Abstract:
A direct conversion receiver with DC offset compensation. The receiver includes an antenna receiving a RF signal, a mixture module converting the RF signal to a baseband signal, a gain amplifier amplifying the baseband signal, an adder subtracting a DC offset current from the baseband signal, a DC offset cancellation circuit obtaining and converting a DC offset value to the DC offset current, a track-and-hold circuit receiving the baseband signal, holding and transferring a DC offset voltage to the DC offset current, and a switching circuit alternatively coupling and decoupling the DC offset cancellation and track-and-hold circuit to receive the baseband signal.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
         [0001]    1. Field of the Invention  
           [0002]    The present invention relates to a direct conversion receiver and particularly to a mobile phone direct conversion receiver with DC offset compensation.  
           [0003]    2. Description of the Prior Art  
           [0004]    In digital communications systems, transmission signals are produced by the modulation of a carrier signal with digital data to be transmitted. The digital data is commonly transmitted in bursts where each burst consists of a number of data bits. When the transmitted signal is received, the signal requires demodulation in order to recover the data.  
           [0005]    Radio receiver architectures commonly employ direct conversion (i.e., homodyne) receivers to perform the demodulation of a received signal. A local oscillator operating at the carrier frequency is used to mix down the received signal to produce in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) baseband signals. Direct conversion receivers are very efficient in terms of both cost and current consumption. The motivation behind the direct conversion receiver is to have the incoming carrier directly converted down to baseband, in both I and Q components, without use of any IF frequencies. However, direct conversion receivers also have drawbacks. For example, a DC-offset can be introduced to the DC level of received signal. A DC-offset arises from mainly three sources: (1) transistor mismatch in the signal path, (2) local oscillator signal leaking and self-downconverting to DC through the mixer, and (3) a large near-channel interferer leaking into the local oscillator and self-downconverting to DC. As a result, a signal that is received from a transmitter can be further distorted, and thereby lead to inaccurate data decoding. Additionally, the DC-offset can be several decibels (dB) larger than the information signal, requiring the DC-offset to be compensate ford for in order to be able to recover the transmitted data in the decoder.  
           [0006]    The simple and most immediate way to compensate for for the DC-offset is to estimate the mean value of the received burst, subtract the estimate from the received signal and then feed the signal to the decoder. However, the estimate introduces a bias DC offset, due to the finite amount of data used for estimating the DC-offset. The bias DC offset can be so large that the bit error rate of the receiver does not decrease as the signal-to-noise ratio increases. As a result, the bias DC offset will determine the minimum amount of noise (i.e., the noise floor) that is combined with the data within the receiver.  
           [0007]    Furthermore, since the transmitted data is unknown, it is impossible to compensate for for the bias DC offset in the signal before it is supplied to the decoder unless a large amount of data is received (in which the bias DC offset will be reduced to zero) or both the transmitted symbols and the channel are known. A way to overcome this problem is to compensate for the DC level in the decoder. However, while this solves the bias DC offset problem, the dynamics in the decoder will be too large because the DC-offset level can be several decibels (dB) larger than the received signal. Also, numerical problems are encountered when estimating the radio channel and the DC-offset simultaneously because of the magnitude difference between the channel parameters and the DC component.  
           [0008]    U.S. Pat. No. 6,298,226 also provides a RF signal receiver with DC offset compensation. FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of the receiver  1 . The receiver  1  includes a mixer module  12  and an amplifier module  17 . The mixer module  12  has an input  13  and an output  15  to connect the mixer module  12  to the antenna  11  and the amplifier module  17 . The amplifier module  17  has an output  19  connectable to a signal processing module (not shown). The amplifier module  17  includes components arranged in a forward path and a feedback path. The feedback path and a part of the forward path form a feedback loop.  
           [0009]    The forward path includes an amplifier  14 , a low-pass filter  16  and an amplifier  18  serially arranged so that a signal from the amplifier  14  is filtered by the low-pass filter  16  and amplified by the amplifier  18 . The amplifier  18  is connected to the output  19  and has a gain of about 40 dB. The amplifier  14  is connected to a control line L 1  to receive an automatic gain control signal (AGC) from a central controller (not shown). The control signal controls the amplifier  14  to amplify a signal with a desired gain. The amplifier  14  is operable at a gain between 20 dB and −40 dB.  
           [0010]    The feedback path includes two amplifiers  20 ,  22  and a grounded capacitor C interposed between the amplifier  20  and the amplifier  22 . An input  21  of the amplifier  20  is associated with an output  23  of the amplifier  18 , and an output  25  of the amplifier  22  is connected to a summation point, indicated as an adder  24 , between the amplifier  14  and the low-pass filter  16 . The amplifier  20  has an output  39  to which the capacitor C is connected. The adder  24  has an output  27  connected to a grounded resistor R and a port  29  of the low-pass filter  16 . The adder  24  sums outputs from the amplifier  14  and the amplifier  22  and generates a summation signal output at the output  27 . The output from the amplifier  22  is a current  11  and the output from the amplifier  14  is a current I 2  so that the summation signal is a current  13 .  
           [0011]    The amplifiers  20 ,  22  and the capacitor C implement a track-and-hold circuit which tracks a variable DC offset during a receive time slot. The track-and-hold circuit holds the DC offset during a transmit time slot in which the receiver  1  is inactive. This DC offset is referred to as a compensation value. When the next receive time slot begins, the compensation value from the previous time slot is still “stored” in the capacitor C of the feedback path and immediately available at the adder  24 . The stored compensation value is then used to compensate for a DC offset during the present time slot. Advantageously, this minimizes the settling time of the receiver  1 .  
           [0012]    The amplifier  22  is shown as a transconductance stage because the output current I 1  sums with the current I 2  from the amplifier  14  into the same load resistance R. Correspondingly, the combination of the amplifier  22  and the resistor R can be considered as a voltage amplifier with a gain factor of about 0.75. The capacitor C is selected to provide unit gain in the feedback loop for a desired frequency.  
           [0013]    However, the receiver of the U.S. Pat. No. 6,298,226 needs a relatively long time to complete the DC offset compensation due to the charging time period of the capacitor in the track-and-hold circuit.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0014]    The object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for DC offset compensation in a direct conversion receiver of a mobile phone, which performs a fast and accurate DC offset compensation.  
           [0015]    The present invention provides a direct conversion receiver with DC offset compensation. The receiver comprises an antenna receiving a RF signal with a carrier frequency, a mixture module converting the RF signal with the carrier frequency received from the antenna to a baseband signal, an AGC amplifier amplifying the baseband signal from the mixture module with a gain controlled by an automatic gain control signal, an adder subtracting a first DC offset current from the baseband signal amplified by the AGC amplifier during a first time period, and subtracting the first and a second DC offset current from the baseband signal amplified by the AGC amplifier during a second time period, a DC offset cancellation circuit converting the baseband signal from the adder to a digital signal, obtaining a DC offset value in the digital signal and converting the DC offset value to the first DC offset current, a track-and-hold circuit having a capacitor, receiving the baseband signal from the adder, holding a DC offset voltage on the capacitor and transferring the DC offset voltage to the second DC offset current, and a switching circuit coupling the DC offset cancellation circuit to receive the baseband signal from the adder and decoupling the track-and-hold circuit from receiving the baseband signal from the adder during the first time period, and decoupling the DC offset cancellation circuit from receiving the baseband signal from the adder and coupling the track-and-hold circuit to receive the baseband signal from the adder during the second time period.  
           [0016]    The present invention further provides a method for DC offset compensation in a direct conversion receiver. The method comprises the steps of receiving a RF signal with a carrier frequency, converting the RF signal with the carrier frequency to a baseband signal, amplifying the baseband signal with a gain controlled by an automatic gain control signal, converting the amplified baseband signal to a digital signal, obtaining a DC offset value in the digital signal, converting the DC offset value to a first DC offset current, subtracting the first DC offset current from the amplified baseband signal, holding a DC offset voltage of the amplified baseband signal from which the first DC offset current has been subtracted from, transferring the DC offset voltage to a second DC offset current, and further subtracting the second DC offset current from the amplified baseband signal from which the first DC offset current has been subtracted.  
           [0017]    Thus, by first using a digital controller to obtain the DC offset value to perform a fast coarse compensation and then using a track-and-hold circuit to perform a relatively slow but accurate compensation, the direct conversion receiver of the invention accomplishes a fast and accurate DC offset compensation. 
       
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0018]    The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings, given by way of illustration only and thus not intended to be limitative of the present invention.  
         [0019]    [0019]FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a conventional direct conversion receiver.  
         [0020]    [0020]FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a receive path of a mobile phone.  
         [0021]    [0021]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a direct conversion receiver according to one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0022]    [0022]FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a DC offset cancellation circuit of the direct conversion receiver according to one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0023]    [0023]FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a mixer module of the direct conversion receiver according to one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0024]    [0024]FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method for DC offset compensation in a direct conversion receiver according to one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0025]    [0025]FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a DC offset cancellation circuit of the direct conversion receiver according to another embodiment of the invention.  
         [0026]    [0026]FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method for DC offset compensation in a direct conversion receiver according to another embodiment of the invention.  
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0027]    [0027]FIG. 2 shows an schematic illustration of the receive path of a mobile phone. The receive path comprises an antenna  61 , an RF receiver  4  (hereinafter referred to as receiver), a signal processing module  7  and a speaker  9 . The receiver  4  is interconnected between the antenna  61  and the signal processing module  7  connected to the speaker  9 . The mobile phone further includes a transmit path indicated in FIG. 2 by means of a transmitter  8  connected to the antenna  61 . The RF receiver  4  typically includes several groups of amplifiers separated by frequency-changing circuits (e.g., mixers) to extract information carried by a weak signal voltage that appears at terminals of the antenna  61 . The receiver  4  outputs a baseband signal input to the signal processing module  7  for further processing.  
         [0028]    [0028]FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a direct conversion receiver according to one embodiment of the invention. The receiver  4  includes a mixer module  42  and an amplifier module  47 . The mixer module  42  has an input  43  and an output  45  to connect the mixer module  42  to the antenna  61  and the amplifier module  47 . The amplifier module  47  has an output  49  connectable to the signal processing module  7 ( shown  in FIG. 2). The amplifier module  47  includes components arranged in a forward path and two feedback paths. The feedback paths and a part of the forward path form a feedback loop.  
         [0029]    The forward path includes an amplifier  44 , a low-pass filter  46  and an amplifier  48  serially arranged so that a signal from the amplifier  44  is filtered by the low-pass filter  46  and amplified by the amplifier  48 . The amplifier  48  is connected to the output  49  and has a gain of about 40 dB. The amplifier  44  is connected to a control line L 1  to receive an automatic gain control signal (AGC) from a central controller (not shown) of the mobile phone. The control signal controls the amplifier  44  to amplify a signal with a desired gain. The amplifier  44  is operable at a gain between 20 dB and −40 dB.  
         [0030]    The upper feedback path includes two amplifiers  50 ,  52 , a grounded capacitor C interposed between the amplifier  50  and the amplifier  52 , and two switches  581  and  582 . The switch  581  is connected between an input  51  of the amplifier  50  and an output  53  of the amplifier  58 , and the switch  582  is connected between an output  55  of the amplifier  52  and a summation point, indicated as an adder  44 , between the amplifier  44  and the low-pass filter  46 . The amplifier  50  has an output  69  to which the capacitor C is connected. The adder  54  has an output  57  connected to a grounded resistor R and a port  59  of the low-pass filter  46 .  
         [0031]    The amplifiers  50 ,  52  and the capacitor C implement a track-and-hold circuit that tracks a variable DC offset during a receive time slot. The track-and-hold circuit holds a DC offset voltage by charging the capacitor with the current output from the amplifier  50 . The amplifiers  50  and  52  are shown as transconductance amplifiers because the output current IT sums with the currents  12  and  14  from the amplifier  44  and a DC offset cancellation circuit  56  (explained later) into the same load resistance R. The amplifier  52  transfers the DC offset voltage hold on the capacitor C into the DC offset current I 1 .  
         [0032]    The lower feedback path includes the DC offset cancellation circuit  56  and a switch  583 . When the switch  583  is closed, the DC offset cancellation circuit  56  converts the baseband signal received from the amplifier  48  to a digital signal, obtaining a DC offset value in the digital signal and converting the DC offset value to the DC offset current  14 .  
         [0033]    The DC cancellation circuit  56  is shown FIG. 4. It comprises an analog-to-digital converter  561 , a controller  562  and a digital-to-analog converter  563 . The analog-to-digital converter  561  converts the baseband signal received from the amplifier  48  to a digital signal. The controller  562  obtains a DC offset value in the digital signal. The current digital-to-analog converter  563  converts the DC offset value to the DC offset current  14 .  
         [0034]    The mixture module  45  is shown in FIG. 5. Generally, a receiver for a radio frequency signal usually comprises a combination of an amplifier and a mixer for signal amplification and frequency conversion. The amplifier, usually a low-noise amplifier (LNA), receives the RF signal, amplifies the RF signal and feeds the amplified RF signal to the mixer which in addition receives a local signal from a local oscillator (LO). The local oscillator signal is, for example, a sinusoidal signal having a constant amplitude and frequency. The mixer generates an output signal that comprises a desired frequency, but also includes undesired frequencies. The output signal is usually filtered to block the undesired frequencies. The mixer module  42  includes two filters  421 ,  425 , an amplifier  422  and a mixer  423 . The filter  421  is connected between the input  43  and the amplifier  422 . As illustrated, the filter  421  is a bandpass filter that limits the bandwidth of the RF signal received from the antenna  61  to block undesired frequency components. In one embodiment, the passband is about 25 MHz to allow passage of a receive band between 900 MHz and 930 MHz, more precisely between 902 MHz and 928 MHz, and to block frequencies outside of this receive band. The bandlimited RF signal is input to the amplifier  422  in one embodiment a low-noise amplifier (LNA). The mixer  423  receives the RF signal from the LNA  422  and a signal LO generated by a local oscillator  424  in a conventional manner. In one embodiment, the signal LO has a frequency of about 900 MHz. An output of the mixer  423  is connected to the filter  425  a low-pass filter. The low-pass filter  425  has a cut-off frequency of about 600 kHz. Although FIG. 4 shows the local oscillator  424  as belonging to the mixer module  42 , it is contemplated that the local oscillator  424  may be located outside the mixer module  42  and at other locations within the mobile phone.  
         [0035]    In an exemplary cellular phone system, the RF signal has a carrier frequency of approximately 900 MHz. The RF signal originates from a remote radio transmitter (base transceiver station) which modulates, for example, a 900 MHz signal with a data or voice signal. In this embodiment, the mobile phone is configured for a 900 MHz digital spread spectrum system. The receiver  4  is a direct conversion receiver configured to receive RF signals in a frequency range between 900 MHz and 930 MHz, and to (down) convert these RF signals to the baseband signals. That is, the mixer  423  receives the approximately 900 MHz signal LO and the approximately 900 MHz RF signal and generates an output signal (baseband signal) having a central frequency of ideally 0 Hz. The low-pass filter  425  is connected between the mixer  423  and the output  45 . The low-pass filter  425  selects the desired baseband and blocks frequencies higher than a predetermined cut-off frequency of, for example, about 600 kHz. It is contemplated that other values for the cut-off frequency can chosen, as long as undesired frequencies are sufficiently blocked.  
         [0036]    The signal LO generated by the local oscillator  32  can be a sinusoidal signal having a frequency between 500 MHz and 2.5 MHz. In one embodiment, the signal LO has a frequency between 903 MHz and 927 MHz. Other phone systems operate, for example, at carrier frequencies of about 1800 MHz or 1900 MHz. Alternatively, the cellular phone can be a dual band cellular phone which can operate within one of two frequency bands, for example, 900 MHz or 1800 MHz. In a direct conversion receiver, the frequency of the signal LO is generally selected to generate an output signal in the baseband. The embodiment of the invention is hereinafter described with reference to a 900 MHz wireless phone system. However, it is contemplated that this embodiment of the invention is also applicable in cellular phone systems operating at other carrier frequencies such as 800 MHz, 1800 MHz or 1900 MHz.  
         [0037]    In the previously described receiver  4 , at the beginning (in a first time period), the switch  583  is closed and the switches  581  and  582  is opened. The adder  54  sums output currents  14  and  12  respectively from the DC offset cancellation circuit  56  and the amplifier  52 , and generates a summation current signal  13 . The DC offset current  14  is subtracted from the RF current signal  12 . Since the DC offset cancellation circuit uses a current DAC  563  with limited number of bits (3 bits for example), there is still a small DC offset current existing in the current  13 .  
         [0038]    Then (in a second time period), the switch  583  is opened and the switches  581  and  582  are closed. The current DAC  563  of the DC cancellation circuit keeps outputting the DC offset current  14 . The track-and-hold circuit is activated to output the DC offset current  11 . The track-and-hold circuit accurately outputs the small DC offset current left in the current  13  from which the DC offset current  14  has been subtracted. The current  13  now has no DC offset current.  
         [0039]    [0039]FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method for DC offset compensation in a direct conversion receiver according to one embodiment of the invention.  
         [0040]    In step S 1 , a RF signal with a carrier frequency is received.  
         [0041]    In step S 2 , the received RF signal with the carrier frequency is conversed to a baseband signal with a central frequency of 0 Hz.  
         [0042]    In step S 3 , the baseband signal is amplified with a gain controlled by an automatic gain control signal.  
         [0043]    In step S 4 , the amplified baseband signal is converted to a digital signal;  
         [0044]    In step S 5 , a DC offset value in the digital signal is obtained.  
         [0045]    In step S 6 , the DC offset value is converted to a first DC offset current.  
         [0046]    In step S 7 , the first DC offset current is subtracted from the amplified baseband signal.  
         [0047]    In step S 8 , a DC offset voltage of the amplified baseband signal from which the first DC offset current has been subtracted from is hold by a capacitor.  
         [0048]    In step S 9 , the DC offset voltage is transferred to a second DC offset current.  
         [0049]    In step S 10 , the second DC offset current is further subtracted from the amplified baseband signal from which the first DC offset current has been subtracted.  
         [0050]    [0050]FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a direct conversion receiver according to another embodiment of the invention. It includes a LNA (Low Noise Amplifier)  71 , a mixer  79 , a IF (Intermediate Frequency) gain amplifier  72 , a coarse DC offset cancellation circuit  74  and a fine DC offset cancellation circuit  76 . The gain amplifier  72  has a positive and negative input terminal In 1 , In 2  for receiving a differential RF signal from the LNA (Low Noise Amplifier)  71  of front-end circuit of the receiver. The coarse DC offset cancellation circuit  74  has two input terminals coupled to the output terminals  01 ,  02  of the gain amplifier  72  and two output terminals coupled to the input terminals In 1 , In 2  of the gain amplifier  72 , and includes a DAC  744 , a ADC  742  and two switches Sa and Sb coupled between the DAC  744  and ADC  742 . The fine DC offset cancellation circuit  76  has two input terminals coupled to the output terminals  01 ,  02  of the gain amplifier  72  and two output terminals coupled to the input terminals In 1 , In 2  of the gain amplifier  72 , and includes two transconductances  764  and  762 , two switches Sc and Sd coupled between the transconductances  764  and  762 , and a capacitor  766  coupled between the two differential input terminals of the transconductance  764 .  
         [0051]    At the beginning (in a first time period), the switch Sa and Sb are closed and the switches Sc and Sd is opened. The DAC  744  and ADC  742  perform coarse DC offset cancellation. Then (in a second time period), the switch Sa and Sb are opened and the switches Sc and Sd are closed. The transconductances  762  and  764 , and the capacitor  766  perform fine DC offset cancellation. Since the circuit  76  take care of fine DC offset cancellation, the bit number of the DAC  746  and ADC  742  are reduced. This prevents a DAC and ADC with a large circuit area used in the receiver. Further, since the circuit  76  only perform fine DC offset cancellation, a long charge time to hold capacitor is also prevented. For example, with an initial DC offset of 1V in the received differential RF signal and an accuracy requirement of 1 mV, a 10 bit DAC and ADC are needed without the circuit  76 . However, by using the circuit  76 , only a 5 bit DAC and ADC are needed. A DC offset voltage of 30 mV will be left after the differential RF signal is processed by the coarse DC offset cancellation circuit  74 . The circuit  76  can take care of this 30 mV easily.  
         [0052]    [0052]FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method for DC offset compensation in a direct conversion receiver according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
         [0053]    In step S 81 , a differential RF signal is received from the receiver. Turn on the receiver, turn off or partially turn off LNA of the front-end circuit of the receiver.  
         [0054]    In step S 82 , the DC offset generated by devices matched and LO (local oscillator) self-mixing is amplified by a gain amplifier and contains a DC offset of about 1V.  
         [0055]    In step S 83 , a coarse DC offset cancellation circuit is coupled to the gain amplifier so that the amplifier signal is transferred through a 5 bit DAC and ADC, and back to the input terminals of the amplifier. Thus, the DC offset of the received RF signal is reduced to 30 mV.  
         [0056]    In step S 84 , a fine DC offset cancellation circuit is coupled to the gain amplifier  72  and the coarse DC offset cancellation circuit is cut off from the amplifier so that the amplifier signal is transferred through transconductances and a capacitor, and back to the input terminals of the amplifier. Thus, the DC offset is further reduced from 30 mV to 1 mV.  
         [0057]    In step S 85 , the fine DC offset cancellation circuit is cut off from the amplifier.  
         [0058]    In conclusion, the present invention provides an apparatus and method for DC offset compensation in a direct conversion receiver of a mobile phone. By first using a digital controller to obtain the DC offset value to perform a fast coarse compensation and then using a track-and-hold circuit to perform a relatively slow but accurate compensation, the direct conversion receiver of the invention accomplishes a fast and accurate DC offset compensation.  
         [0059]    The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of this invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of this invention and its practical application to thereby enable those skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the present invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.