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وَكَتَبَ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ" أَنْ أَمِدَّ سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ أَمِيرَ الْعِرَاقِ بِأَلْفِ رَجُلٍ مِنْ عِنْدِكَ

‘Umar wrote to Abu ‘Ubaydah saying" "Help Sa‘d b. Abi Waqqas, the amir of Iraq, with one thousand of the troops at your disposal

وامده بقيس ابن مكشوح المرادى في سبعمائة، فَقَدِمُوا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْيَرْمُوكِ

He also reinforced him with Qays b. Makshuh al-Muradi with seven hundred men, who came to him from al-Yarmuk

فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ عُمَرُ الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ الثَّقَفِيَّ فِي أربعمائة رجل مددا من المدينة

Hence ‘Umar sent to him al-Mughirah b. al-Shu‘bah al-Thaqafi with four hundred men as reinforcements from Medina

فَسَمِعَ بِهِ رُسْتُمُ، فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِ بِنَفْسِهِ، فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ بِذَلِكَ سَعْدٌ وَقَفَ، وَكَتَبَ إِلَى عُمَرَ يَسْتَمِدَّهُ

When Rustam heard this, he himself set out against Sa‘d; when this came to Sa'd's knowledge, he wrote to ‘Umar, asking for reinforcements

وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ سَعْدًا حِينَ حُسِرَ عَنْهُ الشِّتَاءُ، سَارَ مِنْ شَرَافَ يُرِيدُ الْقَادِسِيَّةَ

The reason for this was that Sa‘d moved from Sharaf in the direction of al-Qadisiyyah after the winter was over

وَشَهِدَ أَهْلُ الْيَرْمُوكِ حِينَ فَرَغُوا مِنْهُ يَوْمَ الْقَادِسِيَّةِ مَعَ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ

When the troops who fought in the battle of al-Yarmuk finished the battle, they participated in the battle of al-Qadisiyyah with Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas

قَالَ" وَفِي آخِرِ سَنَةِ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ، قَتَلَ اللَّهُ رُسْتُمَ بِالْعِرَاقِ

At the end of the year 15/636-37 God killed Rustam in Iraq

وَقُتِلَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَوْمَ الْيَرْمُوكِ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ مِنْ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ شَمْسٍ عَمْرُو بْنُ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ وَأَبَانُ بْنُ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ، وَمِنْ بَنِي مَخْزُومٍ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الأَسَدِ، وَمِنْ بَنِي سَهْمٍ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ

The following Muslims were killed in the battle of al-Yarmuk" from Quraysh, Banu Umayyah b. ‘Abd Shams" ‘Amr b. Sa‘id b. aleAsi, Aban b. Sa‘id b. al-‘A§i; from Banu Makhzum" ‘Abdallah b. Sufyan b. ‘Abd al-Asad; from Banu Sahm" Sa‘id b. al-Harith b. Qays

وَأَمَرَ بِمَلَطْيَةَ فَحُرِقَتْ

He then gave orders for Ma-latyah to be burned

وَلَمَّا سَمِعَ هِرَقْلُ بِذَلِكَ بَعَثَ إِلَى مُقَاتِلَتِهَا وَمَنْ فِيهَا، فَسَاقَهُمْ إِلَيْهِ

When Heraclius heard of this, he sent for the fighting men "of Malatyah" and for the rest of its inhabitants and banished them to his region

فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهَا عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ، ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ

The inhabitants of Malatyah concluded a treaty with him, agreeing to pay the jizyah, and after this, ‘Iyad b. al-Ghanm went back

فَسَلَكَ الأَعْمَاقَ حَتَّى بَلَغَ مَلَطْيَةَ

He crossed alA‘maq and reached Malatyah

فَلَمَّا هُزِمَتِ الرُّومُ بَعَثَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ عِيَاضَ بْنَ غَنْمٍ فِي طَلَبِهِمْ

When the Byzantines were defeated, Abu ‘Ubayda sent ‘Iyad b. al-Ghanm in their pursuit

وَقَتَلَ اللَّهُ الصّقلارَ وَبَاهَانَ، وَقَدْ كَانَ هِرَقْلُ قَدَّمَهُ مَعَ الصّقلارِ حِينَ لَحِقَ بِهِ

God killed al-saqalar and Bahan, whom Heraclius had sent forward with al-saqalar when Bahan joined him

فَأُصِيبَ مِنَ الرُّومِ أَهْلُ أَرْمِينِيَةَ وَالْمُسْتَعْرِبَةِ سَبْعُونَ أَلْفًا

Seventy thousand of the Armenians and of the people who were assimilated among the Arabs (musta'ribah) were killed

فَهُزِمَتِ الرُّومُ وَجُمُوعُ هِرَقْلَ الَّتِي جَمَعَ

The Byzantines and the armies gathered by Heraclius were defeated

ثُمَّ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى أَنْزَلَ نَصْرَهُ

Then God the Exalted granted victory "to the Muslims

لَنَحْنُ خَيْرٌ لَهُمْ مِنْهُمْ

We are better for them than they are

وَمَاذَا لَهُمْ إِنْ يَظْهَرْ عَلَيْنَا الرُّومُ

Will they gain anything if the Byzantines overcome us

أَبَوْا إِلا ضَغَنًا

They want only enmity

فَجَعَلَ يَضْحَكُ وَيَقُولُ" قَاتَلَهُمُ اللَّهُ

Al-Zubayr started laughing and said" "May the curse of God befall them

فَجَعَلْتُ أَعْجَبُ مِنْ قَوْلِهِمْ، فَلَمَّا هَزَمَ اللَّهُ الرُّومَ وَرَجَعَ الزُّبَيْرُ، جَعَلْتُ أُحَدِّثُهُ خَبَرَهُمْ قَالَ

I became puzzled by what they said. When God defeated the Byzantines and al-Zubayr returned, I told him their story

فَإِذَا مَالَتِ الرُّومُ وَرَكِبَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ، قَالَوا" يَا ويح بلا صفر

And when the Byzantines floundered and the Muslims pressed them hard, they said" "Woe to you, O Banu al-A§far

قَالَ" فَجَعَلُوا وَاللَّهِ إِذَا مَالَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ وَرَكِبَتْهُمُ الْحَرْبُ، لِلرُّومِ يَقُولُونَ" ايه ايه بلا صفر

By God, when the Muslims floundered and the war was going against them and in favor of the Byzantines, they began to say" "Go on, O Banu al-Asfar

فَلَمَّا رَأَوْنِي رَأَوْا غُلامًا حَدَثًا، فَلَمْ يَتَّقُونِي

When they saw me, they saw only a young boy and did not take any precautions

لا يُقَاتِلُونَ

They were not fighting

فَإِذَا أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ حَرْبٍ فِي مَشْيَخَةٍ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ مِنْ مُهَاجِرَةِ الْفَتْحِ وُقُوفًا

And, behold, Abu Sufyan b. Harb was standing there with elders from the tribe of Quraysh who "had embraced Islam" and emigrated "only after" the conquest of Mecca (muhajirat al-fatl

فَوَقَفْتُ مَعَهُمْ، فَقُلْتُ" أَنْظُرُ مَا يَصْنَعُ النَّاسُ

I stood with them and said "to myself"" "I shall look and see what are these men doing

قَالَ" فَأَخَذْتُ فَرَسًا لِلزُّبَيْرِ كَانَ خَلَّفَهُ فِي الرَّحْلِ فَرَكِبْتُهُ، ثُمَّ ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى أُولَئِكَ النَّاسِ

I took a horse of al-Zubayr which he had left behind in the camp, mounted it, and rode to these people

فَلَمَّا اقْتَتَلَ النَّاسُ وَالرَّومُ نَظَرْتُ إِلَى نَاسٍ وُقُوفٍ عَلَى تَلٍّ لا يُقَاتِلُونَ مَعَ النَّاسِ

When the Muslims and the Byzantines were engaged in battle, I saw people standing on the hill and not fighting together with the Muslims

قَالَ" ثُمَّ تَوَجَّهَ فَدَخَلَ فِي النَّاسِ

AlZubayr then set out and took his place among the Muslims

فَلَمَّا تَعَبَّى الْمُسْلِمُونَ لِلْقِتَالِ، لَبِسَ الزُّبَيْرُ لأْمَتَهُ، ثُمَّ جَلَسَ عَلَى فَرَسِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ لِمَوْلَيَيْنِ لَهُ" احْبِسَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ مَعَكُمَا فِي الرَّحْلِ، فَإِنَّهُ غُلامٌ صَغِيرٌ

When the Muslims ar-rayed themselves for battle, al-Zubayr put on his breast-plate, mounted his horse, and said to two clients of his" "Keep ‘Abdallah b. al-Zubayr in the camp with you because he is a small boy

كُنْتُ مَعَ أَبِي الزُّبَيْرِ عَامَ الْيَرْمُوكِ

I was with my father, al-Zubayr, during the year of the battle of al-Yarmuk

حَدَّثَنَا ابن حميد، قال" حَدَّثَنَا سلمة، عن ابن إسحاق، عن وهب ابن كَيْسَانَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، قَالَ

According to Ibn Humayd—Salamah—Ibn Ishaq—Wahb b. alQaysan—‘Abdallah b. al-Zubayr

فإن يعودوا بعدها لا نصطحب

We shall not associate with them if they return after the fight

القوم لخم وجذام في الهرب ... ونحن والروم بمرج نضطرب

The men of Lakhm and Judham are in flight, while we and the Byzantines in the meadow fight

قال قائل من المسلمين حين رأى من لخم وجذام ما رأى

An "anonymous" Muslim recited when he saw what Lakhm and Judham did

حَدَّثَنَا ابن حميد، قال" حَدَّثَنَا سلمة، عن محمد بن إسحاق، عن يحيى بْن عروة بْن الزبير، عن أبيه، قال

According to Ibn Humayd — Salamah—Muhammad b. Ishaq— Yahya b. Urwah b. al-Zubayr—his father

وقد كان انضم إلى المسلمين حين ساروا إلى الروم ناس من لخم وجذام، فلما رأوا جد القتال فروا ونجوا إلى ما كان قربهم من القرى، وخذلوا المسلمين

When the Muslims Went to confront the Byzantines, they were joined by men from the tribes of Lakhm and Judham, but when these last saw the severity of the fighting, they fled and escaped to the neighboring villages and let the Muslims down

وقاتل نساء من نساء قريش بالسيوف حين دخل العسكر - منهن أم حكيم بنت الحارث بْن هشام- حتى سابقن الرجال

When this happened, women from the tribe of Quraysh fought with the swords, competing with the men, among them was Umm Hakim bint alHarith b. Hisham

فاقتتل الناس قتالا شديدا حتى دخل عسكر المسلمين

The fighting was heavy and the camp of the Muslims was penetrated

فالتقوا باليرموك في رجب سنة خمس عشرة

They confronted each other in al-Yarmuk in the month of Rajah of the year 15/July-August 636

وسار اليهم المسلمون وهم أربعة وعشرون ألفا عليهم أبو عبيدة بْن الجراح

The Muslims, numbering twenty-four thousand and commanded by Abu ‘Ubaydah b. al-Jarrah, marched toward them

وعلى جماعة الناس الصقلار خصي هرقل

This whole army was commanded by al-saqalar, the eunuch of Heraclius

فسار بمائة ألف مقاتل، معه من أهل أرمينية اثنا عشر ألفا، عليهم جرجة، ومعه من المستعربة من غسان وتلك القبائل من قضاعة اثنا عشر ألفا عليهم جبلة بْن الأيهم الغساني، وسائرهم من الروم

He set out with one hundred thousand warriors, and he had with him twelve thousand men from Armenia, led by Jarajah, and twelve thousand musta'iibah Arabs affiliated with Ghassan and the tribes of Quda‘ah, led by Jabalah b. alAyham al-Ghassanl

فلما نزلها أقام بها، وبعث الصقلار، خصيا له

When Heraclius halted in Antioch, he stayed there and sent out alSaqalar, who was his eunuch

وتلك القبائل من قضاعه، غسان بشر كثير، ومعه من أهل أرمينية مثل ذلك

These were tribes affiliated to QuJa‘ah and Ghassan, amounting to a great multitude, and a similar number of men from Armenia were also with him

فلما أصافت الروم سار هرقل في الروم حتى نزل أنطاكية ومعه من المستعربة لخم وجذام وبلقين وبلي وعاملة

In the summer Heraclius moved with the Byzantines and camped in Antioch, having with him people who had become assimilated among the Arabs from the tribes of Lakhm, Judham, Balqayn, Bali, and ‘Amila

ودخل أبو عبيدة بْن الجراح تلك السنة دمشق، فشتا بها

Abu ‘Ubaydah entered Damascus in that year and spent the winter there

وأقام تلك الحجة للناس عمر بْن الخطاب

‘Umar b. al-Khattab conducted the pilgrimage in that year

قال" ومات المثنى بْن حارثة، وتزوج سعد بْن أبي وقاص امرأته سلمى ابنة خصفة وذلك في سنة أربع عشرة

Al-Muthanna b. al-Harithah died and Sa‘d b. Abi Waqqas married his wife Salma bint Khasafah; this happened in the year 14

قال أبو جعفر الطبري رحمه اللَّه" رجع الحديث إلى حديث ابن إسحاق

Abu Jafar al-Tabari has said" The narrative returns to the account of Ibn Ishaq

ذكر حديث ابن إسحاق

The Account of Ibn Ishaq

وأتبع زهرة بْن الحوية الجالنوس

He sent Zuhrah b. Hawiyyah after al-Ialnus

ثم إن سعدا أتبع بعد ذلك القعقاع وشرحبيل من صوب في هزيمته أو صعد عن العسكر

Sa‘d afterward sent al-Qa‘qa‘ and Shurahbil after the Persians who fled downstream and upstream from the camp

وكان ممن استقتل شهريار بْن كنار وكان بإزاء سلمان. وابن الهربذ وكان بإزاء عبد الرحمن، والفرخان الأهوازي وكان بإزاء بسر بن ابى رهم الجهنى، وخسرو شنوم الهمذاني وكان بحيال ابن الهذيل الكاهلي

Among those who courageously courted death were Shahriyar b. Kanara, who was facing Salman (b. Rabi'ah); Ibn al-Hirbidh, who was facing ‘Abd al-Rahman (b. Rabl'ah); al-Farrukhan al-AhwazI, who was facing Busr b. Abi Ruhm al-Juhani; and Khusrawshnum al-Hamadhani, who was facing Ibn al-Hudhayl al-Kahili

فكان ممن هرب من أمراء تلك الكتائب الهرمزان وكان بإزاء عطارد، وأهود وكان بإزاء حنظلة بْن الربيع، وهو كاتب النبي صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وزاذ بْن بهيش وكان بإزاء عاصم بْن عمرو، وقارن وكان بإزاء القعقاع بْن عمرو

Among the commanders of the units who fled was al-Hurmuzan, who was facing Ufarid; Ahwad, who was facing Hanalah b. al-Rabi, the secretary of the Prophet; Zad b. Buhaysh, who was facing ‘Asim b. ‘Amr; and Qarin, who was hieing al-Qa'qa' b. Amr

وكان قتال أهل هذه الكتائب،من أهل فارس على وجهين، فمنهم من كذب فهرب، ومنهم من ثبت حتى قتل

The men of these Persian units fought in two ways" some of them were cowards and fled, but others stood firm until they were killed

وصمد لكل كتيبة منها رأس من رؤساء المسلمين

A Muslim chieftain confronted each of these units

فصمد سلمان بْن ربيعة لكتيبة وعبد الرحمن بْن ربيعة ذو النور لأخرى

Salman b. Rabi'ah confronted one unit, and Abd al-Rahman b. Rabi'ah Dhu al-Nur confronted another one

فصمد لهم بضعة وثلاثون من رؤساء المسلمين، ولم يتبعوا فالة القوم

Thirty odd Muslim chieftains confronted them, rather than pursue the fleeing Persians

استقتلوا واستحيوا من الفرار، فأبادهم اللَّه

They courageously courted death and were ashamed to run away, hence God destroyed them

وثبت بعد الهزيمة بضع وثلاثون كتيبة

Thirty odd "Persian" military units showed resistance after the defeat

وعَنْ سَيْفٍ، عن المهلب ومحمد وطلحة وأصحابه، قالوا

According to Sayf — al-Muhallab, Muhammad, Talhah, and his companions

ولم يتعرض لها

Al-Ash'ath gave it up and did not attempt to claim it

فانظر ما يبقى منك بعد، فصدف عنها

Let us see what remains of you after that

والله لئن حزتها لأضربنك بالجنثي- يعني سيفه

By God, if you take possession of it, I shall strike you with al-Junthi, meaning his sword

فأقطعه فقال له" ما جرأك علي يا أشعث

Salman protested to him" "O Ash'ath, what emboldened you "to act" against me

هو اليوم في دار المختار

"This yard is included today in the house of al-Mukhtar

وإن الأشعث بْن قيس استقطع فناء كان قدامها

Al-Ash'ath b. Qays asked for a yard in front of it, and it was given to him

والتي بينها وبين دار المختار دار سلمان

The house that is between this house and the house of al-Mukhtar is the house of Salman

فكان موضع المحبس اليوم دار عبد الرحمن بْن ربيعة

The place that serves today as jail (in al-Kufah) was the house of cAbd al-Rahman b. Rabi'ah

كان يقال" لسلمان أبصر بالمفاصل من الجازر بمفاصل الجزور

It used to be said" "Verily, Salman is more knowledgeable about the joints "of horses" than the slaughterer about the joints of the slaughtered camel

وعَنْ سَيْفٍ، عن الغصن، عن القاسم، عن البهي، أن الشعبي قال

According to Sayf — al-Ghu?n b. al-Qasim — aUBahi" al-Sha'bi said

والآخر عبد الرحمن ابن ربيعة ذو النور، ومال على آخرين قد تكتبوا، ونصبوا للمسلمين فطحنهم بخيله

The other one was Abd al-Rahman b. Rabi'ah Dhu al-Nur ("the man of light"); he turned against other Persians who had "regrouped", forming military units (takattabu) and rising up against the Muslims. He crushed them with his horsemen

وكان سلمان فارس الناس يوم القادسية، وكان أحد الذين مالوا بعد الهزيمة على من ثبت

Salman was the "choice" horseman of the Muslims on the Day of al-Qadisiyyah and was one of those who turned against the Persians who had showed further resistance after their defeat

فحمل عليهم فقتل من كان تحتها وسلبهم

Salman attacked them, killed those who were under the flag, and took their spoils

قد حفروا لها، وجلسوا تحتها، وقالوا" لا نبرح حتى نموت

They dug a hole for it in the ground, sat under it, and said" "We shall not move from here until we die

أبصر سلمان بْن ربيعة الباهلي أناسا من الأعاجم تحت راية لهم

Salman b. Rabi'ah alBahili saw some Persians sitting under a flag of theirs

وعَنْ سَيْفٍ، عن يونس بْن أبي إسحاق، عن أبيه، عمن شهدها، قال

According to Sayf—Yunus b. Abi Ishaq—his father—a man who participated in the battle of al-Qadisiyyah

وكذلك في العدة

This happened many times

وحتى إنه ليأخذ سلاحه فيقتله به، وحتى إنه ليأمر الرجلين أحدهما بصاحبه

The Muslim would even take the Persian's weapon and kill him with it or order two Persians to kill each other

حتى إن كان الرجل من المسلمين ليدعو الرجل منهم فيأتيه حتى يقوم بين يديه، فيضرب عنقه

The situation was such that if a Muslim called a Persian, the Persian would come, stand in front of the Muslim, and the Muslim would kill him

قتلوا

They were killed

أصاب أهل فارس يومئذ بعد ما انهزموا ما أصاب الناس قبلهم

The Persians were afflicted after their defeat in the same way as the Muslims had been afflicted beforehand

وعَنْ سَيْفٍ، عن سعيد بْن المرزبان، عن رجل من بني عبس، قال

According to Sayf—Sa'id b. al-Marzuban—a man from the tribe of 'Abs

فلقد رأيتني أشرت إلى أسوار منهم فجاء إلي وعليه السلاح التام، فضربت عنقه، ثم أخذت ما كان عليه

I found myself signaling to one of the Persian commanders, who came at me, fully armed. I killed him and took whatever was on him

فهزمهم اللَّه

God defeated them

حملنا على الأعاجم يوم القادسية حملة رجل واحد

On the Day of al-Qadisiyyah we all attacked the Persians, like one man

وعَنْ سَيْفٍ، عن عبيدة، عن شقيق، قال

According to Sayf—'Ubaydah—Shaqiq

ثم نزل إليه ففلق هامته

Then he dismounted and split Rustam's head

فلما لم يصل إليه قطع عليه المال

When Hilal could not get to him, he cut off the mule's load

فأقبل عليه هلال فنزل، فدخل تحت البغل

Hilal approached him, and Rustam dismounted and got down under the mule

فلما دنا منه هلال نزع له نشابة، فأصاب قدمه فشكها في الركاب، وقال" بپايه

When Hilal came close to him, Rustam drew an arrow, pierced Hilal's leg, fastened it to the stirrup "with the arrow) and said" "Stay where you are (bi-pdye)l

لما زال رستم عن مكانه ركب بغلا

When Rustam moved from his place, he rode a mule

وعَنْ سَيْفٍ، عن المجالد، عن الشعبي، وسعيد بْن المرزبان عن رجل من بني عبس، قال

According to Sayf — al-Mujalid — al-Sha'bl and Sa'id b. al-Marzuban — a man from the tribe of 'Abs

وما سويت بينهم حتى استطبتهم، فهلا فعل المهاجرون بالأنصار إذ قاتلوا بفنائهم مثل هذا

I have not made both groups equal before I found them to be virtuous, and did the Emigrants (al-Muhajirun) treat the helpers {al-Ansdr) in this way be-cause they fought close to their homes

وهم شجن العدو

"Those who live close to the battlefield" are a source of vexation for the enemy

قال" وكيف أفضلهم عليهم على بعد دارهم

He replied" How can I prefer them because of the remoteness of their homes

وقيل له في أهل القادسية" لو فضلت من بعدت داره على من قاتلهم بفنائه

It was said to him concerning the people of al-Qadisiyyah" "Would you prefer those who live for away to those who fought the Persians close to their homes