Abstract:
An apparatus for heating, according to a predetermined heating profile, a surface carrying a film. The invention includes a source of radiant energy. The source of radiant energy has several peak wavelengths, with each peak wavelength having a unique absorption profile related to the thickness of the film. The source of radiant energy is positioned to direct radiant energy toward the surface. Means are included for holding the source of radiant energy in a manner such that the combination of peak wavelengths produce the desired predetermined heating profile.

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/988,261, filed Dec. 10, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,823, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/605,369, filed Feb. 22, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,896. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention is directed generally to methods and apparatus used for growing films, and in particular, methods and apparatus using chemical vapor deposition techniques in a rapid thermal processing system for growing films. 
     2. Description of the Background 
     In the fabrication of semi-conductor devices, the deposition of a film on a surface of the wafer is a common and necessary step. The film is typically a semi-conductor, a conductor, or a dielectric. It is well known in the prior art that film deposition occurs more readily on a hot surface than on a cold surface. As a result, it is necessary to heat the surface of the wafer to induce film deposition. Wafers are typically heated and processed either by conventional batch furnace processing or by rapid thermal processing (“RTP”). 
     RTP is an alternative to conventional batch furnace processing and is characterized by short processing times and rapid thermal rise and fall rates. An RTP process step typically lasts between several seconds and 15 minutes, with thermal rise rates typically between 100 and 500° C. per second, and reaching temperatures of 1200° C. 
     RTP has applications in the fabrication of very large scale integrated (“VLSI”) circuits and ultra large scale integrated (“ULSI”) circuits. In particular, RTP is used in the fabrication steps of thermal oxidation, thermal nitridation, dopant diffusion, thermal annealing, refractory metal silicide formation, and chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”). CVD may be used to form semi-conductive, conductive, and dielectric films. The design of RTP reactors is well known in the prior art, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,825, issued to Moslehi et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,217, issued to Moore et al. An RTP reactor typically comprises a reaction chamber, a wafer handling system, a gas dispersion apparatus, a heat source, a temperature control system, and a gas control system. 
     The heat source is often high power lamps which drive chemical reactions in the reaction chamber and heat the wafer, thereby inducing film deposition on the surface of the wafer. The use of both single and multiple lamps is known, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,217, issued to Moore et al. The gas dispersion apparatus introduces gases into the reaction chamber so that chemical reactions can take place and films can be deposited on the surface of the wafer. Many types of gas dispersion apparatus are known, and one or more may be located below the wafer, to the side of the wafer, or above the wafer. 
     CVD process steps are dependent on temperature. Because film is more readily deposited on hot surfaces than on cold surfaces, if the surface of a wafer is not a uniform temperature, a film will not be deposited uniformly. The temperature of a wafer, in turn, is dependent on the thickness of previously-deposited films. The absorption of energy, which is directly related to the temperature of the wafer, increases with the thickness of previously-deposited films. 
     It is well known, however, that the temperature of a wafer is not uniform. In particular, the temperature at the edge of a wafer tends to be significantly cooler than the temperature at the center, due to heat loss at the wafer edge. The lower temperature at the edge of the wafer results in slower deposition and a thinner film. That thinner film results in less absorption of energy, and a lower temperature than in the center of the wafer, perpetuating a feedback loop which exaggerates the non-uniformity of the wafer. The thickness of polysilicon, for example, can vary as much as 40% because of non-uniform temperatures along the surface of a wafer. 
     Uneven heating of wafers is undesirable and can cause slip dislocations, which are fractures in the crystal lattice that may lead to a device failure. Furthermore, an uneven surface can cause defects in subsequent process steps. 
     One type of gas dispersion apparatus used for CVD process steps is known as a “showerhead”. Showerheads are located above the wafer, have a generally flat bottom surface with a plurality of gas ports therein, and provide for a generally uniform distribution of gas over the surface of the wafer. Showerheads are made from transparent materials which do not absorb much light, such as quartz. 
     Some solutions to the problems caused by non-uniform temperature of a wafer have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,446,852, issued to Moslehi et al., discloses surrounding the wafer with a light absorbing graphite or silicon ring to reduce wafer edge cooling. This solution, however, is not satisfactory, particularly in CVD processes in an RTP chamber where there is sensitivity to temperature variations of less than 5° C. Other solutions include the use of independently controlled light banks, using complex temperature sensors and complex computer software to constantly adjust the lamp banks in an attempt to provide uniform heating of a wafer. That approach is also deficient in extreme temperature sensitive applications, as well as being very costly. Thus, a need exists for a device which effectively provides uniform heating of the surface of a wafer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed to an apparatus for heating, according to a predetermined heating profile, a surface carrying a film. The invention includes a source of radiant energy. The source of radiant energy has several peak wavelengths, with each peak wavelength having a unique absorption profile related to the thickness of the film. The source of radiant energy is positioned to direct radiant energy toward the surface. Means are included for holding the source of radiant energy in a manner such that the combination of peak wavelengths produce the desired predetermined heating profile. 
     The device of the present invention is preferably embodied in a semi-conductor processing apparatus, such as an RTP system. The apparatus comprises a reaction chamber and a wafer support means located within the chamber and capable of supporting a wafer. A showerhead, having a gas passageway for receiving a source of gas and terminating in a several gas ports, is located within the chamber. The invention includes a source of radiant energy. The source of radiant energy has several different peak wavelengths, with each peak wavelength having a unique absorption profile related to the thickness of the film. The energy source is positioned to direct radiant energy toward the wafer support means. Means are provided for holding the source of radiant energy in a manner such that the combination of peak wavelengths produce the desired predetermined heating profile. A window separates the source of radiant energy from the wafer support means. A gas removal system is integrally connected to the chamber and removes gases from within the chamber. A computer controls the sources of radiant energy and the gas removal system. 
     The present invention solves the problem of non-uniform film growth by providing even heating of a wafer, independent of film thickness and without requiring complex and expensive monitoring and control devices. Those and other advantages and benefits of the present invention will become apparent from the description of the preferred embodiments hereinbelow. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For the present invention to be clearly understood and readily practiced, the present invention will be described in conjunction with the following figures, wherein: 
     FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic block diagram of an RTP reactor constructed according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a partially cut-away bottom plan view of a showerhead constructed according to the present invention. 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 are plots of absorptivity versus energy wavelength for an oxide on metal stack; 
     FIG. 5 is a three dimensional plot of absorptivity, energy wavelength, and film thickness; 
     FIG. 6 is a plot of absorptivity versus film thickness for two different wavelengths of energy and a resultant composite of the wavelengths; 
     FIG. 7 is a plot of intensity versus energy wavelength for a light source; 
     FIG. 8 is a bottom plan view of a portion of a showerhead constructed according to the present invention showing the distribution of light sources having different peak frequencies; 
     FIG. 9 is a simplified schematic block diagram of an RTP reactor utilizing an RF energy source and constructed according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 10 is a simplified schematic block diagram of an RTP reactor utilizing a microwave energy source and constructed according to the present invention; 
     FIG. 11 is a partially cut-away bottom plan view of a showerhead having lamps arranged in a rectangular pattern and constructed according to the present invention; and 
     FIG. 12 is a partially cut-away bottom plan view of a showerhead having lamps arranged in a honeycomb pattern and constructed according to the present invention. 
    
    
     It is to be understood that the figures have been simplified to illustrate only those aspects relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention, while eliminating, for the purposes of clarity, many other elements. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other elements are required, or at least desirable, to produce the illustrated devices. However, because such elements are well-known in the art, and because they do not relate to the design which is the subject of the present invention, a discussion of such elements is not provided herein. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 shows a simplified schematic block diagram illustrating a preferred embodiment of the present invention in the context of an RTP reactor  10 . The design and construction of RTP reactors is well known, and will not be discussed in detail herein. The RTP reactor is presented as the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to RTP reactors. The RTP reactor  10  of the present invention preferably comprises a cold wall reaction chamber  12  constructed of stainless steel. The bottom and sides of the reaction chamber  12  may be lined with quartz to protect the walls from film deposition during the processing steps. The walls of the reaction chamber  12  may be cooled by a circulating water jacket (not shown) in conjunction with a heat exchanger (not shown). The walls are maintained at or below 100° C., because higher temperatures may induce the deposition of films on the walls of the reaction chamber  12 . Such depositions are undesirable because they absorb energy and effect heat distribution within the reaction chamber  12 , causing temperature gradients which adversely affect the processing steps. Furthermore, depositions on walls may flake and produce particulates that can contaminate a wafer in the reaction chamber  12 . 
     A wafer support table  14  or the like is located near the bottom of the reaction chamber  12 , and is used for supporting a wafer  16 . The support table  14  is a flat surface, typically having three or more vertical support pins  15  with low thermal mass. 
     A wafer handling system  18  is adjacent to the reaction chamber  12 , and includes a wafer cassette  20  and a wafer handling robot  22 . The wafer cassette  20  holds a plurality of wafers, and the wafer handling robot  22  transports one wafer at a time from the wafer cassette  20  to the wafer support table  14 , and back again. A door  24  isolates the wafer handling system  18  from the reaction chamber  12  when the wafers are not being transported to and from the wafer support table  14 . 
     A showerhead  26  introduces gases into the reaction chamber  12 , and a plurality of light sources  28  provide a source of radiant heat energy and heat the wafer  16 . For the purposes of this description, the invention will be described in terms of light sources  28 , although other sources of heating a wafer  16 , such as RF energy, as illustrated in FIG. 9, and microwave energy, as illustrated in FIG. 11, are known and applicable to the present invention. 
     The showerhead  26  and light sources  28  are preferably integrated into the roof of the reaction chamber  12 . The showerhead  26 , of course, may be suspended from the roof and the light sources  28  located behind a transparent window, as is done with showerheads in the prior art. Integrating the showerhead  26  and the light sources  28  into the roof, however, makes it easier to cool the light sources  28  and eliminates the need to cool or heavily insulate wires supplying electricity to the light sources  28 . The light sources  28  are cooled by one or more known cooling methods, such as liquid or gaseous cooling systems, with heat being dissipated through a heat exchanger  30 . 
     A source of gas  32  is connected to the showerhead  26  to provide the gases to the showerhead  26 . More than one type of gas may be available from the source of gas  32 , and gases may be provided to the showerhead  26  individually or in combination. The gases may, for example, be used to deposit films on the wafer  16 , flush gases from the reaction chamber  12 , or cool the reaction chamber  12  and the wafer  16 . A power supply  34  is connected to the light sources  28  to provide electricity to power the light sources  28 . 
     Gases are removed from the reaction chamber  12 , and a vacuum may be created within the reaction chamber  12 , by a gas exhaust and vacuum system  36 , as is well known in the prior art. Also present is a wafer temperature sensor  38 , such as a pyrometer, which is used to measure the temperature of the wafer  16  through a window  40 . 
     A control computer  42  monitors and controls the various systems which make up the reactor  10 , such as the wafer handling robot  22 , the heat exchanger  30 , and the wafer temperature sensor  38 . Data indicating the temperature of the wafer  16  is generated by the wafer temperature sensor  38 , and is used by the control computer  42  to adjust the intensity of the light sources  28  so as to produce the desired wafer temperature. In addition, multiple wafer temperature sensors  38  may be used to sense the temperature of different regions of the wafer  16 . That data may be used by the control computer  42  to selectively adjust the intensity of some of the light sources  28  so as to compensate for uneven heating of the wafer  16 . The control computer  42  also controls when and what gases are provided to the showerhead  26 , as well as when gases are removed from the reaction chamber  12 , in a known manner. 
     The showerhead  26  includes a gas passageway  50  which connects the source of gas  32  with a plurality of gas output ports  52  on the lower surface  48  of the showerhead  26 . The gas ports  52  may be shaped and distributed in any manner which promotes the uniform distribution of gas, such as concentric circles and rectangular patterns. The showerhead  26  typically contains between 50 and 1,000 gas ports  52 , with the size of each port preferably being between 0.5 millimeters and 50 millimeters. The gas flow through the showerhead  26  is typically between 100 and 5,000 standard cubic centimeters per minute (“sccm”). 
     The light sources  28  are preferably quartz-halogen lamp., each rated between 500 and 2000 Watts. There are preferably between 10 and 500 light sources  28 . 
     Alternatively, the showerhead  26  and light sources  28  may be constructed as completely separate pieces, with the showerhead  26  hanging from the top of the reaction chamber  12  and the light source  28  located outside of the reaction chamber  12  and providing light through a window in the reaction chamber  12  and through the transparent showerhead  26 , as is well known in the prior art. 
     FIG. 2 shows a partially cut-away bottom plan view of a preferred embodiment of the showerhead  26 . The showerhead  26  has light sources  28  visible through the transparent showerhead  26 , and gas ports  52  on the showerhead  26 . A gas passageway  50  is visible where the showerhead  26  is cut away. The gas passageway  50  receives gas from a source of gas  32  (shown in FIG.  1 ), and delivers the gas to the gas ports  52 . Both the light sources  28  and gas ports  52  are shown in a concentric pattern. Other patterns which provide for a substantially uniform distribution of light and gas, such as rectangular, as illustrated in FIG. 11, and honeycomb, as illustrated in FIG. 12, are also desirable. 
     FIGS. 3 and 4 shows theoretical and experimental values for absorptivity by an oxide on metal stack in an atmosphere of air, plotted for wavelengths between 400 and 800 nanometers. FIG. 3 shows values for a center portion of a wafer with an oxide layer 1,350 microns thick. FIG. 4, in contrast, shows values for an edge portion of a wafer with an oxide layer 1.315 microns thick. The theoretical curves  76  and  78  in FIGS. 3 and 4 are shown as solid lines, and the experimental curves  80  and  82  are shown as hashed lines. All curves are comprised of a series of peaks  84  (FIG. 3) and  86  (FIG.  4 ), and valleys  88  (FIG. 3) and  90  (FIG.  4 ). As a result of the thinner oxide layer at the edge portion of the wafer (FIG. 4) , the peaks  86  and valleys  90  in FIG. 4 are slightly lower than the peaks  84  and valleys  88  in FIG.  3 . FIGS. 3 and 4 also show that the absorptivity varies significantly, as the wavelength of light varies. 
     FIG. 5 shows a three-dimensional plot of wavelength λ, absorptivity A, and film thickness T. By slicing the three-dimensional plot perpendicular to the axis of the wavelength λ, a plot of absorptivity A versus thickness T can be obtained. FIG. 5 shows three slices of the plot, shown in dashed lines, for wavelengths λ 1 , λ 2 , and λ 3 . The plots of absorptivity A versus thickness T for wavelengths λ 1  and λ 2  are significantly different. For example, at a thickness value where λ 1  has a peak, λ 2  has a valley. As a result of those differences, by carefully choosing two or more wavelengths, a composite plot of absorptivity A versus thickness T can be created. 
     FIG. 6 shows a plot of absorptivity A versus thickness T for two wavelengths λ 1  and λ 2  having absorptivity peaks and valleys, respectively, at similar thickness values, with similar magnitudes, but with opposite polarity. A composite absorptivity curve A c  can be created which has a substantially constant value for all values of thickness. 
     A substantially flat absorptivity curve will compensate for non-uniform film growth on a wafer, and breaks the feedback cycle that exaggerates the non-uniformity of film thickness. For example, a flat absorptivity curve will deposit a uniform film, even if a non-uniform film exists on the wafer. 
     Preferably either two or three different wavelengths are combined to create the desired absorptivity curve. Additional wavelengths may be used, however, to eliminate minor fluctuations in the curve, or to tailor the curve to specific requirements. For example, a curve in which absorptivity decreases as thickness increases may be used to create a more even film thickness by prompting faster growth in areas of thin film, and slower growth in areas of thick film. When the film thickness is approximately uniform, the film will be deposited at approximately the same rate. 
     FIG. 7 shows a plot of light energy (intensity) I versus wavelength λ. As shown in FIG. 7, light sources typically generate light over a wide range of wavelengths. Some light sources  28 , however, have one or more “peak” wavelengths λ p  which are substantially greater in magnitude than any other wavelength generated by the light source  28 . As a result, the desired combination of wavelengths, such as those illustrated in FIG. 7, may be created by choosing an appropriate combination of light sources  28 . 
     FIG. 8 shows a preferred distribution of light sources  28  in a three wavelength system. The light sources  28  are designated by their peak wavelengths λ 1 , λ 2 , and λ 3 . Because a uniform distribution of all wavelengths is desired, the lamps λ 1 , λ 2 , and λ 3  are evenly distributed throughout the showerhead  26 . Obviously, there are many more combinations of lamps which will realize the benefits of the present invention. Alternatively, a particular wavelength may be concentrated at the center or edge of the wafer to create a desired result. For example, wavelengths which exhibit generally higher absorptivity may be concentrated around the edges to compensate for the lower temperate caused by edge cooling. 
     Although a single light bulb usually contains only one “light source”, with only one peak wavelength, more than one “light source” may be combined in a single bulb, for example, by providing more than one filament, or a single filament generating multiple wavelength peaks, so that multiple peak wavelengths of energy may originate from the same bulb. Such a bulb eliminates the need to evenly distribute the lights sources so as to evenly mix the peak wavelengths. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many more modifications and variations of the present invention may be implemented. Likewise, at least some of the benefits of the present invention can be realized by having the light sources  28  below the wafer  16 . In addition, other types of energy sources may be used to heat the wafer  16 . Furthermore, the invention may be used in the fabrication of devices other than semiconductor wafers, such as flat panel displays. The foregoing description and the following claims are intended to cover all such modifications and variations.