Abstract:
The present invention relates to a dispersible nonwoven fabric comprising pulp and solvent spun cellulosic fibers, characterized in that the solvent spun cellulosic fibers are fibrillated. Furthermore the invention concerns the use of the fabric in dry wipes and wet wipes.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
       [0001]    This invention is directed towards rapidly dispersible absorbent nonwoven fabrics and methods for making and using such products. This invention is especially directed towards rapidly dispersible wet wipes that are flushable through a standard toilet system and disintegrate into easily dispersible fragments that biodegrade after disposal. 
         [0002]    Not-woven textiles are defined with the terminology “nonwoven”. The definition of nonwoven is described in the norm ISO 9092:1988. Absorbent nonwoven fabrics include materials such as dry wipes, wet wipes and cosmetic wipes and masks. They are also materials used in hygiene products like panty liners, sanitary napkins and incontinence products. The nonwoven fabrics used in these applications should fulfil the requirements of European Pharmacopoeia. 
         [0003]    Disposable absorbent wipes such as toilet wet wipes offer high levels of convenience, comfort and efficacy that are greatly appreciated by consumers. However, the popularity of these products has created a need regarding their disposal. General disposal methods used for waste materials such bin disposal for subsequent incineration or landfill are not convenient for the consumers, especially for using of toilet wet wipes. One of the alternative disposal methods is flushing the wet wipes directly into a conventional toilet. Flushing the product in the toilet, dispersing it by mechanical forces and finally biodegrading the material in the sewage system is more convenient and discrete for the consumers. For this disposal method, the suitable material should maintain its structural integrity and strength for use, but also disintegrate readily when flushing into the toilet without causing any blockage in the pumping and drain systems. 
         [0004]    Such products like toilet wipes are pre-moistened wipes. Therefore the nonwoven fabrics used for these applications should maintain their mechanical strength and integrity in the wet state during storage and also be biodegradable in the sewage system. 
         [0005]    Flushable wet wipes are known for example from U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,081 and EP 1 285 985 A1. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0006]    The object of the invention is to provide a dispersible nonwoven fabric with good tensile strength but which disintegrate readily when flushed. 
         [0007]    By the present invention there is provided a dispersible nonwoven fabric comprising pulp and solvent spun cellulosic fibers characterized in that the solvent spun cellulosic fibers are fibrillated. 
     
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0008]      FIG. 1  shows an unfibrillated Tencel by light microscope, 
           [0009]      FIG. 2 : shows an exemplary fibrillated Tencel by light microscope, and 
           [0010]      FIG. 3 : shows an exemplary fibrillated Tencel by scanning electron microscope. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0011]    Especially suited as starting material for the fibrillated fibers are solvent spun short cut cellulosic fibers with a length of 2 to 20 mm, preferably 3 to 12 mm, most preferably 4 to 10 mm. The titer of the solvent spun short cut fibers is 0.9 to 6.7 dtex, preferably 1.3 to 1.7 dtex. 
         [0012]    Preferably the solvent spun short cut fibers are present in the dispersible nonwoven fabric in an amount of 1 to 90 wt.-%, preferably 5 to 40 wt.-%, most preferably 10 to 30 wt.-% based on the fabric. 
         [0013]    A preferred solvent spun short cut fiber is a lyocell fiber, produced according to the Aminoxide-process, which is known e.g. from U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,221 (McCorsley). A suited solvent spun fiber is sold under the trade name “Tencel”. 
         [0014]    The dispersible nonwoven fabric has a weight of 30 to 100 g/m2, preferred of 40 to 60 g/m2 and a thickness of 0.1 to 0.7 mm. 
         [0015]    The dispersible nonwoven fabric may comprise a dispersing aid in an amount of 0.1 to 1% wt.-%, preferably 0.5 to 1 wt.-% based on the fabric. 
         [0016]    To increase the strength, optionally a binder is present in an amount of 0.01 to 5 wt.-%, preferably 0.1 to 0.5 wt.-% based on the fabric, preferably in form of an acrylic resin or epichlorohydrin based resin, such as polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin resins or polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins. Other examples for suited binders are polyethylenimine resins and aminoplast resins. 
         [0017]    Any type of pulps are suited, especially softwood pulps, hardwood pulps or a pulp made from plants like abaca or bamboo. 
         [0018]    The dispersible nonwoven fabric according to the invention has a wet tensile strength in machine direction of 2 to 20 N/5 cm, preferably 3 to 13 N/5 cm and most preferably 3 to 7 N/5 cm based on a basis weight of 60 g/m2 and in cross direction 1 to 10 N/5 cm, preferably 1 to 7 N/5 cm and most preferably 1 to 3 N/5 cm. The wet tensile strength has been measured according to the EDANA Method WSP 110.4 (09) “Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Nonwoven Materials (Strip Method)”. 
         [0019]    One standardized test method for testing the properties of disposable wipes is known from “EDANA Guidance Document for Assessing the Flushability of Nonwoven Consumer Products”. This test is used to assess the dispersibility or physical breakup of a flushable product during its transport through household and municipal conveyance systems (e.g., sewer pipe, pumps and lift stations). This test assesses the rate and extent of disintegration of a test material by turbulent water in a rotating tube. Results from this test are used to evaluate the compatibility of test materials with household and municipal wastewater conveyance systems. The principle of the test method is that the rotation of the tube is used to simulate the physical forces acting to disintegrate a product during passage through household sewage pumps and municipal conveyance systems. In this test the product is placed in a clear plastic tube containing 700 ml of tap water or raw wastewater, which is rotated end-over-end. After a specified number of cycles or rotations, the contents in the tube are passed through a series of screens. The various size fractions retained on the screens are weighed, and the rate and extent of disintegration determined. 
         [0020]    The test material is disintegrating when at least 95% of the size fractions pass a 12 mm screen and the residue is less than 5%. 
         [0021]    The invention also concerns a process for the production of a dispersible nonwoven fabric. 
         [0022]    According to this wet lay process, pulp is dispersed in water and a solvent spun fiber is dispersed in water, either separately or together as a mixture. A dispersing aid such as CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose) may be added to improve dispersion quality. The dispersions are passed through a refiner either separately or are co-refined. The refining energy is from 20 to 400 kWh/t, prefer 40 to 150 kWh/t. A binder solution may be added to the slurry. In the case of separate refining, the slurries are mixed to form an intimate blend to form one slurry. The slurry is then wet-laid, e.g. on a papermaking machine, to form a sheet. The sheet then passes through a hydroentanglement process either on-line or as a separate off-line process to form a fabric. 
         [0023]      FIG. 1  shows an unfibrillated Tencel (light microscope). Fibrillation or refining is a wet abrasion process that exposes and releases fibrils emerging from the surface region of the filaments. As refining progresses, more fibrils are released from the filaments and the diameter of the residual filaments decreases ( FIG. 2 : light microscope,  FIG. 3 : scanning electron microscope). 
         [0024]    In further steps the fabric is sliced into the appropriate format, folded and packed. 
         [0025]    A treatment, preferably an impregnation, with a liquid or lotion can be carried out before packaging. 
         [0026]    The invention is shown by the following examples: 
       Example 1 and Example 2 (Both Comparative) 
       [0027]    Wetlaid fabrics made of blends of woodpulp (Camfor pulp, a long fiber woodpulp derived from spruce and pine, grown in British Columbia, Canada) with 15% Tencel short cut 1.7 dtex at 6 mm cut length (example 1) or 25% Tencel short cut 1.7 dtex at 6 mm cut length (example 2) without any refining process and without additional of any additives showed a very good dispersibility according to the Tier 1 Test-FG 511.2-Dispersability Tipping Tube Test of the “EDANA Guidance Document for Assessing the Flushability of Nonwoven Consumer Products”. According to example 1, 100% of the disintegrated size fractions pass the 12 mm, the 6 mm and even the 3 mm screen, 21% retain and 79% passes the 1.5 mm screen. But the fabrics did not show a high mechanical strength, both in machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD) as shown in Table 1. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Dispersibility of samples 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
                   
                 Mass of each fraction  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Thick- 
                 Strength 
                 Elon- 
                 in % in relation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fabric 
                 ness 
                 wet 
                 gation 
                 to dry mass 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fiber 
                 weight 
                 dry 
                 [N/5 cm] 
                 wet [%] 
                 &gt;12 
                 &gt;6 
                 &gt;3 
                 &gt;1.5 
                 &lt;1.5 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ex 
                 blends 
                 [g/m 2 ] 
                 [mm] 
                 MD 
                 CD 
                 MD 
                 CD 
                 mm 
                 mm 
                 mm 
                 mm 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 15% 
                 60 
                 0.65 
                 2.0 
                 0.9 
                 2.2 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 21 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                 Tencel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 85% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 camfor 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pulp 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 25% 
                 57 
                 0.60 
                 1.9 
                 1.2 
                 2.4 
                 5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 28 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                 Tencel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 75% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 camfor  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pulp 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 3, 4 and 5 
       [0028]    Blends of woodpulp (Camfor pulp) with 25% Tencel short cut 1.7 dtex at 6 mm cut length including an addition of 0.5% CMC dispersing aid to the slurry. In these trials the pulp/Tencel blend was refined through 1× disc refiner and 4× conical refiners in series to levels of 40 kWh/t and 60 kWh/t. Acrylic dry strength resin was added to the slurry at 1% (based on dry fiber weight). The fabrics were dispersible and the tensile strength of fabrics was improved (Table 2). 
       Example 6 
       [0029]    A blend of 80% woodpulp (Camfor pulp) with 20% Tencel short cut 1.7 dtex at 6 mm cut length was used to make wetlaid fabrics. Fibers were refined to 100 kWh/t, 1% CMC (based on dry fiber weight) as dispersing aid was added and also 0.5% epichlorhydrin based wet strength resin (based on dry fiber weight) was added to increase the wet strength (Table 2). The fabric was dispersible. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
                   
                   
                 Dispersibility of samples 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Thick- 
                 Strength 
                   
                   
                 Mass of each fraction in %  
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Refining 
                 Fabric 
                 ness 
                 wet 
                 Elongation 
                 in relation to dry mass 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fiber 
                 Energy 
                 weight 
                 dry 
                 [N/5 cm] 
                 wet [%] 
                 &gt;12 
                 &gt;6 
                 &gt;3 
                 &gt;1.5 
                 &lt;1.5 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ex 
                 blends 
                 (kWh/t) 
                 [g/m 2 ] 
                 [mm] 
                 MD 
                 CD 
                 MD 
                 CD 
                 mm 
                 mm 
                 mm 
                 mm 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 3 
                 25% 
                 40 
                 59 
                 0.28 
                 3.6 
                 1.3 
                 4.2 
                 39 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 55 
                 45 
               
               
                   
                 Tencel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 75% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 camfor 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pulp, 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 25% 
                 60 
                 56 
                 0.25 
                 3.3 
                 1.5 
                 5.0 
                 33 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 53 
                 47 
               
               
                   
                 Tencel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 75% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 camfor 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pulp 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 25% 
                 60 
                 60 
                 0.32 
                 3.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.3 
                 6.6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 78 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 Tencel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 75% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 camfor 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pulp + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 acrylic 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 resin at 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 20% 
                 100 
                 57 
                 0.23 
                 5.4 
                 2.1 
                 2.8 
                 17 
                 0 
                 11 
                 34 
                 29 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                 Tencel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 80% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 camfor 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pulp + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.5% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 epichlor- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ohydrin 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       Example 7, 8, 9 and 10 
       [0030]    A blend of 75% woodpulp (Camfor) with 25% Tencel short cut 1.7 dtex at 6 mm cut length was used to make wetlaid fabrics. Fibers were refined to 80 kWh/t, 1% CMC as dispersing aid was added and also an epichlorhydrin based wet strength resin was added to increase the wet strength at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20%. The results, demonstrated in Table 3, show that all samples were dispersible. 
         [0031]    The fabric according to the invention can be used in dry wipes and wet wipes like toilette wipes, facial wipes, cosmetic wipes, baby wipes and sanitary wipes for cleaning and densification as well as in absorbent hygiene products such as panty liners, sanitary napkins and incontinence pads. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
                   
                   
                 Dispersibility of samples Mass of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Thick- 
                 Strength 
                   
                   
                 each fraction in % in relation to 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                   
                 Refining 
                 Fabric 
                 ness 
                 wet 
                 Elongation  
                 dry mass 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Fiber 
                 Energy 
                 weight 
                 dry 
                 [N/5 cm] 
                 wet [%] 
                 &gt;12 
                 &gt;6 
                 &gt;3 
                 &gt;1.5 
                 &lt;1.5 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Ex 
                 blends 
                 (kWh/t) 
                 [g/m 2 ] 
                 [mm] 
                 MD 
                 CD 
                 MD 
                 CD 
                 mm 
                 mm 
                 mm 
                 mm 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 7 
                 25% 
                 80 
                 58 
                 0.59 
                 3.7 
                 1.6 
                 11 
                 50 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 
                 64 
                 35 
               
               
                   
                 Tencel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 75% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 camfor  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 pulp + 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.05% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 epichlor- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ohydrin 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 resin 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 As 
                 80 
                 60 
                 0.53 
                 4.1 
                 1.9 
                 11 
                 50 
                 0 
                 0 
                 4 
                 63 
                 33 
               
               
                   
                 Ex. 7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 except 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 with 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.10% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 epichlor- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ohydrin 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 resin 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 As Ex. 
                 80 
                 59 
                 0.29 
                 6.5 
                 2.6 
                 2.9 
                 10 
                 0 
                 27 
                 31 
                 16 
                 26 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 except 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 with 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.15% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 epichlor- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ohydrin 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 resin 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 As Ex. 
                 80 
                 59 
                 0.42 
                 5.5 
                 2.2 
                 8.8 
                 28 
                 0 
                 2 
                 30 
                 36 
                 32 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 except 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 with 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.20% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 epichlor- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ohydrin 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 resin