Abstract:
Various communication systems may benefit from inter-operator device-to-device operation. For example, communication systems of the third generation partnership project ( 3 GPP) long term evolution (LTE) advanced (LTE-A) release12/13 (Rel-12/13) or future releases may use such operation with respect to D2D communications. A method can include preparing, at a network element operated by an operator, radio resource information related to one or more operators other than the operator. The method can also include broadcasting, by the network element, the radio resource information. The radio resource information can be configured to permit a user equipment served by the network element to perform device-to-device discovery and/or communication with another user equipment served by at least one of the one or more operators.

Description:
BACKGROUND 
       [0001]    Field 
         [0002]    Various communication systems may benefit from inter-operator device-to-device operation. For example, communication systems of the third generation partnership project ( 3 GPP) long term evolution (LTE) advanced (LTE-A) release 12/13 (Rel-12/13) or future releases may use such operation with respect to D2D communications. 
         [0003]    Description of the Related Art 
         [0004]    A shared carrier frequency between a transmitter and a receiver can be a prerequisite for a communication link. In the case of inter-operator device-to-device (D2D) communication, the transmitter and receiver are user equipment (UEs) served by different operators in different carriers and/or bands according to conventional deployment approaches. 
         [0005]    There are a few ways to let UEs served by different operators in different carriers and/or bands establish a D2D link on the same carriers/bands. Such ways of supporting the establishment of a D2D link may be useful in supporting inter-operator D2D operation, both in terms of discovery and communication. 
         [0006]    One possible approach would be for two operators to share carriers and/or bands for inter-operators D2D communications. However, there may be spectrum regulation policies in cellular communications that prevent operators from sharing carriers and/or bands for a specific service. 
         [0007]    Another option is for the UE to roam from one operator&#39;s network (NW) to another operator&#39;s NW to perform D2D. After UE roaming, inter-operator D2D will be operated in a similar or same way as intra-operator D2D, and consequently the same carriers and/or bands are used. This option is not conventionally possible with the current roaming agreement between operators. In addition, this option forces a UE to roam to another operator&#39;s NW even if it is within the coverage of its own serving operator. If roaming rules were changed and UEs were allowed to roam autonomously in order to support D2D, the following consequences may arise. 
         [0008]    First, there may be a high roaming charge for the customer. A customer may be reluctant to accept such roaming charge just for the purpose of D2D communication. Second, there may be an uncontrolled load for the roamed-to operator, namely the operator whose resources may be used by the roaming D2D device. In other words, the roamed operator must manage the roaming UE&#39;s cellular link and traffic. That is an additional and uncontrollable burden for roamed operator. 
         [0009]    The two consequences mentioned above can be partly solved if UEs are not allowed to roam freely just because of D2D but the roaming takes place under supervision of the two operators. Then, special roaming charges could be applied and the operators could agree on fair sharing of the load. 
         [0010]    Such collaboration of operators, however, may not address the fact that disconnection from serving operator&#39;s network and connecting to roamed network may impact E-UTRAN services. In section 7A.1 of 3GPP technical specification (TS) 22.278, it is mentioned that “The effect of ProSe on the E-UTRAN services should be minimized.” 3GPP TS 22.278 is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Thus, these approaches may be inconsistent with 3GPP TS 22.278. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0011]    According to certain embodiments, a method can include preparing, at a network element operated by an operator, radio resource information related to one or more operators other than the operator. The method can also include broadcasting, by the network element, the radio resource information. The radio resource information can be configured to permit a user equipment served by the network element to perform device-to-device discovery and/or communication with another user equipment served by at least one of the one or more operators. 
         [0012]    In certain embodiments, a method can include preparing, at a user equipment, a discovery information message which may be used for device-to-device communication. Discovery can be an independent process to communication. It is not always the case that there is D2D communication link set up after D2D discovery. The method can also include broadcasting, by the user equipment, the discovery information message. The discovery information message can include discovery information related to intra-operator device-to-device operation and discovery information related to inter-operator device-to-device operation. 
         [0013]    A method, according to certain embodiments, can include monitoring, by a user equipment, for a discovery information message which may be used for device-to-device communication. The method can also include initiating device-to-device communication based on the discovery information message. The monitoring can be limited to exclude discovery messages for inter-operator device-to-device communication or can include monitoring for discovery messages for both inter-operator device-to-device operation and intra-operator device-to-device operation. 
         [0014]    A non-transitory computer-readable medium, in certain embodiments, can be encoded with instructions that, when executed in hardware, perform a process. The process can be any of the above-described methods. 
         [0015]    According to certain embodiments, a computer program product can encode instructions for performing a process. The process can be any of the above-described methods. 
         [0016]    In certain embodiments, an apparatus can include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to prepare, at a network element operated by an operator, radio resource information related to one or more operators other than the operator. The at least one memory and the computer program code can also be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to broadcast, by the network element, the radio resource information. The radio resource information can be configured to permit a user equipment served by the network element to perform device-to-device discovery and/or communication with another user equipment served by at least one of the one or more operators. 
         [0017]    An apparatus, according to certain embodiments, can include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to prepare, at a user equipment, a discovery information message which may be used for device-to-device communication. The at least one memory and the computer program code can also be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to broadcast, by the user equipment, the discovery information message. The discovery information message can include discovery information which may be related to intra-operator device-to-device operation and discovery information related to inter-operator device-to-device operation. 
         [0018]    An apparatus, in certain embodiments, can include at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code can be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to monitor, by a user equipment, for a discovery information message which may be used for device-to-device communication. The at least one memory and the computer program code can also be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to initiate device-to-device communication based on the discovery information message. The monitoring can be limited to exclude discovery messages for inter-operator device-to-device communication or can include monitoring for discovery messages for both inter-operator device-to-device operation and intra-operator device-to-device operation. 
         [0019]    According to certain embodiments, an apparatus can include means for preparing, at a network element operated by an operator, radio resource information related to one or more operators other than the operator. The apparatus can also include means for broadcasting, by the network element, the radio resource information. The radio resource information can be configured to permit a user equipment served by the network element to perform discovery and/or device-to-device communication with another user equipment served by at least one of the one or more operators. 
         [0020]    In certain embodiments, an apparatus can include means for preparing, at a user equipment, a discovery information message which may be used for device-to-device communication. The apparatus can also include means for broadcasting, by the user equipment, the discovery information message. The discovery information message can include discovery information related to intra-operator device-to-device operation and discovery information related to inter-operator device-to-device operation. 
         [0021]    According to certain embodiments, an apparatus can include means for monitoring, by a user equipment, for a discovery information message which may be used for device-to-device communication. The apparatus can also include means for initiating device-to-device communication based on the discovery information message. The monitoring can be limited to exclude discovery messages for inter-operator device-to-device communication or can include monitoring for discovery messages for both inter-operator device-to-device operation and intra-operator device-to-device operation. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0022]    For proper understanding of the invention, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
           [0023]      FIG. 1  illustrates resource allocation for device-to-device discovery messages, according to certain embodiments. 
           [0024]      FIG. 2  illustrates a system architecture according to certain embodiments. 
           [0025]      FIG. 3  illustrates a method and signal flow according to certain embodiments. 
           [0026]      FIG. 4  illustrates a method according to certain embodiments. 
           [0027]      FIG. 5  illustrates another method according to certain embodiments. 
           [0028]      FIG. 6  illustrates a further method according to certain embodiments. 
           [0029]      FIG. 7  illustrates a system according to certain embodiments. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0030]    Certain embodiments may be related to proximity services (ProSe)/Device-to-Device (D2D) discovery and communication. More particularly, certain embodiments address how user equipment (UEs) can be served by different operators and still perform D2D discovery and communications. 
         [0031]    In certain embodiments, a network (NW) element may broadcast radio resource information related to different operators, such as the public land mobile network (PLMN) identifier (id) of the operator and the frequency band(s)/carriers for which the operator supports inter-operator D2D operations. Not every operator may support inter-operator D2D operations. Thus, such information may be helpful in inter-operator D2D discovery and communication. 
         [0032]    There can, in certain embodiments, be two types of discovery messages in discovery signals, which can be selected by the UE. One type of discovery message can contain information for both intra-operator and inter-operator D2D or other scenarios when applicable for example in case of partial coverage. This type can be referred to as Type  1 . A discovery message of this type can contain information elements to support inter-operator D2D, such as UE capability and resource constraints. The UE capability may comprise information on frequency bands the UE supports. The UE capability may also comprise information on UEs ability to operate simultaneously on more than one band. 
         [0033]    Another type of discovery message can include the information for intra-operator D2D only. This type of discovery message can be referred to as a Type  2  message. A discovery message of this type may not contain information for inter-operator operation. 
         [0034]    Such two or more types of discovery message can be allocated in different radio resources. For example,  FIG. 1  illustrates resource allocation for device-to-device discovery messages, according to certain embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 1 , from the receiving UE point of view there can be separate search spaces for Type  1  discovery messages and for Type  2  discovery messages. Each operator may broadcast information about radio resource allocation for Type  1  and  2  signals, for example in a system information block (SIB). 
         [0035]    The different types of discovery messages may also share same radio resources. Sharing could be complete in the sense that the radio resources used for a Type  1  and a Type  2  message are exactly of equal size but the information content of the messages are different. Type  1  and  2  messages would in this case be distinguished by different encoding or by different reference symbols. Different encoding could include different code rate, different scrambling of the information bits or different scrambling of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits. 
         [0036]    Resource sharing could also be partial in the sense that Type  1  messages could consist of two parts, the first part being identical with Type  2  and the second part containing information that is relevant only for inter-operator discovery. Detection of a complete Type  1  message would be done with a two phase procedure: in the first phase, the message part with Type  2  content would be decoded and, in the second phase, the separately transmitted inter-operator discovery related part would be decoded. Some information from the first part could provide linking a second part to the first part. The linking could be based on the radio resources in such a way that the radio resource used for the first part would tell which resources decoding of the second part should be tried from. The linking could also be based on the content of the first part. As an example, the identity or part of the bits carrying an identity in the first part could be repeated in the second part. As another example, the identity or some of the bits carrying the identity in the first part could be used for scrambling the second part or its CRC bits so that the second part would be decodable after decoding of the first part and the decoding would be successful only with one second part. The benefit of transmitting the inter-operator discovery related information separately could optimize the resource use in case that some UEs, like UEs of an earlier standard release, would recognize only Type  2  messages, as without two part transmission, UEs of later standard release and supporting Type  1  messages would need to transmit Type  2  content twice i.e. once for UEs of the earlier releases and once for inter-carrier discovery. 
         [0037]    When a UE tries to discover on another operator&#39;s band, the UE may only discover/detect the discovery message Type  1 . By contrast, when the UE discovers on its serving operator&#39;s band, the UE can discover/detect both types of discovery message, namely both Type  1  and Type  2 . 
         [0038]      FIG. 2  illustrates a system architecture according to certain embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a connected-mode UE, such as UE 1 , can keep the UE&#39;s cellular link with the UE&#39;s serving operator, such as operator  1 , while switching to the other operator&#39;s band for inter-operator D2D operation. The cellular link to operator  1  can be provided via eNB 1 . Likewise, UE 2  can have a cellular link to operator  2  provided by eNB 2 . UE 2  can communicate with UE 1  over a D2D link that is roamed to operator  2 , from the standpoint of UE 1 . 
         [0039]    For time division multiplexing (TDM)-type switching for inter-operator D2D operation, the serving eNB can set UE specific resource constraints for inter-operator D2D, such as which subframe (SF) is available for inter-operator D2D. The UE can insert such resource constraints information in its discovery message. 
         [0040]    For D2D communication, the UE can be scheduled by its D2D paired UE. In the example in  FIG. 2 , UE 1  can be scheduled with respect to the D2D link by UE 2 , or more precisely by eNB 2 . In other words, the specific time-frequency radio resources used can follow scheduling decisions from the D2D paired UE. This can be applied to other scenarios as well. For example in case of partial coverage, the UE out of NW coverage can be scheduled by the in coverage UE which has more information about cellular resource usage to reduce the potential interference to cellular operation. 
         [0041]    The scheduled UE may report the UE&#39;s own resource constraints configured by its serving eNB to its D2D paired UE at the beginning of D2D communication link establishment. 
         [0042]    Thus, in certain embodiments only a D2D communication link of UE 1  is switched to the other operator&#39;s NW and the cellular link can be always kept in the UE&#39;s home operator&#39;s NW. 
         [0043]    In certain embodiments, for inter-operator discovery, the UE may only send discovery signal on its home operator&#39;s NW. Thus, in certain embodiments, the UE can completely avoid sending any discovery signal on any other operator&#39;s NW and band. This avoidance of transmission over another operator&#39;s network and band can avoid any regulation and/or charging concerns between different operators. Then the UE can switch to the other operator&#39;s band to discover or detect discovery signal of other operators&#39; UEs or if supported, UE can keep two connections for both cellular operation and D2D discovery. For power-efficient discovery, it may be better to avoid a situation in which the UE takes a long time to search on other operators&#39; bands for potential discovery signals to support inter-operator D2D. For example the discovery resource can be pre-defined or configured and inform each other between operators. Such information can be delivered to the D2D enabled UEs in the way of unicast, multicast or broadcast. 
         [0044]      FIG. 3  illustrates a method and signal flow according to certain embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 3 , at  310 , each NW (for example, eNB 1  and eNB 2 ) can configure a specific radio resource for inter-operator discovery. A UE supporting inter-operator D2D (for example, UE 1 ) can, at  330 , send a discovery signal on the configured resource. Furthermore, each operator can, at  320 , broadcast such radio resource information in, for example, a SIB. Subsequently, optionally at  340 , another UE (for example, UE 2 ) can initiate D2D communication with UE 1  . D2D communication may not necessarily take place after D2D discovery. 
         [0045]    When the UE (for example, UE 2 ) starts the inter-operator D2D discovery, the UE can first sync to the other-operator&#39;s NW (for example, eNB 1 ) and listen to the broadcasted messages (for example, SIB) and then find out the information on the specific radio resource for searching discovery signal. 
         [0046]    When discovering on another operator&#39;s band, the UE may only discover/detect on the radio resource where discovery signals supporting inter-operator are allocated. 
         [0047]    Inter-operator D2D communication can relate to UE capability, such as the UE ability to support different bands. To minimize the impacts from inter-operator D2D service to the cellular link or for other reasons, the eNB may set constraints on the available resource for inter-operator D2D. The UE can insert such UE capability information into its D2D discovery message, so that the discovering UE can obtain such information for D2D UE pairing. Thus, more particularly, the UE can insert its own UE capability information and resource constraints for inter-operator D2D operation into the discovery message it sends. 
         [0048]    Such UE capability and resource constraints information may not be necessary for intra-operator D2D discovery. Thus, there can be at least two types of D2D discovery messages: one type for intra-operator discovery and that does not contain operator related information; and the other type for inter-operator discovery and that contains UE capability and resource constraints information. 
         [0049]    A UE can avoid sending both types of discovery messages at the same time. Thus, the UE can select between Type  1  and Type  2  messages, as described above. Such two types of discovery message can be allocated in different radio resources, as shown in one example in  FIG. 1 . Each operator may broadcast such radio resource information, for example using SIB. 
         [0050]    As mentioned above, when the UE tries to discover on another operator&#39;s band, the UE may only discover/detect the discovery message Type  1 . On the other hand, when the UE discovers on its own serving operator&#39;s band, it can discover/detect both types of discovery message, both Type  1  and Type  2 . 
         [0051]    Thus, for example, a UE in discovery may treat other UEs equally for D2D purposes, without considering whether they are served by the UE&#39;s own network or roaming to the UE&#39;s network for D2D purposes. 
         [0052]    For intra-operator discovery, the UE can just ignore UE capability and resource constraints related information. UE can follow some default rules to decide which type of message it will send. For example, if a UE has the capability of supporting inter-operator D2D, it can send such kind of discovery signal on the specified resource. Otherwise, it can just send a discovery signal for intra-operator discovery. Alternatively, the feature of whether to permit inter-operator D2D can be a user-configurable operation, for example in a settings menu of an operating system of the user equipment and/or the authorization from the operator. 
         [0053]    When a discovering UE finds a proper D2D targeting UE, the UE can report to its serving eNB. Once two UEs are paired, the two operators can receive reports from the same pair of UEs. Then, both UEs can be informed from its respective home/serving operator and can go into the communication stage as discussed, for example, below. 
         [0054]    For inter-operator D2D communication, one potential scenario is that the D2D link will be controlled by one operator&#39;s NW and D2D communication can take place in that same operator&#39;s band. Nevertheless, a cellular link can still connect each of the UEs to its respective home operator&#39;s NW. One example is shown in  FIG. 2 , in which UE 1 &#39;s D2D link switches to the other operator&#39;s NW/band while UE 1 &#39;s cellular link is still within its home operator. 
         [0055]    Thus, the D2D switched UE can be scheduled by its D2D pair UE with respect to D2D communications. One example is in  FIG. 2 , in which UE 1  is scheduled by UE 2 . But UE 2  can still be scheduled by eNB 2  of operator 2 . An advantage of this arrangement may be that UE 1  does not need to construct a cellular link to eNB 2  just for getting scheduling information. 
         [0056]    In certain embodiments, the D2D link can be under control of the eNB and the operator who operates the band. Thus, the effect of ProSe on the E-UTRAN services can be minimized. The available resource used for D2D can have some constraints, for example, only some SF available for D2D. 
         [0057]    According to a first aspect, certain embodiments can insert a resource constraint into the discovery message. The serving eNB can notify the UE about such UE-specific resource constraints for inter-operator D2D. The UE can insert such information into the discovery message. Thus, resource constraint information can be obtained by the discovering UE and then helpful for proper inter-operator UE pairing. When operator manages inter-operator D2D link, it will follow the resource constraints obtained in the discovery message. 
         [0058]    According to a second aspect, certain embodiments may comprise reporting the resource constraints using D2D link. Once two D2D UEs are paired, the eNB can indicate to D2D UEs the resource constraints. A D2D UE whose D2D link is switched can report or relay this constraint to its paired D2D UE(s) at the beginning of D2D link establishment. 
         [0059]      FIG. 4  illustrates a method according to certain embodiments. At  410 , the method can include preparing, at a network element operated by an operator, radio resource information related to one or more other operators. At  420 , the method can include broadcasting, by a network element, the radio resource information. The radio resource information is configured to permit a user equipment served by the network element to perform device-to-device communication with another user equipment served by at least one of the one or more operators. 
         [0060]    The radio resource information can include a public land mobile network identifier of the one or more operators and/or at least one operating frequency band of the one or more operators. 
         [0061]    The method can also include, at  430 , setting user-equipment-specific resource constraints for inter-operator device-to-device communication. The method can further include, at  440 , scheduling device-to-device communications for a pair of user equipment including one user equipment having a different operator for cellular service. 
         [0062]      FIG. 5  illustrates another method according to certain embodiments. The method can include, at  510 , preparing, at a user equipment, a discovery information message, which may optionally be for device-to-device communication. The method can also include, at  520 , broadcasting, by the user equipment, the discovery information message. The discovery information message can include discovery information related to intra-operator device-to-device communication. 
         [0063]    The discovery information message can also include discovery information related to inter-operator device-to-device communication. For example, the discovery information message can be a type  1  message, as described above. 
         [0064]    Alternatively, the discovery information message can exclude discovery information related to inter-operator device-to-device communication. For example, discovery information message can be a type  2  message, as described above. 
         [0065]    The discovery information message can also include user equipment capability and resource constraint information. This information can be provided by the user equipment based on instructions received from a base station, such as an eNode B. 
         [0066]    The discovery information message can be transmitted in an allocated radio resource, wherein the allocated radio resource is selected depending on whether it includes intra-operator device-to-device communication information. 
         [0067]    The method can further include, at  530 , reporting own resource constraints to another user equipment while beginning device-to-device communication link establishment with the another user equipment. 
         [0068]    The method can additionally include, at  540 , scheduling device-to-device communication for another user equipment while conducting device-to-device communication with the another user equipment. 
         [0069]      FIG. 6  illustrates a further method according to certain embodiments. As shown in  FIG. 6 , a method can include, at  610 , monitoring, by a user equipment, for a discovery information message regarding device-to-device communication. The method can also include, at  620 , initiating device-to-device communication based on the discovery information message. 
         [0070]    The method can also include, at  605 , limiting the monitoring to exclude discovery messages for inter-operator device-to-device communication. For example, the method can include monitoring only for type  2  messages. Alternatively, the method can include, at  607 , monitoring for discovery messages which may be used for both inter-operator device-to-device communication and intra-operator device-to-device communication. For example, the method can include monitoring for both type  1  and type  2  messages. The monitoring can include searching an allocated radio resource depending on whether intra-operator device-to-device communication information is desired by the user equipment. Thus, for example, the search can be limited to a portion of the search space if only type  2  messages are of interest. 
         [0071]    The method can also include, at  630 , maintaining a cellular link with a serving operator of the user equipment while switching to another operator&#39;s band for inter-operator D2D operation. 
         [0072]    The method can further include, at  640 , reporting own resource constraints to another user equipment while beginning device to device communication link establishment with the another user equipment. 
         [0073]      FIG. 7  illustrates a system according to certain embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, a system may include several devices, such as, for example, first network element  710 , first user equipment  720 , second network element  730 , and second user equipment  740 . The system may include more than two user equipment  720 ,  740  and more than two network elements  710 ,  730 , although only one of each is shown for the purposes of illustration. Each of these devices may include at least one processor, respectively indicated as  714 ,  724 ,  734 , and  744 . At least one memory may be provided in each device, and indicated as  715 ,  725 ,  735 , and  745 , respectively. The memory may include computer program instructions or computer code contained therein. One or more transceiver  716 ,  726 ,  736 , and  746  may be provided, and each device may also include an antenna, respectively illustrated as  717 ,  727 ,  737 , and  747 . Although only one antenna each is shown, many antennas and multiple antenna elements may be provided to each of the devices. Other configurations of these devices, for example, may be provided. For example, first network element  710 , first user equipment  720 , second network element  730 , and second user equipment  740  may be additionally configured for wired communication. In such a case antennas  717 ,  727 ,  737 , and  747  may illustrate any form of communication hardware, without being limited to merely an antenna. For example, antennas  717 ,  727 ,  737 , and  747  may illustrate any form of wired communication hardware, such as a network interface card. 
         [0074]    Transceivers  716 ,  726 ,  736 , and  746  may each, independently, be a transmitter, a receiver, or both a transmitter and a receiver, or a unit or device that may be configured both for transmission and reception. 
         [0075]    Processors  714 ,  724 ,  734 , and  744  may be embodied by any computational or data processing device, such as a central processing unit (CPU), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or comparable device. The processors may be implemented as a single controller, or a plurality of controllers or processors. 
         [0076]    Memories  715 ,  725 ,  735 , and  745  may independently be any suitable storage device, such as a non-transitory computer-readable medium. A hard disk drive (HDD), random access memory (RAM), flash memory, or other suitable memory may be used. The memories may be combined on a single integrated circuit as the processor, or may be separate therefrom. Furthermore, the computer program instructions may be stored in the memory and which may be processed by the processors can be any suitable form of computer program code, for example, a compiled or interpreted computer program written in any suitable programming language. 
         [0077]    The memory and the computer program instructions may be configured, with the processor for the particular device, to cause a hardware apparatus such as first network element  710 , first user equipment  720 , second network element  730 , and second user equipment  740 , to perform any of the processes described above (see, for example,  FIGS. 3-6 ). Therefore, in certain embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may be encoded with computer instructions that, when executed in hardware, may perform a process such as one of the processes described herein. Alternatively, certain embodiments of the invention may be performed entirely in hardware. 
         [0078]    Furthermore, although  FIG. 7  illustrates a system including first network element  710 , first user equipment  720 , second network element  730 , and second user equipment  740 , embodiments of the invention may be applicable to other configurations, and configurations involving additional elements, as illustrated and discussed herein (see, for example,  FIGS. 1-3 ). 
         [0079]    Certain embodiments may have various benefits and/or advantages. For example, for inter-operator discovery, certain embodiments may not involve any transmission on another operator&#39;s NW or band. Additionally, certain embodiments provide an efficient discovery procedure. For inter-operator communication, certain embodiments do not require switch of the cellular link to other operator&#39;s NW and band/carrier. 
         [0080]    One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that the invention as discussed above may be practiced with steps in a different order, and/or with hardware elements in configurations which are different than those which are disclosed. Therefore, although the invention has been described based upon these preferred embodiments, it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. In order to determine the metes and bounds of the invention, therefore, reference should be made to the appended claims.