Abstract:
The present invention provides a more accurate risk assessment of antenatal screening results because the maternal age of the patient is considered in evaluating the results from various common screening markers, and especially the results from UE determinations.

Description:
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/275,180, filed Jul. 14, 1994 and now abandoned, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a method for antenatal screening for chromosomal abnormalities and to an apparatus for performing the method. In particular, it relates to a method and apparatus for antenatal screening for Down Syndrome. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The risk of Down Syndrome and some other chromosomal abnormalities in an unborn child is known to increase with the age of the mother and it is this knowledge which forms the basis for selection of pregnant women for further investigation. Further investigation for instance in the case of Down Syndrome involves sampling of the amniotic fluid by amniocentesis, a procedure which itself carries a risk for the mother, induction of a miscarriage being a recognized hazard of this procedure. 
     Maternal serum and other markers for Down Syndrome are widely used for antenatal screening for this chromosomal abnormality, the most common of these markers being alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)--either the intact molecule thereof or its beta subunit--and unconjugated estriol (UE). Disclosures relating to the use of these markers in antenatal screening for Down Syndrome include U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,693, WO 89/00696 and WO 90/08325. 
     Maternal serum screening is based on selecting a subgroup of women who are at the greatest risk of giving birth to a child with an abnormality, in whom the risks of an invasive diagnostic procedure are considered to be outweighed by the risk of the abnormality. The risk is calculated by multiplying the age related risk by the likelihood ratio. The likelihood ratio is calculated from the relative frequencies of the multivariate Gaussian distribution functions of marker analytes in affected and unaffected pregnancies, corresponding to the value of the individual serum marker concentrations. 
     Since the concentrations of the various analytes vary with gestational age, the analyte concentrations must be normalized. This is performed by dividing the concentration of the analyte by the median concentration expected for that particular gestational age in women with unaffected pregnancies. This is termed the multiple of the median (MoM). 
     The use of two or more markers together in antenatal screening can be advantageous. For example the markers AFP, hCG and UE can be used together. The combination of marker analytes gives significantly more information than is given by any single marker alone, or by the group of markers when used sequentially. The use of likelihood ratios derived from a multivariate combination is an efficient means of deriving information relating to a woman&#39;s risk of carrying an affected child. 
     Hitherto it has generally been assumed that information relating to a woman&#39;s risk of carrying an unaffected child which is derived from markers such as AFP, hCG and UE is independent of maternal age. We believe that this assumption is correct with AFP and hCG and in many other instances. However in some instances, and particularly with UE, the assumption is not correct and the information relating to risk is influenced by maternal age. Therefore when using markers such as UE, allowance should be made for maternal age when processing any information which is obtained. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention we provide a method for antenatal screening for one or more predetermined chromosomal abnormalities comprising: 
     measuring one or more barkers, precursors or metabolites of the markers in a body fluid sample of a pregnant patient, 
     comparing the measured level of the one or more markers, precursors or metabolites of the markers and the gestational age of the fetus of the patient to reference values of the one or more markers, precursors or metabolites of the markers at various gestational ages, whereby allowance in the comparing is made for the maternal age of the patient, 
     the reference values being obtained from (a) pregnant women carrying fetuses having the one or more predetermined abnormalities, and from (b) pregnant women carrying normal fetuses, and 
     the comparison being indicative of the risk of the patient carrying a fetus with the one or more predetermined chromosomal abnormalities. 
     This invention also provides an apparatus comprising: 
     means adapted for receiving measurements of one or more markers or precursors or metabolites of the markers useful for antenatal screening for one or more chromosomal abnormalities in a body fluid sample of a pregnant patient, and 
     computer means for comparing the measurements to sets of reference data obtained from (a) pregnant women carrying fetuses having the one or more predetermined chromosomal abnormalities, and from (b) pregnant women carrying normal fetuses, the computer means also adjusting the level of the markers or precursors or metabolites of the markers for the maternal age of the patient. 
     The present invention provides a more accurate risk assessment of antenatal screening results because the maternal age of the patient is considered in evaluating the results from various common screening markers, and especially the results from UE determinations. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a diagram of frequency against AFP MoM (log scale); 
     FIG. 2 is a diagram of frequency against hCG MoM (log scale); 
     FIG. 3 is a diagram of frequency against UE MoM (log scale); 
     FIG. 4 is a plot of UE MoM (log scale) against maternal age at date of delivery for data from Trials A in Example 1; 
     FIG. 5 is a plot of AFP MoM (log scale) against maternal age at date of delivery for data from Trials A in Example 1; 
     FIG. 6 is a plot of hCG MoM (log scale) against maternal age at date of delivery for data from Trials A in Example 1; 
     FIG. 7 is a plot of UE MoM (log scale) against maternal age at date of delivery for data from Trials B in Example 1; 
     FIG. 8 is a plot of AFP MoM (log scale) against maternal age at date of delivery for data from Trials B in Example 1; 
     FIG. 9 is a plot of hCG MoM (log scale) against maternal age at date of delivery for data from Trials B in Example 1; 
     FIG. 10 is a plot of UE MoM (log scale) against maternal age at date of delivery for combined data from Trials A and B in Example 1; 
     FIG. 11 is a plot of AFP MoM (log scale) against maternal age at date of delivery for combined data from Trials A and B in Example 1; and 
     FIG. 12 is a plot of hCG MoM (log scale) against maternal age at date of delivery for combined data from Trials A and B in Example 1. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The maternal body fluids on which measurements are made include, for example, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid and particularly blood. Preferably the marker is a serum or plasma marker. 
     The method of the invention can be used for antenatal screening for a wide range of chromosomal abnormalities. The most significant and frequently occurring of these is Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21). Other abnormalities which may be screened by using the invention include Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18), Pateaus Syndrome (Trisomy 13), Turner Syndrome, Monosomy X and Kleinefelter Syndrome. The method of the invention may be used to screen for individual abnormalities or to screen for groups of abnormalities together. For example, it could be used to screen for both Down Syndrome and Edwards Syndrome. 
     Markers whose levels in a women&#39;s blood are affected by age include dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 16-alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16-alpha-hydroxy DHEAS) and, particularly UE and precursors or metabolites of these. 
     The method of the invention can be used to analyze risk using other serum markers in blood samples in combination with the age-affected marker. Such other markers include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), inhibin (In), progesterone (Pr), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)--either the intact molecular or its beta subunit, pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), and precursors and metabolites of these markers and UE, DHEAS and 16-alpha-hydroxy-DHEAS if not already included. Thus, one or more of these other markers may be measured together with the principal markers to be measured by the method of the invention. For example, the method of the invention may be used with hCG, PAPPA and UE as the markers to be measured. 
     Measurements are carried out and analyzed using the method of the invention on blood samples taken during an appropriate period of pregnancy. Preferably the measurements are made on blood samples taken in the first trimester and especially in the period between the beginning of the eighth week and the end of the thirteenth week of gestation (8th to 13th weeks). The woman&#39;s measured serum value for the individual serum marker is divided by the expected median value found in women with unaffected pregnancies at the same gestational age, to derive the MoM. The probability that the MoM values for the combination of serum markers tested belongs to the multivariate distribution of values found in unaffected pregnancies is calculated. The same calculation is performed by reference to the probability that the individual combination of values forms part of the multivariate distribution found in abnormal pregnancies. The ratio of the two probabilities is termed the likelihood ratio (LR) which indicates the likelihood that an individual woman has an affected pregnancy or not. The degree of separation between the multivariate distributions for affected and unaffected pregnancies changes with gestational age, i.e. there is a continuous change in the manner of calculating probability depending upon the gestational age. This continuous change can be built into the algorithm used in the calculation. 
     An individual woman has an age related risk which is independent of the maternal serum marker concentrations. The woman&#39;s age related risk, by Baye&#39;s theorum, is modified by multiplying by the likelihood ratio (LR) obtained previously to derive a combined risk. This combined risk may then be used to counsel the woman regarding the relative risk of the abnormality as opposed to the risk of miscarriage associated with a subsequent diagnostic invasive procedure. 
     FIG. 1 demonstrates the principles involved in calculating the likelihood that a sample came from a Down Syndrome affected pregnancy, in this case for maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), although the same principle applies to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (UE) or indeed any marker, biochemical or otherwise in which the distributions in affected and unaffected pregnancies differ. The distributions in affected and unaffected pregnancies for hCG an UE are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 respectively. 
     The invention is further illustrated by the following examples: 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     The Relationship Between Maternal Age and Maternal Serum Unconjugated Estriol 
     Two large databases were examined for a relationship between maternal serum concentrations of biochemical markers and maternal age. The first (Trials A) was a set of 2545 women with normal outcome pregnancies. The data came from 5 sites throughout Europe. The second set of data (Trials B) consisted of 3124 women from a single laboratory in the United Kingdom who were being screened for neural tube defects. All samples were assayed for maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol (UE), using KODAK AMERLEX-M second trimester assays according to the manufacturers&#39; (Kodak Clinical Diagnostics Ltd., Amersham, UK) instructions. Both KODAK and AMERLEX are Trademarks. For each trial, center medium values were established at each week of normal gestation from 15 to 20 completed weeks of pregnancy. A regression equation was calculated for each analyte relating the median analyte value to the numbers of days of gestation. AFP and UE showed a logarithmic increase with gestational age, whereas hCG showed an exponential decline over the weeks studied. Separate regressions were established for each study center. 
     Each sample result was then converted to the multiple of the median value by dividing by the expected median found at that gestational age. 
     FIG. 4 shows the relationship between unconjugated estriol and maternal age at the expected date of delivery for data from Trials A. There is a highly statistically significant relationship with unconjugated estriol being lower in older women than in younger. The relationship was best described by regression of the natural log of the MoM value against maternal age at the expected date of delivery, as all three analytes (AFP, hCG, UE) were found to follow a log Gaussian distribution. No relationship was found in these women between maternal age and either maternal serum AFP MoM or maternal serum hCG MoM (FIGS. 5 and 6 respectively). 
     Examination of data from Trials B showed a strikingly similar effect, shown in FIG. 7. Again no relationship was found between maternal serum AFP MoM or hCG MoM and maternal age as shown in FIGS. 8 or 9 respectively. 
     The relationship between maternal serum at the expected date of delivery and unconjugated estriol MoM for the combined data from Trials A and B is shown in FIG. 10. The combined data for maternal serum AFP MoM is shown in FIG. 11, and that for maternal serum hCG MoM in FIG. 12. 
     Table 1 shows the correlation and regression between unconjugated estriol and maternal age at the expected date of delivery (EDD) for Trials A and B, and for both trials combined. 
     
                       TABLE 1______________________________________Regression of: log (UE MoM) = A * maternal age at EDD + B        Trials A                Trials B combined______________________________________Constant B     0.0536    0.0616   0.0553Std Err of Constant B          0.3344    0.3448   0.340195% CI of constant Bfrom           -0.6017   -0.6141  -0.6113to             0.7090    0.7373   0.7218R Squared      0.0022    0.0014   0.0018R value        0.0470    0.0372   0.0420P value        p &lt; 0.01  p &lt; 0.05 p &lt; 0.01No of Observations          2545      3124     5669Degrees of Freedom          2543      3122     5667A Coefficients -0.0025   -0.0028  -0.0026Std Err of A Coefficient          0.0010    0.0014   0.000895% CI of A coefficientfrom           -0.0045   -0.0055  -0.0042to             -0.0004   -0.0002  -0.0010______________________________________ 
    
     Table 2 shows the lack of any statistically significant relationship between maternal serum AFP MoM and maternal age, and Table 3 similarly for maternal serum hCG and maternal age. 
     
                       TABLE 2______________________________________Regression of: log (AFP MoM) = A * maternal age at EDD + B        Trials A Trials B                         combined______________________________________Constant B     -0.0274    0.0172  -0.0017Std Err of Constant B          0.3715     0.3873  0.380395% CI of constant Bfrom           -0.7557    -0.7420 -0.7471to             0.7008     0.7763  0.7436R Squared      0.0002     0.0000  0.0008R value        0.0130     0.0050  0.0050P value        n.s.       n.s.    n.s.No of Observations          2545       3124    5669Degrees of Freedom          2543       3122    5667A Coefficients 0.0008     -0.0004 0.0001Std Err of A Coefficient          0.0012     0.0015  0.000995% CI of A coefficientfrom           -0.0015    -0.0034 -0.0017to             0.0030     0.0026  0.0019______________________________________ 
    
     
                       TABLE 3______________________________________Regression of: log (hCG MoM) = A * maternal age at EDD + B        Trials A Trials B                         combined______________________________________Constant B     0.0101     -0.0451 -0.0260Std Err of Constant B          0.5407     0.5549  0.548695% CI of constant Bfrom           -1.0496    -1.1327 -1.1011to             1.0698     1.0425  1.0492R Squared      0.0000     0.0001  0.0000R value        0.0034     0.0079  0.0058P value        n.s.       n.s.    n.s.No of Observations          2545       3124    5669Degrees of Freedom          2543       3122    5667A Coefficients -0.0003    0.0010  0.0006Std Err of A Coefficient          0.0017     0.0022  0.001395% CI of A coefficientfrom           -0.0036    -0.0033 -0.0020to             0.0030     0.0053  0.0032______________________________________ 
    
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Formula for Adjusting UE MoM for Maternal Age 
     From the combined data from trials A and B it can be seen that the corrected normal UE median MoM can be obtained by the following relationship: 
     corrected normal median MoM =exp (-0.025758 * age at EDD+0.55278) 
     The corrected MoM for an individual woman is then calculated as follows: 
     Corrected MoM=Uncorrected MoM/Corrected normal median MoM 
     Table 4 shows the corrected MoM values for various combinations of maternal age at expected date of delivery and UE MoM values. 
     
                       TABLE 4______________________________________       uncorrected UE MoM        0.50      1.00    1.50Maternal age at EDD         corrected UE MoM______________________________________15            0.4917      0.9835  1.475220            0.4981      0.9962  1.494430            0.5111      1.0222  1.533440            0.5245      1.0489  1.573445            0.5313      1.0625  1.5938______________________________________ 
    
     Using the statistical distributions of maternal serum UE in unaffected Down Syndrome affected pregnancies given by Wald et al for pregnancies dated by ultrasound (Wald et al, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 99, 144-149, 1992) it is possible to calculate the effects that such corrections would have on the risks assigned to an individual woman if she were to be screened for Down Syndrome using as an example a combination of her age and maternal serum unconjugated estriol. 
     Table 5 shows the individual risks which would be assigned to women of different ages with and without such correction for the effect of maternal age on unconjugated estriol levels. 
     
                       TABLE 5______________________________________      uncorrected                risk assessmentage at EDD   age risk UE MoM      uncorrected                                corrected______________________________________15      1:1578   0.40        1:21    1:2415      1:1578   1.00         1:3134  1:324630      1:909    0.50        1:17    1:1430      1:909    1.00         1:1877  1:187045      1:28     0.40        1:1     2:145      1:28     1.00        1:64    1.58______________________________________ 
    
     Correction for the influence of maternal age on unconjugated estriol levels has a direct influence on the assigned risk for fetal Down Syndrome. A typical risk cut-off would be set at a risk of 1:250 as this approximately equals the risk of losing the baby through miscarriage as a result of the diagnostic amniocentesis. Depending upon the unconjugated estriol level and the mother&#39;s age the change could be sufficient for their risk to be altered from what would be considered high risk to low risk and vice-versa. Some typical examples of these changes are shown in Table 6. 
     
                       TABLE 6______________________________________      uncorrected                Risk Assessmentage at EDD    age risk            UE MoM      Uncorrected                                Corrected______________________________________30       1:909   0.58        1:239   1:25635       1:384   0.70        1:281   1:24140       1:112   1.00        1:252   1:230______________________________________ 
    
     A second consequence of such a correlation is that it would be expected to lead to a slight reduction in the overall variance of UE MoM, and a consequential decrease in the numbers of women who screen-positive with such a test. 
     The changes illustrated have occurred when using maternal age and unconjugated estriol as a screening test. The changes in risk-assessment as a consequence of the relationship between maternal age and unconjugated estriol will still be present even if further analytes are added to the risk assessment, such as AFP, hCG, the free beta or free alpha subunit of hCG, or any other maternal serum or fetal biometric marker for fetal abnormality. 
     Unconjugated estriol is also known to be a marker for Trisomy 18 and for anencephaly and similar arguments apply for the inclusion of a maternal age correction factor to the UE MoM when screening for those conditions. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.