Abstract:
The invention relates to a system for monitoring the reproductive activity of animals where a male mounts a female in order to mate, this system can determine the following information each time a male mounts a female, namely: whether or not the male has ejaculated, the date and time of ejaculation, and the identification of the female mounted. The system comprises an electronic sensor device placed on male animals, a radio-frequency identification tag placed on female animals, a system for preventing multiple or erroneous readings, and an electronic hand-held device for collecting information and configuring devices. The invention also includes a communication system and a central system that manages and concentrates all of the information, allowing the user to access said information in an organised, centralized and systematic manner.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    In extensive livestock farming, the “natural service” is the main reproductive method, consisting of putting in a same space (called “corral”) a large group of cows with a small number of bulls (e.g., 1 bull per 30 cows), for a period of time that may vary from one to several months (called “cattle breeding season”). The natural service involves essentially no technology, it follows a “black box” model where the inputs are cows, bulls, water and grass; and the outputs are pregnant cows. At most, a veterinarian is hired to perform specific actions at the beginning of the cattle breeding season (checking denture, general status of the animal, etc.). Ranchers more concerned with obtaining a good performance rely on an ultrasound scan of each cow at half-way of the breeding season, obtaining therefrom some information. Once the breeding season has finished, the pregnant cows are diagnosed: the natural service produces an average pregnancy-rate of 75% (with large variations among ranches from 30% to 98%). 
         [0002]    Even though obtaining rates near 100% depends on weather conditions, soil quality, among other factors that often are not well controlled, the average pregnancy-rate of the natural service is equally low. By obtaining process information, detecting problems in time and taking the respective corrective actions, there is no reason to believe that a substantial increase of the average pregnancy-rate is not possible. 
         [0003]    There exist in the state of the art systems similar to the invention described in the present document, but whose purpose is the detection of estrus, generally for artificial insemination. Its application reaches narrow market segments but inclined to introduce technology in their processes, such as, for example, intensive livestock farming, feedlot, dairy or farms specialized in bovine reproduction. 
         [0004]    An important subset of the above mentioned inventions is based on detecting the homosexual behavior that cows exhibit prior to or during the estrus cycle. By applying this principle, systems have been developed based on patches with paint placed on the back of the cow (see, for example, Herriot et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,566,679). Painting patches break when a cow mounts another cow, which would indicate that the cow with the painted back is in heat, and the cow with the painted stomach is close to coming into heat. This is only possible in intensive livestock farming; in extensive livestock farming, installing a patch each time a bull mounting takes place is impractical, and automating detection of estrus is complicated and costly to implement, requiring human intervention to watch the painted animals. Furthermore, the cow estrus could happen at night (specially during hot weather in hot areas) and, as it only lasts a few hours, these systems may not detect it. 
         [0005]    Bocquier (U.S. Pat. No. 7,992,521, Method and device for automatically detecting mating of animals, 2004) presents a device and method that allows the automatic detection of animal mounting. It can be seen simply as the modernization and automation of the classical “patch method” described above. It should be noted that this method/device at no time aims at detecting ejaculation. Indeed, the device is carried by a mounting animal that cannot ejaculate, referred to in general as male, but can be a castrated male, or a non-castrated male but unable to penetrate, or androgenized females. The Bocquier method is based on an electronic tag placed on the female and a device attached to the male by a belt, which has a detector of mounting attempts (which can be based on a pressure sensor on the stomach or a verticality sensor or a temperature sensor or a volumetric sensor) and an electronic tag reader placed in the female. Although having some points of contact with the present invention, both patents are fundamentally different regarding the problem they aim to solve. The present invention enhances the reproductive process based on the natural service (where necessarily the male has to ejaculate), while Bocquier et al. relates to the estrus detection (where there is no ejaculation). Moreover, there are several aspects that are not sufficiently addressed by Bocquier. In the first place, Bocquier proposes an anti-collision system for tag reading that works only to avoid male reading: it proposes essentially keeping a database with male IDs and excluding them if they were read. However, the tag reader carried by the male will read tags from any animal near the place of the mounting, and not necessarily the mounted female tag. This issue is important, since Bocquier&#39;s invention cannot identify, without a reasonable error margin, the mounted female. Secondly, Bocquier proposes a paternity checkup (col. 8 line 24) that cannot be implemented because if the system cannot detect ejaculation, there is no way to know who is the father. In third place, a reading of a tag (eventually located in the digestive tract of the female) involves radiating electromagnetic signals of great power that force the usage of large and heavy apparatus (since they require large batteries) and, therefore, harnesses or belts difficult to install, difficult to maintain and uncomfortable for the animal. Finally, Bocquier describes a process for the selection and classification of males that allows to conclude that his system would not work correctly with any male. This is a point that produces significant practical complications, since having to perform this process with all males would take too much time and would not be applicable to extensive livestock farming. 
         [0006]    By using the same principle of detecting the homosexual behavior exhibited by cows prior and during estrus, systems and electronic devices, which are placed on the back of the cow and, by means of a switch, detect the mounting and report this information, have been developed, see, for example, Starzl et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,542,431, Heat detection for animals including Cows, 1996) or Claycomb et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,083,575, Electronic estrus detection device, 2006). 
         [0007]    The other large subset of inventions found in the state of the art are based on detecting changes in the behavior of females. For example, when the cow is about to come into heat, their movement patterns change (particularly, they walk more) and they feed more. Therefore, by electronic devices installed on the legs or mouth, systems for detecting these changes with the purpose of determining if the cow is in heat have been proposed, see, for example Rodrian (U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,758, Animal Identification and estrus detections system, 1981) or Voronin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 7,878,149, Method and device for detecting estrus, 2011). 
         [0008]    All solutions mentioned so far have the cow as a center, i.e., they are characterized by placing an active (requiring its own power source) and complex (intelligent, with sensors and means of communication, with a large size, complicated to install) device in the cow, thereby not being applicable in extensive livestock farming (where the ratio between the number of cows and the number of bulls is very high, and the production process needs to be developed with no or little human intervention). 
         [0009]    Lowe (U.S. Pat. No. 8,066,179, Livestock Breeding and Management System, 2011) presents a method and system for managing livestock breeding that does not have the cow as the center. The system/method consists of each female having a RFID tag and each male carrying a device (referred to as “monitor” by Lowe) capable of detecting mounting (based on the position of the body of the male) and reading the female RFID tag. This allows to generate the following information: ID of the mounted female, ID of the mounting male, date and time of the mounting. This activity information is entered into a management system where information is generated for the management of the reproductive process. According to Lowe, the management information could be: date of conception, indication of whether the female is pregnant or not, estimated date of birth, conception success rate for male, fertility rate for female, ease impregnation rate of female and offspring family information. 
         [0010]    Even though Lowe has several points of contact with the present invention, it has an essential difference in the way the efficacy of a mounting is determined, i.e., if there was ejaculation. Lowe determines ejaculation based on the time the mounting lasts (col. 6 line 50; col 7 line 35; col 9 line 56), whereas our invention has a specific system for detecting ejaculation. At this point, it is important to note that ejaculation by the male does not depend on the duration of the mounting. Short duration mountings can involve ejaculation, while long duration mountings may not involve ejaculation. Tag reading as used by Lowe (col. 6 line 55; col 6 line 63) has a significant error margin, adding more uncertainty to the determination of the efficacy of the mounting, since it could read the tag of any female within the reader&#39;s range of action and which is not being mounted. There are other aspects that are not sufficiently addressed by Lowe. In the first place, the tag reader carried by the male will read tags from any animal (including the same tag of the male) near the place of the mounting, and not necessarily the mounted cow tag. This issue is important, since Lowe&#39;s invention cannot identify, without a reasonable error margin, the mounted female. Secondly, the attachment is not solved correctly. The use of a collar, muzzle or harness (col. 6 line 10) is proposed. This type of solution is difficult to install, difficult to maintain and uncomfortable for the animal. In third place, the magnetic field configuration/modification of parameters of the RFID tag reader for attempting to enhance the detection of the mounting, made in a generic manner (col. 7 line 3) or manually for each monitor (col. 7 line 13) is impractical and its results are unreliable. 
         [0011]    As will be shown in the following section, our invention discloses a system seeking to solve the same problem as Lowe, and it succeeds in adequately solving, with inventive step: the identification of the mounted female and determining whether the mounting was effective or not. The shortcomings shown by Bocquier and Lowe regarding the above mentioned points, question whether these inventions can truly solve the problems they claim to solve. For example, Lowe&#39;s system, by not being able to adequately identify the mounted female and/or determining whether the mounting was effective or not, would not provide the information he says his system will provide (date of conception, indication whether the female is pregnant or not, estimated date of birth, conception success rate for male, fertility rate for female, ease impregnation rate of female and offspring family information). 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0012]      FIG. 1  shows a possible outline of the components of the present invention by depicting a possible way of interaction among them directly or by network  105 . In particular, it shows the electronic device  3  placed in each bull  1 , the radio-frequency identification tag  4  placed in each cow  2 , the hand-held electronic device  5 , and the central system  6 , which concentrates and manages the information while functioning as user interface server  7 . Moreover, possible locations for the devices used in animals are depicted. 
           [0013]      FIG. 2  presents the block diagram of a possible implementation of: the electronic device  3  placed in each bull  1 , the radio-frequency identification tag  4  placed in each cow  2  and the hand-held electronic device  5 . Moreover, examples of means of communication among these devices are shown. 
           [0014]      FIG. 3  shows the mounting moment between a bull  1  and a cow  2 , wherein direct physical contact between bull  1  and the radio-frequency identification tag  4  can be appreciated. It further shows how gravity acceleration g  200  has a component parallel to the back of the bull g H    201  that appears during the mounting. 
           [0015]      FIG. 4  shows an example of how and where radio-frequency identification tag  4  could be placed on the cow  2 . 
           [0016]      FIG. 5  presents a block diagram of the radio-frequency identification tag  4 , wherein a possible implementation of the system to avoid incorrect or multiple readings is detailed. In this case, inhibition is achieved by acting over the energy source. 
           [0017]      FIG. 6  presents a block diagram of the radio-frequency identification tag  4 , wherein another possible implementation of the system to avoid incorrect or multiple readings is detailed. In this case, inhibition is achieved by using a control signal. 
       
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0018]    The present invention (hereinafter “System”) aims to monitor the cattle breeding season, under extensive livestock farming conditions, through the bull activity. The System allows knowing whether the said bull has performed mounting activities, and which cows it has mounted, date and time the said mountings happened and their effectiveness (i.e., whether there was ejaculation or not). Since the System is based on placing electronic devices on each animal of the herd, in order to be applicable in extensive livestock farming, the device placed on the cow must be simple, cheap, easy to install, comfortable for the animal and cannot require maintenance of any kind (not even changing batteries). On the other hand, the device placed on the bull has more freedom (since there are 30 times less bulls than cows). Therefore, it can be more complex, be subject to sporadic maintenance routines, and it does not need to be so cheap, provided that the average cost per animal is within acceptable limits. 
         [0019]    The System provides the veterinarian and the rancher, in a centralized, systematic and friendly manner, the necessary information for controlling the activity of all bulls and cows during the breeding season, accounting for the herd evolution. By way of example, if the System informs that a cow was never mounted after a certain period of time (that can be set) it is to be expected that there is a problem in its ovulation process, which needs to be studied and treated. If the cow is still breastfeeding, this can surely be solved by temporarily or definitively suspending breastfeeding. In other cases, this can be corrected by changing her diet. Should the problem be more serious, it can even be determined that the cow leave the herd and go to the slaughterhouse. On the contrary, if the cow was mounted several times and then stopped being mounted, it could be an indication of pregnancy. Another example is when the System informs about a bull that has not mounted any cow after a certain period of time (that can be set). This situation can be indicative of the bull having a physiological problem (for example, an injured leg) or that another bull assumed a dominant behavior in the herd and does not allow the first bull to mount cows. In this sense, the System allows an accurate determination of the relationships within the herd, for example, it allows the easy detection of a bull always mounting the same cow (phenomenon known as “dominant cow”). In these instances, the problem is solved by removing the dominant bull and/or cow from the herd. 
         [0020]    The System provides real-time information allowing taking preventive and corrective actions on the herd, both on cows and bulls. The rancher and/or the veterinarian have information that allows them to make better decisions in time, which translates to an increase of the breeding season productivity. 
         [0021]      FIG. 1  shows that the System is characterized by placing an electronic device  3  (hereinafter “Device”) in each bull  1 , by a radio-frequency identification tag  4  (hereinafter “Tag”) placed on each cow  2  and having a number that uniquely identifies the cow having it, and a central system  6  (hereinafter “CS”) that concentrates and manages information while functioning as the user interface server. The Device  3  reports the information to the CS  6  in order to allow the user  7  (hereinafter “User”) to monitor the herd activity on a mobile device (e.g., laptop, cellphone or tablet) or on a personal computer via links  104  and  106  within the network  105  (hereinafter “Network”). The information the Device  3  reports to the CS  6  will pass through the Network  105  and can send it directly via link  101  and link  104 , or through a hand-held electronic device  5  (hereinafter “Hand-Held”) via link  102  and links  103  and  104 . Each animal will have a unique identification number, which will be stored in the corresponding Tag  4 , for cows, and it will be stored in the corresponding Device  3  for bulls. 
         [0022]    As can be appreciated in  FIG. 2 , Device  3  is comprised by a low-cost microcontroller or standard microprocessor  8  (hereinafter “Microcontroller”), having internal peripherals: memories, timers, analog-to-digital converters, etc.; and it controls a set of external peripherals: a real-time clock RTC  9 , an acceleration sensor  10  (hereinafter “Sensor”), a device  11  for Tag  4  reading (hereinafter “Reader”), a long-range wireless communication interface  12  to communicate with CS  6 , and a short-range wired or wireless communication interface  13  to communicate with Hand-Held  5 . All circuits of Device  3  are powered by a battery  14  which can be charged with a charger  15 . In addition, the Microcontroller  8  can have an external memory  16 . 
         [0023]    Microcontroller  8  is in charge of generating the information of each mounting that will be transmitted. In the first place, it has the algorithms that allow to recognize, from the signal acquired by Sensor  10 , mounting and ejaculation patterns. Secondly, through the Reader  11  and link  100 , it obtains the identification number of the mounted cow  2 . In third place, it obtains the date and hour of the mounting through the RTC  9 . 
         [0024]    Through communication interfaces  12  and  13 , and the corresponding links  101  and  102 , parameters of Device  3  can be read, written and configured, and information regarding the state of the herd is reported to CS  6 . Collected information can be reported from Device  3  to CS  6  directly through a long-range wireless communication technology (link  101 ) such as, for example: mobile phone, WiFi, WiMax, Satellite link, etc. At the same time, it can be performed using a public data network (such as, for example, Internet) or though a private data network (for example, using RF links and repeater radios), both options are depicted by Network  105 . On the other hand, Device  3  can report the collected information indirectly via Hand-Held  5 . Communication between Device  3  and Hand-Held  5  can be made through a short-range wireless communication technology, such as NFC, Bluetooth, WiFi, etc.; or using a wired communication technology, such as USB, I2C, SPI, Ethernet, etc. 
         [0025]    Data from Sensor  10  are sampled at a rate that can be configured. Mounting is detected when this information indicates that the position of the animal has sufficiently changed with respect to predefined and configurable thresholds.  FIG. 3  shows the mounting moment, where it can be appreciated that gravity acceleration  200  (hereinafter g) has a component in the direction parallel to the bull&#39;s back  201  (hereinafter g H ). However, in  FIG. 1 , where the bull is in normal position, it can be appreciated that the component of g  200  in the direction parallel to the bull&#39;s back g H    201  is null or substantially null. Therefore, by comparing g H    201  to a certain threshold, the presence of a mounting can be inferred. Once the mounting is detected, the sample rate is increased and the data stream is saved for further analysis. The ejaculation detection algorithm is applied to the saved data stream. This algorithm is based on the detection of sudden movements made by the animal during the ejaculation, referred to as “ejaculatory thrust”. Mounting and ejaculation detection algorithms are based on well-known pattern recognition techniques: comparison with a predefined threshold, comparison with a signal power threshold, comparison against a well-known waveform (template matching), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), among others. 
         [0026]    In cases where there is a need of high savings of battery and/or data traffic, the Device  3  will report to CS  6  for each mounting: date, hour, bull identification number, cow identification number, and an ejaculation presence indicator. Eventually, it could also inform about characteristic data of the acceleration curves: peak-to-peak amplitude, width, maximum, minimum, among others. In the cases where battery duration or the data traffic are not limiting, the device could report: date, hour, bull identification number, cow identification number, and all data stream, in order to perform the analysis in a centralized manner in CS  6 . 
         [0027]    Communication between Reader  11  and Tag  4  can be made in two different manners. On the one hand, Tag  4  can transmit the identification number on demand, each time it is requested by the Reader  11 . On the other hand, it can transmit the identification number each time the cow is mounted, with no need for the Reader  11  to request it. In this latter case, transmission can be made a predetermined number of times or during a predetermined period of time. 
         [0028]    Since animals within the herd can be located relatively close, it is possible that, during a mounting, another cow (and, therefore, its Tag  4 ) is close to the cow-bull couple that performed the mounting. In order to avoid incorrect or multiple readings by Reader  11 , the present invention is characterized by all cow Tags  4  being disabled for reading by default, being enabled solely by the action of the bull during mounting. For example, in  FIG. 3  it can be seen how the mounting of bull  1  involves direct physical contact with Tag  4 , which enables the reading. The above mentioned enabling lasts for a short period of time (a few seconds). In this way, it assures that the only read Tag corresponds to the mounted cow. 
         [0029]    Tag  4  comprises a microcontroller, a data reception and transmission system having an antenna, a power supply system (which, for example, can be based on the same antenna, thus obtaining energy from the electromagnetic field from the Reader, based on a battery and/or harvest energy from the environment). These elements configure what is normally known as radio-frequency identification tag (hereinafter RFIDTag, identified with number  24  in  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). Moreover, Tag  4  is characterized by having a system  25  (hereinafter InhibSys) that avoids incorrect or multiple tag readings, based on detecting the mounting moment in order to enable the RFIDTag  24  reading of cow  2  mounted during a determined period of time after completion of the said mounting. 
         [0030]    Including InhibSys system  25  is crucial in the present invention since this is what allows the identification of the cow that was mounted, with a negligible error margin. Implementation of the said system can be mechanical and/or electronic. 
         [0031]      FIG. 5  shows an example of implementation  4 . 1  of Tag  4 , wherein RFIDTag  24 . 1  is active, i.e., it is powered from system  26 . In this example, InhibSys system  25 . 1  is characterized by having a switch  27  that enables the power supply from system  26  to RFIDTag  24 . 1 , in order for it to be read as of the start of the mounting and during a certain period of time after its completion. System  26  can be, for example, a battery or a system that harvest energy from the environment. 
         [0032]      FIG. 6  shows another example of implementation  4 . 2  of Tag  4 , wherein RFIDTag  24 . 2  can be active, passive or semi-passive (the system that powers the RFIDTag  24 . 2  is not shown in the figure) and it has the characteristic of having an input signal  28  that enables or disables its operation. InhibSys system  25 . 2  is an electronic or electromechanical circuit that detects the mounting via a switch, accelerometer or vibration detector, and generates signal  28 , thus enabling the operation of RFIDTag  24 . 2  as of the start of the mounting and during a certain period of time after its completion. 
         [0033]    Another way of implementation of disabling and enabling Tag  4  reading can be made through the modification of the distance where RFIDTag  24  can be read. In this scheme, disabling is achieved by forcing that the reading can be made if the Reader is less than a few centimeters away, and enabling implies that the reading can be made a few meters away. Even though, in this case, RFIDTag  24  is not disabled by default for reading from a literal point of view (it is always possible to read it from a short distance), for practical purposes it will be disabled, since Device  3  is usually located at a considerable greater distance than the maximum allowed for reading. Then, as of the start of the mounting and for a certain period of time, the maximum distance from which RFIDTag  24  can be read shall be several meters, therefore the corresponding Device  3  will be able to perform the reading. This could be electrically implemented by modifying, for example, some parameter of the RFIDTag  24  antenna. It could also be mechanically implemented, for example: disabling could be obtained by placing a metallic plate in front of RFIDTag  24  in such a manner that the electromagnetic waves are strongly absorbed by it; and the enabling would consist of removing this plate with the purpose of allowing a RFIDTag  24  reading from a significantly greater distance. 
         [0034]    Tag  4  is placed (even though not exclusively) in the tail of cow  2  (see  FIG. 4 ), or near it, so that bull  1  always is in direct physical contact with Tag  4  during the mounting. As Tag  4  is not inside the animal&#39;s body, it is possible to harvest energy from the bull&#39;s movements, and reading is facilitated since there are no animal tissues between the said device and Reader  11 . On the other hand, Device  3  attachment could be made, even though not exclusively, by placing Device  3  within a housing or wrapping attached by glue to the back of the animal, near its kidneys. It is an area that has a direct view to the tail of the cow when the bull comes down after mounting and where the greatest acceleration with the “ejaculatory thrust”, caused by ejaculation, is registered. 
         [0035]    Should long-range communication fail to work (for example, for lack of suitable mobile phone coverage), the System proposes to use a Hand-Held that can read information stored on Device  3  through link  102  (which can be wired or wireless) and functions as a hub of the said information for all bulls in the ranch. Accordingly, Hand-Held  5  sends the collected information to the CS  6  via Network  105  through links  103  and  104 . By Hand-Held  5  and link  102 , it is possible to write and configure Device  3 . 
         [0036]    Hand-Held  5  can be a mobile phone, a tablet, or an electronic device based on a microcontroller  17  having an interface  18  to communicate with Device  3  via link  102 , a user interface  19  that can include, for example, a keyboard and a display, and a plurality of interfaces to communicate with CS  6  (for example, directly via a mobile phone modem, or indirectly via a USB cable plugged to a PC connected to Network  105 ), all these options are summarized in block  20 . As it is a mobile device, it shall have a battery  22 . Additionally, it may have an additional memory  23 . Finally, Hand-Held  5  has suitable means for reading, writing and configuring Tags  4  via interface  21  using link  107 . 
         [0037]    CS  6  comprises a set of computers, an energy system, communication elements (routers, firewall, etc.) and human resources for managing and control. CS  6  has a server application capable of managing and processing information received by Device  3  and Hand-Held  5 . The collected information is stored on a database. An interface for users to have access to information, via a web browser or an application, is implemented through a web server. This interface has a user access privileges management system in order to select information each user can visualize (for example, ranchers have access only to information of their ranch, but veterinarians can have access to information of all ranches they work for). Moreover, via commands sent by CS  6 , it is possible to configure Device  3 . 
         [0038]    System deployment in a ranch involves installing a Tag  4  in each cow, and a Device  3  in each bull. Moreover, each device must be configured based on operation parameters (animal identification, veterinarian identification, ranch identification, starting date and time, etc.) These parameters are programmed with Hand-Held  5 . 
         [0039]    Unlike other inventions in the state of the art, our invention is capable of providing information necessary for monitoring the breeding season; i.e., if the bull has performed mountings, and which cows have been mounted, date and time and the effectiveness (i.e., if there was or not ejaculation). This is achieved thanks to the possibility of identifying, with no error margin (or with a negligible error margin), the mounted cow, through a system that avoids incorrect or multiple tag readings; as well as through determining the presence of ejaculation based on a detection algorithm of the “ejaculatory thrust”. 
         [0040]    In addition to monitoring the breeding season, the System can be used for other applications. On the basis of having no better estrus detector than the bull itself, the System can be applied for estrus detection in the case of artificial insemination. Indeed, using the above mentioned System in androgenized and neutered bulls, which are capable of mounting but not impregnating, information regarding which cows are in heat is directly obtained. This cannot be guaranteed by other systems that cannot identify the cow without error margin. 
         [0041]    Another application of the present invention would be using the System to determine the animals “pedigree”. Nowadays, in general, parents are not known and/or registered. Having this information would serve for enhancing a traceability system, easily allowing the addition of the father and mother identification to the available information. As a result, genetic enhancement, avoidance of genetic diseases, etc., could be explored. This function cannot be provided by other systems that cannot determine the presence of ejaculation. 
         [0042]    Another example would be using the System as substitution for the “Blockey test”. Blockey test is a test that allows the assessment of the number of cows that a bull is capable of mounting in a determined period of time (referred as “service capacity”). The above mentioned test is performed in such an invasive manner that does not respect animal welfare: the cow is restrained, and the number of times the bull can mount it are counted. By the present System, the actual service capacity of a bull can be determined in a natural way, respecting animals and their welfare. This cannot be provided by other systems that cannot determine the presence of ejaculation. 
         [0043]    Although in the foregoing description reference is made to cows and bulls, all the points claimed in the present patent can apply to any animal species whose reproductive process involves characteristic movements that can be related to a mounting and an ejaculation.