Abstract:
The invention relates to salts of pyromellitic acid which comprise 1 mol of pyromellitic acid and 0.5 to 2 mol of a guanidine of the following composition: ##STR1## in which R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are identical or different radicals from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl and aromatic hydrocarbon residues having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and R 1  and R 2  and R 3  and R 4  may form a joint ring which may contain an oxygen atom as heteroatom. Also claimed are the preparation of the salts and their use for matt epoxide and hybrid powder coatings.

Description:
This is a Division of application Ser. No. 08/365,422 filed on Dec. 28, 1994 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,937. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to new salts of pyromellitic acid, to a process for their preparation and to their use for the production of matt epoxide and hybrid powder coatings. 
     2. Discussion of the Background 
     Pyromellitic acid is conventionally used in matt epoxide and hybrid powder coatings. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,947,384 and 4,007,299 describe processes for the production of matt coatings, in which epoxy resins are cured using salts of pyromellitic acid and cyclic amidines (imidazolines, tetrahydropyrimidines). Unfortunately, such resin requires temperatures of 180° C. to 200° C. for curing. 
     Curing agents having the advantageous properties of the pyromellitic acid salts of U.S. Pat Nos. 3,947,384 and 4,007,299 and which can be cured at about 20° C. or lower, which is not currently possible, are desirable. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to provide a curing agent having the advantageous properties of the pyromellitic acid salts of U.S. Pat Nos. 4,007,299 and 3,947,384 and which can be cured at about 20° C. or lower. 
     Surprisingly, the present inventors have achieved this object by using guanidine salts of pyromellitic acid. 
     The present invention therefore relates to salts of pyromellitic acid which comprise 1 mol of pyromellitic acid and 0.5 to 2 mol of a guanidine of the formula (I): ##STR2## wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4 , identical or different, are each a radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-8  alkyl, C 3-8  cycloalkyl and C 6-8  aryl, 
     or R 1  and R 2  and R 3  and R 4  may jointly form a C 3-8  alkyl ring in which one of the carbon atoms may be substituted with an oxygen atom. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Pyromellitic acid, also 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, is available commercially, for example from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). 
     Preferred guanidines of the formula (I) in accordance with the present invention include tetramethylguanidine, tetramethylcyclohexylguanidine, N,N&#39;,N&#34;-triphenylguanidine and N,N&#39;dicyclohexyl-4-morpholinecarboxamide. 
     Suitable guanadine salts of pyrometallic acid according to the present invention have a basic nitrogen content of 1 to 10 mmol of NH 2  /g and a carboxyl group content of 3 to 13 mmol/g. 
     The salts of pyromellitic acid according to the invention are substances which range from colourless to--in some cases--intense yellow in colour, having melting points of from 140° up to about 250° C. 
     The salts of pyromellitic acid according to the present invention can be prepared by any conventional manner. For example, guanidine salts can be prepared by adding the guanidine component in portions to the pyromellitic acid, dissolved in water or ethanol, at the boiling temperature. After the addition of guanidine is complete, heating is continued for about 1 hour more. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature. 
     In ethanol, the precipate which is formed is filtered off and is dried, for example, at 60° C. in a vacuum drying cabinet. 
     In water, the reaction product is soluble. The water can be removed by known methods, for example by distillation or spray drying. 
     In a second embodiment, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of salts of pyromellitic acid comprising reacting 1 mol of pyromellitic acid with 0.5 to 2 mol of a guanidine in H 2  O and/or ethanol at 50° to 100° C. and, after the reaction has finished, freeing the reaction product from the solvent or isolating it by spray drying. 
     In a third embodiment, the salts of pyromellitic acid according to the present invention can be used to produce matt epoxide and hybrid powder coatings. As already mentioned, the guanidine salts of pyromellitic acid according to the invention are suitable for the production of matt epoxide and hybrid powder coatings, as described in, for example, U.S. Pat Nos. 3,947,382 and 4,007,299. 
     Suitably for matt hybrid epoxide powder coatings, the epoxy resin contains (i) 0.5 to 12% by weight, preferably 1 to 7% by weight, particularly preferably 2.0 to 5.5% by weight, of the salts of pyromellitic acid according to the present invention; (ii) a COOH-containing polyester; and, if desired, (iii) an isophorone diisocyanate adduct blocked with ε-caprolactam. 
     Suitably for matt epoxide powder coatings, the epoxy resin contains 3 to 12% by weight, preferably 4 to 7% by weight, of the salts of pyromellitic acid according to the present invention. 
     Suitable epoxide resins are solid, resinous substances which melt in the range 60° to 150° C., preferably 70° to 110° C., and which contain on average more than one 1,2-epoxide group per molecule. In principle, all compounds are suitable which contain more than one 1,2-epoxide group per molecule; however, preference is given to commercially available epoxy resins as are obtained by reaction of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin, having an epoxide equivalent weight of 400 to 3000, preferably 800 to 1000. 
     The carboxyl group-containing polymers are polyester-polycarboxylic acids which are prepared from polyols and polycarboxylic acids and/or their derivatives. The melting range of these acidic polyesters is 60° to 160° C., preferably 80° to 120° C.; their acid number varies from 10 to 150 mg of KOH/g, preferably 30 to 60 mg of KOH/g. The OH numbers should be below 10 mg of KOH/g. 
     Examples of the polycarboxylic acids to be employed for the preparation of the polyester-polycarboxylic acids to be used in accordance with the invention are oxalic, adipic, 2,2,4-(2,4,4-)trimethyladipic, azelaic, sebacic, decanedicarboxylic, dodecanedicarboxylic, fumaric, phthalic, isophthalic, terephthalic, trimellitic and pyromellitic acid. The polyols used for the acidic polyesters are as follows: ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4- and 2,3-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, neopentylglycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, 2,2,4-(2,4,4-)-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediol, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, pentaerythritol, 1,4-bis-hydroxymethylcyclohexane, cyclohexane-1,4-diol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol. It is of course also possible to react polyesters which contain hydroxyl groups, and which are prepared by known methods from polycarboxylic acids and polyols, with polycarboxylic acids and/or polycarboxylic acid anhydrides to give the polyester-polycarboxylic acids. 
     When present, the isophorone diisocyanate adducts blocked with ε-caprolactam is used in amounts 0.1 to 0.5 NCO equivalents per 1 OH equivalent of the epoxy resin. Any solid (cyclo)aliphatic polyisocyaates can be used in accordance with the present invention as polyisocyanates. The solid, blocked as well as unblocked polyol-isophorone diisocyanate adducts (OH: NCO=1:2) as well as the trimeric (isocyanurate) of isophorone diisocyanate are particularly suitable. The mean molar weight of the polyisocyanate is 450 to 1,200, preferably 800 to 1,000. 
     The quantities of the individual powder coating binder components can be varied substantially. 
     In the case where commercially available epoxy resins based on bisphenol A (plus epichlorohydrin) are used exclusively (matt epoxide powder coatings), the concentration of curing agent is 3 to 12%. In the case where mixtures are used of epoxy resins of the bisphenol A diglycidyl ester and carboxyl group-containing polyester type (matt hybrid epoxide powder coatings), the proportion depends on the acid number of the carboxy polyester. For example, for an acid number of 30 to 50 mg of KOH/g, the weight ratio of epoxy resin to carboxy polyester is usually from 60:40 to 80:20, preferably 70:30. The concentration of the salts according to the invention in these epoxy resin/carboxy polyester mixtures is 0.5 to 12% by weight. 
     For the production of the powder coating, the binders are first mixed together with the levelling agent, pigment and the UV and oxidation stabilizers and homogenized in an extruder at 80° to 130° C. as described in DE 3328130. After cooling to room temperature, the extrudate is ground to give a powder coating whose average particle size is preferably about 40 to 80 μm, particularly preferably 50 μm. 
     The application of the powder coatings thus produced to appropriate substrates can be carried out by the known processes, for example by electrostatic powder spraying or fluidized-bed sintering. Following the application of the powder coating by one of the processes mentioned, the coated substrates are heated at temperatures of 150° to 220° C. over periods from 30 to 6 min, for purposes of curing. The coating films thus produced are distinguished by very good levelling, outstanding solvent resistance and a matt surface, it being possible to adjust the degree of gloss as desired within a wide range. 
     Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are provided herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. 
    
    
     EXAMPLES 
     I. Preparation of the salts according to the invention 
     General preparation procedure 
     The salts of pyromellitic acid listed in the following table were prepared as follows: 
     The amine was added dropwise to a solution of pyromeilitic acid in water. When the addition of amine was complete, heating was continued for about 1 h more (at 60° to 80° C.) after which the water was removed by distillation. For complete removal of the water, drying was carried out at 80° C. in a vacuum drying cabinet. 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Pyro-Examplemellitic                    Melting                                 NH.sub.2                                      COOHI.   acid (mol)      mol         Amin               (°C.)                                 (mmol/g)                                      (mmol/g)__________________________________________________________________________1    1     1  HNC(N(CH.sub.3).sub.2).sub.2                            183-187                                 2,610                                      10,6932    1     2  HNC(N(CH.sub.3).sub.2).sub.2                            210-217                                 4,004                                       8,2113    1     3          ##STR3##          205-216                                 2,481                                       9,8164    1     4          ##STR4##          218-231                                 1,842                                       6,823__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     II. Epoxy resin 
     In the application examples, the epoxy resin compound employed was one based on bisphenol A. It has the following characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________ExampleCharacteristics       II.1______________________________________equivalent weight     900-1000epoxide value         0.1-0.111hydroxyl value        0.34melting range         96-104° C.______________________________________ 
    
     III. Epoxy resin powder coatings 
     For the production of the powder coatings the ground products--curing agent, epoxy resin and levelling agent masterbatch 1  --were intimately mixed with the homogenized in an extruder at from 90° to 110° C. After cooling the extrudate was fractionated and was ground in a pin mill to a particle size &lt;100 μm. The powder thus produced was applied, using an electrostatic powder spraying unit at 60 kV, to degreased and--if appropriate--pretreated steel panels which were baked in a circulating-air laboratory drying cabinet. 
    
     The abbreviations in the following tables denote: 
     
         ______________________________________LT       = layer thickness (μm)CH       = cross hatch test (DIN 53 151)EI       = Erichsen indentation (mm)                       (DIN 53 156)GG 60° ≮    = Gardner gloss    (ASTM-D 523)Imp. rev.    = Impact reverse (g · m)______________________________________ 
    
     The calculation of the coating formulations was made in accordance with the following scheme: 
     
         ______________________________________        % by weight EP = epoxideB - C = EP   B = % by weight binder        C = % by weight crosslinking agentB = 100 - A  A = % by weight additives        [40% by weight white pigment (TiO.sub.2),        0.5 by weight of levelling agent]______________________________________ 
    
     
         __________________________________________________________________________                     Mechanical characteristics                                    GG  Crosslinking agent                Curing          Imp.                                    60°Example III  % by wt.  acc. to                °C./min                     LT  CH EI  rev.                                    ≮__________________________________________________________________________1      4         I.1 200                   12                     60-65                         0  5   115.2                                    4                   15                     60-65                         0    7-7.1                                230.4                                    4                180                   20                     60-70                         0  5.1-5.4                                115.2                                    5                   25                     55-60                         0  8.0-8.2                                230.4                                    5                170                   25                     60-70                         0  6.2-7.3                                115.2                                    62      5         I.1 200                   12                     65-70                         0  6.5-7.8                                345.6                                    4                   15                     50-65                         0  7.8-8.0                                460.8                                    4                180                   15                     60-80                         0  3.1-5.6                                115.2                                    5                   20                     50-60                         0  7.4-7.9                                230.4                                    4                170                   25                     50-65                         0  5.2-5.5                                115.2                                    53      5.5       I.1 200                   12                     50-60                         0  7.5-8.1                                230.4                                    4                180                   15                     50-60                         0  5.0-6.1                                230.4                                    4                170                   25                     55-65                         0  6.4-6.9                                115.2                                    5                160                   30                     50-60                         0  5.5-6.5                                115.2                                    64      6         I.1 180                   15                     65-70                         0  5.6-6.5                                115.2                                    5                170                   20                     55-60                         0  5.7-6.0                                115.2                                    5                   25                     60-65                         0  6.2-6.7                                115.2                                    5                169                   30                     50-60                         0  5.6-5.9                                &lt;115.2                                    7                   35                     45-55                         0  6.0-7.1                                345.6                                    7__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     IV. Carboxyl group-containing polyester 
     For the production of hybrid powder coatings, the carboxyl group-containing polyesters described below were employed, having the following characteristics: 
     
         ______________________________________      I            II______________________________________Acid number: 52-58 mg of KOH/g                       36 mg of KOH/gMelting range:        104-106° C.                       91-94° C.Glass transition        about 58° C.                       64° C.Temperature:Viscosity at 160° C.:        33,400 mPa · s                       58,000 mPa · s______________________________________ 
    
     V. Hybrid powder coatings 
     The processing of the raw materials, the preparation and application were carried out in analogy to III. 
     Example 1 
     In accordance with the method described, the powder coating with the following formulation was prepared, applied and baked at between 170° C. and 200° C. 
     390.0 parts by wt. of epoxide according to II.1 
     75.0 parts by wt. of crosslinking agent according to I.1. 
     400.0 parts by wt. of white pigment (TiO 2 ) 
     50.0 parts by wt. of levelling agent masterbatch 
     75.0 parts by wt. of polyester according to IV.1 
     
         ______________________________________Bakingconditions   Mechanical characteristicsTime/temp.                Imp.  min  °C.   LT       CH      EI     rev.  GG 60° ≮______________________________________  10 200    70-80    0     4.1-4.4                             115.2 20  15        60-70    0     4.0-4.2                             230.4 20  20        70-90    0     4.0-4.4                             115.2 20  20 180    60-70    0     3.7-4.2                             115.2 19  30        50-60    0     4.1-5.0                             115.2 18  25 175    65-80    0     4.3-5.0                             115.2 17  30        50-60    0     6.2-6.6                             115.2 18______________________________________ 
    
     Example 2 
     In accordance with the method described, the powder coating with the following formulation was prepared, applied and baked at between 180° C. and 200° C. 
     350.0 parts by wt. of epoxide according to II.1 
     55.0 parts by wt. of crosslinking agent according to 1.1. 
     400.0 parts by wt. of white pigment (TiO 2 ) 
     50.0 parts by wt. of levelling agent masterbatch 
     145.0 parts by wt. of polyester according to IV.1 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________Bakingconditions Mechanical characteristicsTime/temp.  min LTdegree.C.         CH EI       Imp. rev.                          GG 60°&lt;__________________________________________________________________________  10   200 70-80   0  5.9-6.1  651.2                          23  15  80-90   0  6.3-7.0  460.8                          25  20  90      0  7.0-7.3  460.8                          27  20   180 80-90   0  6.3-6.8  345.6                          25  30  70-85   0  7.1-7.6  460.8                          24__________________________________________________________________________                   Mechanical characteristics                                  GG Formulation  Curing          Imp.                                  60°Example V % by wt.        acc. to              °C./min                   LT  CH EI  rev.                                  ≮__________________________________________________________________________3      10    I.1   200                 10                   60-70                       0  3.9-4.5                              115.2                                  42 273    II.1     15                   50-70                       0  &gt;10 345.6                                  45 267    IV.2  180                 20                   60-65                       0  4.4-4.9                              115.2                                  55 400    white    25                   50-60                       0  &gt;10 230.4                                  51        pigment              170                 25                   60-65                       0  3.8-4.2                              &lt;115.2                                  53        (TiO.sub.2)  50    level. MB4      30    I.1   200                 10                   55-70                       0  8.4 115.2                                  13 312    II.1     15                   60-70                       0  9.8 345.6                                  13 208    IV.2  180                 20                   55-70                       0  6.9 230.4                                  13 400    white    25                   55-65                       0  9.2 345.6                                  13        pigment              170                 25                   60-70                       0  5.4 230.4                                  15        (TiO.sub.2)  50    level. MB5      50    I.1   200                 10                   50-60                       0  5.3 115.2                                  10 352    II.1     15                   65-70                       0  8.5-8.9                              &gt;944.6                                  12 148    IV.2  180                 20                   50-70                       0  6.4 115.2                                  10 400    white    25                   50-80                       0  7.8-8.5                              806.4                                  10        pigment              170                 25                   50-65                       0  6.5 &lt;115.2                                  11        (TiO.sub.2)  50    level. MB__________________________________________________________________________ 
    
     Having now fully described the invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth herein.