Abstract:
A filter formed of acoustic resonators, where each resonator has its own cavity and a bottom electrode that spans the entirety of the cavity, so that the bottom electrode has an unsupported interior region surrounded by supported peripheral regions. In the preferred embodiment, the cavity is formed by etching a depression into the substrate, filling the depression with a sacrificial material, depositing the piezoelectric and electrode layers that define an FBAR or SBAR, and then removing the sacrificial material from the depression. Also in the preferred embodiment, the sacrificial material is removed via release holes that are limited to the periphery of the depression. Preferably, the bottom electrode is the only electrode that spans the cavity, thereby limiting the formation of parasitic FBARs or SBARs. In one embodiment, the bottom electrode includes a serpentine edge that leaves a portion of one side of the cavity free of overlap by the bottom electrode, so that a top electrode may overlap this portion. Thus, the top and bottom electrodes can overlap the same side without sandwiching the piezoelectric layer outside of the unsupported interior region.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The invention relates generally to acoustic resonators and more particularly to approaches for supporting an acoustic resonator on a substrate. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Acoustic resonators that are formed of thin films may be used in a number of applications that require a precisely controlled frequency. A Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) or a Stacked Thin Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (SBAR) may be used as a filter in a cellular telephone or other device in which size, cost and frequency stability are important factors. 
     An FBAR includes a thin film of piezoelectric material between two conductive electrodes, while an SBAR includes additional layers of piezoelectric material, with each such layer separating two electrodes. The active layers of an FBAR or SBAR are suspended in air by supporting the layers around the perimeter. The air/resonator interfaces at both sides of the stack of layers trap the energy that is generated during operation. 
     When a time-varying electrical field is created by applying a signal across two electrodes that are separated by a piezoelectric layer, the piezoelectric material converts some of the electrical energy into mechanical energy in the form of sound waves. The sound waves propagate in the same direction as the electrical field and are reflected at the air/resonator interfaces. For a properly fabricated FBAR or SBAR, the sound waves will have a particular mechanical resonance. 
     An FBAR or SBAR can be used as a filter, since it will function as an electronic resonator when allowed to operate at its mechanical resonant frequency. At this mechanical resonant frequency, the half wavelength of the sound waves propagating through the resonator is approximately equal to the total thickness of the resonator for a given phase velocity of sound in the piezoelectric material. Since the velocity of sound is many orders of magnitude smaller than the velocity of light, the resulting resonator can be compact. A resonator for applications in which a frequency in the gigahertz range is desired may be constructed with physical dimensions less than 100 microns in diameter and a few microns in thickness. 
     An FBAR is conventionally fabricated on the surface of the substrate by depositing the bottom electrode, the piezoelectric film, and then the top electrode. Therefore, a top air/resonator interface exists and only the bottom interface requires some design selections. There are several known approaches for obtaining the desired characteristics at the bottom interface. 
     The first approach involves etching away the substrate material from the back side of the substrate. If the substrate is silicon, the silicon is etched away from the back side using a KOH etch, which is a strong base etchant. This approach is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,620 to Ruby et al. With reference to FIG. 1, a layer  10  of Si 3 N 4  may be deposited on a top surface of a silicon substrate  12 . The back side of the substrate  12  is then etched using the KOH. Preferably, approximately 80% of the silicon substrate is removed during the etching step, leaving a remainder  14  that provides structural stability. The metallization of the bottom electrode  16  is then formed on the Si 3 N 4  layer  10 . Aluminum nitride (AlN) may then be deposited as the piezoelectric layer  18 . A second electrode  20  is subsequently formed on the surface of the piezoelectric layer  18 . As shown in FIG. 2, if an SBAR is to be fabricated, rather than an FBAR, a second piezoelectric layer  22  and a third electrode  24  are also formed. 
     After completing the fabrication of the third electrode  24 , the remainder  14  of the silicon within the previously etched cavity is removed by a slow etching process that is more easily controlled than the KOH etch. For example, a tetra-methyl-ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) etching solution may be used, since it is less likely to attack the AlN of the piezoelectric layers  18  and  22 . The result is that an SBAR  26  of FIG. 2 is formed. 
     One concern with this first approach is that it results in a relatively low fabrication yield. The cavities that are formed through the wafer  12  render the wafer very delicate and highly susceptible to breakage. Furthermore, the wet etching using KOH forms side walls having 54.7° slopes. This limits the ultimate density of fabricating the acoustic resonators on a given sized wafer. For example, devices with lateral dimensions of approximately 150 μm×150 μm that are built on a standard 530 μm thick silicon wafer require a back side etch hole that is roughly 450 μm×450 μm. Consequently, only approximately 11% of the wafer can be productively utilized. 
     A second approach to forming the air/resonator interfaces is to create an air bridge type FBAR/SBAR device. Typically, a sacrificial layer is deposited and the acoustic resonator layer stack is then fabricated on top of the sacrificial layer. At or near the end of the process, the sacrificial layer is removed. Since all of the processing is completed on the front side, this approach does not suffer from having two-sided alignment and large area back side cavities. However, this approach has other inherent difficulties. First, the method is difficult to practice on large devices. Typically, the sacrificial layer is thermally grown silicon dioxide that is subsequently removed using hydrofluoric (HF) gas, which has an etch rate in the order of 1000 to 3000 Å/minute. To etch beneath device areas that are in the order of 150 μm×150 μm or larger, an etch time greater than 500 minutes is required. In addition to being excessively long, the exposure of the metal electrodes to the etchant for periods in excess of 30 minutes leads to the delamination of the metal electrodes from the piezoelectric material. 
     A third approach is sometimes referred to as the “solidly mounted resonator” (SMR), since there are no air gaps at the bottom of the device. A large acoustic impedance at the bottom of the device is created by using an acoustic Bragg reflector. The Bragg reflector is made of layers of alternating high and low acoustic impedance materials. Each thickness is fixed to be at the quarter wavelength of the resonant frequency. With sufficient layers, the effective impedance of the piezoelectric/electrode interface is much higher than the device acoustic impedance, thereby trapping the sound waves effectively within the piezoelectric layer. While this approach avoids some of the problems discussed with regard to creating a free-standing membrane, it includes difficulties. The choice of materials used in the Bragg reflector is limited, since metal layers would form parasitic capacitors that would degrade the electrical performance of the device. Moreover, the degree of difference in the acoustic impedance of layers made by the available dielectric materials is not large, so that more layers are needed. This complicates the fabrication process as the stress on each layer must be well controlled. After many layers, the device is not conducive to integration with other active elements, since making vias through a large number of holes is difficult. Furthermore, devices of this type are reported to have significantly lower effective coupling coefficients than devices having air bridges. 
     Acoustic resonators may be used alone or in combination. For example, a bandpass filter is formed by electrically connecting several resonators to provide a desired filter response. Several filter topologies are possible. One favored topology is the half-ladder topology, where a group of resonators are connected in series (series resonators) and in between the series resonators are shunt resonators that are connected to ground. The series resonators are fabricated such that their resonant frequency is approximately 2% to 3% higher than the shunt resonators. Since the thickness of the piezoelectric layer can be the same for the series and shunt resonators, the piezoelectric deposition is often “shared” between resonators. In fact, it is tempting for a designer to use the piezoelectric layer as a membrane that provides the chief supporting structure spanning the backside KOH-etched cavities that were described above. This “sharing” of the piezoelectric layer helps to mitigate the loss of board real estate that results from the 54.7° etch angle. 
     Regardless of the approach for forming the air/resonator interface, the conventional thinking is that the top and bottom electrodes should be on the opposite sides of only free-standing regions of the piezoelectric layer. This isolates the area in which acoustic energy is being generated to free-standing regions, so that the acoustic energy is less likely to be lost into the underlying substrate. It is also conventional thinking that as a result of the goal of achieving component minimization, providing separate resonators with separate cavities would be undesirable. 
     What is needed is a method of fabricating an acoustic resonator having a free-standing portion that is able to withstand a wide range of stresses, both compressive and tensile, and which exhibits a relatively high figure of merit (Q). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A filter is formed using robust and high Q acoustic resonators, where each resonator has its own cavity and includes a bottom electrode which extends across substantially the entirety of an open area that is formed within a supporting substrate. The bottom electrode contacts all sides of the open area, so that it includes an unsupported interior region within supported peripheral regions. The bottom electrode is one layer of a layer stack that includes at least one piezoelectric layer and at least one other electrode layer. This results in a significant improvement relative to acoustic resonators in which the bottom electrode has at least one edge within the unsupported region of the layer stack. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the open area is formed within the substrate by etching a cavity from the surface on which the acoustic resonator layer stack is to be deposited. The cavity extends only partially through the substrate, which may be a silicon wafer. The cavity is then filled with a sacrificial material which is subsequently removed. 
     The bottom electrode is preferably formed directly atop the sacrificial material, but an intermediate layer may be included. The bottom electrode extends beyond the sacrificial material at all sides of the cavity. If the cavity is formed by an anisotropic etching step, the cavity will likely have at least three sides. Thus, the bottom electrode will have a supported interior region and three or more substrate-supported peripheral regions. 
     The piezoelectric layer is formed atop the bottom electrode. Preferably, the piezoelectric layer will extend beyond all edges of the bottom electrode. The piezoelectric material (e.g., AlN) is a columnar material that readily steps down at the edges of the bottom electrode. This characteristic of the piezoelectric material causes a reduction in performance when an edge of the bottom electrode terminates within the cavity region, as in the conventional approach. Using this conventional approach of having an unsupported step down, the distorted and poorly formed columnar piezoelectric membrane at the unsupported step edge will adversely affect electrical performance. Furthermore, the step down creates a mechanical weakness in the structural membrane, thereby potentially leading to cracks. On the other hand, by providing overlap of the bottom electrode onto all of the sides of the cavity, the figure of merit (Q) is increased. 
     Preferably, the top electrode includes sides that reside within the area defined by the cavity. For example, three sides of the top electrode may be within the “frame” of the cavity, so that only one edge overlaps the edge of the cavity and resides on the portion of the silicon that is in contact with the layer stack. This reduces the effects of any parasitic FBARs or SBARs that are formed at the bottom electrode step edges. 
     After the layer stack has been deposited, the sacrificial material is removed from the cavity. Release holes for removing the material may be formed within the layer stack. However, the preferred embodiment limits the release holes to the perimeter of the cavity. It has been discovered that this enhances the Q of the acoustic resonator, since there are fewer internal discontinuities that will cause conversion or loss of lateral mode energy. 
     In one embodiment, the bottom electrode includes a serpentine edge that leaves a portion of one side of the cavity free of overlap by the bottom electrode, so that a top electrode may overlap this portion. Thus, the top and bottom electrodes can overlap the same side without sandwiching the piezoelectric layer outside of the unsupported interior region. 
     One advantage of the invention is that by placing the step edge of the bottom electrode and piezoelectric material away from the cavity, the free-standing portion of the acoustic resonator becomes much stronger and is able to withstand a wider range of stresses, both compressive and tensile. Another advantage is that moving the bottom electrode step edge away from the cavity increases the Q. In the conventional approach of placing the edge of the bottom electrode within the cavity, any lateral mode energy that is generated will be reflected from the poorly formed piezoelectric material at the step edges. Some of the energy is mode converted and lost, while another portion is directly converted to heat by incoherent collisions with voids and impurities found at the poorly formed edge. However, by placing the edge onto the surface of the substrate, the edges of the cavity function as highly reflecting edges that reflect the energy back into the free-standing portion of the acoustic resonator. This reflection returns some of the energy from the parasitic lateral mode. 
     The range of film stresses tolerated by an acoustic resonator formed in accordance with the invention was considerable. Devices were formed with film stresses as high as 6*10 9  Dynes/cm 2  compression and nearly 10 10  Dynes/cm 2  tensile. Other designs began to fail (i.e., crack or buckle) at much lower film stresses. Improvements in Q were at least a factor of two. It was found that a further 10% to 20% improvement was a result of moving the release holes from the center of the free-standing portion to the edges of the cavity. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a side sectional view of a partially fabricated SBAR in accordance with one prior art approach. 
     FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of the SBAR of FIG. 1 following additional fabrication steps. 
     FIG. 3 is a side sectional view of an FBAR formed in accordance with steps described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09,088,964, which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention. 
     FIG. 4 is a top view of the FBAR of FIG.  3 . 
     FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of a first step of forming an FBAR or SBAR in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 6 is a side sectional view of the etched substrate of FIG. 5, with sacrificial material formed on a top surface. 
     FIG. 7 is a side sectional view of the substrate of FIG. 6 with the sacrificial material being removed other than within the cavity etched in FIG.  5 . 
     FIG. 8 is a side sectional view of the substrate of FIG. 7 after a layer stack has been formed to provide an acoustic resonator. 
     FIG. 9 is a side sectional view of the substrate of FIG. 8 after the sacrificial material has been removed from the cavity formed in FIG.  5 . 
     FIG. 10 is a top view of the FBAR of FIG.  9 . 
     FIG. 11 is a top view of an FBAR formed in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. 
     FIG. 12 is a schematic view of a filter having FBARs that are formed in accordance with the invention. 
     FIG. 13 is a side sectional view of an SBAR formed in accordance with the principles of FIGS.  8 - 10 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention can be more easily understood by referring to a prior approach to forming an FBAR. The approach that is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/088,964 of Ruby et al., which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention, results in the FBAR  28  illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. The FBAR includes a piezoelectric layer  30  sandwiched between a bottom electrode  32  and a top electrode  34 . The conventional approach has been to place the bottom electrode of the free-standing portion of the acoustic resonator over one edge, but not cover (i.e., overlap) all of the edges of the support frame that is defined by the etching of the cavity  36 . A typical material for the piezoelectric layer  30  is aluminum nitride (AlN), which is a columnar material that is distorted and poorly formed at the step edge of the bottom electrode  32 . This poor formation is represented by the region  40  in FIGS. 3 and 4. The poorly formed region extends along all of the unsupported edges of the bottom electrode, as indicated by the hatched three-sided region  40  in FIG.  4 . 
     Referring briefly to the FBAR  42  of FIGS. 9 and 10, the edges of the bottom electrode  44  have been removed from the unsupported interior region of the layer stack, so that all edges of the bottom electrode contact the substrate  46 . Relative to the FBAR  28  of FIGS. 3 and 4, the FBAR  42  has a slightly lower coupling coefficient (i.e., kt2), due to the parasitic overlap in which both of the electrodes  44  and  58  and the piezoelectric layer  54  reside directly on the substrate  46 . However, the reduction in the coupling coefficient is more than offset by the increase in the figure of merit (Q). Since performance is measured by the product of the coupling coefficient and Q, the overall performance of the FBAR  42  is enhanced by forming the bottom electrode to extend beyond all sides of a bottom resonator/air interface. 
     The process for forming the FBAR  42  of FIGS. 9 and 10 will be described with reference to FIGS. 5-8. In FIG. 5, a portion of the substrate  46  is shown as including a depression  48 . The means for forming the depression is not critical to the invention. A KOH etch may be used to anisotropically etch the depression to include side walls with a 54.7° slope, as is well known in the art. The etch is terminated before an opening is formed through the entirety of the substrate  46 . Thus, an inverted and truncated pyramidal configuration is formed. The distance across the depression at its uppermost extent, as viewed in the orientation of FIG. 5, may be 30 μm. It should be noted that the depth of the depression under the FBAR stack that is subsequently formed need only be sufficiently decoupled acoustically from the underlying substrate. Therefore, the depth may be less than 5 μm. 
     A thin layer of thermal oxide  50  is preferably grown on the surface of the silicon substrate  46  to prevent subsequently deposited films from diffusing into the substrate. Specifically, the concern is that phosphorous material will diffuse into the silicon substrate  46  from a sacrificial layer  52  of FIG. 6, converting the silicon into a conductor, which would interfere with the electrical operation of the final product. 
     In FIG. 6, the sacrificial layer  52  is deposited using known techniques. While not critical, the sacrificial layer may be phosphor-silica-glass (PSG). The PSG is deposited at a temperature of approximately 450° C., using silane and P 2 O 5  sources to form a soft glass-like material which is approximately 8% phosphorous. This low temperature process is well known to those skilled in the art and will not be discussed in detail here. The PSG is the preferred choice for the sacrificial layer, since it is a very clean, inert material that can be deposited at the relatively low temperature and can be etched in a dilute H 2 O:HF solution at very high etch rate. At a dilution ratio of 10:1, etch rates on the order of 3 μm per minute are obtained. 
     Unfortunately, a native PSG sacrificial layer is a poor base for constructing an acoustic resonator. At the atomic level, the surface of such a layer is very rough. An acoustic resonator of the FBAR/SBAR type requires a piezoelectric material in which the crystals grow in columns that are perpendicular to the plane of the electrodes. Attempts to grow well-collimated piezoelectric films on the surface of a PSG layer result, at best, in poor polycrystalline material that exhibits little or no piezoelectric effects, because the many facets of the rough surface initiate crystal growth in a variety of directions. 
     The difficulties associated with the use of PSG to form the sacrificial layer  52  may be overcome by polishing the surface of the PSG layer with a slurry to remove the upper portion of the PSG layer outside of the depression  48  formed in FIG.  5 . The resulting structure is shown in FIG.  7 . The remaining PSG sacrificial layer  52  can be polished using a more refined slurry. Alternatively, a single more refined slurry can be used for both polishing steps, if the additional polishing time is not objectionable. The goal is to create a “mirror-like” finish. While the thermal oxide  50  is shown as being polished from the surface of the substrate  46  other than below the sacrificial layer  52 , this is not critical. 
     The cleaning of the silicon wafer  46  is also important. The slurry will leave bits of silica grit on the surface of the substrate. This grit must be removed. In the preferred embodiment, this is accomplished by using a second polishing wheel with a stiff, hard pad, such as the one sold under the trademark POLYTEX (Rodel, Conn.). Deionized water is used as the lubricant. After being polished, the substrate  46  is kept in deionized water until ready for the final cleaning step. The silicon substrate should not be allowed to dry between the last polish step and the last cleaning step. The last cleaning step consists of dipping the substrate in a series of tanks that hold various chemicals. Each tank is subjected to ultrasonic agitation. Such cleaning benches are well known in the art and will not be described in detail. 
     As a result of the process, a smooth surface of the substrate  46  and the sacrificial layer  52  provides a base for the deposition of highly textured c-axis piezoelectric material demonstrating excellent piezoelectric properties in spite of the fact that it does not contain a crystalline structure that “seeds” the piezoelectric layer. 
     While the above identification has indicated a specific polishing and cleaning regimen, other polishing and cleaning regimens may be substituted, if they provide a surface of the requisite smoothness. In the preferred embodiment, the final surface has an RMS (root-mean-squared) variation in height of less than 0.5 μm, as measured with an atomic force microscope probe. 
     After the surface of the structure of FIG. 7 has been cleaned, the layers which form the acoustic resonator are deposited on the surfaces of the substrate  46  and the sacrificial layer  52 . Referring now to FIG. 8, a first layer is the bottom electrode  44 . The preferred electrode material is molybdenum, but other materials may be substituted. For example, the electrodes may be constructed of aluminum, tungsten, gold, platinum, palladium, or titanium. Molybdenum is preferred because of its low thermo-elastic loss. Molybdenum has approximately 56 times less thermo-elastic loss than aluminum. 
     After the bottom electrode  44  has been deposited, the piezoelectric layer  54  is deposited. The preferred material for the piezoelectric layer is sputter-deposited AlN. Since the deposition of the AlN to form a piezoelectric layer is well known in the art, the deposition process will not be described. In the preferred embodiment, the piezoelectric layer has a thickness between 0.1 μm and 10 μm. 
     As previously noted, the bottom electrode  44  extends across the entirety of the depression  48  that was formed in FIG. 5, but which now includes the sacrificial layer  52 . In FIG. 8, the piezoelectric layer  54  extends beyond the edge of the bottom electrode  44 , so that the columnar piezoelectric material has a poorly formed step edge  56  that resides on the surface of the substrate  46 . This is in contrast to the unsupported step edge  40  of the prior approach shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. 
     In the next step, a top electrode  58  is deposited. The top electrode is also preferably constructed of molybdenum. After the layer stack of the FBAR  42  has been formed, the sacrificial layer  52  is removed from the previously formed depression. From a practical point of view, the PSG material may be removed by drilling holes within the layer stack in order to provide access to the sacrificial material by the previously described dilute H 2 O:HF solution. However, it has been determined that by limiting the release holes to the perimeter of the depression  48 , a higher Q can be achieved. Referring to the top view of FIG. 10, peripheral HF release holes  60  are formed to provide a means for removing the sacrificial material from the depression  48 . This still leaves the layer stack with an unsupported interior region and four integral peripheral regions that are attached to the surface of the substrate  46 . 
     As shown in the top view of FIG. 10, the top electrode  58  overlaps only one of the edges of the depression  48 . While the parasitic nature of the FBAR is relatively small, the effects can be controlled by forming an electrode-piezoelectric-electrode sandwich only over one portion of the silicon substrate  46 . 
     FIG. 11 is a top view of another embodiment of an FBAR  62  formed in accordance with the invention. This embodiment may be referred to as a “tongue-and-groove arrangement,” since the bottom electrode  64  includes one or more recesses  66  and  68  through which narrowed portions  70  and  72  of the top electrode  74  pass. The cavity  76  within the substrate  78  is shown by dashed lines, since-the cavity is covered by the top electrode and the bottom electrode. As can be seen in the top view, the top electrode  74  overlaps the bottom electrode  64  only in areas over the cavity  76 . Although the Q of the FBAR  62  is slightly less than the Q for the FBAR  42  of FIG.  9  and there is a slightly greater risk of cracking, the FBAR  62  has the benefit of eliminating any parasitic coupling to the underlying substrate  78 . The risk of cracking is only slightly increased, since the bottom electrode  64  still extends beyond all of the edges of the cavity  76  and since the regions in which the columnar piezoelectric material (not shown) “steps down” from the bottom electrode are minimal. 
     Referring now to FIG. 12, a filter  80  having a half-ladder topology is shown as including five resonators  82 ,  84 ,  86 ,  88  and  90 . Each of the resonators is formed in accordance with the invention described above. Resonators  82 ,  84  and  86  are connected in series, while the resonators  88  and  90  are shunt resonators that may be connected to electrical ground. As is known in the art, the primary difference between the series and shunt resonators is the selection of center frequencies. In the case of the half-ladder topology, the shunt resonators are tuned to a lower frequency than the series resonators. 
     It has been found that in order to achieve a high filter Q (manifested in step skirts, low insertion loss in the pass band, and high selectivity per stage), each resonator  82 ,  84 ,  86 ,  88  and  90  must have the highest Q possible. To implement this, each resonator should have its own cavity, with the bottom electrodes spanning all four sides of the cavity, as shown in FIG.  11 . 
     While the fabrication process has been described and illustrated with respect to forming an FBAR, the process applies equally to the formation of an SBAR, as illustrated in FIG.  13 . An SBAR layer stack  92  includes a bottom electrode  44 , a piezoelectric layer  54 , and an electrode  58 . These layers can be functionally and structurally identical to those described with reference to FIG. 9, except the thickness of the electrode  58  is important since another piezoelectric layer  94  is formed atop the electrode  58 . Consequently, the electrode  58  should have a thickness of no greater than 1000Å. Another electrode  96  is formed atop the piezoelectric layer  94 . The above-identified processes for forming the first piezoelectric layer  54  and the electrode  58  apply to the formation of the second piezoelectric layer  94  and the new electrode  96 . Optionally, additional piezoelectric layers and electrodes may be added. 
     The SBAR layer stack  92  includes an unsupported interior region that resides over the depression  48  within the substrate  46 . The bottom electrode  44  includes four peripheral regions that are in contact with the surface of the substrate  46  or with an intermediate layer that is formed on the surface of the substrate. 
     While the sacrificial layer has been described as being formed of PSG, other materials may be used. For example, other forms of glass, such as spin-on-glass may be utilized. In addition, there are plastics such as polyvinyl, polypropylene and polystyrene that can be deposited either by spinning on the material or depositing the material while the substrate resides within a special chamber. The sacrificial layers can be removed using an organic stripper or O 2  plasma etch. As with the PSG sacrificial layer, polishing is critical with these materials, since the surfaces of these materials are typically not atomically smooth. 
     The preferred embodiment of the invention is one in which the substrate open area that is spanned by the bottom electrode is formed by creating the depression  48  described above. However, the spanning bottom electrode may also be utilized with devices in which an open area is formed by creating a cavity entirely through the substrate.