Abstract:
A vapor delivery system includes an ampoule to store liquid precursor and a heater to partially vaporize the liquid precursor. A first valve communicates with a push gas source and the ampoule. A second valve supplies vaporized precursor to a heated injection manifold. A valve manifold includes a first node in fluid communication with an outlet of the heated injection manifold, a third valve having an inlet in fluid communication with the first node and an outlet in fluid communication with vacuum, a fourth valve having an inlet in fluid communication with the first node and an outlet in fluid communication with a second node, a fifth valve having an outlet in fluid communication with the second node, and a sixth valve having an outlet in fluid communication with the second node. A gas distribution device is in fluid communication with the second node.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/032,234, filed on Aug. 1, 2014. The entire disclosure of the above application is incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD 
       [0002]    The present disclosure relates to substrate processing systems, and more particularly to systems and methods for vapor delivery in substrate processing systems. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    The background description provided here is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure. 
         [0004]    Substrate processing systems may be used to perform deposition and/or etching of film on a substrate. Substrate processing systems typically include a processing chamber with a substrate support such as a pedestal, an electrostatic chuck, a plate, etc. A substrate such as a semiconductor wafer may be arranged on the substrate support. In chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes, a gas mixture including one or more precursors may be introduced into the processing chamber to deposit a film on the substrate. In some substrate processing systems, radio frequency (RF) plasma may be used to activate chemical reactions. 
         [0005]    Some of the gas precursors are generated by vaporizing a liquid. The approach is often used for ALD deposition such as silicon oxide deposition. However, this approach typically has high defect counts due to incomplete vaporization of the liquid and higher running costs because pulsed liquid flow is often difficult to control. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0006]    A vapor delivery system for a substrate processing system includes an ampoule to store liquid precursor and a heater to selectively heat the ampoule to a predetermined temperature to at least partially vaporize the liquid precursor. A heated injection manifold includes an inlet and an outlet. A first valve has an inlet in fluid communication with a push gas source and an outlet in fluid communication with the ampoule. A second valve has an inlet to receive vaporized precursor from the ampoule and an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet of the heated injection manifold. A valve manifold includes a first node in fluid communication with an outlet of the heated injection manifold, a third valve having an inlet in fluid communication with the first node and an outlet in fluid communication with vacuum, a fourth valve having an inlet in fluid communication with the first node and an outlet in fluid communication with a second node, a fifth valve having an outlet in fluid communication with the second node, and a sixth valve having an outlet in fluid communication with the second node. A gas distribution device is in fluid communication with the second node. 
         [0007]    In other features, the gas distribution device comprises a showerhead. A seventh valve has an inlet in fluid communication with the outlet of the second valve. A restricted orifice is in fluid communication with the outlet of the second valve. An eighth valve has an inlet in fluid communication with the restricted orifice and an outlet in fluid communication with the heated injection manifold. 
         [0008]    In other features, a ninth valve has an inlet in fluid communication with a first gas manifold and an outlet in fluid communication with an inlet of the fifth valve. A tenth valve has an inlet in fluid communication with the first gas manifold and an outlet that supplies gas from the first gas manifold to a back side of the gas distribution device. 
         [0009]    In other features, a tenth valve has an inlet in fluid communication with a second gas manifold and an inlet of the sixth valve and an outlet in fluid communication with a vacuum source. 
         [0010]    In other features, a controller is configured, during a dose stage, to supply push gas to the ampoule using the first valve; supply the vaporized precursor from the ampoule to the heated injection manifold using the second valve, the seventh valve, the restricted orifice and the eighth valve; supply the vaporized precursor from the heated injection manifold to the gas distribution device using the fourth valve; and divert the second gas manifold using the tenth valve. 
         [0011]    In other features, after the dose stage, the controller operates sequentially in a dose purge stage, a post dose purge stage, a radio frequency (RF) stage and a post RF stage. 
         [0012]    A method for operating a vapor delivery system for a substrate processing system includes storing liquid precursor in an ampoule; heating the ampoule to a predetermined temperature that is sufficient to at least partially vaporize the liquid precursor; operating in a plurality of processing stages; during at least one of the plurality of processing stages, at least one of selectively supplying a push gas to the ampoule to supply push gas and vaporized precursor from the ampoule to a heated injection manifold, bypassing the push gas around the ampoule to supply push gas without vaporized precursor to the heated injection manifold, and diverting the push gas to vacuum to not supply push gas or vaporized precursor to the heated injection manifold; selectively receiving gas from the heated injection manifold using a valve manifold connected to a gas distribution device of a processing chamber during at least one of the plurality of processing stages; selectively diverting the gas from the heated injection manifold to vacuum using the valve manifold during at least one of the plurality of processing stages; selectively supplying the gas from the heated injection manifold to the gas distribution device using the valve manifold during at least one of the plurality of processing stages; selectively supplying gas from a first gas manifold to the gas distribution device using the valve manifold during at least one of the plurality of processing stages; and selectively supplying gas from a second gas manifold to the gas distribution device using the valve manifold during at least one of the plurality of processing stages. 
         [0013]    In other features, the gas distribution device comprises a showerhead. During a dose stage, supplying push gas to the ampoule; supplying the vaporized precursor from the ampoule to the heated injection manifold; supplying the vaporized precursor from the heated injection manifold to the gas distribution device; and diverting the second gas manifold. 
         [0014]    In other features, after the dose stage, operating sequentially in a dose purge stage, a post dose purge stage, a radio frequency (RF) stage and a post RF stage. 
         [0015]    Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, the claims and the drawings. The detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0016]    The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0017]      FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of a substrate processing system according to the present disclosure; 
           [0018]      FIG. 2  is a functional block diagram of an example of a vapor delivery system for the substrate processing system according to the present disclosure; 
           [0019]      FIG. 3  is a timing diagram depicting an example of timing of opening and closing of valves in the vapor delivery system; 
           [0020]      FIGS. 3A-3E  depict operation of valves in the vapor delivery system at various stages of  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0021]      FIG. 4  is a timing diagram depicting another example of timing of opening and closing of valves in the vapor delivery system; 
           [0022]      FIG. 5  is a timing diagram depicting another example of timing of opening and closing of valves in the vapor delivery system; 
           [0023]      FIGS. 5A-5E  depict operation of valves in the vapor delivery system at various stages of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0024]      FIG. 6  is a timing diagram depicting another example of timing of opening and closing of valves in the vapor delivery system; 
           [0025]      FIGS. 6A-6E  depict operation of valves in the vapor delivery system at various stages of  FIG. 6 ; 
           [0026]      FIG. 7  is a timing diagram depicting another example of timing of opening and closing of valves in the vapor delivery system; 
           [0027]      FIGS. 7A-7E  depict operation of valves in the vapor delivery system at various stages of  FIG. 7 ; 
           [0028]      FIG. 8  is a timing diagram depicting another example of timing of opening and closing of valves in the vapor delivery system; 
           [0029]      FIGS. 8A-8E  depict operation of valves in the vapor delivery system at various stages of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0030]      FIG. 9  is a timing diagram depicting another example of timing of opening and closing of valves in the vapor delivery system; 
           [0031]      FIGS. 9A-9E  depict operation of valves in the vapor delivery system at various stages of  FIG. 9 ; 
           [0032]      FIG. 10  is a timing diagram depicting another example of timing of opening and closing of valves in the vapor delivery system; 
           [0033]      FIGS. 10A-10E  depict operation of valves in the vapor delivery system at various stages of  FIG. 10 ; 
           [0034]      FIG. 11  is a timing diagram depicting another example of timing of opening and closing of valves in the vapor delivery system; 
           [0035]      FIGS. 11A-11E  depict operation of valves in the vapor delivery system at various stages of  FIG. 11 ; 
           [0036]      FIG. 12  is a functional block diagram of a controller according to the present disclosure; and 
           [0037]      FIG. 13  is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method for operating the controller of  FIG. 12 . 
       
    
    
       [0038]    In the drawings, reference numbers may be reused to identify similar and/or identical elements. 
       DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0039]    Different gas precursors are used for atomic layer deposition of film such as silicon oxide. In some systems, the gas precursors may be delivered as liquids that are vaporized. Conventional systems using this approach typically have high defect counts due to insufficient vaporization of the liquid precursors, condensation in cold spots of the substrate processing system and decomposition. Due to the nature of continuous liquid flow of gas precursors to obtain stable film properties, more than 60% of the gas precursors are wasted during non-dose stages, which results in high operating costs. 
         [0040]    Even when vapor draw or flow over vapor draw (or sweep gas) systems are used, the manufacturability and repeatability of flow on a given system or a population of systems isn&#39;t guaranteed due to the reliance of flow rate on conductance of the system and the lack of a way to correct conductance variations. Other problems arise due to temperature variations between a location where the temperature is sensed relative to a temperate at the actual liquid-vapor interface. 
         [0041]    Further, substrate processing systems using vapor draw or flow over vapor systems do not typically have ability to run in multiple modes including modes with lines up to the gas distribution device (such as a showerhead) fully charged with precursor to enable fast cycling with low cost. 
         [0042]    A vapor delivery system for a substrate processing system according to the present disclosure delivers gas precursor using a heated vapor draw approach with an inert carrier gas. An ampoule storing liquid precursor is heated to maintain a predetermined vapor pressure. Carrier gas flows through the ampoule to maintain stable precursor flow. Sufficient gradient heating and accurate temperature control along the delivery lines prevents condensation and decomposition. 
         [0043]    The vapor delivery system according to the present disclosure also provides a different dose sequence to reduce precursor consumption. In liquid delivery, due to the nature of difficulty of liquid flow control (LFC) rapid toggling, continuous flow is used to achieve stable film properties. In vapor delivery, continuous carrier gas is maintained and precursor vapor is only introduced during a dosing stage. In some examples, precursor consumption may be reduced by over 50% as compared with continuous flow approaches. 
         [0044]    As compared to liquid injection delivery, the vapor carrier gas method described herein provides stable precursor flow with full vaporization, low condensation and low decomposition risk, which reduces defects. Instead of using direct liquid injection into a heated injection manifold (HIM) and then evaporation in the HIM or gas distribution device such as a showerhead, vapor is directly transported by inert carrier gas to the HIM. 
         [0045]    The vapor delivery system according to the present disclosure also provides valve and dose flow timing to maintain stable flow in a dose stage and to save precursor in other stages. For example in some implementations, precursor flow is only introduced in the dose stage and is cut off in other stages. In some implementations, a divert valve for carrier gas is introduced to maintain a stable carrier gas flow for stable precursor vapor delivery. In some implementations, lines up to the gas distribution device are completely charged, which can be implemented due to valve layout and a valve manifold arranged in a relatively close proximity to the gas distribution device. The vapor delivery systems described herein allow for fastest cycling between precursor and purge or precursor and RF stages while retaining low cost. 
         [0046]    The flow rate from the ampoule to the processing chamber is a function of the conductance. In order to maintain constant conductance, various actions are taken. The driving pressure is controlled by maintaining constant temperature in the ampoule, which provides constant vapor pressure. The conductance downstream of the ampoule is adjustable to be constant conductance. 
         [0047]    In some examples, the ampoule has temperature measurement not only on the heater jacket but also in the liquid. A continuous refill system may be used. In some examples, the continuous refill system includes an ultrasonic sensor. Temperature monitoring may be performed by temperature sensors such as thermocouples. For example, a first temperature sensor may be located at a target liquid level (e.g. approximately 50% of full ampoule) and a second temperature sensor may be located at the bottom of the ampoule close to a refill outlet. 
         [0048]    Since vapor pressure depends on the temperature at the interface between the liquid and vapor, the vapor delivery system is controlled based on temperature readings from the temperature sensor at the liquid level. When liquid refilling occurs, the temperature of the heated liquid falls. Therefore, during refilling and/or a predetermined period after refilling, the vapor delivery system may be controlled based on the temperature generated by the second temperature sensor during refills or a function of the first and second temperature sensors. Alternately, two or more heater zones with the two or more separate temperature sensors can be used to control the temperature of the liquid to provide a constant temperature in zones of interest. 
         [0049]    The combination of the above changes allows for improved temperature and conductance control leading to repeatable flow rates from ampoule over time and across tools. 
         [0050]    Referring now to  FIG. 1 , an example of a substrate processing system  10  is shown. The substrate processing system  10  includes a processing chamber  12 . Gas may be supplied to the processing chamber  12  using a gas distribution device  14  such as showerhead or other device. A substrate  18  such as a semiconductor wafer may be arranged on a substrate support  16  during processing. The substrate support  16  may include a pedestal, an electrostatic chuck, a mechanical chuck or other type of substrate support. 
         [0051]    One or more gas delivery systems  20  may be provided. For example, the gas delivery system  20  may include one or more gas sources  22 - 2 ,  22 - 2 , . . . , and  22 -N (collectively gas sources  22 ), where N is an integer greater than one. Valves  24 - 1 ,  24 - 2 , . . . , and  24 -N (collectively valves  24 ), mass flow controllers (MFCs)  26 - 1 ,  26 - 2 , . . . , and  26 -N (collectively MFCs  26 ), or other flow control devices may be used to controllably supply precursor, reactive gases, inert gases, purge gases, and mixtures thereof to a manifold  30 , which supplies the gas mixture to the processing chamber  12 . 
         [0052]    A controller  40  may be used to monitor process parameters such as temperature, pressure etc. (using sensors  41 ) and to control process timing. The controller  40  may be used to control process devices such as valves, the gas delivery system  20 , a pedestal heater  42 , and/or a plasma generator  46 . The controller  40  may also be used to evacuate the processing chamber  12  using a valve  50  and pump  52 . 
         [0053]    The RF plasma generator  46  generates the RF plasma in the processing chamber. The RF plasma generator  46  may be an inductive or capacitive-type RF plasma generator. In some examples, the RF plasma generator  46  may include an RF supply  60  and a matching and distribution network  64 . While the RF plasma generator  46  is shown connected to the gas distribution device  14  with the pedestal grounded or floating, the RF plasma generator  46  can be connected to the substrate support  16  and the gas distribution device  14  can be grounded or floating. 
         [0054]    Referring now to  FIG. 2 , a vapor delivery system  100  according to the present disclosure may be used to supply one or more gas precursors by vaporizing liquid precursor. A push gas source  110  may supply a push gas using valve V 215 , a mass flow controller (MFC)  114 , and a valve V 210  to a node  115 . For example only, each of the valves may be controlled electronically and may include an inlet, an outlet and one or more control terminals. A valve V 202  may be selectively used to divert gas at the node  115  to vacuum. The node  115  is further connected by a valve V 214  to an ampoule  118  storing liquid precursor  120 . During operation, push gas may be supplied to the valve V 214  and vaporized precursor may flow out of the ampoule  118  using valve V 205 . A bypass valve V 213  may be connected to the node  115  and to a node  116  that is connected to the valve V 205 . 
         [0055]    The ampoule  118  may include one or more heaters  121  that control a temperature of the liquid precursor  120 . One or more temperature sensors or thermocouples  123  and  125  may be provided to sense a temperature of the liquid precursor at various locations inside the ampoule  118 . For example, the temperature sensor  123  may be arranged at a target fill level and the temperature sensor  125  may be arranged at a bottom of the ampoule  118 . 
         [0056]    A level sensor  127  such as an ultrasonic sensor or other level sensor may be provided to sense a level of the precursor in the ampoule  118 . A precursor supply  129  may be used to supply precursor to the ampoule  118  to selectively refill the ampoule  118  as needed based on the level of precursor in the ampoule  118 . In some examples, the precursor supply  129  may include a valve  131 , a pump  133  and a bulk storage  135 , although other approaches may be used. 
         [0057]    A valve V 206 , a restricted orifice  142 , and a valve V 55  may be used to connect the node  116  to a heated injection manifold (HIM)  134 . The restricted orifice  142  may include a fixed restricted orifice, a variable restricted orifice or a combination of a fixed restricted orifice and a variable restricted orifice. The HIM  134  includes a first inlet to receive the vaporized precursor from the ampoule  118  and an outlet. The manifold  144  may be connected by a valve V 46  to the HIM  134 . The manifold  144  may provide gas such as molecular nitrogen N 2  or/and Argon (Ar) during all of the stages, some of the stages or none of the stages. The HIM  134  is further connected to a valve manifold  146 . 
         [0058]    The valve manifold  146  may include one or more valves. For example, the valve manifold  146  is shown to include valves V 69 , V 164 , V 165  and V 166 . A manifold  160  is connected by valves V 89  and V 165  to a node  163 . The node  163  is also connected to the showerhead  14 . The valve V 69  is connected to the node  163 , a manifold  150  and a divert valve V 167 , which may be provided to selectively divert gas from the manifold  150 . An outlet of the valve V 164  is connected to a node  166  and an inlet of the valve V 164  is connected to the node  163 . A valve V 166  connects the node  166  to a restricted orifice  145  and vacuum. The restricted orifice  145  may include a fixed restricted orifice, a variable restricted orifice or a combination of a fixed restricted orifice and a variable restricted orifice. 
         [0059]    In some examples a manifold  171  is selectively connected by a valve V 44  to a node  173  between valves V 89  and V 165 B. The manifold  171  is selectively connected by vacuum by valve V 36 . In some examples, the manifold supplies Argon (Ar), although other gases may be supplied. 
         [0060]    Referring now to FIGS.  3  and  3 A- 3 E, an example of operation of the valves in  FIG. 2  is shown. In  FIGS. 3 and 3A , during a dose stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . Vaporized precursor continues through the valve manifold  146  using the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to a backside of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . 
         [0061]    In  FIGS. 3 and 3B , during a dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  and the restriction orifice  142  to vacuum. In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to a back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0062]    In  FIGS. 3 and 3C , during a post dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  and the restriction orifice  142  to vacuum. In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0063]    In  FIGS. 3 and 3D , during an RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  and the restriction orifice  142  to vacuum. An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0064]    In  FIGS. 3 and 3E , during a post RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  and the restriction orifice  142  to vacuum. An output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0065]    For example only, the push gas source  110  can be an inert gas such as Argon, although other inert gases or push gases may be used. The manifold  144  may supply molecular nitrogen N 2 , although other gases may be used. The purge gas supplied by the valve V 162  may include molecular nitrogen N 2 , although other gases may be used. The burst purge gas supplied by valves V 89  and V 165  may include Ar/N 2 , although other purge gases may be used. The manifold  150  may supply a gas mixture such as O 2 /N 2 O/Ar, although other gas mixtures may be provided. 
         [0066]    Referring now to  FIG. 4 , operation is similar to that described above with respect to FIGS.  3  and  3 A- 3 E. However, low flow conductance is maintained by the valves V 164  and V 166  during divert. 
         [0067]    Referring now to FIGS.  5  and  5 A- 5 E, an example of operation of the valves in  FIG. 2  is shown. In  FIGS. 5 and 5A , during a dose stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . Vaporized precursor continues through the valve manifold  146  using the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the backside of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . 
         [0068]    In  FIGS. 5 and 5B , during a dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied by the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0069]    In  FIGS. 5 and 5C , during a post dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied by the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0070]    In  FIGS. 5 and 5D , during an RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied by the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0071]    In  FIGS. 5 and 5E , during a post RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied by the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0072]    Referring now to FIGS.  6  and  6 A- 6 E, an example of operation of the valves in  FIG. 2  is shown. In  FIGS. 6 and 6A , during a dose stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . Vaporized precursor continues through the valve manifold  146  using the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the backside of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . 
         [0073]    In  FIGS. 6 and 6B , during a dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  to vacuum. In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0074]    In  FIGS. 6 and 6C , during a post dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  to vacuum. In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0075]    In  FIGS. 6 and 6D , during an RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  to vacuum. An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0076]    In  FIGS. 6 and 6E , during a post RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  to vacuum. An output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0077]    Referring now to FIGS.  7  and  7 A- 7 E, an example of operation of the valves in  FIG. 2  is shown. In  FIGS. 7 and 7A , during a dose stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . Vaporized precursor continues through the valve manifold  146  using the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the backside of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . 
         [0078]    In  FIGS. 7 and 7B , during a dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve V 210 . The valve V 202  diverts the push gas to vacuum. In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0079]    In  FIGS. 7 and 7C , during a post dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve V 210 . The valve V 202  diverts the push gas to vacuum. In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0080]    In  FIGS. 7 and 7D , during an RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve V 210 . The valve V 202  diverts the push gas to vacuum. An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0081]    In  FIGS. 7 and 7E , during a post RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  to vacuum. An output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0082]    Referring now to FIGS.  8  and  8 A- 8 E, an example of operation of the valves in  FIG. 2  is shown. In  FIGS. 8 and 8A , during a dose stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . In addition, gas flows from the manifold  144  to the HIM  134 . Vaporized precursor continues through the valve manifold  146  using the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the backside of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . 
         [0083]    In  FIGS. 8 and 8B , during a dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve V 210 . The valve V 202  diverts the push gas to vacuum. The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is redirected by the valve V 166  to vacuum. In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0084]    In  FIGS. 8 and 8C , during a post dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve V 210 . The valve V 202  diverts the push gas to vacuum. The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is redirected by the valve V 166  to vacuum. In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0085]    In  FIGS. 8 and 8D , during an RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve V 210 . The valve V 202  diverts the push gas to vacuum. The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is redirected by the valve V 166  to vacuum. An output of the manifold  150  is directed by the valve V 69  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0086]    In  FIGS. 8 and 8E , during a post RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , the valve V 214 , the valve V 205  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . The gas is supplied by the manifold  144  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166  to vacuum. An output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0087]    Referring now to FIGS.  9  and  9 A- 9 E, an example of operation of the valves in  FIG. 2  is shown. In  FIGS. 9 and 9A , during a dose stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . In addition, gas flows from the manifold  144  to the HIM  134  via the valve V 46 . Vaporized precursor continues through the valve manifold  146  via the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied from the manifold  160  to the backside of the showerhead  14  via the valve V 162 . The manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . 
         [0088]    In  FIGS. 9 and 9B , during a dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valves V 210 , V 213 , V 206 , and V 55  to the HIM  134 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is also supplied to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied by the valve V 164 B to the showerhead  14 . In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by valve V 167 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0089]    In  FIGS. 9 and 9C , during a post dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valves V 210 , V 213 , V 206 , and V 55  to the HIM  134 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is also supplied to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied by the valve V 164 B to the showerhead  14 . In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is directed by the valves V 89  and V 165  to the node  163  and into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is supplied by the valve V 69 B to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0090]    In  FIGS. 9 and 9D , during an RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valves V 210 , V 213 , V 206 , and V 55  to the HIM  134 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is also supplied to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166 B to vacuum. An output of the manifold  150  is supplied by the valve V 69 B to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0091]    In  FIGS. 9 and 9E , during a post RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valves V 210 , V 213 , V 206 , and V 55  to the HIM  134 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is also supplied to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166 B to vacuum. In addition, an output of the manifold  160  is supplied by the valves V 89  and V 165  into the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167  to vacuum. Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0092]    For example only, the dose stage may have a duration of 0.4 s, the dose purge stage may have a duration of 0 s, the post dose purge may have a duration of 0.4 s, the RF stage may have a duration of 0.6 s and the post RF stage may have a duration of 0.1 s, although other durations may be used. The dose purge stage may have zero or non-zero durations in some examples. 
         [0093]    Referring now to FIGS.  10  and  10 A- 10 E, an example of operation of the valves in  FIG. 2  is shown. In  FIGS. 10 and 10A , during a dose stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . In addition, gas flows from the manifold  144  to the HIM  134 . Vaporized precursor continues through the valve manifold  146  via the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied via the valve V 162  to the backside of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . 
         [0094]    In  FIGS. 10 and 10B , during a dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valves V 210 , V 213 , V 206 , and V 55  to the HIM  134 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is also supplied to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied by the valve V 164 B to the showerhead  14 . An output of the manifold  150  is supplied by the valve V 69 B to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0095]    In  FIGS. 10 and 10C , during a post dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valves V 210 , V 213 , V 206 , and V 55  to the HIM  134 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is also supplied to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166 B to vacuum. An output of the manifold  150  is supplied by the valve V 69 B to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0096]    In  FIGS. 10 and 10D , during an RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valves V 210 , V 213 , V 206 , and V 55  to the HIM  134 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is also supplied to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166 B to vacuum. An output of the manifold  150  is supplied by the valve V 69 B to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0097]    In  FIGS. 10 and 10E , during a post RF stage, vaporized precursor is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valves V 210 , V 214 , V 205 , V 206 , and V 55  to the HIM  134 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is also supplied to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is diverted by the valve V 166 B to vacuum. An output of the manifold  150  is supplied by the valve V 69 B to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . 
         [0098]    For example only, the dose stage may have a duration of 0.4 s, the dose purge stage may have a duration of 0 s, the post dose purge may have a duration of 0.4 s, the RF stage may have a duration of 0.6 s and the post RF stage may have a duration of 0.1 s, although other durations may be used. The dose purge stage may have zero or non-zero durations in some examples. 
         [0099]    Referring now to FIGS.  11  and  11 A- 11 E, an example of operation of the valves in  FIG. 2  is shown. In  FIGS. 11 and 11A , during a dose stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , the valve V 210 , and the valve V 214  into the ampoule  118 . Vaporized precursor exits the ampoule  118  using the valve V 205  and flows using the valve V 206 , the restricted orifice  142  and the valve V 55  to the HIM  134 . In addition, gas flows from the manifold  144  to the HIM  134 . Vaporized precursor continues through the valve manifold  146  via the valve V 164  to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied via the valve V 162  to the backside of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . The manifold  171  supplies gas via valves V 44  and V 165 B to the showerhead  14  while the valve V 89  is closed. In some examples, the valve supplies Argon (Ar), although other gases may be used. 
         [0100]    In  FIGS. 11 and 11B , during a dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve to one side of valves V 214 , V 213  and V 202 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is directed by the valve V 46  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied to one side of valves V 166 B and V 164 B. An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167 . Gas is supplied by the manifold  160  via valves V 89  and V 165 B to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  171  is diverted by valve V 36  to vacuum. 
         [0101]    In  FIGS. 11 and 11C , during a post dose purge stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve to one side of valves V 214 , V 213  and V 202 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is directed by the valve V 46  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied to one side of valves V 166 B and V 164 B. An output of the manifold  150  is supplied by the valve V 69 B to the showerhead  14 . Gas is supplied by the manifold  160  via valves V 89  and V 165 B to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  171  is diverted by valve V 36  to vacuum. 
         [0102]    In  FIGS. 11 and 11D , during an RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve to one side of valves V 214 , V 213  and V 202 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is directed by the valve V 46  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied to one side of valves V 166 B and V 164 B. An output of the manifold  150  is supplied by the valve V 69 B to the showerhead. Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  171  is diverted by valve V 36  to vacuum. 
         [0103]    In  FIGS. 11 and 11E , during a post RF stage, push gas is supplied using valves V 215 , the MFC  114 , and the valve to one side of valves V 214 , V 213  and V 202 . The gas supplied by the manifold  144  is directed by the valve V 46  to the HIM  134 . An output of the HIM  134  is supplied to one side of valves V 166 B and V 164 B. An output of the manifold  150  is diverted by the valve V 167  to vacuum. Gas is supplied by the manifold  160  via valves V 89  and V 165 B to the showerhead  14 . Purge gas may be supplied using the valve V 162  to the back side of the showerhead  14 . The manifold  171  is diverted by valve V 36  to vacuum. 
         [0104]    For example only, the dose stage may have a duration of 0.4 s, the dose purge stage may have a duration of 0.3 s, the post dose purge may have a duration of 0.1 s, the RF stage may have a duration of 0.4 s and the post RF stage may have a duration of 0.15 s, although other durations may be used. 
         [0105]    Referring now to  FIG. 12 , the controller  40  may be connected to the temperature sensors or thermocouples  123  and  125  to provide temperature feedback to control the heater  121 . The controller  40  may also communicate with the level sensor  127  to control a precursor fill level of the ampoule  118 . The controller  40  may also monitor one or more pressure sensors  270  to allow adjustment of pressure regulators  271  that are located in one or more of the lines of the vapor delivery system. The controller  40  may also be used to control the restricted orifice  142  to adjust a conductance of the line. In some examples, the restricted orifice  142  may be adjusted based on feedback from one or more system sensors. The controller  40  also communicates with the valves that are generally identified by reference number  274  and the MFC  114 . The controller  40  communicates with one or more gas delivery systems (collectively identified at  280 ) such as those that are associated with the manifolds  132 ,  150  and  160 . 
         [0106]    Referring now to  FIG. 13 , an example of a method for controlling the valves is shown. At  320 , control determines whether vapor should be delivered. If true, control continues at  324  and controls valves during a dose stage. When the dose stage ends as determined at  326 , control continues at  330  and controls valves during a dose purge stage. When the dose purge stage ends as determined at  334 , control continues at  338  and controls the valves during a post dose purge stage. When the post dose purge stage ends as determined at  340 , control continues at  344  and controls the valves during an RF stage. When the RF stage ends as determined at  348 , control continues with  352  and controls the valves during a post RF stage. When the post RF stage ends as determined at  356 , control ends. The method may be repeated one or more times for a substrate. 
         [0107]    The foregoing description is merely illustrative in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. The broad teachings of the disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent upon a study of the drawings, the specification, and the following claims. As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A OR B OR C), using a non-exclusive logical OR, and should not be construed to mean “at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C.” It should be understood that one or more stages within a method may be executed in different order (or concurrently) without altering the principles of the present disclosure. 
         [0108]    In this application, including the definitions below, the term controller may be replaced with the term circuit. The term controller may refer to, be part of, or include: an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC); a digital, analog, or mixed analog/digital discrete circuit; a digital, analog, or mixed analog/digital integrated circuit; a combinational logic circuit; a field programmable gate array (FPGA); a processor circuit (shared, dedicated, or group) that executes code; a memory circuit (shared, dedicated, or group) that stores code executed by the processor circuit; other suitable hardware components that provide the described functionality; or a combination of some or all of the above, such as in a system-on-chip. 
         [0109]    The controller may include one or more interface circuits. In some examples, the interface circuits may include wired or wireless interfaces that are connected to a local area network (LAN), the Internet, a wide area network (WAN), or combinations thereof. The functionality of any given controller of the present disclosure may be distributed among multiple controllers that are connected using interface circuits. For example, multiple controllers may allow load balancing. In a further example, a server (also known as remote, or cloud) controller may accomplish some functionality on behalf of a client controller. 
         [0110]    The term code, as used above, may include software, firmware, and/or microcode, and may refer to programs, routines, functions, classes, data structures, and/or objects. The term shared processor circuit encompasses a single processor circuit that executes some or all code from multiple controllers. The term group processor circuit encompasses a processor circuit that, in combination with additional processor circuits, executes some or all code from one or more controllers. References to multiple processor circuits encompass multiple processor circuits on discrete dies, multiple processor circuits on a single die, multiple cores of a single processor circuit, multiple threads of a single processor circuit, or a combination of the above. The term shared memory circuit encompasses a single memory circuit that stores some or all code from multiple controllers. The term group memory circuit encompasses a memory circuit that, in combination with additional memories, stores some or all code from one or more controllers. 
         [0111]    The term memory circuit is a subset of the term computer-readable medium. The term computer-readable medium, as used herein, does not encompass transitory electrical or electromagnetic signals propagating through a medium (such as on a carrier wave); the term computer-readable medium may therefore be considered tangible and non-transitory. Non-limiting examples of a non-transitory, tangible computer-readable medium include nonvolatile memory circuits (such as a flash memory circuit or a mask read-only memory circuit), volatile memory circuits (such as a static random access memory circuit and a dynamic random access memory circuit), and secondary storage, such as magnetic storage (such as magnetic tape or hard disk drive) and optical storage. 
         [0112]    The apparatuses and methods described in this application may be partially or fully implemented by a special purpose computer created by configuring a general purpose computer to execute one or more particular functions embodied in computer programs. The computer programs include processor-executable instructions that are stored on at least one non-transitory, tangible computer-readable medium. The computer programs may also include or rely on stored data. The computer programs may include a basic input/output system (BIOS) that interacts with hardware of the special purpose computer, device drivers that interact with particular devices of the special purpose computer, one or more operating systems, user applications, background services and applications, etc. The computer programs may include: (i) assembly code; (ii) object code generated from source code by a compiler; (iii) source code for execution by an interpreter; (iv) source code for compilation and execution by a just-in-time compiler, (v) descriptive text for parsing, such as HTML (hypertext markup language) or XML (extensible markup language), etc. As examples only, source code may be written in C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Haskell, Go, SQL, Lisp, Java®, ASP, Perl, Javascript®, HTML5, Ada, ASP (active server pages), Perl, Scala, Erlang, Ruby, Flash®, Visual Basic®, Lua, or Python®. 
         [0113]    None of the elements recited in the claims is intended to be a means-plus-function element within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. §112(f) unless an element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for”, or in the case of a method claim using the phrases “operation for” or “stage for”.