Abstract:
The invention relates to encoding and decoding descriptions of multimedia content in two formats using access units. The invention further relates to dynamically updating multimedia description using access units and to supporting the delivery of distributed multimedia descriptions.

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/272,729, filed Mar. 1, 2001, 60/304,864 filed Jul. 11, 2001, 60/260,949, filed Jan. 10, 2001, 60/242,378, filed Oct. 20, 2000, 60/269,527 filed Feb. 16, 2001 and 60/274,137 filed Mar. 7, 2001, the above applications herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to transmitting data. More specifically, the invention relates to mechanisms and techniques that enable data related to multimedia content descriptions to be encoded and transmitted. 
     NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The following notice applies to the software and data as described below and in the drawings hereto: Copyright© 2000, Sony Electronics, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Digital multimedia information is becoming widely distributed though broadcast transmission, such as digital television signals, and interactive transmission, such as the Internet. The information may be in still images, audio feeds, or video data streams. The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) has promulgated a Multimedia Content Description Interface, commonly referred to as MPEG-7, to standardize the description of multimedia information when it is transmitted from a system that generates the information to a system that uses the information. 
     MPEG-7 defines a generic structure for describing multimedia content. For example, the structure for a standard movie could include scenes, shots within scenes, titles for scenes, and time, color, shape, motion, and audio feature information for shots. The corresponding description would contain a “descriptor” component that describes features of the content, such as color, shape, motion, frequency, title, etc., and a “description scheme” component that describe relationships among two or more descriptors, e.g., a shot description scheme that relates together the features of a shot. For example, Fourier descriptors and polygon vertices are representations, or descriptors for a shape feature. A description scheme can also describe the relationship among other description schemes and between description schemes and descriptors, e.g., a scene description scheme that relates the different shots in a scene and relates the title of the scene to the shots. 
     The structure and format of an MPEG-7 content description is defined by a schema using a Description Definition Language (DDL), which is designed to define descriptors and description schemes. For each descriptor, the schema specifies the syntax and semantics of the corresponding feature. For each description scheme, the schema specifies the structure and semantics of the relationships among its children components, which are descriptors and description schemes. The DDL for MPEG-7 multimedia content is based on the XML (extensible markup language) and the XML Schema standards. The descriptors, description schemes, semantics, syntax, and structures of the content description are represented with XML elements and XML attributes. Some of the XML elements and attributes may be optional. 
     A multimedia content description is encoded in an XML “instance document” that references the appropriate schema and is an instance of the schema defined in DDL; that is, it contains data that adheres to the syntax and semantics defined in the DDL schema. The instance document contains a set of “descriptor values” for the required elements and attributes in the schema and for any necessary optional elements and/or attributes. An instance document is transmitted from a system having or generating the description data, through a communication channel such as a computer network, to another system that will a consume the multimedia content description data contained in the instance document. 
     When transmitting a multimedia description represented in XML it possible to send the data in either textual form or to encode the XML data into another binary form, such as the binary format specified for MPEG-7 data, known as “BiM”. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates one example of transmitting a multimedia document. In system  110 , content description  112  is a multimedia description, for example a description of a movie. Encoder  114  encodes content description  112  in a format suitable for transmission. After encoding, encoded data stream  116  represents the encoded form used for transmitting content description  112  to decoder  118  over some communication channel (not shown). Decoder  118  receives encoded data stream  116  and uses it to reconstruct content description  120 , which is the same as content description  112 . Encoder  114  may use various methods to form the encoded data used to transmit content description  112 . 
     While various means may be used by encoder  114  to transmit encoded data stream  116  to decoder  118 , normally the description data must be sent as a encoded data stream over a communication channel, such as a network communication channel using a communications protocol like TCP/IP. Although compression can reduce transmission time by decreasing the size of the encoded stream, if the description is large, transmitting the entire description over a network can still take too much time. Rather than sending the entire description, the encoder may send parts of the description to the encoder. The method for determining which parts to send is not the subject of this invention and is application dependent. Herein, the term “description fragment” means a part of a description. 
     The content description  112  may be either static or dynamic. A static description is one that does not change during the duration of communication between encoder  114  and decoder  118 . A dynamic description is one in which the description data  112  is changed during the duration of the communication between encoder  114  and decoder  118 . This change must be reflected in the description data  120 . Description data  112  is changed when data pertaining to the multimedia content is added, deleted, or changed. For example, if the description pertains to a scene being captured by a camera the description may change if an object appears or disappears from the scene. Additionally, if the description is about a television program, portions of the data may be updated, e.g. the broadcast time of the program may changes, and such changes sent from the encoder to decoder. When the description is dynamic it is more efficient to send only updates to the encoder rather the resending the entire changed description. 
     Furthermore, in a distributed environment, description data is spread across multiple hosts and each host contains only a part of a complete description. If all description fragments (i.e., parts of the description) are streamed from a single encoder, then the encoder spends a significant amount of time and resources in gathering all the description fragments. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One embodiment is a method comprising the following process: form an access unit comprising a fragment update, where the fragment update comprises a fragment update command; form an encoded data stream from the access unit. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is prior art and illustrates an example of transmitting a description from an encoder to a decoder. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a content description tree and its fragments. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example of an access unit. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example of a fragment update. 
         FIG. 5   a  is a flow diagram showing blocks, which when implemented by an encoder send an encoded data stream to decoder  510 . 
         FIG. 5   b  is a flow diagram showing blocks, which when implemented by a decoder provide instance document  116  with both text and binary encoding. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram showing one embodiment of the changes made to BiM syntax. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates one example of BiM syntax. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example of a distributed MPEG-7 description. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates one example of a fragment reference. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates one example of internal and external pointers. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates one example of a computer system that implements the principles of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, numerous specific details such as specific materials, processing parameters, processing blocks, etc., are set forth in order to provide a though understanding of the invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that these details need not be specifically adhered to in order to practice the claimed invention. In other instances, well known processing blocks, materials, etc., are not set forth in order not to obscure the invention. Furthermore, different embodiments of this invention may use different syntaxes for encoding substantively the same information. For example, the use of different names, attributes, elements to form alternative embodiments of this invention will be will be obvious to one well-versed in the art. 
     This invention provides an efficient method to deliver MPEG-7 description data from an encoder to a decoder using access units, a method for configuring a system to receive access units, and a method for using access units for communication of distributed multimedia content description. Furthermore, the invention is not limited to MPEG-7 multimedia description and may also be applied to any structured data represented using XML. 
     When sending a description from a decoder to an encoder, the description is usually divided into pieces that are sent to a decoder one after another. In the following, “access unit” is used to refer to the smallest unit for transmitting a part of a description from an encoder to a decoder across a communication channel or inside a stream. The term is chosen because the access unit is the smallest unit for a decoder accessing a description. When transmitting a description the encoder divides the description into fragments, encodes these as access units, and sends access units to the decoder where they are used to reconstruct the description. 
     The description tree, defined in detail later, is a representation of hierarchical structure of elements, attributes, text values and so on, that make up an instance document. A “fragment” is an arbitrarily connected component of the description tree that is not necessarily complete with respect to a schema definition, such as MPEG-7 DDL. In other words, a fragment is a sub-tree of the description tree. 
     An encoded transmission format typically provides information pertaining to the method of encoding transmitted data. For example, encoder  114  sends information about the encoded data stream  116  to the decoder. Such information may be sent over the same communication channel or stream (e.g. “in-band”) or “out-of-band”; that is, on a separate communication channel from that used for sending the encoded description stream. An encoder provides information about the resources needed for decoding so that a decoder can correctly decode an instance document. Information about resources needed for decoding allows a system to determine if the needed resources are present and available, and if not then to send a command to stop transmission. One method of providing resource information is to send a global element with information (e.g., MPEG7_DecoderConfig) at the beginning of a session. 
     When the description data is transmitted or streamed, for example when a description is broadcast, a decoder needs to determine a correct beginning point within encoded data stream. To do so the encoded data typically has synchronization points. Synchronization points are points in the encoded data stream where a decoder can form an initial state, start decoding, and then properly decode subsequent encoded data. 
     Synchronization points enable random access to the encoded stream of description data. This is analogous to the “I-Frame” used in video compression standard, such as the MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 standards. Such access points are associated with a partial description, or sub-tree, where a decoder can access only a part of the entire description. Such sub-trees must be semantically meaningful points. That is, they must be sub-tree that is an instance of a descriptor, description scheme, or datatype defined by the MPEG-7 standard schema. Such semantically meaningful points may be defined as MPEG7Unit. 
     Another example of a synchronization point is a reset point that contains a fragment that forms a complete description with respect to the schema, for example MPEG7Main, a complete, independent, descriptive entity. 
     In some cases a multimedia content description is distributed over multiple servers. In one embodiment, in order to support rapid and efficient transmission of multimedia work stored on multiple servers the encoder transmits the location of description fragments instead of transmitting the description fragments themselves to the decoder. The decoder can then directly retrieve the description fragments from other servers. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example of a content description tree and its fragments. Content description tree  200  represents a multimedia content description and is part of the data in instance document  112 . The structure of the description is determined from the hierarchical structure of the XML elements and attributes used to represent the multimedia description. The details of this structure are specified in the DDL schema for the description. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a description can be divided into a set of fragments that can be “glued” back together to reconstruct the original description tree. For example, encoder  114  divides content description tree  200  into a set of fragments  202 . Fragments  202   1 - 3  are subtrees of content description tree  200 . 
     One method for transmitting a description is for the decoder to send it as a series of fragments, which are transmitted and received by the decoder, which then recombines them to reconstruct the complete description. Because each fragment  202  is sent separately, there must be information provided for each fragment  202  that identifies its location within content description tree  200 . Fragments  202 -  2  and  3  have information relating their position to fragment  202 - 1 . Consequently, even though fragments  202  are sent separately, a corresponding decoder can reassemble fragments  202  into content description tree  200 . The encoder does so by sending the fragment with its associated information as an access unit. 
       FIG. 3  is an example of an access unit. Henceforth, the abbreviation AU refers to an “access unit”. Access unit  300  is composed of an optional digital signature  302  and one or more fragment updates  304 . One embodiment of access unit  300  is an MPEG-7 system datatype to which timing information is attached. Access units typically do not carry the same timing information. The timing information is used for, in one example, to synchronize a transmitter (not shown) and a receiver (not shown) or to coordinate the delivery of the description with its associated multimedia content. In many communication protocols, the packets in the transport layer packets carry timing information, such as delivery times. 
       FIG. 4  is one example of a fragment update. Fragment update  400  is composed of three parts. Navigation part  402  points to a location in content description tree  200  where update command  404  should execute. In other words, it specifies how to navigate to the node in the description where the command is to be applied. Update command  304  specifies the type of update to execute, for example to add, delete, or replace a fragment. Payload  406  provides the value of fragment  202  to be added or replaced but is not present when a delete command is sent. 
     The inclusion of an update command inside of an access unit allows an encoder to send either static or dynamic descriptions. When the description being transmitted is static, the encoder can divide the description into fragments, which will typically consists of add commands to build up the description. When the description is dynamic, an encoder can send a series one or more access units that contain update commands to effect any changes on the source description at the destination decoder. 
       FIG. 5   a  is a flow diagram of blocks, which when implemented by an encoder and a decoder encode an access unit. In block  502  the decoder calculate the description tree fragments that need to be sent or updated. The process for doing this is encoder and application dependent and is not discussed here. In block  504  the decoder determines the navigation paths for the updated description. These are the paths to the root nodes of the description sub-trees that are to be updated. In block  506  the encoder gathers together all of the information needed to send the update and fragment in an access unit. For example, the decoder may represent the information in an access using an XML syntax discussed later or in a binary encoding. In block  508  the encoder sends the access unit information to the decoder in an encoded data stream. 
       FIG. 5   b  is a flow diagram of blocks, which when implemented by an encoder and a decoder decode an access unit. The decoder performs the processing depicted in  FIG. 5   b . In block  512  the decoder receives an access unit from the encoded data stream. In block  514  the information in the AU is decoded. For example, this may involve decoding a binary form of the access unit or parsing a textual XML representation of the access unit. In block  516 , the navigation part is used to determine the affected node in the current description maintained by the decoder. In MPEG-7 , for example, the navigation is expressed as an XPath expression that locates the root of the sub-tree that the decoder will update. 
     In block  518 , complete the access units. Each access unit has a set of update commands and an indication of whether or not the access unit is applied serially or in parallel. In this block the update command is examined in order to determine which operation is specified: an add, delete, or replace command. If it is a delete command the sub-tree is deleted by the decoder in block  520 . In block  522  the fragment in the update command is added to a designated node. In block  524  the designated fragment is replaced by the fragment value in the update command. 
       FIG. 6  is a flow diagram showing one embodiment of block  516  when the navigation path is represented as an Xpath expression (or equivalent path representation). Determine if there is a ‘/’, block  600 . If there is no ‘/’ then absolute addressing is not used, block  602 . 
     Determine if the ‘/’ is followed by a root node, block  604 . If the ‘/’ is followed by a root node then conform to mode ‘00’ of BiM navigation command, block  606 . 
     Determine if the ‘/’ is followed by a top level node, step  608 . If the ‘/’ is followed by a top level node then conform to mode ‘01’ of BiM navigation command, block  610 . 
     Determine if there is a ‘.’, block  612 . If there is a ‘.’ Then context node is indicated, block  614 . 
     Determine if there is a ‘..’, block  616 . If there is a ‘..’ then parent of a context node is indicated, block  618 . 
     Determine if ‘/’ is preceded by ‘..’, block  620 . If ‘/’ is preceded by ‘..’ then conform to relative addressing mode ‘11’ of BiM navigation command, block  622 . 
     In order to decode access units, a decoder needs an indication of where in an encoded data stream to begin decoding. Synchronization points are one example of points at which a decoder begins decoding and produces correct output. In one embodiment, a synchronization point is a random access point associated with a description fragment where a decoder can decode a part of the description and obtain a semantically correct portion of the description. As explain earlier, a semantically correct fragment is one that corresponds to a descriptor, description scheme, or datatype defined in the MPEG-7 schema. 
     One embodiment of a synchronization point is a reset. In one embodiment, a reset point is implemented using a “reset” update command. The access unit containing a reset command contains a fragment, or fragments, that form a complete description tree with respect to the schema. Such an access unit serves as a reset point for a decoder as it resets the state of the description decoding process. One example of a reset point is content description tree  200  in  FIG. 2 . 
     Yet another embodiment of a synchronization point is a fragment. Examples of fragments include fragments  202   1 - 3 . A fragment is an arbitrarily connected component of the description tree that does not need to be complete with respect to any XML schema. 
     In the encoded data stream, a special sequence can be used to indicate the occurrence of a synchronization point.  FIG. 7  illustrates one example of a synchronization code that is possible for MPEG-7 BiM syntax. The twenty-four bit pattern  700 , followed by a three bit pattern  702  indicates that a synchronization point is present. Three-bit pattern  702  indicates MPEG7Unit or MPEG7Main. In order to indicate a fragment, modify three bit pattern  702  to reflect signaling of a fragment. 
     In one embodiment, signal synchronization points at the AU level by defining an attribute for MPEG7_AccessUnit called “sync_point,” enumerating the three possibilities. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a distributed MPEG-7 description. Content description tree  800  is distributed among hosts  802 . Host  802 - 1  stores fragment  804 - 1 , host  802 - 2  stores fragment  804 - 2 , host  802 - 3  stores fragment  804 - 3 , and host  802 - 4  stores fragment  804 - 4 . In the prior art, in order to transmit content description tree  800 , all fragments are transmitted from a single encoder. 
     Rather than transmit all the fragments values in an access unit, a single host, for example host  802 - 3  with description data in fragment  804 - 3 , transmits fragment  804 - 3  with pointers, or fragment references, to audio description data in fragment  804 - 1  and video description data in fragment  804 - 2 . 
       FIG. 9  illustrates one possible implementation of a fragment reference with access units, which is an extension and modification of the implementation of access units illustrated in  FIG. 3 . Access unit  900  contains fragment update  902 . Rather than a payload in fragment update  902 , as would be found in the prior embodiments, the invention shows fragment reference  904 . Fragment reference  904  is a reference that identifies an accessible resource containing the fragment. 
     In one embodiment, any resource designated by a uniform resource identifier (URI) can be available as the source for a fragment value. For example, a URI of the form “http:// . . . ” indicates Hypertext transfer Protocol (HTTP) form of a URI and points to referenced fragment  906 . In one example, the source is a node identified in some MPEG-7 description, though the source is not necessarily in the same description document as the description document being transmitted. 
     In another embodiment, the reference is to a previously sent node that is used as a fragment value. This allows transmission of identical subtrees. The reference is typically in XPath. 
     In another embodiment the reference is to a node in the current description tree. In one example the reference uses an XML IDREF. 
     Any resource that represents an MPEG-7 description whose type is appropriate for the fragment value can be referenced. In one embodiment the referenced fragment comes from the same description tree as the one being transmitted. In another embodiment the referenced fragment comes from a different description tree as the one being transmitted. Fragment reference  904  preferably resolves to a node that is the root of a description reference. 
     There are several embodiments in which a decoder (not shown) accesses the referenced fragment. In one embodiment the decoder receives the referenced fragment through an MPEG-7 transmission system whereby the fragment is transmitted as a partial description using access units. 
     In another embodiment the decoder stores fragment values. The decoder compares referenced fragments to stored fragments and if a referenced fragment is stored then the decoder obtains the fragment from storage; otherwise, the decoder retrieves the fragment from the referenced location. 
     In another embodiment the decoder uses an HTML address to access an XML document from a network (not shown). 
     In another embodiment the decoder accesses fragment references only when needed, rather than when first received. Such an embodiment allows the decoder to have greater control over the timing and reception of description data. For example, if the decoder does not need a particular fragment reference, it may never access and retrieve that fragment reference. 
     A fragment that is referenced may have links that point to nodes outside of the set of nodes inside the fragment&#39;s sub-tree. When a fragment is referenced the decoder must determine how such links are to be correctly resolved. 
     Internal links point to nodes inside the same document as the fragment. An internal link can lose its meaning if the fragment is removed from the original document. An external link is points to a node in another document. One example of external links are links implemented in XML by a URI reference. External pointers within a fragment do not change their meaning if they are removed from the original document. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates one example of internal and external links. Doc  1000  has node  1002  with an internal pointer to node  1004 . Nodes  1002  and  1004  have identifiers unique to doc  1000 , for example nodes “a” and “b”, respectively. Node  1002  references node identified as “b”, which is node  1004 . 
     Suppose that a decoder references a fragment sub-tree rooted at node  1002  in Doc  1  and another fragment  1008  in Doc  2 . Further suppose that a the sub-tree rooted at node  1012  in Doc  1010  is to be replaced with a fragment that is referenced, or a referenced fragment. 
     If the update for fragment  1002  is applied to document  1010  then the result is shown as document  1016 . Note that in the updated sub-tree  1018  the internal link shown at node  1020  points to the node B in document  3  rather than the original target of the internal link, which was node  1004  in document  1 . 
     In another embodiment, when fragment  1008  is used to update node  1012  of document  1010  the result is illustrated as document  1022 . The updated sub-tree at node  1024  still points to the node B in document  1010  as in the original document  1006 . 
     In another embodiment, node  1002  is translated into an external link to node  1004  (node ‘B’ of doc  1 ). 
     In yet another embodiment, within a fragment update an encoder encodes a fragment reference with a binary encoding format and a command with a text-based encoding format. 
     In yet another embodiment, a fragment update comprises both a payload and a fragment reference. 
     Referencing fragments makes, in one embodiment, distributing MPEG-7 description data at the system level transparent to the description itself. Fragment references enable distribution of large descriptions across multiple servers. 
     Referencing fragments also allows sharing and replicating description references that are used in multiple descriptions. 
     Transmission size is compressed if there are common references within a description tree. An encoder transmits a reference once and then sends a pointer to that reference in subsequent access units. 
     In one embodiment the DDL definition for decoder configuration information, named DecoderConfig here is: 
                                 &lt;element name= “DecoderConfig” type= “mpeg7:DecoderConfigType”/&gt;       &lt;complexType name= “DecoderConfigType”&gt;        &lt;choice&gt;         &lt;element name= “Predefined”&gt;          &lt;simpleType&gt;           &lt;restriction base= “positiveInteger”&gt;            &lt;minInclusive value= “1”/&gt;            &lt;maxInclusive value= “255”&gt;           &lt;/restriction&gt;          &lt;/simpleType&gt;         &lt;/element&gt;         &lt;element name= “SchemaReference” type= “uriReference”           minOccurs= “1” maxOccurs= “unbounded”/&gt;        &lt;/choice&gt;        &lt;element ref= “MPEG7_AccessUnit” minOccurs= “0” maxOccurs= “1”/&gt;        &lt;element ref= “Profile” minOccurs= “0” maxOccurs= “1”/&gt;       &lt;/complexType&gt;                    
Predefined indicates whether or not to use a predefined configuration. In one embodiment a list of uniform resource identifiers (URIs) follows. In another embodiment the number of URIs is zero and a well-known set of schemas is used instead. SchemaReference is an URI to reference the schema. AccessUnit provides the ‘reset’ and initial state description, supplied inline, that forms the basis of the reset and initial states.
 
     In one embodiment, the DDL representation definition for an access unit, called MPEG7_AccessUnit here, is: 
                                 &lt;complexType name=“MPEG7_AccessUnit”&gt;        &lt;element name =“update” type=“updateCommand” minOccurs=“1”         maxOccurs=“unbounded”/&gt;        &lt;attribute name=“executionOrder”&gt;          &lt;simpleType base=“string”&gt;           &lt;enumeration value=“sequential”/&gt;           &lt;enumeration value=“parallel”/&gt;          &lt;/simpleType&gt;        &lt;/attribute&gt;       &lt;/complexType&gt;       &lt;complexType name=“updateCommand”&gt;        &lt;element name=“command” type=“updateType”/&gt;        &lt;element name=“location” type=“updateLocation”/&gt;        &lt;element name=“value” type=“updateValue”/&gt;       &lt;/complexType/&gt;       &lt;simpleType name=“updateType” base=“string”&gt;        &lt;enumeration value=“add”/&gt;        &lt;enumeration value=“delete”/&gt;        &lt;enumeration value=“change”/&gt;        &lt;enumeration value=“reset”/&gt;       &lt;/simpleType&gt;       &lt;complexType name=“updateLocation”&gt;        &lt;attribute name=“fragmentID” type=“uriReference”/&gt;        &lt;attribute name=“position” type=“boolean” use=“default” value=“1”/&gt;       &lt;/complexType&gt;       &lt;complexType name=“updateValue” minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs “1”&gt;        &lt;choice&gt;         &lt;element name=“binaryValue” type=“binaryUpdate”/&gt;         &lt;element name=“textualValue” type=“textualUpdate”/&gt;         &lt;element ref“resetContentDescription”/&gt;        &lt;/choice&gt;        &lt;attribute name=“schemaIndex” type=“integer”/&gt;       &lt;/complexType&gt;       &lt;simpleType name=“listOfByte” base=“Byte” derivedBy=“list”&gt;       &lt;complexType name=“VectorB” base=“listOfByte” derivedBy=“extension”&gt;        &lt;attribute ref =“mpeg7:dim”/&gt;       &lt;/complexType&gt;       &lt;complexType name=“binaryValue”&gt;        &lt;element name=“value” type=“VectorB”/&gt;        &lt;! Using “NOTATION” will point to which decoder to use for nonXML       content.         and it is optional.&gt;        &lt;attribute name=“binaryType” type=“NOTATION” use=“optional”/&gt;       &lt;/complexType&gt;       &lt;complexType name=“textualValue”&gt;        &lt;any namespace=“##other” minOccurs=“1” maxOccurs=“unbounded”          processContent=“skip”/&gt;        &lt;/complexType                    
UpdateType indicates the type of update command used, for example add, delete, change and reset. In one embodiment updateType is update command  404 . In one embodiment the reset command replaces the whole content description tree with a predefined or referenced content description tree. updateLocation uses a subset of the Xpath language to indicate where the update command executes. In one embodiment updateLocation is navigation part  402 . In one embodiment there is a flag indicating whether an addition occurs before or after the identified location. updateValue indicates the value to be added or replaced. In one embodiment updateValue is payload  406 . In one embodiment the update value is specified either as a binary or textual value using the binaryValue or textualValue datatypes respectively.
 
     In another embodiment, DDL representation syntax for a textually-encoded access unit is: 
                                 &lt;element name=“AccessUnit type=”mpeg7:AccessUnitType/&gt;       &lt;complexType name=“AccessUnitType”&gt;        &lt;sequence&gt;         &lt;element name=“FragmentRef” type=“mpeg7:FragmentUpdateType”          minOccurs=“0” maxOccurs=“unbounded”/&gt;        &lt;/sequence&gt;        &lt;attribute name=“Order” use=“optional”/&gt;         &lt;simpleType&gt;          &lt;restriction base= “string”&gt;           &lt;enumeration value= “seq”/&gt;           &lt;enumeration value= “par”/&gt;          &lt;/restriction&gt;         &lt;/SimpleType&gt;        &lt;/attribute&gt;        &lt;attribute name= “auID” type= “NcName”&gt;       &lt;/complexType&gt;                    
In one embodiment a fragment reference associates the sub-tree included in the same AU with its child sub-tree included in another AU. In another embodiment a fragment update is used for dynamic building up a content description tree. In one embodiment order is used to signal as to whether the update order should be preserved between a sequence of FragmentUpdates.
 
     In another embodiment, DDL representation syntax for the syntax for accessing units allows either fragments or fragment references as follows: 
     
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 &lt;complexType name=“FragmentPayloadType”&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;complexContent&gt; 
               
               
                   
                  &lt;choice&gt; 
               
               
                   
                   &lt;element name=“Payload” type=“mpeg7:Mpeg7RootType”/&gt; 
               
               
                   
                  &lt;element name=“Reference” type=“mpeg7:ReferenceType”/&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/choice&gt; 
               
               
                   
                  &lt;attribute name=“PartialInstantiation” type=“boolean” 
               
               
                   
                    use=“default” value=“false”/&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/complexContent&gt; 
               
               
                   
                 &lt;/complexType&gt; 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     Payload contains the value of a description fragment to be updated. Reference contains a URI reference to fragment that can be used as the source for the value of the update. PartialInstantiation is an attribute used to signal that one or several elements of the fragment have empty content. Payload contains an MPEG-7 root unit, which is either a complete description or a single descriptor or description instance. 
     In one embodiment, ConnectionPoint indicates a node of the sub-tree to which a child sub-tree should be connected. In one embodiment FragmentLocation indicates a child sub-tree included in another AU. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an embodiment of computer system  1100  that implements the principles of the invention. System  1100  includes a stand-alone or portable computing device. Computer system comprises processor  1102 , storage device  1104 , and MPEG encoder  1106 , all coupled together with interconnect  1108 , such as a bus or a point-to-point pointer. In addition, a number of user input/output devices (not shown) couple to system  1100 . 
     Processor  1102  represents a central processing unit of any type of architecture (e.g., Intel architecture or Sun Microsystems architecture), or hybrid architecture. In addition, processor  1102  could be implemented in one or more chips. Storage device  1104  represents one or more mechanisms for storing data such as content description trees or fragments. Storage device  1104  represents read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, and/or other machine-readable media. Interconnect  1108  represents one or more buses (e.g., accelerated graphics port bus, peripheral component interconnect bus, industry standard architecture bus, X-Bus, video electronics standards association related to buses, etc.) and bridges (also termed bus controllers). 
     While this embodiment is described in relation to a single processor computer system, the invention could be implemented in a multi-processor computer system. In addition to other devices, one or more networks  1110  may be present. Network  1110  represents one or more network connections for transmitting data over a machine-readable media. The invention could also be implemented on multiple computers connected via such a network. 
     Storage device  1104  has stored therein data  1112  and program instructions  1114  (e.g., software, computer programs, etc.). Data  1112  represents data stored in one or more of the formats described herein. Program instructions  1114  represent the necessary code for performing any and/or all of the techniques described with reference to  FIGS. 2-10 . It will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that storage device  1104  preferably contains additional software (not shown), which is not necessary to understanding the invention. 
     System  1100  also includes encoder  1106  coupled to processor  1102  and storage device  1104 . Encoder  1106  is not necessarily based in hardware, it may also be stored as instructions  1114  in storage device  1104  and executed by processor  1102 . Encoder  1106  is used for encoding control signals and/or microcode entry points sent by processor  1102 . In response to these control signals and/or microcode entry points, encoder  1106  encodes the control signals so that they may be transmitted across network  1110  to system  1116  where processor  1118  and decoder  1120  will perform the appropriate operations. 
     The particular methods of the invention have been described in terms of computer software with reference to a series of flow diagrams. The methods to be performed by a computer constitute computer programs made up of computer-executable instructions illustrated as blocks (acts). Describing the methods by reference to a flow diagram enables one skilled in the art to develop such programs including such instructions to carry out the methods on suitably configured computers (the processing unit of the computer executing the instructions from computer-readable media). The computer-executable instructions may be written in a computer programming language or may be embodied in firmware logic. If written in a programming language conforming to a recognized standard, such instructions can be executed on a variety of hardware platforms and for interface to a variety of operating systems. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the invention as described herein. Furthermore, it is common in the art to speak of software, in one form or another (e.g., program, procedure, process, application, module, logic . . . ), as taking an action or causing a result. Such expressions are merely a shorthand way of saying that execution of the software by a computer causes the processor of the computer to perform an action or a produce a result. It will be appreciated that more or fewer processes may be incorporated into the methods as described above without departing from the scope of the invention, and that no particular order is implied by the arrangement of blocks shown and described herein. 
     In the foregoing specification, the invention is described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 
     It is also important to note that while the embodiments described here have referred to MPEG-7 descriptions, the principles of this invention apply to delivering any XML document from an encoder to a decoder over a communication channel.