Abstract:
An antenna ( 400; 600 ) for transmitting and receiving radio-frequency signals comprises a cylindrical coil conductor ( 601 ) having a turn A and a turn B and between them other turns. The pitch (x 1 ) of turn A is unequal to the pitch (x 2 ) of said turn B, and the pitches of the other turns between turns A and B are in the order of magnitude between the pitches of turns A and B.

Description:
FIELD OF INVENTION 
     The invention relates in general to antenna structures in radio apparatus. In particular the invention relates to an antenna structure which has two resonating frequencies different from each other. This patent application uses a mobile phone as an example of a radio apparatus. 
     DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART 
     In different parts of the world there are cellular radio systems in use that differ from each other significantly in their operating frequency ranges. As regards digital cellular radio systems, the operating frequencies of the Global System for Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) are in the 890-960 MHz range, the operating frequencies of the Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) system are in the 800 MHz and 1500 MHz bands, the operating frequencies of the Personal Communication Network (PCN) are in the 1710-1880 MHz range, and those of the Personal Communication System (PCS) in the 1850-1990 MHz range. The operating frequencies of the American AMPS mobile phone system are between 824 MHz and 894 MHz and those of the Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) system in the 1880-1900 MHz range. 
     Since the resonating frequency of a prior-art radio-frequency antenna depends in a known manner on the length of the antenna, through the wavelength, a particular antenna can be used only in a mobile phone designed for a single-frequency cellular radio system. In some cases, however, it is desirable that one and the same phone could be used in some other frequency range, too. In addition to other suitable RF parts, a working antenna arrangement is then needed. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,438 discloses an antenna structure resonating at two frequencies, comprising, as shown in FIG. 1, two helices  101 ,  102  and one whip element  103 . The helices  101  and  102  are positioned one after the other and their adjacent ends  104  and  105  constitute the feed point of the combined structure. The whip element  103  is partly inside the upper helix  101  and its feed point  106  is at its lower end. An RF signal is brought to the feed point  106  via a coaxial conductor  107  coinciding with the symmetry axis of the structure and traveling through the lower helix  102 . The feed point  106  of the whip element is coupled to the lower end  104  of the upper helix, and the lower helix is coupled at its upper end  105  to the conductive and grounded shroud of the coaxial conductor  107 . The structure&#39;s first resonating frequency is the resonating frequency of the combined structure of helices  101  and  102 ; 827 MHz in the illustrative embodiment. The second resonating frequency of the structure is the common resonating frequency of the upper helix  101  and the whip element  103 ; 850 MHz in the illustrative embodiment. Thus, helix  101  and whip element  103  are such that they have substantially the same resonating frequency. 
     The structure disclosed by the US patent is relatively complex. From the manufacturing standpoint, the most difficult part in the structure is the feed point arrangement at the middle of the antenna, where the lower end  106  of the whip element and the lower end  104  of the upper helix have to be galvanically coupled, and the lower helix has to be coupled at its upper end  105  to the shroud of the coaxial conductor feeding the whip element. According to the material presented in the patent the difference between the two resonating frequencies achieved by the structure is small because the dimensions of the upper helix  101  and the whip element  103  have to be such that they have substantially the same common resonating frequency, so the structure cannot be applied to a phone operating at the GSM and PCN frequencies, for example. Indeed, in the description of the patent it is stated that an object of the invention is to broaden the resonating frequency area of the mobile phone antenna such that it would better cover the whole frequency range in one cellular radio system. 
     FI patent application 963275 (LK-Products) discloses a dual-frequency antenna structure according to FIG. 2 in which there is at a certain point between the ends of a helix antenna  201  wound into a cylindrical coil a coupling part  202  for coupling to a second antenna element  203 . The cylindrical coil conductor  201 , which is the first antenna element in the antenna, comprises in the direction of its longitudinal axis a lower part  204  and an upper part  205 , and the second antenna element  203  is connected to the cylindrical coil conductor through a fixed coupling at the coupling point  202  between the lower and upper parts. The two radiating antenna elements of the structure have a common lower part up to the branching point consisting of the coupling part, from which point on the electrical lengths of the antenna elements are different. The first resonating frequency of the combined antenna structure is determined by the total electrical length of the common lower part of the antenna elements and the upper part of the first antenna element. The second resonating frequency is determined by the total electrical length of the common lower part of the antenna elements and the upper part of the second antenna element. In addition, the resonating frequencies are affected by the mutual coupling of the antenna elements and the fact that the antenna elements are electrically conductive bodies in the near fields of one another so that they put a load on each other. The antenna structure according to FIG. 2 is relatively difficult to precisely dimension to the desired frequencies since the coupling point between the antenna elements requires quite accurate positioning. In addition, the electrical coupling in the coupling point easily becomes unreliable. 
     FI patent application 970297 (LK-Products) discloses an antenna according to the principle illustrated in FIG. 3 wherein an antenna element  301  has a first end and a second end and a tapping point  302  which is located at a certain point between the ends of the antenna element. The tapping point divides the antenna element asymmetrically such that the electrical length from the tapping point to the upper end is considerably greater than the electrical length from the tapping point to the lower end. The feed conductor  303  of the antenna, which connects the antenna element electrically to a radio apparatus, is coupled to the antenna element at the tapping point. A substantial portion of the feed conductor also serves as a radiating element because the feed conductor is electrically unshielded, i.e. it has no shroud made of a conductive material around it. The total electrical length of the antenna structure at a first operating frequency is the sum of the electrical lengths of the feed conductor  303  and the portion extending from the tapping point  302  to a first end of the antenna element  301 . Correspondingly, the total electrical length of the antenna structure at a second operating frequency is the sum of the electrical lengths of the feed conductor  303  and the portion extending from the tapping point  302  to a second end of the antenna element  301 . The antenna element  301  may be a helix, a straight conductor or a combination of those. The disadvantage of this antenna structure is the difficulty in manufacturing the antenna structure such that the tapping point  302  will be sturdy. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide an antenna structure which can be applied in two operating frequency ranges and which is simple to manufacture and reliable in its operation. Another object of the invention is to provide an antenna structure which can be easily dimensioned to two different operating frequencies. A further object of the invention is that the antenna structure according to the invention is applicable to large-scale series production. 
     The objects of the invention are achieved by using as an antenna element a helix the pitch of which decreases when moving away from the feed point. 
     The antenna according to the invention comprises a cylindrical coil conductor having a turn A and turn B and other turns between them. The antenna is characterized in that the pitch of turn A does not equal the pitch of turn B and the pitches of the other turns between turn A and turn B are arranged according to the magnitude between the pitch of turn A and the pitch of turn B. 
     It is known that a conductive body may have multiple resonating frequencies the lowest one of which is the so-called fundamental frequency, the rest being harmonic frequencies. The invention is based on the observation that the resonating frequency of a cylindrical coil conductor, or helix, is changed when the dimensional parameters of the helix are changed in the various parts of the structure. The electrical length of the helix conductor determines the fundamental frequency. In connection with helices, the distance between the ends of a turn in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the helix is called a pitch. When the feed point is at one end of a helix and the pitch either decreases or increases towards the other end, the mutual interaction of the turns changes the resonating frequencies. When the number of turns, pitch of the helix at various points and other parameters are suitably selected, the resonating frequencies will be at such positions on the frequency axis that the structure can be used in two cellular radio system frequency ranges. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the preferred embodiments presented by way of example and to the accompanying drawing wherein 
     FIG. 1 shows a known antenna structure, 
     FIG. 2 shows a second known antenna structure, 
     FIG. 3 shows a third known antenna structure, 
     FIG. 4 shows the principle of the invention, 
     FIG. 5 shows measured properties of the structure according to FIG. 4, and 
     FIG. 6 shows the antenna according to the invention with a protective housing. 
    
    
     Above in conjunction with the description of the prior art reference was made to FIGS. 1 to  3 , so below in the description of the invention and its preferred embodiments reference will be made mainly to FIGS. 4 to  6 . 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal section of a helix antenna  400  having seven turns. Viewing from the feed point  401  the pitch x 1  of the first turn is greater than the pitch x 2  of the last turn. The pitches of the other turns decrease evenly from the first turn toward the last turn. In FIG. 4 the helix antenna is shown in the upright position but the invention does not limit the use or manufacture of the helix antenna according to the invention in any particular position. A feed point  401  and the leg  402  of the helix can be realised in such a manner that the helix conductor is bent into the shape of the black line shown in the Figure. In an alternative implementation the helix is connected at its bottom end, with respect to the position shown, to a coupling part having a cylindrical hollow into which the lowest turns of the helix are inserted. To that end, the bottom end of the helix may have a support thread (not shown) more densely wound than the rest of the helix, said support thread, when connected to the coupling part, will not serve as radiating element as the electrically conductive coupling part short circuits the turns of the support thread. Other known methods for creating a feed point  401  and for connecting the helix antenna to a radio apparatus can be used, too. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates a measurement of the so-called s 11  coefficient, or reflection coefficient, with the horizontal axis representing the frequency range of 700 MHz to 2100 MHz and the vertical axis representing the value of the reflection coefficient in units of decibel. The measurement concerns an antenna according to FIG.  4 . The triangular symbol on the vertical axis represents 0 dB, one step on the vertical axis equals 5 dB and one step on the horizontal axis equals 140 MHz. The reflection coefficient tells how much of the radio-frequency power fed to the antenna via the feed point is reflected back. A low value of the reflection coefficient at a certain frequency means the antenna is suitable for that frequency. FIG. 5 shows that the antenna has two resonating frequency ranges wherein the value of the reflection coefficient is clearly smaller than −10 dB. The first resonating frequency range (s 11 &lt;−10 dB) is about 880 MHz to 960 MHz, and the second resonating frequency range (s 11 &lt;−10 dB) is about 1730 MHz to 1800 MHz. 
     Instead of becoming denser the turns of the helix may also become thinner, i.e. the pitch may increase from the feed point on. The resonating frequency ranges of the antenna according to the invention depend among other things on the thickness of the helix conductor, pitch of the turns and on the diameter of the helix. The table below shows some measurement results for helices H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , H 5 , H 6 , H 7 , H 8 , H 9 , and H 10  in which the height of the helix from the beginning of the first turn to the end of the last turn is 22 mm, the length of the leg ( 402  in FIG. 4) of the helix is 10 mm, and the thickness of the helix conductor is 0.9 mm, as well as for a helix H 11  in which the height of the helix is 16 mm, thickness of the helix conductor is 0.9 mm, height of the leg is 6 mm and the diameter of the leg is 3 nun, as well as for a helix H 12  in which the height of the helix is 16 mm, thickness of the helix conductor is 0.8 mm, height of the leg is 6 mm and the diameter of the leg is 3 mm. The lower and upper diameter values shown in the table are inner diameters and the frequencies f 1  and f 3  are the resonating frequencies in the frequency ranges for which the helix is suitable. 
     
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 H1 
                 H2 
                 H3 
                 H5 (decr. pitch) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lower diameter/mm 
                 7.1 × 7.1 
                 2 × 2 
                 3 × 3 
                 7.1 
               
               
                 Upper diameter/mm 
                 7.1 × 7.1 
                 8.2 × 8.2 
                 14 × 14 
                 7.1 
               
               
                 Pitch/mm 
                 4 
                 2.5 
                 5 
                 5 + 4.5 + 4 + 3.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 + 2.3 + 2 
               
               
                 Outer volume/mm 3   
                 1110 
                 620 
                 1530 
                 1110 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Freq./Real part of imp. 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
               
               
                 Resonance f1 
                 935.1 
                 43 
                 902.9 
                 54 
                 893.9 
                 56 
                 898.5 
                 55 
               
               
                 Resonance f3 
                 2213 
                 12 
                 2011 
                 21 
                 2046 
                 19 
                 1812 
                 23 
               
               
                 Ratio f3/f1 
                 2.37 
                 0.28 
                 2.23 
                 0.39 
                 2.29 
                 0.34 
                 2.02 
                 0.42 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 H6 (decr./pitch) 
                 H7 (incr./pitch) 
                 H8 (incr./pitch) 
                 H9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lower diameter/mm 
                 7.1 
                 7.1 
                 7.1 
                 7.1 × 7.1 
               
               
                 Upper diameter/mm 
                 7.1 
                 7.1 
                 7.1 
                 2 × 2 
               
               
                 Pitch/mm 
                 6.5 + 5 + 3.5 
                 3 + 3.5 + 4 
                 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 + 2.7 + 2 + 1.8 
                 + 4.4 + 4.6 
                 + 6 + 7 
               
               
                 Outer volume/mm 3   
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 1110 
                 510 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Freq./Real part of imp. 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
               
               
                 Resonance f1 
                 906.0 
                 55 
                 905.9 
                 47 
                 889.6 
                 48 
                 911.4 
                 43 
               
               
                 Resonance f3 
                 1771 
                 28 
                 2255 
                 12 
                 2379 
                 10 
                 2371 
                 10 
               
               
                 Ratio f3/f1 
                 1.95 
                 0.51 
                 2.49 
                 0.26 
                 2.67 
                 0.21 
                 2.60 
                 0.23 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 H10 
                 H11* 
                 H12** 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Lower diameter/mm 
                 7/1 × 7/1 
                 5/1 × 5/1 
                 6.2 × 6.2 
               
               
                 Upper diameter/mm 
                 5 × 5 
                 5.1 × 5.1 
                 5.4 × 5.4 
               
               
                 Pitch/mm 
                 3.1 
                 1.7 
                 3.5 + 3.0 + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 2.4 + 2+ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 + 1.2 + 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1, 1 + 1 
               
               
                 Outer volume/mm 3   
                 830 
                 450 
                 550 
               
             
          
           
               
                 Freq./Real part of imp. 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
                 f/MHz 
                 Re/Ω 
                   
               
               
                 Resonance f1 
                 902.9 
                 48 
                 911.1 
                 20 
                 901 
                 21 
               
               
                 Resonance f3 
                 2203 
                 10 
                 2081 
                 12 
                 1801 
                 11 
               
               
                 Ratio f3/f1 
                 2.43 
                 0.21 
                 2.28 
                 0.6 
                 2.0 
                 0.52 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 * and **: dimensions different from the other helices, see above  
               
             
          
         
       
     
     In the table, the pitch of the helices H 1 , H 2 , H 3 , H 9 , H 10  and H 11  is the same in all turns, i.e. they are not in accordance with the invention. In helices H 2 , H 3 , H 9 , H 10  and H 12  the diameters of the turns change between the feed point and the second end of the helix: the lower diameter refers to the diameter nearest to the feed point. The values of the ratio f 3 /f 1  printed in boldface emphasize helices H 5 , H 6  and H 12  which from the resonating frequency standpoint are especially suitable as antennas for a GSM/PCN dual-mode phone. 
     FIG. 6 shows in the form of a longitudinal section an antenna  600  according to the invention comprising a helix conductor  601 , coupling part  602  made of metal or another electrically conductive material, and a protective housing  603 . The outer surface of the coupling part  602  has threads  604  whereby the antenna  600  can be mechanically and electrically coupled to a radio apparatus (not shown). The lower part of the helix conductor has a dense support thread  605  whereby the helix conductor  601  is attached to a cylindrical hollow in the coupling part  602 . The support thread does not belong to the radiating portion of the antenna. The protective housing  603  is made of a dielectric material, preferably injection-molded plastic, and it can be attached to the coupling part with glue or by means of fusion welding. The protective housing  603  may include components (not shown) supporting the helix conductor  601 , such as a cylindrical pin pushed inside the helix from the top. 
     The present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described here, nor to any particular application but can be used in antennas in different applications and at different frequencies, advantageously radio frequencies such as UHF and VHF. The structure is advantageously used in antennas of mobile phones. The structure may be modified within the scope of the invention defined by the claims set forth below. The pitches of the first and last turns of the helix may even be almost identical if there is a second turn between them having a pitch unequal to that of the first turn, if then there are other turns between the first and said second turn where the pitch changes in a regular manner.