Abstract:
A crimpable magnesium sleeve for securing a suture within the body and for dissolving over time while introducing only compatible amounts of magnesium into the body. An instrument for placing such a sleeve on a suture crimping the sleeve and cutting the suture after placement. An alloy of magnesium, zinc, and aluminum may be used to form the sleeve.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    None. 
       STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
       [0002]    None. 
       NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
       [0003]    None. 
       REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING” 
       [0004]    None. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    1. Field of the Invention 
         [0006]    This invention relates generally to crimpable metal sleeves used to remotely secure sutures, and more particularly to such sleeves made from magnesium and its alloys. 
         [0007]    2. Description of Related Art 
         [0008]    A surgeon&#39;s ability to hand tie a secure knot in a suture is severely compromised in many minimally invasive surgical procedures. When absorbable sutures are preferred at remote tissue sites, it would be a significant advance to be able to readily create a strong, safe, low profile absorbable knot. 
         [0009]    Less invasive therapeutic interventions are most beneficial when the desired physiological or surgical outcome can be achieved with the least amount of iatrogenic trauma to the patient. For example, advances in laparoscopic surgery have proven to be advantageous relative to traditional open surgical procedures, which often require large skin incisions and significant tissue manipulation just to view the surgical site. Both the patient and society benefit from effective minimally invasive surgical procedures by demonstrated reductions in patient pain, hospital stays and recovery time, as well as in the related medical costs. 
         [0010]    It is well recognized that advances in minimally invasive surgery require advances in the technology available to physicians to enable effective interventions through size limited access sites. With specialized equipment and imaging methods, hemostatic tissue dissections, specimen removal, wound closure, etc. can often be realized with minimal damage or disruption to surrounding tissues. Over the past several decades, improvements to laparoscopes, video imaging equipment, trocar access ports, surgical insufflation and irrigation systems, graspers, scissors, cautery devices and suturing and stapling devices for wound closer have led to improved patient outcomes. 
         [0011]    For most surgeons, however, the remote hand tying of knots in suture through small access ports remains a significant challenge. Laparoscopic hand tying of sutures has been compared to trying to tie one&#39;s shoes with chopsticks. 
         [0012]    There have been many prior art attempts to circumvent the need for the knotting of suture. Such prior art devices have essentially been staples, clips, clamps or other fasteners (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,041,127; 5,080,663; 5,021,059; 4,841,888; 4,741,330; 4,724,840; 4,705,040; 4,669,473; 4,627,437; 4,448,194; 4,039,078; 4,235,238; 4,006,747; 3,875,648; 5,085,661). However, the devices described in the above listed patents do not provide or anticipate the potential advantages of a safe and effective absorbable Magnesium Knot. 
         [0013]    Non-absorbable Titanium Knots® delivered through sterile 5 mm Ti-KNOT® TK laparoscopic devices (LSI SOLUTIONS®, Victor, New York, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,520,702; 5,643,289; 5,669,917; 6,368,334; 6,641,592; 7,235,086) are a currently well accepted commercial alternative to hand tying remote surgical knots. The Titanium Knot® product is based on a surgical crimping technology that deforms a non-absorbable, malleable hollow titanium tube over suture strands to hold them together. 
         [0014]    A very recently published study (Chi T. An Ex-Vivo Evaluation of the Application and Strength of a Novel Laparoscopic Knot Substitute Device. J Endourol 24(1):95-98), compared the suture holding strength of traditional hand tied laparoscopic surgical knots (mean tensile strengths 53.0 N, range 27.0-74.9 N) to four different commercially available “laparoscopic knot substitute devices.” Note these authors failed to include the very strong, low profile Titanium Knot®, which has been commercially available for over a decade. 
         [0015]    The knots tested in this paper included the Suturelock®, ANPA, San Mateo, Calif., mean tensile strength 14.7 N; Lapra-Ty* devices, Ethicon Endosurgery, Piscataway, N.J., 6.1 N; Hem-O-Lock clips, Weck Closure Systems, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 5.4 N; and an unspecified titanium clip, 3.0 N. The authors of this paper note that the hand tied knots “had substantially higher tensile strengths than any of the knot substitutes (P&lt;0.001 for all)” they tested. While the knots tested in the above study were less than half the strength of hand tied suture knots and below USP standards for minimal average knot strength, Titanium Knots® tested under these conditions would have yielded knot strengths comparable to those of hand tied knots. 
         [0016]    Healing wounds often require foreign materials, such as non-absorbable polymeric suture or stainless steel staples, clips and knots to provide structural integrity during the initial acute phases of healing. However, in many applications, long-term healing is best enabled without permanent residual foreign bodies. Surgeons frequently elect to use absorbable sutures, such as braided sutures made of polyglycolic acid (PGA) or monofilament sutures made of polydioxanone (PDO), to avoid risks of future discomfort, infection or stone formation instigated by the long-term presence of foreign materials. For remote minimally invasive procedures, when hand tying suture is a difficult option, Titanium Knots® are frequently used in association with both non-absorbable and absorbable suture materials. 
         [0017]    The suture loops created by hand tying knots in absorbable suture materials simply biodegrade or re-absorb over time along with the rest of the remaining suture material. When used with an absorbable suture, a Titanium Knot® is left permanently near the wound closure site after the suture material has re-absorbed. 
         [0018]    In addition to non-bioabsorbable metals for surgical knots, Sauer (U.S. Pat. No. 5,669,917) proposed a knot-securing member fabricated from a bioabsorbable polymer such as a homopolymer, copolymer or a blend obtained from one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of glycolic acid, lactide, lactic acid ρ-dioxanne, E-caprolactone and trimethylene carbide. However, multiple attempts of using such bioabsorbable polymers in this application, they have not proved to be an acceptable option. Lapra-Ty* clips can be made of absorbable polymers, but their bulkiness and inherent weakness raises questions regarding their efficacy in critical wound closure applications. To get the suture holding force strength minimally required by United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards, remotely deployable polymeric-based absorbable knots are simply too big, bulky, and difficult to deploy to be useful in most surgical applications so far. 
         [0019]    Magnesium is a remarkable material in a number of relevant ways. While pure magnesium is quite flammable and too rapidly dissolved in the human body, some magnesium alloys have long been recognized for their potential use for non-permanent surgical applications. E. D. McBride first published a paper in 1938. He postulated the exciting opportunity to use this strong metal for internal fixation of fractured bones; the magnesium implant would absorb over time rather than require explantation (McBride E. Absorbable Metal in Bone Surgery. JAMA 8;111(27):2464-2467). Strogenov in 1972 noted some improvements to magnesium using cadmium for surgical orthopedic application (U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,135). Interest in magnesium&#39;s implantation for orthopedic applications has waxed and waned throughout the subsequent decades: currently, there are no known commercially available reabsorbable magnesium orthopedic products anywhere in the world. 
         [0020]    First reported in 2003, Heublein suggested employing various magnesium based vascular stents to temporarily hold a vessel open during healing (e.g. for opening coronary arteries). (Heublein B. Biocorrosion of Magnesium Alloys: A New Principle in Cardiovascular Implant Technology? Heart 2003;89(6):651-656). Zartner reported in 2005, the first biodegradable stent in the pulmonary artery of an infant (Zartner P. First Successful Implantation of a Biodegradable Metal Stent into the Left Pulmonary of a Preterm Baby. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. Dec 2005;66(4):590-594.) In 2006, Erne reported, the clinical trials of bioabsorbable vascular stents (Erne M. The Road to Bioabsorbable Stents: Reaching Clinical Reality? Cardiovasc Intervent Radio! 2006;29:11-16.) To our knowledge again, however, no magnesium-based bioabsorbable stents are currently commercially available. 
         [0021]    While the use of magnesium alloys for orthopedic structural implants and bio-absorbable stents have been previously reported by others to hold living tissue together (e.g., fractured bones) or apart (e.g., diseased arterial walls), to our knowledge, until now, no one has suggested the surgical use of magnesium alloys to hold non-native foreign materials (i.e., exogenous materials, not intrinsic to the body) like suture. In addition, for previous magnesium alloy medical applications, while all others have proposed using solid rods, wires and screws, our group is the first to describe the use of hollow magnesium components that are crimped together to hold suture materials. In other words, the use of hollow magnesium alloys to temporarily hold together exogenous materials is a new application not obvious to others over the past seven decades; until now, no one has suggested the use of magnesium for absorbable suture knots. 
         [0022]    To be clinically relevant, an absorbable knot must be made of a material that has acceptable biocompatibility and excellent strength profiles over specific time periods. Magnesium is found throughout nature and is considered an essential component of the human body. The therapeutic potential of “Epsom salts” rich in magnesium have been recognized since the 17th century. Magnesium is an alkali earth metal from the second main group of the Periodic Table of Elements. This silvery white metal is the eighth most abundant element comprising 2.7% of the earth&#39;s crust and 0.13% of sea water. About 30 grams of magnesium is found in a healthy human, mostly in muscle and bone. The U.S. Government has recommended a regular daily adult allowance of magnesium intake of 420 mg/day for males and 320 mg/day for females. 
         [0023]    While the degeneration of magnesium by material corrosion, fatigue, erosion, etc., are affected by body variables like temperature, pH, proteins, fluid flows, etc., magnesium alloy mechanical properties can remain substantially strong enough to hold suture together long enough for many healing requirements. Magnesium has the highest strength to weight ratio of all structural metals. Magnesium is 36% lighter per unit volume than aluminum and 78% lighter than iron, both of which are not considered readily biocompatible. Magnesium (˜1.8 g/cm 3 ) is substantially less dense than titanium materials (4.5-4.7 g/cm 3 ). Magnesium based materials are available in a wide range of mechanical properties. Magnesium can be machined, cast, formed, welded, heat treated and annealed. 
         [0024]    Today&#39;s most widely produced magnesium alloy grade is ASTM AZ31 B. A common example is AZ31 B-F magnesium alloy, where the last letter designates the “temper,” which here indicates “Fabricated,” contains 3% aluminum and 1% zinc by weight and has a tensile strength of 260.0 MPa. Other preferred magnesium alloys incorporate small percentages of rare earth metals and or zirconium and yttrium. Multiple published reports address biocompatibility and relative strength of AZ31 B and other alloys in orthopedic and cardiac applications (Witte F. In Vivo Corrosion of four Magnesium Alloys and the Associated bone Response. Biomaterials 2005;(26):3557-3563. Yibin R. Preliminary Study of Biodegradation of AZ31 B Magnesium Alloy. Front Mater Sci China 2007; (4):401-404. Liu K. Study on Biocompatibility of AZ31 B Magnesium Alloy in Mice. China Biotech 2008;28(3):63-67. Cui F. Calcium Phosphate Coating on Magnesium Alloy for Modification of Degradation Behavior. Front Mater Sci China 2008;2(2):143-148. YaoHua H. Biocompatibility of Bio-Mg—Zn All Within Bone with Heart, Liver, Kidney and Spleen. Chinese Science Bulletin February 2009;54(3):484-491.) 
       BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0025]    A significant clinical need exists for a means for providing a strong, low profile bioabsorbable knot for surgical suture left at some remote wound closure sites. The minimally invasive surgeon cannot simply hand tie knots in absorbable suture at remote sites as is easily achievable in open surgery. While crimped, non-absorbable titanium sleeves have proved highly effective at securing suture together, they remain permanently within the patient. Bioabsorbable polymeric materials have not proved strong or durable enough for reliable, low profile, easy deployment for this application. The present invention is a novel development utilizing biocompatible, malleable, strong and absorbable alloys of magnesium to effectively place an automated remote suture knot that does not remain forever as a permanent foreign material at the suture site. 
         [0026]    Our search for a biocompatible malleable and yet strong material for a surgical knot substitute led to the successful evaluation of the metal magnesium in certain alloys. Our research has produced a variety of Magnesium Knots and their delivery devices that have been successfully developed and tested in pre-clinical models. Several Magnesium Knots yielded encouraging results when tested under simulated human body conditions, in human cadavers and in-vivo porcine healing models. 
         [0027]    In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a magnesium alloy knot made from AZ31B alloy maintained the ability to hold suture together for a sufficient duration under simulated physiologic conditions. In this embodiment, the Magnesium Knot was shaped like a hollow mushroom and weighed approximately 5.2 grams. This embodiment of a Magnesium Knot has a wall thicknesses about 15% thicker than our current Titanium Knot®. 
         [0028]    In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the hammer and anvil structures in the distal tip of the Titanium Knot® crimper are modified to decrease the crimping depth and eliminate corners that concentrate stresses so that crimping between the hammer and anvil did not cause cracking of the Magnesium Knot. 
         [0029]    In accordance with another aspect of this invention, the finished Magnesium Knots are rapidly heated in an argon gas environment to 650° F. and maintained at that temperature for two hours. The Knots are then cooled gradually to room temperature over approximately four hours. 
         [0030]    Magnesium Knots made from other combinations of alloys and with thinner walls or not including the custom heat treats tended to crack during the crimping process. Such cracks rapidly degraded the structural integrity of a Magnesium Knot under physiologic conditions, leading to rapid loss of suture holding strength. This rapid loss yielded knots that would fail before tissue would have time to heal. 
         [0031]    These preferred embodiments have acceptable characteristics and positive results in table top testing and in human cadaver models and have lead to further testing in in-vivo porcine models. Using laparoscopic techniques, 41 Magnesium Knots were placed at varying tissue sites securing a variety of suture types in the abdominal cavities of three pigs. These knots were subsequently harvested at one, two and three week intervals post-op. Successful healing was demonstrated at gastric, urinary bladder and uterine tissue sites. Magnesium Knots, placed both from the inside and the outside of the urinary bladder, were also effective over this critical three week time interval in closing wounds in the bladder wall. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING 
         [0032]      FIG. 1A  is a perspective view of a Magnesium Knot within its delivery device over suture approaching a wound closure site. 
           [0033]      FIG. 1B  is a close-up perspective view of a Magnesium Knot and suture now shown with its delivery device hidden. 
           [0034]      FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view showing an un-crimped Magnesium Knot in the distal end of its delivery device positioned over suture upon apposed tissue edges. 
           [0035]      FIG. 2B  is a cross-sectional view of a crimped Magnesium Knot within the distal end of its delivery device still positioned upon opposed tissue edges, but now with suture tails cut. 
           [0036]      FIG. 3A  shows a crimped Magnesium Knot immediately after release from its delivery device securing suture together to hold tissue wound edges in apposition. 
           [0037]      FIG. 3B  shows a Magnesium Knot and its suture partially absorbed during an early phase of wound healing. 
           [0038]      FIG. 3C  shows the wound healing site at a later phase of wound healing after the Magnesium Knot and suture are no longer present. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0039]    Referring to  FIG. 1A , the Magnesium Knot  10  in accordance with an aspect of the present invention is shown in perspective view held within the distal tip of it delivery device  24 , which also provides a suture exit hole  26 . The relationship between a suture loop  12  and the Magnesium Knot  10  is illustrated to show the suture loop coursing and looping through both an apposing edge  14  of the left side of tissue wound segment  16  and a corresponding apposing edge  18  of the right side of tissue wound segment  20 . Note that by advancing the Magnesium Knot  10  toward tissue segments  16  and  20  and by pulling the suture tails  22 , the wound edges  14  and  18  can be drawn together into intimate apposition to optimize healing. Also note that a tubular cannula  28  is shown to illustrate a device through which the Magnesium Knot delivery device  24  and suture tails  22  can pass into the patient. 
         [0040]      FIG. 1B  shows a close-up of the Magnesium Knot  10  and suture  12 ,  22  of  FIG. 1A  now with the tip of its delivery device  24  hidden to reveal the course of the suture as it passes through the Magnesium Knot  10  through the inside of its delivery device and out through the suture hole  26 . 
         [0041]    For example, one preferred magnesium alloy knot embodiment, made from AZ31B alloy, maintained the ability to hold suture together for a sufficient duration under simulated physiologic conditions. In this embodiment, the Magnesium Knot was shaped like a hollow mushroom and weighed approximately 5.2 grams. While generally similar in shape to our current commercialized Titanium Knot®, this embodiment of a Magnesium Knot required wall thicknesses about 15% thicker than our current Titanium Knot®. This embodiment also required the shapes of the hammer and anvil structures in the distal tip of the Titanium Knot® crimper to be rounded and the depth of crimping reduced so that crimping between the hammer anvil did not cause cracking of the Magnesium Knot. It further required the development of a customized heat treating process to avoid cracking during crimping. For example, in accordance with an exemplary heat treating process, the finished Magnesium Knots are rapidly heated in an argon gas environment to at least 600° F., preferably 650° F. and maintained at that temperature for at least one hour, preferably two hours. The Knots are then cooled gradually to room temperature over approximately two hours, more preferably four hours. 
         [0042]    When applied to 2-0 absorbable suture bathed at body temperature in a physiologic solution model, this Magnesium Knot&#39;s holding strength exceeded the holding strength requirement of 1.44 kg tensile strength on the USP non-absorbable suture for up to two weeks (i.e., 6.8, 5.4, 3.8, 3.6, 3.5 and 2.3 kg f at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days, respectively). Note, each of these magnesium alloy knots would represent approximately 1% and 0.3% of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommended daily allowance for magnesium and zinc, plus about 2% of the estimated average daily adult oral intake of aluminum. 
         [0043]    In accordance with a presently preferred embodiment of this invention for use 2-0 size suture, the overall length of the Magnesium Knot  10  is preferably about 0.130±0.002 inches and the diameter of the mushroom cap or crown is 0.080±0.005 inches. The inside diameter of the elongated tubular portion is preferably about 0.035±0.005 inches and the outside diameter is approximately 0.0520±0.001 inches so that the wall thickness ranges from about 0.0078 to 0.0093 inches. For other suture sizes, the wall thickness will range from 0.002 to 0.019 inches. This is approximately 20% thicker than known knots and provides the characteristics described herein. While these dimensions have produced Knots that hold securely and do not crack, the dimensions may be changed as long as the secure holding and resistance to cracking are maintained. 
         [0044]      FIG. 2A  and  FIG. 2B  show in cross-section the pre-crimped Magnesium Knot  10  and the crimped Magnesium Knot  30 , respectively, held into the distal end of their delivery devices  24 . The distal end of the delivery device consists of a tubular shaft tube  32  which is fixed to a structure providing an immobilized anvil  34  and deployable hammer  36 . 
         [0045]      FIG. 2A  shows mobile hammer  36  holding the un-crimped Magnesium Knot  10  between itself and fixed anvil  34 . Wedge tip  38  with its attached suture blade  40  are in their most proximal position with the Magnesium Knot  10  adjacent to the wound closure site and with tension applied to the suture tails  22  (double arrows), so that the apposing wound edges  14  and  18  of tissue segments  16  and  20  are held together. 
         [0046]      FIG. 2B  shows the now crimped Magnesium Knot  30  compressed between the fixed anvil  34  and the mobile hammer  36 , which was driven down towards the fixed anvil  34  by the distal advancement of wedge tip  38 , thereby compressing Magnesium Knot  30 . The suture blade  40  which advances distally is attached to wedge tip  38  and transects the suture tails  22  above the crimped Magnesium Knot  30 . Upon retraction of wedge tip  38  and its suture blade  40 , the crimped Magnesium Knot  30  and its secured suture loop  12  are released from the delivery device, which is removed from the surgical site. The suture loop  12  is secured by the crimped Magnesium Knot  30  to hold together edges  14  and  18  from tissue segments  16  and  20 . 
         [0047]      FIG. 3A ,  FIG. 3B  and  FIG. 3C  highlight the results of deploying a Magnesium Knot at a wound closure site upon acute deployment, at an intermediate healing stage when the Magnesium Knot and the absorbable suture still provide structural integrity and at a later stage when the healing wound no longer benefits from the presence of the Magnesium Knot or suture, respectively. 
         [0048]      FIG. 3A  shows the crimped Magnesium Knot  30  and the free ends of suture loop  12  soon after deployment. Wound edges  14  and  18  are held together by the Magnesium Knot  30  and suture loop  12  to provide apposition for tissue segments  16  and  20 . 
         [0049]      FIG. 3B  shows the same wound site of  FIG. 3A , but now after the passage of time. The previously separate wound edges have begun to heal together re-establishing the intimate tissue plane  22  between tissue segments  16  and  20 . The partially absorbed Magnesium Knot  50  shows an erosive loss of material along with material loss evident on the absorbing suture  52 . 
         [0050]      FIG. 3C  shows the same wound closure site as shown in  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B  now with all of the foreign magnesium alloy and suture material gone from the site of installation. At this stage, the tissue has remodeled so the previously separated wound edges become an almost indistinguishable healed zone  54 . 
         [0051]    While the invention has been described in connection with several presently preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will recognize that certain modifications and changes may be made therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention which accordingly is intended to be defined solely by the appended claims.