Abstract:
A light detection system for imaging an object including a light source, an object, a first substrate with a sensor arranged on a side of the first substrate opposite from the light source, the sensor having an opening through which the light from the light source passes. A distance from the sensor to the object corresponds approximately to the size of the sensor. The light illuminates the object and the sensor detects the light emanating from the object. The object is scanned relative to the sensor to create the image. A method includes arranging the sensor to face the object, illuminating the object with a light source so that the light passes through the opening in the sensor, and detecting the light emanating from the object, the object being scanned relative to the sensor to create the image.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   1. Field of Invention 
   The invention relates to systems and methods for detecting light using a sensor. More specifically, the systems and methods of the invention relate to an imaging detector that includes an array of sensors. 
   2. Description of Related Art 
   Fluorescence illumination and observation is a rapidly expanding microscopy technique employed today. This microscopy technique may be used in both the medical and biological sciences. Because the microscopy technique is rapidly expanding, sophisticated microscopes and numerous fluorescence accessories have been developed. For example, Epi-fluorescence, or incident light fluorescence, is used in many applications. The technique of fluorescence microscopy has become an essential tool in biology and the biomedical sciences, as well as in materials science due to attributes that are not readily available in other contrast modes with traditional optical microscopy. The application of an array of fluorochromes has made it possible to identify cells and sub-microscopic cellular components with a high degree of specificity among non-fluorescing material. In fact, the fluorescence microscope is capable of revealing the presence of a single molecule. Through the use of multiple fluorescence labeling, different probes can simultaneously identify several target molecules. 
   Fluorescence microscopy includes a process in which susceptible molecules emit light from electronically excited states created by either a physical (for example, absorption of light), mechanical (friction), or chemical mechanism. The generation of luminescence through excitation of a molecule by ultraviolet or visible light photons is a phenomenon termed photoluminescence, which may be divided into two categories: fluorescence and phosphorescence. Each process depends upon the electronic configuration of the excited state and the emission pathway. The absorption and subsequent re-radiation of light by organic and inorganic specimens is generally the result of the fluorescence or phosphorescence. The fluorescence process uses the ability of some atoms and molecules to absorb light at a particular wavelength and to subsequently emit light of longer wavelength after a brief interval. The process of phosphorescence occurs in a manner similar to fluorescence, but with a much longer excited state duration. The emission of light through the fluorescence process is nearly simultaneous with the absorption of the excitation light. When emission persists longer after the excitation light has been extinguished, the phenomenon is referred to as phosphorescence. 
   The modern fluorescence microscope may combine the power of high performance optical components with computerized control of the instrument and digital image acquisition to achieve a level of sophistication that far exceeds that of simple observation by the human eye. The fluorescence microscopy generally depends on electronic imaging to rapidly acquire information at low light levels or at visually undetectable wavelengths. 
   In contrast to other modes of optical microscopy that are based on macroscopic specimen features (such as phase gradients, light absorption, and birefringence), fluorescence microscopy may image the distribution of a single molecular species based solely on the properties of fluorescence emission. Thus, using fluorescence microscopy, a precise location of intracellular components labeled with specific fluorophores may be monitored, as well as their associated diffusion coefficients, transport characteristics, and interactions with other biomolecules. In addition, the response in fluorescence to localized environmental variables enables the investigation of pH, viscosity, refractive index, ionic concentrations, membrane potential, and solvent polarity in living cells and tissues. 
   One benefit of fluorescence microscopy is its ability to detect fluorescent objects that are sometimes faintly visible or even very bright relative to the dark (often black) background. In order to achieve this benefit, image brightness and resolution must be maximized by ensuring that the object or sample is supplied with sufficient light energy for excitation at the appropriate wavelength for each chromophore attached to the specimen. Moreover, a selection of a proper filter will maximize the amount of emitted fluorescence directed to the sensor. 
   Two examples of commonly used light detectors used in fluorescence microscopy are the photomultiplier tube (PMT) and the photodiode. Both devices employ a photosensitive surface that captures incident photons and generates electronic charges that are sensed and amplified. PMTs are commonly used in confocal microscopes and high-end automatic exposure bodies for film cameras as well as in spectrometers. These devices respond when photons impinge on a photocathode and liberate electrons that are accelerated toward an electron multiplier composed of a series of curved plates (known as dynodes). Conventional methods that use a single detector such as a single PMT to detect light, or illuminate the object broadly and detect the light using a pixel array may not properly detect the emitted fluorescence light. For example, the detection using these methods may be unsatisfactory and relatively slow because a single detector is used in the device with the PMT. Moreover, a weak signal may result when broadly scanning the pixel array thus making detection of the light even more difficult. 
   Silicon photodiodes may also be used to respond rapidly to light by the generation of a current. Uniformity of the photosensitive surface is excellent and the dynamic range and response speed of these devices are among the highest of any light detector. However, conventional arrangements using the silicon photodiodes have a relatively flat response over the entire visible spectrum. Moreover, conventional arrangements of silicon diodes as sensors may also produce a considerable amount of noise, (much of it thermal) resulting in relatively poor signal-to-noise under photon-limited conditions. 
   Fluorescence microscopes may be used to irradiate the specimen with a desired and specific band of wavelengths, and then to separate the much weaker emitted fluorescence from the excitation light. Ideally, only the emission light should reach the detector so that the resulting fluorescent structures are superimposed with high contrast against a very dark (or black) background. However, conventional devices do not properly detect the emitted fluorescence light in this manner using conventional sensor arrangements. 
   Some conventional systems perform detection by putting a lens in front of the fixed point and a detector behind the lens. The detector collects all of the light that was emitted through the lens. However, in these systems, not all of the light is collected and detected, which poses a particular problem if the angular distribution of the emission is large. Moreover, the time required to accurately detect using this system is excessive. 
   When the detection device uses the PMT imager scanned across the plate, or a charge-coupled device (CCD) to image a line, the time necessary for imaging is excessive. In the case of a CCD, the detector is optically coupled to the capillary array by way of the capillaries in the array being optically coupled to the linearly aligned pixels. However, this method is disadvantageous because the illumination at any given cell is generally very-weak, and the optical coupling between the object and detector may be unsatisfactory when a large field of view is needed. 
   If the conventional fluorescence detection device includes PMTs, CCDs, optical filters, lenses and lasers, the detection system may tend to be bulky resulting in problems that can arise because of the size of the detections systems. Fluorescent detection processes are very sensitive, especially when they are combined with laser excitation. However, the detection systems of the prior techniques pose many problems in the efficiency of sequencing and imaging. For example, some fixed end detection systems require up to eight hours in order to detect one sample. Further, by using a prior art detector, all of the possible data may not be collected. Another reason that the prior art detection systems are not efficient is that these systems typically only detect one band at a time, e.g. the band that has reached the end of the separation apparatus in fixed end detection. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   Based on the problems-discussed above, the invention combines scanned illumination with an array of detectors to form a compact device with good optical sensitivity and high speed processing without a need for focusing optics. The invention may be a form of microscope that detects emitted light, for example, fluorescent light, without having to use focusing devices. 
   In various exemplary embodiments of the invention, a light detection system for imaging an object includes a light source, an object, and a first substrate with a sensor arranged on a side of the first substrate opposite from the light source. The sensor has an opening through which the light from the light source passes. A distance from the sensor to the object corresponds approximately to the size of the sensor. The light illuminates the object and the sensor detects the light emanating from the object. The object is scanned relative to the sensor to create the image. 
   In various alternative embodiments of the invention, a method includes arranging the sensor to face the object, illuminating the object with a light source so that the light passes through the opening in the sensor, and detecting the light emanating from the object, the object being scanned relative to the sensor to create the image. 
   In various exemplary embodiments, the systems and methods further provide increased performance at a lower cost as compared to the conventional methods discussed above because a single illumination source may efficiently illuminate an object and a plurality of sensors, for example, an array of sensors without using an objective lens. 
   In various alternative embodiments of the invention, optical filters may be used to effectively absorb the primary illumination allowing the fluorescence light at a different wavelength to pass through the filter and be detected by the sensor. The filters may be integrated onto a sensor chip in order to reduce the resulting size of the system and overall costs. Moreover, baffles may be used to improve the detection of the light from the object. 
   In various alternative embodiments of the invention, existing spinners or other physical scanners may be used in the detections systems. 
   Using various exemplary embodiments, a focused laser may be scanned over a large number of sensors in an array to detect reflected light emitted by a few tagged cells. Furthermore, specific cells present in various small concentrations may be located, e.g., the rare cell problem. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Various exemplary embodiments of the systems and methods according to the invention will be described in detail, with reference to the following figures, wherein: 
       FIG. 1  is an exemplary diagram of a detection system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 2  is an exemplary diagram of a detector array in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 3  is an exemplary diagram of an array of sensors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 4  is an exemplary diagram of a detailed structure of a sensor in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 5  is an exemplary diagram of a plan view of the array of sensors in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; 
       FIG. 6  is an exemplary diagram showing a an embodiment of illumination in accordance with the invention; 
       FIG. 7  is an exemplary diagram showing another embodiment of illumination in accordance with the invention; 
       FIG. 8  is an exemplary diagram showing another embodiment of illumination in accordance with the invention; and 
       FIG. 9  is an exemplary diagram of another embodiment of illumination in accordance with the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
   The invention relates generally to systems and methods of imaging an object using a scanned array of detectors operated by imaging. With reference now to the drawings wherein the showings (which generally only representatively show the elements) are for purposes of illustrating the features of the invention and not for purposes of limiting the same,  FIG. 1  shows a system  10  for imaging an object or a sample. A detector  12  detects the emission of light from a sample or object  14  disposed on a substrate that may include a plate  15 . After an illumination source  17  illuminates the object  14 , the detector  12  scans the entire plate  15  at predetermined points in time to obtain the necessary data. The data collected by the detector  12  (which represents an image of a region of interest on the object  14  at a given time) is then processed by an image processor  16 . Based on the resultant processed data provided by the image processor  16 , an image is created. 
   The detector may sense fluorescence or reflected light from the object  14 . In the case of fluorescence, the object  14  is either naturally fluorescent or is made to be fluorescent, for example, imaging a cluster of cells which are tagged with fluorescent markers. In general, the detector  12  may include an optical filter that prevents the illumination light from passing, but allows the fluorescence, which is at a different wavelength, to pass. The detector  12  may also be used to image the reflected light from the object. In this case, an optical filter may be used to select the color of light to be imaged, if broadband illumination (for example white light) is used. For convenience, the examples provided below may use fluorescent light as the light imaged from the object. However, it should be appreciated that the invention may be configured to detect reflected light or any other form of light emission from the object without departing from the sprit and scope of the invention. 
   Also shown in  FIG. 1  is the illumination source  17  which may include a laser, e.g. an argon laser or semiconductor diode laser, illuminating across the plate  15  in a direction perpendicular to the plate. The illumination may also occur in a direction parallel to the migration. The illumination source  17  may be disposed on an edge of a detector bar and a detector array could be disposed on an opposite edge, or rear, of the detector bar. 
   It should be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the image processing and other data processing is accomplished based on imaging and processing technology that is well known in the art. For example, the techniques of scanning an object to obtain rasterized data that can then be processed as image data are well known and may be readily implemented. In this regard, various hardware and software techniques could be implemented without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. 
   It should also be appreciated by one skilled in the art that either a single sensor, or a one-dimensional array or a two-dimensional array of sensors can be used as the detector  12 . A detector array  100  is shown in  FIG. 2  and may include a plurality of sensors  102  that are assembled on a base member or bar  104 . The sensors  102  may be aligned in an end to end relation to form a composite scanning array or chip. The detector array  100  may include a rectangular base or bar  104  (which may be glass), with a plurality of sensors  102  arranged in a linear row or array on one surface. The sensor rows may be parallel to the side edge of the array base. Operation of the sensors may be controlled by cooperating control circuitry, such as logic gates and a shift register, which is measured through the use of a data readout line  106 . The row of sensors may be extended to the end of the array base to permit an array to be abutted to other like arrays. The detector array  100  may be scanned over an area associated with each sensor  102 , e.g., 3×3 mm, and the detected signal is read out simultaneously from all the sensors  102  which greatly increases performance. Imaging may be performed by mechanical raster scanning of the detector array  100  along with the illumination source  17  relative to the object  14 , for example, either the detector  12  or the object  14  plane can be scanned. Scanning is only required over the small area that is detected by a single sensor  102 . The other sensors  102  scan equivalent areas simultaneously to give the full image. 
   The use of different detectors may allow the implementation of a varying range of wavelengths. For example, the detector may use crystalline silicon and be sensitive from about 400 to about 900 nanometers, while the amorphous silicon arrays (described in more detail below) may be sensitive from about 400 to about 700 nanometers. Both of these types of detectors span a range that is wide enough to detect the fluorescence emission. 
   As shown in  FIG. 3 , two elements of an array of sensors for detecting, for example, fluorescence imaging from an object  14  are shown in the detector structure  700  that is part of the detector  12 . The detector structure  700  may include the rectangular base or bar  104  that includes sensors  102 , filters  400  and baffles  150 . The illumination source  17  (not shown) provides the excitation light EL which focuses on an object  14  that may include excitation material. The sensors  102  may be photodiodes that detect reflected light such as the fluorescence FL that reflects off of the object  14  as the fluorescence radiates into the hemisphere. The filters  400  may include material with an absorption edge that has a range of a specific wavelength. For example, the filters may include different dielectric material and can be interference filters. The baffles  150  are optional and may prevent fluorescence from leaking over into another sensor area and contributing to false detections. 
   The optional baffles  150  at the side of the sensor  102  may serve to:
     (a) prevent emission from one sensor  102  from being detected by an adjacent sensor; and   (b) reflect the fluorescent light FL directly into the sensor  102  to improve the sensitivity of the sensor  102 . These objects may be achieved by forming the baffle  150  of a light absorbing or reflective material. The baffles  150  may also be formed by patterning and coating SU8 or by a conventionally manufactured structure.   

   As shown in  FIG. 3 , the illumination source (not shown) provides the excitation light EL which may pass through an optical lens  300  to focus the excitation light on the object  14 . The optical lens  300  may have operational characteristics that are well known and focuses the excitation light onto a fixed point on the object  14 . As discussed above, conventional systems may position the lens  300  in front of a fixed point and position a detector behind the lens. Using this configuration, the detector may fail to collect all of the light that was emitted through the lens. However, in various exemplary embodiments, and as shown in  FIG. 3 , the optical lens  300  may be positioned on an opposite side of the rectangular base or bar  104  from the sensors  102 . Thus, an increased amount of fluorescent light FL is collected and detected because the sensors  102  and the filter  400  have an non-obstructed view of the object  14 . 
     FIG. 4  shows a more detailed diagram of one of the sensors  102  in the detector array  100  shown in  FIG. 2  and the detector structure  700  shown in  FIG. 3 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , the sensor  102  may be an amorphous silicon photodiode placed close to the object  14  plane. An amorphous silicon photodiode is a solid-state device that converts light into electric current. A cross section of photodiode used as the sensor  102  in  FIG. 4  includes an n-type silicon layer  505 , a p-type silicon layer  503 , and an intrinsic (or undoped) layer  504 , forming a p-i-n junction between the p-type silicon layer  503  and the n-type silicon layer  505 . The sensor  102  may be formed with thickness of approximately 1 micron, and configured to have a high rejection of the direct excitation illumination. The sensor  102  may formed on a substrate like the rectangular base or bar  104  and the sensor  102  may include a hole  510  to allow the excitation light to pass through. The hole in the sensor  102  is shown in  FIG. 5 . The sensor  102  may be positioned so that the distance d ( FIG. 3 ) from the sensor  102  to the base member or bar  104  corresponds approximately to the size of the sensor  102 . For example, if the sensor  102  is a 2×2 mm device, then the sensor  102  may be positioned 0.5–1.0 mm from the base member or bar  104 . 
   The photodiode senses visible light and converts the light into electric current. The photodiode also may have a high quantum efficiency in the wavelength range of 400 to 650 nm. Any suitable amorphous or polycrystalline sensor material may be used, for example, alloys of amorphous silicon, organic sensor materials and polycrystalline semiconductors such as Hgl 2  and Pbl 2 . Alternatively, it would be possible to configure the detector array  100  with individual single crystal detectors such as silicon avalanche photodiodes or even using a microchannel plate configured to the appropriate geometry. These options may be used to provide an increased sensitivity of the detector. Single crystal silicon can be used with a hole etched in the silicon substrate, or alternatively a thin layer of single crystal silicon attached to a substrate such as glass, as is known in the art It should be appreciated by one skilled in the art that any known photodiode device may be used as the sensor  102  without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
   The hole in the sensor  102  may allow the illumination source  17 , for example, a focused laser or LED beam, to illuminate the object  14 . The spatial resolution of the imaging may be determined by the spot size, perhaps 1–30 microns. The size of the hole depends on the focusing of the illumination source, and may be in the range 50–500 micron. The light collection efficiency depends on the size of the sensor and the distance to the object, and for a 2 mm sensor placed 1 mm from the object, the efficiency may be about 15%. A thin film optical filter  400  may be formed on a substrate  110  and placed near the sensor  102  to absorb the reflected excitation illumination, but allow the fluorescent light FL to pass. The optical filter  400  may also be positioned directly on top of the sensor to protect the sensor  102  from unwanted scattered excitation illumination. 
   A first electrode  506  may be formed between the sensor  102  and the rectangular base or bar  104 . The first electrode  506  may be formed with an opaque metal material to prevent the excitation light EL from being detected by the sensor  102 . A second electrode  502  may be formed on an opposite side of the sensor  102  from the first electrode  506 . The second electrode  502  may be transparent and formed of indium tin oxide (ITO) to allow the fluorescent light to be detected by the sensor  102 . At the edge of the sensor  102 , near the illumination hole  106 , there may be formed an insulation layer  508  and a metal layer  507  of opaque material (or other material) over the insulation layer  508  that covers the edge of the sensor  102  to prevent any scattered light SL from being detected. Another optional metal layer (not shown) acting as a light shield may be formed on a side opposite the sensor  102  from the metal layer  507 . 
   A plan view of the sensors  102  is shown in  FIG. 5  which illustrates the configuration of the hole  510  in the sensor  102  and the electrical connections. As shown in  FIG. 5 , each sensor  102  includes the hole  510  and a pair of electrical terminals  520  and  522 . The electrical terminals  520  and  522  may be common electrodes known in the art. The electrical terminals  520  and  522  are connected to links  550  and  552  which are connected to a power source. As previously discussed, operation of the sensors  102  may be controlled by cooperating control circuitry, such as logic gates and a shift register, which is measured through the use of the data readout line  106 . Once the sensors  102  have detected signals, the detected signals may be read out simultaneously from all of the sensors  102  to improve efficiency and performance. The best position for the illumination hole  510  is in the center of the sensor  102  to provide the highest sensitivity detection of the scattered light SL, but if necessary the illumination hole  501  could be at the side of the sensor  102  or on any other part of the sensor  102 . 
   For a small number of sensors  102 , e.g., up to about 100, individual connections can be made to the readout electronics. If a larger number of sensors  102  are used, then a standard matrix addressing scheme may be used such as a scheme used for conventional sensor arrays. In either situation, the image signal is preferably sent to a charge sensitive amplifier (not shown) for processing which may be included in the image processor  16  or main processor  18 . Correlated double sampling can be used to remove background illumination and some noise sources. 
   In various exemplary embodiments, the illumination source  17  providing the illumination may have an individual diode laser or LED for each sensor  102 , which will work if there is not a large number of sensors  102 . Optional lenses  300  or an optional micro-lens array  600  or  602  may be used to focus the illumination as shown in FIGS.  1  and  6 – 9 . For a larger number of sensors  102 , a beam deflector or diffractive optical element may be used as shown in  FIGS. 8–9  to scan or distribute a laser beam from sensor to sensor. Flood illumination with a large collimated laser beam may also be employed. As shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , a collimated excitation beam from the illumination source  17  is directed through the micro-lens array  600  and  603  to focus an increased amount of the illumination source  17  both on the object  14  and the detection array  100  with a higher efficiency. The base member or bar  603  with openings may assist in positioning the light from the lens  300  to the object  14 . 
     FIG. 8  is an exemplary diagram showing another embodiment of illumination in accordance with the invention. As shown in  FIG. 8 , only one lens  350  is used instead of the micro-lens array in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . The illumination in  FIG. 8  may be performed in sequence and the light beam from the excitation light EL is scanned across the lens  350  using the scanning mirror  650  as a beam deflector. The lens  350  may be a telecentric objective lens, where the center of scanning mirror is set to a distance F 1  from the objective lens, where F 1  is equal to the front focal length of the objective lens, and the detector structure  700  is set to a distance F 2  from the objective lens, where F 2  is equal to the back focal length of the objective lens. By varying the position of the scanning mirror  650  and its distance F 1  from the lens  350 , the entire excitation light beam may be deflected onto the lens  350  as reflected light, and may also be adjusted to focus on a particular sensor  102  within the detector structure  700 . Thus, the system in  FIG. 8  functions to multiplex the entire excitation light beam onto different sensors  102  within the detector structure  700 . If the fluorescent light is weak, this configuration may be used to focus more light on one sensor  102  to view an improved image of the object  14 . 
     FIG. 9  is an exemplary diagram of another embodiment of illumination in accordance with the invention. As shown in  FIG. 9 , a grating or hologram  652  is included in the system as a diffractive optical element which receives the excitation light beam and generates a plurality of collimated beams directed at angles that correspond to the angular position of each sensor  102  in the detection structure  700 . The system in  FIG. 9  may also use a single lens  350  instead of the micro-lens array in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , and because the grating or hologram  652  is used instead of the scanning mirror  650  in  FIG. 8 , the resulting system is smaller and thus increases space savings. Furthermore, the system in  FIG. 9  also functions to divide and direct the excitation light beam onto different sensors  102  within the detector structure  700 . 
   The detection sensitivity using the various exemplary embodiments of the invention depends on many factors, but one example is provides below for fluorescence detection. If it assumed that an incident illumination beam for each sensor  102  has a power of 10 microwatts, or about 10 13  photons/seconds, that the absorption by the object  14  is 10% and the fluorescence efficiency is 10%, then the emitted fluorescence is approximately 10 11  photons/seconds, the optical collection efficiency should be approximately 15%, and the sensor quantum efficiency is approximately 80%, giving approximately 10 10  electrons/seconds of detected charge. The capacitance of the sensor  102  assuming a 2×2 mm device is approximately 400 pF, and the corresponding kTC electronic noise of the sensor  102  is about 10,000 electrons. If a measurement is made every 1 msec, then the signal is 10 7  electrons and the signal-to-noise ratio is 1,000, which is sufficient to reach satisfactory results. A smaller area (or thicker) device would result in lower noise because of lower capacitance, and if the distance to the substrate is reduced, the signal remains constant. Detection of scattered light may have even a higher sensitivity. 
   An assumed area of 3×3 mm scanned in steps of 30 micron, at 1 msec per step will take 10 seconds to scan. If the detection array  100  has 1,000 sensors  102 , then a total area of approximately 10×10 cm is scanned in 10 seconds and the resulting image contains 10 7  pixels. The total illumination intensity used is 10 mW. Faster scanning may be accomplished by increasing the illumination intensity, reducing the spatial resolution, or reducing the sensor electronic noise by making it thicker. 
   This systems and methods of the invention may provide an inexpensive system with a high sensitivity and speed by having many sensors  102  operating in parallel, and high optical efficiency through the use of proximity detection. 
   While the invention has been described in conjunction with exemplary embodiment, these embodiments should be viewed as illustrative, not limiting. Various modifications, substitutes, or the like are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention.