Abstract:
A process for preparing an electronics structure involves coating a substrate stack with a sacrificial multilayer hardmask stack, developing a pattern in a resist layer coated on a topmost layer of the multilayer hardmask stack, transferring the pattern into the hardmask stack, blocking a portion of the pattern, and then transferring an unblocked portion of the pattern into the substrate stack. Electronics structures prepared with the process are useful to prepare electronics devices, such as computers and the like. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract which will allow a searcher or other reader quickly to ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the appended issued claims.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001]     1. Field of the Invention  
         [0002]     The present invention relates generally to a process for preparing an electronics structure using a sacrificial multilayer hardmask scheme, to a process of preparing an electronic device incorporating the electronics structure preparation process, and to electronics structures useful in both processes.  
         [0003]     2. Description of Related Art  
         [0004]     The fabrication of Very-Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) or Ultra-Large Scale Integrated circuit (ULSI) requires metallic wiring that connects individual devices in a semiconductor chip, to one another. One method of creating this wiring network on such small scale is the dual damascene (DD) process schematically shown in  FIG. 1 . In the standard DD process, an interlayer dielectric (ILD), shown as two layers PA 1 - 110 , PA 1 - 120  is coated on the substrate PA 1 - 100 ,  FIG. 1   a . The via level dielectric PA 1 - 110  and the line level dielectric PA 1 - 120  are shown separately for clarity of the process flow description. In general, these two layers can be made of the same or different insulating films and in the former case applied as a single monolithic layer. A hard mask layer PA 1 - 130  is optionally employed to facilitate etch selectivity and to serve as a polish stop as will be seen later. The wiring interconnect network consists of two types of features: line features that traverse a distance across the chip, and the via features which connect lines in different levels together. Historically, both layers are made from an inorganic glass like silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) or a fluorinated silica film deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).  
         [0005]     In the dual damascene process, the position of the lines PA 1 - 150  and the vias PA 1 - 170  are defined lithographically in photoresist layers, PA 1 - 140 , depicted in  FIGS. 1   b  and  1   d , and transferred into the hard mask and ILD layers using reactive ion etching processes. The process sequence shown in  FIG. 1  is called a line-first approach because the trench PA 1 - 160  which will house the line feature is etched first, see  FIG. 1   c . After the trench formation, lithography is used to define a via pattern PA 1 - 170  in the photoresist layer PA 1 - 140  which is transferred into the dielectric material to generate a via opening PA 1 - 180 ,  FIG. 1   d . The dual damascene trench and via structure PA  1 - 190  is shown in  FIG. 1   e  after the photoresist has been stripped. This structure PA 1 - 190  is coated with a conducting liner material or material stack PA  1 - 200  that serves to protect the conductor metal lines and vias and serve as an adhesion layer between the conductor and the ILD. PA 1 - 200  also serves to facilitate electroplating. This recess is then filled with a conducting fill material PA 1 - 210  over the surface of the patterned substrate. The fill is most commonly accomplished by electroplating of copper although other methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and other materials such as Al or Au can also be used. The fill and liner materials are then chemically-mechanically polished (CMP) to be coplanar with the surface of the hard mask and the structure at this stage is shown in  FIG. 1   f . A capping material PA  1 - 220  is deposited over the metal or as a blanket film, as is depicted in  FIG. 1   g  to passivate the exposed metal surface and to serve as a diffusion barrier between the metal and any additional ILD layers to be deposited over them. Silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and silicon carbonitride films deposited by PECVD are typically used as the capping material PA  1 - 220 . This process sequence is repeated for each level of the interconnects on the device. Since two interconnect features are defined to form a conductor in-lay within an insulator by a single polish step, this process is designated a dual damascene process.  
         [0006]     As with any circuit, semiconductor chips are prone to signal propagation delays which depend on the product of the line resistance, R, and the interconnect capacitance, C. In order to improve the performance of semiconductor chips, manufacturers have reduced the resistivity of the metal used in fabrication by replacing aluminum wiring by copper. By moving to lower dielectric constant (k) materials, manufacturers have also begun to reduce the capacitance, C, in the circuit. The common terminology used to describe the dielectric films is to classify them as standard k (4.5&lt;k&lt;10), low k (k&lt;3.0), ultra low k (2.0&lt;k&lt;2.5) and extreme low k (k&lt;2.0). Ultra low k and extreme low k dielectrics generally tend to be porous with intentionally engineered voids in their structure. Since the lowest dielectric constant possible is defined by air or vacuum (k vac =1), many have developed means to produce voids in the dielectric. When the void volume extends and occupies substantial contiguous regions of the gaps between the lines one achieves an interconnect structure wherein the lines are nominally separated by air or vacuum as the ILD material. In the following descriptions, the term “air bridge” is used to describe such an interconnect structure to distinguish it from structures wherein the ILD is porous with void volume dispersed randomly within a nominally contiguous solid dielectric. Examples of air bridges can be found in V. Arnal et al.,  Microelectronic Engineering,  2003, Volume 70, pp. 274-279, and P. A. Kohl et al.,  Electrochemical and Solid - State Letters,  1998, Volume 1, Number 1, pp. 49-50.  
         [0007]     The use of bottom-up approaches to semiconductor fabrication has grown in interest within the scientific community (J. Alex Liddle et al.,  J Vac. Science Technology , Nov/Dec 2004, Volume 22, Number 6, pp. 3409-3414; T. P. Russell et al.,  Science , Dec. 15, 2000, Volume 290, pp. 2126-2129; C. T. Black et al.,  Applied Physics Letters , Jul. 16, 2001, Volume 79, Number 3, pp. 409-411; and K. W. Guarini et al.,  J Vac. Science Technology , Nov/Dec 2002, Volume 20, Number 6, pp. 2788-2792). One such approach utilizes block copolymers for generating sub-optical ground rule patterns. In particular, one illustrative use is forming a “honeycomb” structure within a poly(methyl methacrylate-b-styrene) block copolymer. In the case of a cylindrical phase diblock having a minor component of PMMA, the PMMA block can phase separate to form vertically oriented cylinders within the matrix of the polystyrene block upon thermal anneal (T. P. Russell et al.,  Science , Dec. 15, 2000, Volume 290, pp. 2126-2129).  
         [0008]     This process is shown in  FIG. 2 . A substrate PA 2 - 100  is coated (optionally) with a random copolymer PA 2 - 110 . This copolymer is affixed to the surface and excess material is washed away. A block copolymer PA 2 - 120  is coated on the top surface of the random-substrate stack as shown in  FIG. 2   a . The block copolymer PA 2 - 120  is annealed with heat and/or actinic irradiation PA 2 - 130  allowing for phase separation of the immiscible polymer blocks PA 2 - 141  and PA 2 - 142 . The annealed film is then developed to reveal a pattern PA 2 - 123  that is commensurate with the positioning of one of the blocks in the copolymer. For simplicity, the block is shown as complete removed although this is not required. Other means of nanocolumnar formation in diblock copolymer films have been shown such as ‘solvent-mediated formation’ by T. Russell (T. P. Russell et al.,  Advanced Materials , Feb. 3, 2004, Volume 16, Number 3, pp. 226-231).  
         [0009]     Since block copolymers have a natural length scale associated with their molecular weight and composition, the morphology of a phase-separated block copolymer can be tuned to generate cylinders of a specific width and on a specific pitch. Literature shows the use of UV exposure to cause the PMMA to decompose into smaller molecules (T. P. Russell et al.,  Science , Dec. 15, 2000, Volume 290, pp. 2126-2129) and, further, developed using glacial acetic acid to remove the small molecules. Others simply develop the acetic acid to reveal the HCP pattern (K. W. Guarini et al.,  J Vac. Science Technology , November/December 2002, Volume 20, Number 6, pp. 2788-2792 and C. T. Black et al.,  Applied Physics Letters , Jul. 16, 2001, Volume 79, Number 3, pp. 409-411).  
         [0010]     In  FIG. 3 , one prior art approach to air bridge construction is shown. It incorporates the prior art build shown in  FIG. 1  and patterning techniques such as that shown in  FIG. 2 . In this process, a low-k structure is constructed after metal deposition steps to form the interconnects. For the purpose of reference, these types of processes are designated in the present application as metal-then-air bridge (MAB) approaches consistent with the process sequence used. Most processes that follow this approach begin with the standard DD fabrication sequence. Thus the process flow is consistent with  FIG. 1 . After the metallization step and either before or after the dielectric capped deposition, a nanometer scale pattern is transferred into the underlying interconnect structure and capped with a barrier material PA 3 - 140 . Thus, for example, the structure shown in  FIG. 3  is identical to the DD structure shown in  FIG. 1   f  except the dielectric stack has nanocolumnar voids or pillars PA 3 - 150  in the dielectric stack PA 3 - 120  on the substrate PA 3 - 100 . Additionally it can be seen that the dielectric PA 3 - 110  under the metallic lines PA 3 - 130  is solid. Additional levels can then be fabricated in the same manner above the air bridge level.  
         [0011]     One disadvantage to this process is the exposure of the metallic line to harsh reactive ion etch processes generally required for patterning of the dielectric. It is therefore clear that an alternate approach that will circumvent the above detailed limitation of this MAB approach is needed in order to fabricate reliable multilevel air bridge structures.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012]     These and other objects were met with the present invention, which relates, in a first embodiment to a process for preparing an electronics structure, wherein the process comprises the following steps: 
        a) providing a substrate stack;     b) coating the substrate stack with a multi-layer hardmask stack;     c) coating a topmost layer of the hardmask stack with a resist;     d) developing a pattern in the resist;     e) transferring the pattern developed in the resist into at least the topmost layer of the hardmask stack;     f) blocking a portion of the pattern transferred into the topmost layer of the hardmask stack to protect a blocked portion of the pattern against being transferred deeper into the multi-layer hardmask stack; and     g) transferring an unblocked portion of the pattern through the multi-layer hardmask stack into the substrate stack.        
 
         [0020]     In a second embodiment, the present invention relates generally to a process for preparing an electronics device, wherein the process comprises the following steps: 
        a) preparing an electronics structure according to the inventive process mentioned above; and     b) incorporating the electronics structure operably into an electronics device.        
 
         [0023]     In a third embodiment, the present invention relates to an electronics structure comprising: 
        a) a substrate stack;     b) a multi-layer hardmask stack coated on the substrate stack; and     c) a resist coated on a topmost layer of the multi-layer hardmask stack; 
 
 wherein the resist comprises a pattern of nanoscale and/or microscale voids generated therein. 
       
 
         [0027]     In a fourth embodiment, the present invention relates to an electronics structure comprising: 
        a) a substrate stack; and     b) a multi-layer hardmask stack coated on the substrate stack; 
 
 wherein a topmost layer of the multi-layer hardmask stack comprises a pattern of nanoscale and/or microscale voids generated therein.
       
 
     
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0030]     The references herein to the Figures are to the accompanying drawings, wherein:  
         [0031]      FIG. 1  is a schematic of the dual damascene process;  
         [0032]      FIG. 2  is a schematic of a bottom-up approach to semiconductor fabrication;  
         [0033]      FIG. 3  is a schematic of a prior art approach to air bridge construction; and  
         [0034]      FIG. 4  is a schematic of the inventive process involving a multilayer hardmask scheme as described in greater detail hereinbelow. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0035]     A key to the present invention is the use of a sacrificial hardmask/planarizing layer(s) or stack into which the pattern developed in the resist is transferred and which in turn is used to withstand the blockout mask resist coating/developing steps as well as the transfer of the pattern into the underlying cap/ILD.  
         [0036]     In a preferred embodiment, the resist is a self-assembled layer such as a diblock copolymer film or anodized aluminum or aluminum-silicon (Al x Si y ) alloy.  
         [0037]     In an especially preferred embodiment, the resist is a diblock copolymer, and the pattern developed therein comprises nanocolumns and/or microcolumns. Following the teachings of the present invention, such nanocolumns and/or microcolumns can be transferred deeper into the ILD than with the diblock alone. Further, the blockout mask can be coated on top of the diblock pattern (which at this point has already been transferred into the sacrificial hardmask which is either made of LTO or Si ARC) without exposing the diblock materials themselves to the harsh chemistries used in developing photoresists.  
         [0038]     In this preferred embodiment, the process may involve, for example, developing a pattern in the resist by annealing the diblock copolymer with heat and/or actinic radiation to allow phase separation of the two polymer blocks. Once phase separation has been achieved and the nanocolumns are allowed to migrate to the low-energy configuration (i.e., vertically oriented), the pattern in the resist is revealed using either liquid or plasma development.  
         [0039]     In one preferred embodiment, the substrate stack comprises a substrate and at least one metallic interconnect structure coated thereon. Preferably, the substrate comprises at least one semiconductor chip, microfluidic array, biochip, microseparation column and/or micro fuel cell. The at least one metallic interconnect structure comprises at least one dielectric, metallic line and/or dielectric barrier. The metallic interconnect structures may be any combination of lines and/or vias.  
         [0040]     In another preferred embodiment, the multi-layer hardmask stack comprises at least one of a planarizing material, an etch stop and/or a rework surface. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the planarizing material exhibits plasma etch selectivity relative to a dielectric. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the multi-layer hardmask stack comprises an etch stop and/or a rework surface, and the etch stop and/or rework surface are strippable. Stripping can be performed in any of a number of well-known techniques in the prior art, but preference is given to stripping with hydrofluoric acid.  
         [0041]     As noted previously, block copolymers have a natural length scale associated with their molecular weight and composition. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pattern developed in the resist comprises a nanoscale pattern having a characteristic length-scale less than about 0.1 micron, most preferably less than about 0.05 micron. In another preferred embodiment, the pattern comprises a microscale pattern having a characteristic length-scale less than about 0.5 micron, most preferably between about 0.025 micron and about 0.5 micron.  
         [0042]     Once the pattern has been developed in the resist layer, the pattern is transferred into the topmost layer of the hardmask stack by procedures well-known in the art. Thereafter, the resist layer becomes superfluous and can be stripped, again, by procedures well known in the art. A portion of the hardmask stack is then protectively blocked using a material inert to the etchant to be used to transfer the pattern into the substrate stack. Suitable blocking materials include a chemically amplified photoresist or non-chemically amplified photoresist. Blocking is preferably performed using conventional lithographical processes such as photo, electron beam, or extreme UV exposure.  
         [0043]     Etchants useful to transfer the pattern into the lower levels of the hardmask stack and, thereafter, into the substrate stack include anisotropic etchants, which are well known to persons skilled in the art. These etchants typically etch in a single direction, and, thus, extend the pattern in a faithful manner. Suitable anisotropic etchants include but not limited to plasmas containing one or more of the following: fluorocarbon, Ar, N 2 , O 2 , H 2 , NF 3  based plasmas in a suitably designed reactive ion etched.  
         [0044]     Once the unblocked pattern has been transferred below the bottommost layer of the hardmask stack, the hardmask stack itself becomes strippable and can be stripped. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the inventive process comprises after step e), stripping off the multi-layer hardmask. Again, such stripping can be carried out using known materials and techniques.  
         [0045]     In a preferred embodiment, the unblocked portion of the pattern can be transferred into the substrate stack by perforating a topmost layer of the substrate stack with the pattern, and exposing the topmost layer of the substrate stack to an etchant that removes material beneath the topmost layer of the substrate stack while leaving intact a non-perforated portion of the topmost layer of the substrate stack. Suitable etchants are all those mentioned above, and particular preference is given to but not limited to plasmas containing one or more of the following: fluorocarbon, Ar, N 2 , O 2 , H 2 , NF 3  based plasmas in a suitably designed reactive ion etched.  
         [0046]     In an especially preferred embodiment, the pattern comprises a plurality of nanoscale and/or microscale columns that are transferred into the substrate stack. In this embodiment, preferably, the material between a plurality of the nanoscale and/or microscale columns is removed to form an air bridge.  
         [0047]     Electronics structures prepared in this fashion can be incorporated into electronics devices in the manners well known in the prior art. Non-limiting examples of such electronic devices include computers, servers, mainframes, datacom routers, telecom routers and electronic devices including computers, such as automobiles, airplanes, and the like, as well as camera equipment, computer equipment, such as printers, fax machines, scanners and the like, and household appliances, and personal electronic devices, such as CD-players, DVD-players, cassette tape recorders and the like.  
         [0048]     The invention will now be described in even greater detail with reference to the following non-limiting example.  
       EXAMPLE  
       [0049]     An electronics structure according to the present invention is constructed as depicted in  FIG. 4 . A substrate  4100  contains metallic interconnect structure; itself consisting of a dielectric  4100  and a lined metallic line  4120  which itself is capped with a dielectric barrier  4130 . The substrate stack is coated with a material stack ( 4140 ,  4150 ,  4160 ).  4140  is a planarizing material that exhibits plasma etch selectivity relative to the dielectric  4110 .  4150  is etch stop and/or rework surface relative to topmost hardmask  4160 . In an especially preferred embodiment, the layer  4150  is chemically differentiated from the 4160 such that 4160 can be stripped relative to  4150  using conventionally etchants such as dilute hydrofluoric acid. The use of  4160  is optional. Depending on the underlying dielectric  4110 , the layers  4140  and  4150  may be identical. Using a process demonstrated in the prior art (U.S. Pat. No. 2005/0062165, Saenger et al.), a block copolymer film  4170  is coated on the topmost hardmask  4160 . The film is then annealed and developed according to the prior art technique to reveal the self-assembled pattern  4175  as shown in  FIG. 4   a . Preferably, a diblock copolymer is utilized, but this is only one possible method of generating a representative self-assembled pattern. Another method would be by anodization of Al according to A. P. Liz et al.,  Electrochemical and Solid - State  Letters, 2000, Volume 3, Number 3, pp. 131-134 and K. Fukutani et al.,  Advanced Materials , 2004, Volume 16, Number 16, pp. 1456-1460.  
         [0050]     The pattern  4175  is transferred into the hardmask layer  4160  and optionally partially into the hardmask layer  4150  effectively generating the pattern  4180 . A photoresist  4190  is patterned over the top of the pattern  4180 . A region  4200  is revealed that is open to the underlying pattern. The convolved pattern  4210  is used to transfer in the underlying films  4150  and  4140  as shown in  FIG. 4   d . The regions protected by the resist are not transferred into the underlying film  4140 . The new convolved pattern commensurate with the resist and self-assembled pattern is then transferred into the substrate to generate another structure  4220 . The layers  4140 - 4160  are stripped to reveal a nanocolumnar pattern shown in  FIG. 4   f . The film  4130  that is perforated as indicated serves as a membrane through which the dielectric material  4120  can be extracted. A void  4230 , or air bridge, is developed as shown in  FIG. 4   g . The perforated film  4130  is then capped with another dielectric deposition  2 - 240  as shown in  FIG. 4   h.    
         [0051]     It should be understood that the preceding detailed description of the invention is merely a detailed description of one preferred embodiment or of a small number of preferred embodiments of the present invention and that numerous changes to the disclosed embodiment(s) can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. The preceding detailed description of the invention, therefore, is not meant to limit the scope of the invention in any respect. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be determined only by the appended issued claims and their equivalents.