Abstract:
A wiping article is provided which includes an effervescent cleanser composition held within a pouch formed from a first and second substrate sheet. At least one of the substrate sheets must be water permeable. The effervescent composition is an intimate mixture of an acid material such as citric acid and an alkaline material such as sodium bicarbonate. Water contact causes the combination to effervesce. A dry surfactant such as sodium cocoyl isethionate in contact with the water and effervescing carbon dioxide results in a highly pleasant sudsing system. Skin benefit agents may be included within the composition. The effervescent action may improve deposition of the skin benefit agents onto the skin.

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
         [0001]    The present invention relates to a detergent composition comprising cationic and anionic surfactants and an acid and alkali source, which is suitable for use in laundry washing and dish washing methods.  
         BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION  
         [0002]    There is a trend amongst commercially available granular detergents towards higher bulk densities and towards granular detergent compositions which have a higher content of detergent active ingredients, such as various surfactants. Such detergents offer greater convenience to the consumer. The desire for such concentrated products ensures that the amount of filler materials are reduced and packaging materials which, ultimately, be disposed of.  
           [0003]    Amongst consumers there is also a need for detergents which provide improved cleaning and stain removal. Therefore, in the recent past detergents have been developed which contain high levels of surfactant and various types of surfactants. Such as anionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants.  
           [0004]    The high density detergents, comprising high levels of surfactants can lead to poor solubility properties, arising from low rate of dissolution or the formation of gels, and thus to poor dispensing of the product, either from the dispensing drawer of a washing machine, or from a dosing device placed with the laundry inside the machine. This poor dispensing is often caused by gelling of particles, which have high levels of surfactant, upon contact with water. The gel prevents a proportion of the detergent powder from being solubilized in the wash water which reduces the effectiveness of the powder. This is a particular problem at low water pressures and/or at lower washing temperatures.  
           [0005]    WO94/28098 discloses a non-spray-dried detergent powder comprising a combination of an ethoxylated primary C8-18 alcohol, an alkali metal aluminosilicate builder and 5 to 40 wt % of a water-soluble salt of a citric acid.  
           [0006]    EP-A-0 639 637 discloses the replacement of perborate bleach with an alkali metal percarbonate to improve the dispensing profile and dissolution rate of a detergent. Citrate or mixtures of citrate with sulphate or carbonate can be used to coat the percarbonate bleach. EP-A-0 639 639 contains a similar disclosure in this respect.  
           [0007]    The use of effervescence to improve the dispensability of granular materials has been used extensively in pharmaceutical preparations. The most widely used effervescent system in this respect is citric acid in combination with bicarbonate. This effervescent system has also been described for improving the dispersibility of pesticidal compositions for controlling water-borne pests, e.g. GB-A-2,184,946.  
           [0008]    EP-A-0 534 525 discloses the use of particulate citric acid with a specified particle size range of 350 to 1500 microns.  
           [0009]    U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,647 discloses a sanitising composition comprising granules of alkali metal carbonate and aliphatic carboxylic acid of a particle size of 150 to 2,000 microns.  
           [0010]    EP-A-0 333 223 discloses a bathing preparation comprising fumaric acid having an average particle size of 50-500 microns.  
           [0011]    The addition of citric acid results in a reduction in alkalinity. However, an alkaline pH is required for an optimum performance of various detergent ingredients, such as certain surfactants. Overall an alkaline pH promotes cleaning, stain removal and soil suspension. Therefore, the incorporation of acids into detergent compositions is undesirable. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,130 discloses detergents, comprising organic acids, wherein certain compounds such as cationic surfactants are preferably omitted.  
           [0012]    The Applicants now have found that the particular problems associated with dispensing a detergent composition comprising anionic and cationic surfactants can be improved by the inclusion of an acid and an alkali source whilst the performance of the cationic and anionic surfactants is maintained. This eliminates or reduces the problems of solid detergent particles remaining in the washing machine and on washed clothes.  
           [0013]    Furthermore, since the surfactants are more efficiently dispensed into the wash water, the overall performance of the surfactants is more efficient and an overall improved cleaning, stain removal and soil suspending can be achieved.  
           [0014]    Furthermore, the detergent residues in the dispensing drawer or dispensing device are reduced.  
           [0015]    All documents cited in the present description are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference.  
         SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
         [0016]    According to the present invention there is provided a detergent composition comprising an anionic surfactant, present at a level of from 0.5% to 60% by weight, a cationic surfactant, present at a level of from 0.01% to 30% by weight, and an acid source and an alkali source wherein said acid source and alkali source are capable of reacting together in the presence of water. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
       [0017]    The detergent composition of the present invention comprises four essential ingredients: anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, an acid source and an alkali source. These and optional ingredients, and processes for making the detergents, are described in detail below.  
         [0018]    Detergent Surfactants  
         [0019]    The detergent composition can comprise one or more anionic surfactants, as described below, and one or more cationic surfactants.  
         [0020]    Optionally, additional surfactants, selected from the group consisting of additional anionic and cationic surfactants, nonionic, zwitterionic, ampholytic and amphoteric surfactants can be present.  
         [0021]    The total amount of surfactants is preferably of from 1% to 90%, preferably 3% to 70%, more preferably 5% to 40%, even more preferably 10% to 30%, most preferably 12% to 25% by weight of the detergent composition.  
         [0022]    A preferred aspect of the present invention is a granular detergent composition. One or more of the surfactants can be comprised in a base composition, containing preferably also a builder material. The base composition may be prepared by spray-drying and dry-mixing/agglomeration. The base composition may also comprise some or all of the alkali source. Alternatively the acid source and/or alkali source may be added as separate components to the detergent base composition, preferably in a granular form.  
         [0023]    Anionic Surfactant  
         [0024]    The detergent composition of the present invention comprises one or more anionic surfactants. Any anionic surfactant useful for detersive purposes are suitable. Examples include salts (including, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, and substituted ammonium salts such as mono-, di- and triethanolamine salts) of the anionic sulfate, sulfonate, carboxylate and sarcosinate surfactants. Anionic sulfate surfactants are preferred.  
         [0025]    Other anionic surfactants include the isethionates such as the acyl isethionates. N-acyl taurates, fatty acid amides of methyl tauride, alkyl succinates and sulfosuccinates, monoesters of sulfosuccinate (especially saturated and unsaturated C 12 -C 18  monoesters) diesters of sulfosuccinate (especially saturated and unsaturated C 6 -C 14  diesters), N-acyl sarcosinates. Resin acids and hydrogenated resin acids are also suitable, such as rosin, hydrogenated rosin, and resin acids and hydrogenated resin acids present in or derived from tallow oil.  
         [0026]    The anionic surfactant is present at a level of 0.5% to 60%, preferably at a level of from 3% to 50%, more preferably of from 5% to 35%, most preferably from 65 to 20% by weight of the composition.  
         [0027]    The ratio of the anionic surfactant to the cationic surfactant is preferably from 25:1 to 1:3, more preferably from 15:1 to 1:1, most preferably from 10:1 to 1:1.  
         [0028]    Anionic Sulfate Surfactant  
         [0029]    Anionic sulfate surfactants suitable for use herein include the linear and branched primary and secondary alkyl sulfates, alkyl ethoxysulfates, fatty oleoyl glycerol sulfates, alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates, the C 5 -C 17  acyl-N-(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) and —N—(C 1 -C 2  hydroxyalkyl) glucamine sulfates, and sulfates of alkylpolysaccharides such as the sulfates of alkylpolyglucoside (the nonionic nonsulfated compounds being described herein).  
         [0030]    Alkyl sulfate surfactants are preferably selected from the linear and branched primary C 9 -C 22  alkyl sulfates, more preferably the C 11 -C 15  branched chain alkyl sulfates and the C 12 -C 14  linear chain alkyl sulfates.  
         [0031]    Alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactants are preferably selected from the group consisting of the C 10 -C 18  alkyl sulfates which have been ethoxylated with from 0.5 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide per molecule. More preferably, the alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactant is a C 11 -C 18 , most preferably C 11 -C 15  alkyl sulfate which has been ethoxylated with from 0.5 to 7, preferably from 1 to 5, moles of ethylene oxide per molecule.  
         [0032]    A particularly preferred aspect of the invention employs mixtures of the preferred alkyl sulfate and alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactants. Such mixtures have been disclosed in PCT Patent Application No. WO 93/18124.  
         [0033]    Anionic Sulfonate Surfactant  
         [0034]    Anionic sulfonate surfactants suitable for use herein include the salts of C 5 -C 20  linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl ester sulfonates, C 6 -C 22  primary or secondary alkane sulfonates, C 6 -C 24  olefin sulfonates, sulfonated polycarboxylic acids, alkyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty acyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty oleyl glycerol sulfonates, and any mixtures thereof.  
         [0035]    Anionic Carboxylate Surfactant  
         [0036]    Suitable anionic carboxylate surfactants include the alkyl ethoxy carboxylates, the alkyl polyethoxy polycarboxylate surfactants and the soaps (‘alkyl carboxyls’), especially certain secondary soaps as described herein.  
         [0037]    Suitable alkyl ethoxy carboxylates include those with the formula RO(CH 2 CH 2 0) x  CH 2 C00 − M +  wherein R is a C 6  to C 18  alkyl group, x ranges from 0 to 10, and the ethoxylate distribution is such that, on a weight basis, the amount of material where x is 0 is less than 20% and M is a cation. Suitable alkyl polyethoxy polycarboxylate surfactants include those having the formula RO—(CHR 1 -CHR 2 -O) x -R 3  wherein R is a C 6  to C 18  alkyl group, x is from 1 to 25, R 1  and R 2  are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl acid radical, succinic acid radical, hydroxysuccinic acid radical, and mixtures thereof, and R 3  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having between 1 and 8 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.  
         [0038]    Suitable soap surfactants include the secondary soap surfactants which contain a carboxyl unit connected to a secondary carbon. Preferred secondary soap surfactants for use herein are water-soluble members selected from the group consisting of the water-soluble salts of 2-methyl-1-undecanoic acid, 2-ethyl-1-decanoic acid, 2-propyl-1-nonanoic acid, 2-butyl-1-octanoic acid and 2-pentyl-1-heptanoic acid. Certain soaps may also be included as suds suppressors.  
         [0039]    Alkali Metal Sarcosinate Surfactant  
         [0040]    Other suitable anionic surfactants are the alkali metal sarcosinates of formula R-CON (R 1 ) CH 2  COOM, wherein R is a C 5 -C 17  linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group, R 1  is a C 1 -C 4  alkyl group and M is an alkali metal ion. Preferred examples are the myristyl and oleoyl methyl sarcosinates in the form of their sodium salts.  
         [0041]    Cationic Surfactant  
         [0042]    Another essential component of the detergent composition of the invention is a cationic surfactant, present at a level of from 0.1% to 30% by weight of the detegent composition. The cationic surfactant is preferably present at a level of from 0.1% to 20%, more preferably from 0.4% to 7%, most preferably from 0.5% to 3% by weight of the detergent composition.  
         [0043]    The ratio of the anionic surfactant to the cationic surfactant is preferably from 25:1 to 1:3, more preferably from 15:1 to 1:1. most preferably from 10:1 to 1:1.  
         [0044]    Preferably the cationic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of cationic ester surfactants, cationic mono-alkoxylated amine surfactants, cationic bis-alkoxylated amine surfactants and mixtures thereof.  
         [0045]    Cationic Ester Surfactant  
         [0046]    The cationic surfactant may comprise a cationic ester surfactant.  
         [0047]    If present in the detergent composition of the invention, the cationic ester surfactant is preferably present at a level from 0.1% to 20.0%, more preferably from 0.4% to 7%, most preferably from 0.5% to 3.0% by weight of the detergent composition.  
         [0048]    The cationic ester surfactant is preferably a water dispersible compound having surfactant properties comprising at least one ester (i.e. —COO—) linkage and at least one cationically charged group.  
         [0049]    Suitable cationic ester surfactants, including choline ester surfactants, have for example been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,228,042, 4,239,660 and 4,260,529.  
         [0050]    In one preferred aspect the ester linkage and cationically charged group are separated from each other in the surfactant molecule by a spacer group consisting of a chain comprising at least three atoms (i.e. of three atoms chain length), preferably from three to eight atoms, more preferably from three to five atoms, most preferably three atoms. The atoms forming the spacer group chain are selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms and any mixtures thereof, with the proviso that any nitrogen or oxygen atom in said chain connects only with carbon atoms in the chain. Thus spacer groups having, for example, —O—O— (i.e. peroxide), —N—N—, and —N—O— linkages are excluded, whilst spacer groups having, for example —CH 2 —O—CH 2 — and —CH 2 —NH—CH 2 — linkages are included. In a preferred aspect the spacer group chain comprises only carbon atoms, most preferably the chain is a hydrocarbyl chain.  
         [0051]    Preferred cationic ester surfactants are those having the formula:  
                         
 
         [0052]    wherein R 1  is a C 5 -C 31  linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkaryl chain or M − . N + (R 6 R 7 R 8 )(CH 2 ) s ; X and Y, independently, are selected from the group consisting of COO, OCO, O, CO, OCOO, CONH, NHCO, OCONH and NHCOO wherein at least one of X or Y is a COO, OCO, OCOO, OCONH or NHCOO group: R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8  are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl and hydroxy-alkenyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and alkaryl groups; and R 5  is independently H or a C 1 -C 3  alkyl group; wherein the values of m, n, s and t independently lie in the range of from 0 to 8, the value of b lies in the range from 0 to 20, and the values of a, u and v independently are either 0 or 1 with the proviso that at least one of u or v must be 1; and wherein M is a counter anion.  
         [0053]    Preferably M is selected from the group consisting of halide, methyl sulfate, sulfate, and nitrate, more preferably methyl sulfate, chloride, bromide or iodide.  
         [0054]    In a preferred aspect, the cationic ester surfactant is selected from those having the formula:  
                         
 
         [0055]    wherein R 1  is a C 5 -C 31  linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkaryl chain; X is selected from the group consisting of COO, OCO, OCOO, OCONH and NHCOO; R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and hydroxyalkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and R 5  is independently H or a C 1 -C 3  alkyl group: wherein the value of n lies in the range of from 0 to 8, the value of b lies in the range from 0 to 20, the value of a is either 0 or 1, and the value of m is from 3 to 8.  
         [0056]    More preferably R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from a C 1 -C 4  alkyl group and a C 1 -C 4  hydroxyalkyl group. In one preferred aspect at least one, preferably only one, of R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is a hydroxyalkyl group. The hydroxyalkyl preferably has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 or 3 carbon atoms, most preferably 2 carbon atoms. In another preferred aspect at least one of R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is a C 2 -C 3  alkyl group, more preferably two C 2 -C 3  alkyl groups are present.  
         [0057]    In a preferred aspect two of R 2 , R 3  and R 4  and the nitrogen of the cationically charged group from part of a ring structure. Preferably, the ring structure contains another nitrogen atom or more preferably, an oxygen atom, or mixtures thereof. Preferably, the ring structure contains 5 to 8 atoms, most preferably 6 atoms.  
         [0058]    In a highly preferred aspect two of R 2 , R 3  and R 4  and the nitrogen of the cationically charged group from part of a morpholino ring structure or a substituted morpholino ring structure. Highly preferred cationic ester surfactants of this type are the esters having the formula:  
                         
 
         [0059]    wherein R 1  is a C 5 -C 31  linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl or alkaryl chain; X is selected from the group consisting of COO, OCO, OCOO, OCONH and NHCOO, R 9  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl and hydroxy-alkenyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and alkaryl groups; and R 5  is independently H or a C 1 -C 3  alkyl group; wherein the value of n lies in the range of from 0 to 8. the value of b lies in the range from 0 to 20, the value of a is either 0 or 1, and the value of m is from 3 to 8.  
         [0060]    More preferably R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from a C 1 -C 4  alkyl group and a C 1 -C 4  hydroxyalkyl group. In one preferred aspect at least one, preferably only one, of R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is a hydroxyalkyl group. The hydroxyalkyl preferably has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 or 3 carbon atoms, most preferably 2 carbon atoms. In another preferred aspect at least one of R 2 , R 3  and R 4  is a C 2 -C 3  alkyl group, more preferably two C 2 -C 3  alkyl groups are present.  
         [0061]    Highly preferred water dispersible cationic ester surfactants are the esters having the formula:  
                         
 
         [0062]    where m is from 1 to 4, preferably 2 or 3 and wherein R 1  is a C 11 -C 19  linear or branched alkyl chain.  
         [0063]    Particularly preferred choline esters of this type include the stearoyl choline ester quaternary methylammonium halides (R 1 ═C 17  alkyl), palmitoyl choline ester quaternary methylammonium halides (R 1 ═C 15  alkyl), myristoyl choline ester quaternary methylammonium halides (R 1 ═C 13  alkyl), lauroyl choline ester methylammonium halides (R 1 ═C 11  alkyl), cocoyl choline ester quaternary methylammonium halides (R 1 ═C 11 -C 13  alkyl), tallowyl choline ester quaternary methylammonium halides (R 1 ═C 15 -C 17  alkyl), and any mixtures thereof.  
         [0064]    Other suitable cationic ester surfactants have the structural formulas below, wherein d may be from 0 to 20.  
                         
 
         [0065]    In a preferred aspect the cationic ester surfactant is hydrolysable under the conditions of a laundry wash method.  
         [0066]    The particularly preferred choline esters, given above, may be prepared by the direct esterification of a fatty acid of the desired chain length with dimethylaminoethanol, in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction product is then quaternized with a methyl halide, preferably in the presence of a solvent such as ethanol, water, propylene glycol or preferably a fatty alcohol ethoxylate such as C 10 -C 18  fatty alcohol ethoxylate having a degree of ethoxylation of from 3 to 50 ethoxy groups per mole forming the desired cationic material. They may also be prepared by the direct esterification of a long chain fatty acid of the desired chain length together with 2-haloethanol, in the presence of an acid catalyst material. The reaction product is then quaternized with trimethylamine, forming the desired cationic material.  
         [0067]    Cationic Mono-Alkoxylated Amine Surfactants  
         [0068]    The cationic surfactant of the present invention can contain a cationic mono-alkoxylated amine surfactant, which has the general formula:  
                         
 
         [0069]    wherein R 1  is an alkyl or alkenyl moiety containing from about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to about 16 carbon atoms, most preferably from about 6 to about 11 carbon atoms; R 2  and R 3  are each independently alkyl groups containing from one to about three carbon atoms, preferably methyl; R 4  is selected from hydrogen (preferred), methyl and ethyl, X −  is an anion such as chloride, bromide, methylsulfate, sulfate, or the like, to provide electrical neutrality; A is selected from C 1 -C 4  alkoxy, especially ethoxy (i.e., —CH 2 CH 2 O—), propoxy, butoxy and mixtures thereof; and p is from 1 to about 30, preferably 1 to about 15, most preferably 1 to about 8.  
         [0070]    Highly preferred cationic mono-alkoxylated amine surfactants for use herein are of the formula  
                         
 
         [0071]    wherein R 1  is C 6 -C 18  hydrocarbyl and mixtures thereof, preferably C 6 -C 14 , especially C 6 -C 11  alkyl, preferably C 8  and C 10  alkyl, and X is any convenient anion to provide charge balance, preferably chloride or bromide.  
         [0072]    As noted, compounds of the foregoing type include those wherein the ethoxy (CH 2 CH 2 O) units (EO) are replaced by butoxy, isopropoxy [CH(CH 3 )CH 2 O] and [CH 2 CH(CH 3 O] units (i-Pr) or n-propoxy units (Pr), or mixtures of EO and/or Pr and/or i-Pr units.  
         [0073]    When used in granular detergent compositions cationic mono-alkoxylated amine surfactants wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent R 1  is C 6 -C 11 , especially C 10 , are preferred, because they enhance the rate of dissolution of laundry granules, especially under cold water conditions, as compared with the higher chain length materials.  
         [0074]    The levels of the cationic mono-alkoxylated amine surfactants used in detergent compositions of the invention can range from 0.1% to 20%, more preferably from 0.4% to 7%, most preferably from 0.5% to 3.0% by weight of the composition.  
         [0075]    Cationic Bis-Alkoxylated Amine Surfactant  
         [0076]    The cationic surfactant of the invention can be a cationic bis-alkoxylated amine surfactant, which has the general formula:  
                         
 
         [0077]    wherein R 1  is an alkyl or alkenyl moiety containing from about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to about 16 carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to about 11, most preferably from about 8 to about 10 carbon atoms; R 2  is an alkyl group containing from one to three carbon atoms, preferably methyl; R 3  and R 4  can vary independently and are selected from hydrogen (preferred), methyl and ethyl, X −  is an anion such as chloride, bromide, methylsulfate, sulfate, or the like, sufficient to provide electrical neutrality. A and A′ can vary independently and are each selected from C 1 -C 4  alkoxy, especially ethoxy, (i.e., —CH 2 CH 2 O—), propoxy, butoxy and mixtures thereof; p is from 1 to about 30, preferably 1 to about 4 and q is from 1 to about 30, preferably 1 to about 4, and most preferably both p and q are 1.  
         [0078]    Highly preferred cationic bis-alkoxylated amine surfactants for use herein are of the formula  
                         
 
         [0079]    wherein R 1  is C 6 -C 18  hydrocarbyl and mixtures thereof, preferably C 6 , C 8 , C 10 , C 12 , C 14  alkyl and mixtures thereof. X is any convenient anion to provide charge balance, preferably chloride. With reference to the general cationic bis-alkoxylated amine structure noted above, since in a preferred compound R 1  is derived from (coconut) C 12 -C 14  alkyl fraction fatty acids, R 2  is methyl and ApR 3  and A′qR 4  are each monoethoxy.  
         [0080]    Other cationic bis-alkoxylated amine surfactants useful herein include compounds of the formula:  
                         
 
         [0081]    wherein R 1  is C 6 -C 18  hydrocarbyl, preferably C 6 -C 14  alkyl, independently p is 1 to about 3 and q is 1 to about 3, R 2  is C 1 -C 3  alkyl, preferably methyl, and X is an anion, especially chloride or bromide.  
         [0082]    Other compounds of the foregoing type include those wherein the ethoxy (CH 2 CH 2 O) units (EO) are replaced by butoxy (Bu) isopropoxy [CH(CH 3 )CH 2 O] and [CH 2 CH(CH 3 O] units (i-Pr) or n-propoxy units (Pr), or mixtures of EO and/or Pr and/or i-Pr units.  
         [0083]    When used in granular detergent compositions in accord with the invention, cationic bis alkoxylated amine surfactants wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent R 1  is C 6 -C 11 , especially C 8  or C 10 , are preferred cationic surfactants, because they enhance the rate of dissolution of laundry granules, especially under cold water conditions, as compared with the higher chain length materials  
         [0084]    The levels of the cationic bis-alkoxylated amine surfactants used in detergent compositions of the invention can range from 0.1% to 20%, preferably from 0.4% to 7%, most preferably from 0.5% to about 3.0%, by weight of the detergent composition.  
         [0085]    Alkali Source  
         [0086]    In accordance with the present invention, an alkali source is present in the detergent composition such that it has the capacity to react with the source of acidity in the presence of water to produce a gas. Preferably this gas is carbon dioxide, and therefore the alkali is a carbonate, or a suitable derivative thereof.  
         [0087]    The detergent composition of the present invention preferably contains from about 2% to about 75%, preferably from about 5% to about 60%, most preferably from about 10% to about 30% by weight of the alkali source. When the alkali source is present in an agglomerated detergent particle, the agglomerate preferably contains from about 10% to about 60% of the alkali source.  
         [0088]    In a preferred embodiment, the alkali source is a carbonate. Examples of preferred carbonates are the alkaline earth and alkali metal carbonates, including sodium carbonate, bicarbonate and sesqui-carbonate and any mixtures thereof with ultra-fine calcium carbonate such as are disclosed in German Patent Application No. 2,321,001 published on Nov. 15, 1973. Alkali metal percarbonate salts are also suitable sources of carbonate species and are described in more detail in the section ‘inorganic perhydrate salts’ herein.  
         [0089]    The alkali source may also comprise other components, such as a silicate. Suitable silicates include the water soluble sodium silicates with an SiO 2 : Na 2 O ratio of from 1.0 to 2.8, with ratios of from 1.6 to 2.0 being preferred, and 2.0 ratio being most preferred. The silicates may be in the form of either the anhydrous salt or a hydrated salt. Sodium silicate with an SiO 2 : Na 2 O ratio of 2.0 is the most preferred silicate. Alkali metal persilicates are also suitable sources of silicate herein.  
         [0090]    Other suitable sources will be known to those skilled in the art.  
         [0091]    Acid Source  
         [0092]    In accordance with the present invention, the acid source is present in the detergent composition such that the it is capable of reacting with the source of alkali in the presence of water to produce a gas.  
         [0093]    The acid source is preferably present at a level of from 0.1% to 50%, more preferably from 0.5% to 25%, even more preferably from 1% to 12%, even more preferably from 1% to 7%, most preferably from 2% to 5% by weight of the composition. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the source of acidity is present in the range of about 1% to about 3%, most preferably about 3% by weight of the composition.  
         [0094]    Preferably, 80% or more of the acid source has a particle size in the range of from about 150 microns to about 710 microns, with preferably at least about 37% by weight of the acid source having a particle size of about 350 microns or less. Preferably, 100% of the acid source has a particle size of about 710 microns or less, but this is not essential provided the aforementioned criteria are fulfilled. Alternatively, greater than about 38%, more preferably 38.7%, of the particulate acid source has a particle size of about 350 microns or less.  
         [0095]    The particle size of the source of acidity is calculated by sieving a sample of the source of acidity on a series of Tyler sieves. For example, a Tyler seive mesh 100 corresponds to an aperture size of 150 microns. The weight fractions thereby obtained are plotted against the aperture size of the sieves.  
         [0096]    The acid source may be any suitable organic, mineral or inorganic acid, or a derivative thereof, or a mixture thereof. The acid source may be a mono-, bi- or tri-protonic acid. Preferred derivatives include a salt or ester of the acid. The source of acidity is preferably non-hygroscopic, which can improve storage stability. However, a monohydrate acidic source can be useful herein. Organic acids and their derivatives are preferred. The acid is preferably water-soluble. Suitable acids include citric, glutaric, tartaric acid, succinic or adipic acid, monosodium phosphate, sodium hydrogen sulfate, boric acid, or a salt or an ester thereof. Citric acid is especially preferred.  
         [0097]    Additional Detergent Components  
         [0098]    The detergent compositions of the invention may also contain additional detergent components. The precise nature of these additional components, and levels of incorporation thereof will depend on the physical form of the composition, and the precise nature of the washing operation for which it is to be used.  
         [0099]    The compositions of the invention preferably contain one or more additional detergent components selected from additional surfactants, bleaches, builders, organic polymeric compounds, enzymes, suds suppressers, lime soap dispersants, soil suspension and anti-redeposition agents and corrosion inhibitors.  
         [0100]    Alkoxylated Nonionic Surfactant  
         [0101]    Essentially any alkoxylated nonionic surfactants are suitable herein. The ethoxylated and propoxylated nonionic surfactants are preferred.  
         [0102]    Preferred alkoxylated surfactants can be selected from the classes of the nonionic condensates of alkyl phenols, nonionic ethoxylated alcohols, nonionic ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohols, nonionic ethoxylate/propoxylate condensates with propylene glycol, and the nonionic ethoxylate condensation products with propylene oxide/ethylene diamine adducts.  
         [0103]    Nonionic Alkoxylated Alcohol Surfactant  
         [0104]    The condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with from 1 to 25 moles of alkylene oxide, particularly ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide, are suitable for use herein. The alkyl chain of the aliphatic alcohol can either be straight or branched, primary or secondary, and generally contains from 6 to 22 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are the condensation products of alcohols having an alkyl group containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms with from 2 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.  
         [0105]    Nonionic Polyhydroxy Fatty Acid Amide Surfactant  
         [0106]    Polyhydroxy fatty acid amides suitable for use herein are those having the structural formula R 2 CONR 1 Z wherein: R1 is H, C 1 -C 4  hydrocarbyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, 2-hydroxy propyl, ethoxy, propoxy, or a mixture thereof, preferable C1-C4 alkyl, more preferably C 1  or C 2  alkyl, most preferably C 1  alkyl (i.e., methyl); and R 2  is a C 5 -C 31  hydrocarbyl, preferably straight-chain C 5 -C 19  alkyl or alkenyl, more preferably straight-chain C 9 -C 17  alkyl or alkenyl, most preferably straight-chain C 11 -C 17  alkyl or alkenyl, or mixture thereof; and Z is a polyhydroxyhydrocarbyl having a linear hydrocarbyl chain with at least 3 hydroxyls directly connected to the chain, or an alkoxylated derivative (preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated) thereof. Z preferably will be derived from a reducing sugar in a reductive amination reaction; more preferably Z is a glycityl.  
         [0107]    Nonionic Fatty Acid Amide Surfactant  
         [0108]    Suitable fatty acid amide surfactants include those having the formula: R 6 CON(R 7 ) 2  wherein R 6  is an alkyl group containing from 7 to 21, preferably from 9 to 17 carbon atoms and each R 7  is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 4  alkyl, C 1 -C 4  hydroxyalkyl, and —(C 2 H 4 O) x H, where x is in the range of from 1 to 3.  
         [0109]    Nonionic Alkylpolysaccharide Surfactant  
         [0110]    Suitable alkylpolysaccharides for use herein are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,565.647. Llenado, issued Jan. 21, 1986, having a hydrophobic group containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms and a polysaccharide, e.g., a polyglycoside, hydrophilic group containing from 1.3 to 10 saccharide units.  
         [0111]    Preferred alkylpolyglycosides have the formula 
         R 2 O(C n H 2n O)t(glycosyl) x   
         [0112]    wherein R 2  is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkylphenyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkylphenyl, and mixtures thereof in which the alkyl groups contain from 10 to 18 carbon atoms; n is 2 or 3; t is from 0 to 10, and x is from 1.3 to 8. The glycosyl is preferably derived from glucose.  
         [0113]    Amphoteric Surfactant  
         [0114]    Suitable amphoteric surfactants for use herein include the amine oxide surfactants and the alkyl amphocarboxylic acids.  
         [0115]    Suitable amine oxides include those compounds having the formula R 3 (OR 4 ) x N 0 (R 5 ) 2  wherein R 3  is selected from an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, acylamidopropoyl and alkyl phenyl group, or mixtures thereof, containing from 8 to 26 carbon atoms; R 4  is an alkylene or hydroxyalkylene group containing from 2 to 3 carbon atoms, or mixtures thereof; x is from 0 to 5, preferably from 0 to 3; and each R 5  is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to 3, or a polyethylene oxide group containing from 1 to 3 ethylene oxide groups. Preferred are C 10 -C 18  alkyl dimethylamine oxide, and C 10-18  acylamido alkyl dimethylanine oxide.  
         [0116]    A suitable example of an aklyl aphodicarboxylic acid is Miranol™ C2M Conc. manufactured by Miranol, Inc., Dayton, N.J.  
         [0117]    Zwitterionic Surfactant  
         [0118]    Zwitterionic surfactants can also be incorporated into the detergent compositions or components thereof in accord with the invention. These surfactants can be broadly described as derivatives of secondary and tertiary amines, derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines, or derivatives of quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium or tertiary sulfonium compounds. Betaine and sultaine surfactants are exemplary zwitterionic surfactants for use herein.  
         [0119]    Suitable betaines are those compounds having the formula R(R′)N + R 2 COO −  wherein R is a C 6 -C 18  hydrocarbyl group, each R 1  is typically C 1 -C 3  alkyl, and R 2  is a C 1 -C 5  hydrocarbyl group. Preferred betaines are C 12 - 18  dimethyl-ammonia hexanoate and the C 10-C   18  acylamidopropane (or ethane) dimethyl (or diethyl) betaines. Complex betaine surfactants are also suitable for use herein.  
         [0120]    Water-Soluble Builder Compound  
         [0121]    The detergent compositions of the present invention preferably contain a water-soluble builder compound, typically present at a level of from 1% to 80% by weight, preferably from 10% to 70% by weight, most preferably from 20% to 60% by weight of the composition.  
         [0122]    Suitable water-soluble builder compounds include the water soluble monomeric polycarboxylates, or their acid forms, homo or copolymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts in which the polycarboxylic acid comprises at least two carboxylic radicals separated from each other by not more that two carbon atoms, borates, phosphates, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.  
         [0123]    The carboxylate or polycarboxylate builder can be monomeric or oligomeric in type although monomeric polycarboxylates are generally preferred for reasons of cost and performance.  
         [0124]    Suitable carboxylates containing one carboxy group include the water soluble salts of lactic acid, glycolic acid and ether derivatives thereof. Polycarboxylates containing two carboxy groups include the water-soluble salts of succinic acid, malonic acid, (ethylenedioxy) diacetic acid, maleic acid, diglycolic acid, tartaric acid. tartronic acid and fumaric acid, as well as the ether carboxylates and the sulfinyl carboxylates. Polycarboxylates containing three carboxy groups include, in particular, water-soluble citrates, aconitrates and citraconates as well as succinate derivatives such as the carboxymethyloxysuccinates described in British Patent No. 1.379,241, lactoxysuccinates described in British Patent No. 1,389,732, and aminosuccinates described in Netherlands Application 7205873, and the oxypolycarboxylate materials such as 2-oxa-1,1,3-propane tricarboxylates described in British Patent No. 1,387,447.  
         [0125]    Polycarboxylates containing four carboxy groups include oxydisuccinates disclosed in British Patent No. 1,261,829, 1,1,2,2-ethane tetracarboxylates, 1,1,3,3-propane tetracarboxylates and 1,1,2,3-propane tetracarboxylates. Polycarboxylates containing sulfo substituents include the sulfosuccinate derivatives disclosed in British Patent Nos. 1,398,421 and 1,398,422 and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,936,448, and the sulfonated pyrolysed citrates described in British Patent No. 1,439,000. Preferred polycarboxylates are hydroxycarboxylates containing up to three carboxy groups per molecule, more particularly citrates.  
         [0126]    Borate builders, as well as builders containing borate-forming materials that can produce borate under detergent storage or wash conditions are useful water-soluble builders herein.  
         [0127]    Suitable examples of water-soluble phosphate builders are the alkali metal tripolyphosphates, sodium, potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium orthophosphate, sodium polymeta/phosphate in which the degree of polymerization ranges from about 6 to 21. and salts of phytic acid.  
         [0128]    Partially Soluble or Insoluble Builder Compound  
         [0129]    The detergent compositions of the present invention may contain a partially soluble or insoluble builder compound, typically present at a level of from 1% to 80% by weight, preferably from 10% to 70% by weight, most preferably from 20% to 60% weight of the composition.  
         [0130]    Examples of largely water insoluble builders include the sodium aluminosilicates.  
         [0131]    Suitable aluminosilicate zeolites have the unit cell formula Na z [(AlO 2 ) z (SiO 2 )y]. xH 2 O wherein z and y are at least 6; the molar ratio of z to y is from 1.0 to 0.5, and x is at least 5. preferably from 7.5 to 276, more preferably from 10 to 264. The aluminosilicate material are in hydrated form and are preferably crystalline, containing from 10% to 28%, more preferably from 18% to 22% water in bound form.  
         [0132]    The aluminosilicate zeolites can be naturally occurring materials, but are preferably synthetically derived. Synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are available under the designations Zeolite A, Zeolite B, Zeolite P, Zeolite X, Zeolite HS and mixtures thereof. Zeolite A has the formula 
         Na 12 [AlO 2 ) 12 (SiO 2 ) 12 ]. xH 2 O 
         [0133]    wherein x is from 20 to 30, especially 27. Zeolite X has the formula Na 86  [(AlO 2 ) 86 (SiO 2 ) 106 ]. 276H 2 O.  
         [0134]    Preferred crystalline layered silicates for use herein have the general formula 
         NaMSi x O 2x+1 .yH 2 O 
         [0135]    wherein M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20. Crystalline layered sodium silicates of this type are disclosed in EP-A-01 64514 and methods for their preparation are disclosed in DE-A-3417649 and DE-A-3742043. Herein, x in the general formula above preferably has a value of 2, 3 or 4 and is preferably 2. The most preferred material is δ-Na 2 Si 2 O 5 , available from Hoechst AG as NaSKS-6.  
         [0136]    Organic Peroxyacid Bleaching System  
         [0137]    A preferred feature of detergent compositions of the invention is an organic peroxyacid bleaching system. In one preferred execution the bleaching system contains a hydrogen peroxide source and an organic peroxyacid bleach precursor compound. The production of the organic peroxyacid occurs by an in situ reaction of the precursor with a source of hydrogen peroxide. Preferred sources of hydrogen peroxide include inorganic perhydrate bleaches. In an alternative preferred execution a preformed organic peroxyacid is incorporated directly into the composition. Compositions containing mixtures of a hydrogen peroxide source and organic peroxyacid precursor in combination with a preformed organic peroxyacid are also envisaged.  
         [0138]    Inorganic Perhydrate Bleaches  
         [0139]    Inorganic perhydrate salts are a preferred source of hydrogen peroxide. These salts are normally incorporated in the form of the alkali metal, preferably sodium salt at a level of from 1% to 40% by weight, more preferably from 2% to 30% by weight and most preferably from 5% to 25% by weight of the compositions.  
         [0140]    Examples of inorganic perhydrate salts include perborate, percarbonate, perphosphate, persulfate and persilicate salts. The inorganic perhydrate salts are normally the alkali metal salts. The inorganic perhydrate salt may be included as the crystalline solid without additional protection. For certain perhydrate salts however, the preferred executions of such granular compositions utilize a coated form of the material which provides better storage stability for the perhydrate salt in the granular product. Suitable coatings comprise inorganic salts such as alkali metal silicate, carbonate or borate salts or mixtures thereof, or organic materials such as waxes, oils, or fatty soaps.  
         [0141]    Sodium perborate is a preferred perhydrate salt and can be in the form of the monohydrate of nominal formula NaBO 2 H 2 O 2  or the tetrahydrate NaBO 2 H 2 O 2 .3H 2 O.  
         [0142]    Alkali metal percarbonates, particularly sodium percarbonate are preferred perhydrates herein. Sodium percarbonate is an addition compound having a formula corresponding to 2Na 2 CO 3 .3H 2 O 2 , and is available commercially as a crystalline solid.  
         [0143]    Potassium peroxymonopersulfate is another inorganic perhydrate salt of use in the detergent compositions herein.  
         [0144]    Peroxyacid Bleach Precursor  
         [0145]    Peroxyacid bleach precursors are compounds which react with hydrogen peroxide in a perhydrolysis reaction to produce a peroxyacid. Generally peroxyacid bleach precursors may be represented as  
                         
 
         [0146]    where L is a leaving group and X is essentially any functionality, such that on perhydroloysis the structure of the peroxyacid produced is  
                         
 
         [0147]    Peroxyacid bleach precursor compounds are preferably incorporated at a level of from 0.5% to 20% by weight, more preferably from 1% to 15% by weight, most preferably from 1.5% to 10% by weight of the detergent compositions.  
         [0148]    Suitable peroxyacid bleach precursor compounds typically contain one or more N- or O-acyl groups, which precursors can be selected from a wide range of classes. Suitable classes include anhydrides, esters, imides, lactams and acylated derivatives of imidazoles and oximes. Examples of useful materials within these classes are disclosed in GB-A-1586789. Suitable esters are disclosed in GB-A-836988, 864798, 1147871, 2143231 and EP-A-0170386.  
         [0149]    Leaving Groups  
         [0150]    The leaving group, hereinafter L group, must be sufficiently reactive for the perhydrolysis reaction to occur within the optimum time frame (e.g., a wash cycle). However, if L is too reactive, this activator will be difficult to stabilize for use in a bleaching composition.  
         [0151]    Preferred L groups are selected from the group consisting of:  
                         
 
         [0152]    and mixtures thereof, wherein R 1  is an alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, R 3  is an alkyl chain containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R 4  is H or R 3 , and Y is H or a solubilizing group. Any of R 1 , R 3  and R 4  may be substituted by essentially any functional group including, for example alkyl hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, amine, nitrosyl, amide and ammonium or alkyl ammonium groups.  
         [0153]    The preferred solubilizing groups are —SO 3   − M + , —CO 2   − M + , —SO 4   − M + , —N + (R 3 ) 4 X −  and O←N(R 3 ) 3  and most preferably —SO 3   − M +  and —CO 2   − M +  wherein R 3  is an alkyl chain containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, M is a cation which provides solubility to the bleach activator and X is an anion which provides solubility to the bleach activator. Preferably, M is an alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium cation, with sodium and potassium being most preferred, and X is a halide, hydroxide, methylsulfate or acetate anion.  
         [0154]    Alkyl Percarboxylic Acid Bleach Precursors  
         [0155]    Alkyl percarboxylic acid bleach precursors form percarboxylic acids on perhydrolysis. Preferred precursors of this type provide peracetic acid on perhydrolysis.  
         [0156]    Preferred alkyl percarboxylic precursor compounds of the imide type include the N-,N,N 1 N 1  tetra acetylated alkylene diamines wherein the alkylene group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, particularly those compounds in which the alkylene group contains 1, 2 and 6 carbon atoms. Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED) is particularly preferred.  
         [0157]    Other preferred alkyl percarboxylic acid precursors include sodium 3,5,5-tri-methyl hexanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (iso-NOBS), sodium nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS), sodium acetoxybenzene sulfonate (ABS) and pentaacetyl glucose.  
         [0158]    Amide Substituted Alkyl Peroxyacid Precursors  
         [0159]    Amide substituted alkyl peroxyacid precursor compounds are suitable herein, including those of the following general formulae:  
                         
 
         [0160]    wherein R 1  is an alkyl group with from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, R 2  is an alkylene group containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, and R 5  is H or an alkyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and L can be essentially any leaving group. Amide substituted bleach activator compounds of this type are described in EP-A-0 170386.  
         [0161]    Perbenzoic Acid Precursor  
         [0162]    Perbenzoic acid precursor compounds provide perbenzoic acid on perhydrolysis. Suitable O-acylated perbenzoic acid precursor compounds include the substituted and unsubstituted benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonates, and the benzoylation products of sorbitol, glucose, and all saccharides with benzoylating agents, and those of the imide type including N-benzoyl succinimide, tetrabenzoyl ethylene diamine and the N-benzoyl substituted ureas. Suitable imidazole type perbenzoic acid precursors include N-benzoyl imidazole and N-benzoyl benzimidazole. Other useful N-acyl group-containing perbenzoic acid precursors include N-benzoyl pyrrolidone, dibenzoyl taurine and benzoyl pyroglutamic acid.  
         [0163]    Cationic Peroxyacid Precursors  
         [0164]    Cationic peroxyacid precursor compounds produce cationic peroxyacids on perhydrolysis.  
         [0165]    Typically, cationic peroxyacid precursors are formed by substituting the peroxyacid part of a suitable peroxyacid precursor compound with a positively charged functional group, such as an ammonium or alkyl ammonium group, preferably an ethyl or methyl ammonium group. Cationic peroxyacid precursors are typically present in the solid detergent compositions as a salt with a suitable anion, such as a halide ion.  
         [0166]    The peroxyacid precursor compound to be so cationically substituted may be a perbenzoic acid, or substituted derivative thereof, precursor compound as described hereinbefore. Alternatively, the peroxyacid precursor compound may be an alkyl percarboxylic acid precursor compound or an amide substituted alkyl peroxyacid precursor as described hereinafter.  
         [0167]    Cationic peroxyacid precursors are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,904,406; 4,751,015; 4,988,451; 4,397,757; 5,269,962; 5,127,852; 5,093,022; 5,106,528; U.K. 1,382,594; EP 475,512, 458,396 and 284,292; and in JP 87-318,332.  
         [0168]    Examples of preferred cationic peroxyacid precursors are described in UK Patent Application No. 9407944.9 and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/298903, 08/298650, 08/298904 and 08/298906.  
         [0169]    Suitable cationic peroxyacid precursors include any of the ammonium or alkyl ammonium substituted alkyl or benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonates, N-acylated caprolactams, and monobenzoyltetracetyl glucose benzoyl peroxides. Preferred cationic peroxyacid precursors of the N-acylated caprolactam class include the trialkyl ammonium methylene benzoyl caprolactams and the trialkyl ammonium methylene alkyl caprolactams.  
         [0170]    Benzoxazin Organic Peroxyacid Precursors  
         [0171]    Also suitable are precursor compounds of the benzoxazin-type, as disclosed for example in EP-A-332,294 and EP-A482,807, particularly those having the formula:  
                         
 
         [0172]    wherein R 1  is H, alkyl, alkaryl, aryl, or arylalkyl.  
         [0173]    Preformed Organic Peroxyacid  
         [0174]    The organic peroxyacid bleaching system may contain, in addition to, or as an alternative to, an organic peroxyacid bleach precursor compound, a preformed organic peroxyacid, typically at a level of from 1% to 15% by weight, more preferably from 1% to 10% by weight of the composition.  
         [0175]    A preferred class of organic peroxyacid compounds are the amide substituted compounds of the following general formulae:  
                         
 
         [0176]    wherein R 1  is an alkyl, aryl or alkaryl group with from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, R 2  is an alkylene, arylene, and alkarylene group containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, and R 5  is H or an alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Amide substituted organic peroxyacid compounds of this type are described in EP-A-0170386.  
         [0177]    Other organic peroxyacids include diacyl and tetraacylperoxides, especially diperoxydodecanedioc acid, diperoxytetradecanedioc acid and diperoxyhexadecanedioc acid. Mono- and diperazelaic acid, mono- and diperbrassylic acid and N-phthaloylaminoperoxicaproic acid are also suitable herein.  
         [0178]    Bleach Catalyst  
         [0179]    The compositions optionally contain a transition metal containing bleach catalyst. One suitable type of bleach catalyst is a catalyst system comprising a heavy metal cation of defined bleach catalytic activity, such as copper, iron or manganese cations, an auxiliary metal cation having little or no bleach catalytic activity, such as zinc or aluminum cations, and a sequestrant having defined stability constants for the catalytic and auxiliary metal cations, particularly ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid) and water-soluble salts thereof. Such catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,243.  
         [0180]    Other types of bleach catalysts include the manganese-based complexes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,621 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,594. Preferred examples of these catalysts include Mn IV   2 (u-O) 3 (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) 2 -(PF 6 ) 2 , Mn III   2 (u-O) 1 (u-OAc)  2 (1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) 2 -(ClO 4 ) 2 , Mn IV   4 (u-O) 6 (1,4,7-triazacyclononane) 4 -(ClO 4 ) 2 , Mn III Mn IV   4 (u-O) 1 (u-OAc) 2 -(1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) 2 -(ClO 4 ) 3 , and mixtures thereof. Others are described in European patent application publication no. 549,272. Other ligands suitable for use herein include 1,5,9-timethyl-1,5,9-triazacyclododecane, 2-methyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 2-methyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1,2,4,7-tetramethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, and mixtures thereof.  
         [0181]    For examples of suitable bleach catalysts see U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,612 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,084. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,416 which teaches mononuclear manganese (IV) complexes such as Mn(1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane)(OCH 3 ) 3− (PF 6 ). Still another type of bleach catalyst, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,606, is a water-soluble complex of manganese (III), and/or (IV) with a ligand which is a non-carboxylate polyhydroxy compound having at least three consecutive C—OH groups. Other examples include binuclear Mn complexed with tetra-N-dentate and bi-N-dentate ligands, including N 4 Mn III (u-O) 2 Mn IV N 4 ) +  and [Bipy 2 Mn III (u-O) 2 Mn IV bipy 2 ]-(ClO 4 ) 3 .  
         [0182]    Further suitable bleach catalysts are described, for example, in European patent application No. 408,131 (cobalt complex catalysts), European patent applications, publication nos. 384,503, and 306,089 (metallo-porphyrin catalysts), U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,455 (manganese/multidentate ligand catalyst), U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,748 and European patent application, publication no. 224,952, (absorbed manganese on aluminosilicate catalyst), U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,845 (aluminosilicate support with manganese and zinc or magnesium salt), U.S. Pat. No. 4,626,373 (manganese/ligand catalyst), U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,557 (ferric complex catalyst), German Pat. specification 2,054,019 (cobalt chelant catalyst) Canadian 866,191 (transition metal-containing salts), U.S. Pat. No. 4.430,243 (chelants with manganese cations and non-catalytic metal cations), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,455 (manganese gluconate catalysts).  
         [0183]    Heavy Metal Ion Sequestrant  
         [0184]    The detergent compositions of the invention preferably contain as an optional component a heavy metal ion sequestrant. By heavy metal ion sequestrant it is meant herein components which act to sequester (chelate) heavy metal ions. These components may also have calcium and magnesium chelation capacity, but preferentially they show selectivity to binding heavy metal ions such as iron, manganese and copper.  
         [0185]    Heavy metal ion sequestrants are generally present at a level of from 0.005% to 20%, preferably from 0.1% to 10%, more preferably from 0.25% to 7.5% and most preferably from 0.5% to 5% by weight of the compositions.  
         [0186]    Suitable heavy metal ion sequestrants for use herein include organic phosphonates, such as the amino alkylene poly (alkylene phosphonates), alkali metal ethane 1-hydroxy disphosphonates and nitrilo trimethylene phosphonates.  
         [0187]    Preferred among the above species are diethylene triamine penta (methylene phosphonate), ethylene diamine tri (methylene phosphonate) hexamethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonate) and hydroxy-ethylene 1,1 diphosphonate.  
         [0188]    Other suitable heavy metal ion sequestrant for use herein include nitrilotriacetic acid and polyaminocarboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminotetracetic acid, ethylenetriamine pentacetic acid, ethylenediamine disuccinic acid, ethylenediamine diglutaric acid, 2-hydroxypropylenediamine disuccinic acid or any salts thereof. Especially preferred is ethylenediamine-N,N-disuccinic acid (EDDS) or the alkali metal. alkaline earth metal, ammonium, or substituted ammonium salts thereof, or mixtures thereof.  
         [0189]    Other suitable heavy metal ion sequestrants for use herein are iminodiacetic acid derivatives such as 2-hydroxyethyl diacetic acid or glyceryl imino diacetic acid, described in EP-A-317,542 and EP-A-399,133. The iminodiacetic acid-N-2-hydroxypropyl sulfonic acid and aspartic acid N-carboxymethyl N-2-hydroxypropyl-3-sulfonic acid sequestrants described in EP-A-516,102 are also suitable herein. The β-alanine-N,N′-diacetic acid, aspartic acid-N,N′-diacetic acid, aspartic acid-N-monoacetic acid and iminodisuccinic acid sequestrants described in EP-A-509,382 are also suitable.  
         [0190]    EP-A-476,257 describes suitable amino based sequestrants. EP-A-510,331 describes suitable sequestrants derived from collagen, keratin or casein. EP-A-528,859 describes a suitable alkyl iminodiacetic acid sequestrant. Dipicolinic acid and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid are alos suitable. Glycinamide-N,N′-disuccinic acid (GADS), ethylenediamine-N-N′-diglutaric acid (EDDG) and 2-hydroxypropylenediamine-N-N′-disuccinic acid (HPDDS) are also suitable.  
         [0191]    Enzyme  
         [0192]    Another preferred ingredient useful in the detergent compositions is one or more additional enzymes.  
         [0193]    Preferred additional enzymatic materials include the commercially available lipases, cutinases, amylases, neutral and alkaline proteases, esterases, cellulases, pectinases, lactases and peroxidases conventionally incorporated into detergent compositions. Suitable enzymes are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,519,570 and 3,533,139.  
         [0194]    Preferred commercially available protease enzymes include those sold under the tradenames Alcalase, Savinase, Primase, Durazym, and Esperase by Novo Industries A/S (Denmark), those sold under the tradename Maxatase, Maxacal and Maxapem by Gist-Brocades, those sold by Genencor International, and those sold under the tradename Opticlean and Optimase by Solvay Enzymes. Protease enzyme may be incorporated into the compositions in accordance with the invention at a level of from 0.0001% to 4% active enzyme by weight of the composition.  
         [0195]    Preferred amylases include, for example, α-amylases obtained from a special strain of B licheniformis, described in more detail in GB-1,269,839 (Novo). Preferred commercially available amylases include for example, those sold under the tradename Rapidase by Gist-Brocades, and those sold under the tradename Termamyl and BAN by Novo Industries A/S. Amylase enzyme may be incorporated into the composition in accordance with the invention at a level of from 0.0001% to 2% active enzyme by weight of the composition.  
         [0196]    Lipolytic enzyme may be present at levels of active lipolytic enzyme of from 0.0001% to 2% by weight, preferably 0.001% to 1% bv weight, most preferably from 0.001% to 0.5% by weight of the compositions.  
         [0197]    The lipase may be fungal or bacterial in origin being obtained, for example, from a lipase producing strain of Humicola sp., Thermomyces sp. or Pseudomonas sp. including  Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes  or  Pseudomas fluorescens.  Lipase from chemically or genetically modified mutants of these strains are also useful herein. A preferred lipase is derived from  Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes,  which is described in Granted European Patent, EP-B-0218272.  
         [0198]    Another preferred lipase herein is obtained by cloning the gene from  Humicola lanuginosa  and expressing the gene in  Aspergillus oryza,  as host, as described in European Patent Application, EP-A-0258 068, which is commercially available from Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark, under the trade name Lipolase. This lipase is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,414, Huge-Jensen et al, issued Mar. 7, 1989.  
         [0199]    Organic Polymeric Compound  
         [0200]    Organic polymeric compounds are preferred additional components of the detergent compositions in accord with the invention, and are preferably present as components of any particulate components where they may act such as to bind the particulate component together. By organic polymeric compound it is meant herein essentially any polymeric organic compound commonly used as dispersants, and anti-redeposition and soil suspension agents in detergent compositions, including any of the high molecular weight organic polymeric compounds described as clay flocculating agents herein.  
         [0201]    Organic polymeric compound is typically incorporated in the detergent compositions of the invention at a level of from 0.1% to 30%, preferably from 0.5% to 15%, most preferably from 1% to 10% by weight of the compositions.  
         [0202]    Examples of organic polymeric compounds include the water soluble organic homo- or co-polymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts in which the polycarboxylic acid comprises at least two carboxyl radicals separated from each other by not more than two carbon atoms. Polymers of the latter type are disclosed in GB-A-1,596,756. Examples of such salts are polyacryiates of MWt 2000-5000 and their copolymers with maleic anhydride, such copolymers having a molecular weight of from 20,000 to 100,000, especially 40,000 to 80,000.  
         [0203]    The polyamino compounds are useful herein including those derived from aspanic acid such as those disclosed in EP-A-305282, EP-A-305283 and EP-A-351629.  
         [0204]    Terpolymers containing monomer units selected from maleic acid, acrylic acid, polyaspartic acid and vinyl alcohol, particularly those having an average molecular weight of from 5,000 to 10,000, are also suitable herein.  
         [0205]    Other organic polymeric compounds suitable for incorporation in the detergent compositions herein include cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose.  
         [0206]    Further useful organic polymeric compounds are the polyethylene glycols, particularly those of molecular weight 1000-10000, more particularly 2000 to 8000 and most preferably about 4000.  
         [0207]    Another organic compound, which is a preferred clay dispersant/anti-redeposition agent, for use herein, can be the ethoxylated cationic monoamines and diamines of the formula:  
                         
 
         [0208]    wherein X is a noniomc group selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 4  alkyl or hydroxyalkyl ester or ether groups, and mixtures thereof, a is from 0 to 20, preferably from 0 to 4 (e.g. ethylene, propylene, hexamethylene) b is 1 or 0: for cationic monoamines (b=0), n is at least 16, with a typical range of from 20 to 35: for cationic diamines (b=1), n is at least about 12 with a typical range of from about 12 to about 42.  
         [0209]    Other dispersants/anti-redeposition agents for use herein are described in EP-B-0 11965 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,802 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,848.  
         [0210]    Suds Suppressing System  
         [0211]    The detergent compositions of the invention, when formulated for use in machine washing compositions, preferably comprise a suds suppressing system present at a level of from 0.01% to 15%, preferably from 0.05% to 10%, most preferably from 0.1% to 5% by weight of the composition.  
         [0212]    Suitable suds suppressing systems for use herein may comprise essentially any known antifoam compound, including, for example silicone antifoam compounds and 2-alkyl alcanol antifoam compounds.  
         [0213]    By antifoam compound it is meant herein any compound or mixtures of compounds which act such as to depress the foaming or sudsing produced by a solution of a detergent composition, particularly in the presence of agitation of that solution.  
         [0214]    Particularly preferred antifoam compounds for use herein are silicone antifoam compounds defined herein as any antifoam compound including a silicone component. Such silicone antifoam compounds also typically contain a silica component. The term “silicone” as used herein, and in general throughout the industry, encompasses a variety of relatively high molecular weight polymers containing siloxane units and hydrocarbyl group of various types. Preferred silicone antifoam compounds are the siloxanes, particularly the polydimethylsiloxanes having trimethylsilyl end blocking units.  
         [0215]    Other suitable antifoam compounds include the monocarboxylic fatty acids and soluble salts thereof. These materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2.954,347, issued Sep. 27, 1960 to Wayne St. John. The monocarboxylic fatty acids, and salts thereof, for use as suds suppressor typically have hydrocarbyl chains of 10 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms. Suitable salts include the alkali metal salts such as sodium, potassium, and lithium salts, and ammonium and alkanolammonium salts.  
         [0216]    Other suitable antifoam compounds include, for example, high molecular weight fatty esters (e.g. fatty acid triglycerides), fatty acid esters of monovalent alcohols, aliphatic C 18 -C 40  ketones (e.g. stearone) N-alkylated amino triazines such as tri- to hexa-alkylmelamines or di- to tetra alkyldiamine chlortriazines formed as products of cyanuric chloride with two or three moles of a primary or secondary amine containing 1 to 24 carbon atoms, propylene oxide, bis stearic acid amide and monostearyl di-alkali metal (e.g. sodium, potassium, lithium) phosphates and phosphate esters.  
         [0217]    A preferred suds suppressing system comprises  
         [0218]    (a) antifoam compound, preferably silicone antifoam compound, most preferably a silicone antifoam compound comprising in combination  
         [0219]    (i) polydimethyl siloxane, at a level of from 50% to 99%, preferably 75% to 95% by weight of the silicone antifoam compound; and  
         [0220]    (ii) silica, at a level of from 1% to 50%, preferably 5% to 25% by weight of the silicone/silica antifoam compound;  
         [0221]    wherein said silica/silicone antifoam compound is incorporated at a level of from 5% to 50%, preferably 10% to 40% by weight;  
         [0222]    (b) a dispersant compound, most preferably comprising a silicone glycol rake copolymer with a polyoxyalkylene content of 72-78% and an ethylene oxide to propylene oxide ratio of from 1:0.9 to 1:1.1, at a level of from 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1% to 10% by weight; a particularly preferred silicone glycol rake copolymer of this type is DCO544, commercially available from DOW Corning under the tradename DCO0544;  
         [0223]    (c) an inert carrier fluid compound, most preferably comprising a C 16 -C 18  ethoxylated alcohol with a degree of ethoxylation of from 5 to 50, preferably 8 to 15, at a level of from 5% to 80%, preferably 10% to 70%, by weight;  
         [0224]    A highly preferred particulate suds suppressing system is described in EP-A-0210731 and comprises a silicone antifoam compound and an organic carrier material having a melting point in the range 50° C. to 85° C., wherein the organic carrier material comprises a monoester of glycerol and a fatty acid having a carbon chain containing from 12 to 20 carbon atoms. EP-A-0210721 discloses other preferred particulate suds suppressing systems wherein the organic carrier material is a fatty acid or alcohol having a carbon chain containing from 12 to 20 carbon atoms, or a mixture thereof, with a melting point of from 45° C. to 80° C.  
         [0225]    Clay Softening System  
         [0226]    The detergent compositions may contain a clay softening system comprising a clay mineral compound and optionally a clay flocculating agent.  
         [0227]    The clay mineral compound is preferably a smectite clay compound. Smectite clays are disclosed in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,862,058, 3,948,790, 3,954,632 and 4,062,647. European Patents Nos. EP-A-299,575 and EP-A-313,146 in the name of the Procter and Gamble Company describe suitable organic polymeric clay flocculating agents.  
         [0228]    Polymeric Dye Transfer Inhibiting Agents  
         [0229]    The detergent compositions herein may also comprise from 0.01% to 10 %, preferably from 0.05% to 0.5% by weight of polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents.  
         [0230]    The polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents are preferably selected from polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinylpyrrolidonepolymers or combinations thereof.  
         [0231]    a) Polyamine N-oxide Polymers  
         [0232]    Polyamine N-oxide polymers suitable for use herein contain units having the following structure formula:  
                         
 
         [0233]    wherein P is a polymerisable unit, and 
         O O O 
         [0234]    A is NC, CO, C, —O—, —S—, —N—; x is O or 1;  
         [0235]    R are aliphatic, ethoxylated aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic or alicyclic groups or any combination thereof whereto the nitrogen of the N—O group can be attached or wherein the nitrogen of the N—O group is part of these groups.  
         [0236]    The N—O group can be represented by the following general structures:  
                         
 
         [0237]    wherein R1, R2, and R3 are aliphatic groups, aromatic, heterocyclic or alicyclic groups or combinations thereof, x or/and y or/and z is 0 or 1 and wherein the nitrogen of the N—O group can be attached or wherein the nitrogen of the N—O group forms part of these groups. The N—O group can be part of the polymerisable unit (P) or can be attached to the polymeric backbone or a combination of both.  
         [0238]    Suitable polyamine N-oxides wherein the N—O group forms part of the polymerisable unit comprise polyamine N-oxides wherein R is selected from aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic groups. One class of said polyamine N-oxides comprises the group of polyamine N-oxides wherein the nitrogen of the N—O group forms part of the R-group. Preferred polyamine N-oxides are those wherein R is a heterocyclic group such as pyrridine, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrrolidine, piperidine, quinoline, acridine and derivatives thereof.  
         [0239]    Other suitable polyamine N-oxides are the polyamine oxides whereto the N—O group is attached to the polymerisable unit. A preferred class of these polyamine N-oxides comprises the polyamine N-oxides having the general formula (I) wherein R is an aromatic, heterocyclic or alicyclic groups wherein the nitrogen of the N—O functional group is part of said R group. Examples of these classes are polyamine oxides wherein R is a heterocyclic compound such as pyrridine, pyrrole, imidazole and derivatives thereof.  
         [0240]    The polyamine N-oxides can be obtained in almost any degree of polymerisation. The degree of polymerisation is not critical provided the material has the desired water-solubility and dye-suspending power. Typically, the average molecular weight is within the range of 500 to 1000,000.  
         [0241]    b) Copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole  
         [0242]    Suitable herein are coploymers of N-vinylimidazole and N-vinylpyrrolidone having an average molecular weight range of from 5,000 to 50,000. The preferred copolymers have a molar ratio of N-vinylimidazole to N-vinylpyrrolidone from 1 to 0.2.  
         [0243]    c) Polyvinylpyrrolidone  
         [0244]    The detergent compositions herein may also utilize polyvinylpyrrolidone (“PVP”) having an average molecular weight of from 2,500 to 400,000. Suitable polyvinylpyrrolidones are commercially available from ISP Corporation, New York, N.Y. and Montreal, Canada under the product names PVP K-15 (viscosity molecular weight of 10,000), PVP K-30 (average molecular weight of 40,000), PVP K-60 (average molecular weight of 160,000), and PVP K-90 (average molecular weight of 360,000). PVP K-15 is also available from ISP Corporation. Other suitable polyvinylpyrrolidones which are commercially available from BASF Cooperation include Sokalan HP 165 and Sokalan HP 12.  
         [0245]    d) Polyvinyloxazolidone  
         [0246]    The detergent compositions herein may also utilize polyvinyloxazolidones as polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents. Said polyvinyloxazolidones have an average molecular weight of from 2,500 to 400,000.  
         [0247]    e) Polyvinylimidazole  
         [0248]    The detergent compositions herein may also utilize polyvinylimidazole as polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agent. Said polyvinylimidazoles preferably have an average molecular weight of from 2,500 to 400,000.  
         [0249]    Optical Brightener  
         [0250]    The detergent compositions herein also optionally contain from about 0.005% to 5% by weight of certain types of hydrophilic optical brighteners.  
         [0251]    Hydrophilic optical brighteners useful herein include those having the structural formula:  
                         
 
         [0252]    wherein R 1  is selected from anilino, N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and NH-2-hydroxyethyl; R 2  is selected from N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl, N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino. morphilino, chloro and amino: and M is a salt-forming cation such as sodium or potassium.  
         [0253]    When in the above formula, R 1  is anilino, R 2  is N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and M is a cation such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4′,-bis[(4-anilino-6-(N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid and disodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal-UNPA-GX by Ciba-Geigy Corporation. Tinopal-UNPA-GX is the preferred hydrophilic optical brightener useful in the detergent compositions herein.  
         [0254]    When in the above formula, R 1  is anilino, R 2  is N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-2-methylamino and M is a cation such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4′-bis[(4-anilino-6-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino)-s-tiazine-2-yl)amino]2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal 5BM-GX by Ciba-Geigy Corporation.  
         [0255]    When in the above formula, R 1  is anilino, R 2  is morphilino and M is a cation such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4′-bis[(4-anilino-6-morphilino-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, sodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal AMS-GX by Ciba Geigy Corporation.  
         [0256]    Cationic Fabric Softening Agents  
         [0257]    Cationic fabric softening agents can also be incorporated into compositions in accordance with the present invention. Suitable cationic fabric softening agents include the water insoluble tertiary amines or dilong chain amide materials as disclosed in GB-A-1 514 276 and EP-B-0 011 340.  
         [0258]    Cationic fabric softening agents are typically incorporated at total levels of from 0.5% to 15% by weight, normally from 1% to 5% by weight.  
         [0259]    Other Optional Ingredients  
         [0260]    Other optional ingredients suitable for inclusion in the compositions of the invention include perfumes, colours and filler salts, with sodium sulfate being a preferred filler salt.  
         [0261]    pH of the Compositions  
         [0262]    The present compositions preferably have a pH measured as a 1% solution in distilled water of at least 10.0, preferably from 10.0 to 12.5, most preferably from 10.5 to 12.0.  
         [0263]    Form of the Compositions  
         [0264]    The detergent composition of the invention can be made via a variety of methods, including dry-mixing and agglomerating of the various compounds comprised in the detergent composition. The acid source of the invention is preferably dry-added.  
         [0265]    The compositions in accordance with the invention can take a variety of physical forms including granular, tablet, bar and liquid forms. The compositions are particularly the so-called concentrated granular detergent compositions adapted to be added to a washing machine by means of a dispensing device placed in the machine drum with the soiled fabric load.  
         [0266]    The mean particle size of the base composition of granular compositions in accordance with the invention can be from 0.1 mm to 5.0 mm, but it should preferably be such that no more that 5% of particles are greater than 1.7 mm in diameter and not more than 5% of particles are less than 0.15 mm in diameter.  
         [0267]    The term mean particle size as defined herein is calculated by sieving a sample of the composition into a number of fractions (typically 5 fractions) on a series of Tyler sieves. The weight fractions thereby obtained are plotted against the aperture size of the sieves. The mean particle size is taken to be the aperture size through which 50% by weight of the sample would pass.  
         [0268]    The bulk density of granular detergent compositions in accordance with the present invention typically have a bulk density of at least 600 g/liter, more preferably from 650 g/liter to 1200 g/liter. Bulk density is measured by means of a simple funnel and cup device consisting of a conical funnel moulded rigidly on a base and provided with a flap valve at its lower extremity to allow the contents of the funnel to be emptied into an axially aligned cylindrical cup disposed below the funnel. The funnel is 130 mm high and has internal diameters of 130 mm and 40 mm at its respective upper and lower extremities. It is mounted so that the lower extremity is 140 mm above the upper surface of the base. The cup has an overall height of 90 mm, an internal height of 87 mm and an internal diameter of 84 mm. Its nominal volume is 500 ml.  
         [0269]    To carry out a measurement, the funnel is filled with powder by hand pouring, the flap valve is opened and powder allowed to overfill the cup. The filled cup is removed from the frame and excess powder removed from the cup by passing a straight edged implement eg; a knife, across its upper edge. The filled cup is then weighed and the value obtained for the weight of powder doubled to provide a bulk density in g/liter. Replicate measurements are made as required.  
         [0270]    Surfactant Agglomerate Particles  
         [0271]    The surfactant system herein is preferably present in granular compositions in the form of surfactant agglomerate particles, which may take the form of flakes, prills, marurnes, noodles, ribbons, but preferably take the form of granules. The most preferred way to process the particles is by agglomerating powders (e.g. aluminosilicate, carbonate) with high active surfactant pastes and to control the particle size of the resultant agglomerates within specified limits. Such a process involves mixing an effective amount of powder with a high active surfactant paste in one or more agglomerators such as a pan agglomerator, a Z-blade mixer or more preferably an in-line mixer such as those manufactured by Schugi (Holland) BV, 29 Chroomstraat 8211 AS, Lelystad, Netherlands. and Gebruder Lodige Maschinenbau GmbH, D4790 Paderbom 1, Elsenerstrasse 7-9, Postfach 2050, Germany. Most preferably a high shear mixer is used, such as a Lodige CB (Trade Name).  
         [0272]    A high active surfactant paste comprising from 50% by weight to 95% by weight, preferably 70% by weight to 85% by weight of surfactant is typically used. The paste may be pumped into the agglomerator at a temperature high enough to maintain a pumpable viscosity, but low enough to avoid degradation of the anionic surfactants used. An operating temperature of the paste of 50° C. to 80° C. is typical.  
         [0273]    In an especially preferred embodiment of the present invention, the detergent composition has a density of greater than about 600 g/l and is in the form of powder or a granulate containing more than about 5% by weight of the alkali, preferably (bi-) carbonate or percarbonate. The carbonate material is either dry-added or delivered via agglomerates. The addition of the acid, preferably citric acid, (up to 10%) may be introduced into the product as a dry-add, or via a separate particle.  
         [0274]    Laundry Washing Method  
         [0275]    Machine laundry methods herein typically comprise treating soiled laundry with an aqueous wash solution in a washing machine having dissolved or dispensed therein an effective amount of a machine laundry detergent composition in accord with the invention. By an effective amount of the detergent composition it is meant from 40 g to 300 g of product dissolved or dispersed in a wash solution of volume from 5 to 65 liters, as are typical product dosages and wash solution volumes commonly employed in conventional machine laundry methods.  
         [0276]    In a preferred use aspect a dispensing device is employed in the washing method. The dispensing device is charged with the detergent product, and is used to introduce the product directly into the drum of the washing machine before the commencement of the wash cycle. Its volume capacity should be such as to be able to contain sufficient detergent product as would normally be used in the washing method.  
         [0277]    Once the washing machine has been loaded with laundry the dispensing device containing the detergent product is placed inside the drum. At the commencement of the wash cycle of the washing machine water is introduced into the drum and the drum periodically rotates. The design of the dispensing device should be such that it permits containment of the dry detergent product but then allows release of this product during the wash cycle in response to its agitation as the drum rotates and also as a result of its contact with the wash water.  
         [0278]    To allow for release of the detergent product during the wash the device may possess a number of openings through which the product may pass. Alternatively, the device may be made of a material which is permeable to liquid but impermeable to the solid product, which will allow release of dissolved product. Preferably, the detergent product will be rapidly released at the start of the wash cycle thereby providing transient localised high concentrations of product in the drum of the washing machine at this stage of the wash cycle.  
         [0279]    Preferred dispensing devices are reusable and are designed in such a way that container integrity is maintained in both the dry state and during the wash cycle. Especially preferred dispensing devices for use with the composition of the invention have been described in the following patents; GB-B-2, 157, 717, GB-B-2, 157, 718, EP-A-0201376, EP-A-0288345 and EP-A-0288346. An article by J. Bland published in  Manufacturing Chemist,  November 1989, pages 41-46 also describes especially preferred dispensing devices for use with granular laundry products which are of a type commonly know as the “granulette”. Another preferred dispensing device for use with the compositions of this invention is disclosed in PCT Patent Application No. WO94/11562.  
         [0280]    Especially preferred dispensing devices are disclosed in European Patent Application Publication Nos. 0343069 &amp; 0343070. The latter Application discloses a device comprising a flexible sheath in the form of a bag extending from a support ring defining an orifice, the orifice being adapted to admit to the bag sufficient product for one washing cycle in a washing process. A portion of the washing medium flows through the orifice into the bag, dissolves the product, and the solution then passes outwardly through the orifice into the washing medium. The support ring is provided with a masking arrangement to prevent egress of wetted, undissolved, product, this arrangement typically comprising radially extending walls extending from a central boss in a spoked wheel configuration, or a similar structure in which the walls have a helical form.  
         [0281]    Alternatively, the dispensing device may be a flexible container, such as a bag or pouch. The bag may be of fibrous construction coated with a water impermeable protective material so as to retain the contents, such as is disclosed in European published Patent Application No. 0018678. Alternatively it may be formed of a water-insoluble synthetic polymeric material provided with an edge seal or closure designed to rupture in aqueous media as disclosed in European published Patent Application Nos. 0011500, 0011501, 0011502, and 0011968. A convenient form of water frangible closure comprises a water soluble adhesive disposed along and sealing one edge of a pouch formed of a water impermeable polymeric film such as polyethylene or polypropylene.  
         [0282]    Packaging for the Compositions  
         [0283]    Commercially marketed executions of the bleaching compositions can be packaged in any suitable container including those constructed from paper, cardboard, plastic materials and any suitable laminates. A preferred packaging execution is described in European Application No. 94921505.7.  
         [0284]    Abbreviations used in following Examples  
         [0285]    In the detergent compositions, the abbreviated component identifications have the following meanings:  
                                       LAS:   Sodium linear C 12  alkyl benzene sulfonate       TAS:   Sodium tallow alkyl sulfate       C45AS:   Sodium C 14 -C 15  linear alkyl sulfate       CxyEzS:   Sodium C 1x -C 1y  branched alkyl sulfate           condensed with z moles of ethylene oxide       C45E7:   A C 14-15  predominantly linear primary alcohol           condensed with an average of 7 moles of ethylene           oxide       C25E3:   A C 12-15  branched primary alcohol condensed with an           average of 3 moles of ethylene oxide       C25E5:   A C 12-15  branched primary alcohol condensed with an           average of 5 moles of ethylene oxide       CEQ:   R 1 COOCH 2 CH 2 .N + (CH 3 ) 3  with R 1  = C 11 -C 13         QAS I:   R 2 .N + (CH 3 ) 2 (C 2 H 4 OH) with R 2  = C 12 -C 14         QAS II:   R 2 .N + (CH 3 )(C 2 H 4 OH) 2  with R 2  = C 10 -C 14         Soap:   Sodium linear alkyl carboxy late derived from an           80/20 mixture of tallow and coconut oils.       TFAA:   C 16 -C 18  alkyl N-methyl glucamide       TPKFA:   C12-C14 topped whole cut fatty acids       STPP:   Anhydrous sodium tripolyphosphate       Zeolite A:   Hydrated Sodium Aluminosilicate of formula           Na 12 (AlO 2 SiO 2 ) 12 .27H 2 O having           a primary particle size in the range from 0.1 to 10           micrometers       NaSKS-6:   Crystalline layered silicate of formula           δ-Na 2 Si 2 O 5         Citric acid:   Anhydrous citric acid       Carbonate:   Anhydrous sodium carbonate with a particle size           between 200 μm and 900 μm       Bicarbonate:   Anhydrous sodium bicarbonate with a particle size           distribution between 400 μm and 1200 μm       Silicate:   Amorphous Sodium Silicate (SiO 2 :Na 2 O; 2.0 ratio)       Sodium sulfate:   Anhydrous sodium sulfate       Citrate:   Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate of activity 86.4% with a           particle size distribution between 425 μm and 850 μm       MA/AA:   Copolymer of 1:4 maleic/acrylic acid, average           molecular weight about 70,000.       CMC:   Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose       Protease:   Proteolytic enzyme of activity 4 KNPU/g sold by           NOVO Industries AIS under the tradenamne Savinase       Alcalase:   Proteolytic enzyme of activity 3 AU/g sold by           NOVO Industries A/S       Cellulase:   Cellulytic enzyme of activity 1000 CEVU/g sold           by NOVO Industries A/S under the tradenamne           Carezyme       Amylase:   Amylolytic enzyme of activity 60 KNU/g sold by           NOVO Industries A/S under the tradename           Termamyl 60T       Lipase:   Lipolytic enzyme of activity 100 kLU/g sold by           NOVO Industries A/S under the tradename           Lipolase       Endolase:   Endoglunase enzyme of activity 3000 CEVU/g           sold by NOVO Industries A/S       PB4:   Sodium perborate tetrahydrate of nominal formula           NaBO 2 .3H 2 O.H 2 O 2         PB1:   Anhydrous sodium perborate monohydrate bleach of           nominal formula NaBO 2 .H 2 O 2         Percarboriate:   Sodium Percarbonate of nominal formula           2Na 2 CO 3 .3H 2 O 2         NOBS:   Nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate in the form of the           sodium salt.       TAED:   Terraacetylethylenediamine       DTPMP:   Diethylene triamine penta (methylene           phosphonate), marketed by Monsanto under the           Trade name Dequest 2060       Photoactivated:   Sulfonated Zinc Phthlocyanine encapsulated in bleach           dextrin soluble polymer       Brightener 1:   Disodium 4,4′-bis(2-sulphostyryl)biphenyl       Brightener 2:   Disodium 4,4-bis(4-anilino-6-morpholinol-1,3,5-           triazin-2-yl)amino)stilbene-2:2′-disulfonate.       HEDP:   1,1-hydroxyethane diphosphonic acid       PVNO:   Polyvinylpyridine N-oxide       PVPVI:   Copolymer of polyvinylpyrolidone and           vinylimidazole       SRP 1:   Sulfobenzoyl end capped esters with oxyethylene           oxy and terephtaloyl backbone       SRP 2:   Diethoxylated poly (1,2 propylene terephtalate)           short block polymer       Silicone antifoam:   Polydimethylsiloxane foam controller with           siloxane-oxyalkylene copolymer as dispersing           agent with a ratio of said foam controller to said           dispersing agent of 10:1 to 100:1.       Alkalinity:   % weight equivalent of NaOH, as obtained using the           alkalinity release test method described herein.                  
 
         [0286]    In the following Examples all levels are quoted as % by weight of the composition:  
       EXAMPLE 1  
       [0287]    The following granular laundry detergent compositions A and B of bulk density 750 g/liter were prepared in accord with the invention:  
                                                                                 A   B   C   D                                    LAS   5.61   4.76   5.5   6.5       TAS   1.86   1.57   2.1   1.5       C45AS   2.24   3.89   2.4   3.2       C25AE3S   0.76   1.18   0.8   1.3       C45E7   —   5.0   —   2.5       C25E3   5.5   —   2.5   —       CEQ   2.0   1.0   —   —       QAS   —   1.0   2.0   1.5       Zeolite A   19.5   19.5   16.5   16.5       NaSKS-6/citric acid (79:21)   10.6   10.6   10.6   6.9       Carbonate   21.4   21.4   16.5   19.3       Bicarbonate   2.0   2.0   2.0   —       Silicate   2.0   —   —   2.0       Sodium sulfate   —   14.3   —   —       Percarbonare   12.7   —   12.0   —       TAED   3.1   —   4.5   —       DETPMP   0.2   0.2   0.2   0.2       HEDP   0.3   0.3   0.3   0.3       Protease   0.85   0.85   0.85   0.85       Lipase   0.15   0.15   0.15   0.15       Cellulase   0.28   0.28   0.28   0.18       Amylase   0.1   0.1   0.1   0.1       MAMA   1.6   1.6   1.0   2.2       CMC   0.4   0.4   0.7   0.7       Photoactivated bleach (ppm)   27 ppm   27 ppm   27 ppm   27 ppm       Brightener 1   0.19   0.19   0.19   0.19       Brightener 2   0.04   0.04   0.04   0.04       Perfume   0.3   0.3   0.3   0.3       Silicone antifoam   2.4   2.4   2.4   2.4       Citric acid   1.5   2.0   4.5   5.5       Minors/misc to 100%                  
 
       EXAMPLE 2  
       [0288]    The following detergent formulations, according to the present invention were prepared:  
                                                                             E   F   G                                        Blown Powder                       STPP   14.0   —   14.0           Zeolite A   —   20.0   —           C45AS   9.0   6.0   8.0           MA/AA   2.0   4.0   2.0           LAS   6.0   8.0   9.0           TAS   2.0   —   —           QAS II   1.5   3.0   3.5           Silicate   7.0   8.0   8.0           CMC   1.0   1.0   0.5           Brightener 2   0.2   0.2   0.2           Soap   1.0   1.0   1.0           DTPMP   0.4   0.4   0.2           Spray On           C45E7   2.5   2.5   2.0           C25E3   2.5   2.5   2.0           Silicone antifoam   0.3   0.3   0.3           Perfume   0.3   0.3   0.3           Dry additives           Carbonate   26.0   23.0   25.0           Percarbonate   18.0   18.0   10           PB1   —   —   2.0           TAED   3.0   3.0   1.0           Photoactivated bleach   0.02   0.02   0.02           Protease   1.0   1.0   1.0           Lipase   0.4   0.4   0.4           Amylase   0.25   0.30   0.15           Dry mixed sodium sulfate   3.0   3.0   5.0           Citric acid   2.5   2.0   5.0           Balance (Moisture &amp;   100.0   100.0   100.0           Miscellaneous)           Density (g/litre)   630   670   670                      
 
       EXAMPLE 3  
       [0289]    The following nil bleach-containing detergent formulations of particular use in the washing of colored clothing, according to the present invention were prepared:  
                                                                     H   I                                        Blown Powder                   Zeolite A   15.0   —           Sodium sulfate   —   —           LAS   3.0   —           QAS I   —   1.5           CEQ   2.0   1.3           DTPMP   0.4   —           CMC   0.4   —           MAMA   4.0   —           Agglomerates           C45AS   —   11.0           LAS   6.0   —           TAS   3.0   —           Silicate   4.0   —           Zeolite A   10.0   13.0           CMC   —   0.5           MA/AA   —   2.0           Carbonate   9.0   7.0           Spray On           Perfume   0.3   0.5           C45E7   4.0   4.0           C25E3   2.0   2.0           Dry additives           MA/AA   —   3.0           NaSKS-6   —   12.0           Citric acid   4.0   3.0           Citrate   10.0   8.0           Bicarbonate   7.0   5.0           Carbonate   8.0   7.0           PVPVI/PVNO   0.5   0.5           Alcalase   0.5   0.9           Lipase   0.4   0.4           Amylase   0.6   0.6           Cellulase   0.6   0.6           Silicone antifoam   5.0   5.0           Dry additives           Sodium sulfate   0.0   0.0           Balance (Moisture and Miscellaneous)   100.0   100.0           Density (g/litre)   700   700                      
 
       EXAMPLE 4  
       [0290]    The following detergent formulations, according to the present invention were prepared:  
                                                                                     J   K   L   M                                        LAS   12.0   12.0   12.0   10.0           QAS   0.7   1.0   —   0.7           TFAA   —   1.0   —   —           C25E5/C45E7   —   2.0   —   0.5           C45E3S   —   2.5   —   —           QAS II   2.0   1.5   1.0   1.0           STPP   30.0   18.0   15.0   —           Silicate   9.0   7.0   10.0   —           Carbonate   15.0   10.5   15.0   25.0           Bicarbonate   —   10.5   —   —           DTPMP   0.7   1.0   —   —           SRP 1   0.3   0.2   —   0.1           MA/AA   2.0   1.5   2.0   1.0           CMC   0.8   0.4   0.4   0.2           Protease   0.8   1.0   0.5   0.5           Amylase   0.8   0.4   —   0.25           Lipase   0.2   0.1   0.2   0.1           Cellulase   0.15   0.05   —   —           Photoactivated   70 ppm   45 ppm   —   10 ppm           bleach (ppm)           Brightener 1   0.2   0.2   0.08   0.2           percarbonate   6.0   2.0   —   —           NOBS   2.0   1.0   —   —           Citric acid   3.5   5.0   3.0   2.0           Balance (Moisture   100   100   100   100           and           Miscellaneous)                      
 
       EXAMPLE 5  
       [0291]    The following detergent formulations, according to the present invention were prepared:  
                                                                             N   O   P                                        Blown Powder                       Zeolite A   10.0   15.0   6.0           Sodium sulfate   19.0   5.0   7.0           MA/AA   3.0   3.0   6.0           LAS   10.0   8.0   10.0           C45AS   4.0   5.0   7.0           QAS I   2.0   4.0   1.0           Silicate   —   1.0   7.0           Soap   —   —   2.0           Brightener 1   0.2   0.2   0.2           Carbonate   28.0   26.0   20.0           DTPMP   —   0.4   0.4           Spray On           C45E7   1.0   1.0   1.0           Dry additives           PVPVI/PVNO   0.5   0.5   0.5           Protease   1.0   1.0   1.0           Lipase   0.4   0.4   0.4           Amylase   0.1   0.1   0.1           Cellulase   0.1   0.1   0.1           NOBS   —   6.1   4.5           Percarbonate   1.0   5.0   6.0           Sodium sulfate   —   6.0   —           Citric acid   2.5   2.5   2.0           Balance (Moisture and   100   100   100           Miscellaneous)                      
 
       EXAMPLE 6  
       [0292]    The following high density and bleach-containing detergent formulations, according to the present invention were prepared:  
                                                                     Q   R                                        Blown Powder                   Zeolite A   15.0   15.0           Sodium sulfate   0.0   0.0           LAS   8.0   3.0           QAS   —   1.5           CEQ   2.0   —           DTPMP   0.4   0.4           CMC   0.4   0.4           MA/AA   4.0   2.0           Agglomerates           LAS   4.0   4.0           TAS   2.0   1.0           Silicate   3.0   4.0           Zeolite A   8.0   8.0           Carbonate   8.0   6.0           Spray On           Perfume   0.3   0.3           C45E7   2.0   2.0           C25E3   2.0   —           Dry additives           Citric acid   2.0   3.0           Citrate   5.0   2.0           Bicarbonate   —   —           Carbonate   8.0   10.0           TAED   6.0   5.0           Percarbonate   14.0   10.0           Polyethylene oxide of MW 5,000,000   —   0.2           Bentonite clay   —   10.0           Protease   1.0   1.0           Lipase   0.4   0.4           Amylase   0.6   0.6           Cellulase   0.6   0.6           Silicone antifoam   5.0   5.0           Dry additives           Sodium sulfate   2.0   0.0           Balance (Moisture and   100.0   100.0           Miscellaneous)           Density (g/litre)   850   850                      
 
       EXAMPLE 7  
       [0293]    The following high density detergent formulations, according to the present invention were prepared:  
                                                                     S   T                                        Agglomerate                   C45AS   11.0   14.0           QAS I   1.0   2.0           CEQ   3.0   —           Zeolite A   15.0   6.0           Carbonate   4.0   8.0           MA/AA   4.0   2.0           CMC   0.5   0.5           DTPMP   0.4   0.4           Spray On           C25E5   5.0   5.0           Perfume   0.5   0.5           Dry Adds           Citric acid   1.5   2.0           HBDP   0.5   0.3           SKS 6   13.0   10.0           Citrate   3.0   1.0           TAED   5.0   7.0           Percarbonate   20.0   20.0           SRP 1   0.3   0.3           Protease   1.4   1.4           Lipase   0.4   0.4           Cellulase   0.6   0.6           Amylase   0.6   0.6           Silicone antifoam   5.0   5.0           Brightener 1   0.2   0.2           Brightener 2   0.2   —           Balance (Moisture and   100   100           Miscellaneous)           Density (g/litre)   850   850