Abstract:
The invention relates to novel citrulline peptides derived from fibrin α and β chains which are recognizable by specific citrulline antiprotein autoantibodies (AAPC) of a rheumatoid arthritis (PR) and to the use thereof for detecting the presence of said specific PR AAPC in a biological sample.

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/577,674, filed Oct. 2, 2008, which is a 35 U.S.C. 371 national phase application of international application PCT/FR2005/002736 filed Nov. 3, 2005, which claim priority to French Application No. 04 11782, filed Nov. 4, 2004, French Application No. 04 13711, filed Dec. 22, 2004 and French Application No. 05 08422, filed Aug. 8, 2005, which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to novel citrullinated peptides recognized by rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies. 
         [0003]    Rheumatoid arthritis (hereinafter abbreviated to “RA”) is the most common of the chronic inflammatory forms of rheumatism. It is an autoimmune disease and the serum from affected patients contains autoantibodies, some of which are specific and may constitute a marker for this disease, allowing it to be diagnosed even at very early stages. Research studies have therefore been carried out for the purpose of identifying antigens recognized by these antibodies, in order to obtain purified preparations of the latter that can be used in conventional techniques of immunological diagnosis. 
         [0004]    It has been shown that RA-specific autoantibodies recognize various isoelectric variants of (pro)filaggrin (for review, cf., for example, SERRE and VINCENT, In: Autoantibodies, PETER and SHOENFELD Eds, Elsevier Science Publishers, 271-276, 1996). These autoantibodies have for this reason been called: “anti-filaggrin autoantibodies (AFAs)”. Application EP 0 511 116 describes the purification and characterization of antigens of the filaggrin family, recognized by these antibodies, and their use for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. 
         [0005]    Subsequently, the filaggrin epitopes identified by AFAs were identified as regions of the filaggrin molecule carrying citrullyl residues, resulting from the conversion of arginyl residues by a peptidylarginine deiminase (Girbal-Neuhauser E et al., J. Immunol, 162, 585-94, 1999; Schellekens GA et al., J Clin Invest, 101, 273-81, 1998). The analysis of various synthetic peptides derived from the sequence of human filaggrin has shown that deimination (citrullination) is necessary in order to form the epitopes recognized by AFAs, which are today also called anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPAs). It is this name that will be used in the disclosure which follows. 
         [0006]    It has also been observed that the environment of the citrullyl residues also plays an important role (Girbal-Neuhauser E, 1999, mentioned above; Schellekens GA, 1998, mentioned above; Union A et al., Arthritis Rheum, 46, 1185-95, 2002); some amino acids that are “permissive” with respect to binding of the antibody, and the nature of which probably modifies the antibody binding affinity, have been identified. Among these amino acids, -gly-, -ser-, -his-, -thr- and -gln- residues are most commonly found in the immediate environment of the citrullyl residues of citrullinated “filaggrin” peptides which, to date, have been identified as carrying epitopes recognized by ACPAs (Sebbag M et al., Rev Rhum, 68, 106, 2001). 
         [0007]    A large number of citrullinated peptides specifically recognized by ACPAs, and that can be used for the diagnosis of RA, have been obtained from filaggrin. However, it has also been observed that, although strictly specific RA, the reactivity of these various citrullinated peptides with respect to ACPAs is heterogeneous, different peptides being recognized by sera derived from different individuals. This implies that, in order to obtain a diagnostic reagent capable of identifying the presence of ACPAs in a large population, it is necessary to combine several different peptides. 
         [0008]    In parallel, it has been shown that ACPAs are secreted by synovial tissue plasma cells (Masson-Bessière C et al., Clin Exp Immunol, 119, 544-52, 2000) and are specifically directed against citrullinated forms of fibrin α- and β-chains present in this tissue (Masson-Bessiere C et al., J Immunol, 166, 4177-84, 2001). 
         [0009]    The inventors have undertaken, with the aim of more thoroughly characterizing the epitopes recognized by ACPAs, to identify those presented by fibrin α- and β-chains. For this purpose, they have evaluated the reactivity of sera containing ACPAs with respect to citrullinated synthetic peptides derived from the sequence of the α-chain and from the sequence of the β-chain of fibrin. Given the known heterogeneity of the reaction profiles of citrullinated peptides derived from filaggrin, with ACPAs, the inventors used mixtures of sera selected so as to contain ACPAs representing the various reactivity profiles observed in the case of these filaggrin-derived peptides, in order to detect all the fibrin peptides that may be recognized by ACPAs. 
         [0010]    The peptides tested were obtained from the sequence of the α-chain and from the sequence of the β-chain of fibrin. In total, 72 peptides, including 41 derived from the fibrin α-chain and 31 derived from its β-chain, were selected. Among the 72 citrullinated peptides analyzed, the inventors identified 13 peptides derived from the sequence of the α-chain and 5 peptides derived from that of the α-chain of fibrin as reacting significantly with one and/or the other of the mixtures of sera tested, and therefore as carrying epitopes recognized by some of the ACPAs present in this of these mixture(s). 
         [0011]    The inventors subsequently individually analyzed each of the 18 reactive peptides identified with each of the sera constituting the mixtures tested. This analysis confirmed, for most of the peptides tested, the large interindividual variability in ACPA specificity previously observed in the case of filaggrin-derived citrullinated peptides. 
         [0012]    Furthermore, it allowed the inventors to identify peptides which, unexpectedly, have a spectrum of reactivity with ACPAs that is much broader than those reported up until now in the case of filaggrin-derived citrullinated peptides. Indeed, the inventors have identified 5 citrullinated peptides (4 peptides derived from the fibrin α-chain and 1 derived from the fibrin α-chain) which are each individually recognized by at least 40% of the sera analyzed, and therefore appear to carry major epitopes. Among these peptides, two are recognized by the majority of the sera, and also exhibit complementary reactivity profiles encompassing all the sera analyzed. Each of these sera in fact recognizes one and/or the other of these peptides. This suggests that these two peptides carry structural motifs representative of a very large majority of the various motifs recognized by ACPAs. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0013]    A subject of the present invention is an isolated peptide recognized by anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPAs) present in the serum of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, characterized in that it comprises at least one citrullyl residue, and in that it is chosen from the group consisting of: 
         [0014]    a) a peptide defined by the sequence X 1 PAPPPISGGGYX 2 AX 3  (SEQ ID NO: 1) in which X 1  and X 2  each represent a citrullyl residue or an arginyl residue, and at least one of the residues X 1  and X 2  is a citrullyl residue; 
         [0015]    b) a peptide defined by the sequence GPX 1 VVEX 2 HQSACKDS (SEQ ID NO: 2) in which X 1  and X 2  each represent a citrullyl residue or an arginyl residue, and at least one of the residues X 1  and X 2  is a citrullyl residue; 
         [0016]    c) a peptide defined by the sequence SGIGTLDGFX 1 HX 2 HPD (SEQ ID NO: 3) in which X 1  and X 2  each represent a citrullyl residue or an arginyl residue, and at least one of the residues X 1  and X 2  is a citrullyl residue; 
         [0017]    d) a peptide defined by the sequence VDIDIKIX 1 SCX 2 GSCS (SEQ ID NO: 4) in which X 1  and X 2  each represent a citrullyl residue or an arginyl residue, and at least one of the residues X 1  and X 2  is a citrullyl residue; 
         [0018]    e) a peptide defined by the sequence X 1 GHAKSX 2 PVX 3 GIHTS (SEQ ID NO: 12) in which X 1 , X 2  and X 3  each represent a citrullyl residue or an arginyl residue, and at least one of the residues X 1 , X 2  and X 3  is a citrullyl residue; 
         [0019]    f) a peptide comprising at least 5 consecutive amino acids, preferably at least 7 consecutive amino acids, and advantageously from 8 to 14 consecutive amino acids, including at least one citrullyl residue, of one of the peptides a) to e) above. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0020]    Having thus described embodiments of the invention in general terms, reference will be made to that accompanying drawings wherein: 
           [0021]      FIG. 1A  illustrates SEQ ID NO: 10, which is that of a signal sequence; and 
           [0022]      FIG. 1B  illustrates SEQ ID NO: 11, which is that of a signal sequence. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0023]    The peptides in accordance with the invention are at least 5 amino acids in size, preferably from 5 to 25 amino acids in size, and entirely preferably from 10 to 20 amino acids in size. 
         [0024]    According to a preferred embodiment of a peptide in accordance with the invention, it is chosen from:
       a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 in which at least X 3  is a citrullyl residue, or a peptide comprising a fragment of at least 5 consecutive amino acids of said sequence containing said citrullyl residue;   a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 in which at least X 2  is a citrullyl residue, or a peptide comprising a fragment of at least 5 consecutive amino acids of said sequence containing said citrullyl residue;   a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3 in which at least X 2  is a citrullyl residue, or a peptide comprising a fragment of at least 5 consecutive amino acids of said sequence containing said citrullyl residue;   a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4 in which at least X 1  is a citrullyl residue, or a peptide comprising a fragment of at least 5 consecutive amino acids of said sequence containing said citrullyl residue;   a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 12 in which at least X 3  is a citrullyl residue, or a peptide comprising a fragment of at least 5 consecutive amino acids of said sequence containing said citrullyl residue.       
 
         [0030]    Particularly preferably, a peptide in accordance with the invention is chosen from:
       a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 in which X 1 , X 2  and X 3  are citrullyl residues, or a peptide of at least 16 amino acids comprising said sequence;   a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 in which X 1  and X 2  are citrullyl residues, or a peptide comprising a fragment of at least 5 consecutive amino acids of said sequence containing said citrullyl residues;   a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 3 in which X 1  and X 2  are citrullyl residues, or a peptide comprising a fragment of at least 5 consecutive amino acids of said sequence containing said citrullyl residues;   a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 4 in which X 1  and X 2  are citrullyl residues, or a peptide comprising a fragment of at least 5 consecutive amino acids of said sequence containing said citrullyl residues;   a peptide defined by the sequence SEQ ID NO: 12 in which X 1 , X 2  and X 3  are citrullyl residues, or a peptide comprising a fragment of at least 10 consecutive amino acids of said sequence containing said citrullyl residues.       
 
         [0036]    Citrullinated peptides in accordance with the invention can, for example, be obtained from natural, recombinant or synthetic fragments of fibrin or of fibrinogen, through the action of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD); they can also be obtained by peptide synthesis, by directly incorporating one or more citrulline residues into the peptide synthesized. 
         [0037]    Citrullinated peptides in accordance with the invention also encompass derivatives of the peptides SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4 and 12, or fragments thereof, defined above, said derivatives carrying modifications intended to improve recognition thereof by ACPAs: by way of examples of such derivatives, mention will be made of: cyclized peptides; retro-type peptides, in which L-amino acids are linked together according to a sequence that is the reverse of that of the peptide to be reproduced; retro-inverso-type peptides, consisting of amino acids of the D series (instead of the amino acids of the L series of natural peptides) linked together according to a sequence that is the reverse of that of the peptide to be reproduced. 
         [0038]    Very advantageously, the peptides are peptides in which the terminal carboxyl function (COON) is replaced with a carboxamide function (CONH 2 ). In this case, particularly preferred peptides are those in which the C-terminal residue is a citrullyl residue, the carboxyl function of which is replaced with a carboxamide function. 
         [0039]    A subject of the present invention is also any peptide recognized by ACPAs present in the serum of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, and containing, at its C-terminal end, a citrullyl residue, the carboxyl function of which is replaced with a carboxamide function. Advantageously, said peptide contains at least one other citrullyl residue in its sequence. Preferably, said peptide comprises from 5 to 25 amino acids. 
         [0040]    The replacement of the carboxyl function of the C-terminal citrulline residue with a carboxamide function can make it possible to increase the reactivity of the peptide with the ACPAs, or, where appropriate, to render reactive, with ACPAs, peptides which are not naturally reactive. 
         [0041]    Citrullinated peptides in accordance with the present invention also encompass derivatives of the peptides of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 4 and 12, or fragments thereof, as defined above, said derivatives carrying modifications intended to facilitate their synthesis and/or to improve their stability. By way of example of such derivatives, mention will be made of the peptides that include amino acids, the carboxyl groups of which are esterified or converted to amide groups and/or amino acids, an amino group of which is alkylated, for example methylated or acetylated. The amine and carboxyl groups of the peptides may be present in the form of the salt corresponding to the base or to the acid. 
         [0042]    From the citrullinated peptides described above, it is also possible to obtain mimotope peptides comprising at least one citrullyl residue (citrullinated mimotope peptide). 
         [0043]    These mimotope peptides can be obtained by screening libraries of citrullinated peptides, the sequences of which are defined based on those of the peptides SEQ ID NOS: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 12 of the present invention, used in this context as “model peptides”. 
         [0044]    Preferably, these peptide libraries are prepared by synthesizing various peptides of between 10 and 20, preferably between 12 and 17, amino acids, in particular 15 amino acids in size. Each of these peptides conserves at least 2, preferably at least 4, advantageously at least 6, particularly preferably at least 8, and very advantageously at least 10 amino acids, including at least one citrullyl residue, of the sequence of the selected model peptide, at the same positions as on said model peptide, the other positions being variable. 
         [0045]    These libraries can advantageously be screened as described in the examples hereinafter, and in particular using sera representative of various ACPA reactivity profiles, as defined in Example 1 hereinafter. 
         [0046]    Methods for synthesizing mimotope peptides are well known in themselves. Reference will, for example, be made to Chapter 6 of “Chemical approaches to the synthesis of peptides and proteins”, Paul Lloyd-Williams, Fernando Albericio and Ernest Giralt, CRC Press New York, 1997, “Peptide libraries”, pages 237-270. 
         [0047]    These citrullinated mimotope peptides can be used, alone or in combination with other citrullinated peptides, and preferably in combination with at least one of the other peptides of the invention, in a diagnostic test for RA, for recognizing ACPAs. 
         [0048]    A subject of the present invention is also the use of the peptides in accordance with the invention, as defined above, for detecting the presence of ACPAs in a biological sample, in the context of the in vitro diagnosis of RA. 
         [0049]    A subject of the present invention is thus antigenic compositions that can be used for detecting the presence of ACPAs in a biological sample in the context of the in vitro diagnosis of RA, which compositions are characterized in that they comprise at least one peptide in accordance with the invention. 
         [0050]    Compositions in accordance with the invention can associate with one another various peptides chosen from the peptides in accordance with the invention, or can associate one or more peptides in accordance with the invention with one or more citrullinated peptides derived, in particular, from filaggrin. 
         [0051]    According to a preferred embodiment of an antigenic composition in accordance with the invention, it comprises at least one peptide of sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, and at least one peptide of sequence SEQ ID NO: 2, as defined above. 
         [0052]    This composition has a very broad spectrum of reactivity, and can also make it possible to detect RA at an early stage. 
         [0053]    Advantageously, a composition in accordance with the invention can also comprise a peptide of sequence SEQ ID NO: 3 and/or a peptide of sequence SEQ ID NO: 4 and/or a peptide of sequence SEQ ID NO: 12, as defined above. 
         [0054]    The compositions in accordance with the invention can, where appropriate, be in the form of multiple-peptide compositions, in which the constitutive peptides are associated with one another or with a carrier molecule, generally by covalent bonding. By way of example, mention will be made of the multiple antigen peptides (MAPs) described in particular by TAM (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 85, 5409-13, 1988). 
         [0055]    A subject of the present invention is also a method for detecting the presence of ACPAs in a biological sample, in the context of the in vitro diagnosis of RA, which method is characterized in that it comprises:
       bringing said biological sample into contact with at least one peptide or one antigenic composition in accordance with the invention, as defined above, under conditions that allow the formation of an antigen/antibody complex with the ACPAs possibly present in said sample;   detecting, by any appropriate means, the antigen/antibody complex possibly formed.       
 
         [0058]    This method of detection can be carried out by means of a kit comprising at least one peptide or one antigenic composition according to the invention and, where appropriate, buffers and reagents suitable for making up a reaction medium that allows the formation of an antigen/antibody complex, and/or means for detecting said antigen/antibody complex. 
         [0059]    Advantageously, said kit comprises a peptide or an antigenic composition according to the invention, immobilized on a solid substrate. By way of nonlimiting examples of solid substrates that can be used, mention will be made of microtitration plates, pipette tips of the VIDAS® device (sold by BIOMERIEUX), beads, microbeads or microparticles, strips, etc. 
         [0060]    Said kit can also comprise reference samples, such as one or more negative serum or sera and one or more positive serum or sera. 
         [0061]    A subject of the present invention is also a method for detecting the presence of ACPAs in a biological sample, in the context of the in vitro diagnosis of RA, which method is characterized in that it comprises:
       providing a first citrullinated peptide capable of competing, for the binding to said ACPAs, with a peptide in accordance with the invention, as defined above;   bringing said first peptide into contact with said biological sample, under conditions that allow the formation of an antigen/antibody complex with the ACPAs possibly present in said sample;   detecting, by any appropriate means, the antigen/antibody complex possibly formed.       
 
         [0065]    In particular, the first citrullinated peptide capable of competing with a peptide in accordance with the invention is a citrullinated mimotope peptide that can be obtained as described above. 
         [0066]    The present invention will be understood more clearly from the further description which follows, which makes reference to examples that illustrate the identification of the peptides in accordance with the invention and the demonstration of their reactivity profile with respect to ACPAs. 
       EXAMPLE 1 
     Demonstration of the Heterogeneity of the Reaction of Acpas with Citrullinated Peptides Derived from Filaggrin, and Obtaining of Mixtures of Sera Representative of the Various Reactivity Profiles 
       [0067]    90 sera, exhibiting ACPAs that can be detected both by ELISA and by immunoblotting on human fibrinogen deiminated in vitro (Masson-Bessière C, 2001, mentioned above; Nogueira L et al., Arthritis Res, 4, 90, 2002) but also by indirect immunofluoresence on frozen sections of rat esophagus (Vincent C et al., Ann Rheum Dis, 48, 712-22, 1989) and by immunoblotting on human epidermal filaggrin (Vincent C et al., J Rheumatol, 25, 838-46, 1998), were used. The reactivity of these 90 multipositive sera was analyzed by ELISA with regard to 5 different citrullinated peptides, the reactivity of which with respect to ACPAs had been previously established. These peptides are the following: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 E12D 
                 ESSRDGSXHPRSHD 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T12E 
                 TGSSTGGXQGSHHE 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 6) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E12H 
                 EQSADSSXHSGSGH 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cfc6 
                 SHQESTXGXSRGRSGRSGS 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cf48-65-4 
                 TIHAHPGSXXGGRHGYHH 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (X denotes a citrullyl residue) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0068]    The peptides E12D, T12E and E12H were described by Girbal-Neuhauser, E. et al. (1999), the peptides cfc6 and cf48-65-4 were described by Schellekens, G. et al. (1998). 
         [0069]    The analysis by ELISA was carried out according to the protocol described by Girbal-Neuhauser, E. et al. (1999). 
         [0070]    This analysis made it possible to identify 12 reactivity profiles with regard to the 5 peptides. 
         [0071]    These profiles are summarized in Table I below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Profile 
                 E12D 
                 E12H 
                 T12E 
                 cfc6 
                 cf48-65-4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 1 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                   
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 + 
                 + 
                   
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 + 
                   
                   
                   
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                   
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                   
                 + 
                 + 
                   
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                   
                   
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                   
                   
                   
                 + 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 + 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0072]    In order to be as representative as possible of the various ACPA reactivity profiles, mixtures, hereinafter referred to as mixtures: “A” and “B”, were each formed by mixing, in equal parts, 10 sera representing various profiles of reactivity on “filaggrin” peptides. 
         [0073]    The composition of these two mixtures is given in Table II below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Serum 
                 Profile 
                 Mixture 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 97.0459 
                 1 
                 A 
               
               
                 97.0388 
                 3 
               
               
                 97.1436 
                 4 
               
               
                 97.0169 
                 6 
               
               
                 97.0530 
                 7 
               
               
                 97.0311 
                 8 
               
               
                 97.0506 
                 9 
               
               
                 97.0468 
                 10 
               
               
                 97.0796 
                 11 
               
               
                 97.0907 
                 12 
               
               
                 97.1715 
                 1 
                 B 
               
               
                 97.0524 
                 1 
               
               
                 97.0323 
                 2 
               
               
                 97.0794 
                 4 
               
               
                 95.0256 
                 5 
               
               
                 97.1795 
                 5 
               
               
                 97.1474 
                 9 
               
               
                 97.0244 
                 10 
               
               
                 97.1548 
                 11 
               
               
                 97.1210 
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0074]    The two mixtures A and B together are therefore representative of the heterogeneity of specificity of the ACPA+ sera. 
       EXAMPLE 2 
     Identification of Citrullinated Peptides Derived From Fibrin α- and β-Chains, that React with the ACPAs 
       [0075]    The peptides tested were obtained from the sequence of the fibrin α-chain and from the sequence of the fibrin β-chain [portion corresponding respectively to residues 36-635 and 45-491 of the A(α) (reference NP Acession: NP 068657) and B(β) (reference SWISSPROT FIBS_HUMAN Prim. Accession: P02675) chains of fibrinogen]. The sequences of residues 1 to 635 and 1 to 491 of the fibrinogen A(α) and B(β) chains are also respectively represented in the attached sequence listing under the numbers SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO: 11, and in  FIGS. 1A  and B. The sequences indicated in bold in  FIG. 1  are those of the signal sequences of the proteins followed by those of their fibrinopeptides (A and B, respectively). 
         [0076]    Each fibrin α- or β-chain was segmented into contiguous sequences of 15 amino acids, and all the peptides comprising at least one arginyl residue were selected. In the case of the peptides for which the arginyl residue was located at the NH 2 - or COON-terminal end, a second series of peptides of 15 amino acids, overlapping the first, so as to recenter the terminal arginyl residue in the sequence, was selected. In addition, a peptide corresponding to residues 621-629 of the fibrin α-chain was synthesized. In total, 72 peptides, including 41 derived from the fibrin α-chain and 31 derived from its β-chain, were selected. For each of the peptides, the form with arginyl residue(s) (native form) and the form where all the arginyl residues were substituted with citrullyl residues (citrullinated form) were synthesized according to the solid-phase method of Merrifield, with a purity ≧60% [company NeoMPS (Strasbourg, France)]. 
         [0077]    The list of the citrullinated peptides selected is given in Table III below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE III 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 A. First series: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 α-chain 
               
             
          
           
               
                 α36-50Cit 38,42   
                 α171-185Cit 178,181   
                 α351-365Cit 353   
                 α456-470Cit 458,459   
               
               
                 α66-80Cit 58   
                 α186-200Cit 186,190   
                 α366-380Cit 367   
                 α501-515Cit 510,512   
               
               
                 α81-95Cit 84   
                 α216-230Cit 216,218   
                 α381-395Cit 394   
                 α546-560Cit 547   
               
               
                 α111-125Cit 114,123   
                 α246-260Cit 258   
                 α396-410Cit 404   
                 α561-575Cit 573   
               
               
                 α126-140Cit 129,135,137   
                 α261-275Cit 263,271   
                 α411-425Cit 425   
                 α591-605Cit 591   
               
               
                 α141-155Cit 143   
                 α276-290Cit 287   
                 α426-440Cit 426   
                 α621-629Cit 621,627   
               
               
                 α156-170Cit 160,168   
                 α306-320Cit 308   
                 α441-455Cit 443   
                 α621-635Cit 621,627,630   
               
             
          
           
               
                 β-chain 
               
             
          
           
               
                 β45-59Cit 47,53   
                 β195-209Cit 196,199,208   
                 β330-344Cit 334   
                 β435-449Cit 436,445   
               
               
                 β60-74Cit 60,72,74   a   
                 β210-224Cit 224   
                 β375-389Cit 376   
                 β465-479Cit 478   
               
               
                 β75-89Cit 87   
                 β240-254Cit 246   
                 β390-404Cit 395   
                 β480-491Cit 485   
               
               
                 β120-134Cit 121,124   
                 β255-269Cit 267   
                 β405-419Cit 410   
               
               
                 β150-164Cit 158   
                 β285-299Cit 286,284   
                 β420-434Cit 421   
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 B. Second series: 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 α-chain 
               
             
          
           
               
                 α138-152Cit 143   
                 α300-314Cit 308   
                 α438-452Cit 443   
                 α615-629Cit 621,627   
               
               
                 α183-197Cit 186,190   
                 α347-361Cit 353   
                 α455-469Cit 458,459   
               
               
                 α213-227Cit 216,218   
                 α363-377Cit 367   
                 α542-556Cit 547   
               
               
                 α259-273Cit 263,271   
                 α420-434Cit 425,426   
                 α588-602Cit 591   
               
             
          
           
               
                 β-chain 
               
             
          
           
               
                 β50-64Cit 53,60   
                 β202-216Cit 206   
                 β281-295Cit 285,294   
                 β474-488Cit 478,485   
               
               
                 β116-130Cit 121,124   
                 β215-229Cit 224   
                 β373-387Cit 376   
               
               
                 β188-202Cit 196,199   
                 β219-233Cit 224   
                 β416-430Cit 421   
               
               
                 β193-207Cit 195,199,206   
                 β236-250Cit 246   
                 β433-447Cit 436,445   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a This peptide was synthesized with the carboxyl function (COOH) of the C-terminal citrullyl residue either in “free” form (COOH), or in amidated form (carboxamide function: CONH 2 ). 
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0078]    The nomenclature used is the following: name of origin of the polypeptide chain (α or β) of fibrinogen from which the sequence derives, then position in this sequence of the amino-terminal residue of the peptide—position of the carboxy-terminal residue of the peptide. These positions are numbered relative to the N-terminal end of fibrinogen. The designation Cit indicates that it is a citrullinated form of the peptide. The position of the arginyl residue which is substituted with a citrullyl residue is indicated as an index. Only the citrullinated forms of the peptides are presented. 
         [0079]    Each pair of peptides (citrullinated and noncitrullinated) was assayed by ELISA with a mixture, in equal parts, of 10 sera having no ACPAs (control mixture) and with the 2 mixtures A and B described in Example 1. 
         [0080]    The peptides were tested after coating of irradiated polystyrene plates (Nunc Maxisorp) in three different buffers (acetate, pH 5.0; PBS, pH 7.4; and carbonate, pH 9.0), so as to optimize the chances of passive binding of the peptides (10 μg/ml) that exhibited very heterogeneous isoelectric points (extending from 4 to 12 for the noncitrullinated forms). Each pair of peptides (native and citrullinated form) was tested on the same plate and a pair of control peptides—citrullinated “filaggrin” peptide cfc6 and its corresponding native peptide cf0 (Schellekens GA, 1998, mentioned above)—was included in each experiment, which made it possible to calculate an inter-assay coefficient of variation and to perform corrections. 
         [0081]    After saturation in PBS-2% BSA, the mixtures of sera diluted to 1/50 in PBS 2M NaCl—2% BSA were incubated and then their binding was revealed with peroxidase-labeled anti-human IgG goat IgGs (Southern) diluted to 1/1000 in PBS-2% BSA. All the incubations were carried out for 1 h at 4° C. and were followed by washing in PBS-0.1% Tween. The peroxidase activity was visualized with a solution of ortho-phenylenediamine (2 mg/ml—Sigma) in hydrogen peroxide (0.03%—Sigma). The reaction was stopped after 5 minutes by adding 4M sulfuric acid, and the optical density (OD) at 492 nm was measured by virtue of an automatic spectrophotometer (Multiskan, Thermo Labsystems). 
         [0082]    The specific reactivity of the mixtures of sera with regard to the citrullinated peptides corresponded to the difference between the OD obtained with the citrullinated peptide and that obtained with the corresponding native peptide (delta OD). The results correspond to the mean of two determinations. Any citrullinated peptide making it possible to obtain a delta OD of greater than 0.250 for at least one of the two mixtures A and B after coating in at least one of the three buffers, was considered to be reactive. 
         [0083]    Among the 72 citrullinated peptides analyzed, 13 peptides derived from the sequence of the fibrin α-chain and 5 peptides derived from that of the β-chain were found to carry epitopes recognized by the ACPAs. Among these peptides, 6 were very reactive (delta OD≧1.5), 8 peptides were moderately reactive (0.5≦delta OD&lt;1.5) and 4 peptides were relatively nonreactive (0.25≦delta OD&lt;0.5). The other citrullinated peptides prove to be barely reactive or nonreactive (0.0≦delta OD&lt;0.25). No reactivity with the control mixture was observed, which makes it possible to identify the reactive peptides as carriers of epitope(s) recognized by the ACPAs. 
         [0084]    The results obtained for the 18 reactive peptides are given in Table IV below: 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE IV 
               
             
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mixture 
                 Coating buffer 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Peptide 
                 of sera 
                 Acetate 
                 PBS 
                 Carbonate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 α36-50Cit 38,42   
                 Mixture A 
                 4.00 
                 2.69 
                 3.43 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 4.27 
                 2.65 
                 2.64 
               
               
                 α171-185Cit 178,181   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.15 
                 0.29 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.08 
                 0.21 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 α183-197Cit 186,190   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.41 
                 1.68 
                 1.36 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.01 
                 0.15 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 α246-260Cit 258   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.04 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.27 
                 0.25 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 α259-273Cit 263,271   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.14 
                 0.60 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.21 
                 0.69 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 α366-380Cit 367   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.28 
                 0.37 
                 0.26 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.00 
                 0.04 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 α396-410Cit 404   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.04 
                 0.02 
                 0.43 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.15 
                 0.17 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 α411-425Cit 425   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.09 
                 0.16 
                 0.56 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.38 
                 0.66 
                 0.43 
               
               
                 α501-515Cit 510,512   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.16 
                 0.92 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.72 
                 2.60 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 α546-560Cit 547   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.38 
                 0.74 
                 0.33 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.05 
                 0.15 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 α561-575Cit 573   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.05 
                 0.30 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.14 
                 0.52 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 α588-602Cit 591   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.05 
                 0.16 
                 0.36 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.06 
                 0.33 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 α621-635Cit 621,627,630   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.25 
                 1.57 
                 1.17 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.18 
                 1.51 
                 1.20 
               
               
                 β60-74Cit 60,72,74   a   
                 Mixture A 
                 1.02 
                 2.06 
                 1.27 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 2.83 
                 2.69 
                 2.72 
               
               
                 β210-224Cit 224   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.25 
                 0.29 
                 1.14 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.00 
                 0.60 
                 1.56 
               
               
                 β281-295Cit 285,294   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.12 
                 0.60 
                 0.61 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.11 
                 0.75 
                 0.71 
               
               
                 β420-434Cit 421   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.36 
                 0.48 
                 0.44 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                 β433-447Cit 435,445   
                 Mixture A 
                 0.41 
                 0.58 
                 0.67 
               
               
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.03 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a The results indicated correspond to those obtained with the form of the peptide having an amidated C-terminal function (carboxamide function: CONH 2 ) 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 3 
     Reactivity Profile of the Citrullinated Peptides that React with the ACPAs 
       [0085]    The 14 peptides carrying the most reactive epitopes (delta OD≧0.5 for one or other of the mixtures of serum (A and B) with at least one of the three coating buffers) were tested independently with the 20 sera constituting the mixtures A and B, in order to evaluate the reactivity profile of each of these peptides. The tests were carried out by ELISA under the same conditions as in Example 2 above, with the exception that, for each pair of peptides, the coating buffer selected was that that had made it possible to obtain the strongest reactivity with respect to this peptide during the screening (the buffer for which the sum of the delta ODs obtained respectively for the serum mixtures A and B was at a maximum). In addition, the dilutions of the sera were adjusted such that they had an equivalent avidity for whole deiminated fibrinogen. Thus, for each serum, the dilution that made it possible to obtain an OD of 1 by ELISA on deiminated fibrinogen was selected (Nogueira L, 2002, mentioned above). The dilutions ranged from 1/20 to 1/2700. 
         [0086]    The results are illustrated by Table V below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE V 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 Serum 
                 Dilution 
                 β60-74Cit 60,72,74   a   
                 α36-50Cit 36,42   
                 α621-635Cit 621,627,630   
                 α501-515Cit 510,512   
                 α171-185Cit 178,181   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 97.0459 
                 1/60  
                 0.71 c   
                 3.55 
                   
                   
                 0.29 
               
               
                 97.1715 
                 1/300 
                   
                 3.50 
                   
                 1.79 
               
               
                 97.0524 
                 1/200 
                   
                 3.39 
                   
                 2.85 
                 0.59 
               
               
                 97.0323 
                 1/120 
                 1.73 
                 1.87 
                   
                 3.23 
               
               
                 97.0388 
                 1/50  
                   
                 3.32 
                 2.71 
                 2.88 
               
               
                 97.1436 
                 1/150 
                   
                 3.30 
                   
                 2.80 
               
               
                 97.0794 
                 1/50  
                 0.75 
                 3.43 
                   
                 3.30 
                 2.09 
               
               
                 95.0256 
                 1/35  
                 3.48 
                 2.35 
                   
                 2.37 
               
               
                 97.1795 
                 1/50  
                   
                 2.29 
                   
                   
                 0.57 
               
               
                 97.0169 
                 1/400 
                 0.31 
                   
                 0.80 
               
               
                 97.0530 
                 1/50  
                   
                 2.97 
                   
                 0.69 
               
               
                 97.0311 
                 1/200 
                 1.93 
                 0.71 
                 0.37 
                   
                 1.95 
               
               
                 97.0506 
                 1/75  
                 1.93 
                   
                   
                 0.44 
               
               
                 97.1474 
                 1/20  
                 0.37 
                 1.93 
                 0.59 
                   
                 1.08 
               
               
                 97.0468 
                 1/700 
                 1.08 
                   
                 0.81 
                   
                 0.42 
               
               
                 97.0244 
                  1/2700 
                 1.23 
                   
                 0.50 
               
               
                 97.1548 
                 1/60  
                 1.48 
                   
                 3.29 
                   
                 0.71 
               
               
                 97.0796 
                 1/500 
                 0.36 
                   
                 0.69 
               
               
                 97.0907 
                 1/300 
                 1.17 
                   
                 1.04 
                   
                 0.44 
               
               
                 97.1210 
                 1/300 
                 3.33 
                   
                 0.37 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Number of 
                 14/20 
                 12/20 
                 10/20 
                 9/20 
                 9/20 
               
               
                 positive sera 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 Serum 
                 Dilution 
                 β281-295Cit 285,294   
                 β210-224Cit 224   
                 α183-197Cit 186,190   b   
                 α561-575Cit 573   
                 α546-560Cit 547   b   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 97.0459 
                 1/60  
                 2.22 
                   
                 3.21 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 97.1715 
                 1/300 
               
               
                 97.0524 
                 1/200 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 97.0323 
                 1/120 
                 1.16 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 97.0388 
                 1/50  
               
               
                 97.1436 
                 1/150 
               
               
                 97.0794 
                 1/50  
                 0.26 
                   
                   
                 1.95 
               
               
                 95.0256 
                 1/35  
               
               
                 97.1795 
                 1/50  
                   
                 0.49 
               
               
                 97.0169 
                 1/400 
               
               
                 97.0530 
                 1/50  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.44 
               
               
                 97.0311 
                 1/200 
                   
                 0.46 
                 0.87 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 97.0506 
                 1/75  
                 1.80 
                   
                 0.85 
               
               
                 97.1474 
                 1/20  
                 0.36 
                   
                   
                 0.71 
               
               
                 97.0468 
                 1/700 
               
               
                 97.0244 
                  1/2700 
               
               
                 97.1548 
                 1/60  
                   
                   
                   
                 0.53 
               
               
                 97.0796 
                 1/500 
                   
                 0.67 
                   
                   
                 1.18 
               
               
                 97.0907 
                 1/300 
                   
                 0.33 
               
               
                 97.1210 
                 1/300 
                   
                 0.72 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Number of 
                 6/20 
                 6/20 
                 3/10 
                 5/20 
                 2/10 
               
               
                 positive sera 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Serum 
                 Dilution 
                 β433-447Cit 436,445   b   
                 α259-273Cit 263,271   
                 α588-602Cit 591   
                 α411-425Cit 425   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 97.0459 
                 1/60  
               
               
                   
                 97.1715 
                 1/300 
               
               
                   
                 97.0524 
                 1/200 
               
               
                   
                 97.0323 
                 1/120 
               
               
                   
                 97.0388 
                 1/50  
                 1.14 
               
               
                   
                 97.1436 
                 1/150 
               
               
                   
                 97.0794 
                 1/50  
               
               
                   
                 95.0256 
                 1/35  
               
               
                   
                 97.1795 
                 1/50  
                   
                   
                 0.79 
               
               
                   
                 97.0169 
                 1/400 
                   
                   
                 1.34 
               
               
                   
                 97.0530 
                 1/50  
               
               
                   
                 97.0311 
                 1/200 
                   
                 0.29 
               
               
                   
                 97.0506 
                 1/75  
               
               
                   
                 97.1474 
                 1/20  
                   
                 0.39 
               
               
                   
                 97.0468 
                 1/700 
                   
                 0.32 
               
               
                   
                 97.0244 
                  1/2700 
               
               
                   
                 97.1548 
                 1/60  
               
               
                   
                 97.0796 
                 1/500 
                 0.71 
               
               
                   
                 97.0907 
                 1/300 
               
               
                   
                 97.1210 
                 1/300 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.84 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 Number of 
                 2/10 
                 13/20 
                 2/20 
                 1/20 
               
               
                   
                 positive sera 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   a The results indicated correspond to those obtained with the form of the peptide having an amidated C-terminal function (carboxamide function: CONH 2 ). 
               
               
                   
                   b For these three peptides, the individual reactivity of the sera of mixture B was not tested since the latter was not reactive. 
               
               
                   
                   c The delta ODs &lt;0.25 are not presented. 
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 4 
     Comparison of the Reactivity of the Peptide β60-74Cit 60,72,74  Depending on Whether Its C-Terminal Function is a Carboxyl (COOH) or a Carboxamide (CONH 2 ) 
       [0087]    ELISA plates were coated with the peptide β60-74Cit 60,72,74 , in which the C-terminal function of the carboxy-terminal citrullyl residue is not amidated (form carrying a terminal COOH function, hereinafter referred to as “nonamidated form”), with the peptide β360-74Cit 60,72,74 , in which the C-terminal function of the carboxy-terminal citrullyl residue is amidated (form carrying a terminal CONH 2  function, hereinafter referred to as “amidated form”) and the noncitrullinated peptide β60-74 (in which the C-terminal function of the carboxy-terminal arginyl residue is not amidated), all diluted in PBS. The serum mixtures A and B described in Example 1 were tested according to the method described in Example 2. As in Example 2, the specific reactivity of the peptide in nonamidated form or in amidated form corresponded to the difference between the OD obtained with these two citrullinated peptides and that obtained with the noncitrullinated peptide β60-74. The reactivity of the amidated form of the peptide appeared to be clearly greater than that of the nonamidated form, which was, however, significant. The results correspond to the mean of two experiments, each comprising two determinations. The results are given in Table VI below. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
                 TABLE VI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Peptide 
                 Serum mixture 
                 Delta OD 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 β60-74Cit 60, 72, 74  nonamidated 
                 Mixture A 
                 0.30 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 1.16 
               
               
                   
                 β60-74Cit 60, 72, 74  amidated 
                 Mixture A 
                 2.13 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mixture B 
                 2.74