J A, Kern M J, Klein L W, Lindsay B D, Tommaso C L, Tracy C M, Wagner L K, Creager M A, Elnicki M, Hirshfeld J W Jr, Lorell B H, Rodgers G P, Tracy C M, Weitz H H; ACCF/AHA/HRS/SCAI clinical competence statement on physician knowledge to optimize patient safety and image quality in fluoroscopically guided invasive cardiovascular procedures. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians Task Force on Clinical Competence and Training, American College of Cardiology Foundation.; American Heart Association; American College of Physicians, J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2259-82. 
         [0021]    Vano E, Kleiman N J, Duran A, Rebani M M, Echeverri D, Cabrera M. Radiation cataract risk in interventional cardiology personnel. Radiat Res. 2010; 174:490-5. 
         [0022]    Mann J T 3rd, Cubeddu G, Arrowood M. J Invasive Cardiol. Operator Radiation Exposure in PITA: Comparison of Radial and Femoral Approaches, J Invasive Cardiol 1996;8 Suppl D:22D-25D. 
         [0023]    Lange H W, von Boetticher H, Randomized comparison of operator radiation exposure during coronary angiography and intervention by radial or femoral approach. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006;67:12-6. 
         [0024]    Brueck M, Bandorski D, Kramer W, Wieczorek M, Höltgen R, Tillmanns H. A randomized comparison of transradial versus transfemoral approach tor coronary angiography and angioplasty. JACC Cardiovase Interv. 2009;2:1047-54. 
         [0025]    Neill J, Douglas H, Richardson G, Chew E W, Walsh S, Hanratty C, Herity H. Comparison of radiation dose and the effect of operator experience in femoral and radial arterial access for coronary procedures. Am J Cardiol 2010;106:936-40. 
         [0026]    Mercuri M, Mehta S, Xie C, Valettas N, Velianou J L, Natarajan M K. Radial artery access as a predictor of increased radiation exposure during a diagnostic cardiac catheterization procedure, JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:347-52. 
         [0027]    Politi L, Biondi-Zoccai G, Nocetti L, Costi T, Monopoli D, Rossi R, Sgura F, Modena M G, Sangiorgi. Reduction of scatter radiation during transradial percutaneous coronary angiography: A randomized trial using a lead-freeradiation shield. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;79:97-102. 
         [0028]    Venneri L, Rossi F, Botto N, Andreassi M G, Salcone N, Emad A, Laazeri M, Gori C, Vano E, Picano E. Cancer risk, from professional exposure in staff working in cardiac catheterization laboratory: insights from the National Research Council&#39;s Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation VII Report. Am Heart J. 2009; 157:118-24 
         [0029]    Roguin A, Goldstein J, Bar O. Brain malignancies and ionising radiation: more cases reported. EuroIntervention. 2012;8:169-70. 
         [0030]    Azriel B. Osherov Peter Seidelin, Rafael Wolff Graham Wright Bradley H. Strauss Normand Robert. A Novel Technique to Reduce the Operator&#39;s Exposure to Scattered Radiation in Transradial Coronary Procedures. Submitted for publication EuroIntervention January 2012, presented at the EuroPCR conference Paris 15-18th May 2012. 
         [0031]    Lange H W, von Boetticher H. Reduction of operator radiation dose by a pelvic lead shield during cardiac catheterization by radial access: comparison with femoral access. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012:5:445-9. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0032]    The current invention discloses a movable device that holds a radiation protection drape for reducing exposure and protecting medical personnel from hazardous X-ray radiation scattered by the patient during fluoroscopy. The device enables positioning an X-ray opaque drape such that it covers the patient in an anatomically and procedurally compatible ways that reduces significantly the scattered radiation towards the operators. The device is capable of repositioning the X-ray opaque drape according to the C arm movement to prevent interfering with the X-ray beam and the fluoroscopy image. The device is simple to use, reusable, and intent for the invasive, diagnostic and interventional procedure done in the catheterization laboratory. 
         [0033]    It is an aspect of the current invention to provide a movable X-ray shield apparatus for reducing exposure of medical personnel to scattered X-ray, comprising: a rail, capable of being connected to a patient table of an X-ray fluoroscopy bed; a carriage  112 , capable of sliding along said rail; at least one pole, connected substantially vertically to said carriage; a bridge, capable of sliding along said at least one pole; and an X-ray opaque shield, supported by said bridge, and capable of blocking scattered X-ray radiation. 
         [0034]    In some embodiments the opaque shield is rigid. 
         [0035]    In some embodiments the rigid opaque shield is connected to said bridge with at least one pivot, and capable of being positioned in at least two angular positions with respect to said patient table. 
         [0036]    In some embodiments the rigid opaque shield is optically transparent. 
         [0037]    In some embodiments the opaque shield comprises an X-ray opaque blanket; and said X-ray opaque blanket is supported by at least one arm connected to said bridge. 
         [0038]    In some embodiments the movable shield apparatus further comprises at least one X-ray shielding blanket or strip, capable of blocking scattered X-ray radiation from escaping the gap between said X-ray shield and said rail. 
         [0039]    In some embodiments the movable shield apparatus further comprises a motorized actuator, capable of moving said carriage along said rail. 
         [0040]    In some embodiments the movable shield apparatus of further comprises a motorized actuator, capable of moving said bridge along said at least one pole. 
         [0041]    In some embodiments the movable shield apparatus further comprises a handle for moving the movable shield apparatus along said rail 
         [0042]    It is another aspect of the current invention to provide an extendable shield apparatus for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel comprising: a base, capable of being connected to a patient table of an X-ray fluoroscopy bed; a pole, connected substantially vertically to said base; a dispenser for X-ray opaque blanket, supported by said pole; and a self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket, capable of being extended from said dispenser. 
         [0043]    In some embodiments the pole is capable of moving vertically in respect to said base. 
         [0044]    In some embodiments the pole is capable of rotating in respect to said base. 
         [0045]    In some embodiments the extendable shield apparatus further comprises a swivel joint that allows rotating the dispenser in respect to said pole. 
         [0046]    In some embodiments the extendable shield apparatus further comprises; a retracting motor, capable of retracting said self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket info said dispenser; and an extending motor, capable of extending said self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket out of said dispenser. 
         [0047]    In some embodiments the self-supporting opaque blanket comprises a plurality of reed springs, capable of keeping said self-supporting opaque blanket in substantially horizontal position when extended, yet allow said blanket to bend as it is retracted into said dispenser. 
         [0048]    In some embodiments the plurality of reed springs are the type used in retractable measuring tapes. 
         [0049]    It is yet another aspect of the current invention to provide a fluoroscopy system comprising; a C-arm unit comprising: an X-ray tube, capable of producing X-ray beam; an X-ray imager, capable of detecting said X-ray beam; and at least one light source capable of producing at least one light beam, wherein said least one light beam is situated to mark the edge of said X-ray beam; a patient bed comprising a patient table; and an X-ray shield apparatus comprising an X-ray opaque shield for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel. 
         [0050]    In some embodiments the at least one light source is attached to said X-ray tube. 
         [0051]    In some embodiments the at least one light source is attached to said X-ray imager. 
         [0052]    In some embodiments the X-ray shield apparatus is further comprising: a light sensor, capable of sensing said at least one light beam; and at least one motorized actuator, capable of adjusting the position of said X-ray opaque shield in response to signals from said light sensor such that said X-ray opaque shield would not block said X-ray beam. 
         [0053]    In some embodiments the X-ray shield apparatus is further comprising: an X-ray sensor, capable of sensing said X-ray beam; and at least one motorized actuator, capable of adjusting the position of said X-ray opaque shield in response to signals from said X-ray sensor such that said X-ray opaque shield would not substantially block, said X-ray beam. 
         [0054]    In some embodiments the X-ray shield apparatus is further comprising: a rail capable of being connected to a patient table of an X-ray fluoroscopy bed; a carriage, capable of sliding along said rail; at least one pole, connected substantially vertically to said carriage; a bridge, capable of sliding along said at least one pole; and an X-ray opaque shield, supported by said bridge, and capable of blocking scattered X-ray radiation. 
         [0055]    In some embodiments the X-ray shield apparatus is further comprising: a base, capable of being connected to a patient table of an X-ray fluoroscopy bed; a pole, connected substantially vertically to said base; a dispenser for X-ray opaque blanket, supported by said pole; and a self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket, capable of being extended from said dispenser. 
         [0056]    In a procedure done through the Radial or femoral artery approach, there is a large portion of the patient body (this includes the lower extremities, pelvis, abdomen, chest) that, is a source of scatter radiation to the operator. This portion of the patient&#39;s body may be covered with an X-ray opaque material such as lead. The X-ray opaque material may have a rectangular shape, but shapes such as square, trapezoid, hexagon, pentagon, parallelogram, oval may be used and it may have rounded corners or not. A non disposable radiation protection drape was shown to minimize significantly the radiation scattered from a patient towards an operator and other personnel in the catheterization laboratory. It was shown that a stationary rectangular X-ray opaque material does not give the maximally scattered radiation protection for procedures done in cranial or Antera-posterior views. To overcome this limitation a device according to embodiments of the current invention holds a lead drape and enables motion of said drape in accordance to the movement of the C-arm, in a way that it will not block the radiation field yet will give the maximum scattered radiation protection. For example, in caudal views, the device moves the radiation absorbing drape down towards the patient umbilicus and in cranial views it will move the drape to cover the patient&#39;s chest. 
         [0057]    The device according to the invention holds the radiation protection lead drapes, reduces the problem of scattered radiation from the patient by providing an efficient barrier between the source of scattered radiation and the personnel in the room. The radiation protection device reduces the radiation for radial artery approach a femoral artery approach both simultaneously, or for any other access site for example brachial artery, femoral, subclavian, inominate, axillary and jugular veins. Yet not limited to the above access sites. 
         [0058]    A possible advantage of the device according to the current invention is the option to switch from one approach (e.g. radial access) another approach (e.g. femoral access), while continuing to have a significant radiation protection at all times, its is a common opinion that in procedures done through the left radial access, the operator is exposed to significant more scattered radiation compare to right radial or femoral access, due to a closer proximity to the patient. An additional possible benefit of using the lead drape protection system in the invention is that by significantly lowering the scattered radiation to the operator in Left radial procedures it may encourage using said procedures on more patients. This may lower the patient&#39;s morbidity and mortality rates. 
         [0059]    In most patients having coronary bypass surgery, the left internal mammary artery is used as a bypass graft. As a consequence these patients usually are having the catheterization or interventional procedure done through a femoral, access site. A possible benefit of the invention is a shift towards more left radial procedures, which makes cannulation of the left radial artery more attractive, which might lead to less morbidity and mortality in patients after bypass surgery when the LIMA artery was used as a graft. 
         [0060]    In the catheterization laboratory, the images are often acquired, with the x-ray source at various positions and angles. In caudal views the source of radiation points the beam from underneath the patient, below the upper part of the patient, towards an x-ray imaging detector (an image intensifier) located above the patient, above the lower part of the patient. The most common x-ray imaging detector technologies also called x-ray imager technologies are the x-ray image intensifiers and the x-ray flat, panel detector. 
         [0061]    The x-ray imaging detector and the radiation source are connected and move together as a “C arm” as known In the art. In cranial view, the radiation source is located underneath the table and the x-ray imager is located over the upper part of the patient. Due to the geometry/direction of the radiation beam, there is more scattered radiation towards the operator while using cranial views fluoroscopy. The movable device and radiation protection drapes disclose herein may significantly reduce the radiation scatter towards the operator in all views. If an operator uses mainly cranial acquired images and fluoroscopy during a procedure, the inventive device may move the lead drape up to cover area above the umbilicus in a way that it will not obstruct the image view and will enable better radiation protection. 
         [0062]    The inventive device may be moved manually by the operator or be moved using motorized actuators such as electrical or hydraulic systems. 
         [0063]    As mentioned for caudal views, a preferred placement for the drape may be from the umbilicus of the patient and down, such it is not seen in the x-ray image. In cranial views, the drape may be shifted from the umbilicus toward the thorax yielding increased radiation protection. The placement of the device is not limited to the above and can he used to cover any part of the patient from head, to toes in any fluoroscopic view. This can be done manually—the operator may pull the lead drape up. The amount of movement needed may be determined by using a beam of light (or a plurality of such beams) situated at the edge of the X-ray beam. The light beam(s) may be produced by a lit source(s) positioned on the X-ray source and/or the X-ray detector housing and marking the border of the X-ray beam. In order to avoid obscuring the X-ray image, the drape should not cross the light beam(s). 
         [0064]    Another less preferable option is to use fluoroscopy for drape placement. The same positioning process; pulling the lead up and down along the longitudinal axis of the patient may be done automatically. A sensor for light (visible or Infra-Red light) may be used for detecting the position of the X-ray beam position and for moving the X-ray protection device using electrical or hydraulic system depending on the position in space of the detector. In that way the drape will not obstruct the fluoroscopic in any specific view. 
         [0065]    Operating the device to pull the drape up and down (automatically—according to the light beam or user&#39;s commands) may be done while the—operator is in the room or it may be done be cone remotely while the operator/technician is outside the catheterization laboratory sterile environment. 
         [0066]    Optionally, the device comprises a hydraulic and or electrical actuator or a plurality of actuators to enable motorized movement up or down along the longitudinal axis of the patient, and optionally in other directions such as horizontal around the patient in a circular manner or combination of the above. 
         [0067]    Optionally, placement of the drape may be done using a camera that detects the place where the light beam illuminating the patient. Optionally, an operator inside the room or outside the room (and preferably at a distance from the operating table), by watching the images (of the light beam on the patient) provided by the camera is able to remotely move the device to get maximum scattered radiation reduction/protection without compromising the X-ray image. This can be done without turning on the X-ray tube, thus avoiding exposing the patient to radiation. 
         [0068]    Optionally, placement of the drape may be done using X-ray radiation sensors attached to fee edge of the drape that detect the higher level of radiation that occurs if the drape is at the edge of the primary radiation beam. 
         [0069]    Optionally, placement of the drape may be done by the detecting its presence at the edge of the x-ray image. 
         [0070]    In an exemplary embodiment the drape is approximately 15×31 inch (40×80 cm). However, the size is not limited to this size and can range for example from 10 cm width and 30 cm length to more than 60 cm or 100 cm. 
         [0071]    This X-ray opaque rectangle may be attached to a movable device and may be able to move along fee longitudinal axis of the patient while lying on the table in the catheterization laboratory. Adjustments to the position of fee lead may be done by operating the device. 
         [0072]    The device may move on a rail located on either side of fee table. Optionally, the drape is inserted into a sterile bag (for example a nylon bag or any kind of disposable sterile cover or bag). This will enable the device to be on top of fee patient&#39;s sterile drape (or underneath). 
         [0073]    Optionally X-ray opaque materials used are made of lead of 0.25 to 0.5 mm in thickness. However thickness is not limited to these values may range from 0.01 to 10 millimeters in thickness, and more preferably 0.2-0.7 mm lead, equivalent thickness, thus fulfilling the standards requirements for radiation protection for both 130 and 150 kVp of radiation, yet not limited to the above energy levels. Optionally, multiple layers of X-ray absorbent/blocking materials may be used. Optionally, the attenuating material may contain a plurality x-ray absorbing atomic elements. 
         [0074]    In some embodiments, in order to maximize the effect of reducing the radiation two elongated overlapping drapes will cover the patient. One stationary from the umbilicus and down and the other attached to the inventive device that can move the X-ray opaque drape up along the length of the patient to cover the chest or down to the umbilicus area, 
         [0075]    The X-ray opaque drapes may be inserted inside a sterile cover (cover may be made of Nylon, but. the cover is not limited to nylon and may be made from plastic, paper, cloth or other disposable sterile materials) and can be put on the patient (underneath of on top the large sterile drape that cover the patient during the procedure). 
         [0076]    If there is a need to use the femoral artery for access site, the lower drape may be flipped in the middle and folded in two to expose the right femoral artery. The lower drape may be made of two (or three) smaller rectangles, each in its protective cover, that are connected to each other for example by sutures, Velcro, clips, or similar constraints. This may enable flipping one rectangle on top the other frequently without damaging the attenuating layer within the drape, After insertion of the sheath to the femoral artery, if the access site is needed for temporary pacemaker insertion, intra, aortic balloon pump. Swan Ganz catheter, etc., the drape may be Hip back to give the maximal radiation protection. Similar steps may be performed to use the left femoral artery for access. 
         [0077]    The device may be attached to the operating table in a movable way, to the left or right side of the table. The device may be attached permanently or temporarily or not at all. The design of the drapes preferably meets the requirements of using it in a sterile environment. While the X-ray opaque drapes are preferably reusable, the sterile nylon bags may be disposable or may be replaced between patients to keep sterility. 
         [0078]    Preferably, X-ray opaque drape comprises at least one layer of lead having thickness of 0.25-0.5 mm lead equivalent as per regulatory requirements of the high standards for protection from radiation of energy of 130 kVp and 150 kVp. The invention is not limited to those energy levels and may include lead drapes designs to protect against higher or lower levels of radiation. 
         [0079]    An optional sensor attached to the unit may detect a light beam coming from the radiation defector or from the X-ray imager and transmit a signal, to the motors for automatically moving the shield. 
         [0080]    Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. 
         [0081]    Some embodiments of the invention, are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention only, and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary tor a fundamental understanding of the invention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice. 
     
    
     
         [0082]    In the drawings: 
           [0083]      FIG. 1  schematically depicts medical system with a movable shield apparatus  100   a.  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0084]      FIG. 2  schematically depicts some details of a movable shield apparatus for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0085]      FIG. 3  schematically depicts medical system with a movable shield, apparatus  100   b  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel according to another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0086]      FIG. 4  schematically depicts another view of medical system with a movable shield apparatus for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel seen in  FIG. 3  according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0087]      FIG. 5  schematically depicts medical system, with a movable shield apparatus for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel having motorized motion according to another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0088]      FIG. 6  schematically depicts medical system with shield apparatus for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel having extendable, self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket, according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0089]      FIG. 7  schematically depicts some details of the apparatus for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel having extendable, self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket, according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0090]      FIG. 8  schematically depicts a cross sectional view of the apparatus for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel having extendable, self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket, according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0091]      FIG. 9  schematically a view of the apparatus with one side cover removed, according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
           [0092]      FIG. 10  schematically a view of a supporting spring used in self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket, according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0093]    Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details set forth in the following description or exemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. 
         [0094]    The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, and “having” together with their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”. 
         [0095]    The term “consisting of” has the same meaning as “including and limited to”. 
         [0096]    The term “consisting essentially of” means that the composition, method or structure may include additional ingredients, steps and/or parts, but only if the additional ingredients, steps and/or parts do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition, method or structure. 
         [0097]    As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof. 
         [0098]    Throughout this application, various embodiments of this invention may be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an. inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. 
         [0099]    It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context, of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements. 
         [0100]    In discussion of the various figures described herein below, like numbers refer to like parts. The drawings are generally not to scale. For clarity, non-essential elements were omitted from some of the drawing. 
         [0101]      FIG. 1  schematically depicts medical system with a movable shield apparatus  100   a  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel according to an exemplary embodiment of me current invention. 
         [0102]    System  10  is a fluoroscopy or cineangiography system as known an used for medical imaging and for performing diagnostics of interventional procedure which was improved by installing a movable shield apparatus  100   a  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention. It should be noted that movable shield apparatus  100   a.  may be installed as upgrade to existing fluoroscopy or cineangiography system  10 , or be integrated during design and manufacturing of such system. 
         [0103]    Only the essential components of system  10  are discussed herein. System  10  comprises an X-ray C-arm unit  11  having a base  12 , and a movable arc  13 . Arc  13  carries X-ray tube  14  on one end and X-ray imager  15  on its other end. For drawing clarify, other parts of the X-ray imager, such as the electronics, optional cables. ECG connections, display, controls, and alkies were omitted from this and next drawings, an X-ray beam  17  is generated at the focal point within the X-ray tube  14 , traverse the patient  30  and the X-ray transparent table  21  on which the patient is positioned, exits the patient as partially absorbed X-ray beam  18  and finely absorbed and detected by X-ray imager  15 . 
         [0104]    The patient  30  (not seen in some of drawings) is positioned on a movable bed  20  having a base  22  and table  21  made of X-ray transparent material, in this figure, X-ray tube  14  is seen above patient  30 , however, rotating arc  13  may position the X-ray imager  15  above the patient. 
         [0105]    As discussed in the background section, a substantial portion of X-ray beam  17  is scattered within the patient  30  by the tissue of the patient and scatters into random directions, thus posing health hazard to medical personnel standing near the patient. 
         [0106]    In the exemplary embodiment depicted here, movable shield apparatus  100   a  comprises a rail  110  which is connected to table  21 . Ball  110  runs along table  21  along its long edge. A carriage  112  is movably attached to rail. A position adjusting mechanism  114  is connected to cartridge  112  and moves along rail  110  with cartridge  114 . Some additional details of position adjusting mechanism  114  are seen in the following figures. 
         [0107]    It should be noted that optionally, movable shield apparatus  100   a  may be used together with other X-ray shielding devices as known in the following figures. 
         [0108]    In the depicted exemplary embodiment, a rigid X-ray shield  118  is attached to the position adjusting mechanism  114 . Optionally, rigid X-ray shield  118  is attached to the position adjusting mechanism  114  at pivot  120  such that rigid X-ray shield  118  may swing upwards (as seen in this figure) for easy access to the patient as well as easy loading and discharging of patient  30 . Rigid X-ray shield  118  is optionally made of optically transparent material such as lead glass or acrylic such as available for example at MarShield 4140 Morris Drive, Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Alternatively, rigid X-ray shield  118  may be made of lead or tungsten or other X-ray opaque material. It should be noted that rigid X-ray shield  118  may be made as semi rigid, or as a flexible radio-opaque blanket stretched over a rigid frame. 
         [0109]    Optionally, shield apparatus  100   a  further comprises flexible or rigid X-ray shielding blanket or strips  130   a  and  130   b  are used for blocking scattered X-ray radiation from escaping the gap between rigid X-ray shield  118  and rail  110 . 
         [0110]    Optionally, cartridge  112  may be locked in position to rail  110 . Optionally, cartridge  112  is fitted a quick release handle  116  to allow fast unlocking of the carriage  112  from rail  110  and moving the entire movable shield apparatus  100   a  along rail  110 , for example such that such that rigid X-ray shield  118  is positioned over the patient&#39;s legs, and immediate medical attention may be given to patient  30  without the need to remove the patient from bed  20 . Alternatively, fast access to patient  30  is possible by bringing rigid X-ray shield  118  to upward position seen in this figure, or both. 
         [0111]    In the exemplary embodiment depleted here, movable shield apparatus  100   a  further comprises at least one visual indicator  140 , for example a visible laser or an LED that generates a light beam  142 . Beam  142  is situated to mark the edge of X-ray beam  17  and is used by the operator to ensure that X-ray beam  17  is not obscured by rigid shield (or other shields used in this invention) without having to turn on the C-arm unit  11  and expose the patient and the medical personnel to harmful X-ray radiation. 
         [0112]    Optionally, a light sensor  199  is used for detecting light beam  142  and indicates that shield  118  is near or within the X-ray beam  17 . Alternatively, sensor  199  in an X-ray sensor, adapted to detect X-ray emitted from the X-ray source and to distinguish between such intense X-ray beam from the weaker scattered radiation. By advancing the shield and the sensor to the edge of the X-ray beam ( 17  and  18 ), adequate protection from scattered radiation and minimal interference with the X ray imaging may be achieved. Specifically, sensor  199  may be useful for automatically positioning the shield when the apparatus is motorized such as seen in  FIG. 5  and  FIGS. 6-9 . 
         [0113]      FIG. 2  schematically depicts some details of a movable shield apparatus for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
         [0114]      FIG. 2  schematically depicts the optional connector  211  that connects rail  110  to stretcher  21 . Optionally, rail  110  may be connected in other ways to the stretcher or other parts of bed  20 . The connection may optionally use fasteners to secure the rail to the bed. Optionally the rail may be removed for cleaning or when not needed. Alternatively, rail  110  may be permanently connected to the bed. 
         [0115]    The height of rigid X-ray shield  118  is optionally adjusted by raising or lowering bridge  130  which slides on poles  231   a  and  231   b.  Crank  214 , turning screw  215  may be used for adjusting the height. Optional locking screws  216   a  and  216   b  may be used for securing bridge  130  to poles  131   a  and  131   b  respectively, 
         [0116]    In the depicted exemplary embodiment, rigid X-ray shield  118  may be set in upward position (as seen in  FIG. 1 ) or in lower (operational) position (as seen in  FIG. 2 ) by means of at least one pivot  120  (for drawing clarity, only one of the two pivots is marked in this figure). Optionally, a securing pin (not seen in this figure) is inserted to holes  121  and  122 , thus securing the rigid X-ray shield  118  in the upward position. 
         [0117]    If is noted that a man skilled in the art of mechanical engineering may find equivalent ways to provide at least some of the degrees of freedom of X-ray shield  118  in respect to the patient such as: linear motion along the bed, height above the bed, and orientation. 
         [0118]      FIG. 3  schematically depicts medical system with a movable shield apparatus  100   b  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel according to another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
         [0119]    Movable shield apparatus  100   b  is similar in its construction and operation to the apparatus  100   a  of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , and thus only some of the differences will be disclosed herein. 
         [0120]    In this exemplary embodiment, rail  110  which spans substantially the entire length of stretcher  21  is replaced with a shorted rail  310 , Shorter rail  310  may optionally be connected to stretcher  21  in one location, or be moved along the stretcher depending on the patient size, positioning and the type of medical procedure. Shorter rail  310  may be lighter and thus easier to mount and removed. 
         [0121]    In this exemplary embodiment, rigid X-ray shield  118  is replaced with two arms  318   a  and  318   b  which are connected to bridge  130  and are used for supporting an X-ray opaque blanket (not seen in this figure) that blocks the scattered X-ray photons from the patient. 
         [0122]    In the depicted exemplary embodiment, arms  318   a  and  318   b  are attached to bridge  130  without pivots  120 . However, it should be noted that pivots may be used for providing upward position to arms  318   a  and  318   b.  Operationally, more than two arms may be used for supporting the X-ray opaque blanket. Optionally, arms  318   x  (x stands for a, b, etc) may be connected together such that their orientation is kept the same in the case a pivot is used. 
         [0123]    Optionally, arms  318   x  may comprise a curved section  319   x  for keeping the blanket away from the patient. Optionally, curved section  319   x  are made of flexible or elastic material. 
         [0124]      FIG. 4  schematically depicts another view of medical system with a movable shield apparatus  100   b  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel seen in  FIG. 3  according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
         [0125]    In this figure, X-ray opaque blanket  410  is seen draped over arms  318   x.  Optional X-ray shielding blanket or strips  130   x  are seen as part of blanket  410 , and the notch between them is used for passing screw  215 . 
         [0126]    In this figure X-ray tube  14  is positioned, below the bed  21  and X-ray imager  115  is positioned above the bed. Optionally at least one visual indicator  440   a,  attached to the X-ray imager  115  is used to produce the at least one a light beam  442   a.  Beam  142   a  is situated to mark the edge of X-ray beam  18  and is used by the operator to ensure that X-ray beam  18  is not obscured by blanket  410  (or other shields used in this invention) without, having to turn on the C-arm unit  11  and expose the patient and the medical personnel to harmful X-ray radiation. Optionally additional visual indicators  440   x  (such as the depicted indicator  440   b ) are used to produce the additional light beams  442   x  marking other edges of X-ray beam  18 . For example, Indicator  440   x  may be located at all four comers of X-ray imager  115 . 
         [0127]      FIG. 5  schematically depicts medical system with a movable shield apparatus  100   c  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel having motorized motion according to another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
         [0128]    Movable shield apparatus  100   c  is similar in its construction and. operation to the apparatus  100   a  and  100   b  of  FIGS. 1 to 4 , and thus only some of the differences will be disclosed herein, it should be noted that any of embodiments  100   a  and  100   b  and combination, thereof may be motorized. 
         [0129]    Seen in this figure is the optional at least one fastener  510  that secures the rail ( 310 ,  110 ) to stretcher  21 . 
         [0130]    Elevation of arms  318   x  may be adjusted by motorized, actuator  520  connected to the arm via bridge  530  on one side and to bridge  112  on the other side. Optionally, actuator  510  is a hydraulic piston or pneumatic piston. In the figure, hose connection  5599  is schematically seen. Alternatively actuator  520  is an electric motor with a nut and screw combination. For drawing clarity, other essential or optional parts of the actuation system such as controls components, power supply, pump, connecting cables or hoses, safety elements and the likes are not seen In this figure. 
         [0131]    Position of carriage  112  along rail  310  ( 110 ) may be adjusted by motorized actuator  540  connected, with connectors  588  to the rail on one side, and via joint  545  to carriage  112  on the other side. Optionally, actuator  540  may be a hydraulic cylinder and piston or pneumatic piston. In the figure, hose connection  577  is schematically seen. Alternatively, actuator  540  is an electric motor with a nut and screw combination. For drawing clarity, other essential or optional parts of the actuation system such as controls components, power supply, pump, connecting cables or hoses, safety elements and the likes are not seen in this figure. 
         [0132]    Optionally, joint  545  is connected to cartridge  112  by a quick release connector such as protrusion in a notch assembly  547 . By disconnecting actuator  540  from bridge  112  the entire bridge and X-ray shield may be moved along the rail for rapid access to the patient. 
         [0133]    Optionally, handle  116  is missing. 
         [0134]      FIG. 6  schematically depicts medical, system  100   d  with shield apparatus  600  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel, having extendable, self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket, according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
         [0135]      FIG. 7  schematically depicts some details of apparatus  600  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel having extendable, self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket  810 , according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. In this figure the outer cover  812  of dispenser body  650  of apparatus  600 , and the X-ray opaque blanket  810  are not drawn to reveal some internal elements 
         [0136]      FIG. 8  schematically depicts a cross sectional view of apparatus  600  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel having extendable, self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket, according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
         [0137]      FIG. 9  schematically a view of apparatus  600  with one side cover removed, according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
         [0138]      FIG. 10  schematically a view supporting spring  900 , used in self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket  810 , according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention. 
         [0139]    Referring now to  FIGS. 6-10 , system  100   d  comprises a C-arm unit  11  and a bed  20  having a table  21  as disclosed above. The inventive shield apparatus having extendable, self-supporting X-ray opaque blanket  600  for reducing radiation exposure of medical personnel, according to yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention is attached to the patient table  21 . Shield apparatus  600  is connected to table  21  by base  601  which attaches to table  21  using screws  602 . 
         [0140]    Pole  630  is inserted into a matching hole  691  in base  601  such that the pole may move up and down in respect to the base  601  within hole  691 . Optionally, pole  630  may swivel within hole  691 . Optional spring  604 , at least partially support the weight, of the device, making it easier to raise the device, and preventing or reducing the probability of the device failing on the patient when attempting to adjust its height Locking ring  605 , or other locking mechanism such as fastener  633  may be used to lock the pole  630  to base  601  at a desired height. For example, ring  605  may be looked to pole  630  by inserting pin  695  into one of a plurality of holes in pole  630  (holes in pole are not seen in the figure). Optionally, pole  630  may rotate in hole  691  to swing the device away from the patient to allow immediate or emergency access to the patient, or easy dismount of the patient from the table. 
         [0141]    Optionally, pole  630  has a bent  603  on which the dispenser  650  for X-ray opaque blanket is connected. Optionally, dispenser  650  is connected to pole  630  by a swivel joint  606  that allows rotating the dispenser  650  as needed. Optional swivel lock  616  may be used for locking the swivel joint  606  against inadvertent swivel. 
         [0142]    Dispenser  650  comprises a cylindrical outer cover  812  and two side walls  608  and  609 . X-ray opaque blanket  810  is wrapped around, the retracting motor  606 , and is attached to the retracting motor at its proximal end. By Clock Wise (CW) rerating of retracting motor  696 , blanket  810  is pulled back into dispenser  650 . The distal end of blanket  810  extends out of the body of dispenser  650  through an opening  814  In the cover  812 . Blanket  810  rests on extending rotor  612  which may rotate in a Counter Clock Wise (CCW) direction to extend blanket  810  out of the dispenser  605 . Preferably, extending rotor  612  is 4 mm in diameter. Motorized rotation of extending rotor  612  is done by activation of extending motor  712 . Pressure rotor  813  keeps blanket  810  in contact with extending rotor  612 . 
         [0143]    X-ray opaque blanket  810  comprises a plurality of reed springs  910  that keeps the blanket in horizontal position when, extended, yet allow the blanket to bend as it wrapped around retracting motor  696 . X-ray opaque blanket  810  further comprises a flexible sheet of X-ray opaque material as known in the art, and a plastic cover (these elements are not marked in the drawing for drawing clarity). Reed springs  910  are in the shape of elongated metal strips having a trough shape such as seen in  FIG. 10  and as used in retractable measuring tapes. It was verified that a commercially available retractable measuring tape may support up to 15 kilogram. The number of reed springs  910  may be determined according to the length of blanket  810  and its weight. Lip  607  help supporting blanket  810  in horizontal position when extended out of dispenser  650 . 
         [0144]    Controls of motors  712  and  696  may be done with manual switches, a remote control or foot pedals (not seen in these figures for drawing clarity). Optionally, manual levers (not seen in these figures) may be used for manually retracting (and optionally for extending) blanket  810  in case of power failure or motor dysfunction. 
         [0145]    Optionally, a light sensor  919  is used for detecting light beam  142  and indicates that blanket  810  is near or within the X-ray beam  17 . Specifically, sensor  919  may be useful for automatically positioning blanket  810  by commanding motors  696  and  712 , or for automatically repositioning blanket  810  after adjusting the C-arm  11 . Alternatively, sensor  919  in an X-ray sensor, adapted to detect X-ray emitted from the X-ray source and to distinguish between such intense X-ray beam from the weaker scattered radiation. By advancing the shield and the sensor to the edge of the X-ray-beam ( 17  and  18 ), adequate protection from scattered radiation and minimal interference wish the X-ray imaging may be achieved. 
         [0146]    In yet another exemplary embodiment, control of the location of the shield along the bed is achieved by observing the X-ray image. The shield is actuated to move toward the C arm  11  until some blocking of the X-ray beam is observer, and away from C arm  11  if no blocking of the X-ray beam is observer. Optionally, the control is automatic and is performed by an image processing unit. 
         [0000]    Proof of concept and experimental verification: 
         [0147]    Experiments were performed at sunnybrook health sciences centre—Toronto, Ontario, Canada by Dr. Osherov Azriel and Normand Robert. These experiments support the ability of lead rectangle to reduce the radiation emitted from the patient towards the operator. 
         [0148]    Below is a summary of few of the important experiments and published manuscripts that support the idea that covering part of the patient surface area in the catheterization laboratory will reduce the exposure to scattered radiation to the medical personnel in the room. 
         [0149]    i) Since 2009, Dr. Osherov developed a novel lead rectangle to help reduce the scattered radiation exposure in the catheterization laboratory. An unfortunate early death of a close colleague who died from left side brain tumor (glioblastoma multiforme), apparently due to almost 18 years of radiation exposure, led Dr. Osherov to invest time and effort developing ways to solve the problem. A recent paper (Roguin et al) reported new cases and reviewed the literature describing many interventional cardiologists who died from brain tumor. With the help of Dr. Normand Robert a lead rectangle was shown to be efficient in reducing the radiation exposure. The first studies were done using conventional fluoroscopy equipment and the RANDO® phantom. The radiation was detected by several dosimeters at different distances (50 and 100 cm) from the radiation beam. A lead skirt (two layers of 0.25 mm) was folded into the shape of a lead rectangle shield with final dimensions of 60×100 cm. This shield was used to cover the phantom&#39;s “umbilicus” and down. A summarization, of the result is presented here. In a cranial (25 degrees) Anterior-Posterior projection, there was a 93.5% reduction at 50 cm from the beam (121.4±16.9 vs. 7.9±2.5 mRem), and 69.5% reduction at 100 cm distance (32.7±1.4 vs. 10.0±2.0 mRem) respectively. In a left anterior-oblique projection (39 degrees with 26 degrees cranial), more than 90% reduction was demonstrated at 50 and 100 cm from the radiation beam respectively (123.5±26.4 to 14±17.9 and 74.9±17.9 to 2.4±5.9 mRem respectively). In a cumulative dose of DAP of 60,000 cGy/Cm 2  in three views a similar significant reduction in scattered radiation was noted: 95% and 82.3% at 50 and 100 cm respectively (302.8±26.8 to 15±21.8 and 156±19.9 to 21.4±1.4 mRem). 
         [0150]    Few advantages of the invention (movable X-ray shield apparatus) over a simple lead rectangle are presented here. 
         [0151]    1) In caudal views, there are times when the simple rectangle obstruct the radiation field, and need to be moved. According to embodiments of the current invention, moving the device according to the light/laser beam and or radiation detector will prevent obstructing the radiation beam and the fluoroscopy image in any view taken. 
         [0152]    2) The simple lead rectangle will cover the patient from the umbilicus and down thus leaving large part of the patient uncovered (e.g., the chest) which is a source for scattered radiation. This will be blocked or absorbed using the patent. 
         [0153]    Both the lead rectangle and the patent describe can be made sterile with the use of a simple sterile nylon bag thus making the device compatible with the most restricted infection control regulation used today in the catheterization laboratory. 
         [0154]    ii) Lange et al, using a pelvic lead shielding, studied the reduction of operator radiation exposure during cardiac catheterization via the radial access in comparison with the femoral access. They demonstrated For radial access, operator dose decreased from 20.9±13.8 μSv to 9.0±5.4 μSv, p&lt;0.0001 with pelvic lead shielding. For femoral access, it decreased from 15.3±10.4 μSv to 2.9±2.7 μSv, p&lt;0.0001. Their results showed that pelvic lead shielding is highly effective in reducing operator radiation exposure for radial as well as femoral procedures. However, despite its use, radial, access remains associated with a higher operator radiation dose. The caveats with the “pelvic lead shielding” are: 1) It might obstruct the image during fluoroscopy causing increase in radiation given to the patient and medical personnel. 2) There is less protection for radial access procedures probably due to holes in the lead shielding in the femoral access area. 3) Due to the femoral access holes and the need for a complex sterile bag design there are infection control issues that were not answered in the paper published. 
         [0155]    iii) Radpad® scatter protection is a sterile, disposable bismuth-barium radiation shield drape measure 30×40 cm that should be able to decrease the dose of operator radiation during diagnostic and interventional procedures. Politi el al. using the Radpad® demonstrated that the mean total radiation exposure to the operator was lower when Radpad was utilized (282.8±32.55 μSv vs. 367.8±105.4 μSv, P&lt;0.0001) corresponding to a 23% total reduction. The main Caveat of this Radpad® drape 1) its small area (30×40 cm) covering only small portion of the patient area leading to a smaller redaction in radiation detected/exposure. 2) The Radpad® needs to be moved manually if it is obstructing the image during fluoroscopy, 3) The device is disposable and cannot be reused. 
         [0156]    Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident, that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention.