Abstract:
In a high power system, plural batteries provide back-up power when primary power is unavailable. Each battery has an associated discharge controller which is controlled by a local bus control amplifier which regulates the power bus voltage set-point lower than the main bus voltage set-point. A single main bus control amplifier tightly regulates the power bus to a main bus voltage set-point and controls charging and discharging of all batteries to prevent charging of one battery at the expense (discharge) of another battery. There is one master battery discharge controller, with the remaining controllers being slave units. A local bus voltage set-point of each slave unit varies under the control of a slave unit current sharing amplifier which compares its own discharge current to the average discharge current, and an error signal modifies the reference voltage in the local bus control amplifier to allow equal discharge current from all batteries.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates generally to regulated power systems and is particularly directed to a tightly regulated power system having plural batteries sharing equally to provide back-up power when the primary power source is unavailable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In a high power system, it is common to use multiple batteries to provide back-up power when the primary power source becomes unavailable. Sufficient energy storage is especially important in space systems which have to be fully operational in eclipse when solar energy is not available to a solar panel array. When multiple batteries are used, it is essential that these batteries discharge equally so (1) no battery is degraded or damaged due to over-discharge, and 2) battery capacity is utilized effectively. 
     If discharge current sharing control is not implemented in a multiple battery power system, the consequences will likely result in the following undesirable conditions. (1) Battery degradation or damage caused by over-discharging a battery which can lead to long term degradation or damage. In the case of over-discharging a Lithium-ion battery, the battery will give rise to a permanent short circuit. (2) Ineffective utilization of battery capacity involving the use of a scheme to terminate battery discharging in a nearly over-discharged battery by disabling its associated battery discharge power regulator. The power system is then current-limited by the remaining discharge power regulators. (Note: power regulators typically have a current limit for self-protection). 
     Several approaches are currently available to solve this problem. One approach is shown schematically in  FIG. 1 . In an unregulated power system, multiple batteries  10 ,  12  and  14  are respectively connected together through diodes  16 ,  18  and  20 . Batteries with a higher state of charge (and higher voltage) will discharge first to balance the state of charge between batteries. A disadvantage of this approach is that an unregulated power system places the burden on the load unit to operate over a wide range of bus voltages. This type of power system typically results in higher mass and cost. In addition, when all the batteries do not have the same number of battery cells due to cell failure and cell bypass, the capacity from the battery with lower cell count cannot be utilized to the full extent. 
     Another approach is shown schematically in  FIG. 2 . This approach used in a regulated power system to avoid battery over-discharging divides the loads  28 ,  30  and  32  between batteries  22 ,  24  and  26  and the associated battery discharge control electronics. In this approach, current sharing is not required. A disadvantage of this approach is that a system in which the loads are divided in load groups and powered by separate batteries typically results in a heavier system. Each battery must be sized to account for the maximum load. Most space or airborne systems carry redundant units to meet reliability requirements. Thus, a power system of this type is sized to power both the primary and redundant units since the primary and redundant units are usually placed in separate load groups to avoid failure propagation. 
     A third approach is shown schematically in  FIG. 3 . In this approach, each power regulator is under the control of its associated control amplifier. A primary control amplifier regulates the primary power regulator when the primary power source is available. The battery power regulators are set up in a master-slave configuration. A master battery power regulator  48  including a first discharge control amplifier  50  and a first battery discharge controller  52  controls operation of a master battery  44 . Each slave battery power regulator  53 , each including a second discharge control amplifier  54  and a second battery discharge controller  55 , controls the operation of each of the N plural slave batteries  46 , where only one slave battery and slave battery power regulator are shown for simplicity. A current sharing control amplifier is used in each slave unit to force current sharing between batteries. In each slave unit, an error signal from a current sharing amplifier  56  is fed into its discharge control amplifier to adjust the bus voltage set-point. The bus voltage set-point in the master battery discharge controller is fixed. By varying the bus voltage set-points in each slave unit, battery current is forced to be shared among the N slave batteries. A disadvantage of this approach is that separate amplifiers controlling separate power regulators does not allow a very tightly regulated power bus. Primary power sourcing/battery charging and battery discharging in most power systems are typically autonomous without external control. Bus voltage is sensed to determine whether the system should be in primary power sourcing/battery charging mode or battery discharging mode. If each power regulator has its own bus control amplifier and the bus set-points of these regulators are set too close to each other, it will introduce the risk of discharging one battery to charge another battery. 
     The present invention avoids these problems encountered in the prior art by allowing for battery discharge current sharing in a multiple battery power system while maintaining a tightly regulated power bus. The risk of discharging one battery to charge another battery is eliminated in the inventive system where system mass is minimized such as for use in an aircraft or spacecraft environment. 
     OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a high power system having multiple batteries to provide back-up power when the primary power source is unavailable for protecting batteries against over-discharge and ensuring equal discharge current sharing for efficient battery capacity utilization. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide battery discharge current sharing in a multiple battery back-up power system utilizing a single bus control amplifier for regulating the power bus voltage set-point while controlling battery charging and discharging, and plural slave current sharing amplifiers each associated with a respective battery to provide equal battery discharge current. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to use multiple batteries to provide back-up power when the primary power source is unavailable in a high power system of reduced mass which is particularly adapted for use in a spacecraft such as during eclipse. 
     The present invention is intended for use in a regulated power system having a primary power source and plural batteries for providing back-up power, and contemplates an arrangement for tightly regulating primary power and back-up power and providing current sharing among the plural batteries. The arrangement comprises a main bus control amplifier for providing a control signal to both the primary power regulator and the battery discharge controllers for establishing a tightly regulated power bus voltage set-point. The primary power regulator has its own local bus control amplifier which is set at a higher bus voltage set-point. The local control amplifiers of the battery discharge controllers regulate at a lower bus voltage set-point. A negative control signal from the main bus control amplifier brings down the primary power regulator bus set-point to within a regulation range and activates all the battery chargers. A positive control signal raises up the battery discharge controller set-point to the same regulation range and inhibits battery charging. The power bus is thus tightly regulated. The single control amplifier eliminates the risk of discharging one battery to charge another battery. The current sharing amplifier in each slave battery power regulator, comparing its own discharge current to the average discharge current from all the batteries, outputs an error signal to modify the reference voltage in the slave local bus control amplifier. The local bus set-point in each slave unit thus varies to allow equal discharge current sharing from its associated battery. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The appended claims set forth those novel features which characterize the invention. However, the invention itself, as well as further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where like reference characters identify like elements throughout the various figures, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a simplified schematic diagram of a prior art multiple battery arrangement for providing back-up power in an unregulated power system; 
         FIG. 2  is a simplified combined schematic and block diagram of a prior art multiple battery power system wherein a dedicated battery is provided for each load group; 
         FIG. 3  is a simplified combined schematic and block diagram of a prior art multiple battery power system employing battery discharge current sharing such as used in a loosely regulated power system; and 
         FIG. 4  is a simplified combined block and schematic diagram of a multiple battery power system employing battery discharge current sharing in a tightly regulated power system in accordance with the principles of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , there is shown a tightly regulated power system  60  with battery discharge current sharing capability in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The tightly regulated power system  60  includes a primary power source  58  connected to a primary power regulator  62  for providing power to a power bus. The primary power source  58  may be virtually any type of arrangement for generating electric power which also operates with a battery back-up power system to provide power when the primary power source is unavailable. The inventive tightly regulated power system with battery discharge current sharing capability  60  is particularly adapted for use with a primary power source  58  comprised of a solar array such as used in a spacecraft where minimizing the mass of the power system is of critical importance and a battery back-up power capability is provided for the purpose of providing electric power during eclipse. 
     The tightly regulated power system  60  further includes a main bus control amplifier  64 , a master back-up battery  66  in a master battery power regulator  70 , and at least one slave battery  68  in a slave battery power regulator  72 . Although only one slave battery power regulator  72  is shown in  FIG. 4 , virtually any number of additional slave battery power regulators could be incorporated in the present invention, with each additional slave battery power regulator being identical in configuration and operation to slave battery power regulator  72 . 
     Each battery power regulator controls its associated battery. The output of the battery power regulators are connected in parallel to provide back-up power to the power bus. 
     The main bus control amplifier  64 , an inverting error amplifier, receives two input signals and provides an output control signal to the primary power regulator  62 . One input to the main bus control amplifier  64  is V ref , which is a fixed reference voltage signal used to establish the required voltage on the main power bus. The other input signal to the main bus control amplifier  64  is a bus voltage sense signal which is compared to the V ref  signal to output an error signal to control the primary bus regulator or the battery power regulators to maintain the required power bus voltage. For purposes of this discussion, the local set-point voltage of the primary power bus regulator is taken as 101 VDC. A negative output control signal provided by the main bus control amplifier  64  to the primary power regulator  62  lowers the primary power regulator to regulate the power bus voltage at a value slightly less than its local voltage set-point, such as at 100 VDC. A positive output control signal provided by the main bus control amplifier  64  indicates the unavailability of the primary power source  58  and enables the battery system to provide back-up power to the power bus. This corresponds to the situation of a spacecraft during eclipse. A negative output control signal from the main bus control amplifier  64  also activates all the battery chargers for all batteries  66  and  68 , while a positive output signal from the main bus control amplifier prevents charging of any batteries as the batteries are discharging. Therefore, there is no risk of discharging one battery to charge another battery. 
     The battery back-up power system includes the master battery  66  and one or more slave batteries, where a first slave battery is shown as element  68 . Operation of the master battery  66  is controlled by a master battery power regulator  70  which includes a first local bus control amplifier  74  and a first battery discharge controller  76 . The operation of slave battery  68  is controlled by a slave battery power regulator  72  which includes a second local bus control amplifier  80  and second battery discharge controller  82 . 
     The output control signal of the main bus control amplifier  64  is also provided to the first local bus control amplifier  74  in the master battery power regulator  70  as well as to the second local bus control amplifier  80  in slave battery power regulator  72 . A positive control signal provided by the main bus control amplifier  64  to the first local bus control amplifier  74  and to the second local bus control amplifier  80  causes the local bus control amplifiers to raise the local bus voltage set-point from a set value such as 99 VDC to a value of 100 VDC for providing current to the power bus. These specific values are provided only for the purpose of explaining the operation of the present invention, as this invention is not limited to the specific voltage set-point values discussed herein. A positive control signal from the first local bus control amplifier  74  to the first battery discharge controller  76  enables the first battery discharge controller to provide current from the first master battery  66  to the main power bus. Similarly, a positive control signal from the second local bus control amplifier  80  enables the second battery discharge controller  82  to provide current from the slave battery  68  to the main power bus. This is the manner in which the power system  60  of the present invention provides tightly regulated power to the power bus either from the primary power source  58 , when available, or from the master battery  66  and slave battery  68  when the primary power source is unavailable such as during eclipse as experienced by a spacecraft. A bus voltage sense signal is provided to one input of the first local bus control amplifier  74 , while V ref    1  is provided to a second input of the first local bus control amplifier. V ref    1  is a reference signal for setting the first local bus control amplifier  74  to establish a bus voltage set-point of 99 VDC when the main bus control amplifier signal is negative or non-existent. 
     The output control signal of the main bus control amplifier  64  is also provided to a local bus amplifier within each of the slave battery power regulators including the second local bus control amplifier  80  within the slave battery power regulator  72 . Provided to a second input of each of the remaining local bus control amplifiers including the second local bus control amplifier  80  is a V ref  N reference voltage which is modulated as described below. A positive control signal from the main bus control amplifier  64  to the second local bus control amplifier  80  enables the second battery discharge controller  82  to increase the local bus voltage set-point from 99 VDC to approximately 100 VDC such as when the primary power source  58  is unavailable. Thus, when primary power is unavailable, the master battery  66  and all of the slave batteries including slave battery  68  provide current to the main power bus via the master battery power regulator  70  and each of the slave battery power regulators including slave battery power regulator  72 . It is in this manner that the main bus control amplifier  64  ensures that a tightly regulated voltage is provided to the power bus when power is provided by the primary power source  58 , as well as when power is provided by the master and slave batteries  66  and  68 . 
     Each of the slave battery power regulators including slave battery power regulator  72  further includes a discharge current sharing amplifier  68  which receives a discharge current signal from its associated battery and a signal equal to the total discharge current divided by the number of batteries. In each of the slave battery power regulators is a discharge current sensor  84  as shown for slave battery power regulator  72  which senses the discharge current of slave battery  68  and provides an input to discharge current amplifier  78 . A signal equal to the total battery discharge current divided by the number of batteries is derived by summing the total discharge current provided by all of the batteries divided by the number of batteries. The discharge current sharing amplifier  78  compares the discharge current of its associated slave battery  68  with the average discharge current of all the batteries for providing a current correction signal which is combined with the main bus control amplifier  64  control signal and the V ref  N signal. This combined signal is provided to one input of the second local bus control amplifier  80  for comparison with the bus voltage sense signal input. The comparison of this composite current correction signal with the bus sense signal provided to the second local bus control amplifier  80  forces the second local bus control amplifier to output a current regulation signal to the second battery discharge controller  82  for equalizing the discharge current of the slave battery power regulator  72  with the average discharge current of all batteries. Thus, while the master battery power regulator  70  operates only under the control of the output from the main bus control amplifier  64 , the slave battery power regulators in the system, including slave battery power regulators  72  and  73  shown in  FIG. 4 , are controlled not only by the output of the main bus control amplifier, but also by an output from discharge current sharing amplifier  78  which ensures that all batteries provide essentially the same current to the main power bus when the primary power source  58  is unavailable. 
     While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the relevant arts that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects. Thus, any such variations are within the scope and spirit of the broad concept and implementation of the present invention described herein. Therefore, the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. The matter set forth in the foregoing description and accompanying drawings is offered by way of illustration only and not as a limitation. The actual scope of the invention is intended to be defined in the following claims when viewed in their proper perspective based on the prior art.