Abstract:
A vehicle battery cable has a plurality of subsidiary or daughter cables where the subsidiary cables have the same length and gauge and exhibit closely matched resistance. The vehicle battery cable connects a plurality of batteries in parallel to a load in a way that each battery carries the same proportion of the load as every other battery.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The technical field relates to cable assemblies for connecting a plurality of batteries to a load. 
     2. Background Description 
     Most batteries installed on internal combustion engine equipped motor vehicles are designed for 12 volt direct current (DC) starter and electrical systems. Heavy duty trucks typically have three or four 12 volt batteries, connected in parallel, to support the cold cranking amperage draw of the starter motor for the vehicle&#39;s diesel engine starter. Some heavy duty trucks which use a 24 volt starter system mixed with a 12 volt electrical system in which parallel and series connections are mixed for a set of 12 volt batteries. 
     Batteries are conventionally connected in parallel by linking like polarity terminals of the battery set using jumper cables. Typically one battery is connected to the next in succession. Battery cables connect the positive and negative terminals of one of the batteries to the load. 
     A conventional motor vehicle battery for an internal combustion engine equipped vehicle is subjected to its highest loads and highest discharge rate when the vehicle&#39;s engine is cranked by a electric starter motor. Rapid discharge of a battery is the likeliest source of internal overheating of a battery, and premature failure of the battery. Experience has shown that in an assembly of parallel connected batteries, the battery having its terminals connected by the battery cables directly to the load is the most likely to fail prematurely, possibly on account of internal overheating. Overheating can stem from a battery carrying a greater part of the starting load, especially during cold cranking of the engine and/or due to more rapid recharging of the battery following starting. Overheating depletes battery cell chemistry and promotes the accumulation of sludge at the bottom of the battery cell closest to the main terminal, potentially shorting out cells within the battery. Excessively quick recharging can reduce water levels in a battery from electrolytic reduction of water into hydrogen and oxygen. 
     In addition, the jumper cables used to connect the batteries to one another are prone to heat damage adjacent the cable&#39;s terminating connectors. 
     Premature battery failure has been addressed by periodically rearranging the order of the batteries in the connection sequence and changing which battery of the group is the one connected by battery cables to the load without an intervening jumper cable. This action periodically changes which battery is subjected to the stresses imposed by being the battery directly connected to the vehicle electrical system and thus supporting the heaviest loads and seeing the fastest recharging cycles. 
     Pre-made cable assemblies are known where a butt splice is introduced to the starter cable and an individual cable assembly for each battery provided. The cable assemblies are cut to different discrete lengths to reach a particular battery location. This approach eliminates the use of jumper cables between batteries, however the resistance in the paths from individual batteries still differs from battery to battery stemming from the different lengths of the subsidiary cable assemblies. 
     SUMMARY 
     An electrical cable comprises an intermediate section having a main conductor sheathed in an insulation layer. One end of the cable divides into four subsidiary or daughter conductors, the subsidiary conductors being sheathed in insulation, electrically connected to the main conductor at one end, and having the same length as one another. The subsidiary conductors are also of the same gauge as one another to exhibit closely matched resistance characteristics to one another. Use of two of the vehicle battery cables provides a parallel connection of a plurality of batteries to a load so that each battery carries the same proportion of the load as the other batteries and the conductive path between each battery and the charging system is closely matched in resistance. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of the parallel connection of a plurality of batteries for a heavy duty motor vehicle using jumper and battery cables. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a parallel connection of a plurality of batteries for a heavy duty motor vehicle using battery cables with equal length daughter cable assemblies. 
         FIG. 3  is a cutaway view of a battery cable with four daughter cable assemblies. 
         FIGS. 4A-B  are cross sections of a stranded/braided battery cable. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, like reference numerals and characters may be used to designate identical, corresponding, or similar components in differing drawing figures. Furthermore, example sizes/values/ranges may be given without intent that these examples be limiting. 
     An example of a conventional parallel connection of four 12 volt batteries  10  to supply power to a starter motor system  12  for a motor vehicle is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . A plurality of bridge/jumper cables  15  connect the positive terminals of batteries A through D. Similarly the negative terminals of batteries  10  are connected successively by jumper cables  15 . Battery cables  14  connect one of the positive terminals and one of the negative terminals of one battery to the vehicle load, here exemplified by the starter motor system  12 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a battery plant  50  of four batteries  10 A,  10 B,  10 C and  10 D is illustrated with an electrical connection to a vehicle starter motor  12  comprising first and second battery cable assemblies  114  and  124 . Battery cable assemblies  114  and  124  provide for connection of the battery terminals  16 A-D and  18 A-D to the battery cables  114  and  124 , respectively, without intervening jumper cables. This is done by differentiating the opposite ends of battery cables  114  and  124 . The end of battery cables  114  and  124  intended for connection to the vehicle electrical system/starter motor assembly  12  is a single stranded or braided conductor  131 ,  133 , respectively. The opposite ends of battery cables  114  and  124 , intended for connection to the battery terminals, are divided into a plurality of daughter cables corresponding to the number of batteries in the battery plant  50 . For the four batteries  10 A-D illustrated in  FIG. 2  battery cable  114  has four daughter cables  114 A-D, connected to positive post/stud terminals  16 A-D. Battery cable  124  divides into four daughter cables  124 A-D for connection to negative terminals  18 A-D, respectively. Each daughter cable  12 A-D may be terminated with a conventional connector (not shown) for attachment to a battery terminal. 
     The daughter cables of a particular battery cable include conductors of the same length, material and gauge. The material is usually copper. The electrical connections between each like polarity terminal and the vehicle electrical system should have nearly the same resistance. Where the batteries are disposed as shown in  FIG. 2 , arranged side by side, and the battery cables  114  and  124  are laid out to approach the resulting array at a midway point along the row of batteries, the daughter cables  114 B and  114 C connected to terminals  16 B and C of the inner batteries and daughter cables  124 B and C connected to terminals  18 B and C are looped to adjust for the surplus length of these daughter cables relative to the daughter cables connected to the end batteries  10 A and D. Using daughter cables of equal length and gauge provides consistent equalization of the resistance path from the batteries to the vehicle electrical bus for varying environmental conditions. The loop pattern adopted may vary to accommodate the direction from which the battery cable approaches a given battery plant, the arrangement of the battery terminals and the arrangement of the batteries. The arrangement assumes that the batteries exhibit the same internal resistance as one another. In a typical vehicle electrical system one battery cable is connected to the starter system and the second to the vehicle chassis or engine block as a ground. 
     Battery cables  114  and  124  may or may not be matched to one another. Where they differ, it will usually be in overall length. Thus, the construction of battery cable  124  may be directly inferred from reference to battery cable  114 . Referring particularly to FIGS.  3  and  4 A-B, battery cable  114  comprises three major sections viewed along its length and excluding terminal connectors: an exposed length of a single stranded conductor  131  including one end of the cable; an intermediate section where the single stranded conductor  131  is sheathed in an insulation layer  80 ; and a section of daughter cable assemblies  114 A-D. Reference to conductor  131  as “stranded” or “braided” refers to a standard method of producing a flexible conductor in cable manufacture. Conductor  131  could also be “bunched”, or, if a high degree of flexibility is not used, even a solid wire. However, a stranded conductor is more easily unbundled into four subsidiary conductors  131 A-D for the four daughter cables  114 A-D. 
     Each sub-conductor  131 A-D includes one fourth of the wires/strands of conductor  131 . Each sub-conductor  131 A-D has the same gauge as the other sub-conductors and each carrier is sheathed in an insulation coat  80 A-D moving away from the juncture of the sub-conductors to form the single conductor  80 . The daughter cables  114 A-D have the same length and, having conductors of the same gauge, are effectively electrically indistinguishable from each other. Batteries connected to a vehicle electrical system using battery cables  114 ,  124  are connected in parallel electrically. The character of the parallel connection is closer to an ideal parallel connection than is obtained using a combination of jumper cables and a battery cable since the resistance from each battery to the vehicle electrical system is much closer to being identical. The reduction in the proportional difference in resistance more evenly distributes the electrical load on each battery with the result that no battery should see a disproportionate degree of internal heating and heating around terminals is reduced by the reduction in the number of connections to each terminal to exactly one. 
     The claims are not limited to the foregoing detailed description, but are intended to extend to various changes and modifications thereof.