Abstract:
A method for controlling a rolling apparatus in which heated materials are successively extracted from heating ovens to be rolled with rollers and each extracting interval time between the materials is controlled such that the maximum root mean square valve of power supplied to motors for driving the rollers is less than the permissible root mean square power valve of the driving motors in any one of the rolling passes.

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a method of controlling a rolling apparatus for rolling material to a predetermined thickness through a plurality of rolling passes and, more particularly, to a method of controlling a rolling apparatus such as to obtain optimum rolling with given rolling conditions. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     To obtain efficient rolling of material to a desired thickness, it is necessary to set a rolling schedule in correspondence to various control parameters such as the gap and rotational speed of the roller for each rolling pass, thickness and temperature of the material, a motor torque for driving each roller, etc. 
     It is well known in the art that where a material is continuously rolled through a plurality of rolling passes, an i-th pass of coarse rolling process has a following equational relationship between the thickness H i  of the material, the thickness h i  of the material at the roller outlet, the rolling speed V i  and the rolling force F i   
     
         F.sub.i =f.sub.i (H.sub.i, h.sub.i, V.sub.i)               (1) 
    
     The motor power PW i  required for executing the i-th pass is given as 
     
         PW.sub.i =f.sub.2 (F.sub.i, V.sub.i)                       (2) 
    
     The rolling speed V i  is set such that V MIN  ≦V i  ≦V MAX  wherein V MAX  and V MIN  are respectively the maximum speed and minimum speed and that the power PW i  is less than the maximum permissible value. Once the thickness h i  and rolling force F i  are determined, the position or gap of roller is calculated according to an equation 
     
         S.sub.i =f.sub.3 (F.sub.i, h.sub.i)                        (3) 
    
     Once these control parameters are determined, the required number of passes and the minimum time required for the completion of the rolling can be obtained, whereby the rolling schedule can be determined. The fine rolling carried out subsequent to the coarse rolling, however, is controlled not with the minimum rolling time as goal but with the fine crown, etc. as the parameters determining according to the rolling schedule. The rolling time is thus determined by the length of the material and the thickness reduction to be obtained by rolling. In other words, the rolling schedule for the fine rolling is set such as to provide a predetermined finish precision of the product. 
     The rolling schedule is thus set according to a certain rolling goal and the specifications of the rolling apparatus such as the rolling pressure may be satisfied, but the ratings of the motor for driving the roller are not always satisfied. This means that it is liable that the motor is continuously driven in an overloaded condition. In such a case, the motor coil insulation and lubrication would be deteriorated due to heat generation, which result in motor troubles. Further, in the case of the minimum time rolling, there is no guarantee that the minimum necessary power be supplied, so that the power efficiency is inferior. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the invention is to provide a method of controlling a rolling apparatus such that the load on the motor for driving the roller will be optimum. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a method of controlling a rolling apparatus, which can increase its operational efficiency and thereby reduce its required power consumption in the rolling. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide a method of controlling a rolling apparatus, which permits the minimum rolling time to be set under given conditions without overloading every roller driving motor of the apparatus. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a rolling apparatus which is controlled by the method of control according to one embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a graph showing the waveform of current through a roller driving motor; 
     FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between power required for driving roller and thickness of material; 
     FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a different rolling apparatus controlled by the method of control according to another embodiment of the invention; 
     FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between power required for roller and thickness of material; 
     FIG. 6 is a graph showing a rolling speed pattern of the apparatus shown in FIG. 4; and 
     FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between accumulated power and thickness. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a rolling apparatus controlled by the control method according to one embodiment of the invention. Each material to be rolled is respectively heated in ovens 1a to 1c to a predetermined temperature and then taken out by extractors 2a to 2c to be fed onto a transport table 30. The extractors 2a to 2c are controlled by an extractor controller 7a. The material then passes through a scale breaker 10 and is continuously rolled by vertical rollers 4a to 4d and coarse rollers 3a to 3d down to a thickness of a predetermined value. The rollers 3a to 3d are driven by respective motors 9a to 9d, and the motors 9a to 9d and vertical rollers 4a to 4d are controlled by a controller 7b. The material is then rolled by fine rollers 5a to 5f to a goal thickness as it is transported over the transport table. The fine rollers 5a to 5f are driven by respective motors 11a to 11f, which are controlled by a controller 7c. The material having passed through the roller 5f is transported to take-up coil units 6a to 6c to be taken up into coil thereon. The coil units 6a to 6c are controlled by a controller 7d. 
     The controller 7a is supervisorly controlled by a thermal load monitor 8a, to which rolling data from the controllers 7b and 7c are supplied. The controllers 7b and 7c control the rollers 4a to 4d, motors 9a to 9d and 11a to 11f and transport table 30 according to rolling schedule data supplied from a rolling schedule processor 8b. The rolling schedule is set through the following steps. 
     (a) Setting of root mean square current I RMS  : The thermal load state of each of the motors 9a to 9d and 11a to 11f may be represented by root mean square current I RMS  which is the ratio between the root mean square of current i through each and the rated current I oi  therewith. The current I RMS  is thus given as ##EQU1## where τ is the time interval between the start of the i-th pass rolling till the start of the next (i+1)-th pass rolling, i.e., the monitoring time interval. 
     As is seen from the equation 4, the current I RMS  is reduced with reducing motor current I i  provided that the monitoring time τ is constant. In order to fulfill maximum performance of the rolling mill, it is necessary to maintain a predetermined distance between successive blooms or slabs being transported over the transport table lest one should be struck by the preceding or succeeding one. In such rolling schedule, the motor current has a waveform as shown in FIG. 2. It will be seen from the illustrated current waveform that the current I RMS  may be reduced by increasing the idle time T i  of the pertinent roller. That is, to this end the time interval, at which the extractors 2a to 2c take out the material from the oven 1a, 1b or 1c, may be increased. 
     (b) Setting of pitch correction amount: Assuming the monitoring time τ i  to be the period between the start of rolling with the roller corresponding to the i-th pass and the start of next rolling with the roller corresponding to the (i+1)-th pass, the correction value ΔP i  t i  of the rolling time interval, i.e., pitch, at which the materials are alternatively taken out from each oven 1a-1c is calculated according to an equation ##EQU2## wherein I RMSO  is the root mean square value of the maximum permissible motor current. Of the motors 9a to 9d and 11a to 11f, the one which has the maximum correction value ΔP i  t i  is selected as the common required correction amount for all motors in regard to the thermal loading. The other factors for the pitch correction include those for prevention of collision between slabs on the rolling line and the state of heating of the material in each oven. These factors are included as factors for setting the extraction pitch. 
     (c) Setting of thickness h i , H i  : The thickness setting parameters include the dimensions of the material, i.e., slab, temperature and substance of slab, goal dimensions after coarse rolling, coil dimensions after final fine rolling, fine roller outlet temperature, rolling speed of the final fine roller 5f and load share ratios of the individual rollers. A characteristic power versus thickness curve or power curve as shown in FIG. 3 is set for each roller. More particularly, the accumulated power PW of rolling is given as a function 
     
         PW=f.sub.10 (h, h.sub.0, W.sub.0, k.sub.5)                 (6) 
    
     wherein h is the goal thickness, h 0  is the initial thickness, W 0  is the initial width and k 5  is a coefficient representing the substantial kind of material. 
     Thus, once the thickness h 0  at the inlet of the roller 3a and the thickness h R  at the outlet of the roller 3d are given, the accumulated power PW necessary for the coarse rolling is obtained according to the power curve shown in FIG. 3. The load share ratios α 1  to α 4  with respect to the individual rollers are then determined from PW R , and thus the thickness at the outlet of each roller is determined. 
     (d) Setting of transport time: Upon deciding the rolling speeds of the individual rollers 3a to 3d, the time periods until the material reaches these rollers are calculated. This is so because the speed pattern of the transport table 30 is fixed so that only the speed of the table during rolling is synchronized to the rolling speed. 
     (e) Setting of rolling pressure and roller gap: The thermal energy possessed by the material is reduced by heat radiation during the transport and rolling of the material. As the transport time being calculated in the step (d), the temperature T out  at the outlet of the roller is thus given as a function 
     
         T.sub.out =f(T.sub.in, H, C.sub.p, γ, t)             (7) 
    
     wherein T in  is the temperature at the inlet, H is the thickness of the material, C p  is the specific heat of the material, γ is the density of the material, and t is the transport time. Thus, the rolling temperature is estimated and the right side of the equation 1 is known so that the rolling force F can be obtained therefrom, and also the roller gap can be obtained from the equation 3. 
     (f) Setting of the speed ΔWi: Once the thickness reduction schedule is obtained through the above steps, it is possible to calculate the schedule of width increase by the vertical rollers 4. Once the slab width and the goal outlet width in the coarse rolling are given, the spread ΔW i  in the width direction in the rolling by each roller can be calculated according to an equation 
     
         ΔW.sub.i =f.sub.20 (H.sub.i, h.sub.i, W.sub.i, E.sub.i, T.sub.i, D.sub.i)                                                  (8) 
    
     wherein W i  is the width of material at the inlet of vertical roller, E i  is the roller depression value, T i  is the rolling temperature, and D i  is the roller diameter. 
     (g) Setting of the final breadth reduction value B R  : The value B R  in the coarse rolling can be calculated from the result of the step (f) using an equation ##EQU3## wherein W 0  is the slab width, W R  is the goal coarse width, and N is the number of coarse rolling passes. 
     (h) Setting of the rolling depression value, rolling force and roller gap: The value B R  is shared according to given width reduction share ratios, and the results are allotted to the respective vertical rollers 4a to 4d, whereby the reductions are determined for these rollers. In turn, the rolling pressure and roller gap can be obtained using equations similar to those in case of the horizontal rolling. 
     (i) Setting of fine rollers: The fine rollers 5a to 5f execute sequential rolling but there is no change as to the volume of the material so that the following equation is obtained. 
     
         h.sub.i ·V.sub.i =h.sub.F ·V.sub.F       (10) 
    
     wherein h i  is the thickness at the outlet of the i-th roller, V i  is the incoming speed of the material to the i-th roller, h F  is the thickness at the outlet of the roller 5f, and V F  is the outgoing speed of the material from the roller 5f. 
     It is to be noted that the rolling schedule in the fine rolling, as in the coarse rolling, can also be determined by setting similar power curve, thickness at the fine roller inlet, thickness h 1  at the fine roller outlet and power share ratios α 1  to α 4  for the individual rollers. From this rolling pattern the fine rolling speed can be obtained. Then, the temperature of the material can be calculated from the arrival time at the next roller, in turn the rolling pressure can be obtained, and finally the vertical position of each roller can be determined. 
     The rolling schedule is determined through the above steps, and the various conditions obtained are supplied from the thermal load monitor 8a to the controllers 7b and 7c. The controllers 7b and 7c control the respective coarse rolling and fine rolling according to the supplied data. During procedure of the rolling, the roller motor current root mean square value is calculated for each pass from the actual motor currents measured during the time between the end of the preceding pass and the beginning of the next pass, and checked for heat load. After checking, the amount of correction of the pitch, at which the materials are taken out from the ovens 1a to 1c, is obtained in the step (b). In this way, the current pitch is progressively corrected. 
     Now, another embodiment of the control method according to the invention, in which the rolling time is minimized under given conditions, will be described. The method will be described in connection with a reversible rolling mill having a pair of rollers. 
     (a) Setting of the minimum number of passes P: The minimum number of passes P necessary for rolling the material down to a desired thickness is obtained from the ratio of a given total power to the maximum permissible rolling power of the rolling mill. ##EQU4## 
     (b) Setting of the root mean square value W RMS  : The root mean square value W RMS  of the required rolling power in the minimum rolling time which is selected from the minimum number of passes P as obtained in the step (a) is given as ##EQU5## wherein KW Ri  is the required rolling power for the i-th pass, KW Ii  is the required electrical power during the time between the end of rolling for the i-th pass and the start of rolling for the (i+1)-th pass, τ Ri  is the rolling time required for the i-th pass, and τ Ii  is the no-load idle time for the i-th pass. 
     (c) Setting of the optimum schedule value: The value W RMS  is checked whether W RMS  is within the permissible range or not for the rolling mill. If the value is within the range, it is selected as the optimum schedule value. If it is not, the idle time τ Ii  is extended, and looped to the step (b) until the idle time satisfies the above condition as shown by the equation 12. It is to be noted that the root mean square value is calculated for each pass since the temperature of the material varies with the individual passes. 
     (d) Setting of required power and power sharing ratio for each pass: The required power for each pass is calculated from an equation ##EQU6## The power sharing ratio is determined from the maximum number of passes and the capacity of the rolling mill. FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the power sharing ratio and thickness. The thickness at the outlet can be obtained from this graph. It is to be noted that the incoming thickness of the first pass is the initial thickness while the outgoing thickness of each path is the incoming thickness of the next pass. 
     (e) Setting of the rolling force F i  : The rolling force F i  for each pass is calculated using the equation 1. 
     (f) Setting of power PW i  : The power PW i  for each pass is calculated using the equation 2 and the result of the step (e). 
     (g) Setting of the position S i  : The position S i  of roller for each pass is calculated from the incoming thickness h i  and rolling force F i  using the equation 3. 
     Through the above steps the rolling schedule with a minimum rolling time can be determined. If it is necessary to increase the number of passes, the calculation is begun from the no-load idle time set as the shortest time. FIG. 6 shows a time chart of a typical rolling schedule. In the Figure, t 1  represents the instant of the roller &#34;on&#34; for the 1-st pass, t 2  represents the acceleration start time, t 3  represents the desired rolling speed arrival time, t 4  represents the deceleration start time, t 5  represents the deceleration complete time, t 6  represents the roller &#34;off&#34; time, t 7  represents the backward motion start time of roller, and t 8  represents the roll &#34;on&#34; time for the next pass. During the period t 3  -t 7 , the rolling speed is thus changed to provide three different speeds V 2 , V 1  and 0. The same setting is done for each pass. 
     FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the accumulated power and thickness. Curve a is for the case of the minimum idle time, and curves b and c are for cases wherein the idle time is increased by Δt and 2Δt respectively. Labeled h 0  is the initial thickness, and h 1  the goal thickness. The power values P 1a , P 1b  and P 1c  on the respective curves a, b and c corresponding to the goal thickness h 1  are used to approximate the total power required. The rolling schedule that is necessary for determining the number of passes and the goal thickness for each pass is calculated from these curves. 
     FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a rolling apparatus based on the second embodiment of the control method described above. A processor 12 executes the steps (a) to (g) mentioned above. The resulting values obtained from the processor 12 are set in a setting controller 13. The setting controller 13 controls a motor drive controller 14 and a table drive controller 15. The motor drive controller 14 controls motor 16, while the table drive controller 15 controls table rollers 17. The material 18 is transported forwards and then backwards on the table rollers 17 to be rolled by roller 19. The vertical position of the roller 19 is controlled by a vertical position controller 21 through a pressure sensor 20.