Abstract:
An apparatus is provided, comprising a single-ended input stage with signals IN_P &amp; IN_N as input and OUT_P &amp; OUT_N as output., wherein the differential input controlled by transistors P 1 - 3  and N 1 -N 3;  and a means for weighting (sizing) of transistor (P 1  &amp; P 3 ) relative to P 2  and (N 1  &amp; N 3 ) relative to N 2  defines the optimal operation mode.

Description:
PRIORITY 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 61/993,943, filed May 15, 2014, entitled “High Speed, Rail-to-Rail CMOS Differential Input Stage,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
     
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
       [0002]    This Application is directed, in general, to a rail to rail differential input stage and, more specifically, to a high speed, rail to rail CMOS differential input stage. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    In high speed digital VLSI designs, input buffers comply with the (LV) TTL interface standard, which is good enough for most applications. These input buffers are simple CMOS inverter based receivers. However, when timing becomes critical, matching between differential clocks and data signal streams are important, input signals vary in swing and common mode, such buffers are not sufficient. 
         [0004]    State of the art receivers are complex and their design is a compromise between high speed, input offset voltage, input common-mode range, power consumption, etc. 
         [0005]    Wide input common-mode receivers are built-on NMOS/PMOS differential (complimentary) pair with folded cascode and with a common mode feedback amplifier. Such operational amplifiers are well described in the open literature. Normally, they do not reach high speed, consume a lot of power (especial in inactive mode) and require a settling time. 
         [0006]    On the other hand are these very fast input receivers with a reduced input common mode voltage range, e.g. simple CMOS inverters operating in push-pull fashion, self-biased CMOS receivers. 
         [0007]    Turning to  FIG. 1 , illustrated is a prior art two-stage CMOS inverter based receiver. The input threshold, the output duty-cycle and the delay time changes a lot over process, supply and temperature (PVT) variations. Moreover, the duty-cycle and the delay time depend on the input signal amplitude and level. For most applications it&#39;s sufficient but moving on to higher speed, critical timings and low supply this basic stage cannot be used. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0008]    A first aspect provides an apparatus, comprising: a differential input stage with signals IN_P &amp; IN_N as input and OUT_P &amp; OUT_N as output. 
         [0009]    A second aspect provides an apparatus comprising: g: a single-ended input stage with signals IN_P &amp; IN_N as input and OUT_P &amp; OUT_N as output. 
         [0010]    A third aspect provides an apparatus, comprising an apparatus, comprising a single-ended input stage with signals IN_P &amp; IN_N as input and OUT_P &amp; OUT_N as output., wherein the differential input controlled by transistors P 1 - 3  and N 1 -N 3 ; and a means for weighting (sizing) of transistor (P 1  &amp; P 3 ) relative to P 2  and (N 1  &amp; N 3 ) relative to N 2  defines the optimal operation mode. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0011]    Reference is now made to the following descriptions: 
           [0012]      FIG. 1  illustrates a prior art input stage; 
           [0013]      FIG. 2A  illustrates a single ended input stage with a limited input swing; 
           [0014]      FIG. 2B  illustrates a second single-ended input stage with a limited input swing; 
           [0015]      FIG. 3  illustrates a fully complementary configured rail to rail driver; 
           [0016]      FIG. 4  illustrates another aspect of a rail to rail driver; 
           [0017]      FIG. 5  illustrates an NMOS differential input pair with a PMOS current source load; 
           [0018]      FIG. 6  illustrates an equivalent circuit for a single ended input; and 
           [0019]      FIG. 7A-illustrates  a first simulation of the various above circuits; 
           [0020]      FIG. 7B  illustrates a second simulation of the various above circuits; 
           [0021]      FIG. 7C  illustrates a third simulation of the various above circuits; 
           [0022]      FIG. 7D  illustrates a fourth simulation of the various above circuits; 
           [0023]      FIG. 7E  illustrates a fifth simulation of the various above circuits; 
           [0024]      FIG. 7F  illustrates a sixth simulation of the various above circuits; 
           [0025]      FIG. 7G  illustrates a seventh simulation of the various above circuits; 
           [0026]      FIG. 7H  illustrates an eight simulation of the various above circuits; and 
           [0027]      FIG. 7I  illustrates a ninth simulation of the various above circuits. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0028]    Turning to  FIG. 2A , illustrated is a circuit  200  with a modification with decreased input threshold sensitivity is illustrated. A control loop set in input threshold to a predefined voltage (at pin ‘Vthreshold’). Transistor P 2  and N 2  connects the input inverter to the supply and a replica of this inverter is connected to ‘Vthreshold’. 
         [0029]    For a given voltage at ‘Vthreshold’, the op-amp controls the output voltage of the inverter to be VDD/2 (set by the resistor divider). The gain of the second inverter ‘INV 1 ’ could be optimized for VDD/2 when proper designed. 
         [0030]    The characteristics of the input receiver described here are: high speed, wide input common mode range, constant small-signal and large-signal behavior, constant duty-cycle and a zero settling time. 
         [0031]    The new input stage behaves like a very fast CMOS inverter based stage when the input signal has a high swing and the input common-mode voltage is in the middle. When the input signal swing is small and the input common-mode voltage becomes close to the power rails, it behaves like a NMOS or PMOS differential input pair with a current source load and at least with one differential pair alive. The transition from one to the other operation mode is smooth. 
         [0032]    Typical applications are the DDR3/4 registers and data-buffers supporting high speed clocks and random data-pattern streams. Matched single-ended and differential receivers with variable reference voltages are required. Power consumption is a big concern and therefore a fast enabling/disabling of the receivers is desired. 
         [0033]    Turning to  FIG. 2B , illustrated with employment of a second step, a reference voltage at the op-amp is set to the switching point of the driver (INV 1 )  201 . Inverter INV 2  is a replica of INV 1  and the output is shorted to the input. This self-biasing creates a negative-feedback and corrects any variations in processing parameters or operating conditions by shifting the biasing voltage away from their nominal values. Doing so, the duty-cycle will be improved and becomes independent on input swing and level. The control loop set the input threshold to ‘Vthreshold’ and biased the driver (INV 1 ) to an adequate operation point. For a low input threshold, the op-amp switches the NMOS transistor N 6  and N 2  to a stronger drive value and the PMOS transistor P 6  and P 2  to a weaker drive value. For a high input threshold, the other way around. The same mechanism applies to PVT variations. 
         [0034]    Regarding  FIG. 3 , a same principle can be used for differential input signals of an inverter  300 . The inverter  300  is a fully complementary configured rail to rail driver. The biasing is accomplished through transistor P 2  and N 2 . They are operating in the linear region and their source voltages are close to the supply rails. The output voltage swing will be rail-to-rail and the interface to the CMOS level becomes straight-forward therefore. The complementary structure leads to doubling the dc gain of the stage. For the input threshold and duty-cycle the same rules apply as describe above. The inverter circuit  300  works best when ‘Vthreshold’ tracks the input common mode voltage. 
         [0035]    This is normally done by the employment of a common mode feedback circuit (CMFB). CMFB loops require a settling time and therefore would limit the applications for receivers with uninterrupted clock signals only. For applications where the incoming clock could be enabled/disabled or the data signal is a random data pattern, CMFB loops are not suitable. The describe circuit here requires a predefined common mode voltage. 
         [0036]    This input stage has a limited input common mode range. When the input voltage falls below ‘Vt_NMOS’ or rise about ‘VDD-Vt_PMOS’, the circuit operates very weak or does not work anymore. Assuming both inputs are low, the transistors N 0  and N 4  are completely switched off. There is nothing that can pull node ‘s 1 ’ and ‘s 2 ’ to ground. For both inputs are high it&#39;s the other way around. 
         [0037]    Turning to  FIG. 4 , only a few components are needed to widen the input common mode range as shown for a rail to rail driver  400 . Current source loads (P 1 /N 1 , P 3 /N 3 ) are added to node ‘s 1 ’ and node ‘s 2 ’ respectively. The same is done in the half replica circuit. They are connected to the same control voltage (CRTL) and are part of the control loop. Assuming the input common mode voltage is at a high level, such that the PMOS differential input pair is switched off. 
         [0038]    Turning to  FIG. 5 , the remaining, active circuit  500  is shown. It is a NMOS differential input pair with a PMOS current source load. A complementary picture can be drawn in case of a low level input common mode voltage. 
         [0039]    The impact of each circuit part (operation like shown in  FIG. 3  or more like shown in  FIG. 5 ) depends on the input common mode level and the sizing of the transistors. The transition from one to the other mode is smoothly and overlapping. 
         [0040]    Turning to  FIG. 6 , an equal circuit can be designed for single-ended input.  600 . 
         [0041]    Turning to  FIGS. 7A ,  7 B,  7 C,  7 D,  7 E,  7 F,  7 G,  7 H, and  7 I, simulations have been done for single-ended and differential input signals and for 150 mV and 700 mV signal swing (see pictures at the end of this paper). The supply voltage is 1.2V and the input common mode voltage has been ramped from 0V to 1.2V (on the x-axis). On the y-axis, the duty-cycle and propagation delay time (input to output) is shown. The result is shown for circuit of  FIG. 1  (dotted, blue),  FIG. 3  (dashed, blue) and  FIG. 4  (solid, red). 
         [0042]    Notable is the constant propagation delay time and duty-cycle over a wide input common mode range of the new circuit ( FIG. 4 ). For critical timings the dependency upon input signal shapes (data and/or clock-signal) is canceled out almost. 
         [0043]    Those skilled in the art to which this application relates will appreciate that other and further additions, deletions, substitutions and modifications may be made to the described embodiments.