Abstract:
A tri-mode co-boresighted seeker including a primary collecting mirror assembly having a parabolic surface and a forwardly located dielectric secondary mirror assembly including a dielectric mirror coating which reflects infrared (IR) energy to an IR detector assembly located on a central longitudinal axis on one side of the secondary mirror while providing substantially unobstructed propagation of millimeter wave RF energy and laser energy in a joint or common signal path therethrough to means located on the other side of the secondary mirror for extracting and diverting laser energy away from the common RF-optical signal path to a laser sensor assembly while causing little or no disturbance to the RF signal as it propagates to a co-located bifurcated waveguide assembly which couples the RF energy to an RF sensor means located behind the primary mirror.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates generally to a multi-mode sensor system located in a common transmitting/receiving aperture and, more particularly, to a tri-mode, co-boresighted sensor system located on an airborne platform, such as a missile seeker. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     Single mode sensors used, for example, in missile seekers are well known in the state of the art but typically exhibit degraded performance because of false target acquisitions. In order to overcome this inherent deficiency, a dual-mode seeker including millimeter wave (MMW) and infrared (IR) sensors in a common aperture have been developed. One such system is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,214,438, entitled “Millimeter Wave and Infrared Sensor in a Common Receiving Aperture”, issued to T. C. Brusgard et al. on May 25, 1993. More recently, a tri-mode seeker additionally including a laser spot tracker has been developed by the assignee of the present invention and is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,606,066, entitled, “Tri-Mode Seeker” issued to J. M. Fawcett et al. on Aug. 12, 2003, the details of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     In the Fawcett et al patent, the RF transmitter/receiver is located at the focus of a primary reflector located on a gimbal assembly. A selectively coated dichroic mirror is located in the path of the millimeter wave energy so as to reflect infrared energy from the primary reflector to an optical system which re-images the infrared energy on an infrared detector. The outer edge or rim of the primary reflector is additionally deformed so that incoming laser energy focuses to a location beyond the RF transmitter/receiver. A laser sensor is positioned adjacently behind the RF transmitter/receiver in a back-to-back orientation. The laser energy is then detected using a secondary reflector and an optical system which directs the laser energy from the secondary reflector to a laser detector. In such a configuration, the reception of laser energy is restricted to a relatively small zone on the outer periphery of the primary mirror, thus restricting the collecting aperture since it severely limits the amount of laser energy which can be detected. Also, the packaging is awkward and crowded, severely reducing the overall packaging efficiency. 
     Additionally, propagating a laser wavelength to the IR focal plane has also been attempted, but it degrades IR performance due to the limited selection of materials that pass all desired wavelengths and their color properties which make it impossible to fully color correct the optical design, particularly over the IR band. The constraints on material selections also raise an issue of electromagnetic interference (EMI) susceptibility in the IR detector apparatus. 
     Another attempt in the development of a tri-mode seeker placed the laser sensor at an intermediate image location, i.e., between the secondary mirror and the relay optics cell. While this offers a significant advantage to the IR path since the color correction and EMI issues are removed, there are other significant limitations which remain. These include distortion of the IR wave front and loss of image quality and a lack of volume for packaging the necessary support electronics. Also a narrow band filter is required for the laser sensor so that it can reject solar background. This location makes coating design very difficult, if not impossible, by demanding the coating also pass the IR band while imposing a wide range of incident angles that it must accommodate. 
     Thus, all prior approaches have inherent limitations which impose some form of penalty and/or difficulty in a suitable overall system design. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide an improvement in multi-mode sensors. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide an assembly of multi-mode sensors located in a common transmitting/receiving aperture. 
     It is still another object of the invention to provide a tri-mode seeker including RF, IR and laser sensors wherein each of the three sensors commonly and simultaneously use the same available surface area of the system collecting aperture. 
     It is a further object of the invention to provide a multi-mode seeker having co-located focal positions for laser and RF signals while traveling the same signal path through the elements of the same optical assembly. 
     It is still yet another object of the invention to provide a tri-mode seeker providing extraction and diversion of optical signals from a joint or common RF optical signal path while causing substantially no disturbance to the RF signal as it propagates in the signal path. 
     It is still yet another object of the invention to provide a tri-mode co-boresighted seeker that permits all three signal modes to utilize the full primary mirror aperture while providing two beam splitting actions so that all three signals are collected in different locations with minimal interference with or impact on each other. 
     These and other objects are achieved by a tri-mode co-boresighted seeker including a collecting aperture comprising a primary mirror having a parabolic surface and a forwardly located dielectric secondary mirror including a dielectric mirror coating which reflects infrared (IR) energy to an IR detector assembly while providing substantially unobstructed propagation of millimeter wave RF energy and laser energy in a joint or common signal path therethrough to means for extracting and diverting laser energy from the common RF-optical path while causing little or no disturbance to the RF signal as it propagates to a bifurcated waveguide assembly which couples the RF energy to a detector located behind the primary mirror. The means for extracting the laser energy consists of a set of four orthogonally located light pipes or prisms which have reflecting surfaces for directing laser energy outwardly to laser detectors located to the side of the RF-optical path. Such a configuration permits the three sensors, i.e., the RF, IR and laser sensors to commonly use the same useable portion of the collecting aperture of the primary mirror simultaneously. 
     Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from a detailed description provided hererinafter. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while disclosing the preferred embodiments of the invention, it is provided by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications coming within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention will become more fully understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which are provided by way of illustration only, and thus are not meant to be considered in a limiting sense, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a partially cut-away isometric view of a first embodiment of the subject invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a longitudinal central cross section of the embodiment of the invention shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIGS. 3 ,  4  and  5  are diagrams illustrative of RF and semi-active laser (SAL) energy propagation in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of an orthogonal arrangement of light pipes for extracting and diverting the laser energy from a common RF-optical energy path in the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a side view illustrative of the arrangement of the elements shown in  FIG. 6  as well as the secondary lens shown in  FIG. 2  as well as an intermediate diffraction lens; 
         FIG. 8  is an exploded view of the components of the light pipe arrangement shown in  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrative of the RF and laser energy propagation in the elements shown in  FIGS. 6-8 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a partially cutaway isometric view of a second embodiment of the subject invention; 
         FIG. 11  is a longitudinal central cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 10 ; 
         FIGS. 12 and 13  are perspective views of the elements used in the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11  for separating and diverting the RF and laser energy propagating in a common RF-optical path following passage through the secondary mirror; 
         FIG. 14  is an isometric view of an assembly of four beam-splitting prisms for extracting and diverting the laser energy from the common signal path shown in  FIG. 13 ; and 
         FIG. 15  is a diagram illustrative of the common RF and laser energy propagation path in the elements shown in FIGS.  12 - 14 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is directed to a common aperture for three sensors of millimeter wave (MMW), infrared (IR) and semi-active laser (SAL) energy which are aligned on a common boresight or central longitudinal axis (CL) of seeker apparatus used, for example, in an airborne platform such as a missile and which allows all three modes to simultaneously use the full transmitting/receiving aperture. 
     Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to like components throughout, reference is first made to  FIGS. 1-9  which disclose the details of a first embodiment of the invention. Reference numeral  10  denotes the radome of a tri-mode seeker assembly including an annular base member  14  to which is secured a housing  12  for supporting a gimbal assembly  16  as well as attachment of the radome  10 . A primary mirror assembly  18  including a parabolic reflecting surface  20  is mounted on the gimbal assembly  16  so that it can be controlled to move independently in two orthogonal directions. The primary mirror assembly  18  includes a central opening through which is located an infrared sensor assembly including an (IR) relay optics cell  22  and an axially coupled detector/dewar assembly  24  which are located in a central longitudinal axis shown in  FIG. 2  as CL. The signal output of the IR assembly  24  is fed to an IR imaging circuit board assembly  25 . 
     Located in front of the IR relay optics cell  22  is apparatus which adjacently locates a laser sensor assembly for SAL signal collection and an RF sensor assembly including a waveguide feed member while separating the RF and laser energy beams for separate detection. The IR and RF functions of the seeker remain substantially the same as if the laser sensor assembly is not present. This is achieved by locating a dielectric mirror  26  of a secondary mirror assembly and having a dielectric coating  28  which is designed to reflect IR energy while transmitting millimeter wave (MMW) RF energy and semi-active laser (SAL) energy therethrough in a joint or common signal path as shown in  FIG. 9 , for example, by reference numeral  30 . The secondary mirror  26  is mounted on a support member  31  which is secured to the primary mirror assembly  18 . Directly in front of the secondary mirror  26  is a diffractive element  32  in the form of a diffractive lens which acts to focus the laser energy on a laser energy sensor assembly  34 , while not affecting the RF signal. The diffractive lens  32  is similar to a Fresnel lens in that there are small surface variations in the element which acts as a lens, yet the overall surface profile tends to be flat. The surface variations in the diffractive lens  32  are held to “microscopic levels” compared to RF wavelengths so that the RF will not react to these dimensions while the much shorter optical wavelengths will react to them. By inserting a diffractive lens  32  adjacent the dielectric secondary mirror  26 , the optical signal can be focused significantly short from a focus of the RF energy as shown in  FIG. 4  to a surface  36  of a bifurcated RF waveguide member  38  as shown in  FIG. 5  which is adapted to couple RF energy to a transceiver circuit board  40  located behind the primary mirror assembly  18 . The small focus difference between the SAL energy and the RF energy is attributed to chromatic aberration in the optical materials of the secondary mirror  26  and the coating  28 , as well as the radome  10 . The laser sensor requires that the image be at or near a good focus of the sensor. By the insertion of the diffractive lens  32  behind the secondary mirror  26 , the optical signal (SAL) can be focused significantly short from the RF focus. 
     If an optical detector were to be placed at the optical focus of the SAL energy, it would block and therefore interfere with the RF signal. Accordingly, the first embodiment of the invention shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  is to employ a light pipe assembly  42  shown in  FIGS. 6-8  which acts to divert and channel the optical signal (SAL) to the side where optical detectors are located without RF or mechanical interference being an issue. As shown, four light pipe members  44   1 ,  44   2 ,  44   3  and  44   4  are orthogonally supported by four pie-shaped elements  46   1 ,  46   2 ,  46   3  and  46   4 . The light pipe members  44   1  . . .  44   4  include surfaces  45   1 ,  45   2 ,  45   3  and  45   4  angulated at 45° which capture the SAL energy at its focus and propagate it to a peripheral region for coupling to four laser detectors  48   1 ,  48   2 ,  48   3  and  48   4 . Four prism shaped filler elements  50   1 ,  50   2 ,  50   3  and  50   4  are located at the center of the assembly for spacing and support. Also shown, located between the light pipes  44   1  . . .  44   4  and the respective detectors  48   1  . . .  48   4  are respective screen members  52   1    52   4  for providing electromagnetic energy interference (EMI) shielding. 
     It should be noted that the RF views the light pipes  44   1 . . . .  44   4  as well as the filler elements  50   1  . . .  50   4  as simply a dielectric plate, i.e. a window, so as to pass through it unobstructed as shown in FIG.  9 . The light pipes usually depend on total internal reflection for trapping signals and directing them to the exit surface. If needed, dielectric mirror coatings can also be employed. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3 ,  4  and  5 , the diffractive lens  32  is shown bent into a meniscus shape so the local zones of the surface will be at near normal to the incident rays of SAL. 
     Thus, the RF signal and the SAL signal reflected from the primary mirror  20  as shown in  FIG. 9 , share a common signal path through the secondary mirror  26  and the diffractive lens  32 , with the SAL energy being extracted by the light pipe assembly  42 , while the RF energy propagates substantially unobstructed to the surface  36  of the waveguide element  38 , shown in FIG.  2 . The outputs of the laser energy detectors  48   1  . . .  48   4  are coupled by means of cabling, not shown, to a post amplifier buffer board assembly  54  located at the rear of the mirror assembly  18 . 
     Although not shown, digital signal processing circuitry including RF, SAL and IR signal processors connected to the circuit boards  25 ,  40  and  54 , is located behind the flat rear wall  56  of the housing  12 . 
     Referring now to the second embodiment of the subject invention, reference is now made to  FIGS. 10-15 . This embodiment is structurally the same as the first embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , with the exception of the manner in which the laser energy (SAL) is extracted from the common signal path  30  ( FIG. 9 ) including the RF. The second embodiment locates the laser energy sensor assembly and the RF sensor assembly at a common focal point which is at the mid-point  58  of the RF feed waveguide member  38  shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11  and where RF and laser energy beams split for separate detection. Also, the laser energy detectors are mounted directly on the waveguide  38  as shown in FIG.  10 . There reference numeral  60  denotes an assembly for the laser energy detectors attached to a common RF feed SAL collector section  62  of the waveguide member  38  as shown in FIG.  12 . In this embodiment, the diffractive lens  32  ( FIG. 2 ) of the first embodiment is eliminated and both the RF and laser (SAL) energy now pass through the secondary mirror  26  to four rectangular openings  64   1 ,  64   2 ,  64   3  and  64   4  in the bottom face  65  of the waveguide section  62  which provides a shared image plane. Four beam splitting prisms  74   1 ,  74   2 ,  74   3  and  74   4  are located internally of the waveguide section  62  adjacent the rectangular openings  64   1 ,  64   2 ,  64   3  and  64   4  to reflect the SAL energy at an angle of 90° so as to direct the laser energy out of the side surfaces  68  and  70  via four rectangular openings  72   1  . . .  72   4 , two of which are shown by reference numerals  72   1  and  72   2  in  FIGS. 12 and 13 . When desirable, the rectangular openings  72   1  . . .  72   4  could be configured as an array of small holes, not shown. A dielectric mirror coating consisting of a non-metallic coating, so as not to disrupt RF transmission, is further included on the prism surfaces  67   1  . . .  67   4  to achieve the internal reflection needed to make the 90° reflection of the laser energy out of the side openings  72   1  . . .  72   4  in the side walls  68  and  70  of the waveguide collector section  62 . Filler prisms  66   1  . . .  66   4  with similar dielectric characteristics are added to make the assemblies appear as a single uniform block to the RF energy passing therethrough. The length of this block is furthermore optimized so as to reduce the RF attenuation in/or reflection by extending the length further up into the waveguide section  62  if need be. 
     A pair of screen members  76   1  and  76   2  are shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15  for providing EMI shielding of the laser light energy exiting the openings  72   1 ,  72   2  . . .  72   4  out of the side walls  68  and  70 . Four SAL energy detectors of the laser energy detector assembly  60  shown in  FIG. 10 , two of which are shown by reference numerals  60   1  and  60   2  in  FIG. 15 , are attached to the side walls  68  and  70  of the waveguide section  62 . 
     Although not shown, the 90° bend in the SAL light path can be achieved by using optical fiber fused into a block. Before the blocks of fiber are fused, the fiber is positioned so that a point of light input and output of the fiber is normal to the faces of the blocks that will be cut and polished. Filler material would also be required, but this would be fused to the fiber as well. The length of the block is also customized in order to limit the impact of the RF energy impinging thereon. 
     A slightly defocused laser image may be desired for tracking purposes. This can be accommodated by extending the prisms or fused fiber blocks that pass the openings  64   1  . . .  64   4  in the face  65  of the waveguide section  62  shown in  FIGS. 12 and 13 . 
     In the event that an optical bandpass filter is required to pass the laser energy but allowing minimal solar irradiation to reach the laser detectors, such a filter could be applied to the surface of the secondary mirror  26 , while still allowing full aperture collection and proper optical band filtering. 
     While the concepts presented heretofore have been presented in the context of a tri-mode seeker, it should be noted that it is not necessarily limited to tri-mode co-boresighted missile seekers. It can also be employed in connection with any application in which laser light or other optical energy and RF energy are collected, utilizing the same aperture. 
     The foregoing detailed description merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise the various arrangements, which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are thus within its spirit and scope.