Abstract:
A method for managing an investment vehicle. An option is purchased for protection of cash flows to be paid by the investment vehicle to designated investors. An option is sold offsetting the purchased option at least in part. The cash flows and security priorities of the investment vehicle are structured so that the purchased option protects the protected investors, and the proceeds of the sale of the sold option offsets the cost of the purchased option for benefit of non-protected investors.

Description:
BACKGROUND  
       [0001]     This invention relates to investment finance.  
         [0002]     Options trade on a variety of instruments and commodities. Typically, a “call” option gives the option holder the right to buy a given quantity of a given security or commodity to the option&#39;s counterparty at an established price. A “put” option gives the option holder the right to sell a given quantity of a given security to the counterparty at an established price. In an “American option,” the option may be exercised any time up to the expiration date. In a “European option,” the option may be exercised only on the expiration date.  
         [0003]     “Swaps” are contracts to exchange one set of cash flows for another, or a contracted-for quantity of one security or commodity for a contracted-for quantity of another on a date certain in the future. For example, a “currency swap” is an agreement to pay x amount of one currency to receive y amount of another currency on an agreed date.  
         [0004]     A “swaption” is an option to enter a swap. For example, a “currency swaption” is a contract that permits the option holder to demand a swap to pay x quantity of one currency and receive y quantity of another.  
         [0005]     These are not formal definitions; rather they are only general explanations of specific cases of contracts that may be applied in a range of circumstances.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0006]     In general, in a first aspect, the invention features a method. An option is purchased for protection of cash flows to be paid by an investment vehicle to designated investors. An option is sold offsetting the purchased option at least in part. The cash flows and security priorities of the investment vehicle are structured so that the purchased option protects the protected investors, and the proceeds of the sale of the sold option offsets the cost of the purchased option for benefit of non-protected investors.  
         [0007]     In general, in a second aspect, the invention features a method performed by an investor in an investment vehicle. The investor invests in the vehicle. The vehicle has purchased, or purchases in response to the investment, an option to protect against certain risks of assets owned by the vehicle. The vehicle has soled, or sells in response to the purchase of the option, an option corresponding to the purchased option and offsetting the purchased option at least in part. Cash flows and security priorities of the vehicle are arranged to protect designated protected investors, and the proceeds of the sale of the sold option are arranged to offset the cost of the purchased option for benefit of non-protected investors. The investor receives a cash flow from the investment vehicle.  
         [0008]     In general, in a third aspect, the invention features a computer for assisting in management of an investment vehicle. The computer has (a) program code and/or data structures recording the purchased an option to protect against certain risks of assets owned by the vehicle, (b) program code and/or data structures recording the sale of an option corresponding to the purchased option and offsetting the purchased option at least in part, (c) program code and/or data structures designed to control cash flows and security priorities of the investment vehicle to protect designated protected investors from risks covered by the purchased option, and to account the proceeds of the sale of the sold option to offset the cost of the purchased option for benefit of non-protected investors.  
         [0009]     Embodiments of the invention may include one or more of the following features. The investment vehicle may be a cross-currency investment vehicle. The vehicle may invest in fixed-income instruments, including bonds and loans, investment grade or not investment grade. The vehicle may purchase a currency swap or interest rate swap having size and term to match cash flows generated by assets in the investment vehicle to cash flows to be paid by the vehicle to investors. The options may be currency swaptions, interest rate swaptions, or other options, having size and term to hedge various risks, including default risk and/or prepayment risk, on the investment vehicle&#39;s underlying assets. Some of redemption liabilities of the investment vehicle may be payable in two or more currencies. The non-protected investors may be equity or income note holders. The purchased option may be a basket of a plurality of options. The options in the basket may have exercise dates corresponding to redemption liabilities of the investment vehicle.  
         [0010]     The above advantages and features are of representative embodiments only, and are presented only to assist in understanding the invention. It should be understood that they are not to be considered limitations on the invention as defined by the claims. Additional features and advantages of embodiments of the invention will become apparent in the following description, from the drawings, and from the claims.  
     
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       [0011]      FIG. 1  diagrams an investment vehicle. 
     
    
     DESCRIPTION  
       [0000]     I. Overview  
         [0012]     Referring to  FIG. 1 , an investment vehicle  100  may have preferred investors  120  and subordinated investors  128 . Investment vehicle  100  may invest in a portfolio  106 ,  108  of assets that generate a return. The returns may be paid in a waterfall arrangement to investors  120 ,  128 , in order of priority. Option  102  may be purchased to hedge risks of the assets  106 ,  108  for protection of the preferred class  120  of investors. For example, if vehicle  100  is a stock fund, the fund may purchase a put option  102  to protect against a fall in the value of assets  106 ,  108 , so that in the event of such a fall, option  102  may be exercised, and the proceeds of the exercise may flow through the waterfall to preferred investors  120 . To reduce the cost of the hedge, second option  104 , of same or similar characteristics as first option  102 , may be sold to the capital markets. To maintain the protection of option  102  for the benefit of preferred investors  120 , option  104  may be sold at a point in the waterfall below the preferred investors  120  and above subordinated investors  128 , so that the preferred investors  120  remain protected, but subordinated investors  128  are not. In the example of the stock fund, the stock fund may sell a put option  104  having the same strike price and quantity as put option  102 , or perhaps somewhat lower strike price and/or quantity. If options  102  and  104  are the same, then the sale proceeds of option  104  will be the same as the purchase cost of option  102 . If they are different, the proceeds of option  104  may be somewhat less than the cost of option  102 . In either event, because the cost of option  102  is exactly or nearly offset by the proceeds of option  104 , the protection provided by first option  102  for priority investors  120  may cost very little for subordinated investors  128 .  
         [0013]     The structure may permit improved returns to investors while maintaining a desired rating from ratings agencies, and may permit a larger investment vehicle with improved diversification, which may in turn allow the costs of forming and managing the investment vehicle to be amortized over a larger pool.  
         [0000]     II. Example: a Cross-Currency Vehicle  
         [0014]     In one example, the investment vehicle  100  may be a cross-currency fund, a vehicle that invests in instruments denominated in more than one currency. Similarly, the fund may accept investments from investors in more than one currency. Unless the currencies of the investments exactly matches the currencies of the assets, some currency risk may arise, and may be hedged using options  102 ,  104 . In an example, a $1 billion fund  100  may invest in a portfolio of $700 million of assets  106  denominated in United States dollars (USD or $US) and          240 million≈$US 300 million of assets  108  denominated in euros (EUR or          ). The investment vehicle may have $875 million of redemption liabilities  110  to investors denominated in USD, and          100 million≈$US 125 million of redemption liabilities  112  denominated in EUR. In order to hedge the $175 million difference in the currency of the fund&#39;s assets and liabilities against currency risk, the fund may purchase up to $175 million in currency swaps  114 , to pay EUR and receive $US at a fixed exchange rate, so that dollars will be available on the expected dates of redemption by investors. Typically the term of the swap contract or contracts will be commensurate with the redemption dates of the liabilities  110 ,  112 .  
         [0015]     To obtain a rating from one of the rating agencies (such as Standard &amp; Poor&#39;s, Moody&#39;s Investors Service, and Fitch Ratings Inc.) for notes issued by the fund, the rating agency may require that fund  100  hedge out some portion of the risk of the asset pool, for example prepayment risk (the risk that the issuers of some portion of the assets of the portfolio may prepay the assets at a time when currency exchange rates are unfavorable to the fund) or default risk (that some issuers may pay untimely or not pay at all). To protect against that risk, the rating agency may require that the fund purchase currency swaptions  102  contra to currency swaps  114 , that is, an option that when exercised requires the counterparty to execute a pay dollars to receive euros transaction, opposite the pay euros to receive dollars currency swaps  114 . In the example, the rating agency may require the fund to purchase a swaption  102  to pay U.S. dollars to receive euros, at any date up to the settlement date of the pay euros to receive dollars swap  114 . The premium for swaption  102  may be about  65  basis points annually.  
         [0016]     The total notional value of swaptions  102  may generally be somewhat lower than the notional value of swaps  114 , and may be optimized as follows. As swaptions  102  are increased to the value to the notional value of swap  114 , the prepayment risk of the asset portfolio is more perfectly hedged, and the amount of equity layer  128  may be reduced. As the notional value of swaptions  102  is decreased, the cost of the option premium goes down, but equity reserve  128  that must be held as an alternative guarantee for the preferred tranches  120  goes up, and thus the return on investment for equity investors  128  goes down. The value of swaptions  102  may be chosen to balance these concerns, to minimize the overall cost and maximize the total return of structure  100  and return on equity for equity investors  128 .  
         [0017]     In cases where the risk covered by swaption  102  is sufficiently remote, the fund or its investors may determine that at least some tranches of the fund, for example equity slice  128  and possibly one or more low-priority fixed income tranches (not shown), do not require the protection of swaptions  102 . In such cases, the fund may sell swaptions  104  that are the mirror image of swaptions  102  (opposite currency pair, same or similar date, same or similar strike price), of the same or somewhat lower notional value. The premium received on sale of swaptions  104  offsets the premium paid to purchase swaptions  102 . Because the two swaption premiums  102 ,  104  offset each other, the cost to equity investors  128  of protecting the higher-tranche investors  120  may be relatively low. The prepayment risk that was hedged away by swaptions  102  is then borne by any investors below the attachment point of the sold swaption  104  in the payment waterfall, for example, equity investors  128 .  
         [0018]     The counterparty to the sold swaptions  104  will likely require some margin  118  to be posted by equity slice  128  of investment vehicle  100 . As currency exchange rates move, the required margin  118  may increase or decrease. However, the probability of certain classes of risk, such as a catastrophic rate of prepayments, may be sufficiently remote, and the cost of posting margin  118  may be sufficiently low, that the option premium  104  is worth more than the protection against this risk.  
         [0019]     Equity slice  128  may be conventional equity. In some cases, there may be tax advantages to structuring “equity” slice  128  as “income notes” that have the cash flow attributes of equity (that is, they receive any excess cash flow after the lowest fixed income tranche is paid, and bear the risk of any shortfall), but that lack other incidents of ownership under corporate law.  
         [0020]     To consider another example, a $1 billion vehicle may invest in $687 million in U.S. denominated assets, and           250 million ($313 million) of euro-denominated assets. The vehicle may sell notes as follows:  
                                                               Liabilities                Class   Face Amount                            122a   USD Aaa   $573,000,000.00            122b   EURO Aaa             100,000,000.00 ≈ $80,000,000           123   AA/Aa2   $75,000,000.00           124   A-/A2   $70,000,000.00           125   BBB/Baa2   $67,000,000.00           126   BB/Ba2   $35,000,000.00           128   Income Notes   $85,000,000.00                      
 
         [0021]     If the portfolio earns 6.8%, the quarterly interest income of the $1 billion portfolio will be $17 million. This $17 million may be paid out as follows:  
                                       Taxes   $0.00       Fees and expenses of Trustee and Manager   $136,500.00       Net payment on Swap   $10,000.00       Pay fees for buying swaption protection   $243,750.00       Senior Fees of Collateral Manager   $375,000.00       AAA Interest and Principal   $8,000,000.00       AA Interest and Principal   $820,000.00       A Interest and Principal   $825,000.00       BBB Interest and Principal   $1,000,000.00       BB Interest and Principal   $790,000.00       Income from sale of swaption   ($243,750.00)       Subordinated Management Fee and other expenses   $937,500.00       Balance to Equity   $3,872,250.00                  
 
         [0022]     Because the U.S. market has the largest number of different issuers of high-quality securities, to attain ratable levels of diversification, as a practical matter any large investment pool must include some fraction of assets denominated in USD. Investment vehicles denominated in other currencies, for example euros, have been confined to smaller sizes, lower diversification, or higher equity slices, or have been unable to get a rating from a rating agency. An investment vehicle using an offsetting option  102 ,  104  hedge may be much larger with a smaller fraction reserved as equity  128 . For example, where traditional euro-denominated or cross-currency vehicles might be limited to about $300 million with a 12% equity layer, the offsetting options  102 ,  104  may permit a vehicle of $1 billion with only an 8% equity layer  128 .  
         [0000]     III. Other Uses  
         [0023]     Offsetting option structure  100  may be used to protect funds of a variety of types.  
         [0024]     Generally, offsetting options  102 ,  104  can be used to protect investment vehicles  100  against risks in which derivatives are traded. For example, fixed vs. floating rate risk may be hedged for some tranches, and not for others, by using offsetting interest rate swaps  114  and swaptions  102 ,  104 . Risk of default by issuers of the assets in the investment vehicle may be hedged with call options or credit default swaps.  
         [0025]     In some cases, the option(s)  104  sold at the bottom of the structure may differ somewhat from the options  102  purchased at the top of the structure. For example, the options  104  sold may have notional values of somewhat less than, or at a strike price somewhat different than, the options  102  purchased, to retain some protection for investors in the lower tranches  128  in the difference between the two options.  
         [0026]     In some cases, the investment vehicle may have some investors with a “dual currency” redemption claim  130 , in which the fund may repay in any of two or more currencies, at its option.  
         [0027]     The notional value of the sold option may be the same in amount, or may be the same to within about 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 33%, or 50% as the notional value of the purchased option. The notional value of the sold option may be at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, or 67% less than the value of the purchased option.  
         [0028]     In some cases, some portion of the management of the fund may be performed within the United States. Cash flows payable by assets into the investment vehicle may be paid into the investment vehicle by issuers in the United States. Cash flows may be paid to United States investors of the various tranches. Other portions of the overall structure may also be made, used, sold, or offered for sale inside the United States, even if other portions are outside the United States. Beneficial use of the system may be obtained by investors or by those operating the system. Customers or investors located within the United States may control transmission of information and may also benefit from exchange of information within the system. Issuers of obligations held within the vehicle may find that they obtain an additional market, or obtain a higher return, from a vehicle using the system.  
         [0029]     The investment vehicle may be managed with the assistance of one or more computers. For example, one or more computers may be used to model the transaction while it is being planned, and during its life, to model the flow of funds, to model default scenarios, and the like. Such modeling may be used to manage the assets in the portfolio and to ensure that the transaction supports the credit ratings assigned to the various tranches. In some cases, different parts of the management of the investment fund may be divided among multiple computers connected by local area networks or wide area networks. In some cases, capitalization of the vehicle may be managed dynamically, using the technique described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/146,748 filed Jun. 6, 2005, incorporated herein by reference. Computers may be used to generate statements and reports, to maintain records, etc. for one or more of the steps described above. Access to the software may be provided over local terminals, over the internet on a thin client basis, from a central server array, or through other computer access networks. Some of the transaction documents may be generated by word processing software.  
         [0030]     For the convenience of the reader, the above description has focused on a representative sample of all possible embodiments, a sample that teaches the principles of the invention and conveys the best mode contemplated for carrying it out. The description has not attempted to exhaustively enumerate all possible variations. Other undescribed variations or modifications may be possible. For example, where multiple alternative embodiments are described, in many cases it will be possible to combine elements of different embodiments, or to combine elements of the embodiments described here with other modifications or variations that are not expressly described. Many of those undescribed variations, modifications and variations are within the literal scope of the following claims, and others are equivalent.