Abstract:
The present invention is related to a new synthesis for preparing pyrrolidine oximes of general formula (I). The compounds of formula (I) are useful in the treatment and/or prevention of preterm labor, premature birth and dysmenorrhea.

Description:
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     The present invention is related to a new synthesis for preparing pyrrolidine oximes of general formula (I). The compounds are useful in the treatment and/or prevention of preterm labor, premature birth and dysmenorrhea.  
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002]     The present invention is related to a new synthesis for preparing pyrrolidine oximes of general formula (I):  
                         
 
 A is a carbonyl group —(C═O)—. 
 
 B is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted oxadiazole ring, an amido group of the formulae —(C═O)—NR 3 R 4 , and —(CH 2 )n-X—R 8 , 
 
 R 1  is H or an unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl. Preferably, R 1  is a methyl group. 
 
 R 2  is selected from the group comprising or consisting of unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted saturated or unsaturated 3-8-membered cycloalkyl. More a preferred is an aryl, in particular a phenyl group which is optionally substituted, e.g. by a further phenyl group (thus providing a biphenyl moiety). 
 
 R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from the group comprising or consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6  alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 6  alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 6  alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted sulfanyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted saturated or unsaturated 3-8-membered cycloalkyl which may contain 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected of N, O, S, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl. 
 
 R 8  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl, heteroaryl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl aryl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl heteroaryl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl aryl, C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl heteroaryl, C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl cycloakyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heterocycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl carboxy, acyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl acyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl acyloxy, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aminocarbonyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl acylamino, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl ureido, amino, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl amino, sulfonyloxy, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfonyloxy, sulfonyl C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfonyl, sulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfanyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfanyl and C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfonylamino; 
 
 X is selected from the group consisting of O and NR 9 ; 
 
 R 9  is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl, aryl and heteroaryl; 
 
 R 8  and R 9  can form together with the N atom to which they are linked to, a 5-8 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycloalkyl ring; 
 
 n is an integer from 1 to 3. 
 
         [0003]     Preferred pyrrolidine derivatives are those compounds according to formula I wherein R 1  is a methyl group, R 2  is a substituted or unsubstituted biphenyl.  
         [0004]     According to one specific embodiment B is an amido group of the formula —(C═O)NHR 5 , wherein R 5  is an unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl group, e.g. a phenylethyl group which is optionally substituted with hydrophilic moieties including amino or hydroxy.  
         [0005]     According to a further specific embodiment, the substitutent B is a 1,2,4-oxadiazole substitutent which may be attached to the pyrrolidine ring according to the following modes (Xa) or (Xb):  
                         
 
         [0006]     In said formulae (Xa) and (Xb), R 7  is selected from the group comprising or consisting of hydrogen, sulfonyl, amino, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl chains may be interrupted by a heteroatom selected from N, O or S, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted saturated or unsaturated 3-8-membered cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, wherein said cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groups may be fused with 1-2 further cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group, an acyl moiety, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkenyl aryl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkenyl heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkynyl aryl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkynyl heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkenyl cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkenyl heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkynyl cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkynyl heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminocarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl carboxy, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl acyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl alkoxycarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aminocarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl acylamino, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl ureido, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl amino, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl ammonium, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfonyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfonyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfinyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfanyl, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl sulfonylamino, unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aminosulfonyl, hydroxy, halogen, cyano.  
         [0007]     In a specific embodiment R 7  is an unsubstituted or substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl group, e.g. a methyl or an ethyl group which may optionally be substituted with hydrophilic moieties including amino or hydroxy, or R 7  is a 3 to 8 membered cycloalkyl optionally containing one or 2 heteroatoms, e.g. a pyrrolidine, furanyl, thienyl, piperidine, morpholine or piperazine.  
         [0008]     According to a further specific embodiment, the substitutent B is a group of the formulae —(CH 2 )n-X—R 8 , wherein. X is O, R 8  is hydrogen and n is 1.  
         [0009]     The method employs commercially available, or easily obtainable, starting compounds.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0010]     The synthetic approach for preparing pyrrolidine oximes of formula (I) is well known. Several documents disclose the synthesis of such compounds.  
         [0011]     WO 01/72705 for instance discloses the synthesis for the amide derivative of pyrrolidine oxime shown below (Scheme 1).  
                         
 
         [0012]     PG is a protecting group. A typical starting compound used in WO 01/72705 is Boc-protected pyrrolidine derivative (e.g. 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid or its follow-up product 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; cf. synthesis of intermediate 7).  
         [0013]     A further application related to pyrrolidine derivatives is WO 04/005249. The patent application relates also to the use 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid as starting compound and describes the following specific pathway for synthesizing 2-hydroxyalkyl pyrrolidine oxime derivatives (see Scheme 1a). The starting material for the synthesis is again a Boc-protected pyrrolidine (e.g. 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid).  
                         
 
         [0014]     A further application related to pyrrolidine oximes is WO 02/102799. The patent application relates to the use of a protected pyrrolidine derivative as starting compound and describes the following specific pathway for synthesizing oxadiazole pyrrolidine oximes (see Scheme 2).  
                         
 
         [0015]     PG is a suitable protecting group. Again, the starting compound is a Boc-protected pyrrolidine (e.g. 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid).  
         [0016]     Still a further application is WO 99/52868 (Procter &amp; Gamble) disclosing the synthesis of hydroxamide derivatives of pyrrolidine oxime. This pathway does not involve a protected starting compound (see scheme 3), but provides structurally different end-products (hydroxamides).  
                         
 
         [0017]     The present invention provides a new method for synthesizing pyrrolidine oxime of formula (I) that does not require the use of a Boc-protected pyrrolidine. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0018]     The present invention allows to overcome the above said problems by a synthesis that involves four steps and moreover uses, as starting compounds, compounds that can be easily synthesized or are commercially available.  
         [0019]     The following paragraphs provide definitions of the various chemical moieties that make up the compounds according to the invention and are intended to apply uniformly through-out the specification and claims unless an otherwise expressly set out definition provides a broader definition.  
         [0020]     “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl” refers to monovalent alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl and the like.  
         [0021]     “Aryl” refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl). Preferred aryl include phenyl, naphthyl, phenantrenyl and the like.  
         [0022]     “Heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic heteroaromatic, or a bicyclic or a tricyclic fused-ring heteroaromatic group. Particular examples of heteroaromatic groups include optionally substituted pyridyl, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadia-zolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazoly,1,3,4-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, benzofuryl, [2,3-dihydro]benzofuryl, isoberzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzotriazolyl, isobenzothienyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolizinyl, quinazolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinoxalinyl, cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, pyrido[3,4-b]pyridyl, pyrido[3,2-b]pyridyl, pyrido[4,3-b]pyridyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, tetrazolyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolyl, purinyl, phteridinyl, carbazolyl, xanthenyl or benzoquinolyl.  
         [0023]     “C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated carbocyclic group of from 3 to 8 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., cyclohexyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., norbornyl). Preferred cycloalkyl include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, norbornyl and the like.  
         [0024]     “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl cycloalkyl” refers to C 1 -C 6 -alkyl groups having a cycloalkyl substitutent, including cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopentylpropyl, and the like.  
         [0025]     “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl group according to the definition above, in which up to 3 carbon atoms are replaced by heteroatoms chosen from the group consisting of O, S, NR, R being defined as hydrogen or methyl. Preferred heterocycloalkyl include pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, 1-methylpiperazine, morpholine, and the like.  
         [0026]     “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heterocycloalkyl” refers to C 1 -C 6 -alkyl groups having a heterocycloalkyl substitutent, including 2-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl, 4-morpholinylmethyl, (1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl and the like.  
         [0027]     “C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl” refers to alkenyl groups preferably having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having one or more sites of alkenyl unsaturation. Preferred alkenyl groups include ethenyl (—CH═CH 2 ), n-2-propenyl (allyl, —CH 2 CH═CH 2 ) and the like.  
         [0028]     “C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl” refers to alkynyl groups preferably having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and having one or more sites of alkynyl unsaturation. Preferred alkynyl groups include ethynyl (—C≡CH), propynyl (—CH 2 C≡CH), and the like.  
         [0029]     “Acyl” refers to the group —C(O)R where R includes “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, “C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl”, “heterocycloalkyl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl” or “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl”.  
         [0030]     “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aminocarbonyl” refers to the group —C(O)NRR′ where each R, R′ includes independently hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”.  
         [0031]     “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl acylamino” refers to the group —NR(CO)R′ where each R, R′ is independently hydrogen or “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”.  
         [0032]     “Halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo atoms.  
         [0033]     “Sulfonyl” refers to a group “—SO 2 —R” wherein R is selected from H, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl” optionally substituted with halogens, such as, for example, an —SO 2 —CF 3  group, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl” or “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl”.  
         [0034]     “Sulfoxy” refers to a group “—S(O)—R” wherein R is selected from H, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl” optionally substituted with halogens, such as, for example, an —SO—CF 3  group, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl” or “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl”.  
         [0035]     “Sulfinyl” refers to a group “—SO—R′R” wherein R is selected from H, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl” optionally substituted with halogens, such as, for example, an —SO—CF 3  group, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl” or “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl”.  
         [0036]     “Amino” refers to the group —NRR′ where each R, R′ is independently hydrogen, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl”, “C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl”, “heterocyclo-alkyl”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl” or “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl aryl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl heteroaryl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl aryl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl-heteroaryl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl cycloalkyl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heterocycloalkyl”, and where R and R′, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, can optionally form a 3-8-membered heterocycloalkyl ring.  
         [0037]     “Ureido” refers to the group —NRC(O)NR′R″ where each R, R′, R″ is independently hydrogen, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl”, “C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl”, “heterocycloalkyl”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl aryl” or “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heteroaryl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl aryl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl heteroaryl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkynyl aryl”, “C 2 -C 6 -alkynylheteroaryl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl cycloalkyl”, “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl heterocycloalkyl”, and where R′ and R″, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, can optionally form a 3-8-membered heterocycloalkyl ring.  
         [0038]     “Substituted or unsubstituted”: Unless otherwise constrained by the definition of the individual substitutent, the above set out groups, like “alkyl”, “aryl” and “heteroaryl” etc. groups can optionally be substituted with from 1 to 5 substitutents selected from the group consisting of “C 1 -C 6 -alkyl”, “amino”, “aryl”, “heteroaryl”, “sulfinyl”, “sulfonyl”, “alkoxy”, “sulfanyl”, “halogen”, “carboxy”, cyano, hydroxy, mercapto, nitro, and the like.  
         [0039]     The method, according to the present invention, comprises the following 4 steps:  
         [0040]     In accordance with the present invention, the compounds of formula (I) are prepared starting from an unprotected 4-hydroxypyrrolidinecarboxylic acid of formula (II). The compound (II) is commercially available or may be prepared according to known techniques.  
         [0041]     Step 1: In a first step (cf. Scheme 4), the pyrrolidine of formula (II) is transformed into an acyl derivative of formula (IV) using a suitable acylating agent (III), e.g. an acyl chloride, an anhydride, a carboxylic acid or an ester. A preferred acylating agent is 1,1′-biphenyl-4-carbonyl chloride or 2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-carbonyl chloride. The preparation of such compound is disclosed for instance in WO 01/72705.  
                         
 
         [0042]     Preferably the reaction is performed in presence of a base e.g. sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide (Schotten-Baumann conditions) or using an organic base including triethylamine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine or pyridine.  
         [0043]     Step 2: The acyl derivative (IV) is then oxidized, with a suitable oxidizing agent, obtaining a pyrrolidone of formula (V). One suitable oxidizing agent is the pyridine-sulfurtrioxide complex (Py-SO 3 ) using DMSO as solvent. Preferably, the reaction is performed in presence of triethylamine.  
         [0044]     Additional examples for suitable oxidizing reagents include e.g. oxalyl chloride/DMSO, trifluoroacetic acid anhydride/DMSO, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide/DMSO, pyridinium dichromate, pyridinium chlorochromate, Jone&#39;s oxidation or the Dess-Martin periodinane 1,1,1-tris(acetyloxy)-1-λ 5 ,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one.  
                         
 
         [0045]     Step 3: Then the compound of formula (V) is transformed into compound (VII) using a suitable alkoxylamine, aryloxylamine or hydroxylamine of general formula (VI), e.g. O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (such compound is commercially available) in the presence of an organic base, such as triethylamine or N,N-diisopropylethylamine.  
                         
 
         [0046]     Step 4: The compound (VII) is then transformed into either of the compounds (Ia) or (Ib) using either an amine of general formula (VI or an N-hydroxyamidoxime of general formula (IX). The preparation of N-hydroxyamidoxime of general formula (IX) is disclosed for instance in WO 02/102799.  
                         
 
         [0047]     In the case that the final product (Ic) is to be generated, Step 4 has to be adjusted in the sense that first a N-hydroxyamidoxinie) (VIIIb) is to be provided by transforming compound (VII into a nitrile (VIIa) (e.g. directly form the acid (this is known in the literature) or via an amide) which is then further reacted with a carboxylic acid of formula R 7 —COOH or e.g. the corresponding acyl chloride to finally yield compound (Ic) after heating of the intermediate product e.g. with an excess of pyridine. Preferably, coupling agents are used for the reaction of amidoxime (VIIb) with the carboxylic acid, e.g. N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, carbonyldiimidazole, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, pivaloyl chloride, isobutyl chloroformate (or any other of the usual reagents known for peptide bond formation).  
         [0048]     In the case that the final product (Id) is to be generated, wherein R 6  is hydrogen various well-known esterification and reduction agents can be used in order to convert the carboxy group to a hydroxyalkyl group. Examples for esterification agents are dimethylsulphate, methyl iodide, methyl tosylate, diazomethane derivatives, such as trimethylsilyl diazomethane, which are all esterification reagents that work under slightly basic or neutral conditions. Examples for reduction agents are lithium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride (Red-Al), diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL) and the like.  
         [0049]     The final products of formulae (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) and (Id) may be further transformed, in particular in respect to the moiety R 1 , R 2 , R 7  and R 1 . Thus, a final product (Ic) wherein R 7  contains a functional group, said moiety may be transformed to another moiety by suitable means, including hydrolysis, esterification, saponification, alkylation etc. Also, the compounds of the invention may be subjected to further purification steps, including chromatography and re-crystallization.  
         [0050]     The new synthetic approach for preparing the compound of formula (I) does not involve the use of the relatively expensive Boc-protected pyrrolidine but from cheap and easily available 3-hydroxyproline.  
         [0051]     A further advantage of the new synthetic approach concerns the preparation of compounds having polar moieties attached to the 2-carboxamide or the 2-oxadiazole position (for instance R 3 , R 4 , R 7  being a moiety (e.g. an alkyl or aryl) that contains e.g. a hydroxy or amino substitutent, including a cyclic amine). The present new method avoids a final N-capping step (as seen in Scheme 2), implying the use of a nucleophile (e.g. acyl chloride) that may choose between the pyrrolidine amine and said second polar moiety, e.g. a hydroxy or amino substitutent, to react.  
         [0052]     In one embodiment, the new synthetic approach for preparing may be employed for the industrial manufacturing of the compounds of formula (I).  
         [0053]     The present invention shall be illustrated by means of the following examples.  
       EXAMPLE 1  
     Preparation of (2S,4E and 4Z)-N-[(2)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl]-4-(methoxyimino)-1-[(2′-methyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-2-pyrrolidine carboxamide  
     Step 1: Preparation of (4R)-4-hydroxy-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-carbonyl]-L-proline (compound (IV) in scheme 4)  
       [0054]     4-Hydroxy-L-proline (0.625 wt) and water (3.3 vol) are charged to a 20L flange flask. Triethylamine (2.42 vol) was added to the contents dropwise such that the temperature is maintained in the range 10 to 20° C. Tetrahydrofuran (5.0 vol) was added and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 to 5° C. 2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid chloride, 1.0 wt) and tetrahydrofuran (5.0 vol) were charged to a separate flask, stirred for 5 to 10 minutes and then added to the reaction mixture ensuring that the temperature was maintained in the range 0 to 10° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to 15 to 25° C. over 60-120 minutes and maintained at 15 to 25° C. until reaction completion was noted by TLC analysis. The resultant is concentrated under is vacuum at 35 to 40° C., water (10.0 vol) and ethyl acetate (5.0 vol) are added to the residue and the contents stirred for 5 to 10 minutes. The layers were separated, the aqueous phase acidified to pH1 with aqueous hydrochloric acid (6K, approx. 3.0 vol) and the resulting slurry cooled to and aged at 0 to 10° C. for 25 to 40 minutes. The precipitate was collected by filtration, the isolated solid transferred to a suitable flange flask and slurried in warm (35 to 60° C.) water (5.0 vol) for 10 to 25 minutes. The solid was collected by filtration and the hot water slurry treatment was repeated as above. After the second slurry treatment the solid was azeotropically dried with toluene (2×5.0 vol) at 40 to 50-C. Ethyl acetate (2.5 vol) and heptanes (2.5 vol) were added to the residue, the resulting slurry cooled to and aged 0 to 5° C. for 30 to 40 minutes, filtered, the collected solids washed with pre-cooled (0 to 5° C.) ethyl acetate:heptanes (1:1, 2.0 vol) and dried under vacuum at 30 to 40° C. to constant weight to give (4R)-4-hydroxy-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-proline as a white solid. Yield: 85.9%.  
       Step 2: Preparation of 1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-oxo-L-proline (compound (V) in scheme 5)  
       [0055]     (4R)-4-Hydroxy-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-proline (product of Step 1, 1.0 wt) and dimethyl sulphoxide (2.5 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask. The contents were heated to 35 to 40° C. and maintained at this temperature until complete dissolution was achieved. The solution was cooled to 5 to 10° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and triethylamine (3.0 vol) was added such that the temperature was maintained in the range 5 to 20° C. Pyridine-sulphur trioxide complex (1.47 wt) and dimethyl sulphoxide (4.9 vol) were charged to a separate flask, stirred for 5 to 10 minutes and then added to the reaction mixture such that the temperature was maintained in the range 15 to 25° C. The reaction was stirred at 15 to 25° C. until reaction completion is noted by HPLC analysis (typically 1 to 3 hours). The vessel contents were cooled to 0 to 10° C. and quenched with aq. hydrochloric acid (3M, 8 vol) maintaining the temperature below 30° C. Tetrahydrofuran (5.0 vol) and heptanes (1.0 vol) were then added, the layers separated, the aqueous phase extracted with tetrahydrofuran (2×5.0 vol) and the combined organics washed with aq. hydrochloric acid (1M, 2×2.0 vol) and saturated brine solution (2×2.0 vol). The aqueous washes were combined and back-extracted with tetrahydrofuran (2×1.0 vol), the organics combined, dried over magnesium sulphate (3 wt) and filtered. The filter-cake was washed with tetrahydrofuran (1.0 vol) and the filtrates are concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to give a pale brown foam. Ethyl acetate (10.0 vol) was added to the residue, the contents stirred for 5 to 10 minutes and the solvent removed under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. The residue was transferred to a flask, ethyl acetate (8.0 vol) was added and the contents were heated to reflux. A slurry of activated carbon (0.14 wt) in ethyl acetate (5.0 vol) was added and reflux conditions re-established and maintained for 20 to 30 minutes. The contents were cooled to 40 to 45° C., filtered, the filter-cake was washed with ethyl acetate (2.5 vol) and the filtrates concentrated to 2.5 to 3.0 vol under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. The slurry was diluted with ethyl acetate (0.5 vol) and heated to reflux. Heptane (3.0 vol) was added and the contents allowed to cool to 15 to 25° C. over 1 to 2 hours. The slurry was further cooled to at 0 to 5° C. for 2 to 3 hours, filtered and the filter-cake washed with ethyl acetate:heptane [(1:1), 1.0 vol] pre-cooled to 0 to 5° C. followed by heptane (5.0 vol). The isolated solid was dried under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to give 1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-oxo-L-proline as an off-white solid. Yield: 60.3%.  
       Step 3: Preparation of 4-methoxyimino-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-carbonyl]-L-proline (compound (VII) in scheme 6)  
       [0056]     1-[(2′-Methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-oxo-L-proline (of Step 2, 1.0 wt), O-methyl-hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.285 wt) and dichloromethane (20 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask and cooled to 0 to 5° C. Triethylamine (0.91 vol) was charged to the flask such that the temperature was maintained in the range 0 to 10° C., the reaction mixture was warmed to 15 to 25° C. and maintained within this temperature range for 16 to 20 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C., the residue dissolved in ethyl acetate (10.0 vol) and washed with aq. hydrochloric acid (1M, 2×5.0 vol). The aqueous washes were combined and back extracted with ethyl acetate (5.0 vol), the organic extracts combined and washed with saturated brine solution (10.0 vol), dried over magnesium sulphate (0.5 wt), filtered and the filter-cake washed with ethyl acetate (5.0 vol). The filtrates were concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to give 4-methoxyimino-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-proline in the expected E:Z mixture. Yield: 95.6%.  
       Step 4: Preparation of N-[2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl]-4-(methoxyimino)-1-[(2′-methyl[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)carbonyl]-2-pyrrolidine carboxamide (compound (Ia) in scheme 7)  
       [0057]     4-Methoxyimino-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-proline (of Step 3, 1.0 wt) and dichloromethane (10.0 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask and cooled to 0 to 5° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. N-Methylmorpholine (0.78 vol) was added at 0 to 5° C. followed by pivaloyl chloride (0.37 vol) at 0 to 5° C. The vessel contents were stirred at 0 to 5° C. until the formation of the mixed anhydride was complete (typically 30 to 60 minutes). To a separate 20L flange flask is charged (S)-2-amino-1-phenylethanol (0.47 wt, 1.2 eq.) and dichloromethane (3.0 vol) and the resultant was stirred for 5 to 25 minutes. The solution was then cooled to 10 to 15° C. and was charged with the mixed anhydride such that the temperature was maintained at 5 to 15° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to 15 to 25° C. and maintained within this temperature range until reaction completion is noted by HPLC analysis. The resultant was concentrated under vacuum at 35 to 45° C., the residue partitioned between tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME, 10.0 vol) and aq. citric acid solution (0.1M, 5.0 vol), the layers separated and the organic phase further was washed with aq. citric acid solution (0.1M, 2×5.0 vol), sat aq. sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (2×5.0 vol) and sat. brine solution (5.0 vol). The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate (1 wt), filtered and the filter-cake was washed with TBME (2.0 vol). The filtrates were concentrated under vacuum at 35 to 45° C. to give a brown semi-solid. Dichloromethane (5.0 vol) was added to the residue and the contents were concentrated under vacuum at 35 to 45° C. to a gum. The process was repeated with a further portion of dichloromethane (1.0 vol) and a crude end product was obtained as the expected E:Z mixture. Yield: 84.4%  
       EXAMPLE 2  
     (3E,5S)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-5-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime: (3Z,5S)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-5-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime  
     Step 1: Preparation of (2S,4R)-1-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (compound (IV) in scheme 4)  
       [0058]     4-Hydroxy-L-proline (0.670 Kg, 5.1 μmol, 0.67 wt), tetrahydrofuran (5.00L, 5.0 vol) and water (3.30L, 3.3 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask. Triethylamine (2.570L, 2.57 vol) was added dropwise such that the temperature was maintained in the range 10 to 15° C. and the resultant cooled to 0 to 5° C. 1,1′-Biphenyl-4-carbonyl chloride (1.00 Kg, 3.78 mol, 1.0 wt) and tetrahydrofuran (5.00L, 5.0 vol) were charged to a separate flask, stirred as a slurry for 5 to 10 minutes and added to the reaction mixture over 40 to 50 minutes ensuring that the temperature was maintained in the range of 0 to 10° C. The reaction mixture was heated to 15 to 25° C. over 60 to 120 minutes and maintained at 15 to 25° C. until reaction completion was noted by TLC analysis (dichloromethane:methanol:acetic acid 90:10:1; visualisation UV; product R f  0.13). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at 35 to 40° C., water (8.00L, 8.0 vol) and ethyl acetate (5.00L, 5.0 vol) added to the residue and the contents stirred for 5 to 10 minutes. The layers were separated, the aqueous phase acidified to pill with rapid addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid (6M, approx. 900 mL, 0.9 vol) and the resulting slurry cooled to 0 to 10° C. for 40 to 50 minutes. The precipitate was collected by filtration, the isolated solids slurried in warm water (35 to 60° C., 5.00L, 5.0 vol) for 10 to 25 minutes and the solids collected by filtration. The warm water slurry treatment was repeated as above. The collected solids were combined with those from an equally sized batch, charged to a 20L flange flask, acetone (10.00L, 5.0 vol) added and the reaction mixture heated to and maintained at reflux (approx. 65° C.) for 10 to 20 minutes. The resultant was allowed to cool to 15 to 25° C., stirred at 15 to 25° C. for 12 to 18 hours and further cooled to and aged at 0 to 5° C. for 60 minutes. The precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with ethyl acetate:acetone (1:1, 4.00L, 2 vol). The solids were pulled dry on the filter and further dried under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to constant weight to give (2S,4R)-1-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid as a beige solid. The filtrates were concentrated to approximately 3.00L under reduced pressure to afford a second crop of material which was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate:heptanes (1:1, 2×4.00L, 2×2 vol) and pulled dry on the filter. Drying under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to a constant weight gave the title compound as a beige solid. Total output: 2.616 Kg, Yield: 91.9%).  
       Step 2: Preparation of (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-oxo-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (compound (V) in scheme 5)  
       [0059]     (2S,4R-1-(Biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (0.806 Kg, 1.0 wt) and dimethyl sulfoxide (5.00L, 6.25 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask and stirred under nitrogen until complete dissolution was achieved. The solution was cooled to 10 to 15° C. and triethylamine (2.40L, 3.0 vol) was added such that the internal temperature was maintained in the range 10 to 20° C. Pyridine-sulfur trioxide complex (1.224 Kg, 1.53 wt) was charged to the reaction mixture portion-wise such that the internal temperature was maintained in the range 10 to 25° C. Stirring at 15 to 25° C. was continued until reaction completion was noted by TLC analysis (dichloromethane:methanol:acetic acid 90:10:1; product R f  0.28), typically within 1 to 3 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 to 10° C. and quenched with aq. hydrochloric acid (3M, 6.460L, 8.0 vol) maintaining the temperature below 30° C. Tetrahydrofuran (2.00L, 2.5 vol) and ethyl acetate (2.00L, 2.5 vol) were added, the layers separated, the aqueous phase extracted with tetrahydrofuran:ethyl acetate (1:1, 4.00L, 5.0 vol) and the combined extracts washed with aq. hydrochloric acid (1M, 2×1.60L, 2×2.0 vol) and sat brine solution (1.60L, 2.0 vol). Activated carbon (160 g, 0.2 wt) was charged to the organic phase and the resulting slurry heated to and maintained at reflux (65 to 70° C.) for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20 to 30° C., magnesium sulphate (375 g, 0.5 wt) charged, stirring maintained for 10 minutes the mixture filtered through celite. The collected solids were washed with ethyl acetate (2×0.800L, 2×1.0 vol) and the combined filtrates concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. to give the title compound (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-oxo-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid as a viscous, orange oil (0.769 Kg, Yield: 96.0%). The material was used in the next step without further purification.  
       Step 3: Preparation of (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(methoxyimino)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (compound (VII) in scheme 6)  
       [0060]     Crude (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (1.550 Kg, 5.01 mol, 1.0 wt), O-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.620 Kg, 7.42 mol, 0.40 wt) and dichloromethane (12.40L, 8.0 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask and cooled to 0 to 5° C. Triethylamine (1.752L, 1.13 vol) was added to the reaction mixture over 45 to 60 minutes such that the internal temperature was maintained in the range 0 to 10° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to 15 to 25° C. and maintained in this temperature range until reaction completion (typically 12 to 18 hours) was noted by TLC analysis (dichloromethane:methanol:acetic acid 90:10:1, visualization UV; product R f  0.27, 0.35 Z, E). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C., the residue dissolved in ethyl acetate (12.40L, 8.0 vol) and washed with aq. hydrochloric acid (2M, 2×4.650L, 2×3.0 vol). The aqueous washes were combined and back extracted with ethyl acetate (4.650L, 3.0 vol). The organic extracts were combined, washed with sat. brine solution (4.650L, 3.0 vol), dried over magnesium sulphate (770 g, 0.5 wt), filtered and the filter-cake washed with ethyl acetate (4.650L, 3.0 vol). The filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. to give a beige solid. The crude product was slurried in ethyl acetate (3.10L, 2.0 vol) at 15 to 20° C., cyclohexane (12.40L, 8.0 vol) added over 15 minutes and the resulting slurry cooled to and aged at 0 to 5° C. for 1 h. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate:cyclohexane (1:2; 4.650L, 3.0 vol) and dried under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to constant weight to afford the title product as a beige solid (1.132 Kg, Yield: 66.8%).  
         [0061]     The isolation filtrates (from 9 runs of the above reaction) were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. The residue (approximately 1.00 Kg) was hot slurried (70 to 75° C.) in ethyl acetate (7.00L), cooled to and aged at 0 to 5° C. for 2 hours, filtered and the collected solids dried under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to constant weight to provide a second crop of (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(methoxyimino)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (0.732 Kg, 4.9% th).  
       Step 4a: Preparation of (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-5-[3-(2-triethylsilanyl-oxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-pyrrolidin-3-one-O-methyloxime (compound (Ib) in scheme 7)  
       [0062]     (2S)-1-(Biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(methoxyimino)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (0.560 Kg, 1.0 wt) and tetrahydrofuran (8.40L, 15.0 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask and cooled to 0 to 5° C. Carbonyl diimidazole (0.280 Kg, 0.5 wt) was added portion-wise such that the internal temperature was maintained in the range 0 to 10° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to and stirred at 15 to 20° C. until reaction completion (1 to 2 h) was noted by LC analysis (ethyl acetate, visualization UV). N-Hydroxy-3-triethylsilanyl-oxypropionamidine (0.381 Kg, 0.68 wt, 1.0 eq. corrected for silanol content) as a solution in tetrahydrofuran (2.80L, 5.0 vol) was then added in one portion and stirring continue at 15 to 25° C. with reaction monitoring by TC analysis (ethyl acetate, visualization UV). Reaction completion was noted after 1 hour. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. and the residue combined with two batches of similar input. Pyridine (5.040L, 3 vol) was added to the combined material and the resultant heated to and maintained at 85 to 90° C. until HPLC analysis indicated complete cyclisation. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C., the dark oily residue treated with ethyl acetate (6.80L, 10 vol) and washed with 25% aq. citric acid solution (3×5.00L, 3×3.0 vol). The aqueous extracts were combined and back-extracted with ethyl acetate (5.00L, 3 vol), the combined organics washed with brine (5.00L, 3.0 vol), dried over magnesium sulphate (1.680 Kg, 1 wt), filtered and the filter-cake washed with ethyl acetate (1.70L). The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. to yield crude (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-5-[3-(2-triethylsilanyloxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]pyrrolidin-3-one-O-methyloxime as a brown oil which was used without further purification (2.796 Kg, 108%).  
       Step 4b: Preparation of (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-5-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]pyrrolidin-3-one-O-methyloxime  
       [0063]     Crude (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-5-[3-(2-triethylsilanyloxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-pyrrolidin-3-one-O-methyloxime (1.398 Kg, 1.0 wt) as a solution in tetrahydrofuran (6.990L, 5.0 vol) was treated with a 1% solution of trifluoroacetic acid in water (3.495L, 2.5 vol). TLC analysis (ethyl acetate; visualization UV; product R f  0.35, 0.48 Z,E) indicated reaction completion after 30 minutes. The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 7 with sat. aq. sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (1.00L, 0.72 vol) and ethyl acetate (6.990L, 5 vol) charged. The layers were separated, the organic phase washed with sat. aq. sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (2.796L, 2.0 vol), the aqueous washes combined and back-extracted with ethyl acetate (2.796L, 2.0 vol). The organics were combined, washed with brine (4.794L, 3 vol), dried over magnesium sulphate (1.164 Kg, 0.75 wt), filtered and the filter-cake washed with ethyl acetate (2×0.699L, 2×0.5 vol). The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. to give an oily residue which was combined with the residue from a second batch of similar input. Total crude: 2.592 Kg. The crude material was dissolved in acetonitrile (2.592L, 1 vol), heptanes (26.00L, 10 vol) charged and the resultant heated to and maintained at 45 to 55° C. for 30 minutes. The lower acetonitrile phase was separated, charged to vigorously stirred t-butyl methyl ether (56.00L, 22 vol), the mixture cooled to and aged at 0 to 5° C. for 1 to 2 hours, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. to give the title compound as a pale yellow solid (2.037 Kg, 93.3%).  
       EXAMPLE 2a  
     (3E,5S)-5-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime (3Z,5S)-5-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime  
     Step 1: Preparation of (4R) 4  hydroxy-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-carbonyl]-L-proline (compound (IV) in scheme 4)  
       [0064]     4-Hydroxy-L-proline (0.625 wt) and water (3.3 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask. Triethylamine (2.42 vol) was added to the contents dropwise such that the temperature was maintained in the range 10 to 20° C. Tetrahydrofuran (5.0 vol) was added and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 to 5° C. 2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid chloride, 1.0 wt) and tetrahydrofuran (5.0 vol) were charged to a separate flask, stirred for 5 to 10 minutes and then added to the reaction mixture ensuring that the temperature was maintained in the range 0 to 10° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to 15 to 25° C. over 60-120 minutes and maintained at 15 to 25° C. until reaction completion was noted by TLC analysis. The resultant is concentrated under vacuum at 35 to 40° C., water (10.0 vol) and ethyl acetate (5.0 vol) were added to the residue and the contents stirred for 5 to 10 minutes. The layers were separated, the aqueous phase acidified to pH1 with aqueous hydrochloric acid (6M, approx. 3.0 vol) and the resulting slurry cooled to and aged at 0 to 10° C. for 25 to 40 minutes. The precipitate was collected by filtration, the isolated solid transferred to a suitable flange flask and slurried in warm (35 to 60° C.) water (5.0 vol) for 10 to 25 minutes. The solid was collected by filtration and the hot water slurry treatment was repeated as above. After the second slurry treatment the solid was azeotropically dried with toluene (2×5.0 vol) at 40 to 50° C. Ethyl acetate (2.5 vol) and heptanes (2.5 vol) were added to the residue, the resulting slurry cooled to and aged 0 to 5° C. for 30 to 40 minutes, filtered, the collected solids washed with pre-cooled (0 to 5° C.) ethyl acetate:heptanes (1:1, 2.0 vol) and dried under vacuum at 30 to 40° C. to constant weight to give (4R)-4-hydroxy-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-proline as white solid. Yield: 85.9%.  
       Step 2: Preparation of 1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-oxo-L-proline (compound (V) in scheme 5)  
       [0065]     (4R)-4-Hydroxy-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-proline (product of Step 1, 1.0 wt) and dimethyl sulphoxide (2.5 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask. The contents were heated to 35 to 40° C. and maintained at this temperature until complete dissolution was achieved. The solution was cooled to 5 to 10° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and triethylamine (3.0 vol) was added such that the temperature was maintained in the range 5 to 20° C. Pyridine-sulphur trioxide complex (1.47 wt) and dimethyl sulphoxide (4.9 vol) were charged to a separate flask, stirred for 5 to 10 minutes and then added to the reaction mixture such that the temperature was maintained in the range 15 to 25° C. The reaction was stirred at 15 to 25° C. until reaction completion is noted by HPLC analysis (typically 1 to 3 hours). The vessel contents were cooled to 0 to 10° C. and quenched with aq. hydrochloric acid (3M, 8 vol) maintaining the temperature below 30° C. Tetrahydrofuran (5.0 vol) and heptanes (1.0 vol) were then added, the layers separated, the aqueous phase extracted with tetrahydrofuran (2×5.0 vol) and the combined organics washed with aq. hydrochloric acid (1M, 2×2.0 vol) and saturated brine solution (2×2.0 vol). The aqueous washes were combined and back-extracted with tetrahydrofuran (2×1.0 vol), the organics combined, dried over magnesium sulfate (3 wt) and filtered. The filter-cake was washed with tetrahydrofuran (1.0 vol) and the filtrates were concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to give a pale brown foam. Ethyl acetate (10.0 vol) was added to the residue, the contents stirred for 5 to 10 minutes and the solvent removed under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. The residue was transferred to a flask, ethyl acetate (8.0 vol) was added and the contents were heated to reflux. A slurry of activated carbon (0.14 wt) in ethyl acetate (5.0 vol) was added and reflux conditions re-established and maintained for 20 to 30 minutes. The contents were cooled to 40 to 45° C., filtered, the filter-cake was washed with ethyl acetate (2.5 vol) and the filtrates concentrated to 2.5 to 3.0 vol under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. The slurry was diluted with ethyl acetate (0.5 vol) and heated to reflux. Heptane (3.0 vol) was added and the contents allowed to cool to 15 to 25° C. over 1 to 2 hours. The slurry was further cooled to at 0 to 5° C. for 2 to 3 hours, filtered and the filter-cake washed with ethyl acetate:heptane [(1:1), 1.0 vol] pro-cooled to 0 to 5° C. followed by heptane (5.0 vol). The isolated solid was dried under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to give 1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-oxo-L-proline as off-white solid. Yield: 60.3%.  
       Step 3: Preparation of 4-methoxyimino-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-carbonyl]-L-proline (compound (VII) in scheme 6)  
       [0066]     1-[(2′-Methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-4-oxo-L-proline (of Step 2, 1.0 wt), O-methyl-hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.285 wt) and dichloromethane (20 vol) were charged to a 20L flange flask and cooled to 0 to 5° C. Triethylamine (0.91 vol) was charged to the flask such that the temperature was maintained in the range 0 to 10° C., the reaction mixture was warmed to 15 to 25° C. and maintained within this temperature range for 16 to 20 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C., the residue dissolved in ethyl acetate (10.0 vol) and washed with aq. hydrochloric acid (1M, 2×5.0 vol). The aqueous washes were combined and back extracted with ethyl acetate (5.0 vol), the organic extracts combined and washed with saturated brine solution (10.0 vol), dried over magnesium sulfate (0.5 wt), filtered and the filter-cake washed with ethyl acetate (5.0 vol). The filtrates were concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to give 4-methoxyimino-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-proline in the expected E:Z mixture.  
       Step 4a: Preparation of (3EZ,5S)-1-[1-[(2′-Methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-(3-{2-[triethylsilyl)oxy]ethyl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime (compound (Ib) in scheme 7)  
       [0067]     A solution of 4-methoxyimino-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-proline (80.0 g, 227.02 mmol, 1.00 eq) in tetrahydrofuran (1.00 L) was cooled to an internal temperature of 0 to 5° C. Carbonyl diimidazole (38.65 g, 238.37 mmol, 1.05 eq) was added portionwise such that the internal temperature was maintained in the range 0 to 5° C. The reaction mixture was warmed up and stirred at 20 to 25° C. until reaction completion (2 to 3 h) was noted by HPLC analysis (quenching with 2.0 M ammonia in methanol). N-Hydroxy-3-triethylsilanyl-oxypropionamidine (81.25 g, 238.37 mmol, 1.05 eq., corrected for silanol content) as a solution in tetrahydrofuran (330 ml) was then added dropwise such that the internal temperature was kept between 20 to 25° C. and stirring was continued at 20 to 25° C. with reaction monitoring by HPLC analysis. Reaction completion was noted after 18 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. Pyridine (500 ml) was added to the material and the resulting solution was heated to and maintained at 85 to 90° C. until HPLC analysis indicated complete cyclization (2 to 3 h). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C., the dark oily residue treated with ethyl acetate (1.00 L) and washed with 25% aq. citric acid solution (3×400 ml). The aqueous extracts were combined and back-extracted with ethyl acetate (250 ml), the combined organics washed with brine (1.00 L), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filter-cake washed with ethyl acetate. The combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. to yield crude (3EZ,5S)-1-[1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-(3-{2-[triethylsilyl)oxy]ethyl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime as brown oil, which was used without any further purification (126.04 g, 104%).  
       Step 4b: Preparation of (3Z,5S)-5-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime  
       [0068]     Crude (3EZ,5S)-1-[1-[(2′-Methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-5-(3-{2-[triethylsilyl)oxy]ethyl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime (126.04 g) was combined with another batch of similar input (total amount: 257.8 g, 482.11 mmol, 1.0 eq.). Acetonitrile (1.29 L, 5.0 vol) was added and the resulting solution was treated with a 5% solution of trifluoroacetic acid in water (1.065 L). LCMS analysis indicated reaction completion after overnight stirring. Sodium hydrogen carbonate (48.5 g, 1.2 eq.) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×500 ml), the combined extracts were washed with semi-saturated brine (3×300 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. to give a biphasic oily/solid residue. The residue was re-dissolved in acetonitrile (1.00 L), washed with heptane (3×200 ml), separated and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. to yield the title compound as brown oil (183.9 g, 90.7% th).  
         [0069]     Purification of the E/Z product was performed with a column (Novasep, using silica, 40-63 microns; EtOAc/cyclohexane=2:3, later on pure ethyl acetate), followed by an additional chromatography (Novasep, using silica, 15-25 microns; EtOAc/cyclohexane=1:1). These two purifications allowed for removal of most by-products yielding a pale yellow oil. A third purification applying the same conditions as described for the second chromatography delivered pure Z isomer as colorless oil containing 5-10% of the corresponding ketone. Dissolution in THF/DCM=1:4 (total: 7 vol), treatment with polymer-bound trisamine (1 g per 4.5 g of Z isomer) for 24 to 48 h, filtration and concentration under reduced pressure at 40 to 45° C. gave (3Z,5S)-5-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime as off-white solid (range of yield: 30-35  
       EXAMPLE 3  
     (3EZ,5S)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime: (3Z,5S)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime: (3E,5S)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime  
       [0070]     In this example, step 1, 2, and 3 are the same as in example 2.  
       Step 4a: Preparation of (2S,4Z)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(methoxy-imino)-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile (compound (VIIa) in scheme 7)  
       [0071]     A 6L three-necked flask under a nitrogen atmosphere containing (2S)-1-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(methoxyimino)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (151.95 g; 449.39 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in dry THE (2 500.00 ml) was cooled to −20° C. prior to adding triethylamine (62.46 ml; 449.39 mmol; 1.00 eq.) (the temperature rose to −15° C.). The solution was stirred for 10 minutes and the temperature was brought to −35° C. Ethyl chloroformate (42.78 ml; 449.39 mmol; 1.00 eq.) was added to the solution over 10 minutes, maintaining the temperature at −35° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h allowing the temperature to rise up to −20° C. An additional amount of 4 ml of ethyl chloroformate was added drop-wise over 5 minutes and the reaction mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 30 minutes. An ammonia saturated THF solution was prepared by bubbling ammonia through 500 ml of dry THF for 20 minutes at −60° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere in a 2L three necked-flask. The ammonia solution was added to the reaction flask with a dropping funnel maintaining the temperature below −25° C. The solution was allowed to attain room temperature over 3 h and the reaction mixture was stirred at overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to 10° C. and additional 250 ml of an ammonia saturated THF solution were added drop-wise at −60° C. within 10 minutes. Reaction was then stirred allowing temperature to warm to room temperature. Ammonia was directly bubbled in the reaction mixture at 15° C. for 10 minutes after stirring for 3 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to a volume of 1 L. The resulting slurry was filtered and the remaining residue was washed with 0.1N NaOH. The solid was rinsed with water and dried to give (2S,4Z)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl-carbonyl)-4-(methoxyimino)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide (102.10 g; 67.34%). A 3L three-necked flask containing (2S,4Z)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl-carbonyl)-4-(methoxyimino)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide (102.10 g; 302.63 mmol; 1.00 eq.) and toluene-4-sulfonyl chloride (86.54 g; 453.94 mmol; 1.50 eq.) in pyridine (1 500.00 ml) was stirred at 80° C. overnight until completion. Volatile components were removed under vacuum and the residue was taken up in DCM (1L). The organic phase was washed with HCl 1N (2×500 ml) then with a saturated solution of NaHCO 3  (1×500 ml). The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give a black residue (m=178 g). This residue was taken up in DCM 350 ml and the resulting suspension was filtered to give a cream powder. The filtrate was injected on a chromatographic column (Novasep) (dichloromethane) to be purified. Fractions of interest were combined and concentrated to give a brown residue, which was combined with the previously isolated solid (cream powder). The combined solids were diluted with methyl t-butyl ether (500 ml), the suspension was filtered and rinsed with methyl t-butyl ether to give (2S,4Z)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(methoxyimino)-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile (60.00 g; 62.08%).  
       Step 4b: Preparation of (3EZ,5S)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime; (3Z,5S)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime; (3E,5S)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime  
       [0072]     In a 2L three necked flask containing (2S,4Z)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-4-(methoxyimino)-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile (59.10 g; 185.06 mmol; 1.00 eq.) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (15.43 g; 222.07 mmol; 1.20 eq.) in EtOH (1 200.00 ml) at room temperature, triethylamine (30.87 ml; 222.07 mmol; 1.20 eq.) was added drop-wise over 5 minutes. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight to show completion. The temperature was allowed to cool to room temperature and the EtOH was removed under vacuum. Water (1L) was added and the suspension was filtered off. To remove any by-products, the solid was washed twice with acetonitrile (2×100 ml) then with diethyl ether (1×100 ml) to give a 75% pure product. After drying under vacuum at room temperature (2S,4Z)-1-(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-N′-hydroxy-4-(methoxyimino)-pyrrolidine-2-carboximidamide (55.06 g; 84.43%) was obtained.  
         [0073]     To a suspension of (2S,4Z)-1-(biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-N′-hydroxy-4-(methoxyimino)-pyrrolidine-2-carboximidamide (11.5 g; 32.63 mmol; 1.00 eq.), 4-dimethylamino-pyridine (4.78 g; 39.16 mmol; 1.20 eq.), N,N-dimethylglycine (═R 7 —COOH; 4.04 g; 39.16 mmol; 1.20 eq.) in 1000 ml of DCM/DMF(1:1), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (6.88 g; 35.90 mmol; 1.10 eq.) was added. The resulting beige suspension was stirred at room temperature. Stirring was continued overnight. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the remaining oily brown residue was dissolved in dichlormethane, washed twice with 5% citric acid (addition of brine was required to break the emulsion) and twice with sat NaHCO 3 , the organic layer was dried over MgSO 4  and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 12.45 g of a yellow-brownish solid. Said solid was split into three identical batches (˜4.15 g), each batch was dissolved in 500 ml of pyridine and the resulting solutions were heated up to ET=120° C. o/n until completion. The batches were combined, the pyridine was removed under vacuum, the remaining residue was dissolved in DCM, washed twice with 5% citric acid (phase separation was only possible after addition of brine due to formation of an emulsion), dried over MgSO 4  and evaporated under reduced pressure to give 12.9 g of a black oil. The crude product was pre-purified by plug filtration (silica; dichlormethane/MeOH=95:5) to yield 10.67 g of a brown oil.  
         [0074]     Purification of the E/Z product was performed with a column (using conventional silica; EtoAc/cyclohexane=9:1). The first purification allowed to totally remove all by-products allowing for the isolation of the product as off-white solid (m=6.73 g). A second purification applying the same conditions delivered pure Z isomer: (3Z,5S)-1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-ylcarbonyl)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-3-pyrrolidinone O-methyloxime (4.937 g; 36%).  
       EXAMPLE 3a  
     (3EZ,5S)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime; (3Z,5S)-5-5-(dimethylamino)methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxine; (3E,5S)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime  
       [0075]     In this example, step 1, 2, and 3 are the same as in example 2a.  
       Step 4a: Preparation of (2S,4EZ)-4-(methoxyimino)-1-[2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile (compound (VIIa) in scheme 7)  
       [0076]     A 6L three-necked flask under a nitrogen atmosphere containing 4-methoxyimino-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-proline (150.00 g; 425.66 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in dry THF (2.5 L) was cooled to −25° C. prior to adding triethylamine (80.11 ml; 576.30 mmol; 1.63 eq.) (the temperature rose to −23° C.). The solution was stirred for 10 minutes and the temperature was brought to −40° C. Ethyl chloroformate (54.86 ml; 576.30 mmol; 1.63 eq.) was added to the solution over 30 minutes, maintaining the temperature below −35° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2.5 h allowing the temperature to rise up to −19° C. An orange suspension was obtained. An ammonia saturated THF solution was prepared by bubbling ammonia through 500 ml of dry THF for 20 minutes at −40° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere in a 1L three necked-flask. The ammonia solution (400 ml) was added to the reaction flask with a dropping funnel maintaining the temperature below −25° C. The obtained solution was allowed to attain −20° C. within 1 h, after which the reaction was found to be complete and further to warm up to room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to a volume of 200 ml and the remaining residue was diluted with 600 ml of MTBE. The resulting suspension was filtered, the filter cake was rinsed with MTBE (2×200 ml), the collected filtrates were further diluted with ethyl acetate (400 ml) and washed with water (2×500 ml). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with ethyl acetate (300 ml), the combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give (2S,4EZ)-4-(methoxyimino)-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-prolinamide (163.64; 109.4% th). The product was further used without purification. A 3L three-necked flask containing (2S,4EZ)-4-(methoxyimino)-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-prolinamide (149.56 g; 425.61 mmol; 1.00 eq., the calculation was based on 100% yield of the previous step) and toluene-4-sulfonyl chloride (121.71 g; 638.41 mmol; 1.50 eq.) in pyridine (1.5 L) was stirred at 80° C. until completion (4.5 h). Volatile components were removed under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. and the residue was taken up in DCM (1L). The organic phase was washed with HCl 1N (2×500 ml) then with a saturated solution of NaHCO 3  (1×500 ml). The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give a black residue. This residue was taken up in DCM (350 ml) and injected on a chromatographic column (Novasep) (dichloromethane) to be purified. Fractions of interest were combined and concentrated to give a brown residue, which was used without any further purification: Yield: (2S,4EZ)-4-(methoxyimino)-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile (136.80 g; 65.83%).  
       Step 4b: Preparation of (3EZ,5S)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime; (3Z,5S)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime; (3E,5S)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime  
       [0077]     To a 2L three necked flask containing (2S,4EZ)-4-(methoxyimino)-1-[2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile (136.38 g; 278.70 mmol; 1.00 eq.) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (27.11 g; 390.18 mmol; 1.40 eq.) in ethanol (1.5 L) at room temperature, triethylamine (54.23 ml; 390.18 mmol; 1.40 eq.) was added dropwise over 5 minutes. Then the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight to show completion. The temperature was allowed to cool to room temperature and the ethanol was removed under vacuum. Water (1 L) was added and the suspension was filtered. The remaining solid was washed twice with acetonitrile (2×150 ml) and dried under vacuum at room temperature to yield (2S,4EZ)-N′-hydroxy-4-(methoxyimino)-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboximidamide (52.00 g; 50.92%).  
         [0078]     To a suspension of (2S,4EZ)-N′-hydroxy-4-(methoxyimino)-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboximidamide (19.00 g; 51.85 mmol; 1.00 eq.), 4-dimethylamino-pyridine (7.60 g, 62.22 mmol; 1.20 eq.), N,N-dimethylglycine (═R 7 —COOH; 6.42 g; 62.22 mmol; 1.20 eq.) in 1.8 L of DCM/DMF(1:1), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (10.93 g; 57.04 mmol; 1.10 eq.) were added. The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight upon which a solution was formed. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the remaining residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, washed twice with 5% citric acid and twice with sat. NaHCO 3 , the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 24.57 g of a brownish amorphous solid. Said solid was split into five identical batches (4.91 g), each batch was dissolved in 200 ml of pyridine and the resulting solutions were heated up to ET=120° C. o/n until completion. The batches were combined, the pyridine was removed under vacuum and the remaining residue was pre-purified by chromatography (Novasep, 100% ethyl acetate) to give a brown oil (m=10.28 g). Purification by flash chromatography applying the same conditions yielded a yellow oil (m=2.62 g), which was repeatedly purified under the same conditions to give the title compound as pure Z isomer: (3Z,5S)-5-{5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl}-1-[(2′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]pyrrolidin-3-one O-methyloxime (3.54 g; 15%).  
       EXAMPLE 4  
     (3Z/E, 5S)-1-(biphenyl-4-yl carbonyl)-5-hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-3-one-O-methyloxime  
       [0079]     In this example, step 1, 2, and 3 are the same as in example 1.  
       Step 4: (4Z/E,2S) Methyl-1-(biphenyl-4-yl carbonyl)-4-methoxyimino) pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate) (esterification in scheme 7)  
       [0080]     4-Methoxyimino-1-[(2′-methyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-carbonyl]-L-proline (1 wt), ace-tone (10 vol) and potassium carbonate (1 wt) were charged to a suitably sized flask under nitrogen. The contents were cooled to a temperature between 0 and 10° C. and dimethyl sulphate was added, maintaining the temperature below 10° C. The reaction was warmed to a temperature between 16 and 25° C. and maintained in this temperature range until judged complete (expected time: 1 to 2 hours). The contents were concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. Ethyl acetate (8 vol) and water (8 vol) were charged to the residue and the layers were separated. The organic phase was washed with saturated brine solution (8 vol) and then dried over sodium sulphate (2 wt). The contents were filtered, the filter-cake was washed with ethyl acetate (1 vol) and the filtrates were concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (1 vol) and the resultant solution was split in half for chromatography. Each solution was purified by dry flash chromatography using silica (1.8 wt) and eluting with 25% v/v ethyl acetate in heptanes (12 vol) followed by 50% v/v ethyl acetate/heptanes (12 vol) to remove minor impurities. The fractions containing product from the 2 columns were combined and concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. The residue was dissolved in THF (2.5 vol) and re-concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to give the desired product (80 to 100%, 83 to 104% w/w).  
       Step 5: Preparation of (3Z/E, 5S)-1-(biphenyl-4-yl carbonyl)-5-hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-3-one-O-methyloxime (reduction to compound (Id) in scheme 7)  
       [0081]     (4Z/E, 2S) Methyl-1-(biphenyl-4-yl carbonyl)-4-methoxyimino) pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate (1 wt), THF (4.7 vol) and methanol (4.7 vol) were charged to a suitably sized flask. The solution was cooled to a temperature between 0 and 10° C. under nitrogen and lithium borohydride (0.1 wt) was added portionwise, maintaining the temperature below 20° C. The reaction was stirred at 16 to 25° C. until judged complete by TLC (expected time: 2 to 3 hours). The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (0.8 vol) and concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. Ethyl acetate (10 vol) and water (5 vol) were added to the residue and the layers were separated. The aqueous phase was back extracted with ethyl acetate (2 vol). The organic phases were combined and washed with 1M HCl (5 vol), saturated NaHCO 3  (5 vol) and saturated brine solution (5 vol). The organic solution was dried over magnesium sulphate (2 wt). The contents were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum at 40 to 45° C. to give the desired product (80 to 100%, 74 to 92% w/w). The crude product was subsequently purified.