Abstract:
A digital compressed video signal transmission system includes a transport processor for segmenting compressed MPEG video data into transport cells for transmission. Several protocol levels are utilized to uniquely define transmitted data, provide system synchronization and to provide for detection of lost or corrupted data. Transport cells are formed of three levels, the first of which indicates the service to which the data relates and includes a field indicating the state of signal scrambling. The second level includes a field identifying the one of several alternative formats in which the cell payload is arranged, and a continuity count for determining data continuity. The third level includes the payload and a field which indicates decodable entry points for re-entering the data stream after having lost data.

Description:
This is a division of Ser. No. 07/901,045, filed Jun. 19, 1992. The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for segmenting compressed video data into cells or packets for transmission in a manner to allow a receiver to rapidly recover from occurrences of missing data or corrupted data. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) are establishing a standard for transmission and storage of video data primarily for use by computers. This proposed standard is detailed in the document &#34;International Organization for Standardization&#34;, ISO-IEC JT(1/SC2/WG1), Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio, MPEG 90/176 Rev. 2, Dec. 18, 1990. The signal protocol is hierarchical or layered. Frames of video data are compressed in groups of, for example, 15 frames. Respective frames are either intraframe encoded (I frames), forward predictive interframe encoded (P frames) or forward/backward predictive interframe encoded (B frames). Each frame is divided into slices corresponding to horizontal image bands (e.g., 16 line stripes). The slices are segmented into macroblocks consisting of matrices of 16 by 16 pixels. The macroblocks are encoded in four 8 by 8 blocks of luminance values, and two 8 by 8 blocks of chrominance values (U and V signal components). Each of the 8 by 8 chrominance blocks are derived by horizontally and vertically subsampling component chrominance values representing respective 16 by 16 macroblocks. The signal protocol calls for a sequence layer for identifying the overall signal type, which layer includes a sequence start code and header information identifying, for example, picture size, pixel aspect ratio, picture rate, bit rate, buffer size, a number of flag bits, etc. Following the sequence layer is a group of pictures, GOP header which include a start code, a time code, a closed GOP flag, a broken link flag and extension data. The next layer includes a picture start code and picture header. The picture (PICT) header includes a temporal reference, picture coding type (I, P, B), buffer fullness, vector and pixel precision flags, variable length code identifiers and extension data. A slice start code follows the picture layer and includes a start code and a header identifying the slice. Following the slice layer is the macroblock layer which includes a start code and header data. The macroblock header data includes identifying indicia, quantizing information, type of encoding etc. The macroblock layer also includes motion vectors which are common to the six blocks of data in each macroblock, and encoded block data on a block by block basis. The compression algorithm involves predicting frames of video signal from prior frames of video signal and transmitting in compressed form, the differences between actual and predicted frames. Successively encoded frames are dependent on the correctness of prior encoded frames. 
     ADTV is a fully digital simulcast system that delivers high definition television (HDTV) in a single 6-MHz broadcast channel. It is currently being developed by the Advanced Television Research Consortium (ATRC). One of the primary design goals of ADTV is to deliver high-quality and robust digital HDTV service for terrestrial simulcast transmission. The ADTV system uses MPEG compression to permit transmission of HDTV signals within a 6-Mhz channel. However the ATRC has augmented MPEG by adding a custom higher layer structure (MPEG++Rev 1) to achieve sufficient signal robustness for transmission over noisy terrestrial transmission media. This augmentation includes the prioritization of MPEG data into a two tier high-priority (HP), low priority (LP) transmission scheme, and includes a transport protocol to support multiple data services, and to provide graceful degradation in receiver performance in the presence of transmission errors. 
     DirecTV is a fully digital system that delivers standard definition NTSC television to the home over a satellite channel. It is currently being developed by Thomson Consumer Electronics (TCE). It is similar to ADTV in that it uses MPEG data compression but it is not HDTV. This is a one tier system, for transmitting NTSC quality television signals 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention involves a transport protocol for arranging hierarchically formatted compressed video data for robust transmission in noisy communication channels. The transport protocol presented here includes a link layer, a transport layer and a service layer. The link layer defines the service layer included in respective transport cells. The transport layer includes a continuity counter and a HD field which indicates the format of the one of a plurality of service layer formats that is utilized in the respective transport cell. The service layer includes the signal payload and optionally, an entry pointer which indicates a data point within respective payloads at which decoding may commence. Compressed video data is applied to a transport processor which is responsive to the header data in the compressed video signal to develop transport and service layers. The transport processor forms link layer headers and concatenates the link layer headers with the transport and service layers for transmission. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a transport cell of the transport layer utilized in the invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a Transport Block for a video service included in a transport cell. 
     FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an example of a format of Auxiliary Data cells . 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic representation illustrating an entry-point concept utilized for fast re-entry into the compressed data stream. 
     FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the entrypoint data in two-tier transmission systems. 
     FIG. 6 is a system level block diagram identifying the transport encoder and decoder in the total system. 
     FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a typical transport encoder. 
     FIG. 8 is a flowchart representing operation of the transport encoder. 
     FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a typical transport decoder. 
     FIGS. 10A and 10B are a flowchart of operation of the transport decoder of a one-tier video system. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The transport protocol of the present invention includes three data protocol layers; a link layer; a transport layer; and a service layer. The link layer is arranged to be service independent, while the service layers are service specific. A &#34;service&#34; refers to the type of data being transmitted in a particular transport cell, e.g., audio data, video data, auxiliary data etc. 
     The link layer comprises a Prefix byte (actually two eight bit bytes) which contain several link layer control flags as well as channel identifiers for many different video, audio and data services. FIG. 1 shows the logical structure of a transport cell indicating the relationship between the Prefix and the Transport Block. The designators P, BB, CF, and CS are all one bit designators. The designator, P, is used in a two tier system to identify whether the transport block includes high or low priority data (1=HP, 0=LP), and is used in a one tier system for cell framing by toggling in successive cells. The designator, BB defines a bundle boundary and is set to a &#34;1&#34; value only for the first cell of respective bundles. The designator, CF, is a control flag used to indicate a scrambling state. CS is a control sync bit which toggles with each scramble key change. 
     The designation SCID is a twelve bit word which is used to identify service types. A SCID value of zero is reserved for null cells, and the value 4095 is reserved for future definition. The remaining 4094 SCID values are available for defining various service types. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates the Video Transport Layer which is an example of one of many possible Transport Layer formats. Every service type can have a specific Transport Block format. This description pertains to MPEG encoded Video Transport services. FIG. 2 shows the logical structure of a transport block. The first field of the video transport layer contains a 4-bit continuity counter (CC). This counter increments by one for each cell transmitted. It is service dependent and priority dependent, i.e., separate counters are maintained for each service identity and for each transmission priority tier. The value of the continuity count sequences from 0 through 15. The continuity count provides a measure of error detection at respective receivers. A discontinuity in the received count indicates either errors in received data or a loss of continuous data for a particular transport service. 
     The next field in the video transport layer contains a 4-bit Header Designator (HD) which has two-bit subfields of Type and Identity. The subfields identify the form of data transmitted in the respective data field. For the Video Transport Layer, HD types 0, 1, 2 and 3 are used to respectively identify Auxiliary Packets, Basic Service Packets, Basic Service Packets with MPEG redundant data, and Basic Service Packets with NON --  MPEG redundant data. The latter two types are non standard forms of transmitting MPEG data, and are included for completeness. The type &#34;Basic Service Packets&#34; (or Cells) is the only type identified which includes MPEG data in standard form albeit segmented in transport cells The type &#34;Auxiliary Packets&#34; in general is not an MPEG signal though in this application it is used to transmit redundant MPEG header data. Nominally the Auxiliary Packets are used to transmit auxiliary data such as closed captioning data, for example. 
     The HD identity values define subsets of the HD types. One HD type/identity value combination (0/0) indicates an Auxiliary Data Group cell, and its contents are defined in FIG. 3. The fields of auxiliary data cells are to be unscrambled, therefore PREFIX bit CF is set to one. Each Data Group is self defined, with a flag-bit indicating whether additional Data Groups exist in the same cell. Data Groups contain such information as Time Code References, and Scramble Keys. 
     Basic Service cells are used to carry most of the MPEG encoded data. Two-tier basic service cells include entry-point data to synchronize the two data streams. Entry-points allow data blocks to segment across cell boundaries. This concept is illustrated in FIG. 4. FIG. 5 shows the entry-point components found in the entry-point data field for two-tier transmission schemes. The frame type, slice, and macroblock identities are supplied by the video processor, while the entry pointer and frame number are supplied by the transport processor. The entry pointer is the byte offset to the entry-point position in the transport block. Frame type indicates whether the data refers to an intraframe encoded frame or an interframe encoded frame, or the first cell of a GOP. The frame number is used as a frame continuity counter, incrementing once per frame. Both the frame type and the frame number assist decoder synchronization of the two-tier data streams. The slice and macroblock identities are unique over the frame, and specify the entry-point position without decoding the MPEG data stream. While having one entry-point per cell is a design goal, there is a wide range of data per slice dependent upon the priority channel and frame type. For further information on entry point processes, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,356. 
     Two methods of carrying redundant MPEG data in the Transport Cell may be utilized. One method uses a specific Auxiliary Packet to carry a copy of the MPEG sequence Header (which could span multiple cells). The second method uses a modification of the Basic Service Transport Block to carry a copy of MPEG Group of Pictures (GOP) Header and Picture Header. 
     All information contained in the video service layer is supplied by the video encoder (and the priority processor in a two tier system). See U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,356 for a detailed description of a two tier system. 
     Specific formatting rules are required when encoding the Video Transport Block and are outlines below: 
     For HD Types 1, 2, 3 the HD ID bit 1 is toggled on the first sequence header of a GOP, the start of a B-Frame, and the start of a P-Frame. 
     A new cell is started at the beginning of a GOP (assuming GOP begins with an I-Frame), and the beginning of respective successive frames. 
     A &#34;Basic Service&#34; transport block format is used on the first cell of a GOP, and the first cell of respective successive frames. 
     A &#34;Redundant Data&#34; transport block format is used instead of the &#34;Basic Service&#34; format on the second cell of a frame if the frame spans multiple cells. The &#34;Redundant Data&#34; format is used again at an interval of about 4 to 8 times per frame. 
     The redundant transmissions of the MPEG Sequence header are carried as &#34;Auxiliary Packets&#34; at an interval of 5 to 30 per second. 
     FIG. 6 is a block diagram of MPEG encoding apparatus including a transport encoder according to the present invention. The transport encoder takes a MPEG data stream and attaches a protocol which: 
     Allows a transport decoder to detect missing or invalid data; 
     Offers redundant transmission of critical data; and 
     Indicates data reentry points to restart MPEG decoding. 
     Input to the transport encoder 12 is either directly from an MPEG encoder 10 (for a one tier transmission system) or from a MPEG priority processor 11 (for a two tier transmission system). In this application only one tier systems will be described though the invention is equally applicable to two tier systems. The MPEG encoded data is applied as input data to the transport encoder 12. A further input to the transport encoder 12 is provided by a system clock 13. This clock is incorporated to genlock the receiver and transmitter so decoder rate buffers do not overflow or underflow. Responsive to the MPEG data and the data provided by the system clock, the encoder 12 forms the respective transport cells. 
     Output from the transport encoder 12 is sent to a service multiplexer and rate buffer 15 via a data scrambling mechanism 14. The multiplexer 15 interleaves data from different service sources. The output from the multiplexer 15 is applied to the communications channel via a transmitter 16. 
     A transport decoder receives cells from the communication channel receiver 17 via the service demultiplexer and rate buffer 18. The demultiplexer responsive to the data in the service type field of the transport cell header, separates data of different service types, and applies the separated data types to the appropriate processing circuitry. Video output data from the demultiplexer 18 is coupled to a descrambler 19 which performs a descrambling function which is inverse to the scrambling function of element 14. Descrambled data is applied to a transport decoder 20, which separates header data from service data and applies the service data to a decoder 22. 
     Output from the transport decoder 20 provides both a system clock (21) for synchronizing the receiver to the transmitting service, and a data path to the MPEG decoder 22. Within the transport decoder, error checks are performed to determine whether a cell has been lost or includes errors. For example, the CC code is monitored to determine if respective transport cells occur in proper sequence. Only payloads from transport cells for which no errors are detected are delivered to the MPEG decoder. The transport decoder separates transport header data and MPEG payloads, and presents data to the MPEG decoder in a suitable format. If there is a cell discontinuity, the video transport decoder is programmed to initiate a sequence of resynchronizing tasks, as discussed below. 
     FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a typical transport encoder utilized in, for example, the ADTV or DirecTv systems. Encoded video codewords, and corresponding codeword identifying indicia related to codeword type, and codeword length arrive at the transport encoder from the video encoder 100. Element 105, responsive to the identifying indicia captures and stores certain of the header information in a memory element 110. Data stored in element 110 will be included in the transmitted data a plurality of times to provide a degree of information redundancy. The data selected for redundant transmission generally includes sequence header data, GOP header data, and Picture header (PICT) data. At a minimum the data selected as redundant data is that data necessary to condition an MPEG decoder to begin decoding a data stream which has been entered at other than the beginning of a data sequence. 
     Nominally a sequence may include a large number of GOP&#39;s. Decoding of transmitted MPEG data requires use of the sequence header data. If the user tunes into a program (service sequence) after the occurrence of the sequence header, he may not be able to decode the subsequent data. The transport protocol described herein repeatedly provides sequence and other needed header data for decoding shortly after entering the transmitted data stream no matter where it is entered. 
     Element 105 also extracts user data and applies this data to a memory 115. User data may be of many different types such as time stamps; whether the images are in color or not; the form of chrominance preprocessing; whether the original source material was film mode or video mode etc.. The MPEG protocol does not support inclusion of these types of information. However inclusion of such information permits the receiver designer to incorporate special processing for particular signal types and thereby enhance the overall reproduction of images. The user data is included in auxiliary transport cells, when convenient. 
     Element 105 provides header identifying indicia to a clock formatter 130. Clock formatter 130 includes a clock which is sampled on the occurrence of certain header data to generate time stamps associated with the corresponding header data. These time stamps are used in receiver apparatus to provide a measure of signal synchronization. 
     Data from elements 105, 110, 115 and 130 are coupled to a cell formatter 120. Nominally formatter 120 receives data from element 105, parses such data into cell length packages or payloads, develops the appropriate video service transport headers according to the protocol indicated in FIGS. 1 and 2, concatenates the transport headers and the payloads, and couples the transport cells to a cell buffer 140. However, at the start of a sequence of data, and periodically during the transmission of data, the formatter is conditioned by the controller 125 to form and transmit other data. This other data includes auxiliary information such as time stamps from the clock formatter 130 for signal synchronization, and redundant header data stored in memory element 110. 
     Auxiliary data cells are generated as needed and included in the data stream when space is available. That is, auxiliary data cells may be interleaved with video data in any of the I, P or B field data. On the other hand redundant data is for the most part interleaved only with I field video data. This is because decoding of video data must start with an I field. All other fields of MPEG data are predictive and depend from I fields. The redundant data cells may be included at regularly spaced intervals or as data space is available but with at least a certain minimum inclusion of data to provide enough information to initiate decoding. 
     The cell formatter includes a continuity count in each transport cell regardless of type. The continuity count, CC, is incremented by one unit in successive cells and repeats modulo N, where N may be a convenient binary number such as 16. 
     Referring to the flowchart of FIG. 8, the controller 125 initializes the system (850) by resetting the continuity counters (CC) and a cell count. It then checks (852) for an auxiliary data interrupt. These interrupts allow the user to interpose special information (if desired) for transmission. If an auxiliary interrupt has occurred, an auxiliary cell is created (854) and coupled to the rate buffer, and the auxiliary CC is incremented. If there is currently no channel space available, the system is directed to access MPEG data (856). 
     The MPEG data is checked for the occurrence of a sequence header (858). If a sequence header is available, a basic cell type is created (860) using the sequence header data. The basic cell continuity counter is incremented (862) and the cell is output (864) to the rate buffer. Following creation of the basic cell type with the sequence header data, N auxiliary type cells are created using the sequence header data. Here N is a small integer such as four. Each of the N auxiliary type cells are output, and the auxiliary continuity count is incremented with the production of each cell. 
     Alternatively, if sequence header data is not available, a test is performed to determine the occurrence of group of picture (GOP) or picture (PICT) header data (870). If GOP/PICT header data is available the cell count is reset (872) and a redundant type cell is created with the GOP/PICT header data (873). If space is available within the cell further MPEG data is included. The cell is output and the redundant cell continuity count and the cell count are incremented. Note at tests 858 and 870 if sequence headers or GOP or PICT headers are available, they are stored in memory element 110 for use in forming redundant cells of the same data. 
     If at test 870 the current MPEG data is not GOP/PICT header data, the cell count is tested. If the cell count is not, for example, 2, 4 or 8 then a basic type cell is created with the current MPEG data. Alternatively, if the cell count is 2, 4 or 8 then a redundant type cell is created with the last occurring GOP/PICT header data. 
     Table I shows an exemplary sequence of transport cells. 
     
                       TABLE I______________________________________RHD class   Cell Contents______________________________________Basic   Sequence Header or GOP Header with MPEG dataAux     Redundant Sequence Header Transmission #1Aux     Redundant Sequence Header Transmission #2Aux     Redundant Sequence Header Transmission #NRedundant   Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG DataRedundant   Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataRedundant   Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataRedundant   Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataBasic   ( . . . a number of MPEG data cells) . . . ) .             . .             .Basic   Picture Header within MPEG DataRedundant   Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG DataRedundant   Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataRedundant   Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataRedundant   Redundant GOP/PICT Header + MPEG DataBasic   MPEG DataBasic   ( . . . a number of MPEG data cells . . . )Basic   MPEG Data______________________________________ 
    
     Information (except video data) necessary to generate the sequence of transport cells shown in Table I is programmed into the cell formatter 120 and the controller 125. Responsive to respective start codes, the formatter and controller are conditioned to produce frame specific sequences of transport cells, and responsive to the type of transport cell to be generated appropriate transport header information is accessed from, e.g., internal memory or continuity counters. Also responsive to the programmed sequence, the controller and cell formatter are conditioned to process newly occurring compressed video data or stored header data. Note, once the transport cell sequence is established, forming the requisite transport cells involves simply time division multiplexing the relevant data. 
     FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a typical transport decoder. As indicated previously, respective cells include cell Continuity Counts (CC) to provide a minimal indication of whether a cell has been lost or corrupted during transmission. Additional loss indications may be provided by error detecting cyclic redundancy codes or forward error correcting appended to respective transport cells. Only errorless transport cells are delivered to the video decompressor. The video transport decoder removes entry-point data and transport header data from respective transport cells, decodes the entry and transport header data, and responsive thereto provides data to the MPEG decoder in a suitable format. If there is a cell discontinuity, the video transport decoder is conditioned to initiate a sequence of resynchronizing tasks, as discussed below. 
     Transport cells are provided to the transport decoder via a transport cell buffer 200. Programmed to respond to the encoded protocol, a cell parser 210 decodes the cell headers and separates respective service types of data. Auxiliary user data is directed to and stored in a memory 215. Redundant MPEG Sequence headers, GOP headers, and Picture headers are directed to and stored in a further memory 220. Normally occurring MPEG data (from basic service cells) is passed to an output register 230 from which it is supplied to the MPEG decoder. Based on an indication of cell loss in function 205, and the redundant data stored in memory 220, the redundant data controller 225 will supply error tokens followed by the appropriate redundant data from memories 215 and 220, to condition the MPEG decoder to continue decoding or resynchronize. 
     FIG. 10 shows a typical transport decoder algorithm. This algorithm includes an initialization sequence (300), and functions to process each cell (beginning at 400). The initialization sequence 300, sets (301, 302) two flags, which control waiting for redundant MPEG data in the transport protocol, to a &#34;false state&#34;. Initialization also produces (303) an error code to the MPEG decoder, so that the MPEG decoder is conditioned to wait for the next start-code when decoding resumes. This is a sequence or GOP start code not a slice start code. 
     On completion of initialization, the system begins (400) processing respective transport cells. In this example, there are three possible processing paths dependent upon the state of the Header Designator (HD) in the respective cell. For HD type 0 (Aux cells), processing begins at decision stage (500), for HD type 1 (Basic cells), processing begins at decision stage (700), and for HD Type 2 (Redundant Cells), processing begins at decision stage (800). There is a check for lost cell continuity at decision stage (600) before processing of the MPEG data cells begins at points (700) and (800). 
     Auxiliary cell processing begins at decision stage (500). A test is performed on the AUX Header Designator Identity. If the identity is 0 (test 510), then this cell contains an auxiliary data group, and the cell is processed at function (515). If at test (510), the Identity is not 0, then a test (520) is employed to determine if the decoder is waiting to recover redundant Sequence Header information. If not, the algorithm proceeds to the next cell at (400). If a Sequence Header is needed, and this cell marks the start of a Sequence Header (test 530), then the decoder initializes the processing of this header (535), checks to see if processing is completed at test (560), (for the case where all Sequence Header data was contained in one cell), and if so, sets the waiting-flag to false, outputs the header (570), and then provides another error token (575). This error token conditions the MPEG decoder to be prepared to start processing at a new entry-point. During the capture of a multiple cell AUX Sequence Header, a check on the cell continuity is performed (540). If there has been a loss, the Sequence Header processing is reset (545), else data is extracted from the AUX cell to continue processing of the Sequence Header (550). Thereafter the sequence header is again checked for completeness (560). 
     Before MPEG data cells are used, a check is made (600) for lost continuity. If there is a loss, an error code is provided (605) to the MPEG decoder and a check is made on Prefix bit P (610) for entering a new frame. If a new frame has been started during the loss, control flags are set true (615, 620) waiting for redundant MPEG headers. 
     If the cell is a Basic cell type (test 700), a check is made (710) to determine if the decoder is in a state waiting for redundant GOP+PICT headers (710). If it is not waiting for redundant headers, the MPEG data cell is forwarded (715) to the MPEG decoder. At this juncture the transport cell is examined for slice data and an entry point. If both are included in the corresponding transport header, a slice start code is inserted in the compressed video data at the byte location designated by the entry pointer. 
     If the decoder is waiting for redundant headers, a check is performed (720) to determine if the current cell has the needed header embedded in the MPEG stream. The start of all frames is cell aligned, so if the first 32 bits of the cell is a MPEG start code, the needed headers will be available to the MPEG decoder within the MPEG stream. If the decoder is waiting for a redundant header, and it is not embedded, then the good cell is skipped (725). If the decoder is waiting for a redundant header, and it is embedded, the control flags waiting for redundant headers are set false, and the cell is forwarded (730) to the MPEG decoder. 
     If the cell is a Redundant cell type (test 800), and the transport decoder is not waiting for redundant information (810), the redundant data is skipped (815), and the remaining data in this cell is forwarded to the MPEG decoder. If the cell is a Redundant cell type (test 800), and the transport decoder is waiting for redundant information (test 810), the control flags waiting for redundant headers are set false, the redundant header information from this cell is forwarded (820) to the MPEG decoder, followed by an error token (825), so that the MPEG decoder will look for the next start-code when decoding resumes. And finally the MPEG data of this cell is extracted and forwarded (830) to the MPEG decoder.