Abstract:
Position sensor ( 10′ ) and method for measuring the position of an object comprising, a sensing element and an oscillator ( 30 ) coupled to the sensing element such that an electromagnetic field is emitted from the sensing element. An output, arranged to provide a signal, varies in dependence upon a change in an electrical property of the oscillator ( 30 ). Change in object position relative to the sensing element alters the electrical property of the oscillator ( 30 ). Sensing element comprises at least one discontinuity arranged to perturb the signal at a predetermined object position. Alternatively, there is a temperature compensator in proximity to the sensing element and arranged to compensate the signal for changes in temperature.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to a position sensor and in particular a non-contact electromagnetic position sensor. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    Non-contact position sensors are used to detect the position and relative movement of an object without restricting or affecting its movement. When the object is metallic or electrically conductive such non-contact position detection may be achieved by moving the object past a coil so that the fraction of the coil electromagnetically coupled to the object varies as the object moves. The coil may be provided with an electrical oscillation having a particular frequency and voltage. The frequency and/or voltage may change as the coverage or coupling of the object to the coil changes and this may be due to a change in eddy current losses induced in the electrically conductive object. The oscillator frequency may increase or decrease as the coverage increases since the magnetic field generated by the eddy currents in the object increases or reduces the coil inductance depending upon whether or not the object is magnetic. Calibration curves may be derived that relate to the oscillator voltage, the oscillator frequency and the object position relative to a sensor element such as a coil. 
         [0003]    Such a device may have particular applications in detecting the position of a piston moving backwards and forwards in a regular cycle, for instance within an engine. However, the inductance and conductivity of both the coil and object may change with temperature. This in turn affects the oscillator frequency and voltage, which therefore affects the accuracy of the position sensor. This is a particular problem when the temperature change is rapid or has a change in rate. 
         [0004]    Such non-contact position sensors may also be used in the presence of hydraulic oil, for instance, in valves, cylinders and pumps. An increase in the temperature of the hydraulic oil causes the temperature of the object (for instance, a piston) and the coil to increase, increasing their electrical resistance and reducing oscillator voltage. One reason for this is that eddy current losses in the piston and the resistance of the coil both increase with temperature. In addition, the heating effect of the hydraulic oil may also change dielectric properties in any insulating materials used as a coil substrate and encapsulation (e.g. epoxy resins), altering capacitance of the coil and changing the oscillator frequency. 
         [0005]    Changes in the temperature of a driving oscillator and connecting cables may also affect oscillator voltage and frequency or other electrical properties. The inductance and capacitance of connecting cables varies with temperature, and the properties of the active and passive components used in the construction of the oscillator may also be affected. 
         [0006]    Temperature cycles also contribute to accelerated aging of oscillator components and such aging may cause oscillator voltage and frequency to drift with time as well as temperature. 
         [0007]    These effects complicate and hinder the accurate determination of object position since they alter the relationship between the oscillator voltage and frequency to object position. This may require regular recalibration; however, this may be difficult or impossible once an original calibration curve has been determined, especially where devices are used in a hostile or remote environment. Therefore, the accuracy of the position sensor may be degraded as the device properties change and the results diverge from the original calibration curve determined when the position sensor was initially set up or manufactured. Under such circumstances the movement of the object and its position can no longer be determined accurately from the oscillator output. 
         [0008]    Therefore, there is required a position sensor that overcomes these problems. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0009]    In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a position sensor for measuring the position of an object comprising a sensing element, an oscillator coupled to the sensing element such that an electromagnetic field is emitted from the sensing element, an output arranged to provide a signal which varies in dependence upon a change in an electrical property of the oscillator, wherein a change in object position relative to the sensing element alters the electrical property of the oscillator, and further wherein the sensing element comprises at least one discontinuity arranged to perturb the signal at a predetermined object position. As the object moves relative to the sensing element the output signal may vary. The presence of a discontinuity or perturbation in or around the sensing element may distort the output signal when the object reaches a certain specified point or points. The discontinuity may be any feature that affects or changes the electrical properties of the sensor element at a localised point. Preferably, the discontinuity should have a sharp or sudden but small effect on the output signal compared to the bulk or nominal electrical properties. Therefore, the output signal may contain marker features as the object passes over or near the discontinuity and so the position at this moment may be determined more accurately and used as a calibration point. 
         [0010]    Preferably, the position sensor may further comprise a calibrator arranged to detect the perturbation of the signal. The calibrator may be used to interpret the detected marker in the output signal and use it to correct the current signal against a previously determined position. 
         [0011]    Optionally, the calibrator may be configured to detect the perturbation of the signal by applying at least one differentiation to the signal. This is a convenient method for detecting the marker point or perturbation. A second differentiation of the signal may also be applied as this generates a signal that crosses a baseline and may be detected more easily. Other perturbation detection schemes may be used. 
         [0012]    Optionally, the calibrator may contain calibration data for a plurality of positions and corresponding pre-recorded signals. 
         [0013]    Preferably, the calibrator may be further arranged to calibrate the signal by calculating a correction factor based on the calibration data and a value of the signal when a perturbation is detected. The correction factor may be determined when the system is setup. 
         [0014]    Optionally, the sensing element comprises discontinuities to perturb the signal at two or more positions relative to an object. Although a single position for the perturbation may be used to correct the signal, two or more improve accuracy. Alternatively, a pair of perturbations at a single length point in object travel may be used or indeed several pairs. 
         [0015]    Advantageously, the calibrator may be further arranged to calibrate the signal, V(x), by calculating correction factors a and b applied to the signal, where the calibration data for the signal at the two discontinuities are Vc 1  and Vc 2 , the measured signals at the two discontinuities are V 1  and V 2  so that 
         [0000]        Vc 1= a+bV 1 
         [0000]        Vc 2= a+bV 2 
         [0000]    and the calibrated signal at for any position, V calibrated (x) is found by 
         [0000]        V   calibrated ( x )= a+b.V ( x ) 
         [0000]    the correction factors a and b is found by 
         [0000]        a=Vc 1− V 1.[( Vc 1− Vc 2)/( V 1− V 2)] and
 
         [0000]        b =[( Vc 1− Vc 2)/( V 1− V 2)].
 
         [0016]    Preferably, the calibrator may be analogue or digital circuitry. An analogue circuit may have an amplifier circuit with programmable offset and gain functions. In the digital domain an analogue-to-digital conversion may be applied to the output signals. 
         [0017]    Optionally, the sensing element is a coil formed from wire. However, other forms of sensing element may be used depending on the nature of the object to be sensed. 
         [0018]    Preferably, the distortion in the wire results in a change in coil diameter. Such a distortion or perturbation produces a change in signal magnitude that may be more easily detected. 
         [0019]    Optionally, the sensing element may be a multi-turn planar coil; multi-turn and/or planar. Alternatively, the coil may be a solenoid. 
         [0020]    The discontinuity may be caused by a localised increase or decrease in the width of the coil, the diameter of the turns of the coil and/or the winding density (turns/mm). 
         [0021]    Preferably, the oscillator may be a Robinson oscillator. Such a self-limiting oscillator provides simpler construction, higher sensitivity and may detect a greater range of object types. 
         [0022]    Optionally, the sensing element may be a capacitive sensing element. In this case the discontinuity may be caused by a localised change affecting the capacitance. This may be for instance, a change in separation of capacitor plates, a change in overlap with the object, a change in surface area or a change in dielectric properties caused by the presence or absence of material in the locality. 
         [0023]    In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a position sensor for measuring the position of an object comprising a sensing element, an oscillator coupled to the sensing element such that an electromagnetic field is emitted from the sensing element, an output arranged to provide a signal which varies in dependence upon a change in an electrical property of the oscillator, wherein a change in object position relative to the sensing element alters the electrical property of the oscillator, and a temperature compensator arranged to compensate the signal for changes in temperature in proximity to the sensing element. Therefore, when the sensing element measures or detects the position of an object the effects on temperature in and around the sensor element may be determined and compensated for in the output results. This may improve the position sensing accuracy. 
         [0024]    Preferably, the temperature compensator may be further arranged to compensate for changes in the temperature in proximity to the sensing element by monitoring an electrical property of the sensing element. This provides more accurate calibration as the sensor element determines position as well as temperature at the same time and place. This also removes the need for external temperature monitoring devices and associated circuitry. 
         [0025]    Optionally, the electrical property may be selected from the group consisting of any one or more of: voltage drop across the sensing element, current within the sensing element, resistance of the sensing element, impedance of the sensing element. Any of these properties may be monitored as each and others may depend on the temperature. 
         [0026]    Preferably, the temperature compensator may further comprise an electrical current supply and voltmeter coupled to the sensing element for measuring the voltage drop across the sensing element. This provides a convenient property to measure the changes with temperature. 
         [0027]    Advantageously, the temperature compensator may be further arranged to sum the signal and voltage drop to provide a temperature compensated signal. This simplifies the temperature compensation procedure. However, other signal processing and compensation or calibration procedures may be used. 
         [0028]    Preferably, the signal and voltage drop may be summed according to a weighting factor. The weighting factor may be determined at setup or manufacture and acts as a further calibration improvement. 
         [0029]    Preferably, the sensor element is a coil. However, other sensor elements may be used such as for instance, a stripline or a capacitor. 
         [0030]    Preferably, the electrical properties of the oscillator are any one or both of frequency and voltage. Both properties vary as an object overlaps or interacts with the sensor element. 
         [0031]    According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a reciprocating piston comprising a reciprocating piston element, and a position sensor as described above and arranged to detect the position of the reciprocating piston element. Many different types of piston may be used. The position sensor may also be used to detect the position of measurement and control devices such as mobile, industrial and aerospace actuators, rotary actuators, hydraulic and pneumatic hammers and drills, hydraulic piston pump and motor swashplates, electro-hydraulic, pneumatic and manual valves, spool valves, press safety cartridge valve poppets, and servo and electro-hydraulic valve spool, for instance. 
         [0032]    According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of sensing the position of an object comprising the steps of providing a sensing element, coupling an oscillator to the sensing element such that an electromagnetic field is emitted from the sensing element, providing a signal which varies in dependence upon a change in an electrical property of the oscillator, wherein a change in object position relative to the sensing element alters the electrical property of the oscillator, and further wherein the sensing element comprises at least one discontinuity arranged to perturb the signal at a predetermined object position. 
         [0033]    Preferably, the method may further comprise the step of detecting the perturbation of the signal. 
         [0034]    According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of sensing the position of an object comprising the steps of providing a sensing element, coupling an oscillator to the sensing element such that an electromagnetic field is emitted from the sensing element, providing a signal which varies in dependence upon a change in an electrical property of the oscillator, wherein a change in object position relative to the sensing element alters the electrical property of the oscillator and compensating the signal for changes in temperature in proximity to the sensing element. 
         [0035]    Preferably, the temperature compensator is further arranged to compensate for changes in the temperature in proximity to the sensing element by monitoring an electrical property of the sensing element. 
         [0036]    The methods described above may be implemented in software by running as a computer program on a computer or in hardware such as dedicated logic integrated circuits or microcontrollers. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         [0037]    The present invention may be put into practice in a number of ways and embodiments will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
           [0038]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of a non-contact position sensor including an oscillator and coil used to detect the movement of an object; 
           [0039]      FIG. 2  shows a graph of an example output from the position sensor of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0040]      FIG. 3  shows a graph of an example output signal from the position sensor of  FIG. 1 , including a calibration curve; 
           [0041]      FIG. 4  shows a schematic diagram of an electronic circuit from a prior art position sensor; 
           [0042]      FIG. 5  shows a schematic diagram of an electronic circuit of a position sensor, according to an embodiment of the present invention, given by way of example only; 
           [0043]      FIG. 6  shows a schematic diagram of a system for temperature correcting the output of the position sensor of  FIG. 1 ; 
           [0044]      FIG. 7  shows a schematic diagram of a position sensor according to a further embodiment of the present invention, given by way of example only; 
           [0045]      FIG. 8  shows a graph of an output from the position sensor of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0046]      FIG. 9  shows a schematic diagram of a position sensor according to a further embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0047]      FIG. 10  shows a graph of an output from the position sensor of  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0048]      FIG. 11  shows a graph of an output from the position sensor of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0049]      FIG. 12  shows a graphical result of a first differentiation of the output shown in  FIG. 11 . 
           [0050]      FIG. 13  shows a graphical result of a second differentiation of the output shown in  FIG. 11 ; and 
           [0051]      FIG. 14  shows a graph of an example output and calibration for the position sensor shown in  FIG. 7  or  FIG. 9 . 
       
    
    
       [0052]    It should be noted that the figures are illustrated for simplicity and are not necessarily drawn to scale. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       [0053]      FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of a non-contact position sensor  10 . In this particular example the object monitored is a metallic piston  20 , which may be within an engine. The piston  20  moves as indicated by arrow  50 . As the piston  20  moves it overlaps but does not physically contact a sensor element in the form of a coil  40 . Box  60  indicates the extent of movement of the piston  20 . An oscillator  30  drives the coil  40  at a particular frequency. 
         [0054]    In the example shown in  FIG. 1 , the coil  40  is a rectangular planar coil driven by a Robinson oscillator  30 . The end of the piston  20  moves over the rectangular coil  40  at a constant height, so that the fraction of the coil  40  covered by the piston varies as the piston moves to and fro during each cycle. A demodulated output from the Robinson oscillator  30  may vary in proportion to the coverage of the coil, and therefore, may be used to determine the position of the piston  20 . 
         [0055]    The demodulated oscillator output voltage, which may also be known as the oscillator voltage, may decrease as the coverage increases, due to the increase in eddy current losses in the metal of the piston  20 . The oscillator frequency may increase as the coverage increases since the magnetic field generated by the eddy currents in the piston  20  reduces the coil inductance. Calibration curves may then be derived that relate the oscillator voltage and/or the oscillator frequency to the piston position.  FIG. 2  shows an example demodulated output from the Robinson oscillator  30 . The signal output varies as the electrical properties of the oscillator vary. The range of piston  20  movement is indicated by arrow  70 . Line  80  indicates the oscillator voltage from the Robinson oscillator  30  and line  90  shows the oscillator frequency as this varies with piston  20  position. 
         [0056]      FIG. 3  shows a graph of oscillator output voltage V against piston position x. The calibration curve is shown as line  110  and the response of the position sensor  10  at a different temperature to that when the calibration data was acquired, is shown as line  120 . A measured value  160  is taken with the piston  20  at a particular position but with the device at a temperature different to the temperature of the device when the calibration curve  110  was acquired. The actual piston  20  position at this measured value  160  is shown as line  130 . However, as the calibration curve  110  is used to look up a derived piston position  140  against the calibration curve  110 , an error  150  in piston position is encountered. In other words, for this particular temperature difference between calibration and actual measurement the measured oscillator voltage value  160  indicates an incorrect piston position  140  rather than the correction position  130 . 
         [0057]      FIG. 4  shows the electrical components  200  used within a prior art non-contact position sensor. Such a prior art position sensor may be used to generate the results shown in graph  100  of  FIG. 3 . In this prior art circuit  200  a tank circuit  210  is formed from the coil  40  and a capacitor C 1 . The tank circuit  210  is driven by an alternating current input  220  from a limiting amplifier  230  via a feedback loop  240 . 
         [0058]      FIG. 5  shows an example electrical circuit  200 ′ according to an embodiment of the present invention. Like components have the same reference numerals as those provided in previous Figures. In addition to the tank circuit  210  and limiting amplifier  230  the circuit  200 ′ of  FIG. 5  has a direct current (DC) input  300 . Therefore, the coil  40  is driven by both an alternating current (AC) input  220  and direct current input  300 . Note that the sensor element  40  of the prior art device  200  is driven by an AC current without any DC component. The circuit  200 ′ has a low pass filter formed from resistor R 1  and capacitor C 2 . This low pass filter removes the AC component leaving only the DC component used to generate a DC value which varies with the temperature of the coil  40 . This DC output passes through a DC buffer and amplifier  310  and is further filtered by resistors R 2  and R 3  and capacitor C 3 . An output temperature dependent signal  320  varies with temperature and therefore may be and used to determine or compensate for the temperature of the coil  40 . 
         [0059]    The AC component is still interpreted to determine the position of the piston  20  and demodulated in the usual manner. The DC voltage across the coil can then be used as a measure of the coil temperature, since the electrical resistance of the coil (for instance of copper or other suitable metal) may vary linearly with temperature in a range between a normal ambience temperature of around 20° C. and an example hydraulic oil temperature, which may be around 100° C. or higher. 
         [0060]    In other words, the coil  40  acts simultaneously as a resistive thermometer as well as a position sensor  10  for detecting piston or other object movement. The DC output from the circuit  200 ′ may then be used to correct the oscillator voltage response. This may be achieved by providing a set of calibration curves at a number of temperatures spanning the operating range and these may be determined in advance. Further calibration curves may be interpolated between these individual calibration measurements. 
         [0061]      FIG. 6  shows a schematic diagram of the apparatus and process used to calibrate and correct the output signal of the position sensor  10  for changes in temperature. As an approximation the oscillator voltage and the DC voltage varies linearly with temperature as they both largely depend on the electrical resistance of the coil  40 . Moreover, the oscillator voltage decreases as the temperature increases, while the DC voltage increases as the temperature increases. By adding the two voltages together in the appropriate ratio (determined during system set-up or calibration), a temperature-controlled oscillator voltage signal may be generated which varies with the position of the piston  20  but remains constant with changes of temperature. Plot  400  shows a schematic demodulated oscillator AC voltage varying with temperature, T, for a fixed piston  20  position while the temperature of the apparatus of the position sensor  10  is changed. Plot  410  shows a schematic diagram of the change in DC voltage across the coil  40  as it varies with temperature T. The DC voltage may be multiplied by a gain factor K in multiplier  420  and the DC and AC components may be summed by adder or summer  430  to produce a temperature corrected voltage output shown as plot  440 . In other words, the two signals may be summed according to a particular multiplication factor to compensate for the effects of temperature change because a change in temperature drives the AC and DC components in opposite directions. 
         [0062]    The temperature-corrected oscillator voltage response may be corrected for changes in temperature and this is a significant improvement but the signal may still drift as components age or other physical changes to the system occur. In order to compensate for these effects a further calibration technique may be used either in combination or isolation. Small deviations or perturbations in the sensor element of the position sensor  10 ′ are made at specific points along its length. These perturbations slightly affect the response on the sensor element. For example, the coil  40 ′ of  FIG. 7  acting as the sensor element shows changes in coil diameter at specific points  500 . Similar features have been provided with the same reference numbers as those described above. These perturbations may be introduced at one or more positions along the length of the coil  40 ′ so that they are intercepted by the moving object or piston  20 . The example arrangement shown in  FIG. 7  has perpetrations  500  that are located at two positions  504 ,  505  along the length of the coil  40 ′, as encountered by the object or piston  20  (four perturbations  500  are shown in two pairs with each perturbation within a pair at the same position along the coil length). In  FIG. 7  the features causing the perturbation are separated by a known distance and are positioned so that the end of the piston  20  regularly sweeps over them during each cycle. In  FIG. 7  the perturbations in the coil  40 ′ have a rectangular profile but other shapes may be used such as triangular or semi-circular, for instance. 
         [0063]    Features that locally change the response of the coil  40 ′, such as a reduction in coil width shown in  FIG. 7 , generate a change in the magnitude of the oscillator voltage compared to an unperturbed or regular sensing element. The voltage response of the coil  40 ′ is shown as a graph in  FIG. 8 . The voltage response  80 ′ contains two features  510 , which correspond to the location  504 ,  505  of the perturbations  500 . In this particular example the slope of the curve  80 ′ is reduced at these points  504 ,  505 . Perturbations in the coil  40 ′ or slight changes in the coil shape may be chosen such that the change in the shape of the voltage response  80 ′ caused by the presence of these features is relatively small compared to the overall substantially linear shape of the oscillator response produced by an unperturbed coil  40  or regular sensing element. In particular, the oscillator voltage generally varies monotonically with the piston position, so that there remains a unique value of oscillator voltage corresponding to each position of the piston  20  or other object being measured. 
         [0064]      FIG. 9  shows a position sensor  10 ″ having a similar coil  40 ″ to that shown in the position sensor  10 ′ of  FIG. 7 . However, the perturbations  500 ′ in  FIG. 9  instead locally increase the diameter of the coil  40 ″. The resulting voltage response for the oscillator is shown as line  80 ″ in  FIG. 10  with corresponding features at a similar position  510 ′ in the graph. These correspond with the linear positions  504  and  505 . However, at these particular local points the slope of the voltage response is increased slightly. 
         [0065]      FIGS. 11-13  show an example method for detecting these perturbations  500 ,  500 ′ in coil response. The initial signal, as demodulated, is shown as line  80 ′ in  FIG. 11 . A first differentiation of this response curve  80 ′ is shown as  FIG. 12  and a second differentiation is shown in  FIG. 13 . Where the second differentiation curve crosses a base line marker pulses  520  are detected indicting the position of the perturbations  500 ,  500 ′. It may be deduced that the object has intercepted the points  504 ,  505  at the moment and position where the marker pulses  520  are generated. 
         [0066]    Such signal processing may be achieved using electronic components or in a computer program, for instance. Once the positions of the perturbations  500 ,  500 ′ are found, an analysis may proceed as follows. 
         [0067]    During an initial calibration procedure at system setup the oscillator voltage may be measured at the two distance positions  504 ,  505  where the perturbations are located, i.e. when the marker pulses  520  are generated. The oscillator voltage at these two positions may be Vc 1  and Vc 2 .  FIG. 8  shows a calibration curve  110 ′ with these two particular oscillator voltages located on this curve  110 ′ (the perturbations are omitted for clarity). An actual response of the position sensor  10  may be recorded at a later date. This later response is shown as line  120 ′. The oscillator voltages measured at the two marker positions  520  are V 1  and V 2 . Therefore, V 1  and V 2  will not necessarily be equal to Vc 1  and Vc 2  due to temperature changes and component drifts from aging and other effects. 
         [0068]    A mathematical transformation may be applied involving an offset and gain to the measured oscillator voltage signals V 1  and V 2  to bring them into coincidence with the calibration line  110 ′. This transformation may be described as follows: 
         [0000]        V   calibrated ( x )= a+b.V ( x )   Equation 1.
 
         [0069]    At the two marker points: 
         [0000]        Vc 1= a+bV 1   Equation 2.
 
         [0000]        Vc 2= a+bV 2   Equation 3.
 
         [0070]    Solving these two equations: 
         [0000]        a=Vc 1− V 1.[( Vc 1− Vc 2)/( V 1− V 2)]  Equation 4.
 
         [0000]        b =[( Vc 1− Vc 2)/( V 1− V 2)]  Equation 5.
 
         [0071]    This transformation can then be used to correct the measured oscillator voltage values as recorded any time after calibration and allow the original calibration to be used to determine the correct position of the piston  20  or object. 
         [0072]    The accuracy of the correction may depend to some extent on the accuracy of the generated marker pulses  520 . to improve the calibration still further the values of V 1  and V 2  may be acquired and refined over several cycles or even many hundreds of cycles. In this way jitter in the position of the marker pulses  520 , perhaps caused by any particular system noise may be averaged and so reduced in magnitude. 
         [0073]    As will be appreciated by the skilled person, details of the above embodiment may be varied without departing from the scope of the present invention, as defined by the appended claims. 
         [0074]    For example, although the oscillator has been described above as a Robinson oscillator other types of oscillator may be used; for instance, a Van der Pol marginal oscillator or any oscillator variant with intermediate characteristics between a Robinson and Van der Pol oscillator, especially oscillator circuits that respond to changes in the inductor (or capacitor) of a resonant circuit. The AC frequency driving the oscillator may be a radio frequency. The object does not have to be electrically conductive but may alter the electrical properties of the oscillator in other ways. For instance, the presence or proximity of the object may alter the magnetic or electric susceptibility of the sensor element and this change may be detected to determine a change in position. 
         [0075]    The sensor element may be a coil but may take other forms. The coil may have different shapes and have one or more turns or winds. The perturbations in the coil or sensor element may be caused by features internal or external other than distortions in the wire of the coil or other small modifications to the sensor element. Other alternate shapes in sensor element or coil may be used to the same effect. 
         [0076]    The sensor element may alternatively be a capacitor; for instance the capacitor C 1 , such that the object to be sensed affects the capacitance indicating a change in object position. The sensor element may also be part of a capacitor. For example, in a mechanical position sensing applications, the sensing element may be a pair of capacitive plates in to which a dielectric component (e.g. plastic) moves to change capacitance and hence oscillator frequency or amplitude. A similar arrangement may be used for fluid measurements. However, the sensing element could consist of one plate of a capacitive device where the other plate of the capacitor may be formed by the object to be sensed and its position may vary the capacitance. 
         [0077]    The object  20  has been described above as moving linearly however, other movement types may be detected such as circular or irregular movements, for instance. The sensors described above may also be used for other types of mechanical measurement as well as for making fluid level measurements. 
         [0078]    Many combinations, modifications, or alterations to the features of the above embodiments will be readily apparent to the skilled person and are intended to form part of the invention.