Abstract:
A multi-layer bonding method of the present invention includes: forming a first bonded substrate by bonding a first substrate and an intermediate substrate in a bonding chamber; conveying a second substrate inside said bonding chamber when said first bonded substrate is arranged inside said bonding chamber; and forming a second bonded substrate by bonding said first bonded substrate and said second substrate in said bonding chamber. According to such a multi-layer bonding method, the upper-side substrate can be bonded with an intermediate substrate and then a first bonded substrate is bonded with a lower-side substrate without taking out the first bonded substrate from the bonding chamber. For this reason, a second bonded substrate can be produced at high speed and at a low cost.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention is related to a bonding unit control unit and a multi-layer bonding method, and especially, to a bonding unit control unit and a multi-layer bonding method, which are used when a plurality of substrates are bonded to one substrate. 
     BACKGROUND TECHNIQUE 
     A MEMS device is known in which miniature electronic parts and machine parts are integrated. As the MEMS device, a micro-relay, a pressure sensor, an acceleration sensor, and so on are exemplified. A room temperature bonding is known in which wafer surfaces activated in a vacuum atmosphere are contacted and bonded. Such a room temperature bonding is suitable for production of the MEMS device. The MEMS device is demanded to have multi-function so that one device is provided with a mechanism section and a circuit section. In such a room temperature bonding, it is demanded to bond three or more wafers into one substrate. Moreover, it is necessary to improve mass productivity in such a room temperature bonding, and it is demanded to bond three or more wafers at higher speed. 
     In JP 2008-288384A, a 3-dimensional stacking device with high reliability is disclosed. In the 3-dimensional stacking device, each of devices is formed after the plurality of semiconductor wafers are stacked and unified. In the two semiconductor wafers to be stacked, one of the semiconductor wafers has a convex bonding section and the other of the semiconductor wafers has a concave section. The convex section of the semiconductor wafer is directly bonded with the concave section of the other semiconductor wafer. 
     A 3-dimensional LSI stacking device is disclosed in JP H05-160340A, in which the positions of an interlayer device could be adjusted precisely and bonded. In the 3-dimensional LSI stacking device, a roughly moving stage of a large-stroke low-solution has 4 or more control axes of X, Y, and Z axes and one of the rotation axes θX, θY, and θZ around the above 3 axes. A finely moving stage of a small-stroke high-resolution had 6 control axes of X, Y, and Z axes and the rotation axes θX, θY, and θZ around the above 3 axes. Two wafers can be aligned in the X and Y directions and positioned in the Z direction by the roughly moving stage and the finely moving stage. A sensor senses a distance between the two wafers in the Z direction which is a vertical direction. A load cell detects a load in the wafer bonding. A position detecting section detects a position deviation in the X and Y directions which indicate a plane direction of each of the wafers. A hardening &amp; bonding section bonds the two wafers with adhesive by hardening the adhesive. A movement mechanism positions both of the position detecting section and the hardening &amp; bonding section. Thus, the two wafers are positioned in the X and Y directions by performing a closed loop control of the roughly moving stage and the finely moving stage by a control unit based on position deviations in the X and Y directions of the two wafers detected by said position detecting section. Also, a parallelism adjustment of the two wafers and the pressing of the two wafers are performed by performing a closed loop control of the roughly moving stage and the finely moving stage by the control unit based on the distance detected by said sensor and the load detected by the load cell. 
     A method of manufacturing a stacking structure is disclosed in JP 2004-358602A, in which the stacking structure of the height of 100 μm or more is manufacture in a high yield in a short time. In the method of manufacturing the stacking structure, a donor substrate is prepared in which a plurality of section pattern members corresponding to the section pattern of the structure are formed. A target substrate is arranged to oppose to the donor substrate. By repeating a process of positioning and pressing the target substrate and the section pattern and then leaving, the section pattern member is transcribed. In such a manufacturing method of the stacking structure, the preparation of the donor substrate includes a first process of forming an inversion pattern layer obtained by inverting the section pattern of the structure on said donor substrate, a second process of forming the plurality of section pattern members by plating a spatial portion corresponding to the section pattern of the structure of the inversion pattern layer, and a third process of removing said inversion pattern layer. 
     CITATION LIST 
     
         
         
           
             [Patent Literature 1]: JP 2008-288384A 
             [Patent Literature 2]: JP H05-160340A 
             [Patent Literature 3]: JP 2004-358602A 
           
         
       
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One subject matter of the present invention is to provide a bonding unit control unit and a multi-layer bonding method, in which three or more substrates are bonded into one bonded substrate at high speed. 
     Another subject matter of the present invention is to provide a bonding unit control unit and a multi-layer bonding method, in which three or more substrates are bonded into one bonded substrate at low cost. 
     Still another subject matter of the present invention is to provide a bonding unit control unit and a multi-layer bonding method, in which displacement of three or more substrates can be prevented. 
     A multi-layer bonding method of the present invention includes: forming a first bonded substrate by bonding a first substrate and an intermediate substrate in a bonding chamber; conveying a second substrate inside the bonding chamber when the first bonded substrate is arranged inside the bonding chamber; and forming a second bonded substrate by bonding the first bonded substrate and the second substrate in the bonding chamber. According to such a multi-layer bonding method, after the first substrate is bonded with the intermediate substrate, the bonded substrate can be bonded by the second substrate without being taken out from the bonding chamber. Therefore, the second bonded substrate can be at high speed at a low cost. 
     The intermediate substrate is conveyed into the bonding chamber in a state that the intermediate substrate is put on an intermediate cartridge. The first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded in the state that the intermediate substrate is put on the intermediate cartridge. The intermediate cartridge is conveyed from the bonding chamber in the state that the first bonded substrate is not put on the intermediate cartridge, after the first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded. The second substrate is conveyed into the bonding chamber in a state that is put on a cartridge, after the intermediate cartridge is conveyed out from the bonding chamber. Preferably, the first bonded substrate and the second substrate are bonded in the state that the second substrate is put on the cartridge. 
     A load applied between the second substrate and the first bonded substrate when the second substrate and the first bonded substrate are bonded is preferably larger than a load applied between the first substrate and the intermediate substrate when the first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded. 
     Preferably, the multi-layer bonding method further includes: activating opposing surfaces of the intermediate substrate and the first substrate before the first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded; and activating opposing surfaces of the second substrate and the first bonded substrate before the first bonded substrate and the second substrate are bonded. 
     Preferably, the multi-layer bonding method further includes: aligning the first substrate and the intermediate substrate before the first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded; and aligning the first bonded substrate and the second substrate before the first bonded substrate and the second substrate are bonded. 
     Preferably, the multi-layer bonding method further includes: producing the intermediate substrate by processing a third bonded substrate produced by bonding two substrates. 
     Preferably, the multi-layer bonding method further includes: producing a plurality of devices by doing the second bonded substrate. 
     The multi-layer bonding method further includes: decompressing an internal space of the load lock chamber, when the cartridge is arranged in the load lock chamber and the second substrate is put on the cartridge. The second substrate is conveyed from the load lock chamber into the bonding chamber, after the internal space of the load lock chamber is decompressed. The cartridge is provided with island portions contacting the second substrate when the second substrate is put on the cartridge. Passages are provided for the island portions to connect a space between the cartridge and the second substrate to an outside, when the second substrate is put on the cartridge. The gas filling the space is exhausts outside through the passages when the internal space of the load lock chamber is decompressed. Therefore, in such a cartridge, it is possible to prevent the second substrate from moving with respect to the cartridge due to the gas when the atmosphere is decompressed. 
     A bonding unit control unit of the present invention includes: a driving section configured to control a pressure bonding mechanism to bond a first substrate and an intermediate substrate in a bonding chamber; and a conveying section configured to control a conveyance unit to convey a second substrate into the bonding chamber, when a first bonded substrate formed by bonding the first substrate and the intermediate substrate is arranged in the bonding chamber. The driving section controls the pressure bonding mechanism to bond the first bonded substrate and the second substrate in the bonding chamber. According to such a bonding unit control unit, the first substrate can be bonded with the second substrate without being taken out from the bonding chamber, after the first substrate is bonded with the intermediate substrate. Therefore, the second bonded substrate can be at high speed at a low cost. 
     The intermediate substrate is conveyed into the bonding chamber in a state that the intermediate substrate is put on an intermediate cartridge. The first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded in the state that the intermediate substrate is put on the intermediate cartridge. The intermediate cartridge is conveyed out from inside the bonding chamber in a state that the first bonded substrate is not put on the intermediate cartridge, after the first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded. A second substrate is conveyed into the bonding chamber in a state that the second substrate is put on a cartridge, after the intermediate cartridge is conveyed out from the bonding chamber. The first bonded substrate and the second substrate are desirably bonded in a state that the second substrate is put on the cartridge. 
     Preferably, the driving section drives the pressure bonding mechanism such that a load applied between the second substrate and the first bonded substrate when the second substrate and the first bonded substrate are bonded is larger than a load applied between the first substrate and the intermediate substrate when the first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded. 
     The bonding unit control unit further includes: an activating section configured to control an activating unit such that opposing surfaces of the intermediate substrate and the first substrate are activated before the first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded. The driving section controls the activating unit such that opposing surfaces of the second substrate and the first bonded substrate are activated before the first bonded substrate and the second substrate are bonded. 
     The bonding unit control unit further includes: an aligning section configured to control an alignment mechanism to align the first substrate and the intermediate substrate before the first substrate and the intermediate substrate are bonded. The aligning section controls the alignment mechanism to align the first bonded substrate and the second substrate, before the first bonded substrate and the second substrate are bonded. 
     The conveying section decompresses an internal space of the load lock chamber, when the cartridge is arranged in the load lock chamber and the second substrate is put on the cartridge. The second substrate is conveyed from the load lock chamber into the bonding chamber, after the internal space of the load lock chamber is decompressed. Island portions are provided for the cartridge to contact the second substrate, when the second substrate is put on the cartridge. Passages are provided for the island portions to connect a space between the cartridge and the second substrate to an outside when the second substrate is put on the cartridge. 
     In the bonding unit control unit and the multi-layer bonding method by the present invention, three or more substrates can be bonded as one bonded substrate at high speed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a sectional view showing a bonding unit; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view showing a stage cartridge; 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view showing a hand of a conveyance mechanism; 
         FIG. 4  is a plan view showing an upper-side cartridge; 
         FIG. 5  is a sectional view showing wafer positioning pins; 
         FIG. 6  is a sectional view showing the upper-side cartridge; 
         FIG. 7  is a sectional view showing a positioning pin; 
         FIG. 8  is a plan view showing the lower-side cartridge; 
         FIG. 9  is a sectional view showing the lower-side cartridge; 
         FIG. 10  is a plan view showing an alignment mechanism; 
         FIG. 11  is a block diagram showing a bonding unit control unit according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a flow chart showing an operation executed by using a bonding unit; 
         FIG. 13  is a side view showing an example of a state of a bonding object at step S 1 ; 
         FIG. 14  is a side view showing an example of the state of the bonding object at step S 3 ; 
         FIG. 15  is a side view showing an example of another state of the bonding object at step S 3 ; 
         FIG. 16  is a side view showing an example of the state of the bonding object at step S 4 ; 
         FIG. 17  is a side view showing an example of the state of the bonding object at step S 12 ; 
         FIG. 18  is a side view showing an example of the state of the bonding object at step S 13 ; 
         FIG. 19  is a side view showing an example of another state of the bonding object at step S 13 ; 
         FIG. 20  is a side view showing example of the state of the bonding object at step S 14 ; 
         FIG. 21  is a side view showing an example of another state of the bonding object at step S 14 ; and 
         FIG. 22  is a sectional view showing the state that the wafer is put on a cartridge of the comparison example. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, a bonding unit control unit according to the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the bonding unit control unit  10  is used for a bonding system. That is, the bonding system is provided with a bonding unit control unit  10  and a bonding unit  1 . The bonding unit  1  is provided with a bonding chamber  2  and a load lock chamber  3 . The bonding chamber  2  and the load lock chamber  3  are containers which shield the internal spaces of the chambers from environment. Moreover, the bonding unit  1  is provided with a gate valve  5 . The gate valve  5  is interposed between the bonding chamber  2  and the load lock chamber  3 . The gate valve  5  is opened or closed to connect the internal space of the bonding chamber  2  and the internal space of the load lock chamber  3 , through the control by the bonding unit control unit  10 . The load lock chamber  3  is provided with a lid (not shown). The lid closes or opens a gate which connects the internal space of the load lock chamber  3  with the outside. 
     The load lock chamber  3  is provided with a vacuum pump  4 . The vacuum pump  4  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10  to exhaust gas from the internal space of the load lock chamber  3 . As the vacuum pump  4 , a turbo-molecular pump, a cryopump, and an oil diffusion pump are exemplified. Moreover, the load lock chamber  3  is provided with a conveyance mechanism  6  therein. The conveyance mechanism  6  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10  to convey a wafer or a substrate arranged in the load lock chamber  3  through the gate valve  5  to the bonding chamber  2 , or to convey the wafer arranged in the bonding chamber  2  through the gate valve  5  into the internal space of the load lock chamber  3 . 
     The bonding chamber  2  is provided with a vacuum pump  9 . The vacuum pump  9  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10  to exhaust gas from the internal space of the bonding chamber  2 . As the vacuum pump  9 , a turbo-molecular pump, a cryopump, and an oil diffusion pump are exemplified. 
     Moreover, the bonding chamber  2  is provided with a stage cartridge  45  and a positioning mechanism  12 . The stage cartridge  45  is arranged inside the bonding chamber  2  and is supported to be movable in a horizontal direction and rotatable around a rotation axis parallel to a vertical direction. Moreover, the positioning mechanism  12  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10 , to drive the stage cartridge  45  such that the stage cartridge  45  moves in the horizontal direction and rotates around the rotation axis parallel to the vertical direction. 
     Moreover, the bonding chamber  2  is provided with a pressure bonding mechanism  11 , a pressure bonding axis  13 , an electrostatic chuck  18  and a load meter  19 . The pressure bonding axis  13  is supported to be movable in parallel to the vertical direction with respect to the bonding chamber  2 . The electrostatic chuck  18  is arranged in the bottom end of the pressure bonding axis  13  and is provided with a dielectric layer on the surface opposite to the positioning mechanism  12 . The electrostatic chuck  18  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10  to hold a wafer by electrostatic force. The pressure bonding mechanism  11  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10  to move the pressure bonding axis  13  in parallel to the vertical direction with respect to the bonding chamber  2 . Moreover, the pressure bonding mechanism  11  measures a position of the electrostatic chuck  18 , and outputs the measured position to the bonding unit control unit  10 . The load meter  19  measures the load applied to the wafer held by the electrostatic chuck  18  by measuring the load applied to the pressure bonding axis  13 , and outputs the measured load to the bonding unit control unit  10 . 
     Moreover, the bonding chamber  2  is provided with an ion gun  14  and an electron source  15 . The ion gun  14  is arranged to turn to a space between the positioning mechanism  12  and the electrostatic chuck  18  when the electrostatic chuck  18  is arranged in an upper position. The ion gun  14  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10  to emit and accelerate argon ions along an irradiation axis which passes through the space between the positioning mechanism  12  and the electrostatic chuck  18  and intersects with the inner wall of the bonding chamber  2 . Moreover, the ion gun  14  is provided with metal targets (not shown). The metal target is arranged in the position to which the argon ions are irradiated. It should be noted that when it is unnecessary that metal atoms are adhered to the bonding surface of the wafer, the metal target can be omitted. Like the ion gun  14 , the electron source  15  is arranged to turn to the space between the positioning mechanism  12  and the electrostatic chuck  18 . The electron source  15  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10  to emit and accelerate the electrons along another irradiation axis which passes through the space between the positioning mechanism  12  and the electrostatic chuck  18  and intersects the inner wall of the bonding chamber  2 . 
       FIG. 2  shows the stage cartridge  45 . The stage cartridge  45  is formed to have an almost disk-like shape. The stage cartridge  45  is arranged so that a perpendicular axis of the disk-like shape is parallel to the vertical direction, and a flat support surface  46  is formed on the upper-side surface of the disk-like shape. In the stage cartridge  45 , a plurality of alignment holes  47  are formed in the support surface  46 . Moreover, in the stage cartridge  45 , a plurality of positioning pins  48 - 1  to  48 - 2  are formed in a peripheral region of the support surface  46 . The plurality of positioning pins  48 - 1  to  48 - 2  are circular and are formed as tapered prominences. 
       FIG. 3  shows a hand  17  provided for the conveyance mechanism  6 . The hand  17  has nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2 . The nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2  are respectively formed to have a tabular shape. The nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2  are arranged in a horizontal plane. The nail  21 - 1  has a side edge  25 - 1  extending in a straight line, and the nail  21 - 2  has a side edge  25 - 2  extending in a straight line. The nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2  are arranged such that the side edge  25 - 1  opposes to the side edge  25 - 2 , and the side edge  25 - 1  and the side edge  25 - 2  are parallel. Moreover, in the nail  21 - 1 , a cutout  49 - 1  is formed at a part of the side edge  25 - 1 . In the nail  21 - 2 , a cutout  49 - 2  is formed at a part of the side edge  25 - 2 . The cutout  49 - 1  and the cutout  49 - 2  are formed to be opposite to each other. 
       FIG. 4  shows an upper-side cartridge  7 . The upper-side cartridge  7  is formed of aluminum or stainless steel, is formed to have an almost disk-like shape, and is used to put an upper-side wafer. A plurality of positioning holes  53 - 1  and  53 - 2  and a plurality of alignment holes  54  are formed in the upper-side cartridge  7 . The plurality of positioning holes  53 - 1  and  53 - 2  are formed to be circular and are formed in the neighborhood to the outer circumference of the disk-like shape. The diameter of the plurality of positioning holes  53 - 1  and  53 - 2  is substantially equal to the diameter of the positioning pins  48 - 1  to  48 - 2  of the stage cartridge  45 , respectively. Moreover, the plurality of positioning holes  53 - 1  and  53 - 2  are formed so that the distance between the positioning hole  53 - 1  and positioning hole  53 - 2  is same as the distance between the positioning pin  48 - 1  and the positioning pin  48 - 2 . That is, the plurality of positioning holes  53 - 1  and  53 - 2  are arranged to engage with plurality of positioning pins  48 - 1  to  48 - 2  when the upper-side cartridge  7  is put on the stage cartridge  45 . That is, when being placed on the stage cartridge  45  so that the plurality of positioning pins  48 - 1  to  48 - 2  are engaged with the plurality of positioning holes  53 - 1  and  53 - 2 , the upper-side cartridge  7  is specified on a predetermined position of the stage cartridge  45 . 
     The plurality of alignment holes  54  are formed to pass through the upper-side cartridge  7 . When the upper-side cartridge  7  is put on the stage cartridge  45 , the plurality of alignment holes  54  are formed to be connected with the plurality of alignment holes  47  of the stage cartridge  45 , respectively. Moreover, when an upper-side wafer is put on the upper-side cartridge  7 , the plurality of alignment holes  54  are formed to fit to alignment marks formed on the wafer. 
     Moreover, the upper-side cartridge  7  is provided with a plurality of island portions  51 - 1  to  51 - 4  and a plurality of wafer positioning pins  52 - 1  to  52 - 3  on the upper-side surface of a disk-like shape. The plurality of island portions  51 - 1  to  51 - 4  are formed as prominences which protrude from the upper-side surface of the disk-like shape, so as their upper ends to be in a same plane, and are formed to match the outer periphery of the wafer to be put on the upper-side cartridge  7 . The plurality of wafer positioning pins  52 - 1  to  52 - 3  are formed as prominences which protrude from the upper-side surface of the disk-like shape and are formed to match the outer periphery of the wafer to be put on the upper-side cartridge  7 . Especially, the wafer positioning pins  52 - 2  and  52 - 3  are formed to match the orientation flat of the wafer to be put on the upper-side cartridge  7 . At this time, when the upper-side wafer is put on a predetermined position of the upper-side cartridge  7 , the orientation flat of the wafer contacts the wafer positioning pins  52 - 2  and  52 - 3 , and the outer circumference of the wafer contacts the wafer positioning pin  52 - 1 . Moreover, when the upper-side wafer is specified in the predetermined position on the upper-side cartridge  7 , the plurality of island portions  51 - 1  to  51 - 4  is formed such that passages connect a space between the upper-side cartridge  7  and the upper-side wafer with the outside. That is, the plurality of island portions  51 - 1  to  51 - 4  are formed not to be continuous. 
     Moreover, the plurality of wafer positioning pins  52 - 1  to  52 - 3  are formed higher than the plurality of island portions  51 - 1  to  51 - 4  and are formed lower than a summation of the height of plurality of island portions  51 - 1  to  51 - 4  and the thickness of the wafer. That is, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the plurality of island portions  51 - 1  to  51 - 4  are formed to contact the outer periphery section of the lower-side surface of the upper-side wafer on the side of the upper-side cartridge  7  when the upper-side wafer is put on the upper-side cartridge  7 . The plurality of wafer positioning pins  52 - 1  to  52 - 3  are formed to contact the side surface of the upper-side wafer when the upper-side wafer is put on the upper-side cartridge  7 . The plurality of wafer positioning pins  52 - 1  to  52 - 3  are formed not to protrude from the upper-side surface of the upper-side wafer on the opposite side to the upper-side cartridge  7  when the upper-side wafer is put on the upper-side cartridge  7 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the upper-side cartridge  7  is formed from a flange section  56  and a body section  57 . The body section  57  is formed to have a column-like shape. The diameter of the column-like shape is smaller than the distance between the side edge  25 - 1  and the side edge  25 - 2  in the hand  17 . The flange section  56  is formed to project from the side of the column-like shape of the body section  57  and is formed to have a disk-like shape. The diameter of the disk-like shape is larger than the distance between the side edge  25 - 1  and side edge  25 - 2  in the hand  17 . That is, because the flange section  56  is put on the nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2 , the upper-side cartridge  7  is held by the conveyance mechanism  6 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , positioning pins  59  are further provided for the upper-side cartridge  7 . The positioning pin  59  is formed as a prominence which protrudes from the lower-side surface of the flange section  56 . The diameter of the positioning pin  59  is almost equal to the diameter of each of the cutouts  49 - 1  to  49 - 2 . The two positioning pins  59  are formed in two symmetrical points with respect to the center of the disk of the flange section  56 . That is, the positioning pins  59  are formed to be respectively engaged with the cutouts  49 - 1  and  49 - 2  of the nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2  when the upper-side cartridge  7  is held by the conveyance mechanism  6 . At this time, when being held by the conveyance mechanism  6  to be respectively fitted with the cutouts  49 - 1  and  49 - 2  of the nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2 , the upper-side cartridge  7  is held in a predetermined position of the hand  17 . 
       FIG. 8  shows a lower-side cartridge  8 . The lower-side cartridge  8  is formed of aluminum or stainless steel, is formed to have an almost disk-like shape, and is used to put a lower-side wafer. A plurality of positioning holes  63 - 1  and  63 - 2  and a plurality of alignment holes  64  are provided for the lower-side cartridge  8 . The plurality of positioning holes  63 - 1  and  63 - 2  are formed to be circular and are formed in the neighborhood to the outer periphery of the disk-like shape. The diameter of the plurality of positioning holes  63 - 1  and  63 - 2  is substantially equal to the diameter of the positioning pins  48 - 1  and  48 - 2  of the stage cartridge  45 , respectively. Moreover, the plurality of positioning holes  63 - 1  and  63 - 2  are formed such that a distance between the positioning hole  63 - 1  and the positioning hole  63 - 2  is equal to the distance between the positioning pin  48 - 1  and the positioning pin  48 - 2 . That is, the plurality of positioning holes  63 - 1  to  63 - 2  are arranged to be engaged with the plurality of positioning pins  48 - 1  to  48 - 2  when the lower-side cartridge  8  is put on the stage cartridge  45 . That is, when the lower-side cartridge  8  is arranged on the stage cartridge  45  such that the plurality of positioning pins  48 - 1  and  48 - 2  are engaged with the plurality of positioning holes  63 - 1  and  63 - 2 , the lower-side cartridge  8  is put on a predetermined position of the stage cartridge  45 . 
     The plurality of alignment holes  64  are formed to pass through the lower-side cartridge  8 . The plurality of alignment holes  64  are formed to be connected with the holes  47  of the stage cartridge  45  for the plurality of alignment marks, respectively, when the lower-side cartridge  8  is put on the stage cartridge  45 . Moreover, the plurality of alignment holes  64  are formed to match an alignment mark formed on the lower-side wafer when the lower-side wafer is put on the lower-side cartridge  8 . 
     Moreover, the lower-side cartridge  8  is provided with island portions  61  and a plurality of wafer positioning pins  62 - 1  to  62 - 3  on the upper-side surface of the disk-like shape. The island sections  61  are formed as prominences which protrude from the upper-side surface of the disk such that the upper ends of the prominences are in a plane, and are formed to have the almost same shape of a wafer to be put on the lower-side cartridge  8 . The island portions  61  are separated by grooves  65  in the upper end of the island portions  61 . The grooves  65  are formed in a grid manner in the upper end of the island portions  61 . Moreover, the grooves  65  are formed to extend the side surface of the island portions  61 . 
     The plurality of wafer positioning pins  62 - 1 - 62 - 3  are formed as prominences which protrude from the upper-side surface of the disk-like shape and are formed to contact the outer periphery of the wafer to be put on the lower-side cartridge  8 . The wafer positioning pins  62 - 2  and  62 - 3  are formed to contact the orientation flat of the wafer to be put on the lower-side cartridge  8 . At this time, when the lower-side wafer is put on the lower-side cartridge  8  such that the orientation flat contacts the wafer positioning pins  62 - 2  and  62 - 3  and the side of the outer periphery of the wafer contacts the wafer positioning pin  62 - 1 , the lower-side wafer is put in a predetermined position of the lower-side cartridge  8 . 
     Moreover, the plurality of wafer positioning pins  62 - 1  to  62 - 3  are formed higher than the island portions  61  and are formed lower than a summation of the height of island portions  61  and the thickness of the wafer. That is, when the lower-side wafer is put on the lower-side cartridge  8 , the island sections  61  are formed to contact most of the lower-side surface of the wafer on the side of the cartridge  8 . The plurality of wafer positioning pins  62 - 1  to  62 - 3  are formed to contact the side of the lower-side wafer when the lower-side wafer is put on the lower-side cartridge  8 . The plurality of wafer positioning pins  62 - 1  to  62 - 3  are formed not to protrude from the upper-side surface of the lower-side wafer when the lower-side wafer is put on the lower-side cartridge  8 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the lower-side cartridge  8  is formed from a flange section  66  and a body section  67 . The body section  67  is formed to have a column-like shape. The diameter of the column is smaller than a distance between the side edge  25 - 1  and the side edge  25 - 2 . The flange section  66  is formed to project from the side of the column-like shape of the body section  67  and is formed to have a disk-like shape. The diameter of the disk is larger than the distance between the side edge  25 - 1  and the side edge  25 - 2 . That is, because the flange section  66  is put on the nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2 , the lower-side cartridge  8  is held by the conveyance mechanism  6 . 
     Moreover, like the upper-side cartridge  7 , the lower-side cartridge  8  is provided with positioning pins. The positioning pins are formed as prominences which protrude from the lower-side surface of the flange section  66 . The diameter of the positioning pin is substantially equal to the diameter of the cutouts  49 - 1  and  49 - 2 . The two positioning pins are formed on two symmetrical positions with respect to the center of the disk of the flange section  66 . That is, the positioning pins are formed to engage with the cutouts  49 - 1  and  49 - 2  of the nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2 , respectively, when the lower-side cartridge  8  is held by the conveyance mechanism  6 . At this time, when being held by the conveyance mechanism  6  to be respectively engaged with the cutouts  49 - 1  and  49 - 2  of the nails  21 - 1  and  21 - 2 , the lower-side cartridge  8  is held in a predetermined position of the hand  17 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , the bonding unit  1  is further provided with two alignment mechanisms  91 - 1  and  91 - 2 . The alignment mechanism  91 - 1  and  91 - 2  are arranged outside the bonding chamber  2  and are arranged on the opposite side of the electrostatic chuck  18  with respect to the stage cartridge  45 . Each of the alignment mechanisms  91 - 1  and  91 - 2  is provided with a light source  92 , a tube framework  93  and a camera  94 . The light source  92 , the tube framework  93  and the camera  94  are fixed on the bonding chamber  2 . The light source  92  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10  to generate infrared rays which penetrate into a silicon substrate. As the wavelength of the infrared rays, an equal to or more than 1-μm wavelength is exemplified. The tube framework  93  changes the direction of the infrared rays which are generated by the light source  92 , into a vertical direction and irradiates the infrared rays for the plurality of alignment holes  47  of the stage cartridge  45 . Moreover, the tube framework  93  conducts the infrared rays emitted from the plurality of alignment holes  47  of the stage cartridge  45  for the tube framework  93  into the camera  94 . The camera  94  is controlled by the bonding unit control unit  10 , to generate an image from the infrared rays which passes through the tube framework  93  and output an electrical signal showing the image to the bonding unit control unit  10 . 
       FIG. 11  shows the bonding unit control unit  10 . The bonding unit control unit  10  is provided with a CPU, a storage, a removable memory drive, an input unit and an interface (which are not shown). The CPU executes a computer program which is installed in the bonding unit control unit  10  and controls the storage, the input unit and the interface. The storage stores a computer program and temporarily stores data which are generated by the CPU. The removable memory drive is used to read the data which has been stored in a storage medium when the storage medium is inserted. Especially, the removable memory drive is used to install the computer program in the bonding unit control unit  10  when the storage medium in which the computer program has been stored is inserted. The input unit is operated by the user to generate data and outputs the data to the CPU. As the input unit, a keyboard is exemplified. The interface outputs data generated by one of external units being connected with the bonding unit control unit  10 , to the CPU, and outputs data generated by the CPU to the external unit. The external units contain the vacuum pump  4 , the conveyance mechanism  6 , the vacuum pump  9 , the pressure bonding mechanism  11 , the positioning mechanism  12 , the ion gun  14 , the electron source  15 , the electrostatic chuck  18 , the load meter  19 , the light source  92  and the camera  94 . 
     The computer program which is installed in the bonding unit control unit  10  is formed from a plurality of computer program portions to make the bonding unit control unit  10  realize a plurality of functions. The plurality of functions contain a conveyance section  31 , a driving section  32 , a chuck control section  33 , an activation section  34  and an alignment section  35 . 
     The conveyance section  31  closes the gate valve  5 . Moreover, when the gate valve  5  is closed, the conveyance section  31  sets the load lock chamber  3  to a preliminary atmosphere with a predetermined vacuum degree inside by using the vacuum pump  4  or sets the load lock chamber  3  to an atmosphere with an atmospheric pressure. When the load lock chamber  3  is set to the atmosphere with the preliminary vacuum degree, the conveyance section  31  opens or closes the gate valve  5 . When the gate valve  5  is open, the conveyance section  31  conveys the stage cartridge  45  which is arranged inside the load lock chamber  3  to the positioning mechanism  12  by using the conveyance mechanism  6  or conveys the stage cartridge  45  which is held by the positioning mechanism  12 , into the load lock chamber  3  by using the conveyance mechanism  6 . 
     The driving section  32  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  so as to move the electrostatic chuck  18  in parallel. Moreover, the driving section  32  calculates a timing at which the electrostatic chuck  18  reaches a predetermined position, and controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  to stop the electrostatic chuck  18  at the timing. The driving section  32  calculates the timing that the load measured by the load meter  19  reaches a predetermined load, and controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  to stop the electrostatic chuck  18  at the timing. 
     The chuck control section  33  controls the electrostatic chuck  18  to hold a wafer or not to hold the wafer. 
     When the gate valve  5  is closed, the activation section  34  sets the bonding chamber  2  to a bonding atmosphere with a predetermined vacuum degree by using the vacuum pump  9 . Moreover, when the bonding chamber  2  is set to the bonding atmosphere, the activation section  34  controls the ion gun  14  to emit argon ions for a space between the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer. Moreover, while the argon ions are emitted, the activation section  34  controls the electron source  15  to emit electrons for the space between the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer. 
     When the upper-side cartridge  7  having the upper-side wafer thereon is on the stage cartridge  45 , the alignment section  35  controls the positioning mechanism  12  such that the upper-side wafer is positioned in a predetermined horizontal position. Moreover, when the electrostatic chuck  18  holds an upper-side wafer and the lower-side cartridge  8  having the lower-side wafer thereon is located on the stage cartridge  45 , the alignment section  35  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  to bring the upper-side wafer close to the lower-side wafer up to a predetermined distance. Moreover, the alignment section  35  controls the positioning mechanism  12  to set the lower-side wafer to a horizontal position for the upper-side wafer when the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer are brought close to each other up to the predetermined distance. 
     The bonding method according to the embodiment of present invention includes an operation performed by using the bonding unit  1  and an operation performed without using the bonding unit  1 . 
       FIG. 12  shows the operation performed by using the bonding unit  1 . An operator first closes the gate valve  5 , and then sets the bonding chamber  2  to a vacuum atmosphere by using the vacuum pump  9  and the load lock chamber  3  to an atmosphere with the atmospheric pressure. The operator puts an upper-side wafer on the upper-side cartridge  7  such that the orientation flat of the upper-side wafer contacts the wafer positioning pins  52 - 2  and  52 - 3  and the side of the outer periphery of the upper-side wafer contacts the wafer positioning pin  52 - 1 . Moreover, the operator puts the lower-side wafer on the lower-side cartridge  8  such that the orientation flat of the lower-side wafer contact the wafer positioning pins  62 - 2  and  62 - 3 , and the side of the outer periphery of the lower-side wafer contacts the wafer positioning pin  62 - 1 . A plurality of the lower-side cartridges  8  with the lower-side wafers are prepared. The operator opens the lid of the load lock chamber  3 , and arranges the upper-side cartridge  7  in the load lock chamber  3  and arranges the plurality of lower-side cartridges  8  in the load lock chamber  3 . Next, the operator closes the lid of the load lock chamber  3  and sets the load lock chamber  3  to the vacuum atmosphere. 
     The bonding unit control unit  10  opens the gate valve  5  after the load lock chamber  3  is set to the vacuum atmosphere. The bonding unit control unit  10  first controls the electrostatic chuck  18  to hold the upper-side wafer. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to convey the upper-side cartridge  7  with the upper-side wafer put, from the load lock chamber  3  to the stage cartridge  45 . The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to move down the hand  17  of the conveyance mechanism  6 . At this time, the upper-side cartridge  7  is held by the stage cartridge  45  by engaging the plurality of positioning holes  53 - 1  and  53 - 2  with the plurality of positioning pins  48 - 1  to  48 - 2  of the stage cartridge  45 , respectively (Step S 1 ). The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to draw back the hand  17  of the conveyance mechanism  6  into the load lock chamber  3 . 
     Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the alignment mechanisms  91 - 1  and  91 - 2  to pickup images of the alignment marks formed on the upper-side wafer. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the positioning mechanism  12  based on the images such that the upper-side wafer is positioned in the predetermined horizontal position (Step S 2 ). Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  to move the electrostatic chuck  18  down into the vertical direction. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  to stop the electrostatic chuck  18  when the electrostatic chuck  18  contacts the upper-side wafer, and controls the electrostatic chuck  18  to hold an upper-side wafer. At this time, because the plurality of wafer positioning pins  52 - 1  to  52 - 3  of the upper-side cartridge  7  are formed not to protrude from the upper-side wafer, the wafer positioning pins  52 - 1  to  52 - 3  of the upper-side cartridge  7  do not contact the electrostatic chuck  18 . Therefore, the bonding unit  1  can make the electrostatic chuck  18  contact the upper-side wafer more surely and can make the electrostatic chuck  18  hold the upper-side wafer more surely. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  such that the upper-side wafer leaves the upper-side cartridge  7 , that is, the electrostatic chuck  18  rise upwardly. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to draw back the upper-side cartridge  7  with no upper-side wafer from the stage cartridge  45  into the load lock chamber  3  after the upper-side wafer leaves the upper-side cartridge  7  (Step S 3 ). 
     The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to convey the cartridge  8  with the lower-side wafer put from the load lock chamber  3  to the stage cartridge  45  after the electrostatic chuck  18  holds the upper-side wafer. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to move down the hand  17  of the conveyance mechanism  6 . At this time, the lower-side cartridge  8  is held by the stage cartridge  45  such that the plurality of positioning holes  63 - 1  and  63 - 2  are engaged with the plurality of positioning pins  48 - 1  and  48 - 2  of the stage cartridge  45 , respectively. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to draw back the hand  17  of the conveyance mechanism  6  into the load lock chamber  3 . Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  closes the gate valve  5  and controls the vacuum pump  9  to vacuum the bonding chamber  2  to the bonding atmosphere with a predetermined vacuum degree (Step S 4 ). 
     Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  controls alignment mechanisms  91 - 1  and  91 - 2  to pick up images of the alignment marks formed on the lower-side wafer. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the positioning mechanism  12  based on the images to position the lower-side wafer to a predetermined horizontal position (Step S 5 ). When the bonding chamber  2  is set to the bonding atmosphere, the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the ion gun  14  to emit particles for a space between the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer in a state which the upper-side wafer held by the electrostatic chuck  18  is apart from the lower-side wafer held by the stage cartridge  45  (Step S 6 ). The particles are irradiated to the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer to remove oxide films formed on the surfaces and removes impurities adhered to the surfaces. 
     The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  to move down the electrostatic chuck  18  to a predetermined position downwardly into the vertical direction. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  such that the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer leave from each other by a predetermined distance, that is, the electrostatic chuck  18  stops at a predetermined position (Step S 7 ). Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the alignment mechanisms  91 - 1  and  91 - 2  such that the images of the alignment marks formed on the upper-side wafer and the alignment marks formed on the lower-side wafer are picked up. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the positioning mechanism  12  based on the images of the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer, so as to be bonded according to design (Step S 9 ). 
     After the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer are bonded, when the bonded upper-side wafer should be bonded with another lower-side wafer (Step S 10 , YES), the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  such that the bonded upper-side wafer contact the other lower-side wafer, that is, the electrostatic chuck  18  moves down downwardly into the vertical direction (Step S 12 ). The upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer are bonded through the contact of them and one sheet of bonded wafer is generated. At this time, because the plurality of wafer positioning pins  62 - 1  to  62 - 3  of the lower-side cartridge  8  are formed not to protrude from the lower-side wafer, the pins  62 - 1  to  62 - 3  do not contact the electrostatic chuck  18  or the upper-side wafer. Therefore, the bonding unit  1  can make the upper-side wafer contact the lower-side wafer more surely and can bond the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer more surely. Moreover, at this time, the island portions  61  of the lower-side cartridge  8  contact most of all the part of the lower-side wafer. Therefore, the lower-side wafer can be prevented from damage due to the load which is applied in the bonding. Also, the bonding unit  1  can apply a larger load on the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer. 
     The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the electrostatic chuck  18  to leave the bonding wafer from the lower-side cartridge  8 , that is, to continue to hold the bonded wafer, and controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  such that the electrostatic chuck  18  rises upwardly to the vertical direction. Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  opens the gate valve  5 , and controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to draw back the lower-side cartridge  8  from the stage cartridge  45  into the load lock chamber  3 . After the lower-side cartridge  8  with no bonded wafer is drawn back into the load lock chamber  3 , the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to convey the lower-side cartridge  8  with a lower-side wafer from the load lock chamber  3  to the stage cartridge  45 . The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to move down the hand  17  of the conveyance mechanism  6 . At this time, the plurality of positioning holes  63 - 1  and  63 - 2  are engaged with the plurality of positioning pins  48 - 1  to  48 - 2  of the stage cartridge  45 , respectively, so that the lower-side cartridge  8  is held by the stage cartridge  45 . The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to draw back the hand  17  of the conveyance mechanism  6  into the load lock chamber  3 . Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  closes the gate valve  5  and controls the vacuum pump  9  to vacuum the bonding chamber  2  to the bonding atmosphere with a predetermined vacuum degree (Step S 13 ). 
     Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the alignment mechanisms  91 - 1  and  91 - 2  to pick up images of the alignment marks formed on the lower-side wafer. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the positioning mechanism  12  based on the images to position the lower-side wafer in a predetermined horizontal position of (Step S 5 ). When the bonding atmosphere is generated inside the bonding chamber  2 , the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the ion gun  14  to emit particles to a space between the bonded wafer and the lower-side wafer in a state that the bonded wafer held by the electrostatic chuck  18  is separated from the wafer held by the stage cartridge  45  (Step S 6 ). The particles are irradiated to the bonded wafer and the lower-side wafer to remove oxide films formed on the surfaces and remove impurities adhered to the surfaces. 
     The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  to move down the electrostatic chuck  18  to a predetermined position downwardly into the vertical direction. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  such that the bonded wafer is separated from the lower-side wafer by a predetermined distance, that is, the electrostatic chuck  18  stops at a predetermined position (Step S 7 ). Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the alignment mechanisms  91 - 1  and  91 - 2  such that the images of the alignment marks formed on the bonded wafer and the alignment marks formed on the lower-side wafer are picked up. The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the positioning mechanism  12  based on the images of the bonded wafer and the lower-side wafer so as to be bonded according to the design (Step S 9 ). 
     When another lower-side wafer is not bonded after the bonded wafer and the lower-side wafer are bonded (Step S 10 , NO), the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  such that the bonded wafer contacts the lower-side wafer, that is, the electrostatic chuck  18  moves down downwardly in the vertical direction. The bonded wafer and the lower-side wafer are bonded through the contact and one sheet of the bonded wafer is generated. Moreover, the bonding unit control unit  10  controls the electrostatic chuck  18  to dechuck the bonded wafer from the electrostatic chuck  18  (Step S 14 ). 
     According to such an operation, the bonded wafer produced at step S 12  can be more bonded with another wafer without being taken out from the bonding chamber  2 . Therefore, according to such an operation, three or more wafers can be bonded at higher speed as compared with a case that a couple of wafers are bonded, and three or more wafers can be bonded at a low cost. 
     The bonding unit control unit  10  controls the pressure bonding mechanism  11  to raise the electrostatic chuck  18  upwardly in the vertical direction. Next, the bonding unit control unit  10  opens the gate valve  5 , and controls the conveyance mechanism  6  to convey the cartridge  8  with the bonded wafer put from the stage cartridge  45  to the load lock chamber  3 . The bonding unit control unit  10  closes the gate valve  5  and controls the vacuum pump  4  to set the load lock chamber  3  to atmosphere with an atmospheric pressure. The operator opens the lid of the load lock chamber  3  after the atmospheric-pressure atmosphere is set inside the load lock chamber  3 , and takes out the bonded wafer (Step S 15 ). 
     For example, when three wafers (wafers  82 ,  84 , and  86 ) are bonded to one bonded wafer, the operator prepares three cartridges (cartridges  81 ,  83 , and  85 ). The operator puts the wafer  82  on the cartridge  81 , puts the wafer  84  on the cartridge  83  and puts the wafer  86  on the cartridge  85 . As the cartridge  81 , the upper-side cartridge  7  is exemplified. As the cartridge  83 , the lower-side cartridge  8  is exemplified. As the cartridge  85 , the lower-side cartridge  8  is exemplified. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , after step S 1  is executed, the cartridge  81  with the wafer  82  put is set on the stage cartridge  45  and the electrostatic chuck  18  absorbing nothing is arranged in a position apart from the stage cartridge  45 . 
     At step S 3 , as shown in  FIG. 14 , the wafer  82  put on the cartridge  81  which has been put on the stage cartridge  45  contacts the electrostatic chuck  18  and the wafer  82  is sucked by the electrostatic chuck  18 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , after step S 3  is executed, the cartridge  81  with no wafer is put on the stage cartridge  45  and the electrostatic chuck  18  on which the wafer  82  has been sucked is arranged in a position the stage cartridge  45 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , after step S 4  is executed, the cartridge  83  on which the wafer  84  is put is put on the stage cartridge  45 , and the electrostatic chuck  18  by which the wafer  82  has been absorbed is arranged in a position apart from the stage cartridge  45 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , at step S 12 , the wafer  84  put on the cartridge  83  contacts the wafer  82  sucked by the electrostatic chuck  18 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , after step S 12  is executed, the bonded wafer  87  is formed from the wafer  84  and the wafer  82 , and the cartridge  83  with no wafer is put on the stage cartridge  45  nothing. The electrostatic chuck  18  by which a bonded wafer  87  has been sucked is arranged in a position apart from the stage cartridge  45 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , after step S 13  is executed, the cartridge  85  on which the wafer  86  has been put is put on the stage cartridge  45  and the electrostatic chuck  18  by which the bonded the wafer  87  has been sucked is arranged in a position apart from the stage cartridge  45 . 
     Because there is not another wafer to be bonded after the wafer  86 , step S 14  is executed without executing the step S 12 . As shown in  FIG. 20 , at the step S 14 , the wafer  86  put on the cartridge  85  contacts the bonded wafer  87  sucked by the electrostatic chuck  18 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 21 , after step S 14  is executed, a bonded wafer  88  is formed from the bonded wafer  87  and the wafer  86 . The cartridge  85  on which the bonded wafer  88  is put is located on the stage cartridge  45 . The electrostatic chuck  18  with no wafer is arranged in a position apart from the stage cartridge  45 . 
     According to such an operation, the bonded wafer  87  formed from the wafer  82  and the wafer  84  can be bonded with the wafer  86  without being taken out from the bonding chamber  2 . Therefore, according to such an operation, three or more wafers can be bonded at higher speed compared with the case that a couple of the wafers are bonded, and three or more wafers can be bonded at the low cost. 
     The operation which is executed without using the bonding unit  1  includes an operation of producing a wafer which is a bonding object and an operation of dicing the bonded wafer. 
     In the operation of producing the wafer as the bonding object, the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer are produced, e.g. the wafers  82 ,  84  and  86  shown in  FIG. 13  to  FIG. 21  are produced. 
     It should be noted that the bonded wafer produced by bonding two wafers by using the bonding unit  1  can be applied as the wafer  84  or the wafer  86 . Moreover, the wafer obtained by processing the bonded wafer can be applied as the wafer  84  or the wafer  86 . If such a wafer is applied as the wafer  84  or the wafer  86 , The plurality of wafers can be bonded such that an order where a plurality of bonding surfaces are arranged and an order that the plurality of bonding surfaces are bonded are different from each other. Thus, it is possible to diversify in the form of the bonding. 
     In the operation of dicing the bonded wafer, the bonded wafer formed by using the bonding unit  1  is divided into a plurality of devices. That is, the operation which is executed by using the bonding unit  1  is suitable for producing the bonded wafer which is divided into the plurality of devices. 
     A wafer  70  which is exemplified by the upper-side wafer and the lower-side wafer is sometimes transformed as shown in  FIG. 22 . When the wafer  70  is put on a cartridge  71  which is exemplified by the upper-side cartridge  7  and the lower-side cartridge  8 , a space  72  is formed between the wafer  70  and the cartridge  71 . The air filling the space  72  lifts the wafer  70  and sometimes moves the wafer  70  along the surface of the cartridge  71  if the atmosphere where the wafer  70  and the cartridge  71  are arranged is decompressed, when there is no passage which connects the space  72  and the outside. 
     The gas filling the space between the upper-side cartridge  7  and the upper-side wafer is exhausted outside through passages between the plurality of island portions  51 - 1  to  51 - 4 . Such exhaustion prevents the gas between the upper-side cartridge  7  and the upper-side wafer from lifting the upper-side wafer and prevents the upper-side wafer from moving on the upper-side cartridge  7 . Moreover, the gas filling the space between the lower-side cartridge  8  and the lower-side wafer is exhausted outside through the grooves  65  as passages. Such exhaustion prevents the between the lower-side cartridge  8  and the lower-side wafer from lifting the lower-side wafer and prevents the lower-side wafer from moving on the lower-side cartridge  8 . 
     It should be noted that a multi-layer bonding method of bonding according to the present invention may be executed by using another bonding unit in which the alignment mechanisms  91 - 1  and  91 - 2  are arranged in other positions. The positions which are nearer to the electrostatic chuck  18  than the positioning mechanism  12 , for example, the upper positions of the electrostatic chuck  18  are exemplified. The multi-layer bonding method of according to the present invention can bond three or more wafers at higher speed even when being applied to such a bonding unit, like the above embodiments. 
     It should be noted that in the other embodiment of the multi-layer bonding method according to the present invention, steps S 2 , S 5 , S 7  and S 9  in the embodiments are omitted. Such a multi-layer bonding method can be applied when high accuracy alignment is unnecessary. Like the embodiments, three or more wafers can be bonded at higher speed and at a low cost. 
     It should be noted that in the multi-layer bonding method according to another embodiment of the present invention, the conveyance mechanism  6  in the above embodiments directly contacts and conveys the wafer and the stage cartridge  45  directly contacts the wafer and holds the wafer. In such a multi-layer bonding method, three or more wafers can be bonded at higher speed, like the above embodiments. Moreover, in such a multi-layer bonding method, the recovery of the cartridge is unnecessary. Three or more wafers can be bonded at higher speed, as compared with the above embodiments. Moreover, in such a multi-layer bonding method, the cartridge is unnecessary and three or more wafers can be bonded at the low cost. 
     It should be noted that in the multi-layer bonding method according to another embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of wafers are stacked downwardly in a vertical direction. According to such a multi-layer bonding method, the wafer conveyed into the bonding chamber  2  by the conveyance mechanism  6  is transferred to the electrostatic chuck  2  in the air without being supported by the stage cartridge  45  and is held by the electrostatic chuck  2 . Next, the wafer held by the electrostatic chuck  2  is bonded by another wafer supported on the stage cartridge  45 . When the bonded wafer is supported on the stage cartridge  45 , still another wafer is held by the electrostatic chuck  2  in the same way and the bonded wafer and the wafer held by the electrostatic chuck  2  are bonded. In such a multi-layer bonding method, three or more wafers can be bonded at a low cost, like the multi-layer bonding method in the above embodiment. However, it is difficult transfer a wafer from the conveyance mechanism  6  to the electrostatic chuck  2  in the air, and the control by being handed over is very difficult and becomes labile operation. Therefore, in the multi-layer bonding method in the above embodiment, a plurality of wafers are stacked on the upper side. Three or more wafers can be bonded more stably, compared with a multi-layer bonding method in which a plurality of wafers are laminated on the lower side. 
     It should be noted that the multi-layer bonding method according to the present invention can be applied to another bonding unit in which two wafers are brought into contact and bonded by moving the wafers into a direction which is different from the vertical direction. As the direction, a horizontal direction is exemplified. In the multi-layer bonding method according to the present invention, three or more wafers can be bonded at a higher speed when being applied to such a bonding unit, like the above embodiments. 
     This patent application claims a priority based on Japanese Patent Application NO. 2009-247855 filed on Oct. 28, 2009, and the disclosure thereof is incorporated herein by reference.