Abstract:
An energy exchanger device can be used for exchanging pressure energy from one fluid to another, or may act as a hydraulic compressor or fluid driven pump. A preferred device uses a jet nozzle to rotate a cylindrical rotor block having a number of axially oriented conduits within it. As the rotor turns, one end of each of the conduits is alternately connected, through a first set of ports, to either an inlet for a high pressure fluid, or an outlet for the high pressure fluid from which the energy has been extracted. Correspondingly, the other end of each of the conduits is alternately connected to either an inlet for a low pressure fluid or an outlet for the fluid to which the energy has been transferred. A freely sliding element, such as a ball, may be placed in each of the conduits to isolate the two fluids from each other.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention generally relates to an energy recovery device of the positive displacement type that can be used to transfer energy from a first fluid at a higher pressure to a second fluid at a lower pressure. The invention specifically relates to the use of such an energy recover device in the process of desalination by reverse osmosis, where the device is used to transfer a portion of the energy from rejected brine to the incoming feed. Other applications include the use of the device as a fluid driven pump or a hydraulic compressor. 
     BACKGROUND 
     This invention relates to energy recovery devices, and particularly to those used in the desalination of seawater by the reverse osmosis method. The recovery problem is of vital importance in desalination by reverse osmosis. Fluid pressure energy recovered from high pressure rejected brine is utilized for the pressurization of the feed flow. Prior art energy recovery devices used in reverse osmosis systems may be classified as mechanical assistants, hydraulic driven boosting pumps and work exchangers. 
     A mechanical assistant commonly has the prime pump, motor and energy recovery turbine mounted on a common shaft. The turbine can either be a Pelton type or a reverse running centrifugal pump (Francis turbine). The overall efficiency of such devices is of the order of 60%. 
     A hydraulically driven boosting pump, sometimes called a turbocharger, is usually mounted on the same line as the primary pump in order to carry a portion of the required load. The rotating member in these devices comprises a turbine impeller fixedly coupled to a pump impeller within a common housing. This scheme has an estimated overall efficiency between 60-70%. 
     A work exchanger uses the rejected brine to positively pressurize an approximately equal amount of brackish feed water. One subset of this type employs a number of stationary cylinders with floating pistons and a control mechanism for synchronizing the opening and closing of valves. A second subset uses a spinning rotor with a multiplicity of channels. Work exchangers have an estimated overall efficiency between 80%-90%. 
     The mechanical assistants and hydraulic booster pumps involve the conversion of hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, which is then converted back to hydraulic energy. Work exchangers, on the other hand, directly transfer the hydraulic energy of one fluid (rejected brine) to hydraulic energy of the second fluid (feed), and are hence more efficient. The present invention falls within this category, i.e. a positive displacement, or work exchanger, energy recovery device. Examples of prior art devices of this sort include one taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,791,768 which uses opposed piston/diaphragm pumps. The primary drawback of these devices is a restriction in the amount of fluid that can be handled, which renders such devices best suited to relatively small installations. Other energy recovery devices employing pistons of different areas with connecting rods are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,558,242 and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,200. Still another device of this sort uses a system of cylinders with freely moving pistons synchronized by a complex system of valves, and is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,429. 
     The main drawback of prior art work exchange devices is that they require a complex mechanism to control the opening and closing of valves as well as a mechanism for synchronizing various piston movements. 
     In addition to the energy recovery devices discussed above, there is also a class of devices in which pressure exchange takes place through direct contact between two fluid flows. Arrangements of this sort are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,988,993, 5,338,158 and 4,887,942 to Hauge. These devices have a cylindrical rotor comprising a plurality of open-ended axial channels spinning in a housing that is connected at both ends to intake and discharge ports of the differently pressurized fluids. 
     The main drawbacks of the prior art direct contact systems include uncontrollable internal mixing between the two flows, uncontrollable rotor speed, a complex water lubrication arrangement, axial alignment problems, lack of flexibility to deal with varying loads, and constraints on overall dimensions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A preferred embodiment of the present invention accomplishes energy recovery through a positive displacement rotary device. In a preferred embodiment of this device, a small portion of the high pressure energy fluid is diverted through a nozzle to impinge on blades externally attached to the cylindrical rotor block, causing it to rotate. The bulk of the high pressure fluid is conveyed to axial channels within the block in order to pressurize the low pressure fluid within those channels. In some embodiments the two fluids are physically separated by freely sliding piston elements; in others no sliding elements are used and the pressure exchange is made through direct contact of the two fluids. The preferred axial channels are closed at both ends and have radially inward directed openings, one adjacent each end. Each of these openings alternately registers with axially aligned intake and discharge ports within a central stationary member so that at any given instant a single channel communicates with an intake port of one fluid and a discharge port of a second fluid. The sliding elements are arranged to freely reciprocate in respective channels in response to the alternate registering of the inward openings at the ends of the axial channels with intake and discharge ports in a central stationary member providing fluid connections for exchanging fluid flows. Each sliding element performs two strokes in the course of one complete revolution of the cylindrical block. Each stroke of the double acting sliding element comprises an intake of one fluid and a discharge of the second fluid. Alternatively, where no sliding elements are used, a fluid interface separating the two fluids acts as a sliding element. 
     A principal object of the present invention is to provide a device for use in a reverse osmosis desalinization plant to recover energy from waste brine flows and to deliver that energy to the feed flow. 
     One object of the present invention is to provide a hydraulically driven energy recovery device that does not require a separate driving means such as a motor. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an energy recovery device that does not require either a valve system or the associated electro-mechanical control mechanism needed to synchronize the opening and closing of valves. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an energy recovery device that can be used over a wide range of installation capacities. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an energy recovery device that minimizes the mixing of the two fluid flows. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an energy recovery device in which the speed of a rotating member is controlled manually by adjusting the flow rate of a fluid in a nozzle connected to an external valve. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide an energy recovery device that is less costly to manufacture, easy to maintain and install in existing reverse osmosis systems than are prior art devices. 
     Still another object of the present invention is to provide an energy recovery device characterized by low fluid flow pulsation and vibration. 
     These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the appended claims. It will be recognized that the foregoing description is not intended to list all of the features and advantages of the invention. Various embodiments of the inventions will satisfy various combinations of the objects of the invention and some embodiments of the invention will provide fewer than all of the listed features and satisfy fewer than all the listed objectives. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is an exploded isometric view of a rotary work exchanger device of the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a partly cut-away isometric view of the rotor assembly of the rotary work exchanger device of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 3 is a partly cut-away isometric view of the rotary work exchanger device. 
     FIG. 4 is an end elevation view of the rotary work exchanger device of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line  5 — 5  of FIG.  4 . 
     FIG. 6 is a sectional view, taken along line  6 — 6  of FIG. 4, of a work exchanger comprising sliding elements. 
     FIG. 6 a  is a sectional view, taken along line  6 — 6  of FIG. 4, of a work exchanger that has no sliding elements. 
     FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of the rotary work exchanger device of FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 8 a  is a sectional view taken along line  8   a — 8   a  of FIG.  7 . 
     FIG. 8 b  is a sectional view taken along line  8   b — 8   b  of FIG.  7 . 
     FIG. 9 is a sectional view taken along line  9 — 9  of FIG.  7 . 
     FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a work exchanger of the invention used in a reverse osmosis desalinization system. 
     FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram for an alternative flow arrangement for the work exchanger used in a reverse osmosis desalinization system. 
     FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram for yet another work exchanger arrangement used in a reverse osmosis desalinization system. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In FIGS. 1-9 of the drawing, the principles of this invention are illustrated through its application as a work-exchanger device for recovering pressure energy from a high pressure fluid flow and transferring that energy to a low pressure fluid flow. Although a device of this sort is most commonly used for pressure exchange in reverse osmosis (“RO”) systems, where the high and low pressure fluid flows respectively comprise the rejected brine outflow and the sea or brackish water feed, the device may also be employed as a turbocharger in internal combustion engines, a hydraulically driven pump, or a compressor. 
     A preferred rotary work exchanger device  10  comprises a housing defining a generally cylindrical interior comprising a middle portion that may be horizontally split into mating halves  12   a ,  12   b  fixed together at side flange portions  71   a  and  71   b  by suitable fixture means (not shown). The preferred middle portion is closed at both ends by end plates  14   a  and  14   b  attached to it by other suitable fixture means (not shown). The preferred housing comprises a medially disposed, tangentially positioned nozzle  17  for receiving an impelling fluid through an inlet  16 . The nozzle may be regulated by a screw adjustable pin  27  fixed to a dial wheel  25  within a pipe fixture  18 . In a preferred embodiment the internal peripheral wall of the housing comprises a recess portion  68  axially aligned with the nozzle for directing the spent jet fluid to a drainage outlet  70 . The housing end plates may include centrally inwardly projecting core portions  42   a  and  42   b , where each core portion comprises a respective pair of inlet and outlet passageways ( 52   a ,  54   a ) and ( 52   b ,  54   b ) connected to respective peripheral port pairs ( 48   a ,  50   a ) and ( 48   b ,  50   b ). Each pair of ports comprises a pair of angularly adjacent cutout openings defined within a transverse plane, and each cutout preferably encompasses substantially a 180-degree angular displacement on the peripheral surface of the cylindrical projection. The disposition of ports is made so that one pair of ports, defined in one transverse plane, is 180 degrees out of phase with a second pair of ports defined in a second transverse plane, and so that one inlet port of the first pair communicates, through a plurality of conduits  26 , with an outlet port in the second pair. A fluid distributor  60 , comprising an inlet line  62   a  and an outlet line  64   a , may be fixedly attached to an outer wall of the end plate  14   a  by means of a flange portion  66   a  and a mating flange portion  44   a . A similar fluid distributor comprising an inlet line  62   b  and an outlet line  64   b  may be fixedly attached to an outer wall of the end plate  14   b  by means of a flange portion  66   b  and a mating flange portion  44   b . Each of the projecting portions  42   a ,  42   b  preferably comprises a respective stepped wall portion for mounting a respective bearing  58   a ,  58   b.    
     A preferred rotor assembly  20 , as shown in FIG. 2, comprises a cylindrical block  22  having two centrally disposed end bores  38   a  and  38   b . These bores rotatably enclose the projecting wall portions  42   a  and  42   b  and include internally recessed wall portions  36   a  and  36   b  for mounting respective bearings  58   a ,  58   b . Furthermore, the preferred rotor assembly includes a multiplicity of axial conduits  26  disposed symmetrically about the axis of rotation of the assembly. Each of the preferred conduits  26  is closed at both ends by respective plates  24   a ,  24   b  that are attached by suitable fixture means (not shown). Radially inward openings  32   a ,  32   b  are respectively disposed proximal to each end of each conduit and open to the two respective central bores. Each opening is preferably axially aligned with the respective peripheral pair of intake and discharge ports in the centrally projecting end wall portion. Furthermore, each conduit may include a freely sliding piston element, such as a ball element  34 , used to divide the conduit into two variable-volume working conduit elements. The outer peripheral wall of a preferred rotor block also comprises a circular array of blades  30  within a recess wall portion  28 , where each blade  30  is axially aligned with a centerline of the nozzle. 
     The preferred rotary work exchanger device can work in at least two modes. One employs a system of freely sliding elements in respective conduits to physically separate the two fluids, as shown in FIG.  5  and FIG. 6. A second mode allows direct contact of the two fluids, as shown in FIG. 6 a . In operation of a preferred apparatus, a portion of the high-pressure fluid is diverted to the nozzle line  16  and the flow rate is adjusted by means of a screw adjustable pin  27  used to vary the nozzle  17  flow area, through which the emerging impelling fluid jet impinges on the blade elements  30  to cause the rotation of the rotor assembly. 
     The operation of the preferred work exchanger, as shown in FIG.  5  through FIG. 8 b , comprises two stroke phases. A pressurizing stroke phase, during which the rotor assembly advances through the first half of the cycle, is followed by a reverse depressurizing stroke phase during which the rotor assembly advances through the second half of the cycle. During each stroke a sliding element or, alternately, a moving interface, traverses a distance within the conduit corresponding to a stroke length. Adjusting the rotational speed of the rotor assembly by regulating the jet flow through nozzle  17  may control this stroke length. The pressurization stroke phase occurs when a conduit  26  has one of its end openings registered with an inlet port of the high pressure energy fluid and the other end opening registered with an outlet of the low pressure energy fluid. For example, this may involve a conduit  26  having one end inward opening  32   a  registering with one end inlet port  48   a  communicating with the high energy pressure fluid and a second end opening  32   b  registering with the second end outlet port  50   b . During the pressurization phase, pressure energy is transferred from the high-pressure energy fluid to the low-pressure energy fluid across a sliding element, or alternately through direct fluid contact across a fluid interface traversing a stroke length. During the pressurization phase, the high-pressure fluid displaces the low-pressure fluid, thereby executing a simultaneous intake of high-pressure fluid and discharge of the low-pressure fluid as the sliding element or fluid interface moves a stroke length. 
     The depressurization stroke phase occurs when the conduit  26  has one of its end openings registered with an outlet port of the high pressure energy fluid and the other end opening registered with an inlet port of the low pressure energy fluid. For example, a conduit  26  having one end inward opening  32   a  registering with one end outlet port  50   a , communicating with the high energy pressure fluid, and a second end opening  32   b  registering with the second end inlet port  48   b  of the low pressure energy fluid. During the depressurization phase, the low-pressure fluid displaces the depressurized high-pressure fluid, thereby executing a simultaneous intake of low-pressure fluid and discharge of the depressurized high-pressure fluid during which the sliding element or fluid interface traverses a reverse stroke length. 
     This alternate alignment of axial conduits with intake and discharge ports provides the inflow and outflow at both ends of axial conduits while the sliding elements or alternately, the fluid interface between the two fluids, axially reciprocates with respect to the axial conduits as the rotor rotates. As the rotor assembly makes one revolution, the sliding elements or fluid interface complete two stroke phases, a forward pressurization and a backward depressurization phase stroke. 
     In addition to operating as a work exchanger device for transferring fluid pressure from one fluid to another, the present invention can serve as a fluid driven pump in which the pressure energy of one high-pressure fluid is used to pressurize and pump another lower pressure energy fluid. Still another application is a hydraulic compressor in which the pressure energy of a high-pressure liquid is used to pressurize and compress another, gaseous, fluid by means of direct contact or, alternately, by means of freely sliding elements. Still another application is a turbocharger in internal combustion processes in which the exhaust gases of the combustion process are used partly to drive the rotor assembly and partly to compress the inlet air prior to its introduction into the combustion chamber. 
     FIG. 10 depicts a schematic arrangement for a reverse osmosis desalination plant system  80  using the work exchanger device  10  shown in FIG.  1 . The overall plant comprises the actual reverse osmosis membrane module  74 , a main feed pump  72 , a booster pump  76  and a work exchanger device of the present invention. In this arrangement, a portion, which may be on the order of 40% of the total capacity, of a low pressure feed source, which may be seawater at a pressure of 2 bar, is conveyed through a line  88  to the main pump which increases the pressure to a higher value, which may be on the order of 60 bar. The remaining 60% of the low pressure fluid is diverted through a line  86  to the low pressure intake line  62   a  of the work exchanger device where it is pressurized to a pressure of 56 bar, discharged from an outlet  64   a , and conveyed through a line  94  to a booster pump  76  for further pressurization to the feed pressure of 60 bar. In the reverse osmosis membrane module  74  the feed stream is converted to a low salinity stream, i.e., fresh water, that is output through a first output line  96  and a remainder, comprising an outflow of high salinity rejected brine, that is output through another line  82 . The exiting spent brine accounts for 60% of the feed volume and usually has a high pressure; say 54 bar, which is conveyed to the work exchanger for energy recovery. A small portion of the spent brine, say 2%, is conveyed to the nozzle  16  through line a  78  to impart rotation to the rotor assembly. The rest of this fluid is conveyed to the high pressure intake  62   b . The high-pressure rejected brine transfers its pressure energy to the low pressure feed stream and exits through an outlet  64   b  connected to the line  84  for disposal. The rejected brine portion used for driving the rotor assembly leaves the work exchanger through an outlet  70  and another line  92 . 
     Alternative schemes can be configured using an alternative fluid source for driving the rotor assembly. For example, FIG. 11 depicts an alternative arrangement of a reverse osmosis plant  90  in which a small portion of the high pressure feed from the main discharge line  94  from the main pump is conveyed through a line  78  to a nozzle  16  of the work exchanger device in order to impart rotation to the rotor assembly. Yet another alternative arrangement, depicted in FIG. 12, comprises a reverse osmosis plant  100  in which a portion of the low pressure source feed, initially input through a line  86 , is diverted to a line  78  connected to the nozzle  16  and used to impart rotation to the rotor assembly. 
     As will be understood by those skilled in the art, various embodiments other than those described in detail in the specification are possible without departing from the scope of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the invention is to be limited only by the appended claims.