Abstract:
A method for automatically generating weather alerts in disclosed. Weather related data is automatically collected and processed to detect the presence of storm cells, their location, direction and speed. Alerts are automatically generated when necessary. These alerts contain information related to the nature of the storm cell, its location, the specific geographic areas likely to be affected by the storm cell, and the storm cell&#39;s expected time of arrival at each specific geographic area.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     I. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to weather forecasting and reporting. More specifically, the present invention relates to an apparatus which is capable of automatically (1) collecting and processing weather data; and (2) generating and broadcasting alerts when conditions warrant. 
     II. Discussion of the Prior Art 
     Since World War II, substantial technological advances have been made both in the field of radio and television broadcasting and in the field of weather forecasting. For many years, these two technologies have been used in tandem to provide weather information to the general public. 
     Today, nearly every American home is equipped with at least one radio and television. Virtually every car, truck and bus used to transport people is also equipped with a radio. As such, radio and television have become an important means by which members of the public receive local, national and world news. Weather reports are routinely broadcast over radio and television. Radio and television are also excellent tools for transmitting weather alerts when threatening weather conditions exist. Radio and television allow such alerts to be quickly and effectively broadcast to the population in a particular reception area. 
     Technological advances in weather forecasting have kept pace with those in radio and television broadcasting. Various radar systems, for example, have made it possible to collect important weather data over a wide area. 
     Despite these and other technological advances, certain problems associated with providing meaningful weather information to the general public continue to exist. For example, weather forecasting to date continues to ultimately be a human endeavor subject to human error. Weather forecasters are flooded with information that must all be analyzed and synthesized in order to assess and predict future weather conditions. This is often a difficult task, made even more difficult when conditions are threatening. Any delay in generating timely weather warnings can have severe consequences including loss of life. 
     Other problems arise given the vast reception areas covered by most television and radio broadcasters. Often, those located in only a small isolated portion of the broadcast area are threatened by a particular storm. Thunder, lightning, high winds and even tornadoes may be present in one portion of the broadcast area while the sky is clear and there are no impending weather threats in other portions of the broadcast area. If general warnings are broadcast too often, they tend to be ignored. Also, those paying attention have difficulty determining what weather conditions are likely to affect them and what actions should therefore be taken. 
     The present invention is believed to be an improvement over prior art weather forecasting and alert systems. The present invention overcomes the disadvantages associated with the prior art by automatically processing weather information and generating specific, meaningful alerts without delay. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an apparatus and method which facilitates the automatic collection and processing of weather data and the automatic generation and broadcast of meaningful alert messages. The apparatus comprises a digital computer which is connected to the Nexrad Information Dissemination Network operated by the National Weather Service. Via the connection, the digital computer is able to periodically receive from the National Weather Service a file known as the Combined Attribute Table. The Combined Attribute Table is a compilation of data for all storms identified by a single 1988 Doppler Weather Service Surveillance (WSR) Radar. Provided in the Combined Attribute Table for each storm are data indicative of the precise location of the centroid of the storm, the direction and speed of the storm, along with other parameters used to describe the nature and intensity of the storm cell. 
     The digital computer, which is the heart of the apparatus, is programmed to interpret and process the Combined Attribute Table data. For example, the computer can be programmed to establish certain pass/fail thresholds for all storms detected by radar and reported in the Combined Attribute Table. These thresholds may include values for storm intensity, speed and the probability that certain features exist within the storm. If the storm does not contain attributes which meet or exceed the programmed thresholds, the computer disregards the storm. 
     Alternatively, if the storm contains attributes which do meet or exceed the programmed thresholds, further processing takes place. Using data from the Combined Attribute Table related to the location, speed and direction of the storm, the computer determines the cities the storm will impact and calculates the estimated time of storm arrival at each city likely to be impacted. The computer then creates a message which can be an audio message, a test message, a graphics message, or a combined message which is then broadcast via television and/or radio. The message includes information related to the nature of the storm, the cities in the path of the storm as well as the projected arrival time of the storm at each city. All of this occurs automatically without human intervention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The foregoing features, objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment, especially when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a weather forecasting and broadcast system incorporating the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a flow chart describing one embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     One embodiment of the present invention is schematically represented in FIG.  1 . The invention consists of one or more Doppler radars  10  coupled to a computer  12  operated by the National Weather Service, hereinafter referred to as the NWS computer  12 . The National Weather Service also operates a network known as the Nexrad Information Dissemination Network (NIDS) represented by connection  14 . Various organizations are able to receive data via NIDS  14 . Those organizations, in some instances, may process the data as it is received. In other instances those organizations may use a data uplink  16  to transfer the data via satellite or other means to a remote receiver  20  coupled to work station computers  22  which reside at various remote sites. The work station computers  22  of the present invention are coupled to at least one transmitter  24  which transmits messages via an antenna  26  to radios  28  and televisions  30  within the transmitter&#39;s broadcast area. 
     The NWS computer  12  uses sophisticated software which interrogates the return of each radar and contains an algorithm designed to identify areas which meet the criteria necessary to define a storm cell. These criteria are established by the National Weather Service. 
     For each storm identified, the NWS computer calculates a precise location for the centroid of the storm. The NWS computer also calculates the direction and speed at which the storm is moving, along with several other parameters used to describe the storm&#39;s characteristics and intensity. The NWS computer also interrogates the radar return looking for the radar signatures for other significant storm features, such as hail and circulation. The NWS computer assigns either a probability or a yes-no flag for the presence of these features within the storm. The NWS computer then compiles all of the data for all of the storms it identifies and produces an output file. This file is known as a Combined Attribute Table which is transmitted via the Nexrad Information Dissemination Network  14  (NIDS). The data contained in the Combined Attribute Table can be further processed by a computer hooked into the NIDS  14 . Alternatively, this data can be uplinked via a transmitter  16  and a satellite  18  to one or more receivers  20  located at remote locations. These receivers  20  are each coupled to a work station computer  22  which also process the data. 
     The principal advantages of the present invention are derived from the processing that occurs in the work station computers  22 . Prior to use, each work station computer  22  is programmed to reflect how data contained in the Combined Attribute Table will be used. The software with which the computer  22  is programmed allows the user to set certain pass/fail thresholds for all of the radar identified storms. These thresholds may include values for storm intensity, speed, and the probability that certain features exist within the storm. If a storm does not contain the attributes the user has selected, it is disregarded by the work station computer  22 . If the storm contains attributes which meet or exceed the criteria, the software with which the work station computer  22  is programmed uses data contained in the Combined Attribute Table to determine which cities the storm will impact and to calculate the estimated time of the storm&#39;s arrival at each of these cities. Users can customize the data related to city locations used in calculating such estimated arrival times. The work station computer  22  is capable of generating an output message which can be an audio message, a text message, a graphics message or a combination of any of these three types of messages. A database is provided which may be used to formulate an appropriate message. The message is then automatically conveyed to the transmitter  24  and transmitted by the transmitter  24  via antenna  26  to radios and/or televisions within the broadcast area. 
     FIG. 3 is a flow chart describing a manner in which the work station computer  22  processes data from the Combined Attribute Table. As indicated in the flow chart, the first step in the process is for the work station computer  22  to receive and store in its memory the data contained in the Combined Attribute Table. Next, the software program of the work station computer  22  searches all of the storms in the Combined Attribute Table, specifically looking for storms which meet or exceed the user defined criteria established during a set-up process. If no storms are found which exceed the criteria, the software disregards the Combined Attribute Table data file. If, however, one or more storms are found which meet or exceed the criteria, certain actions are performed. First, the work station computer  22  computes the latitude and longitude for the current storm location. Second, the computer determines the path of a storm by building a “corridor box” for the storm, based upon the information related to the direction of travel contained in the Combined Attribute Table and pre-programmed user definitions for width and length of the box. The corridor box represents the geographic area likely to be affected by a particular storm cell. Third, the work station computer  22  calculates the maximum and minimum latitude and longitude values surrounding the corridor box. Fourth, the work station computer  22  determines which state or states the corridor box lies across. Fifth, the work station computer  22  compares the latitude and longitude coordinates within the “corridor box” with the latitudes and longitudes of various landmarks, such as cities, listed in a pre-programmed table contained in the memory of work station computer  22 . Sixth, the work station computer  22  determines whether any cities lie within the corridor box. If a city lies outside of the corridor box it is disregarded. If, on the other hand, a city lies within the corridor box, the distance between the current storm location and the city is computed. Next, using the storm direction and speed data provided by the Combined Attribute Table, the computer  22  calculates the time it will take for the storm to arrive at a particular city. The computer then builds a list of city names and arrival times for all cities potentially affected by the storm. 
     Once the steps outlined above are completed, the software in the work station computer  22  produces an output file containing the type of storm, features contained within the storm, a list of cities likely to be affected by the storm, and a list of predicted times at which the storm will arrive at each of the cities to be affected by the storm. The information in this output file is then inserted into or merged with a pre-programmed message which is delivered to the transmitter and broadcast to radio and television receivers. 
     Again, part of the set up of the software for computer  22  includes the creation of various messages that are automatically selected by the computer based upon the nature of the warning required. These preprogrammed messages can include variables that are inserted into the message by the computer  22  based upon information contained in the output file. For example, such a message template might read as follows: 
     “At (storm time) the National Weather Service Doppler Weather Radar has detected a storm cell with possible (storm attributes) located (initial location) moving at (storm speed). The center of the storm is projected to arrive in (city list) at (time). People located in the affected area are advised to take cover.” 
     Based upon the output file, the computer  22  automatically inserts the calculated “storm time”, the “storm attributes” (tornado, heavy winds, hail, etc.), the storm&#39;s location, the direction and speed of the storm and a list of affected cities and projected arrival times into the template. Finally, the message is automatically broadcast via the transmitter  24  and antenna  26  coupled to the work station computer  22 . 
     With the foregoing description in mind, one can see that the present invention has numerous advantages. First, the system can be pre-programmed so that it functions automatically during times of severe weather without human intervention. Second, the system provides a near instantaneous advisory of severe weather conditions detected by Doppler radar. Third, the system generates messages that indicate the specific nature of the storm, the specific areas likely to be affected, and the specific time of storm arrival.