Abstract:
A novel polyurethane resin foam composition is provided which is only water-blown and requires no chlorofluorocarbon or other auxiliary blowing agents, yet suffers little or no degradation in physical properties even at reduced isocyanate indexes. The formulation includes a relatively low molecular weight polyethylene glycol along with the conventional polyol to make a blend for the polyol component. The molecular weight range of the polyethylene glycol is from about 200 to about 600. The lower molecular weight polyethylene glycol may range from about 2 to about 10 parts by weight of the polyol, based on the total polyurethane foam composition.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the synthesis of polyurethane compositions and methods for making the same, and in one aspect, is more particularly related to polyurethane compositions that are blown only with water using no halocarbon blowing agents. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Polyurethane foams, formed by the reaction of a polyisocyanate with a polyhydroxyl-containing compound in the presence of a suitable catalyst, are widely accepted as padding materials for cushions in furniture, automobiles and the like. Polyurethane foams are also used as sponges and for other uses that require liquid absorption properties, such as specialty packaging and personal care and hygiene items. 
     Polyurethane foam formulations typically require a blowing agent to generate the gas to fill or expand the polyurethane foam cells. The resultant density of a polyurethane foam is controlled by the quantity and efficiency of the blowing agents. While carbon dioxide may be generated as a blowing agent through the reaction of water with the isocyanate, the use of low-boiling inert liquids, in particular chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), to augment or replace the chemical blowing action has lead to certain property advantages in the final foams, such as low thermal conductivity characteristic of the trapped CFCs. 
     However, the CFCs used as blowing agents, and for other purposes, are now suspected to be linked to the depletion of ozone in the upper atmosphere where the generally inert CFCs are decomposed by ultraviolet light. To avoid this potential problem, polyurethane foams blown only with carbon dioxide have acquired renewed interest. 
     The use of carbon dioxide generated from the reaction of water with isocyanate as a sole blowing agent, necessitates formulations containing relatively large amounts of water to obtain low density foam grades, i.e., 5 parts by weight (pbw) water for 1.2 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) density. When the water content exceeds a certain level, about 5.4  pbw, the foams become more difficult to process because of the increased exothermic conditions and resulting threat of scorching and fire. 
     In addition the major parameters regulating flexible polyurethane foam hardness are the hard segment/soft segment ratio and their distribution in the polymer chain. When water is used as a blowing agent, each part of water added to the foam formulation produces 8.2 parts of high density aromatic hard segment (the polyurea portion). At water levels above 4 parts, this hard segment increase becomes a significant percentage that overpowers the softening characteristics of the standard polyols. 
     Many attempts have been made to counterbalance the negative influence of the excess urea groups upon the softness of polyurethane foams. For example, one approach is to reduce the polyol functionality while increasing the polymer chain length of the polyol. Polypropylene oxide/polyethylene oxide copolymer triols with molecular weights varying from 2000 to 6000 are blended with diols of similar structure. In high water blown formulations, the softening effect provided by these diol/triol blends is limited if the overall functionality is not greatly reduced and the molecular weight is significantly increased. Such changes in the structure of the polyol blends result in a decrease of the polyol reactivity which has to be compensated by large additions of ethylene oxide. Then, the final polyols become difficult to process and yield foams with poor static fatigue properties and significantly reduced resistance to hydrolysis. 
     An example of this first approach is seen in U.S. Pat. No. 3,857,800 which describes flexible polyurethane foams made by foaming a reaction mixture containing a polyol, an organic polyisocyanate and a blowing agent, which may be water, which would otherwise produce a closed cell foam which would shrink after its formation wherein the foamable reaction mixture is modified by including therein a subsidiary polyol which is different from the primary polyol and which has a molecular weight of about 500 to 3500 and contains at least 40% by weight oxyethylene groups with at least some of them in a non-terminal position, the amount of subsidiary polyol being not more than 50% by weight of the total polyol in the reaction mixture. The subsidiary polyol may be a polyethylene ether glycol. 
     Related to this patent is U.S. Pat. No. 3,943,075 which discusses flame-resistant polyurethane foams obtained by reacting a tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) with a polyol in the presence of a substance which is normally effective for the polymerization of TDI and an anti-aging additive such as a halogenated aliphatic phosphate. A subsidiary polyol such as the one of the &#39;800 patent may also be present. Companion U.S. Pat. No. 3,803,064 covers the processes for making the foams of the &#39;075 patent. French Patent 2,095,362 is also related to this group of patents. 
     Additionally of interest with respect to this approach is U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,452. It relates to a method of producing flexible polyether polyurethane foams, which have a substantially skeletal reticulated structure. When the flexible foam is produced by reacting a polyhydroxyl compound with an organic polyisocyanate in the presence of a blowing agent by a one-shot process, a catalyst and other additives, a mixture of (a) poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene)polyether polyol containing 51 to 98% by weight of ethylene oxide component and (b) poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene)polyether polyol containing not less than 51% by weight of propylene oxide component is used as the polyhydroxyl compound. 
     A second approach is to reduce the excess urea groups by decreasing the isocyanate index of the all water blown formulations. With this method, using conventional poly propylene/poly ethylene oxide copolymer triols of molecular weight varying from 2000 to 6000, both the foaming process and the foam physical properties deteriorate rapidly when the isocyanate index drops below 103. 
     The low crosslink density of the foam at the early stage of polymerization yields weak cell structure and partial collapses. Increasing the catalyst and surfactant levels overcomes this lack of stability and yields a foam with closed cell structure and potential shrinkage. As a result, some of the major foam physical properties such as the tear resistance, the tensile, the elongation, are completely deteriorated, while the static fatigue values become marginal. 
     However, since neither of these approaches has proven to be satisfactory, it would be useful to devise an improved polyurethane composition employing only water as a blowing agent which would not have its properties degraded at all, and particularly in the manner of the prior approaches. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a polyurethane composition that requires no additional blowing agent other than water to generate carbon dioxide thereby avoiding the use of CFCs. 
     It is yet another object of the invention to provide a novel polyurethane composition that is otherwise similar to conventional polyurethane compositions in all respects. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a polyurethane composition that can be readily produced with available polyurethane technology. 
     In carrying out these and other objects of the invention, there is provided, in one form, a polyurethane foam composition that is the reaction product of a polyol blend with a polyisocyanate in the presence of a polyurethane catalyst, and further in the presence of a blowing agent of only water in the absence of a halocarbon. The polyol blend comprises a relatively low molecular weight polyethylene glycol and a relatively higher molecular weight polyalkylene oxide triol. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It has been discovered that special blends of polyols enable the production of all water blown flexible polyurethane foams, and in particular to obtain substantially soft foams of densities varying from 1.15 to 1.7 pcf, yet retaining excellent physical properties. It has been discovered that the softening effect caused by the reduction of the isocyanate index can be achieved without penalizing the foaming process, which may undesirably cause excessively open or tight foams, and the physical properties, such as reductions in strength, static fatigue and resistance to hydrolysis caused by the first approach described above. The discovery involves the addition of small amounts of short-chain, relatively low molecular weight, reactive polyethylene glycols to the polypropylene oxide/polyethylene oxide copolymer triols to give a polyol blend. 
     The short chain extension resulting from a low molecular weight difunctional product interferes with the separation of the polyurea hard segments and reduces any orientation of the polyether chain. In addition, a reactive short chain extender will provide at an earlier stage a controlled crosslink density of the foam to maintain its stability without promoting a closed cell structure. Consequently, it will also offer a wide foam processing latitude. 
     More specifically, the relatively low molecular weight polyethylene glycol ranges from about 200 to 600 molecular weight. It may have the structure represented by the formula HO--(CH 2  CH 2  O) x  --H, where x ranges from about 4 to 13. The use of these materials allow polyurethane foams to be prepared at lower than normal TDI indexes. The lower TDI index occurs without disadvantage because the formulation of this invention possesses early cross-linking and early exotherm. In one embodiment, the low molecular weight polyethylene glycol is less than 50% of the polyol blend, where the relatively high molecular weight polyalkylene oxide polyol is greater than 50% of the polyol blend. It was surprising to discover that only small amounts of these lower molecular weight materials need be used. For example, only about 2 to about 10 pbw of the polyol, based on the total polyurethane formulation, need be used, which is the equivalent of about 0.9 to 9% of the formulation. Preferably, the proportion of lower molecular weight polyol is about 4 to about 8 pbw of the formulation. 
     High resiliency (HR) foams may also be made using the polyol blends of the present invention. It is also expected that the foams of the invention may be modified in other ways, such as to achieve greater fire retardancy, without detriment and within the scope of the invention. 
     In accordance with this invention, the remaining polyurethane foam components are expected to be conventional, indicating that the invention is compatible with standard formulations. For example, a variety of relatively high molecular weight polyether and/or polyester polyols are expected to be useful together with the low molecular weight polyethylene glycol in the polyol blends for the polyurethane compositions of this invention. These polyols include, but are not necessarily limited to ethylene oxide (EO) capped polyols and polyols not capped with EO, as well as propylene oxide (PO) and/or butylene oxide containing polyols. The polyols may contain blocks or random distributions of these various alkylene oxides added to suitable initiators. In one aspect, the polyol preferably has a molecular weight of from about 2000 to 10,000, and more preferably from about 3000 to 8000, and is typically made by the reaction of an initiator having a plurality of reactive hydrogens thereon with one or more alkylene oxides. Suitable initiators include, but are not limited to, glycerin, alkanolamines, alkylamines, aryl or aromatic amines, sucrose, sorbitol, trimethylol propane (TMP), α-methylglucoside, β-methylglucoside, or other methylglucoside, resins of phenol, aniline and mixed phenol aniline, such as methylenedianiline or bisphenol A, Mannich condensates and mixtures thereof, for example. The polyol may be made by alkoxylating the initiator with a desired number of moles of an alkylene oxide. Preferably, the alkylene oxide has two to four carbon atoms, and is thus, EO, PO, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof, as noted. The alkylene oxides may be mixed upon addition, or may be added to the polyol initiator chain separately to form blocks or caps. In one aspect, a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are added to the initiator. The alkoxylation may or may not be catalyzed; KOH is a commonly used catalyst, although others may be employed. For example, double metal cyanide catalysts may be employed, in particular zinc hexacyanocobaltate, and the polyols may be prepared in accordance with the methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,029,505; 3,900,518; 3,941,049 and 4,355,100, incorporated by reference herein. Alternatively, various polymer polyols may also be employed as completely replacing or in conjunction with suitable, enumerated polyol components. Preferably, the relatively high molecular weight polyalkylene triol is a mixed polypropylene oxide/polyethylene oxide copolymer triol. 
     A catalyst is typically employed in preparing polyurethane foams in the conventional manner. Such catalysts may include one or more of the following: 
     (a) Tertiary amines such as trimethylamine; triethylamine; N-methylmorpholine; N-ethylmorpholine; N,N-dimethylbenzylamine; N,N-dimethylethanolamine; N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetramethyl-1,4-butanediamine; N,N-dimethylpiperazine; 1,4-diazobicyclo[2.2.2]octane; triethylenediamine and the like; 
     (b) Tertiary phosphines such as trialkylphosphines; dialkylbenzylphosphines, and the like; 
     (c) Strong bases, such as alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides; alkoxides; and phenoxides; 
     (d) Acidic metal salts of strong acids, such as ferric chloride; stannic chloride; stannous chloride; antimony trichloride; bismuth nitrate and chloride; and the like; 
     (e) Chelates of various metals such as those which can be obtained from acetylacetone; benzoylacetone; trifluoroacetyl acetone; ethyl acetoacetate; salicyclaldehyde; cyclopentanone-1-carboxylate; acetylacetoimine; bis-acetylacetonealkylenediamine; salicyclaldehydeimine; and the like, with various metals such as Be, Mg, Zn, Cd, Pd, Ti, Zr, Sn, As, Bi, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni; 
     (f) Alcoholates and phenolates of various metals, such as Ti(OR) 4  ; Sn(OR) 4  ; Al(OR) 3  ; and the like, wherein R is alkyl or aryl, and the reaction products of alcoholates with carboxylic acids, β-diketones, and 2-(N,N-dialkylamino)alcohols; 
     (g) Salts of organic acids with a variety of metals, such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al, Sn, Pb, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu, including, for example, sodium acetate, stannous octoate, stannous oleate, lead octoate, metallic driers such as manganese and cobalt naphthenate, and the like; and 
     (h) Organometallic derivatives of tetravalent tin, trivalent and pentavalent As, Sb, and Bi and metal carbonyls of iron and cobalt. 
     Of course, combinations of any of the above polyurethane catalysts may be employed. Usually, the amount of catalyst employed ranges from about 0.01 to about 5.0 pbw percent, based on 100 pbw of the polyol. More often, the amount of the catalyst used is about 0.2 to about 2.0 pbw. 
     The polyol blend for the polyurethane composition is reacted in the presence of one or more of the above catalysts with a polyisocyanate according to conventional procedures. The polyisocyanate used may be any aromatic or aliphatic polyisocyanate, such as toluene diisocyanates (TDIs); polymeric isocyanates and aliphatic diisocyanates. Typical aromatic polyisocyanates include, but are not limited to, m-phenylene diisocyanate; p-phenylene diisocyanate; polymethylene polyphenyl-isocyanate; 2,4-toluene diisocyanate; 2,6-toluene diisocyanate; dianisidine diisocyanate; bitolylene diisocyanate; naphthalene-1,4-diisocyanate; diphenylene-4,4&#39;-diisocyanate; aliphatic-aromatic diisocyanates, such as xylylene-1,4-diisocyanate; xylylene-1,2-diisocyanate; xylylene-1,3-diisocyanate; bis(4-isocyanatophenyl)methane; bis(3-methyl-4-isocyanatophenyl)methane; and 4,4&#39;-diphenylpropane diisocyanate. Suitable aliphatic diisocyanates would include isophorone diisocyanate; hexamethylene diisocyanate; and methylene-bis-cyclohexylisocyanate. Toluene diisocyanates are preferred, in one aspect of the invention. 
     Aromatic polyisocyanates suitable for use include methylene-bridged polyphenyl polyisocyanate mixtures which have a functionality of from about 2 to about 4. These latter isocyanate compounds are generally produced by the phosgenation of corresponding methylene bridged polyphenyl polyamines, which are conventionally produced by the reaction of formaldehyde and primary aromatic amines, such as aniline, in the presence of hydrochloric acid and/or other acidic catalysts. 
     Foaming is carried out in the presence of water which reacts with the isocyanate to produce carbon dioxide that acts as the blowing agent. The water is normally used in amounts of 0.5 to 7 parts by weight, preferably, 1.5 to 6.5 pbw based on 100 pbw of the polyol present. No other organic blowing agents are used along with the water in this invention. Auxiliary blowing agents such as the chlorofluorocarbons or methylene chloride are not necessary or desired. Additives to regulate the cell size and the cell structure, for example, silicone surfactants such as dimethylpolysiloxanes, may also be added to the foaming mixture however. Fillers, dyes or plasticizers of known types may also be used, of course. These and other additives are well known to those skilled in the art. 
     The invention has been demonstrated in the laboratory. The following are examples of the practice of incorporating low molecular weight polyethylene glycols into high molecular weight polypropylene oxide/polyethylene oxide triols. All results were generated from polyurethane resin foams produced on a Maxfoam laboratory scale machine and measured according to ASTM D3574. 
     
                                           TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Polyurethane Foams of Density Grade: 1.2 pcf     Example No.     1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9__________________________________________________________________________Thanol ® F-3520     92  100 92  100 92  96  100 92  100PEG 200   0   0   0   0   0   4   0   0   0PEG 400   8   0   8   0   8   0   0   8   0Water     5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5Dabco 33LV     0.26         0.26             0.26                 0.26                     0.26                         0.26                             0.26                                 0.26                                     0.26Surfactant L6202     1.4 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5Dabco T-10     0.20         0.52             0.20                 0.52                     0.20                         0.18                             0.46                                 0.19                                     0.46Blowing Agent     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0TDI Index 95  95  98  98  100 100 100 103 103Density, pcf     1.19         1.19             1.17                 1.15                     1.16                         1.20                             1.16                                 1.16                                     1.15Air flow, cfm     6.6 4.9 6.8 5.1 7.2 6.3 5.0 6.9 4.9IFD, lbs25%       14.5         12.5             15.5                 16.1                     17.2                         23.9                             23.4                                 21.7                                     21.765%       33.0         28.1             35.2                 36.6                     39  51.4                             49.4                                 48  47.6Sag factor     2.27         2.24             2.27                 2.27                     2.27                         2.15                             2.11                                 2.21                                     2.19Tensile, psi     10.5         3.3 10.1                 8.1 10.5                         16.6                             13.4                                 15.3                                     13.7Tear, pli 2.7 0.2 2.7 0.7 2.7 3.6 2.9 3.5 3.1Elongation, %     278 66  254 178 262 388 284 324 26450% Comp. Set, %     13.0         7.8 14.5                 7.6 11.8                         7.1 10.3                                 8.5 6.490% Comp. Set, %     15.1         11.7             13.5                 8.6 11.4                         8.6 8.4 10  7.4Static fatigue     31.0         76  29  25.5                     27.3                         31.4                             16.7                                 26.3                                     17.1Ball rebound     44  36  42  36  41  36  40  40  41__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Polyurethane Foams of Density Grade: 1.3 pcf     Example No.     10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19__________________________________________________________________________Thanol ® F-3520     92  100 92  100 92  96  100 92  96  100PEG 200   0   0   0   0   0   4   0   0   4   0PEG 400   8   0   8   0   8   0   0   8   0   0Water     5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0Dabco T-10     0.28         0.28             0.28                 0.28                     0.28                         0.28                             0.28                                 0.28                                     0.28                                         0.28Surfactant L6202     1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3Dabco T-10     0.22         0.52             0.22                 0.50                     0.20                         0.18                             0.48                                 0.20                                     0.18                                         0.46Blowing Agent     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0TDI Index 95  95  98  98  100 100 100 103 103 103Density, pcf     1.29         1.26             1.29                 1.25                     1.31                         1.30                             1.23                                 1.28                                     1.26                                         1.25Air flow, cfm     6.3 4.7 6.4 5.2 6.6 4.4 5.3 6.7 6.0 5.6IFD, lbs25%       15.7         13.4             17.0                 15.9                     17.9                         19.5                             21.7                                 23.5                                     21.8                                         23.565%       34.7         31.3             37.3                 35.1                     41.0                         42.7                             46.8                                 50.5                                     50.0                                         49.7Sag factor     2.21         2.33             2.19                 2.20                     2.29                         2.19                             2.16                                 2.15                                     2.29                                         2.11Tensile, psi     12.1         2.3 12.0                 5.1 13.9                         13.7                             12.8                                 17.4                                     17.2                                         14.2Tear, pli 2.7 0.3 3.2 0.8 3.5 3.6 2.3 3.6 3.2 2.7Elongation, %     322 58  310 88  316 342 300 326 300 27650% Comp. Set, %     8.4 8.7 10.4                 10.2                     8.5 8.8 4.9 6.6 6.7 5.090% Comp. Set, %     8.5 10.9             12.0                 10.0                     8.3 12.9                             6.9 7.4 12.0                                         5.7Static fatigue     28.7         42  28.2                 28.9                     27.4                         31.8                             24.9                                 23.4                                     --  24.3Ball rebound     45  41  44  41  43  --  40  44  --  40__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     
                                           TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Polyurethane Foams of Density Grade: 1.4 pcf     Example No.     20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29__________________________________________________________________________Thanol ® F-3520     92  96  100 92  100 92  96  100 92  100PEG 200   0   4   0   0   0   0   4   0   0   0PEG 400   8   0   0   8   0   8   0   0   8   0Water     4.5 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5Dabco 33LV     0.30         0.30             0.30                 0.30                     0.30                         0.30                             0.30                                 0.30                                     0.30                                         0.30Surfactant L6202     1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2Dabco T-10     0.24         0.18             0.54                 0.24                     0.52                         0.22                             0.18                                 0.50                                     0.22                                         0.48Blowing Agent     0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0TDI Index 95  95  95  98  98  100 100 100 103 103Density, pcf     1.40         1.35             1.40                 1.39                     1.39                         1.39                             1.36                                 1.39                                     1.39                                         1.35Air flow, cfm     5.8 4.6 4.2 6.1 4.5 6.4 5.1 4.6 6.6 4.5IFD, lbs25%       16.3         18.8             15.4                 16.7                     18.7                         18.6                             18.3                                 20.4                                     23.1                                         23.365%       36.5         40.9             34.2                 36.5                     39.9                         39.1                             39.5                                 42.2                                     49.3                                         51.6Sag factor     2.24         2.17             2.22                 2.19                     2.13                         2.10                             2.16                                 2.07                                     2.13                                         2.2Tensile, psi     11.4         11.9             4.1 12.5                     7.2 13.6                             9.8 9.3 17.6                                         15.1Tear, pli 2.8 2.7 0.4 2.5 1.4 3.0 2.1 2.2 3.6 3.3Elongation, %     326 360 78  324 148 356 200 234 354 34650% Comp. Set, %     11.3         12.9             6.1 11.7                     5.4 8.9 9.4 5.2 5.8 5.090% Comp. Set, %     21.9         22.6             9.0 23.8                     8.2 13.9                             13.5                                 7.9 6.2 5.7Static fatigue     29.4         32.4             31.8                 29.9                     31.6                         28  --  29  26  21Ball rebound     43  35  41  42  42  43  --  43  42  42__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     As shown in Tables I-III, the hardness values (IFD 25%) are reduced by about 40 percent in the low isocyanate index (95-98 vs. 100-103) all water blown polyethylene ether glycol formulations, while the strength and static fatigue properties remain excellent. Thus, the formulations of the invention provide good foams without the use of CFCs and using only water to generate the blowing agent, without a loss in properties, such as tensile elongation, etc. By adding the relatively low molecular weight glycols, the isocyanate index may be dropped while retaining foam physical properties. 
     Many modifications may be made in the polyurethane foams of this invention and their method of production without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined only in the appended claims. For example, one skilled in the art could adjust the temperature, pressure, reactants, proportions and modes of additions within the parameters set forth to provide polyurethane foams with particularly advantageous properties. Other polyethylene glycols besides those specifically set forth may also be used within the claimed spirit and scope of the invention. It will also be appreciated that although only one relatively low molecular weight polyethylene glycol is used in the illustrative examples, that it is anticipated that more than one glycol may be employed simultaneously. 
     
         ______________________________________GLOSSARY______________________________________Dabco 33LV A product of Air Products and Chemicals      Inc., a solution of triethylenediamine in      dipropylene glycol.Dabco T-10 A product of Air Products and Chemicals      Inc., di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate/stannous      alkyl hexoate in a ratio of 50/50.PEG 200    Polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight      of about 200.PEG 400    Polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight      of about 400.Surfactant L6202      A product of Union Carbide Corporation,      polyalkyleneoxidemethylsilioxane copolymers.Thanol ® F-3520      A glycerin initiated polyether of propylenepolyol     oxide and containing about 13% ethylene      oxide, with a hydroxyl number of 48 and      containing essentially secondary hydroxyl      groups, made by ARCO Chemical Company.______________________________________