Abstract:
Apparatus for storing a combustible gas including a pressure storage vessel, a pressure relief valve communicating with the storage vessel for venting the gas from the vessel when the pressure therein is too high, and a catalytic reactor communicating with the pressure relief valve to catalytically combust the gas exiting the valve and thereby reduce the amount of such gas that enters the environment.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to the storage of combustible gases in pressure vessels, and more particularly to preventing buildup of excessive pressure in the vessel while preventing the emission of the combustible gases into the environment. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is known to store combustible gases such as hydrogen, methane etc. under pressure in suitable pressure vessels. In some instances, the gases are stored in the gas phase under moderately high pressures. In other instances, the gases may be stored in the liquid phase under higher pressures and lower temperatures. 
     Pressure vessels have a maximum allowable pressure tolerance, and the gas pressure within the vessel must be kept below that pressure to insure the integrity of the vessel. The pressure within the vessel varies with the amount of heat transferred into the vessel from the outside. While thermal insulation can be used to minimize such heat transfer, it is inevitable that some heat will be transferred into the vessel causing a pressure rise therein. For stationary applications, the vessels can be made with extra material (e.g. metal or fiber reinforced plastic) to accommodate the pressure rise, and to otherwise provide extra vessel strength without any great sacrifice. For mobile applications (e.g. fueling vehicles) however, the extra material undesirably consumes more space and adds more weight to the vehicle. Smaller, lighter-weight vessels can be employed for mobile applications if the pressure within the vessel can be managed so as to keep it below the maximum pressure tolerance of the lighter-weight vessels. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention (1) manages the pressure of a combustible gas within a pressure vessel by venting the vessel to keep the pressure therein below the vessel&#39;s maximum pressure tolerance while, at the same time, (2) prevents undesirable combustible gas emissions from escaping to the environment. More specifically, the invention contemplates apparatus for storing a combustible gas that includes (i) a pressure vessel for containing the gas under pressure, which vessel has a maximum allowable pressure tolerance, (ii) a pressure relief valve communicating with the vessel for venting the gas before the vessel&#39;s pressure tolerance is reached, and (iii) a catalytic reactor communicating with the pressure relief valve for catalytically combusting combustible gas exiting the relief valve with air so as prevent emission of the combustible gas into the environment. The catalytic reactor preferably comprises at least one catalytic diffusion burner and a housing surrounding the burner wherein (a) the catalytic burner comprises a microporous body, a combustion catalyst on a surface of the body, and a first inlet for admitting the gas to the microporous body for diffusion through the microporous body and reaction with air on the catalyst, and (b) the housing has a second inlet for admitting air to the burner and an outlet for exhausting combustion gases to the environment. More preferably, the microporous body comprises a tube having a microporous wall, and the inlet supplies the combustible gas to the center of the tube for radial diffusion through the porous wall. The microporous tube surrounds a perforated gas distribution pipe that distributes the gas substantially uniformly along the length of the microporous tube. Most preferably, the apparatus includes a second catalytic burner downstream of the one catalytic burner for receiving exhaust gas from the one burner and catalytically combusting any uncombusted combustible gas that might be contained therein. According to a most preferred embodiment, the apparatus further includes an igniter downstream of the catalytic burner(s) to ignite any uncombusted combustible gas passing through said the burner(s) to heat-up the burner and light-off the catalyst at start-up, and otherwise ignite any residual combustible gas remaining in the combustion gases from the burner(s). 
     The invention will be better understood when considered in the light of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment thereof which is given hereafter in connection with the attached drawings in which: 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a pressure vessel for storing combustible gases in either the gas or liquid phases; 
     FIG. 2 is a partially sectioned, enlarged portion of FIG. 1; 
     FIG. 3 is an exploded, isometric view of a preferred catalytic reactor according to the present invention; and 
     FIG. 4 is a side sectional view of the catalytic reactor of FIG. 3 taken in the direction  4 — 4  of FIG.  3 . 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     FIGS. 1 and 2 show a pressure vessel  2  having a protective dome  4  covering (i) a fill valve  6  for filling the vessel with combustible gas/liquid, and (ii) a pressure relief valve  8  for venting the vessel  2  when the pressure therein exceeds the relief pressure setting of the valve  8 . A catalytic reactor  10  is located remote from the vessel  2  for catalytically reacting any off-gasses exiting the vessel  2  via the relief valve  8 . The pressure relief valve  8  may be any of a variety of conventional (e.g. spring biased) valves set to open at a pressure that is below the maximum pressure tolerance of the vessel  2 . When the pressure in the vessel  2  exceeds the pressure setting of the relief valve  8 , the valve  8  opens and vents gas from the vessel  2  to maintain the pressure therein at or below the set pressure of the valve  8 . Rather then being vented directly to the environment, the gas vented through the valve  8  is directed to the catalytic reactor  10  by pipe  12  where it is reacted with air to form H 2 O (in the case of H 2 ), or H 2 O+CO 2  in the case of methane and other combustible gaseous hydrocarbons. 
     FIG. 3 shows an exploded isometric view of a preferred embodiment of a catalytic reactor  10  in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 3 depicts a housing including a base portion  14  and cover portion  16  that joins together to house a catalytic burner  18 . The catalytic burner  18  comprises one or more tubular burner elements  20  that receive the combustible gas from the relief valve  8  via a manifold  22 , which is coupled to the burner elements  20  by unions  24 . The gas enters the tubular burner elements  22  through a perforated gas-distribution pipe  26  that distributes the gas substantially equally along the length of the tubular burner elements  20 . The burner elements  20  are housed in one (e.g. the lower) chamber  28  of the housing, and are separated from a second chamber  30  (see FIG. 4) in the cover portion  16  by means of a second burner in the form of catalyzed screen  32 . The second burner  32  serves to receive gas exhausting from the tubular burner(s) and react any unreacted combustible gas therein with air to rid such exhaust gas of any residual combustible gas. Air is admitted to the housing via perforations  34  in the wall  36  of the base portion  14 , and through porous packing  38  between the base  14  and cover  26  portions of the housing. 
     An igniter (e.g. spark plug)  40  projects into the chamber  30  to ignite any combustible gas that passes unreacted through the burners  20  and  32 . The igniter  40  is particularly useful at the beginning of the catalytic combustion process when the burners are cold, i.e. below the light-off temperature of the catalyst(s). When the catalyst(s) is/are below their light-off temperature, the combustible gas passes through the burner(s) unreacted and is ignited by the igniter  40  and burned as a flame. The heat generated by such flame burning of the gases heats the burner(s) to the point where the light-off temperature of the catalyst(s) is/are reached and the catalytic combustion of the gases commences. The igniter may then be deenergized, or alternatively may continue to spark to ignite any residual combustible gases that evade catalytic combustion by the catalyzed burners. 
     FIG. 4 shows the catalytic reactor  10  with its housing cover portion  14  nesting within the housing base portion  16  and secured thereto by means of porous packing material  38  through which some air is admitted into the one chamber  28 . It further shows that the wall  36  defining the one chamber  28  includes a plurality of perforations  34  through which air is admitted into the one chamber  28 . The tubular burner(s)  20  comprise a gas distribution pipe  26  having a plurality of perforations  42  therein. The combustible gas enters the gas distribution pipe  26  and exits through the perforations  42  along the length of a porous tube  44  onto which a suitable catalyst is deposited. A suitable catalyst for combusting hydrogen or methane comprises a noble metal (e.g. Pt or Pd) with the light-off temperature for H 2  being near −30° C., and the light-off temperature for methane being nearer 700° C. The microporous tube  44  itself may comprise a microporous (e.g. sintered) metal or ceramic material well known to those skilled in the art of catalyst support materials. A second burner comprises a fine-mesh catalyzed screen  32  that is well known to those skilled in the art and separates the one chamber  28  from the other chamber  30  and lies downstream from the tubular burner(s)  20  in the direction of flow of the gas. Sufficient air enters the one chamber  28  through the packing  38  and perforations  34  to support the catalytic combustion on both the porous tubular burner(s)  20  and the fine-screen burner  32 . Perforations  46  in the housing cover portion  16  allow the combustion gases (i.e. principally H 2 O &amp; CO 2 ) to escape into the environment. 
     While the invention has been described primarily in terms of a certain specific embodiment thereof it is not intended to be limited thereto, but rather only to the extent set forth hereafter in the claims which follow.