Abstract:
The data rate of speech and non-speech audio is selectively reduced by respective compression techniques based upon the information content of the type of signal. A composite audio information signal formed of speech and non-speech audio is applied to both a voice encoder and a wide-band audio compression encoder. An audio-type detection circuit examines the speech spectrum as well as the entire frequency spectrum and dynamic range of the audio information and generates a selection signal indicating whether the signal is speech or non-speech audio. A composite encoded audio signal is produced by intermingling the outputs of the encoders in response to the selection signal. The composite encoded audio signal and an identification signal indicative of the audio signal type are transmitted to respective receivers at the reduced data rates for storage, and subsequent decoding and retrieval by a listener as an audible signal in response to the transmitted identification signal.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the transmission of digital audio signals over narrow band data channels and, more particularly, to the reduction of the data rate of transmission and reception of a digital audio signal based on the information content of the signal, that is, based on whether the audio signal is speech or non-speech. The channels consist of point-to-point digital telephony links and audio broadcast services where normally narrow bandwidth channels would degrade the quality of the recovered audio signals. 
     A digitized audio source signal requires considerable channel bandwidth to transmit the full frequency range and dynamic range of the original analog source signal. Digital audio compression techniques, such as proposed for the Moving Picture Experts Group-2 (MPEG-2) transmissions described in the industry standard ISO 11172-3, take advantage of the psycho-acoustical characteristics of the ear-brain combination to reduce the channel bandwidth by reducing the data rate of the digitized signal. In a practical application of the concept, the reductions achieved generally are insufficient when compared to the bandwidth of the original analog source signal. 
     Voice encoders used for transmitting digitized speech in extremely narrow bandwidths find application in the telecommunications industry where only narrow bandwidth channels are available. The encoder reduces the data rate of the speech signals by converting the information using a model of the human voice generation process. The coefficients of the model representing a measurement of the speaker&#39;s voice are transmitted to a receiver which converts the coefficients to a voice presentation of the original source signal. Such a technique provides exceptional data rate compression of spoken audio, but only is applicable to speech signals since it is based on recognition and electronic modeling of speech. It follows that these voice encoders work very efficiently for voice signals but are unable to process other types of non-speech signals such as music. 
     Accordingly, in order to transmit and receive both speech and non-speech signals such as music, it is necessary to provide an alternate data compression scheme when such non-speech audio signals are to be transmitted and received. Thus, in any practical audio signal transmission/reception system where both speech and non-speech are intermingled to form the audio information, some means must be provided to detect the type of audio signal and to adapt the compression scheme to the audio type, whereby the technique used to compress the respective audio signal may be optimized to maximize the data rate while providing the best possible speech and non-speech quality. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention circumvents the problems associated with optimizing the data rate of speech and non-speech audio information while maintaining the best quality possible for each type of audio in applications where the signals are intermingled. To this end, the invention reduces the data rate of the digital audio signal based on the information content of the signal. The type of signal to be data compressed (usually speech or music) is determined and the optimum compression, based on information content, is applied. 
     Advantageously, the reduced data rate requires less channel bandwidth and/or allows more signals on a given transmission channel. In the case of a system where the received audio information is stored in a memory for later retrieval, the information may be sent at a higher speed thereby reducing the transmission time as well. 
     The majority of communicated information is in the form of the spoken word by a recognizable voice. In order to optimize the efficiency of transmitting audio information, significant reductions in data rate are achieved by applying the digitized speech signal to a voice encoder (vocoder). For example, a typical vocoder operating on a typical 64 kbit/sec source signal can convert the signal to a data rate of 2.4 kbit/sec, a coding gain of 27 times. 
     In the present invention, a complex audio information signal (combinations of speech and music) is applied to both a vocoder and a conventional fill range audio compression encoder, using an audio-type selection technique that examines the speech spectrum as well as the entire frequency spectrum and dynamic range of the audio information for subsequent selectable compression. To this end, the high coding gain speech vocoder is used to compress the speech signals and the full range encoder with a lower coding gain is used to compress the composite signal that includes speech, music and other non-speech signals. An audio-type detection circuit is used to measure the audio input signal and to decide if the signal is speech or non-speech. In one embodiment, the detection circuit monitors the speech frequency spectrum and measures the occurrence of pauses indicative of a speech signal. The detection circuit also measures the energy content outside the speech range of frequencies. A combination of the results of these measurements determines if the audio information is speech or non-speech. In an alternative embodiment, a vocoder monitors the incoming audio signals and produces a signal indicative of which type of audio signal is present. If the signal is speech the low data rate vocoder path is selected in response to a selection signal, and if it is non-speech the higher data rate compression encoder path is selected. In addition, an identification signal is generated to identify the type of audio data signal that is present. 
     The encoded composite audio signal is transmitted along with the identification signal, for reception by suitable receivers which include respective memories for storing the composite audio and identification signal for subsequent retrieval. Upon retrieval, the respective audio signals are separated and decoded in response to the identification signal, whereby the original speech and non-speech signals are made available to a listener in the form of an audible signal. 
     Another form of information signal suitable for conversion to audio is ASCII text which may be selected for transmission to data receivers along with the two other types of audio data signals and a unique identification signal. The identification signal comprises a code which identifies the type of signal selected, and is multiplexed with the digitized encoded audio information for transmission. The code subsequently directs the selection of the desired decoder in the data receivers. 
     A typical system for encoding, transmitting, receiving and decoding audio signals is described in the patent and applications of previous mention, that is, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,406,626; 5,524,051; and 5,590,195, the descriptions of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an encoder system environment for encoding and transmitting audio information, in which the invention decision making detector means may be utilized. 
     FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram illustrating one embodiment of the decision making detector means of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a decoder system environment for receiving the encoded and transmitted audio information in accordance with the decoding means of the invention. 
     FIGS. 4A-4H is a timing diagram illustrating the respective waveforms appearing at various inputs and outputs of the circuit components shown in FIG. 2. 
     FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of the decision making detector means of the invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 depicts an encoder system 10 which comprises the invention environment, wherein digitized audio information, hereinafter referred to as a digital audio source signal, is supplied on a lead 12 in either serial or parallel format and is sample rate converted by a sample rate converter circuit 14 to produce a 64 kbit/sec data signal. The data signal is applied to a vocoder 16. The sampling rate and dynamic range of the digital audio source signal on the input lead 12 to the encoder system will usually be greater than the 64 kbit/sec digitized audio signal required by the vocoder 16. Thus, prior to the vocoder 16 the signal is sample rate converted from the source rate to 64 kbit/sec via the sample rate converter circuit 14. Typical data rates for the encoder system 10 are shown in FIG. 1. 
     The vocoder 16 is of the type used in the telecommunications industry such as the voice codec IMBE™ manufactured by Digital Voice Systems, Inc., Burlington, Mass. 
     The audio source signal on lead 12 also is applied via a compensating delay 20 to a wide-band audio compression encoder 18 such as those used for transmitting entertainment programming in compressed form such as, for example, digital audio broadcast transmissions. Typical of a wide-band audio compression encoder is the Music cam encoder. The audio source signal 12 further is applied to an audio-type decision making detector 22 of the invention, further described in FIG. 2. The vocoder processing delay can be of the order of hundreds of milliseconds, hence the compensating delay 20 is inserted ahead of the audio compression encoder to maintain time coincidence at the outputs of the components 16, 18. The outputs of components 16, 18, 22 are in turn coupled to the inputs of a data selector/multiplexer 24. 
     The efficiency of a digital compression system is expressed as coding gain (CG) and is given by CG=input data rate/output data rate. A vocoder (such as 16) producing a 2.4 kbit/sec output for a 64 kbit/second input typically has a coding gain of 26.67. Audio compression encoders (such as 18) typically have coding gains of the order of 8 to 16 depending on the signal quality level desired. 
     A second input to the encoder system is a digital ASCII text signal on a lead 26 of the order of 100 bit/sec that, following transmission, is converted to pseudo audio information signals by a receiver such as described below in FIG. 3 using a method of a text-to-speech converter such as BeSTspeechO manufactured by Berkeley Speech Technologies of Berkeley, Calif. The ASCII text is treated as a separate audio information signal and is applied to a buffer at the input of the audio-type detector 22, further described in FIG. 2. Selection between digital audio source signal 12 and ASCII text signal 26 is performed as data from each source becomes available. The ASCII text signal is the third input to the digital data selector and multiplexer 24. Reading of the ASCII signal and inclusion in the data path uses conventional data processing techniques. 
     Selection between the vocoder 16 and the audio compression encoder 18 is made by the audio-type decision making detector 22 based on measurement of the incoming digital audio source signal as described below in FIG. 2. The precise timing of the selection between the encoders 16, 18 is initiated at common block boundaries of the two digital audio-type signals as further described below. The detector 22 provides an audio-type identification signal via a lead 28, a selection signal via a bus 30 and a re-timed ASCII text via a lead 34, to the data selector/multiplexer 24. A block timing signal is supplied via a lead 32 from the detector 22 to the vocoder 16 and encoder 18. Signal 32 controls the boundary timing of the blocks of data generated by the encoders 16, 18. The data selector/multiplexer 24 includes a multiplexing circuit for supplying an intermingled composite digital audio/identification output signal which includes the audio-type identification signal. The output signal is supplied via a lead 36 to a conventional transmission system (depicted at 38) for transmission in typical fashion to a decoder system of respective multiple audio receiver means, an example of which is further depicted in FIG. 3. The audio/identification output signal may be in parallel or serial digital format. 
     By way of operation in general, the decision making detector 22 of FIG. 1 looks at the energy in the frequency spectrum covering the range of speech of the audio source signal on bus 12, and measures the length, in time, of the typical pauses of silence occurring between syllables. The detector 22 further measures the energy content outside the voice range of frequencies. A combination of the results of the two detections determines if the audio is speech or is other non-speech sounds such as music. From this determination a selection signal is generated on bus 30 and is used to control the data selector/multiplexer 24 which intermingles the speech and non-speech signals into the composite audio output signal. The selection signal is formed of three timing signals on respective leads of the bus 30, as further described in FIG. 4. The intermingled selection signal first is re-timed via a re-timing latch (FIG. 2) to cause the switching between types of audio to occur at the phase synchronous block boundaries of the corresponding audio signals being encoded in the audio compression encoder 18 and vocoder 16. 
     The data identification signal is generated on the lead 28 and is unique to each type of audio signal, that is, speech, non-speech and ASCII, and is multiplexed with the selected audio signals via the data selector/multiplexer 24 to provide the composite audio/identification output signal on lead 36. The identification signal is used subsequently as a control signal for a complementary demultiplexer in the audio receiver means (FIG. 3). 
     The encoder system of FIG. 1 also determines the time of insertion of ASCII text by examining the occupancy of an internal buffer memory in the ASCII data path, further described in FIG. 2. The selection signal from this measurement also is re-timed to occur on the block boundaries of the audio signals being processed in the encoders 16, 18. The combined selection signals operate the data selector/multiplexer 24 to provide the composite audio/identification output signal on the lead 36, which thus includes the identification signal on lead 28 multiplexed with the audio data. The ASCII text signal is re-timed by the re-timing latch of previous mention for inclusion with the other audio data in response to a buffer occupancy signal shown in FIG. 2. 
     Referring now to FIG. 2, the audio-type decision making detector 22 of the invention is shown in greater detail. The digitized audio source signal is supplied in either a serial or parallel format via the lead 12 to an automatic gain control circuit (AGC) 40, and thence to a band-pass filter (BPF) 42 of a first identification (ident) path 43. The audio source signal also is applied to a delay network 41 and thence to a non-inverting input of a subtractor circuit 44 of a second ident path 45. The delay network 41 compensates for the delay introduced by the band-pass filter 42 so that the signals appearing on leads 39 and 47, comprising the input signals to the subtractor circuit 44, are in time with each other. The output of the BPF 42 is supplied to a pause detector circuit 46 as well as to an inverting input of the subtractor circuit 44. The output of the pause detector circuit 46 is supplied to an AND gate 48 and the output of the subtractor circuit 44 is supplied to a threshold circuit 50 and thence to a second input of the AND gate 48. A reference signal which determines the operating threshold is coupled to the threshold circuit 50 via a lead 52. The logic output of the AND gate 48 is coupled to a hysteresis circuit 54 and thence via a lead 55 to a re-timing latch 56 as an initial selection signal. The output of the re-timing latch 56 is the selection signal of previous mention on bus 30. The output of the hysteresis circuit 54 also is supplied via the lead 55 to a timing generator 60 to re-time the selection process by making it occur at the common block boundaries of the compressed audio data signals. The re-timed selection signal appears on the bus 30. 
     The pause detector 46 looks for short pauses between bursts of data indicating typical speech. A pause is defined as a significant reduction in the instantaneous level of the audio signal with respect to the average audio level occurring for a period of 50 to 150 milliseconds and at a rate of 1 to 3 times per second. The precise timings are determined empirically and vary depending on the speed of the speech and the language spoken. If a string of pauses meeting the above or similar criteria is met over a period of time, the pause detector produces a logic one at its output, lead 49. If pauses are not detected, the output is a logic zero. 
     The ASCII text on lead 26 is supplied to an ASCII buffer 58 which supplies a buffer occupancy signal via a lead 59 to the timing generator 60, to the re-timing latch 56 and to an identification code latch 62 whose output is the identification signal of previous mention on the lead 28. The output of the buffer 58 is supplied on the lead 34 as the re-timed ASCII text signal of previous description. A timing signal from the timing generator 60 is the block timing signal on the lead 32, which also is supplied to the re-timing latch 56 and the identification code latch 62 as well as to the encoders 16, 18 of FIG. 1. 
     Regarding more particularly the operation of FIG. 2, the digitized audio source signal is applied to the AGC 40 to maintain a fixed output level for all audio input levels. Following the AGC, the audio is applied to the speech band-pass filter BPF 42 covering the frequency range from 300 Hz to 3 kHz, which represents the frequency band containing the maximum speech energy. Unlike other types of sounds, speech consists of syllables and pauses, whereby detection of the pauses is one indication of a speech signal. Accordingly, the pause detector circuit 46 provides a logic one output if a relatively large number of pauses are measured in a unit of time, indicating a speech signal. If the pause detector circuit 46 does not detect a given large number of pauses in the signal, the circuit 46 outputs a logic zero. The logic signal is applied as one input to the logic AND gate 48. 
     The band-pass signal from the BPF 42 is subtracted from the flat frequency response signal supplied by the AGC 40 via the subtractor circuit 44 to produce a non-speech signal representing frequency components outside the range of normal speech. This signal is applied to the threshold circuit 50 which produces a logic one output if the audio level is below a predetermined threshold set by the reference level on the lead 52. A logic zero output is produced if the audio level is greater than the threshold, indicating that the signal is a non-speech signal such as music. The logic signal from threshold circuit 50 is the second input to the AND function. 
     In accordance with the invention, if pauses are detected in the limited bandwidth signal of path 43 and sufficient energy is not present in the remaining range of frequencies, that is, in the non-speech signal in the path 45, the output of the AND gate 48 is a logic one, indicating a speech signal is present with no other sounds of significant level. 
     The truth table below illustrates in further detail the output states of the pause detector circuit 46, the threshold circuit 50, the AND gate 48 as well as the encoder selection, for possible combinations of input conditions. 
     
         ______________________________________       pause     threshold                          ANDcondition   detector 46                 circuit 50                          gate 48                                selection______________________________________wide-band audio       X         0        0     audio(non-speech/music)                   compression                                encoder 18pauses in audio, wide-       1         0        0     audioband audio present                   compression(non-speech/music)                   encoder 18pauses in audio,       1         1        1     vocoder 16narrow band audiopresent (speech)no audio present, or       1         1        1     vocoder 16very long pauses (nosignal)______________________________________ 
    
     Hysteresis is applied to the AND logic output signal by the circuit 54 to prevent the signal from toggling in the range of uncertainty. The logic signal further is re-timed by the re-timing latch 56 of previous mention to align it with the common block boundaries of the two types of encoded audio of the encoder outputs, in response to the timing generator 60. 
     The ASCII text information on the lead 26 is written to the ASCII buffer 58 and the buffer occupancy of the buffer 58 is constantly monitored. As the buffer reaches the full state the internal fullness measurement initiates a buffer nearly full signal and the buffer 58 supplies a pause signal, that is, the buffer occupancy signal, on lead 59 to the timing generator 60, to the re-timing latch 56 and to the identification code latch 62. The buffer is read out at a high data rate, relative to the ASCII input signal on lead 26. The audio encoders 16, 18 of FIG. 1 are instructed via the block timing signal 32 to store their converted audio data temporarily while the ASCII text data is transferred from the ASCII buffer 58 to the transmission path 34. When the ASCII buffer empties, the buffer fullness measurement function disables the ASCII read process and the encoders 16, 18 are enabled to continue outputting their respective audio signals to the data selector/multiplexer 24. The latter circuit 24 multiplexes the two audio signals of speech and non-speech into a composite audio signal in response to the selection signal on the bus 30. The identification signal on the lead 28 also is multiplexed into the composite audio signal to provide the composite audio/identification output signal on the lead 36 for transmission in conventional fashion via the transmission system indicated at 38. 
     FIGS. 4A-4H illustrate further the operation of the decision making detector 22 in the course of determining the type of audio information supplied on the input lead 12. To this end, when the ASCII buffer 58 is nearly full, the buffer occupancy signal on lead 59 goes to a high binary state as shown in FIG. 4A. The output 32 of the timing generator 60 supplies the block timing signal indicative of the boundaries of the blocks of data generated for the vocoder 16 and audio compression encoder 18, as shown in FIG. 4C. At the trailing edge of the transition of the block boundary signal following the buffer occupancy signal 59 (FIG. 4A), the ASCII buffer 58 is read using an internal read signal shown in FIG. 4B. During this period of time the data of both the vocoder 16 and audio compression encoder 18 are temporarily stored as depicted via the dimension line in FIG. 4C. The read and re-timed ASCII text information is depicted in FIG. 4D. When the buffer 58 empties, the buffer occupancy signal on lead 59 transitions to a low state as shown in FIG. 4A. 
     The timing signal indicative of the selection of speech (vocoder 16) or non-speech (encoder 18) is supplied to the re-timing latch 56 from the hysteresis circuit 54 via the lead 55, and is shown in FIG. 4E. The latch 56 also receives the occupancy signal on lead 59 which indicates the selection of ASCII text (FIG. 4A). The third input to the re-timing latch 56 is the block timing signal on lead 32 which indicates the boundaries of the audio-type signals and the type of signal to be selected, that is, speech or non-speech. The signal 32 is depicted in FIG. 4F which corresponds to the waveform of FIG. 4C. The output of the re-timing latch 56 comprises the selection signal on the bus 30 which includes three timing signals shown in FIGURE G1, G2, G3. 
     Signal G1 of the selection signal indicates the time for selection of the identification code signal on lead 28 by the data selector/multiplexer 24. Signal G2 indicates the time for the selection of the speech signal from the vocoder 16, or the non-speech signal from the audio compression encoder 18. Signal G3 indicates the time for the selection of the ASCII text by the data selector/multiplexer 24. 
     The identification code latch 62 receives the block timing signal on lead 32 indicating block boundaries and vocoder 16 or audio compression encoder 18 modes, and the buffer occupancy signal on lead 59 indicating the selection of ASCII text information. The identification code signal from the latch 62 on lead 28 is multiplexed with the data via the data selector/multiplexer 24 in response to the signal G1, as previously described. The coded identification signal is depicted in FIG. 4H and is timed to occur within the corresponding time periods of the block timing signal on lead 32 of FIG. 4C and 4F. 
     Referring now to FIG. 3, the transmitted composite audio/identification signal is supplied to a memory 66 integral with a decoder system 70 of the receiver means of previous mention. The stored audio then may be recovered when desired by a user in response to a user control signal on a lead 67. The recovered audio and identification signals are supplied via a lead 72 to an identification decoder 68 of the decoder system 70. The memory 66 and decoder system 70 comprise the receiver means for receiving and utilizing a restored version of the digital audio source signal originally supplied to the encoder system 10 of FIGS. 1, 2. Such a receiver means is discussed in the patents of previous reference. The identification decoder 68 searches for and separates the identification signal from the composite audio/identification signal. The identification signal as previously discussed indicates, in time, when a change occurs in the type of audio signal. The identification decoder 68 detects the unique codes that identify the type of audio data received by the input 72 from the memory 66. The decoded identification signal is supplied via a lead 76 to a cross-fade switch 78 as a control signal. The composite audio signal is supplied via a lead 80 to a vocoder decoder 82 and also to a wide-band audio decompression decoder 84. The vocoder decoder 82 extracts the speech signal from the composite audio signal and supplies it to a speech input of the cross-fade switch 78. The wide-band decoder 84 extracts the non-speech signal from the composite audio signal and supplies it to a non-speech input of the switch 78 via a compensating delay 86, which compensates for the decoder 82 signal processing time. The cross-fade switch 78 generally is conventional in function and, in response to the controlling identification signal on lead 76, provides a soft switching of the speech and non-speech signals to produce a resulting smoothly intermingled digital audio output signal on an output bus 88. The audio output signal corresponds to the digital audio source signal originally supplied via the bus 12 to the encoder system 10 of FIGS. 1, 2. The digital audio signal on output bus 88 is converted to analog format whereby the audio information may be transduced via a conventional amplifier/speaker system (not shown) into a signal for aural presentation to a listener. 
     Although the invention has been described herein relative to specific embodiments, various additional features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings. For example, a vocoder (that is, vocoder 16) also may be used to detect the presence of speech or non-speech signals as an alternate to a corresponding portion of the audio-type decision making detector 22. The vocoder measures the frequency components of speech usually using a fast fourier transform or other frequency selective transform. If the vocoder produces an accurate electrical representation of the incoming signal with the normal speech bandwidth as evidenced by comparing the reconstructed voice coded signal with the input signal in the frequency domain, then a safe assumption can be made that the input signal in question is a voice coded signal. If the comparison shows significant differences exist between the two compared signals, then a safe assumption can be made that the signal is a non-speech or music signal. The resulting signal of such a comparison may be applied to the hysteresis function, 54 of FIG. 2 in place of the components 40-48 of the decision making detector 22. 
     FIG. 5 depicts the use of a vocoder 16&#39; as the alternative of previous mention for making the audio-type decision indicative of whether the audio signal is speech or non-speech. To this end, the sample rate converted audio signals of 64 kbits are supplied to the vocoder 16&#39; which then provides an output on a lead 90 indicative of the accuracy of the incoming signal relative to the normal speech bandwidth, and thus indicative of whether a speech signal is present. The output on lead 90 is compared with the threshold reference level on lead 52 via the threshold circuit 50. The threshold circuit provides the selection signal on lead 55 as a logic one if the audio level is below the threshold level indicating a speech signal. A logic zero output is provided if the audio level is greater than the threshold level providing a selection signal on lead 55 indicating a non-speech signal. 
     Thus the scope of the invention is intended to be defined by the following claims and their equivalents.