Abstract:
A liquid dispenser includes a reservoir for holding a liquid, and a chamber in communication with the reservoir. The chamber receives the liquid, and a micro power source generates electricity for heating the liquid disposed in the chamber. A nozzle is included for releasing the heated liquid from the chamber through an orifice in the nozzle.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Consumers use a variety of devices that deliver skin care products such as shaving cream and lotions. Shaving cream dispensers, for instance, can deliver heated shaving cream to help soften beard stubble before shaving. Similarly, lotion dispensers can deliver heated lotion for skin comfort as well as for activating and delivering therapeutic or medicinal ingredients in the lotion. However, these and other conventional skin care product dispensers use well-known power generation components such as alkaline batteries and electrical power cords. If battery power is used, the batteries tend to be depleted rapidly and must be replaced regularly, which is costly over time. If conventional electrical power is used, electrical cords prevent portability of the skin care product dispensers. 
   A device is needed in the industry, which utilizes a compact, portable power source that enables a user to transport a skin care product dispenser conveniently in a purse, pocket, suitcase or the like, and which can be quickly and economically recharged. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The present invention generally provides micro powered skin care product dispensers such as those that dispense lotions, shaving creams, hair care products and other toiletries. A micro power source facilitates portability of the skin care product dispensers by eliminating electrical power cords in some embodiments and bulky motors in other embodiments while providing direct heat generation or electrical power in the skin care product dispensers, with the energy being obtained from the reaction of a fuel with oxygen. In some versions of the invention, the energy for heating the liquid is selectively applied to the portion of the liquid that will be dispensed next (e.g., the liquid nearest the discharge point or the liquid as it passes through a discharge chamber). In one version, the heat is generated on demand, during or shortly before dispensing of the product, such as in response to a user action indicative of a desire to dispense the liquid (e.g., depressing a dispensing head or a button). The amount of heating (product temperature) may be determined by user-adjustable settings such as a dial to control the heat delivering from the micro power source. The component parts of the micro powered skin care product dispensers can be simple and economical to manufacture, assemble and use. Other advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the attached drawings, or can be learned through practice of the invention. 
   As used herein, the term “micro power source” includes any type of micro-fuel cell, micro-gas turbine (micro engine), microheater, or their combinations, which may, for example, deliver 10 to 100 times as much energy as conventional batteries occupying the same volume. The micro power source can deliver power to devices of the present invention from about 0.2 Watts (W) to 2000 W, more particularly from about 0.5 W to about 200 W. Further, the micro power source according to various aspects of the present invention can be readily rechargeable by simply adding fuel to an empty fuel cartridge or replacing a spent fuel cartridge as will be described in detail in the following discussion. 
   More specifically, the micro-fuel cells according to various embodiments described herein are devices that electrochemically oxidize a fuel to generate electricity. Exemplary methods of coupling micro-fuel cells with portable electrical devices are described and shown, for example but without limitation, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,097 to Hockaday, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
   The micro-gas turbines contemplated in various embodiments herein generally include a miniature compressor that compresses incoming air to high pressure, a combustion area that burns the fuel and produces high-pressure, high-velocity gas, and a tiny turbine that extracts the energy from the high-pressure, high-velocity gas flowing from the combustion chamber, which is then converted to electricity. Examples of microturbines that convert fuel to electricity are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,940 to Epstein et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,392,313 to Epstein et al., which are incorporated herein by reference without limitation. 
   The microheater used in various embodiments described herein is a microscale heating system that can be used for personal or portable heating and cooling devices. The microheater has the capability of producing up to 30 W of thermal energy per square centimeter of external combustor area and can heat a portable heater for as long as eight hours on minimal fuel. Exemplary microheater applications are described by Drost et al. in a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory paper entitled  MicroHeater , ca. Jul. 21, 1999, which is incorporated herein and without limitation by reference thereto. 
   Another example of fuel cell technology, which can be used in various embodiments of the present invention is a hydrogen-based fuel cell system, which is available for instance but without limitation from Angstrom Power Solutions (North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada). Such a system is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,010, to McLean, which is incorporated by reference. The hydrogen-based fuel cell system uses compressed hydrogen gas in cartridges or metal hydride storage systems. A proton exchange membrane with a porous diffusion material and catalyst generates electricity from the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen, with an optional hybrid battery connected to the fuel cell. The fuel cell can be cylindrical, as in the shape of existing AA lithium batteries, or can have a prismatic shape. For example, an Angstrom V50 cylindrical fuel cell is 2.6 cosmetic in diameter and 2 cm long, producing 1 W at 5 volts. A V60 fuel cell is a prismatic fuel cell with dimensions of 5 mm×27 mm×19 mm. As presented at the 7th Annual Small Fuel Cell 2005 Conference, Washington, D.C., Apr. 27-29, 2005, Angstrom fuel cells may deliver energy of 700 Whr/liter or 170 Whr/kg at 50% net efficiency. 
   As used herein, the term “fluid” means a liquid or a gas. 
   As used herein, the term “solution” means a liquid comprising a solvent and one or more solutes and can be aqueous or nonaqueous. A solution may be combined with other phases to form an emulsion, a slurry, a foam, and so forth. The solution can comprise water, cleaning agents, various active ingredients, fragrance additives or agents and the like. 
   As used herein, the term “controller” means a regulator, a control assembly or a control used to activate a resistor or other electrically powered device. 
   With particular reference to the micro-fuel cell form of a micro power source, the micro-fuel cell can generate and deliver energy to skin care product dispenser extremely efficiently. The micropower source, whether it is a micro-fuel cell or a small heating device, can use a fuel to generate the energy in a controlled manner either in the form of heat or electricity or both. For example, the fuel can generate the energy by controlled oxidation in the presence of catalysts. If the energy is heat, a workpiece can be heated directly. If the energy produced is electricity, the electricity can be used for resistive heating or to activate the workpiece. Of course, when electricity is produced, a portion of the energy produced by the fuel will be released as waste heat, which can be captured and utilized in various aspects of the invention. 
   The delivery of energy can be during dispensing of the product or shortly before (e.g., about 5, 10, 20, or 30 seconds before), and can be initiated by an action by the user such as an attempt to dispense the product, squeezing the sides of the container, depressing a button or switch, etc. In one version, heating is rapid enough that it can be done on demand without significant waits for the liquid to become warmed. 
   The micro-fuel cell can be but is not limited to a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) cell, a direct methanol cell (DMFC—a form of PEMFC discussed below), a phosphoric acid cell, an alkaline cell, a molten carbonate cell, a solid oxide cell, and a regenerative (reversible) micro-fuel cell. Other types of micro-fuel cells may include small MEMS (micro electrical machined system) devices, which are also suitable for electrical power applications. The MEMS-based fuel cell can be a solid oxide type (SOFC), a solid polymer type (SPFC), or a proton exchange membrane type (PEMFC). Each MEMS micro-fuel cell can have an anode and a cathode separated by an electrolyte layer. Additionally, catalyst layers can also separate the electrodes (cathode and anode) from the electrolyte as discussed below. 
   By way of more specific example, the PEM micro-fuel cells use a membrane to separate the fuel from the oxygen. A catalyst such as platinum may be present on, in, or otherwise associated with the membrane to help generate hydrogen ions from the fuel in the presence of an electrochemical circuit that receives an electron as a hydrogen ion is generated. The membrane, typically wetted with water, allows hydrogen ions from the fuel to diffuse toward the oxygen where it reacts electrochemically. The overall reactions involved may be, in the case of methanol fuel cell:
 
CH 3 OH+H 2 0→CO 2 +6H + +6e − 
 
6H + +3/2O 2 +6e − →3H 2 0
 
   The flow of electrons across the circuit occurs at a voltage that can be used to conduct useful work; i.e., to power cleaning devices as described herein. 
   By way of further example but not of limitation, a micro-fuel cell in another aspect of the invention can be made from two silicon substrates. Porous silicon is formed along the surface of the substrate in a desired pattern provided by a mask. Suitable mask materials include those that do not dissolve in HF, e.g., silicon nitride, gold and chromium. Ambient mask conditions are next changed to provide electropolishing to form gas delivery tunnels or channels underlying the porous regions. A variety of patterns are suitable for these tunnels or channels such as serpentine, parallel, wheel and spoke or fractal patterns. The mask provides a final structure in which the porous silicon regions are supported, typically by portions of the mask itself. The resulting structure provides porous silicon regions formed in the surface of the substrate, with underlying tunnel regions formed within the substrate. 
   In this exemplary micro-fuel cell, two silicon current collector/gas diffusion structures are prepared as described above. A catalyst layer is then formed on each silicon structure (on the surface in which the porous silicon regions are formed) for both electrodes. The catalyst layer is formed by any suitable technique, e.g., sputtering or spinning an emulsion of catalyst particles. The catalyst layer can be, for example, platinum or platinum/carbon (e.g., carbon particles having attached platinum particles). Additionally, a platinum/ruthenium catalyst is useful for reacting with methanol fuel, although the Pt—Ru is generally only used for the catalyst layer in contact with the fuel, with a different catalyst used on the oxidant side of the cell. The catalyst layer is electrically conductive (i.e., at least 1 ohm −1 cm −1 ) and is in electrical contact with the silicon current collector. 
   On one of the foregoing substrates, a proton exchange membrane is formed on the catalyst layer. As used herein, the term “proton exchange membrane” indicates any suitable material that allows ions to conduct across it. Forming the proton exchange membrane encompasses in situ techniques such as spin or solution casting, as well as providing a preformed film onto the catalyst. An exemplary membrane for use in this construction is the Nafion® brand membrane sold by the Dupont® company. Specifically, the Nafion® brand membrane is a perfluorosulfuric acid membrane with a polytetrafluoroethylene backbone. 
   Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other films are commercially available and suitable for use as the membrane. For example, but not by way of limitation, modified Nafion® brand membranes can be obtained by treatment with electron beams or chemical modification (e.g., addition of a polybenzimidazole layer applied with screen printing or other printing techniques). The membrane can also contain exfoliated clays or hydrocarbons. 
   The selected membrane is next formed on the catalyst layer by liquid phase techniques, e.g., spin casting or solution casting, or by assembly of a pre-cast film. The membrane thickness ranges from about 10 to about 50 μm. In the case of a pre-cast film, the catalyst material is generally painted onto the film, e.g., as an ink containing the catalyst, alcohols, and the membrane polymer. 
   It should be understood that there is no well-defined boundary between the catalyst layer and the membrane. For example, in the case of spin or solution casting, the catalyst layer surface generally has some texture, and casting of the membrane layer on such a textured surface causes the ionically conducting polymer to move into such textured regions, e.g., into local valleys of the catalyst layer. Painting a catalyst material onto a pre-cast membrane provides a similar result. 
   To finish forming the micro-fuel cell, one of the above-described electrode structures is placed on the other electrode structure such that the catalyst layer of the second substrate contacts the proton exchange membrane. Generally, a PTFE or solubilized form of the proton exchange membrane is used to bond the catalyst layer to the membrane, followed by a heat treatment to drive off alcohol and solvents. 
   As constructed above, the micro-fuel cell operates as follows: fuel, e.g., hydrogen or methanol, is introduced into the first current collector (the anode) by directing the fuel through the tunnels such that it diffuses through the porous gas-diffusion regions to the catalyst layer. The catalyst layer promotes formation of hydrogen ions from the fuel, releasing electrons. The electrons flow from the catalyst layer through the anode current collector and through an external circuit, while the hydrogen ions (i.e., protons) move across the membrane toward the second catalyst layer (the cathode catalyst). 
   In this micro-fuel cell, an oxidant, e.g., air or oxygen, is directed into the tunnels of the cathode current collector, and diffuses through the gas-diffusion porous regions to the second catalyst layer. At this second catalyst layer, oxygen from the oxidant reacts both with the hydrogen ions flowing across the membrane and with the electrons flowing to the catalyst layer from the external circuit to form water. As noted above, this electron flow provides the desired current, and the water by-product is removed from the cell. 
   With reference now to the direct methanol fuel (DMFC) cell briefly introduced above, an exemplary DMFC cell includes a 13 W fuel cell operating at 15V that can operate for about 10 hours on approximately 100 ml of fuel. Another exemplary DMFC is thumb-sized: about 22 mm×about 56 mm×about 4.5 mm with 1.6 g of methanol fuel in its tank and has an overall mass of about 8.5 g. This micro-fuel cell provides about 20 hours of power at 100 mW for operation of, for example, a heating device using just 2 cc of fuel. 
   By way of further example, an active micro-fuel cell can provide 1 W of power for about 20 hours with approximately 25 cc of fuel. With the 25 cc methanol fuel cartridge in place, its weight is only about 130 g, with a size of about 100 mm×about 60 mm×about 30 mm (about 140 cc volume). This is equivalent to 6 lithium-ion batteries (3.7V and 600 mAh) that are currently used, for instance, in cellular phones 
   By way of further example, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) at Los Alamos, N. Mex. has developed micro-fuel cells such as a 100 cm 2  fuel cell for the U.S. Department of Energy and a 19.6 cm 2  fuel cell (250 g, 340 W/kg, 25 W nominal and 75-85 W peak power). 
   Many of the foregoing exemplary micro-fuel cells can use a variety of fuels, e.g., ethyl alcohol, methanol, formic acid, butane, or other fuel sources to produce electrical power. The skilled artisan will instantly recognize that the fuels need not be methanol or other volatile fuels, but can also be non-volatile such as the borohydride—alkaline solutions combined with alcohols provided by Medis Technologies of New York City, N.Y. 
   A variety of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can also be used as the micro-fuel cells. In an SOFC, a solid oxide electrolyte is used in combination with a compatible anode and a cathode material. Such an SOFC generates electricity and heat by directly converting the chemical energy of a fuel (hydrogen, hydrocarbons) with an oxidant (O 2 , air) via an electrochemical process. The SOFC makes use of the property of certain solid-state oxide electrolytes to support a current of oxygen anions; for example, stabilized zirconia or related oxygen-ion conductors. 
   Also in the SOFC, the electrolyte membrane separates the fuel and oxidant with the cathode side in contact with the oxidant and the anode side in contact with the fuel. Oxygen from the oxidant stream is reduced to O 2−  anions at the cathode. These anions are transported through the solid electrolyte to the anode side of the cell. At the anode, the O 2−  ions are reacted with the fuel stream thus releasing electrons to flow back to the cathode. A secondary device in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention can be inserted into the circuit between the anode and cathode to draw useful work from the flow of electrons generated. 
   In addition to the above-described micro-fuel cells, other fuel cell technologies are suitable for use in various embodiments of the present invention. For example, a methanol fuel cell is available from CMR Fuel Cells, Ltd. of Harston, Cambridge, United Kingdom, which does not require the flow plates used by some fuel cells (compare SOFC above) to keep the fuel and the oxygen separated; i.e., the CMR fuel cell allows operation with mixed fuel and oxygen. Yet other suppliers of micro-fuel cells include Smart Fuel Cell GmbH of Germany, Samsung of South Korea and Microcell of Raleigh, N.C. In particular, the Microcell-PE methanol fuel cells are useful for powering portable devices requiring sub-watt to 100 W power. 
   In light of the above exemplary micro power sources, according to a particular aspect of the invention, a skin care liquid product dispenser includes a reservoir being configured to hold a liquid; a chamber in communication with the reservoir, the chamber being configured to receive the liquid; a micro power source being configured to generate energy for heating of the liquid disposed in the chamber; and a nozzle defining an orifice therethrough in selective communication with the chamber, the nozzle being configured for releasing the heated liquid from the chamber through the orifice. Also in this aspect the liquid can be a quantity of lotion, a quantity of skin care composition, a quantity of shaving cream and combinations of these and other liquids. 
   Further in this aspect of the invention, the micro power source can generate about 0.2 W to about 200 W. The micro power source can be a fuel cell having a fuel cartridge and a combustion chamber, the fuel cartridge being configured to hold a supply of fuel, the combustion chamber being configured to receive and combust the fuel to generate the energy. The supply of fuel can generate an electrochemical reaction to generate the energy. 
   The fuel cartridge is refillable with a replacement supply of fuel in this aspect, or the fuel cartridge can be a replaceable fuel cartridge. 
   The micro power source can further include a microturbine engine including a plurality of diffuser vanes and a plurality of compressor blades, the plurality of compressor blades being configured for rotation about the diffuser vanes to generate electricity. 
   Also in this aspect of the invention, the liquid dispenser can includes a controller in communication with the micro power source, the controller being configured to activate the micro power source to generate the energy. The controller can be a conductivity contact being configured to activate the micro power source by a user touch. Moreover, the controller can be configured to adjust a temperature of the liquid. The controller can also be configured to control a level of electrical power produced by a fuel cell. Still further in this aspect, the controller can be configured to selectively apply the energy to a portion of the liquid about to be dispensed. 
   Also in this aspect of the invention, the liquid dispenser can have an electrical device in communication with the micro power source, the electrical device disposed proximate the chamber and configured for heating the liquid. The electrical device can be a heating element in this aspect. 
   Still further in this aspect of the invention, the liquid dispenser can include an actuator interposed between the chamber and the orifice, the regulator being configured to release the liquid from the chamber through the orifice. 
   In another aspect of the invention, a liquid dispenser can include a first reservoir being configured to hold a liquid; a second reservoir being configured to hold a skin care composition; a chamber in communication with the first and the second reservoirs, the chamber being configured to receive the liquid and the skin care composition for mixing of the liquid and the skin care composition; a micro power source being configured to generate energy for conversion of at least one of the liquid and the skin care composition disposed in the chamber; and a nozzle defining an orifice therethrough in selective communication with the chamber, the nozzle being configured for releasing the liquid and the skin care composition from the chamber through the orifice. The liquid in this aspect can be a quantity of shaving cream, a quantity of lotion and combinations of these and other consumer products. The skin care composition can be a quantity of water, a quantity of fragrance, a quantity of thermoactivated dye, a quantity of wax and combinations of these products and liquids. 
   Still further in this aspect of the invention, the micro power source can generate about 0.2 W to about 200 W. The micro power source in this aspect can include a microturbine engine configured to generate electricity. Additionally, or alternatively, the micro power source can include a fuel cell having a fuel cartridge and a combustion chamber, the fuel cartridge being configured to hold a supply of fuel, the combustion chamber being configured to receive and combust the fuel to generate the energy. Additionally or alternatively, the supply of fuel can generate an electrochemical reaction to generate the energy. Additionally, or alternatively, the supply of fuel can generate an electrochemical reaction to generate the energy. In this aspect, the fuel cartridge is configured to be refillable with a replacement supply of fuel. Additionally, or alternatively, the fuel cartridge can be a replaceable fuel cartridge. 
   The liquid dispenser in this aspect of the invention can also include a controller in communication with the micro power source, the controller being configured to activate the micro power source to generate the energy. The controller can be a conductivity contact configured to activate the micro power source by a user touch. Additionally, the controller can be configured to adjust a temperature of the liquid and the skin care composition. The controller can be further configured to control a level of electrical power produced by a fuel cell. Moreover, the controller can be configured to selectively apply the energy to a portion of the liquid and the skin care composition about to be dispensed. 
   Further in this aspect of the invention, the liquid dispenser can include an electrical device in communication with the micro power source, the electrical device disposed proximate the chamber and configured for heating at least one of the liquid and the skin care composition. In this aspect, the electrical device can be a heating element. 
   Also in this aspect of the invention, the liquid dispenser can include an actuator interposed between the chamber and the orifice, the actuator being configured to release the liquid and the skin care composition from the chamber through the orifice. 
   Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the attached drawings, or can be learned through practice of the invention. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The above and other aspects of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed description below and in combination with the drawings in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a top perspective view of a dispenser powered by a micro power source according to one embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 2  is an exploded view of a reusable micro power source being inserted in a dispenser as in  FIG. 1  according to an aspect of the invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of a micro fuel cell according to another aspect of the invention; 
       FIG. 4  is an elevational view of a micro power source in cross section in accordance with another aspect of the invention; 
       FIG. 5  is a top perspective view of a microturbine as used in the micro power source of  FIG. 4 ; and 
       FIG. 6  is a perspective view of a dispenser powered by a micro power source according to another embodiment of the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Detailed reference will now be made to the drawings in which examples embodying the present invention are shown. The detailed description uses numerical and letter designations to refer to features of the drawings. Like or similar designations in the drawings and description have been used to refer to like or similar parts of the invention. 
   The drawings and detailed description provide a full and detailed written description of the invention and the manner and process of making and using it, so as to enable one skilled in the pertinent art to make and use it. The drawings and detailed description also provide the best mode of carrying out the invention. However, the examples set forth in the drawings and detailed description are provided by way of explanation of the invention and are not meant as limitations of the invention. The present invention thus includes any modifications and variations of the following examples as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 
   As broadly embodied in the figures, a skin care dispensing device employing a micro power source is provided. The skin care dispensing device is used to produce heated foam or lotion for skin comfort. The skilled artisan will instantly recognize that the skin care dispensing device and its components including their materials, combinations and dimensions, which are described in detail below, are modifiable to accommodate various requirements and are not limited to only those examples shown in the figures. 
   As shown in  FIG. 1 , a first embodiment of a pump or dispenser is designated in general by the element number  10 . The dispenser  10  generally includes a body or housing  12 , a reservoir  14 , a nozzle  16  and a micro power source  18 . The micro power source  18  in this aspect of the invention includes a microfuel cell  36 , which has a combustion or reaction chamber  38  and a fuel cartridge  40  for storing a quantity of fuel  42 . The fuel cartridge  40  is shown without a cover for clarity. The fuel cartridge  40  may be disposed at a higher elevation than the reaction chamber  38  during normal use in order to permit gravitational feed of the fuel  42  to the reaction chamber  38 , if desired, although micro pumps, capillary pressure, or other methods may be used to deliver the fuel  42  in other embodiments. Further details of the microfuel cell  36  and its operation are provided in detail below. 
   The housing  12  of the dispenser  10  shown in  FIG. 1  more particularly includes a compartment  20  for housing the microfuel cell  36 . As shown, the compartment  20  and the reaction chamber  38  are connected to a conversion chamber  22 . The conversion chamber  22  is formed in the housing  12  for receiving a liquid L held in the reservoir  14 . More particularly, the liquid L is delivered into the conversion chamber  22  via a conduit  34 , which has a first end  34 A for drawing the liquid L into the conversion chamber  22  via a second end  34 B and a passageway  34 C of the conduit  34  in this aspect of the invention. The liquid L is converted to foam F in this example and heated by a resistor  26  either before or after conversion to foam. Conversion to foam can be achieved in a variety of ways such as by mechanical aspiration combining a fluid and air. Without intending any limitation on the kinds of foaming devices that may be employed in various embodiments of the invention described herein, an exemplary foamer that can be used is the F2 PUMPFOAMER brand foamer manufactured and marketed by Airspray International Inc. of Pompano Beach, Fla. This device is actuated by a push button and supplies, for example, 0.75 ml+/−0.05 ml of composition per stroke or push. The consumer can of course control the amount of foam produced by the foamer by the number of strokes of the push button. The F2 PUMPFOAMER is similar in design and operation to propellantless, finger-actuated, mechanical pump foamers, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,569, issued on Aug. 22, 1995, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,813,576, issued Sep. 29, 1998, both of which are incorporated by reference herein without limitation to the present invention. 
   As shown in  FIG. 1 , a controller  24  is connected to the resistor  26  by way of electrical power lines P, which deliver an electrical current from the reaction chamber  38  to the resistor  26  to heat the foam F. Also shown, the controller  24  is attached to a cap  30  of the housing  12 . The cap  30  is snap-fitted, screwed or hinged to the housing  12  and can be removed to refill the reservoir  14  with the liquid L. Although this example shows the reaction chamber  38  electrically connected to the resistor  26  to heat the foam F, the skilled artisan will instantly recognize that the reaction chamber  38  can be connected directly to the conversion chamber  22 . Accordingly, energy produced by the microfuel cell  36  can be in the form of heat to heat the foam F in the conversion chamber  22  directly instead of or in addition to the electrical resistor  26 . 
   The nozzle  16  shown in  FIG. 1  includes a first end  16 A connected to a second end or orifice  16 B by a passageway  16 C. When an actuator  32  is depressed in a direction indicated by the bold arrow, the first end  16 A draws the heated liquid L from the chamber  22  by creating a vacuum in the chamber  22 . After the liquid L is converted to the foam F and heated or otherwise treated in the chamber  22  as noted above, the foam F is dispensed through the passageway  16 C and out the orifice  16 B for use by a user. The actuator  32  can control a release rate of the dispensed foam F such that the user only releases a predetermined quantity per each depression. Moreover, the actuator  32  can open the orifice  16 B only after the foam F reaches a desired temperature comfortable to the user. Likewise, the actuator  32  can prevent the foam F from being released at an uncomfortably high temperature. 
   As further shown in  FIG. 1 , one or more indicators  28  such as an LED or other light or audible device can be attached to the housing  12  and connected to the power source  18  by one of the power lines P. The indicator  28  can be used to indicate when the fuel cell  36  is running low on fuel  42  or when the reservoir  14  is running low on the liquid L. Furthermore, the indicator  28  can be used to indicate when the foam F has been heated to a desired temperature in the chamber  22  for dispensing through the orifice  16 B. 
   With reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the micro-fuel cell  36  can have an air intake  39  to allow air in the atmosphere to be in fluid communication with the internal fuel cell. The air intake  39  can include a gas pervious material such as a fibrous web or other filter, a porous membrane, an apertured solid, a grill, a plurality of slots or other openings in the micro-fuel cell  34 . In one aspect, the air intake  39  is provided with a water repellent mechanism, device or coating to prevent water being used for shaving, for instance, from accidentally flooding the internal fuel cell. For example, the air intake  39  can have a hydrophobic barrier such as a hydrophobic web (woven or nonwoven), an apertured film, a porous membrane, and the like, which are suitable for resisting the in-flow of the water. 
     FIG. 2  most clearly shows the microfuel cell  36 . In this aspect of the invention, the microfuel cell  36  includes the combustion chamber  38 , the fuel cartridge  40  and the air intake  39  as briefly introduced above. As shown, the fuel cartridge  40  holds the fuel  42 , which upon activation of the actuator  32  for instance, will deliver the fuel  42  into the combustion chamber  38  for combustion. Alternatively, the fuel  42  undergoes an electrochemical reaction in which electrons are transferred in a manner to create the electricity as described in greater detail with respect to  FIG. 3  below. As noted above, the electricity is delivered to the various components via the electrical lines P. As further shown in  FIG. 2 , the fuel cartridge  40  can be refilled with a subsequent quantity of fuel  42  using a refueling device  44 , or the fuel cartridge  40  can be removed and replaced in its entirety with a new fuel cartridge after the fuel  42  is depleted from the original fuel cartridge  40 . 
   Although the air intake  39  described above and shown most clearly in  FIG. 2  can be on an uppermost surface of micro-fuel cell  36 , the skilled artisan will instantly appreciate that the air intake  39  can be positioned along one or more sides or a bottom area of the micro-fuel cell  36 . Further, multiple air intakes having a variety of geometries can be provided. Thus, the invention is not limited to the exemplary air intake  39  as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     FIG. 3  shows an alternative embodiment of a microfuel cell  136 , which can be used to power a shaving cream dispenser  110 , similar to the dispenser  10  discussed above, or a lotion dispenser  310  as will be described with respect to  FIG. 6  below. As shown in the cross-section of  FIG. 3 , the microfuel cell  136  is “sandwiched” together to serve as a gas delivery structure for a fuel, for example hydrogen gas H 2 , and for an oxidant (e.g., O 2 ). More particularly, the microfuel cell  136  contains an anode current collector  146 A and a cathode current collector  146 B, which can both be formed, for instance, from a graphite block with machine paths thereon (not shown) for directing the fuel or the oxidant. In this aspect, graphite cloths  150 A,B are provided to allow for gas diffusion from the current collectors  146 A,B to a centrally located proton exchange membrane  148  having catalyst films  152 A,B formed on each side of the exchange membrane  148 . In this example, platinum is used to form the catalyst films  152 A,B. 
   As indicated in  FIG. 3 , the hydrogen gas fuel H 2  moves through the machine paths in the anode current collector  146 A, diffuses through the graphite cloth  150 A and contacts the catalyst layer  152 A. The catalyst strips electrons e −  from the fuel H 2 , and the electrons e −  then travel through an external circuit  154 . The remaining positive ions H +  travel through the membrane  148  to the second catalyst layer  152 B where they combine with oxygen ions formed when the free electrons e −  travel from the circuit  154  and combine with the oxidant fed through the machine channels of the cathode current collector  146 B. One byproduct of this process is electricity generated by the electron flow. Similar to the embodiment above, the electricity in this example is connected to and powers the dispenser  110  via a power line P. Other byproducts of the process are heat and water. The heat can be recycled with the water to produce a water vapor, which can be combined with the foam F for emission from an orifice, such as orifice  16 B as described above with respect to  FIG. 1 . 
   Turning now to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , an alternative embodiment of a micro power source is used to power a shaving cream dispenser  210  such as dispenser  10  described above, the lotion dispenser  310  to be described below or the like. In this aspect of the invention, the micro power source is a micro gas turbine engine or microengine  236 , which generally includes a plurality of fixed diffuser vanes  258  disposed about a plurality of rotating compressor blades  256 . In this example, the microgas turbine engine  236  is about 12 millimeters in diameter and about 3 millimeters in thickness and employs an air inlet  252  defining an area of about 1 mm 2 . By way of exemplary operation, air A enters the microgas turbine engine  236  along a central line L defined through the inlet  252 . As shown, the air A turns radially outward and is compressed in a centrifugal, planar microcompressor described below. Although only one air path A is apparent in  FIG. 4  for clarity, the skilled artisan will appreciate that a continuous air path exists around a circumference of the microengine  236  and through its various components as more clearly shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     FIGS. 4 and 5  further show that the microcompressor includes a compressor rotor disk  254  that is approximately 4 millimeters in diameter in this example, including the radial-flow rotor blades  256 , which are about 250 micrometers in this example. As shown, the compressor rotor disk  254  is connected to a shaft  274  that is radially journaled for spinning, which in turn spins the compressor rotor disk  254  and the blades  256 . Also shown, the plurality of stationary diffuser vanes  258  is located just beyond a radial periphery of the compressor rotor disk  254 . Thus, the air A passing through the compressor rotor blades  256  exits the rotor with a large angular momentum that is removed by the vanes  258  in the diffuser and converted to a static pressure rise. 
   More specifically, fuel (not shown) is injected at the discharge of the compressor rotor disk  254  by way of a fuel injector  260 , which is formed of a circular array of, e.g., about 100-200 fuel-metering orifices on the microengine housing  263 . As shown, the injected fuel mixes with the air A while flowing radially outward. The fuel injectors  260  are supplied by, e.g., an annular supply plenum  262  that is connected to an external fuel tank such as the fuel cartridge  40  described above. 
   The air-fuel mixture of  FIG. 4  traverses a diffuser region and then turns (indicated by the letter T) through about 90° to axially traverse a periphery of small holes; i.e., the combustor inlet ports  264  that define flame holders provided in the region between the ports  264 . A plurality of combustion igniters  266 , e.g., resistive heaters controlled to the auto-ignition temperature of the air-fuel mixture, is located at a number of the combustion inlet ports  264  to initiate combustion of the air-fuel mixture. The ignited mixture axially enters an annular microcombustion chamber  436  where the mixture is fully combusted. In this example, the microcombustion chamber  435  is between about 2 millimeters-10 millimeters in annular height and between about 0.5 millimeters-5.5 millimeters-long measured axially. 
     FIGS. 4 and 5  further show that the expanding exhaust gases from the microcombustion chamber  436  are discharged radially inward through stationary turbine guide vanes  268  to a planar radial inflow microturbine rotor disk  272 . The turbine rotor disk  272  diameter can be substantially similar to that of the compressor rotor disk  254 . Like the microcompressor, the turbine rotor disk  272  includes axial blades similar in height to those of the compressor rotor  254 . As shown, the turbine disk  272  is connected by way of the journaled shaft  274  to the compressor disk  254  and thus rotationally drives the microcompressor in response to combustion gases exhausted through the microturbine blades that cause the turbine disks to spin. Specifically, as discussed above, the microturbine is exhausted radially inward where the exhaust gas then turns T′ axially, leaving the microengine  236  through an exhaust nozzle  276 . Thus, the turbine rotor disk  272  can operate as a microgenerator for driving power electronics via the power line P that in turn drives an electrical load such as the resistor  26  introduced above. 
   Turning now to  FIG. 6 , an alternative embodiment according to the invention is shown in which the briefly introduced dispenser  310  broadly includes a housing  312  to which a micro power source  318  is connected. As shown, the housing  312  includes a compartment  320  for holding the micro power source  318 . Also shown, the housing  312  has a chamber  322 , which is connected to a first reservoir  314 A and to a second reservoir  314 B in this example. Some aspects of this embodiment of the invention are similar to the foregoing embodiments; therefore, certain aspects are described below and reference is made to the foregoing embodiments for a full and enabling disclosure of this embodiment of the invention. 
   More particularly,  FIG. 6  shows that a liquid L is held in the first reservoir  314 A and is delivered to the chamber  322  via a conduit  334 A. An encapsulated skin care composition E is held in the second reservoir  314 B for delivery into the chamber  322  via a conduit  334 B. By way of example operation, when a user depresses an actuator  332 , the conduits  334 A, B respectively draw the liquid L and the composition E into the chamber  322  such as by creating a vacuum; i.e., a relatively lower pressure in the chamber  322  and a relatively higher pressure in the first and second reservoirs  314 A, B. As shown, a resistor  328 , which is connected by a power line P to the micro power source  318 , is activated to heat the liquid L and the composition E to a comfortable temperature for application to the user&#39;s skin. In this aspect of the invention, the encapsulated composition E is heated to a temperature that will, for instance, break down a gelatin capsule G holding the skin care composition E thus activating the encapsulated composition E. For instance, heat generated by the resistor  328  can melt the gelatin capsule G to release the composition E for mixing with the liquid L to create a mixture C for delivery to the user from a nozzle  316  as shown. The skilled artisan will appreciate that the user can, for instance, use a controller  324  to set a preferred temperature for the mixture C or to release only one of the liquid L or the composition E. 
   While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, those skilled in the art will recognize that other changes and modifications may be made to the foregoing embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, specific fuels described above and various devices and their shapes and materials and placement can be modified to suit particular applications. It is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.