Abstract:
The invention relates to compositions that can be used as refrigerants. More specifically, the invention relates to compositions having a very low contribution to the greenhouse effect, which can be used in the cooling and production of conditioned air. The GWP of the inventive compositions is preferably at most equal to 150.

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to compositions that can be used as refrigerant fluids. The invention more particularly relates to compositions whose contribution to the greenhouse effect is very low, which may be used in refrigeration and the production of conditioned air. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The problems posed by substances that deplete the atmospheric ozone layer were addressed at Montreal, where the protocol was signed imposing a reduction in the production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). This protocol underwent amendments which imposed the phasing out of CFCs and extended the regulation to other products, including hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC). 
     The refrigeration and conditioned-air production industry has invested greatly in the replacement of these refrigerant fluids, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) have accordingly been marketed. 
     In the motor vehicle industry, the air-conditioning systems of vehicles marketed in many countries swapped from a chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant fluid (CFC-12) to a hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant fluid (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane: HFC-134a), which is less harmful to the ozone layer. However, with regard to the objectives set by the Kyoto protocol, HFC-134a (GWP=1300) is considered as having a high warming potential. The contribution to the greenhouse effect of a fluid is quantified by the GWP (global warming potential), which summarizes the warming potential, taking a reference value of 1 for carbon dioxide. 
     The majority of refrigeration installations operate on the principle of the vapor compression cycle. According to this principle, a refrigerant fluid is evaporated at low pressure, by taking heat from a first surrounding medium. The vapor thus formed is then compressed by means of a compressor and then passed into a condenser in which it is converted into liquid form, giving rise to a release of heat in a second surrounding area. The liquid thus condensed then circulates in an expansion vessel, at the outlet of which it is converted into a two-phase mixture of liquid and vapor, which is finally introduced into the evaporator where the liquid is again evaporated at low pressure, which completes the cycle. In a supercritical cycle, there is no condensation, and the condenser is referred to as a cooler. 
     Regulating the expansion vessel allows control of the overheating at the compressor inlet and optimizes the functioning of the installation. 
     The yield of a compression system depends on the components, the architecture of the system, the operating conditions and the fluid. The fluids used may be pure substances or azeotropic or zeotropic mixtures. The temperature glide of a fluid is defined as being the difference in temperature between the bubble point and the dew point at constant pressure. In compression systems with a supercritical cycle, the temperature glide is considered as being the difference in temperature between the inlet and outlet of the cooler. 
     In a theoretical compression cycle, the phase changes (condensation/evaporation) are at constant pressure. With one-component fluids and azeotropic mixtures, the condensation and evaporation are at constant temperature. The temperature glide is then zero. 
     Air-conditioning units, refrigeration machines and heat-exchange pumps operate on the same principles. 
     Since carbon dioxide is nontoxic, nonflammable and has a very low GWP, it has been proposed as a refrigerant for air-conditioning systems as a replacement for HFC-134a. However, the use of carbon dioxide has many drawbacks, especially associated with the very high pressure of its use as a refrigerant fluid in existing devices and techniques. 
     The use of carbon dioxide alone in a supercritical cycle or in combination with other compounds, such as HECs, in a refrigeration system or a common heat-exchange pump may thus lead to unacceptable reductions in energy efficiency if the surrounding medium (air, water or glycol-water) does not have a temperature glide as high as that of the fluid used. The consequence is that the difference between the mean temperature of the phase change of a mixture comprising carbon dioxide and the mean temperature of the surrounding medium increases, thus resulting in an increase in the difference between the evaporation and cooling pressures, which has the direct consequence of reducing the energy efficiency of the refrigeration system or of the heat-exchange pump. This energy efficiency also decreases following the degradation of efficiency of the exchangers as a result of the variation of the difference in temperatures between the refrigerant fluid and the surrounding medium across the exchanger. 
     Document U.S. Pat. No. 6,073,454 discloses the use of a co-fluid in combination with carbon dioxide as a refrigerant for reducing the working pressure. However, the refrigeration performance is insufficient. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Compositions that can be used as refrigerant fluids and that have a low GWP have now been found. The GWP of the compositions according to the present invention is preferably not more than 150. 
     The compositions according to the present invention comprise at least one compound (A) chosen from the group constituted by hydrotluorocarbons, (hydro)fluoro-olefins, (hydro)fluoroiodocarbons and hydrocarbons, at least one compound (B) chosen from the group constituted by rare gases, nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, and at least one functionalized organic compound (C) with a boiling point at atmospheric pressure of greater than 60° C. 
     The functionalized organic compound (C) preferably has a melting point at atmospheric pressure of less than −20° C. and/or a flash point&gt;50° C. and advantageously &gt;10° C. 
     These compositions preferably comprise from 5% to 90% by weight of compound(s) (A), from 5% to 40% by weight of compound(s) (B) and from 5% to 55% by weight of compound(s) (C). 
     These compositions advantageously comprise from 15% to 80% by weight of compound(s) (A), from 10% to 40% by weight of compound(s) (B) and from 10% to 45% by weight of compound(s) (C). 
     Hydroflucrocarbons that may especially be mentioned include difluoromethane, difluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetra-fluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, pentafluoropropane, heptafluoropropane and pentafluorobutane. Difluoromethane, difluoroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane are preferred. 
     When 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is present in the composition, it preferably represents not more than 10% of the total weight. 
     (Hydro)fluoroolefins that may especially be mentioned include (hydro)fluoroethylenes, (hydra)fluoropropylenes and (hydro)fluorobutylenes. (Hydro)fluoropropylenes are preferred. 
     (Hydro)fluoropropylenes that may especially be mentioned include difluoropropylene (HFO-1252), tri-fluoropropylene (HFO-1243), tetrafluoropropylene (HFO-1234) and pentafluoropropylene (HFO-1225). The preferred hydrofluoropropylenes are 1,3,3,3-tetra-fluoropropylene (HFO-1234ze), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropro-pylene (HFO-1234yf) and 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylene (HFO-1225ye), and also each of the stereoisomers thereof. Perfluoropropylene may also be suitable for use. 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropylene (HFO-1234yf) is particularly preferred. 
     A (hydro)fluoroiodocarbon that may be mentioned is trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3 I). 
     Carbon dioxide is preferably chosen as compound (B). 
     Functionalized organic compounds (C) that may especially be mentioned include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, hexylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, diacetone alcohol, (C 6 H 12 O 2 ), diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, N,N-diethylformamide, cyclohexylamine, aniline, diethylamine, 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentanone, 2-methyl-2-pentanol-4-one, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, methyl-diethanolamine, ethyl amine ketone, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, 5-methyl-3-heptanone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone, dibenzyl ester, dimethyl adipate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl succinate, diisobutyl adipate, glyceryl carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, 1,3-benzenediol, trimethyl phosphate, polyoxymethylenes, 1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, 5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexan-1-ol, dimethyl isosorbide, nonafluorobutyl ethyl ether (C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5 ), 2-ethylhexyl acetate, ethyl benzoate, ethylene glycol diacetate, ethyl malonate, bis(2-butoxyethyl)ether, dibutyl sulfide, glyceryl triacetate, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether propionate, ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether and ionic liquids. 
     The preferred compounds (C) are: propylene carbonate, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate and ethylene glycol diacetate, perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, perfluorooctane, perfluoro-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, perfluorotributylamine, perfluoropolyether CF 3 [(OCF(CF 3 )CF 2 ) m (OCF 2 ) n ]OCF 3  (Galden HT 55, 70, 85, 90, 110). 
     The compounds (C) that are advantageously preferred are: dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol propyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethyl diglycol acetate, diethylene glycol butyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl acetate, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, glyceryl triacetate, 2-butoxy-2-ethoxyethyl acetate, diethyl malonate, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dimethyl glutarate, ethyl benzoate, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, butyl sulfide and nonafluorobutyl ethyl ether. 
     Examples of particularly preferred compositions that may especially be mentioned include those comprising
         difluoromethane, carbon dioxide and ethylene glycol diacetate,   difluoroethane, carbon dioxide and ethylene glycol diacetate,   2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene (HFO-1234yf), carbon dioxide and ethylene glycol diacetate.       

     The compositions according to the present invention are suitable for compression systems, for cooling applications (refrigeration system) or heating applications (heat-exchange pump) or in reversible machines, which produce cold for cooling or heat for heating. 
     With the compositions of the present invention, the presence of a liquid phase inside exchangers, comprising compound (C), and of a gas phase promotes the dissolution and evaporation phenomena according to the pressure levels. In the condenser, with an increase in pressure, the more volatile compounds, such as carbon dioxide, dissolve in the liquid phase and it is the heat of dissolution that adds to the heat of condensation. With the drop in pressure at the evaporator, the more volatile compounds are released from the liquid phase and absorb heat from the external medium. This absorbed heat adds to the heat of evaporation of the less volatile compounds (A) and thus increases the cooling power and the performance of the system. The compositions according to the present invention also have, according to the nature of the component (C), the advantage of functioning with a reduced amount of lubricants or in the absence of lubricant when they are used in compressors. 
     A subject of the present invention is also the use of the compositions described above as energy-transfer fluids and refrigerant fluids, in particular in the production of conditioned air. 
     The compositions described above are particularly suitable for use as refrigerant fluids in the air conditioning of vehicles and can partially or totally replace 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. 
     EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 
     A) Absorption of CO 2    
     64 q of carbon dioxide are introduced into a 320 ml autoclave equipped with a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor and a magnetic stirrer. The functionalized organic compound is then gradually introduced therein using a volume-displacement pump. The temperature of the autoclave is maintained at 40° C., using a thermostatically maintained bath, throughout the tests. 
     The pressure of the resulting mixture is given in Table 1. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 % of the functionalized organic compound 
                 0 
                 7 
                 15 
                 22 
                 30 
                 37 
               
             
          
           
               
                 (vol/vol) 
                 Pressure (bar) 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Glyceryl carbonate 
                 73.38 
                 74.76 
                 76.31 
                 77.87 
                 79.47 
                 81.38 
               
               
                 Dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether 
                 72.6 
                 67.7 
                 63.25 
                 59.49 
                 56.32 
                 53.15 
               
               
                 Dipropylene glycol 
                 70.56 
                 70.55 
                 70.39 
                 70.16 
                 70.09 
                 69.75 
               
               
                 3-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol 
                 72.58 
                 67.71 
                 64.71 
                 62.79 
                 59.92 
                 57.29 
               
               
                 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 
                 73.35 
                 67.15 
                 62.74 
                 59.06 
                 55.95 
                 53.26 
               
               
                 Dipropylene glycol propyl ether 
                 72.53 
                 68 
                 63.96 
                 60.5 
                 57.54 
                 54.79 
               
               
                 Tripropylene glycol methyl ether 
                 75.35 
                 70.71 
                 66.95 
                 63.87 
                 61.23 
                 59.4 
               
               
                 Tributyl borate 
                 69.59 
                 66.64 
                 65.4 
                 64.84 
                 63 
                 61.32 
               
               
                 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate 
                 72.51 
                 64.89 
                 58.92 
                 54.17 
                 50.16 
                 46.82 
               
               
                 Ethyl diglycol acetate 
                 72.04 
                 65.79 
                 60.77 
                 56.3 
                 52.28 
                 49.24 
               
               
                 Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 
                 71.61 
                 66.96 
                 64.86 
                 62.19 
                 59.03 
                 56.41 
               
               
                 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 
                 72.72 
                 66.36 
                 61.49 
                 57.51 
                 54.24 
                 51.36 
               
               
                 Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 
                 71.79 
                 65.64 
                 62.66 
                 58.17 
                 54.32 
                 50.99 
               
               
                 Ethylene glycol diacetate 
                 72.49 
                 63.11 
                 56.14 
                 50.8 
                 46.55 
                 43.17 
               
               
                 Glyceryl triacetate 
                 72.44 
                 67.14 
                 61.42 
                 56.69 
                 52.58 
                 49.24 
               
               
                 2-Butoxy-2-ethoxyethyl acetate 
                 71.79 
                 66.25 
                 61.57 
                 57.09 
                 53.2 
                 49.87 
               
               
                 Diethyl malonate 
                 69.88 
                 62.16 
                 56.46 
                 51.46 
                 47.52 
                 44.28 
               
               
                 Diethylene glycol diethyl ether 
                 71.82 
                 64.57 
                 58.47 
                 53.65 
                 49.53 
                 46.03 
               
               
                 Dimethyl glutarate 
                 63.49 
                 55.22 
                 49.13 
                 44.43 
                 40.75 
                 37.81 
               
               
                 Ethyl benzoate 
                 73.45 
                 68.49 
                 64.69 
                 61.36 
                 58.49 
                 56.08 
               
               
                 Triethylene glycol monobutyl ether 
                 71.61 
                 69.46 
                 68.13 
                 66.55 
                 64.6 
                 62.51 
               
               
                 Butyl sulfide 
                 72.45 
                 68.48 
                 66.05 
                 63.45 
                 61.16 
                 59.2 
               
               
                 Nonafluorobutyl ethyl ether 
                 70.98 
                 61.96 
                 55.53 
                 50.87 
                 47.12 
                 44.15 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     B) Thermodynamic Performance 
     Table 2 gives the performance of a composition comprising carbon dioxide (R744), ethylene glycol diacetate (EGDA) and optionally difluoromethane (R32). The thermodynamic properties used to calculate the performance may be summarized as follows: 
     The PSRK predictive model (T. Holderbaum and J. Gmehling, “A group contribution equation of state based on UNIFAC”,  Fluid Phase Equilibrium,  1991, 70, 251-265) was used to calculate the “liquid-vapor” equilibria according to a symmetry approach and based on the group contribution methods. It is composed of an equation of state, an alpha function, a mixing rule and a UNIFAC solution model (A. Fredenslund, R. L. Jones and J. M. Prausnitz, “Group contribution estimation of activity coefficients in non-ideal liquid mixtures”,  AlChE J.,  1975, 21, 1086-1099). 
     The parameters of each of the constituents (carbon dioxide, difluoromethane and ethylene glycol diacetate) come from the Dortmund Data Bank (DDB) database (www.ddbst.de). 
     The binary systems and then the ternary systems were studied. 
     The PSRK UNIFAC parameters for the carbon dioxide and ethylene glycol diacetate binary are available in the Dortmund Data Bank (DDB) database (www.ddbst.de). 
     As regards the difluoromethane and carbon dioxide binary system, the available data were used (F. Rivollet, A. Chapoy, C. Coquelet and D. Richon,  Fluid Phase Equilibrium,  218, 2004, 95-101, and R. A. Adams and F. P. Stein,  J. Chem. Eng. Data,  16, (1971), 146-149). 
     As no literature data were available, measurements were taken for the difluoromethane and ethylene glycol diacetate binary system using the variable-volume synthetic technique (M. Meskel-Lesavre, D. Richon and H. Renon,  Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam.,  20, 1981, 284-289). 
     Using the PSRK model and the parameters obtained from the binary systems, the bubble point corresponding to three ternary mixtures (carbon dioxide, difluoromethane and ethylene glycol diacetate) was predicted, and these predictions were validated with values measured using the variable-volume synthetic technique. 
     The equations of state developed for the ternary mixture are then used to determine the temperature-pressure curve and the performance in a theoretical compression cycle. 
     The conditions are:
         external temperature 35° C.   internal temperature 5° C.   no loss of pressure in the exchangers   isotropic compression   cooling to 0° C. at the condenser outlet   internal exchanger: cooling to 25° C.   vapor titer at the evaporator outlet: 0.5 mol/mol
 
P evap  denotes the evaporation pressure (kPa), P cond  denotes the condensation pressure (kPa), T comp  outlet denotes the temperature at the compressor outlet (° C.), COP denotes the coefficient of performance and CAP denotes the volumetric capacity (kJ/m 3 ).
       

     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 R744 
                 EGDA 
                 P evap   
                 P cond   
                 T comp outlet   
                   
                 CAP 
               
               
                 weight % 
                 weight % 
                 (kPa) 
                 (kPa) 
                 (° C.) 
                 COP 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 40 
                 2449 
                 5895 
                 97 
                 2.20 
                 8197.24 
               
               
                 50 
                 50 
                 1908 
                 5160 
                 110 
                 1.88 
                 6327.27 
               
               
                 40 
                 60 
                 1288 
                 4382 
                 133 
                 1.49 
                 4257.64 
               
               
                 30 
                 70 
                  568 
                 3529 
                 202 
                 0.92 
                 1867.87 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 R744 
                 EGDA 
                 R32 
                 P evap   
                 P cond   
                 T comp outlet   
                   
                 CAP 
               
               
                 weight % 
                 weight % 
                 weight % 
                 (kPa) 
                 (kPa) 
                 (° C.) 
                 COP 
                 (kJ/m 3 ) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 35 
                 30 
                 1392 
                 4094 
                 112.9 
                 2.23 
                 5757.66 
               
               
                 30 
                 30 
                 40 
                 1293 
                 3788 
                 110 
                 2.42 
                 5699.30 
               
               
                 25 
                 25 
                 50 
                 1214 
                 3498 
                 106 
                 2.64 
                 5687.62 
               
               
                 20 
                 20 
                 60 
                 1147 
                 3220 
                 101 
                 2.90 
                 5700.29 
               
               
                 40 
                 27 
                 33 
                 1640 
                 4477 
                 105 
                 2.45 
                 6847.71 
               
               
                 35 
                 23 
                 42 
                 1513 
                 4162 
                 104 
                 2.60 
                 6686.71 
               
               
                 30 
                 20 
                 50 
                 1395 
                 3854 
                 102.9 
                 2.73 
                 6488.47 
               
               
                 25 
                 17 
                 58 
                 1293 
                 3556 
                 100 
                 2.90 
                 6292.26 
               
               
                 20 
                 13 
                 67 
                 1211 
                 3275 
                 97 
                 3.12 
                 6185.94 
               
               
                 10 
                 7 
                 83 
                 1058 
                 2721 
                 90 
                 3.64 
                 5888.68 
               
               
                 40 
                 13 
                 47 
                 1746 
                 4509 
                 97 
                 2.85 
                 7914.97 
               
               
                 35 
                 12 
                 53 
                 1602 
                 4200 
                 98 
                 2.93 
                 7504.62 
               
               
                 30 
                 10 
                 60 
                 1478 
                 3900 
                 97 
                 3.03 
                 7189.41 
               
               
                 25 
                 8 
                 67 
                 1366 
                 3609 
                 95 
                 3.17 
                 6894.49 
               
               
                 20 
                 7 
                 73 
                 1258 
                 3318 
                 94 
                 3.29 
                 6589.8