Marcus2112/pythia-160m-minipile_cluster-proportioned
Updated
•
5
Dataset Viewer
text
stringlengths 9
43.2M
| pile_idx
int64 41
134M
|
|---|---|
Q:
AnkhSVN Commits Are Very Slow
Recently, I had to move my SVN repositories to a different server,
but I am experiencing some performance problems since the move.
I am using Visual Studio 2005, AnkhSVN 2.1.7819.411 and TortoiseSVN 1.6.6 on my workstation and VisualSVN Server on the server which runs Windows Server 2008.
Whenever I try to commit a file or view the file history in Visual Studio
it takes twenty odd seconds.
I confirmed that an exception has been made for VisualSVN Server on the server's firewall, but when I disable the server's firewall the performance is back to normal (1-2 seconds for a commit). When I do a commit or check the log on a file in TortoiseSVN the performance is fine as well.
To ensure that the problem was not related to the moving of the repositories, I am
running these tests against a new repository which was created on the new server.
So, I reckon the problem lies with AnkhSVN, but am at a loss as how to diagnose it further.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
A:
Which hostname do you use to connect to your server?
Does that hostname resolve to an IPv6 and a IPv4 address? (http://localhost does that on Windows Vista and later).
The Subversion used by AnkhSVN (SharpSvn) is IPv6 enabled, so it will try IPv6 before IPv4 if a host resolves to both address types.
You can try if this is an issue by starting a
ping <hostname>
on a command prompt. If the host is IPv6 enabled you should see IPv6 addresses there. And if not, just the normal IPv4 addresses.
If you use https:// to connect to your host, then you might see a different issue:
If AnkhSVN uses neon 0.29.0-.0.29.2 3 (See Help->About), neon has a performance regression since earlier versions that are still used by some of the other clients.
Neon 0.29.0-0.29.2 try to close https connections in a different way that causes slowdowns if you use a proxy or a non apache server that handles connection closes in a different way. This issue was resolved in neon 0.29.3, which is available in later AnkhSVN versions.
A:
I had this exact same problem. Thanks Bert for pointing me in the right direction! But it bears repeating here, because I don't think Bert really spelled it out in his answer:
Solution: If your machine is resolving your AnkhSVN host using IP6, create an IP4 alias for it in your hosts file.
| 102,760,499 |
[Heterogeneity of nuclear proteins from HeLa cells specifically binding to the Alu sequence].
Nuclear proteins from HeLa cells specifically binding to the Alu-repeat cloned in the plasmid Blur8 have been studied. 0.35 M nuclear extract proteins have been separated on DEAE-cellulose. The presence of DNA-binding proteins has been found in all fractions by the technique of DNA-binding on nitrocellulose filters. The labelled restricted DNA of the plasmid Blur8 was incubated with the proteins of different fractions with the subsequent identification of specific Alu-protein complexes in polyacrylamide gel at low ionic strength. At least two proteins have been found to have the different affinity to Alu-repeat. Various functions of Alu-repeats and the possibility of their participation in the initiation of DNA replication are discussed. | 102,761,161 |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains generally to processing of fresh fruit and vegetables, and more particularly to a method of preventing browning induced by wounds to plant tissue.
2. Description of the Background Art
Browning of fresh fruits and vegetables reduces quality and is often the factor limiting shelf life and marketability. This is especially true when these horticultural commodities are wounded by cutting, peeling, or abrading the surface during the preparation of minimally processed fresh fruits and vegetables. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions with phenolic compounds produce brown pigments in plant tissue. Some tissues (e.g., artichokes) contain high levels of preformed phenolic compounds and rapidly brown in the air after wounding. Preventing browning in these tissues requires deactivation of the enzymes responsible for browning (e.g., polyphenoloxidase), exclusion of oxygen (e.g., oxygen levels below 1%), or application of chemical antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid). In other tissue, (e.g., lettuce) the quantity of phenolic compounds in uninjured tissue is low and browning follows the enhanced synthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds.
Wounding (e.g., cutting, cracking or breaking) of lettuce produces a signal that migrates through the tissue and induces the synthesis of enzymes in the metabolic pathway responsible for increased production of phenolic compounds. The first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway is phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). Induced synthesis of this enzyme after wounding is rapidly followed by the accumulation of phenolic compounds like chlorogenic, isochlorogenic and dicaffeoyl tartaric acid, compounds that are associated with browning in lettuce.
Methods used to control the increase in phenolic metabolism that leads to browning and loss of quality of minimally processed fresh produce include the use of reducing agents, enzyme inhibitors, acidulants, and complexing agents. Some of these chemical treatments are very effective in controlling browning by interfering with specific metabolic pathways. For instance, o-benzylhydroxylamine, cysteine, and some phenylalanine analogues (e.g., 2-aminoindan-2 -phosphonic acid) have been reported to reduce the activity of enzymes associated with phenylpropanoid metabolism (e.g., PAL). However, concern about the use of chemicals and their toxic nature precludes their use on many minimally processed fresh fruits and vegetables. This concern with chemical residues is eliminated by the use of low oxygen, and or high carbon dioxide controlled and modified atmospheres (CA and MA), which are treatments currently employed in the commercial packaging of minimally processed lettuce. However, the use of CA requires special equipment for handling and storage, while the use of MA requires special equipment for packaging and expensive packaging material.
Therefore, there is a need for a method that counteracts these effects and prevents browning without the use of chemicals or additives, and which is easy and inexpensive to implement. The present invention satisfies those needs, as well as others, and generally overcomes the problems associated with preventing of browning using chemicals or additives. | 102,761,530 |
Q:
Which Linux OS for computer science and numerical analysis
I am switching from OSX to Linux, which I am familiar with but have no greater experience. There are several different alternatives: archlinux, gnome, ubuntu etc. Which would you recommend for a PhD student in numerical analysis? I mainly use Julia, Fortran, C++, Python and occasionally Matlab. Thus it should be easy to get the associated compilers up and running, as installing libraries for numerical tool boxes.
Furthermore I become more familiar with the Linux environment, that being said I want an OS that doesn't require to much of me as a user.
EDIT: I am switching from OSX since I got tired of getting open source codes to compile on my Mac. Most codes and packages in my field are intended for Linux anyway.
A:
There are lots of available Linux distributions and several widely used window managers, and most of them would be perfectly adequate for your needs. It is important to make sure that the distribution and window manager that you pick will work with the software packages that matter to you. It's also important to understand how the distribution you pick is supported and the supported lifetime of that particular distribution.
You want to be able to run MATLAB, so check the Mathworks list of supported Linux distributions at:
https://www.mathworks.com/support/sysreq.html?sec=linux
You'll also want to understand the long-term plans for your Linux distribution and required upgrades that you'll have to do in the future.
You don't want to have to do a lot of work to upgrade to a new distribution, so consider using one of the LTS (Long Term Support) versions of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS will be supported by Canonical into the year 2021, and Ubuntu 18.04 LTS will be supported into the year 2023. Not having to do a major upgrade to your Linux distribution before then is a big advantage.
| 102,761,573 |
Q:
Sharepoint 2010 Sandboxed Solution File hosting - display results in download
I put some files inside a Module for a Sharepoint 2010 sandboxed solution.
there is a html file i want to display. for that i added a custom action button to the taskbar.
I'm executing some javascript for that:
var child = window.open();
child.location = '{SiteUrl}/TaskBoardContent/LanesDashboard.html?SiteUrl={SiteUrl}&ListUrl={ListUrlDir}&isDlg=true';
child.focus();
UNfortunately a new tab opens, but IE9 starts with a download of the given file. I expect the problem on the serverside headers send by SP. Any Ideas on that?
A:
you should be able to configure this on webapplication scope. I don't think that there is any way to overwrite this behavior only for single file/site. Alternatively you can try adding simple aspx page without any code behind into your module.
Check out this link:
http://www.sharepoint-insight.com/2012/03/25/solution-for-viewing-html-files-in-browser-from-sharepoint-document-library/
| 102,761,674 |
Unabridged raw stories by a young (french) family physician. Warning: strong language.
Main menu
Category Archives: Patients
He’s young, 60 or 65. I don’t know what or whom brought him here first, most likely a stroke, or a nice cousin.
His room is right in the middle of the corridor. The « ER corridor », where we park for a few days patients who end up in the ER, too bad to go home, not bad enough for ICU, cases not simple enough to be quickly admitted to a traditional inpatient ward. We have room for only eight people in this ER corridor. If you take on your shift with a corridor full, you know right away that you won’t have room for the old lady showing up out of breath in the middle the night, that you’re in for four hours on the phone with every single hospital around. You know it’s a bad start.
Anyway, he ended up here. Lucky guy.
He screams, he’s agitated, he hits, he’s tied to the bed.
He screams. He never stops screaming. I somehow feel like screaming too.
He screams two things, only two things, tirelessly.
The first one in an echo of the last thing he heard. He starts crescendo, then higher and higher, over and over again.
« You have to caaaaaAAAAAAAAAALM DOOOOOOOOOWN ! YOU HAVE TO CAAAAAAAAALM DOOOOOOOOOOOWN ! »
Or « Please lie doooOOOOOOOOOOW ! PLEEAASE LIIIIE DOOOOOOOWN ! »
We could actually have a lot of fun with him. Go into his room, say « Pee pee poop » and watch out for the nurses’ face when he starts screaming…
The second thing he screams is the only one that is his own. I guess he keeps it for when he forgot what he was just screaming. His personal phrase is :
« The head is EMPTYYYYYYYYYYY ! THE HEAD IS EMPTYYYYYYYYYY ! »
His face is distorted, his eyes are way too wide open, way too fixed on me.
It’s true. It’s true that your head is empty. It’s been empty for four days, but before that it was perfectly full. That’s when a tiny piece of blood decided to block an artery in your brain, to see if it could be any fun. Your head is empty and you’re terrified.
And I’m terrified too.
What’s happening in this head of yours, just full enough to know it’s empty ?
Should I say « Hell yeah, buddy, well well well, there’s nothing in there, nope, no luck… » ?
What can I say ?
I cannot reassure him. Truth is, his head is empty, and most probably it’s not going to get any better. Truth is, he hits and spits on his wife who comes to visit him everyday, and who’ll end up not coming anymore, or maybe once a week, on Sunday, because one has to be a good wife.
Truth is, the best that can happen is we find him a place in some nursing home, with nurses who will sigh when entering his room and ask the doctor if the prescription of haloperidol couldn’t be raised a little bit, because he’s exhausting the team.
What can I say ? I thought about talking to him a long time, of anything, anything to fill his head a little bit, like when you rock a baby. Talk to him about what’s the weather like, tell him that his wife called and she sends him kisses, that it’s now 11.30 and lunch will be served soon, but today’s menu is nothing exciting.
That’s the only thing I could do, really, but I don’t have the time. Not the courage either. The ER keeps going, people keep arriving, the pager pages, and I can’t spend ten minutes trying to talk to you about anything, knowing perfectly that at best I could maybe (maybe!) soothe you for thirty-four minutes and you would have forgotten right afterwards.
So I do like everyone else.
At first, two or three times I get into your room and I say something meaningless and stupid to calm you down ; shorter and shorter, more and more stupid, feeling vaguely silly to try to change the world with my stupid sentence. (And absolutely silly when it’s my stupid sentence that you starts screaming to the world…) | 102,761,689 |
State Supreme Court benches in the Capital Region and the rest of upstate New York are “overwhelmingly white and male” – for now.
So says New York State Bar Association President Hank Greenberg, but he is expecting a more diverse body of judges in both the Albany-based Third Department, which represents 28 counties, and Rochester-based Fourth Department, which encompasses western New York.
Greenberg told a joint panel of Senate and Assembly judiciary members on Wednesday that Chief Judge Janet DiFiore’s plans to overhaul the state’s antiquated court system “holds the potential of notably increasing the diversity of the Supreme Court bench outside New York City.”
In September, DiFiore unveiled a plan to replace New York’s 11 separate trial courts, the most of any state, with a three-level system that would make judges in County Court, Family Court, the Court of Claims and Surrogate's Court all state Supreme Court justices starting Jan. 1, 2025.
Greenberg said under the new system based on the most recent election, Albany County alone would increase its number of nonwhite or nonmale Supreme Court justices by seven. He was referring to County Court Judge William Carter and County Court Judge-elect Andra Ackerman; Family Court Judges Susan Kushner and William Rivera, and Family Court Judges-elect Sherri Brooks and Amy Joyce, as well as Surrogate Judge Stacy Pettit.
Outside New York City, the number of female Supreme Court justices would increased by 21 percent and ethnic diversity would increase by 25 percent, Greenberg testified.
Greenberg's numbers in Albany County did not even include Court of Claims judges whom under DiFiore's proposal would all become state Supreme Court justices as of Oct. 1, 2022. And on Jan. 1, 2027, the 61 City Courts in upstate -- including all in the Capital Region -- will become part of a new Municipal Court system. Town and village courts would remain unchanged.
“With respect to diversity, currently in the Third and Fourth departments, which serve most of upstate, the Supreme Court bench is overwhelmingly white and male,” Greenberg told lawmakers. “In the year 2019, that is not acceptable.”
Greenberg noted he has worked on the issue for years, but calls for reform have largely fallen on deaf ears. Quoting late Chief Judge Judith Kaye, Greenberg said a “diverse bench gives the public a belief that they are included in the justice system.
“And, indeed, there is value in symbolic representation — seeing someone who looks like you on the bench,” Greenberg added.
“New York’s demographics are changing. If the judiciary doesn't change apace, we risk undermining the public’s confidence in our justice system and respect for the rule of law.”
Greenberg explained that under the existing court system, a domestic abuse victim who leaves the abusive relationship might need to go to Family Court for custody of her children, Supreme Court to initiate divorce proceedings and criminal court to have her abuser prosecuted.
"The burdens placed on real people by our current system are intolerable," Greenberg testified. "Countless confusing hearings and proceedings are not only expensive, they also cause anxiety, pain, and despair for vulnerable persons. This no way for a humane, modern justice system to operate." | 102,761,743 |
Zülpicher Platz (KVB)
Zülpicher Platz is an interchange station on the Cologne Stadtbahn lines 9, 12 and 15, located in the Cologne district of Innenstadt. The station is located at Zülpicher Platz on the Cologne Ring.
See also
List of Cologne KVB stations
External links
station info page
Category:Cologne KVB stations
Category:Innenstadt, Cologne | 102,761,791 |
"I feel really blessed to be here. There's not too many people my age who get to come out here and do this or be this competitive, so I'm grateful to the Lord for that. Looking forward to a lot more wins and it's great that everyone stayed, they did the best they could with this track and made it pretty fast at the end," stated Swindell who at 62 years old picked up his 16th career win with the Lucas Oil American Sprint Car Series presented by Sawblade.com.
Nearly seeing his A-Feature end as it started, the first attempt at green saw Swindell and Colt Treharn make contact going into the first turn; ending the night for Colt with his front axle in two pieces. Able to continue, the contact left Sammy with his hands full the remainder of the 30-lap event as the right rear shock was ripped from the lower arm along with a damaged Jacobs Ladder.
"The incident we had on the start, I didn't know the guy was still there, but we broke the shock and bent the ladder up. The car was good, just a little bit tight, but when I got into traffic it was real tight," commented Swindell. "Even being broke, the car still rolled good."
Keeping any challenge at bay through several restarts, traffic, and dirty air played havoc on Swindell, but it was not enough to allow anyone a chance to advance. Winning by 2.841 seconds, the runner-up position went to Matt Covington who came to the line with Travis Rilat in tow. Rolling from the 12th starting spot, restarts were pivotal for the BDS Motorsports No. 1. Opening his entry into turn one, Rilat would diamond to the bottom and rocket down the backstretch, clearing three and four drivers at a time before finally settling into third, despite several holes in the right sideboard from Colt Treharn's front axle.
Coming from eighth, Blake Hahn crossed fourth with Harli White posting her best finish of the 2018 season in fifth. Ripping through the field from 18th, series point's leader Sam Hafertepe, Jr. was the night's CP-Carrillo Hard Charger with a run to sixth. Tony Bruce, Jr. in seventh was trailed by Scott Bogucki from 14th. Skylar Gee was ninth with Jamie Ball moving up six spots to tenth.
The Lucas Oil ASCS Sizzlin' Summer Speedweek heads for the Devil's Bowl Speedway in Mesquite, Texas for action on Tuesday, June 12. Track information, ticket prices, and directions can be found at http://www.devilsbowl.com.
For other news, notes, and information on the American Sprint Car Series, from the National Tour to any of the Regional Tours that make up the over 150 across the ASCS Nation in 2018, log onto http://www.ascsracing.com, follow on Facebook, on Instagram, and on Twitter (@LucasOilASCS).
Associate sponsors for the Lucas Oil American Sprint Car Series presented Sawblade.com include Hoosier Racing Tire, CP-Carrillo Pistons, EMI, and Brodix. All Heat Races are brought to you by ButlerBuilt Professional Seating Systems. All B-Features are presented by BMRS.
Team Lucas Sponsors for the American Sprint Car Series consist of Protect the Harvest, Geico, Sawblade.com, MAVTV Motorsports Network, LucasOilRacing.tv, and General Tire.
Communications for the American Sprint Car Series is provided by Racing Electronics. All events are broadcast online at http://www.racinboys.com. | 102,761,800 |
Predicting pulmonary complications after nonthoracic surgery: a systematic review of blinded studies.
To determine the performance of variables commonly used in the prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing nonthoracic surgery. We conducted a systematic review of the literature in English, using MEDLINE (1966-2001), manual searches of identified articles, and contact with content experts. All studies reporting independent and blinded comparisons of preoperative or operative factors with postoperative pulmonary complications were included. Two reviewers independently abstracted inclusion and exclusion criteria, study designs, patient characteristics, predictors of interest, and the nature and occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications. Seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The definition of postoperative pulmonary complications differed among studies, and the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications varied from 2% to 19%. Of the 28 preoperative or operative predictors that were evaluated in the 7 studies, 16 were associated significantly with postoperative pulmonary complications, although only 2 (duration of anesthesia and postoperative nasogastric tube placement) were significant in more than one study. The positive (2.2 to 5.1) and negative (0.2 to 0.8) likelihood ratios for these 16 variables suggest that they have only modest predictive value. Neither hypercarbia nor reduced spirometry values were independently associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Few studies have rigorously evaluated the performance of the preoperative or operative variables in the prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications. Prospective studies with independent and blinded comparisons of these variables with postoperative outcomes are needed. | 102,761,911 |
Epithelial-like cells derived from livers of infant Fischer rats are maintained in culture, either continuous or after frozen storage. Transformation of the cells to a malignant form by known chemical carcinogens and metabolites of known carcinogens is being studied. | 102,762,101 |
The present invention relates to a radio paging receiver and, in particular, to a radio paging receiver which can more efficiently be subjected to various tests or adjustments.
Radio paging receivers are generally provided with a battery saving function to minimize power consumption. The receiver with such a battery saving function intermittently supplies power to its receiving section when the receiver is ready to receive a calling signal addressed thereto. When receivers of this type are subjected to tests or adjustment, the battery saving operation has to be suspended. As used herein an adjustment will be considered as a type of a test.
A portable paging receiver to meet the requirement mentioned above has been described in the U.K. Patent Publication No. 2,105,077 assigned to the present application. The receiver is adapted to suspend the battery saving function temporarily when it receives a specific pattern (test pattern) from the transmitter side. This proposal is limited to the tests on the receiving section.
Another receiver has been proposed which permits the checking of its own assigned address or identification number and the content of read-only memory (ROM) as well as the testing of the display means. This receiver is described in U.S. patent appln. Ser. No. 460,736; U.K. Patent Appln. Ser. No. 8,302,036; and Japanese Patent Appln. No. 82-11415 (corresponding to Japanese Patent Appln. No. 83-129842) assigned also to the present applicant. This receiver responds to a specific signal to continuously display the content of ROM while it responds to another specific signal to display all the numerical numbers and the like which the display section thereof can display. | 102,762,110 |
Podstudenec
Podstudenec () is a small settlement on Black Creek (), a tributary of the Kamnik Bistrica River, in the Municipality of Kamnik in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
References
External links
Podstudenec at Geopedia
Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Kamnik | 102,762,158 |
Href JavaScript Void 0
What to buy when: an Etsy shopping guide for new and expectant moms.McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of The McGraw-Hill Companies.Past TAA Textbook Award Winners. 2015:. Christina Yeager Pelatti, Elizabeth B.BU430 Global Business Global Business Today 8e 9780078112621 McGraw-Hill BU443 Great Texts in Business.
Susan Hill
World History Resource Library. including texts and supplementary resources,. William S.The Southern Living Guide to Fighting Frizz Heat, humidity,. 25 Cozy Ideas for Fireplace Mantels; Subscribe.
waves of sea grass rippled in the morning breezes. Colorful bird life ...
2015 Social Media Campaigns
Basic Wood Projects
The following rhetorical schema is an essential stepping stone to helping students think.Being a Blessing: 54 Ways You Can Help People Living With AIDS. Alef. The One Essential of Life and Love. of Essays, Jewish Texts, Personal.
United States Census
Casting Couch Mia Khalifa
The SOMA faculty has indicated that you must obtain a copy of each of the following texts,.Browse unique items from baldyhillvintage on Etsy, a global marketplace of handmade, vintage and creative goods.
This superb guide is a wonderfully illustrated. monks and scribes labored to reproduce the important texts that spread as they.
Susan Glaspell의 Trifles(사소한 것들)에 대한 분석 4 ...
The Heinemann Digital Library is a dynamic source of online professional.Contemporary translation of religious texts that provide the essential. and issues related to living with a. | 102,762,522 |
The WebDesign media plugin pack is a free set of plugins that extend WebDesign by allowing you to add QuickTime, FLASH and RealPlayer content to your web pages. It also contains plug-ins to add background sounds and audio links.
iEasyRecorder is ideal audio recording software for Mac, which can help you record online music, internet radios, any sounds from your computer system and record from microphone, from any Mac applications.
EasyWMV can be used to convert or resize wmv, asf, avi, m4v, mp4, mpg, mpeg, mov, flv, nsv, swf, real media and vob video files so that they can be used with QuickTime Player, Apple TV, iPhone and iPods.
Multiwinia is a multi-playerreal time strategy war game unlike any other. A chaotic war is raging in a fantastic fractalized world populated by bloodthirsty little stick men with a mission: follow your orders to annihilate their enemies.
iCoolsoft VOB Converter for Mac can convert the VOB videos to other popular video formats like AVI, MOV, MPEG, WMV, MP4, 3GP, FLV, etc. It ont only converts VOB to popular video/audio formats, but also directly to various digital devices.
Conquest is a Unix/C port of a real-time, multi-player space warfare game that was originally written in RATFOR for the VAX/VMS platform by Jef Poskanzer and Craig Leres. It supports both curses and OpenGL interfaces. Sound is supported as well.
Darkworld is a massively multiplayer space based real time strategy game. Players interact with a world which is continuously active. A player can create ships, colonize planets, invest in techology, and engage in warfare.
Evolution RTS (project name, will change later) will be a real-time-strategy-like game. Player will be controlling cell-like creatures with a goal to breed stronger cells than the opponent. Random mutations make up a part of the game.
A mix of the old games Liero and Joust. Two little persons riding on flamingo's shooting each other bazooka's in real-time. This is not a game for single player! You must have little brothers or geek friends.
A simple but addictive multi-playerreal-time network strategy game. Control the movement of your armies over the map grid in a strategic manner in order to defeat your opponents. Roughly based on the unix game XBattle.
Play real mahjong against player all around the world. you have a choice of playing Chinese Mahjong, Japanese Mahjong and Chinese Official Mahjong in multitable tournaments, full games or single games.
Play the classic trick-taking card game Euchre on your computer. Compete against the computer's AI players for a real challenge. This Euchre game is played with a deck of 32 cards. Four players play in pairs, one human player and 3 computer players.
Play the classic card game Gim Rummy on your computer. Compete against the computer's AI players for a real challenge. Gin Rummy is a 2 player game played with a regular pack of 52 cards. The goal is to score more points than the computer opponent. | 102,762,746 |
1/6 + 8206. Calculate the common denominator of r and p.
30
Let u(x) be the second derivative of x**3/3 + 2*x**2 - 2*x. What is the lowest common multiple of u(8) and 14?
140
Suppose -4*j + 4*h - 2052 = 0, 4*j = 3*h + 1074 - 3122. Let z = j + 1059/2. What is the common denominator of z and 71/10?
10
Let p(y) = 2*y - 6. Let m be p(4). Suppose m*a = -2*a + 23232. Let w = a + -52334/9. Find the common denominator of w and 35/8.
72
Let a = 364 - -1368. Find the common denominator of a/(-104) - 6/(-39) and -19/12.
12
Let x = -20 + 91. Let c = -51 + x. Suppose c = -3*g + 5*g. What is the smallest common multiple of 22 and g?
110
Let b = 431/55 - 107/10. Find the common denominator of b and -23/6.
66
Let d be (-556)/(-14) + 6/21. Let c = d + -24. Let k = 26 + -12. Calculate the lowest common multiple of k and c.
112
Suppose 1185 = 2*h - 5*y - 494, 4*y - 12 = 0. Let i = -10133/12 + h. What is the common denominator of 17/12 and i?
12
Let s = -33 - -38. Calculate the smallest common multiple of 7 and s.
35
Let u be 18/(-27) - 143/(-3). Suppose -4*w - 2*x - u = x, -w - 5*x = 33. What is the common denominator of -20/11 and 0 + 150/w - 3?
44
Let b = 1/4114627 - -67047846599/1505953482. Let k = b + -4/183. Calculate the common denominator of 1 - (2 + 25/(-14)) and k.
14
Let z be 1/(-2) - 31/(-2). Let u be (-344)/54*z/(-10). Let w = u + -67/18. Find the common denominator of 77/16 and w.
48
Suppose b + 3*m - 15 = 3*b, -5*b + 20 = 4*m. Calculate the least common multiple of 22 + -7 - (3 - b) and 12.
12
Let s = -58 - 19. Calculate the common denominator of -75/2 and s/9 - 6/(-3).
18
Suppose -4*y = -0*y + 60. Let z be (6/y)/((-1)/10). Calculate the common denominator of (-6330)/(-252) + z/(-14) and -89/10.
30
What is the common denominator of 71/6 and 3 - (-32)/21*(-9)/(-6)?
42
What is the common denominator of ((-4 - 0) + 7)*(-1)/14 and -13/4?
28
Let k be (-5 + 8)/((-9)/(-15)). Calculate the lowest common multiple of 10 and 5 + -4 + k + 0.
30
Let m = -8669 - -103909/12. Calculate the common denominator of m and -49/10.
60
Let m be 110/9 + (-6)/27. What is the common denominator of -7 + 3/((-54)/4) and ((-118)/48)/((-4)/m)?
72
Let j(r) = r**3 - 6*r**2 + r + 4. Suppose 2 = 5*a - 3*o - 11, -2*o = -4*a + 10. What is the lowest common multiple of j(6) and a?
10
Let o = -26621/6 + 4461. Let q(h) = 176*h**3 - h**2 - h + 1. Let r be q(1). What is the common denominator of 6/4*r/(-30) and o?
12
Calculate the common denominator of ((-65)/(-30))/1 + -3 and -97/16.
48
Suppose 2*c - 24 = -0*c. Suppose 0*q = 3*q + c. What is the common denominator of 53/10 and (-11)/8*(q + -3)?
40
Let d = -36905217/155 - -238099. Let b = 7/31 - d. Find the common denominator of 37/8 and b.
40
Let a be (-15)/6*2427/90. Let v = 215/3 + a. Calculate the common denominator of 2*79/(-20) - 0 and v.
20
Let p(m) = 40*m. Let r be p(6). Let a be 674/7*(-15)/(-6). Let o = r - a. What is the common denominator of o and -41/2?
14
Let p(o) = 9*o**3 - 2*o**2 + 1. What is the smallest common multiple of 50 and p(1)?
200
Let q be 2608/(-3830) + (-6)/(-10). Let j = -34999/7660 + q. Find the common denominator of j and -19/4.
20
Let h be (-2)/(-16) + (-106518)/48. Let z = -11038/5 - h. Find the common denominator of 43/3 and z.
15
Calculate the common denominator of 20*-4*2/4 and 19/2.
2
What is the smallest common multiple of 10 and (-6)/(-18)*(-9)/(-1)?
30
Let f be (6/(-12))/(2/(-8)). Suppose f*w + 5*s = -w + 87, w - s = 21. Find the common denominator of 48/5 and w.
5
Suppose -2*r - 3 - 1 = 0. Calculate the common denominator of r/(-8) + 63/6 and -99/8.
8
Let i = 35221/4214 - 2/2107. Find the common denominator of (-2)/6 + 317/60 and i.
140
What is the common denominator of -59/22 and 89/(-20) + (-6 - -6)?
220
Let r be 2/2 + -1 + -2. What is the common denominator of r/8 + 1375/(-180) and (-234)/(-20) + -3 + 1?
90
Suppose -3*d + d = -28. Suppose -3*i - 4 = -1. Let k = i + 3. What is the lowest common multiple of k and d?
14
Suppose -2*s - 167 = 109. Calculate the smallest common multiple of ((-10)/(-6))/((-2)/(-12)) and s/(-15) + 1/(-5).
90
Let g = 3553/24 + -293/2. Calculate the common denominator of 13/12 and g.
24
Let i = -62023/12 + 5165. What is the common denominator of -79/4 and i?
12
Suppose 0 = 5*u + 707 + 143. What is the common denominator of 14/3 and 2/6 - u/12?
6
Let n = 613/695 + 5/278. Let p be 66/(-12)*(-86 - 0). What is the common denominator of p/(-90) + (-1)/(-5) and n?
90
Let o be 28985/20650*-6 + 2. Let p = o + -2/295. Find the common denominator of 1/3*1*-53 and p.
21
Let j(f) = 2*f. Let t(y) = 2*y**2 - y - 1. Let u be t(2). Let k be j(u). What is the common denominator of (-482)/20 - k/25 and -49/11?
22
Let n = 2/4663 + -107277/65282. What is the common denominator of 23/22 and n?
154
Suppose -5*k - 6*k = -66. What is the lowest common multiple of k and 24?
24
What is the common denominator of -125/6 and 3/6 + (-162)/44?
66
Let a = -20011/8 + 2496. Calculate the common denominator of a and -89/14.
56
What is the common denominator of (-4)/6 - (-178)/(-66) and 3 + ((-285)/9)/((-6)/(-9))?
22
Let b = -1989/70 + 208/7. Let p be 9*(-10)/6*-1. What is the common denominator of ((-4)/3)/(p/18) and b?
10
Let s(w) = -w**2 + 3*w - 2. Let x be s(1). What is the common denominator of -67/18 and x/2 - 279/162?
18
What is the least common multiple of 8 and (-6)/9*-5*21?
280
Let f = 803/2 + -394. Let r = 7129/1230 - -1/246. Calculate the common denominator of r and f.
10
Let q be 11/((-33)/162) + 0. Calculate the smallest common multiple of 4 and q/(-7) - 24/(-84).
8
What is the lowest common multiple of (-792)/(-81) + 2/9 and 5?
10
Suppose -4*c = -c - 5*u - 14, 0 = -3*c - 2*u + 28. What is the lowest common multiple of 4 and c?
8
Suppose 4*r = 3*r - f + 3, f = -4*r + 24. Suppose -2*w + 1 + 3 = 0. Let g = w + r. What is the smallest common multiple of 7 and g?
63
Let t(z) = z**3 - 2*z**2 - z - 2. Let i be t(3). Let b be (-725)/i + (-1)/(-4). Calculate the common denominator of b/36 - 5/(-20) and -49/11.
99
What is the common denominator of (-30)/(-4)*(-124)/140 and -103/20?
140
Let p = 27 + -19. Calculate the least common multiple of p and 10.
40
Let m(w) = 2*w + 1 + 4 + 0 - 4. Let z be m(1). Suppose l + 2*o - 12 = 0, -45 = -l - z*l - 5*o. What is the lowest common multiple of 6 and l?
30
Let s(u) = 4*u**3 - 4*u**2 + 2*u. Suppose 3*r - 8 = 16. Calculate the lowest common multiple of s(2) and r.
40
Suppose -3*z - 7 = -67. What is the lowest common multiple of 2 and z?
20
Let k be 4/(-12) - (-878)/6. Suppose 5*a - k = -3*i - i, -5*i = -3*a - 201. Let g = i + -27. Calculate the smallest common multiple of g and 18.
36
Let i = 13 + -6. What is the least common multiple of i - -2*(-2)/4 and 1?
6
Let s be ((-2)/(-4))/((-1)/(-6)). Suppose -4*j = -9 - s. Suppose 26 = -j*q + 5*q + 3*u, 2*q + u - 18 = 0. What is the smallest common multiple of 10 and q?
70
Suppose 5*l + 30 = 5*r, 0*r + 4*r - l - 15 = 0. Suppose 3*u = -3*p + 6, 0 = r*u + 4*p + 1 - 8. Calculate the lowest common multiple of u and 8.
8
Let p be (-247678)/(-120) + 1 + 0. Let c be ((-15)/18)/5*1766*7. Let g = c + p. Calculate the common denominator of 15/2 and g.
20
Let f(h) be the first derivative of -h**2/2 - h + 10. What is the smallest common multiple of 7 and f(-5)?
28
Let d = 3/4129 - 194129/90838. Find the common denominator of 47/140 and d.
1540
Let o(f) = f**2 - f - 1. Let b be o(0). Let q be 1/(b/((-20282)/22)). Let y = -921 + q. What is the common denominator of y and -61/2?
22
Suppose 0 = -t, 4*w = 5*t + 14 + 2. Calculate the lowest common multiple of w and 6.
12
Let l be (-2)/(1 + (-2)/4). Find the common denominator of (-140)/66*(-15)/(-10) and l/(-14) + 402/(-231).
11
Let z(g) = -g + 3. Let j(f) = f - 3. Let c(o) = -6*j(o) - 7*z(o). What is the smallest common multiple of c(4) and 5?
5
Let a(i) = 3*i**2 - i - 7. Calculate the least common multiple of a(-4) and 21.
315
Let p be (3/5)/(6/30). Suppose 6*s = 2*s - 20, -2*s = -p*t + 40. Calculate the smallest common multiple of t and 8.
40
Suppose -m + 5334 = m. Let r = m - 47939/18. What is the common denominator of r and -21/20?
180
Suppose -86*s - 2 = -87*s. Calculate the smallest common multiple of 50 and s.
50
Let z(v) = v**2 - 3*v - 30. What is the least common multiple of | 102,762,978 |
CAIRO – In what appears to be an escalating effort to curtail press freedoms in Egypt, prosecutors have referred 20 journalists working for the news channel Al Jazeera, four of them foreigners, to trial on charges of aiding or joining a terrorist group.
The charges, made public Wednesday, seemingly criminalize routine journalistic activities such as interviewing supporters of deposed President Mohamed Morsi and his Islamist movement, the Muslim Brotherhood. The Brotherhood has been designated by the military-backed government as a terrorist organization.
The case marks the first time that journalists have been referred to trial under Egypt’s interim administration on charges related to terrorism. The list of defendants and the full charges against them were not released, but the accused include three journalists with Al Jazeera’s English-language broadcast who have been detained since Dec. 29.
They are Peter Greste, an Australian; Mohamed Fahmy, an Egyptian with Canadian citizenship who has been serving as the channel’s Cairo bureau chief; and Baher Mohamed, a producer. Al Jazeera has demanded their release.
The prosecutors’ statement accuses the journalists, including a Dutch citizen and two Britons, of making false statements that benefited a terrorist group.
No trial date has been set. The charges could carry a penalty of up to 15 years in prison.
The statement said eight of the 20 were already in custody. It was unclear whether any of the others were in the country. Authorities have said the three employees of the English-language broadcast were working without proper credentials.
The arrests have drawn sharp criticism from human rights groups and press freedom organizations.
The prosecutors’ statement accuses the journalists of manipulating images to give the impression of a civil war in Egypt. The country has been beset by large-scale unrest since the army’s ousting of Morsi in July, following a massive uprising against his rule.
Clashes between security forces and opponents of the government killed more than 60 people Saturday, the third anniversary of the beginning of the uprising that toppled autocrat Hosni Mubarak.
Morsi, together with most leaders of the Brotherhood, is in jail and facing an array of charges. Thousands of supporters of the movement have been imprisoned, and hundreds were killed in August when police and soldiers violently broke up sit-in protests in Cairo and elsewhere.
Al Jazeera’s Egyptian affiliate was banned from broadcasting last year, but the channel’s broadcasts originating in Qatar can be seen in Egypt.
laura.king@latimes.com
Twitter: @laurakingLAT | 102,762,993 |
Completely restoring the potential of the immune system to identify and selectively destroy cancer cells requires the disruption of a multilayered self-defense system established by the latter.[@R1] Targeting molecules that shield malignant cells from immunosurveillance has shown promise in clinical trials, and renewed the interest of the scientific and medical community in cancer immunotherapy.[@R1] Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an oncogenic transcription factor commonly activated in tumors of various origin, including hematologic malignancies.[@R2] In addition, STAT3 operates in multiple immune cells that infiltrate neoplastic lesions, constituting a central mediator of tumor-induced immunosuppression.[@R2] Since STAT3 is activated both in malignant and tumor-associated immune cells, it is a unique target for therapeutic interventions. However, the pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 is challenging, calling for alternative targeting strategies. We have recently developed a novel approach for the cell-specific delivery of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) based on their targeting to intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) via TLR9 agonists, notably CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).[@R3] Target cells quickly internalize CpG-ODN-coupled siRNAs into endosomes, where such conjugates undergo cleavage. In contrast to other siRNA delivery methods, which are associated with limited endosomal release, in our system TLR9 promotes the transport of uncoupled siRNAs to the RNA interference (RNAi) machinery of the endoplasmic reticulum ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).[@R4] Thus, bi-functional CpG-ODN-coupled *Stat3*-targeting siRNAs (hereafter referred to as CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs) operate as TLR9 agonists ("push") while inhibiting STAT3 signaling ("release"), focusing immunostimulatory effects within the same target cell. We demonstrated that CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs targeting tumor-associated myeloid cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, significantly amplify the effects of TLR9 agonists employed as standalone interventions, hence restoring antitumor immune responses in mice. In hematological malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), B-cell lymphoma (BCL) or multiple myeloma (MM), TLR9 expression and STAT3 activation often involve both cancer cells and non-malignant immune cells.[@R5]^,^[@R6] Based on these findings, we recently set out to explore the effects of systemic STAT3 blocking coupled to TLR9 activation in both such TLR9^+^ cell compartments, using syngeneic murine models of disseminated AML, including a genetic model that recapitulates a common cytogenetic abnormality of human AML, inv(16).[@R7]
{#F1}
Our studies demonstrate that STAT3 negatively regulates antigen presentation not only by normal DCs but also by malignant leukemic cells. The systemic administration of our CpG-*Stat3* siRNA alleviated the immunosuppressive effects of persistent STAT3 signaling in both these cell compartments. The concomitant inhibition of STAT3 and activation of TLR9 increased the expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of both DCs and AML cells. This said, experiments involving the administration of CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs to TLR9-deficient mice demonstrated that improving the immunogenicity of AML cells is sufficient to induce potent antitumor responses. Of note, the antineoplastic activity of CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs was completely abrogated in immunodeficient mice, indicating that such therapeutic effects are primarily mediated by the immune system. In line with this notion, CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs were shown to increase the circulating levels of interferon γ (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-12, 2 critical mediators of T~H~1 immune responses, while limiting the abundance of T~H~2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-6. Antibody-mediated neutralization experiments and tumor-associated antigen recall assays confirmed the critical role of CD8^+^ T cells in the antitumor activity of CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs. The targeted blocking of STAT3 coupled to the activation of TLR9 resulted in systemic cancer-specific immune responses that led to tumor eradication in multiple organs and prolonged the survival of the majority of disease mice.
Enduring AML remission requires the elimination of quiescent but self-renewable leukemia-initiating cells.[@R8] In serial transplantation experiments, we demonstrated that the repeated systemic administration of CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs significantly reduces the engraftment and leukemia-initiating potential of AML cells. In general, these findings imply that immune responses induced by specifically blocking STAT3 and stimulating TLR9 in leukemia cells may have a broad effect against various AML cell subpopulations. Presumably, this reflect the ubiquitous expression of TLR9 in AML cells, irrespective of their cytogenetic subtype and hierarchy.[@R6] In addition, accumulating evidence demonstrates that TLR9 levels are upregulated in response to cellular or microenvironmental stress, even in cell populations that fail to express TLR9 in baseline conditions.[@R6]^,^[@R9] Our preliminary studies confirmed that TLR9 is expressed by all cell compartments of primary human AML, including leukemic progenitors and stem cells, which are all sensitive to CpG-*STAT3* siRNAs (Kortylewski, unpublished data). Other types of hematological cancers that express TLR9 and exhibit constitute STAT3 activation could potentially respond to this strategy.[@R6] In fact, it has recently been demonstrated that STAT3 inhibition increases the immunogenicity of mouse BCL cells, resulting in limited T-cell tolerance.[@R10] Our own results support the role of STAT3 as a regulator of immune checkpoints in BCL and underscore the feasibility of concomitantly blocking STAT3 and stimulating TLR9 for the immunotherapy of this hematological malignancy. We observed that the administration of CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs combined with radiotherapy induces the regression of BCLs in immunocompetent mice, but only moderately inhibits lymphoma growth in immunodeficient animals.[@R6] Finally, human TLR9^+^ multiple myelomas are known for their elevated levels of constitute STAT3 activity, and were previously validated as a target for the CpG-siRNA strategy.[@R6] Whether inhibiting STAT3 while activating TLR9 enhances the immunogenicity of myeloma cells besides limiting their viability is still unknown. The availability of FDA-approved CpG ODNs and pharmacological JAK inhibitors provides an opportunity for combinatorial systemic treatments. However, the lack of specificity of both reagents for TLR9^+^ immune cells may limit the overall efficacy of this approach and result in off-target effects, which constitutes a concern especially for JAK inhibitors. Our proof-of-principle study indicates that even with a limited uptake of CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs by leukemic cells (\~15--50% of total AML cells, depending on location), this strategy cancer generate enduring systemic antitumor immunity. Nevertheless, the use of CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs with an improved serum half-life can further enhance their efficacy and allow for a reduced administration frequency (Zhang and Kortylewski, unpublished data).
Overall, our results highlight the unique role of STAT3 as a regulator of immune checkpoints, while suggesting that its effects on the survival of leukemia cells may functionally overlap with those of other signal transducers. Additional efforts are needed to understand the molecular mechanisms that are activated in leukemic cells as a result of the inhibition of STAT3 coupled to the activation of TLR9. The negative impact of STAT3 on antigen presentation and TLR signaling[@R2] is well-established but there is much to learn about the pool of tumor-specific antigenic epitopes that are exposed as a result of STAT3 inhibition. Whether CpG-*Stat3* siRNAs can expand the range of tumor-associated antigens presented on the surface of leukemic cells also remains to be explored. Such an effect could have important implications for designing new tumor-specific immunotherapies against leukemia and possibly other hematologic malignancies.
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Previously published online: [www.landesbioscience.com/journals/oncoimmunology/article/27441](http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/oncoimmunology/article/27441/)
Citation: Kortylewski M, Kuo Y. Push and release: TLR9 activation plus STAT3 blockade for systemic antitumor immunity. OncoImmunology 2013; 2:e27441; [10.4161/onci.27441](10.4161/onci.27441)
| 102,763,009 |
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to semiconductor processing methods and apparatuses that use one or more photonic beams having an initially nonuniform intensity profile to generate an image, which, in turn, is scanned across a surface of a semiconductor substrate. In particular, the invention relates to such methods and apparatuses in which the image exhibits a uniform intensity profile over a useful portion thereof such that energy utilization of the beam is increased.
2. Description of Background Art
Fabrication of semiconductor-based microelectronic devices such as processors, memories and other integrated circuits (ICs) often involves subjecting a semiconductor substrate to numerous processes, such as photoresist coating, photolithographic exposure, photoresist development, etching, polishing, and heating or “thermal processing”. In certain applications, thermal processing is performed to activate dopant atoms implanted in junction regions (e.g., source and drain regions) of the substrate. For example, the source/drain parts of transistors may be formed by exposing regions of a silicon wafer to electrostatically accelerated dopants containing either boron, phosphorous or arsenic atoms. After implantation, the dopants are largely interstitial, do not form part of the silicon crystal lattice, and are electrically inactive. Activation of these dopants may be achieved by annealing the substrate.
Annealing may involve heating the entire substrate to a particular processing temperature for a period of time sufficient for the crystal lattice to incorporate the impurity atoms in its structure. The required time period depends on the processing temperature. Particularly during an extended time period, the dopants tend to diffuse throughout the lattice. As a result, the dopant distribution profile may change from an ideal box shape to a profile having a shallow exponential fall-off.
By employing higher annealing temperatures and shorter annealing times it is possible to reduce dopant diffusion and to retain the dopant distribution profile achieved after implant. For example, thermal processing (TP) encompasses certain techniques for annealing source/drain regions formed in silicon wafers as part of the process for fabricating semiconductor devices such as integrated circuits (ICs). An objective of rapid thermal processing (RTP) is to produce shallow doped regions with very high conductivity by rapidly heating the wafer to temperatures near the semiconductor melting point to Incorporate dopants at substitutional lattice sites, and then rapidly cool the wafer to “freeze” the dopants in place. RTP is particularly useful in the context of semiconductor-based microelectronic devices with decreased feature sizes, because it tends to produce low-resistivity doped regions, which translates into faster ICs. It also results in an abrupt change in dopant atom concentration with depth as defined by the implant process, since thermal diffusion plays only a very minor role in the rearrangement of the impurity atoms in the lattice structure.
Laser-based technologies have been employed to carry out TP on time scales much shorter than those employed by conventional RTP systems. Exemplary terminology used to describe laser based TP techniques include laser thermal processing (LTP), laser thermal annealing (LTA), and laser spike annealing (LSA). In some instances, these terms can be used interchangeably. In any case, these techniques typically involve forming a laser beam into a long, thin image, which in turn is scanned across a surface to be heated, e.g., an upper surface of a semiconductor wafer. For example, a 0.1-mm wide beam may be raster scanned over a semiconductor wafer surface at 100 mm/s to produce a 1-millisecond dwell time for the heating cycle. A typical maximum temperature during this heating cycle might be 1350° C. Within the dwell time needed to bring the wafer surface up to the maximum temperature, a layer only about 100 to about 200 micrometers below the surface region is heated. Consequently, the bulk of the millimeter thick wafer serves to cool the surface almost as quickly as it was heated once the laser beam is past. Additional information regarding laser-based processing apparatuses and methods can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,747,245 and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2004/0188396, 2004/0173585, 2005/0067384, and 2005/0103998 each to Talwar et al.
LTP may employ either pulsed or continuous radiation. For example, conventional LTP may use a continuous, high-power, CO2 laser beam, which is raster scanned over the wafer surface such that all regions of the surface are exposed to at least one pass of the heating beam. The wavelength of the CO2 laser, λ, is 10.6 μm in the infrared region. This wavelength, large relative to the typical dimensions of wafer features, can be uniformly absorbed as the beam scans across a patterned silicon wafer resulting in each point on the wafer being subject to very nearly the same maximum temperature.
Similarly, a continuous radiation source in the form of laser diodes may be used in combination with a continuous scanning system. Such laser diodes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,681, entitled “Apparatus Having Line Source of Radiant Energy for Exposing a Substrate”, which issued on Mar. 11, 2003 and is assigned to the same assignee as this application. Laser diode bar arrays can be obtained with output powers in the 100 W/cm range and can be imaged to produce line images about a micrometer wide. They are also very efficient at converting electricity into radiation. Further, because there are many diodes in a bar each operating at a slightly different wavelength, they can be imaged to form a uniform line image.
An alternate method of annealing employs a pulsed laser to illuminate an extended area and a step-and-repeat system. In this case, a more uniform temperature distribution can be obtained with a longer radiation pulse (dwell time) since the depth of heating is greater and there is more time available during the pulse interval for lateral heat conduction to equalize temperatures across the circuit. However, longer dwell times require more pulse energy. Pulse lengths with periods longer than a microsecond and covering circuit areas of 5 cm2 or more are not typically feasible because the energy per pulse becomes too high. While technically possible, the laser and associated power supply needed to provide such a high-energy pulse will likely be impractically big and expensive.
In general, illumination uniformity (both macro- and micro-uniformity) over the useable portion of the exposure image is a highly desirable trait. This ensures that the corresponding heating of the substrate is equally uniform. Similarly, the energy delivered in each beam pulse should be stable so that all exposed regions are successively heated to a uniform temperature. In such a system, the size of the uniformly illuminated area may be adjusted to contain an integer number of circuits. In addition, the illumination fall-off beyond the edge of the usable portion of the exposure image is preferably sufficiently sharp, so that there is no appreciable exposure of adjacent circuits on the substrate. Defining the edges of the illumination pattern with a resolution of about 50 microns is usually sufficient since the scribe lines separating adjacent circuits are typically at least that wide.
Certain “nonmelt” LTP techniques involve shaping the beam from a continuous CO2 laser to form an image of about 0.12 mm wide and over 10 mm long, which is incident on the wafer at Brewster's angle (˜75° incidence). It is desirable to have the beam incidence angle contained in a plane normal to the wafer surface and aligned with the length of the image. The beam is scanned over the substrate in a direction perpendicular to its long direction. Even if a beam intensity uniformity of 1% can be achieved over the length of the image, this results in a corresponding 10° C. or 14° C. temperature difference along the beam depending on whether the background substrate temperature starts at 400° C. or room temperature, respectively.
In some instances, then, e.g., for semiconductor annealing applications, a highly uniform intensity along the length of the beam, e.g., to about 1%, may be desired. In this case if a beam having a Gaussian intensity profile is employed, only the central portion of the beam that exhibits a substantially uniform intensity, e.g., to about 1% or less, may be used. This useful portion contains only about 11% of the total energy in the beam. The remaining energy may be wasted or may contribute to undesirable heating of adjacent regions.
Thus, opportunities exist in the art to improve the performance of TP techniques to overcome the drawbacks associated with known LTP techniques that involve the use of one or more radiation beams having a nonuniform intensity profile. In addition, there exist opportunities in the art to meet the need for LTP technologies that exhibit improved energy utilization. | 102,763,099 |
[A serial study of in cytogenetic change and morphology on the tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide treatment in untreated or recurrent acute promyelocytic leukemia].
To study the morphologic and cytogenetic change in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients during the tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide (TATS) treatment and the mechanism of TATS. The bone marrow cells of 13 newly diagnosed and 7 recurrent APL patients were studied through FISH and morphology during the TATS treatment by special and repeated marrow culture. Cytomorphological study of 8 cases (6 untreated and 2 recurrent) showed that TATS could differentiate APL cells forward to mature granulocytes. There was obvious correlation between the reduced t (15; 17) positive cells and the reduced APL cells (r range 0.7298 - 0.9989). Except one patient with t (11; 17), 19 (13 untreated and 7 recurrent) with translocation t (15; 17) achieved clinical CR including 16 who achieved cytogenetic CR. TATS has a differentiation-inducing effect on untreated and recurrent APL, with haematological CR and cytogenetic CR achieved. Measurement of t (15; 17) positive cells by FISH technique can reflect the change of APL cells objectively. | 102,763,202 |
[Characteristics of soil phosphorous loss under different ecological planting patterns in hilly red soil regions of southern Hunan Province, China].
Taking a large standard runoff plot on a red soil slope in Qiyang County, southern Hunan Province as a case, this paper studied the surface soil phosphorus loss characteristics in the hilly red soil regions of southern Hunan under eight ecological planting patterns. The phosphorus loss from wasteland (T1) was most serious, followed by that from natural sloped cropping patterns (T2 and T3), while the phosphorus loss amount from terrace cropping patterns (T4-T8) was the least, only occupying 9.9%, 37%, 0.7%, 2.3%, and 1.9% of T1, respectively. The ecological planting patterns directly affected the forms of surface-lost soil phosphorus, with the particulate phosphorus (PP) as the main lost form. Under the condition of rainstorm (daily rainfall > 50 mm), rainfall had lesser effects on the phosphorus loss among different planting patterns. However, the phosphorus loss increased with increasing rain intensity. The surface soil phosphorus loss mainly occurred from June to September. Both the rainfall and the rain intensity were the factors directly affected the time distribution of surface soil phosphorus loss in hilly red soil regions of southern Hunan. | 102,763,231 |
Brain banks and research in neurochemistry.
The increasing demand to brain banks for specimens that are properly prepared for research in neurochemistry has stimulated interest in the drawing up of suitable protocols. The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (1) to describe the various strategies that are currently applied in different brain banks and (2) to point out the main neurochemical requirements in order to reach a consensus with the brain bank about the more suitable protocol in each case. In recent years, some brain banks have acquired the necessary equipment and now have access to neurochemical expertise. Their experience will be very helpful in defining the new procedures to be used at each stage of brain tissue banking and will permit the development of research projects in this discipline. | 102,763,327 |
[Oxygenation status of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: comparison of primary tumors, their neck node metastases and normal tissue].
Investigation of the relationship between the pO2-status of primary tumors, their cervical neck node metastases and normal tissues in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Pretreatment oxygenation of primary tumors, their neck node metastases and of the contralateral sternocleidomastoid muscle was assessed in 16 patients with histologically proven advanced squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck. Oxygenation was measured with a polarographic microelectrode system (Eppendorf-pO-Histograph). Using CT/MRT additionally the volume of the tumors was estimated. A highly significant correlation existed between the median pO2 of primary tumors and their neck node metastases and between the relative proportion of hypoxic values (< 5 mm Hg) of both anatomic sites (both p = 0.0001) (Figure 1). Primary tumors were not different from their neck node metastases, neither regarding the pO2 median values nor in view of the relative frequency of hypoxic values (Table 1). No correlation was found between the volume of primary tumors and the one of their neck node metastases. For volume of tumors and the oxygenation status no relationship was found as well. Significantly different was the median pO2 in the muscles from the one of the malignant tissues (p = 0.0004). The results suggest that for to estimate the oxygenation status of squanious cell carcinomas of the head and neck pO2 measurements of primary tumors and neck node metastases are equally sufficient. | 102,763,387 |
Food.com
Food.com is a digital brand and online social networking service featuring recipes from home cooks and celebrity chefs, food news, new and classic shows, and pop culture. Food.com was launched in September 2017 and offers recipe, photo, articles, and video content on the web as well as video streaming and smartphone apps.
On the website, users can add reviews, modifications, questions and photos to over 500,000 recipe pages.
History
Food.com changed their name to Genius Kitchen in 2017, but as of July 2019 it switched back to Food.com once again. The site formerly known as Recipezaar, and originally as Cookpoint, was created in 1999 outside of Seattle, Washington by two ex-Microsoft technologists Gay Gilmore and Troy Hakala. What started as an idea to connect home cooks from all over the world has grown into a daily cooking community, featuring 500,000+ user-generated recipes, 125,000+ photos, millions of reviews and tweaks.
Food.com is headquartered in New York and is part of the Discovery Inc. portfolio, which also owns and operates brands such as Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, American Heroes Channel, Food Network, Cooking Channel, HGTV, Travel Channel, DIY Network, and Great American Country.
See also
List of websites about food and drink
References
Category:American cooking websites
Category:Social cataloging applications | 102,763,476 |
// const webpack = require('webpack');
const CopyWebpackPlugin = require('copy-webpack-plugin');
function configure(baseConfig, mode) {
const { config } = baseConfig;
config.devtool = mode === 'PRODUCTION' ? 'source-map' : 'eval-source-map';
config.resolve.extensions.push('.jsx');
config.plugins.push(new CopyWebpackPlugin([
{
from: 'src/cattaz.css',
to: '',
},
{
from: 'node_modules/codemirror/lib/codemirror.css',
to: '',
},
{
from: 'node_modules/codemirror/theme/*.css',
to: 'codemirror-theme',
flatten: true,
},
]));
/*
// FIXME Not working?
config.plugins.push(new webpack.DefinePlugin({
'process.env.PORT': process.env.PORT || '8080',
}));
*/
// Disable default loaders for css defnied by storybook.
config.module.rules.forEach((l) => {
if (l.test.source === '\\.css$') {
// eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign
l.exclude = /github-markdown\.css/;
}
});
config.module.rules.push({
test: /github-markdown.css$/,
use: [
{
loader: 'file-loader',
options: {
name: 'github-markdown-md-only.css',
},
},
{
loader: 'postcss-loader',
},
],
});
return config;
}
module.exports = configure;
| 102,763,569 |
National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York
__NOTOC__
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Westchester County, New York.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 234 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 19 National Historic Landmarks. The cities of New Rochelle, Peekskill, and Yonkers are the locations of 12, 13, and 27 of these properties and districts respectively, including two National Historic Landmarks (one in New Rochelle and one in Yonkers).
Current listings
New Rochelle
Peekskill
Yonkers
Northern Westchester
Southern Westchester
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New York
References
Further reading
Category:Westchester County, New York
Westchester County
* | 102,763,585 |
Forbes CommunityVoice™ allows professional fee-based membership groups ("communities") to connect directly with the Forbes audience by enabling them to create content – and participate in the conversation – on the Forbes digital publishing platform. Each topic-based CommunityVoice™ is produced and managed by the group.
Opinions expressed within Forbes CommunityVoice™ are those of the participating individuals.
Once you have trained and shared knowledge with your team through osmosis or learning by proxy (which I covered in my last article), the hard part becomes letting go of your ego and delegating work to your capable team. The truth is that it is not usually sustainable for you or your growing business to do everything yourself. If you can only manage to make one change, ensure you follow the first rule, as it is the golden rule of delegation: Learn when to delegate.
Rule 1: Just because you can do something doesn't mean you should.
I am not suggesting that your team should claim things are beneath their pay level or that it isn’t “their job” because we all need to work toward the same goals. What I am referring to is avoiding the pitfall of being capable and willing: doing everything yourself. The issue here is, firstly, that other people do not learn unless they jump in and secondly, in the future you will probably be called on to do the same thing as before because the competency wasn't transmitted. Both of these consequences can slow down your efficiency and productivity.
If a task takes one of my most senior employees one day to complete, I encourage the senior consultant to delegate the task to a junior consultant, even if the task will take double the time plus validation (see below) with the senior consultant -- and even if we can only bill for the original eight hours. So we are happy to invest the extra time. Why? Because I've found employees are happiest when they're working on tasks they enjoy (instead of the ones they can delegate), or new projects and tasks (which is what they can do when we delegate).
If you want to achieve organizational growth, I believe your leaders have to understand the importance of delegation; otherwise, the company may not achieve stabilization. This is because there will be a high dependency on a few employees without enough time to complete the necessary work. What works in the short term doesn't always work when you scale.
If you have employees that should be delegating but are not, help them understand how this impacts them, limits other employees' growth and even reduces the speed at which you can grow your business.
When any employee says they are overworked, I ask them why they don’t give a task to someone else. Then, I explain how in the long term it is better to take the time to train someone earlier on so that, eventually, they can do it by themselves. If an employee complains again that they're too busy, I know it's because they didn't delegate. At this point, I take the time and sit with them to help them delegate because perhaps they need to learn that skill -- and through osmosis, it can be more impactful.
So when it comes to choosing what to delegate, you can assume almost everything in your job can be delegated. Rather than making too many rules about what to delegate, just try. I believe you are better off trying to delegate and failing than not delegating at all.
Rule 2: If something is on your to-do list for too long, delegate.
Now, we need to address the things that you have not gotten to. If it was important and urgent, you would move mountains to make time for it, but if you haven’t dedicated time and energy within the time period you provisioned, it's probably time to delegate.
I know you may be justifying by saying:
• The other person isn’t as qualified as you. This might be true, but you aren't helping them resolve this issue by not giving them the task.
• They won’t do it as well as you would. Sure, but even if they don’t do a perfect job, it would still be better than if the task doesn't move at all.
• It was your idea, and you're attached to it. It's great that you care, but you may need to let go of some control and see what other people can bring to your idea.
• You’ll get to it. This is also a nice idea, but you probably won’t -- and if you promised to do it, you could look unprofessional.
• You don’t have time to brief "person x" properly. Go back to Rule 1, because “spending 10 minutes today can save you 10 hours tomorrow.”
Guess what? These justifications only keep you from moving forward. If you have hired smart, talented people who can achieve amazing things with the guidance and space to do so, why not give them the chance?
I recommend considering that if you have not, do not or will not make the time, you have two options:
1. Remove the task from your to-do list, as it is likely not important when compared to other work.
2. Delegate.
Rule 3: If you delegate, you should validate.
It might sound like common sense but once you delegate your to-do list, I've found that it's important to have the right amount of check gates -- typically more at the beginning and end of a project when guidance can be more valuable. You will also notice that the more you delegate the same task, the faster the osmosis occurs.
If I need someone to send an email on behalf of the company, I will ask them to draft it, and then I'll check it beforethey send it. This is a simple check gate. After a couple emails like this, the person will naturally become comfortable and write to the standard you've taught them. Generally, you can go from many check gates to very few or none.
At my company, we say “fail quickly and forward,” which means we need to check in early and often and ensure we learn from any failure, small or big, to avoid repeating the same errors or issues. Check gates allow you to monitor and avert large failures that could have been prevented. | 102,763,607 |
Bob Jones University didn’t admit black students until the 1970s and didn’t permit interracial dating until 2000. For decades the school was a symbol of white Christian racism, so why did Theon Hill, an African-American who grew up near Chicago, choose to attend BJU? Hill is now a professor at Wheaton College and shares what he learned about faith and racism from his undergraduate years at Bob Jones. Also this week, Phil and Skye discuss the rising popularity of Bible-based diets like the Daniel Plan and why they’re more American than Christian. Some feminist and gay leaders are becoming concerned that the transgender movement is eroding the intellectual foundations of feminism and homosexuality. Plus, new research finds millennials are too lazy to eat cereal. | 102,764,056 |
our letters picked without replacement from {z: 3, l: 3, v: 4, y: 4, c: 2, t: 2}. What is prob of picking 2 l, 1 y, and 1 z?
1/85
Two letters picked without replacement from zppzzpzpppppzpzzzz. What is prob of picking 1 z and 1 p?
9/17
Calculate prob of picking 2 n when two letters picked without replacement from nsnnnss.
2/7
What is prob of picking 2 f when two letters picked without replacement from {f: 9}?
1
Two letters picked without replacement from pvp. What is prob of picking 1 p and 1 v?
2/3
Three letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, j: 2, z: 3, p: 6}. Give prob of picking 2 j and 1 z.
3/220
Calculate prob of picking 3 j when three letters picked without replacement from {h: 1, j: 18}.
16/19
Three letters picked without replacement from {s: 3, g: 1, y: 6, k: 9}. Give prob of picking 1 g and 2 s.
1/323
Calculate prob of picking 1 z and 1 y when two letters picked without replacement from {v: 11, t: 1, z: 2, y: 1}.
2/105
Two letters picked without replacement from ttyg. Give prob of picking 1 y and 1 t.
1/3
Three letters picked without replacement from {x: 1, k: 8, b: 8}. Give prob of picking 1 b and 2 k.
28/85
What is prob of picking 1 p and 2 l when three letters picked without replacement from wlmwlcwmpmpcp?
3/286
Two letters picked without replacement from fwjufjffw. What is prob of picking 1 u and 1 j?
1/18
Two letters picked without replacement from nlnnnnlnnn. What is prob of picking 1 n and 1 l?
16/45
Calculate prob of picking 2 l and 1 b when three letters picked without replacement from {b: 10, l: 2, i: 4}.
1/56
What is prob of picking 1 o and 1 c when two letters picked without replacement from cmbmbmobmbbbmb?
1/91
Calculate prob of picking 1 j and 1 s when two letters picked without replacement from {l: 1, j: 6, m: 5, x: 1, t: 5, s: 2}.
6/95
Two letters picked without replacement from arihu. Give prob of picking 1 i and 1 a.
1/10
What is prob of picking 1 y and 3 j when four letters picked without replacement from yjyyjjj?
12/35
Four letters picked without replacement from xxeextteei. What is prob of picking 2 x, 1 e, and 1 i?
2/35
Calculate prob of picking 2 g, 1 j, and 1 e when four letters picked without replacement from ggeejdegbreg.
8/165
Calculate prob of picking 1 e and 3 y when four letters picked without replacement from {a: 1, c: 1, p: 1, y: 4, i: 2, e: 3}.
4/165
Calculate prob of picking 2 p when two letters picked without replacement from zpzzhpvbhpvzhzbpzz.
2/51
Calculate prob of picking 2 j when two letters picked without replacement from jjpjjpjpppjjjjjpjjj.
26/57
Two letters picked without replacement from qqlqqqlqqqqq. Give prob of picking 1 q and 1 l.
10/33
Calculate prob of picking 2 s and 1 j when three letters picked without replacement from srjsje.
1/10
Calculate prob of picking 3 z and 1 l when four letters picked without replacement from {z: 7, y: 5, d: 3, l: 3, c: 1}.
35/1292
Calculate prob of picking 2 j when two letters picked without replacement from jrj.
1/3
Three letters picked without replacement from xhxriexxehed. What is prob of picking 1 h, 1 d, and 1 e?
3/110
Two letters picked without replacement from jjjjljjjjljjjjjjjjjj. What is prob of picking 2 j?
153/190
Four letters picked without replacement from {v: 1, w: 2, q: 2, e: 1, f: 2, y: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 w, 1 y, 1 v, and 1 q?
2/63
What is prob of picking 1 b and 1 z when two letters picked without replacement from rbzzbrvzbzv?
12/55
Calculate prob of picking 3 d when three letters picked without replacement from duuuuduuooououod.
1/560
Four letters picked without replacement from ckilmql. What is prob of picking 2 l, 1 m, and 1 q?
1/35
Calculate prob of picking 2 t and 2 w when four letters picked without replacement from {t: 2, w: 11, z: 2}.
11/273
Two letters picked without replacement from emxmemienxeixx. Give prob of picking 2 e.
6/91
What is prob of picking 1 n and 1 k when two letters picked without replacement from {n: 15, k: 4}?
20/57
Four letters picked without replacement from pppiippipppppi. What is prob of picking 3 p and 1 i?
480/1001
Two letters picked without replacement from yjzuuyjuyuijjz. Give prob of picking 1 j and 1 u.
16/91
Four letters picked without replacement from dttnnnabndda. Give prob of picking 1 t, 1 b, and 2 d.
2/165
Calculate prob of picking 1 r and 1 l when two letters picked without replacement from rrrruuururprplrppurr.
1/19
Calculate prob of picking 3 f and 1 r when four letters picked without replacement from {v: 3, f: 5, c: 3, r: 3, q: 1}.
2/91
What is prob of picking 1 g, 1 e, and 1 s when three letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, v: 3, g: 1, c: 2, s: 2, e: 3}?
3/110
What is prob of picking 1 b and 2 n when three letters picked without replacement from bbnnbbbbnnnbb?
40/143
Two letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, f: 1, z: 1}. What is prob of picking 1 j and 1 f?
1/3
Three letters picked without replacement from yrioro. Give prob of picking 2 o and 1 r.
1/10
What is prob of picking 3 g and 1 o when four letters picked without replacement from gtggtttggttttttggggo?
28/1615
Three letters picked without replacement from ququvqtvgvq. Give prob of picking 3 v.
1/165
Calculate prob of picking 3 l and 1 h when four letters picked without replacement from lhlhlhhhhhlllhlllh.
21/85
Two letters picked without replacement from ppppppp. Give prob of picking 2 p.
1
Calculate prob of picking 1 u and 1 d when two letters picked without replacement from ddu.
2/3
Two letters picked without replacement from kkkvckcgmmmgckkvkakk. What is prob of picking 1 m and 1 a?
3/190
Calculate prob of picking 2 v when two letters picked without replacement from vvvovvvovv.
28/45
Three letters picked without replacement from npqp. What is prob of picking 2 p and 1 q?
1/4
What is prob of picking 2 i and 1 u when three letters picked without replacement from uuuuuiuuuuui?
1/22
Calculate prob of picking 3 g when three letters picked without replacement from gggtggtggg.
7/15
What is prob of picking 4 c when four letters picked without replacement from {c: 8, e: 5, s: 4}?
1/34
What is prob of picking 3 t when three letters picked without replacement from {t: 3, l: 2}?
1/10
Four letters picked without replacement from yyzzzzyyyyzyyzzzzyzy. Give prob of picking 4 y.
14/323
Three letters picked without replacement from hhiihhh. What is prob of picking 2 i and 1 h?
1/7
What is prob of picking 1 n and 3 p when four letters picked without replacement from rrpdndpdrrpprnrpdr?
1/153
What is prob of picking 2 n and 1 r when three letters picked without replacement from hkrknnhnkkkhhkn?
6/455
Three letters picked without replacement from imdm. What is prob of picking 1 m, 1 d, and 1 i?
1/2
Calculate prob of picking 1 y and 2 u when three letters picked without replacement from {d: 4, u: 3, q: 2, j: 4, y: 2, f: 3}.
1/136
Two letters picked without replacement from lfdtb. Give prob of picking 1 l and 1 d.
1/10
Three letters picked without replacement from hhhclhbhhhhbhh. Give prob of picking 1 c and 2 b.
1/364
Three letters picked without replacement from yggrygggvyrrrgy. What is prob of picking 3 r?
4/455
Two letters picked without replacement from {s: 2, a: 2, d: 1, x: 2, m: 8, u: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 m and 1 a?
2/17
Calculate prob of picking 1 q and 1 f when two letters picked without replacement from {q: 3, f: 2}.
3/5
Calculate prob of picking 1 h and 2 f when three letters picked without replacement from {v: 3, q: 2, h: 4, f: 2, t: 7}.
1/204
Three letters picked without replacement from {y: 13, r: 5}. Give prob of picking 3 y.
143/408
Three letters picked without replacement from iiiolkokok. Give prob of picking 1 k and 2 o.
3/40
What is prob of picking 1 m, 1 c, and 1 z when three letters picked without replacement from wwwulcmmucmcuuwzlucl?
1/95
Four letters picked without replacement from oooaooaaooooaooaaoo. Give prob of picking 4 a.
5/1292
Two letters picked without replacement from {f: 2, c: 1, j: 3, z: 6}. What is prob of picking 1 c and 1 f?
1/33
Calculate prob of picking 4 k when four letters picked without replacement from {k: 7, h: 6}.
7/143
Two letters picked without replacement from {p: 1, o: 1, g: 3, q: 4, w: 2}. What is prob of picking 1 o and 1 w?
2/55
What is prob of pick | 102,764,104 |
The Boston Partners Study (BPS) and the Longitudinal HIV Prevention Project (LHIVPP) are two prospective cohort studies of 899 gay and bisexual men enrolled at the Fenway Community Health Center (FCHC) since 1985. The combined FCHC studies represent the largest cohort of prospectively followed high risk and HIV infected persons in New England. In cross-sectional analyses, we have found that when men drank and used drugs before and during anal sex they were less likely to use condoms than when they were sober. This was also observed among HIV discordant pairs who knew their HIV antibody status. The proposed study has the following aims: 1. To explore further the relationship between drinking, drug use and unprotected sex, by evaluating the entire cohort in two waves of data collection six months apart. 2. To compare the HIV status, drinking, drug use and unprotected sex among gay and bisexual couples compared to men not in steady relationships. 3. To evaluate the prevalence of problem drinking and seeking behavior and determine its relationship to alcohol, drug use and unsafe sex. 4. To determine if younger gay and bisexual men (aged 18-24) have different sexual practices, alcohol and drug use than older gay and bisexual men. 5. To determine if bisexual have different sexual practices, alcohol and drug use with their female sexual partners compared to their male sexual partners. We propose to: 1) enroll a cohort of young gay men, 2) enroll a cohort of female partners of bisexual men and, 3) re-interview all currently enrolled gay and bisexual men to obtain information about their drinking and drug use and how it effects their sexual behavior. These relationships will be evaluated in the context of sexual couples and their health beliefs to understand their roles play in high risk behaviors. | 102,764,293 |
Get breaking news alerts and special reports. The news and stories that matter, delivered weekday mornings.
Two church pastors and a 90-year-old man were charged for feeding homeless people in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, under a strict new city ordinance that virtually bans private groups from handing out food.
Despite a looming court date and the threat of being fined or jailed for violating the ordinance, the men said they plan to feed more needy later Wednesday.
Homeless activist Arnold Abbott, 90, and Christian ministers Dwayne Black of the Sanctuary Church in Fort Lauderdale and Mark Sims of St. Mary Magdalene Episcopal Church in Coral Springs were handing out meals in a park on Sunday, two days after Fort Lauderdale's ordinance took effect, when police approached them with their sirens flashing, Black said. The three were issued citations and face a $500 fine or 60 days in jail.
"This is not how our government is supposed to work," Black told NBC News. "These are people who need to be fed, and we will be feeding [again] today at 5 o'clock."
The ordinance — the fourth one that Fort Lauderdale has passed this year concerning the homeless — requires groups handing out food to homeless to be at least 500 feet away from residential properties. It limits feeding sites for homeless to one in any given city block, and prevent feeding sites from being within 500 feet of each other.
Let our news meet your inbox. The news and stories that matters, delivered weekday mornings. This site is protected by recaptcha
Black said the threat of police charging them again won't stop him and Abbott, who runs a non-profit organization called Feed Thy Neighbor, from handing out meals on a public beach Wednesday evening.
"As a Christian, it's pretty clear," he said. "Feed thy sheep. Take care of them."
Fort Lauderdale police said they were aware of Black and Abbott's plans, and said they had clashed with Abbott before.
"This individual was aware of the ordinance. He was warned, and when he violated the ordinance even after being warned is when he was issued the notice to appear," Fort Lauderdale Detective DeAnna Greenlaw said.
"This is not how our government is supposed to work. These are people who need to be fed."
Abbott, who Black describes as "the Mother Teresa" of community service to homeless people, successfully sued the city in 1999 for trying to stop him from feeding homeless, reported local10.com in Florida. Abbott did not immediately return phone calls from NBC News, but told local10.com he would sue again.
"These are the poorest of the poor. They have nothing. They don't have a roof over their heads. How do you turn them away?" he said.
A court date for the three men has not yet been set.
Legislative action criminalizing the distribution of food to homeless people is picking up speed across the U.S. More than 30 cities have passed or are considering such bans, with advocates arguing that allowing ministries and others to hand out meals aggravates homelessness by luring homeless people away from city-run programs. | 102,764,360 |
Hypolipidemic activity of boronated nucleosides and nucleotides in rodents.
Base-boronated nucleoside and phosphate-boronated nucleotides were potent hypolipidemic agents in rodents, lowering both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Rat VLDL and LDL cholesterol levels were generally reduced and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly elevated after 14 days dosing at 8 mg/kg/day. Tissue cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid levels were reduced by selected derivatives. Increased fecal excretion of lipids did not appear to be a mechanism by which these derivatives lowered serum lipids in rodents. Rather, the agents suppressed appetite and reduced the activities of rate-limiting enzymes for de novo lipid synthesis, specifically cytoplasmic acetyl CoA synthetase, squalene synthetase, and phosphatidylate phosphohydrolase with IC50 values of approximately 10(-5) m. | 102,764,886 |
Terms & Conditions
Poolside Beer Brunch
Invite friends
About The Event
Aura Laidback Beer Brunch - In Russia they drink beer as a cure to hangover. Join us at a refreshning brunch with unlimted beers at the pooldeck on 1st Jan'16. The chefs special menu would ensure a refreshing experience on your first meal of the year. Poolside beer brunch from 11.30am to 03.30pm at Rs.1499/ per person onwards.
Awesome!
Event saved successfully!
Email to Friends and Colleagues
You are invited to attend Poolside Beer Brunch
Your Name
Your Email Address
To Email Address ( Up to 10 email addresses separated by (,) commas )
Message
Captcha
Privacy Protected. Your email will only be seen by your invitee(s). We do not share your contact information with anyone. | 102,765,302 |
In response to Danny's answer, I had read a book long ago about a Native American Indian tribe in the Southwest (can't remember exactly which one, unfortunately). In it, they stated that this particular tribe had a "coming of age" ritual for their young males and future warriors when they turned around 13-14y/o. They would seperate them from the rest of the tribe for a period of training with the best warriors/hunters/elders of the tribe. Nightly, they would ingest the semen of their teachers in order to obtain their attributes. There must have been something to it, as they were known as one of the fiercest tribes in the region.
I hope that helps you out, Danny. I can try to locate that book again and get some more of the particulars to you. Feel free to e-mail, if you wish. (ajs_daddy_48131@yahoo.com). | 102,765,318 |
Sometimes I wear tight, revealing clothing to work just so I can catch male coworkers staring at me.
459 shares | 102,765,773 |
Q:
How do you create a while true loop while still keeping a tkinter page open?
I am trying to create a tkinter page that shows the time and it should be constantly updated. I have tried:
from tkinter.font import *
import time
def SetTime():
global time_date
time_date = time.strftime("%H:%M")
InfoTime.set(time_date)
Main = Tk()
Main.geometry("1600x1200")
Main.title("Time")
FontStyle = Font(family = "Times New Roman", size = 48)
InfoTime = StringVar()
TitleText = Label(Main,textvariable = InfoTime,font = FontStyle).pack()
while True:
SetTime()
However, running the
While True: line and running
SetTime()
constantly is for some reason preventing the tkinter page (Main) from opening. This has been a problem for a lot of my tkinter projects.
Please note, I am running python 3.7.2 in IDLE.
Thanks.
A:
This should do it:
from tkinter import *
from tkinter.font import *
import time
Main = Tk()
Main.geometry("1600x1200")
Main.title("Time")
FontStyle = Font(family = "Times New Roman", size = 48)
TitleText = Label(Main, font = FontStyle)
TitleText.pack()
time_date1 = ''
def SetTime():
global time_date1
global TitleText
# Gets current time
time_date2 = time.strftime("%H:%M")
# If time has changed, update it
if time_date2 != time_date1:
time_date1 = time_date2
TitleText.config(text=time_date2)
# Repeats function every 200 milliseconds
TitleText.after(200, SetTime)
SetTime()
Main.mainloop()
The comments pretty much explain everything. I also cleaned up and reformatted your code to make it look nicer.
| 102,765,776 |
[TW] Trigger Warning. This is where survivors of rape/abuse/assault may come and share their stories. I myself am a survivor of rape, abuse, and assault. I currently suffer from PTSD, major atypical depression, and anxiety. The Ask Box is ALWAYS open; anon or not. Please share what's on your mind. I am here to help.
At the bottom of the page are links to books and other things that can help with trauma.
http://survivorsupport.org/ | 102,765,892 |
Gene Simmons' wife lashes out at Paul Stanley
The 59-year-old model hit out after guitarist and co-lead singer of KISS Paul Stanley took to Twitter to say he was "embarrassed by the cold, clueless statements" made by bandmate Gene when he called Prince's death's "pathetic" .
Shannon tweeted: "We ALL have our failings but true friends don't point at them & throw you under the bus! Especially partners of 40 years!"
But Paul hit back, saying: "Partners of 40 years says it all. Don't confuse walking under the bus with being thrown under. My apology was right."
The row came after rocker Gene said in a recent interview: "How pathetic that [Prince] killed himself. Don't kid yourself, that's what he did. Slowly, I'll grant you... but that's what drugs and alcohol is: a slow death."
Paul tweeted a link to the article and wrote: "Embarrassed by cold clueless statements re Prince's death. Without all the facts better to say nothing. My apologies."
Simmons later issued his own apology, writing: "I just got such s**t from my family for my big mouth again. I apologise - I have a long history at getting very angry at drug users because of my experience being around them coming up in the rock scene.
"In my experience they've made my life, and the lives of their loved ones, difficult. I was raised in a culture/crowd where drug addicts were written off as losers, and since that's the narrative I grew up with, it's been hard to change with the times.
"Needless to say, I didn't express myself properly here - I don't shy away from controversy, and angry critics really don't bother me at all. If I think I'm right, I'll throw up a finger and dig my heels in and laugh. | 102,766,023 |
Q:
Setting up an embedded Derby database in a standalone Java application
I'm trying to setup an embedded Derby database for a standalone Java application, but after pouring through all sorts of documentation, I just can't seem to find any simple explanations or examples. I'm using Eclipse with the Derby plugin and have enabled Derby nature for my project.
I found an example of using an embedded Derby database in a standalone address book as well as an overview of using Derby in Eclipse (that doesn't seem to cover the embedded deployment), but I still feel like I'm missing something fundamental.
This is my first time attempting to use a database with Java, and I'm a little confused, so here are my basic questions:
What's the basic philosophy (or model) for how Java interacts with a Derby database (in an embedded deployment)? Are their important design patterns to be followed?
Do I need to create some type of database constructor (that includes table structure, etc.) in a class, or is that all done with some other tool?
One the database is created and saved, how do I "start" it up? And where is the actual database saved?
Snippets of code would be very helpful!
A:
To use Derby in Java in embedded mode, we need to do the following steps:
Use the org.apache.derby.jdbc.EmbeddedDriver driver, located in
the derbyclient Maven dependency
Use the connection string for embedded mode: jdbc:derby:dbname
Set up the Derby system home:
System.setProperty("derby.system.home", "/home/janbodnar/.derby");
Shut down Derby programatically at the end:
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:derby:;shutdown=true");
Handle XJ015 error, which is triggered at successfull shutdown
Full working examples can be found at my Java JDBC Derby programming tutorial.
| 102,766,124 |
SRAM has just announced the acquisition of PowerTap, inclusive of their entire lineup of power meters (wheel hubs, pedals, and chainrings). The acquisition is not inclusive of the CycleOps trainer brand, nor of the Saris rack brands. Both of those will continue to be owned by Saris.
While SRAM has technically made the acquisition, it sounds like the end-state home will really be Quarq, based in Spearfish, SD. Quarq of course makes power meters, as well as other cycling technology tidbits like the Quarq Qollector and TyreWiz products. At present, from a power meter standpoint, there’s very little direct overlap between the measurement points of the two companies. Quarq doesn’t make power meter pedals or wheel hubs, though they do both compete in the crank spider-ish region (Quarq’s are based on the crank spider, whereas PowerTap’s C1 chainring unit that’s largely been phased out is nearby in that area).
The Future of PowerTap:
In talking to both companies, it’s clear that for the immediate 4-6 week future there’s no real impact to existing PowerTap customers. PowerTap will continue to manufacture, sell, and support the products. The key there being they do indeed continue to keep making these products. Certainly there’s been discussion around where the PowerTap P2 pedals fit into the market and whether they were falling behind – but ultimately, people are still buying them.
Starting sometime in May, Quarq employees will take over support from PowerTap, and handle all service and support from their existing Quarq facilities. Eventually (longer term, many months), they’ll be doing more global support as well throughout existing SRAM facilities. That’s long been a sticking point for certain geographies outside the US and Europe. Quarq says better global support is high on their list to get sorted.
Manufacturing of current products will continue at PowerTap for a bit longer, until Quarq can fully shift and take over manufacturing at their Spearfish location. They don’t have an exact time frame for that nailed down, but it looks to be a case of ‘as quickly as they can move to do so.’
Jim Meyer, co-founder of Quarq noted that “All PowerTap product lines will come to the Spearfish location, and we’ll do sales, service, and manufacturing”. With the caveat that going forward, only the PowerTap pedals and hub products will continue manufacturing – with the C1 chainring being discontinued (support will continue for those products). Additionally, while Quarq has acquired the assets related to the PowerCal strap and speed sensors, there’s no specific plans at this time for those.
Jim says that they’ll not only continue to make the PowerTap products, but plan to continue investing in those product lines for new models down the road, saying they “want to invest in the pedal family”. The product names will stay as-is, and Quarq sees those simply as model names, just like ‘DZero’ is a model name – the PowerTap P2 pedal is a model now for Quarq. They said that once they’ve had time to sort out understanding the engineering on the P2 pedal, they’ll look at next steps for what would presumably be called a P3 pedal.
Further, last year at Eurobike, PowerTap showed off early designs of their PowerTap G4 hub for disc brake systems. Jim noted that “Overall the G4 hub we like, and it’s one of the attractive things about the acquisition”, and says they absolutely plan to make that product. However, keep in mind any timing that PowerTap had somewhat goes out the window now (which, is logical, since we’re already months beyond those stated timelines). He said they need to sort out understanding the product fully first before they can commit to any exact time frames for release, as well as any tweaks they might make to it.
From PowerTap’s standpoint, they felt that SRAM was in a better position longer-term than they were to be in the power meter industry, especially as the inevitable shift occurs towards power meters becoming more and more handled at the OEM/bike level than individual power meter companies. This is a sentiment I’ve heard echoed by other major power meter brands over the last 6-8 months, as they all seem to be stepping up their longer-term diversification efforts.
And in fact, completely unprompted, Jim from Quarq finished the conversation by saying that “power meters are maturing as a product category, and power is a feature that you just kinda expect” on a bike or component set. “The days of having one-off power meter products are somewhat numbered.”
CycleOps Future:
In some ways, the more interesting thing here is what the next steps for CycleOps will be, which was of course paired to the hip with PowerTap, both being entities within the Saris umbrella. The two companies shared engineers and support staff. The same engineer that worked on the PowerTap pedals would turn around and work on the CycleOps Hammer.
Which might make it somewhat expected that no people are being transferred to SRAM as part of this acquisition. This is purely an assets transfer of IP (intellectual property) and related, and not any sort of employee transfer. As such, Saris notes that no loss of jobs will occur, as instead those responsible for PowerTap functions (partially or otherwise) will simply transition full time to focusing on CycleOps.
So why make the sale? In talking with them, they see this as a way to focus deeper on the indoor training space, as well as the Saris rack spaces. Both of which are markets that are growing faster. Further, they’re also looking at other business areas that may be ripe for acquisition and/or investment. Obviously, since now they’ve got some extra cash lying around (the acquisition officially closed yesterday).
Of course, I know a number of people (myself included) feel that the trainer side of the CycleOps business has somewhat been neglected the past couple years. We haven’t really seen significant product releases, though, they did tease the CycleOps platform last summer at Eurobike.
In discussing that with CEO Jeff Frehner, he seemed optimistic for the future. This move effectively frees them of the resource strain that is supporting these two product lines, and gives them flexibility, noting that “this affords us the opportunity to double-down on a very hot part of the park, and we’ve got some things coming that I’m really proud of and excited about at Eurobike [2019]”. Eurobike is the first week of September this year.
And again, now that they get those resources back from the PowerTap side of the house, they should be able to re-focus on the indoor trainer space.
Certainly, I think a lot of people are looking forward to that, and looking forward to seeing what comes from the company later this year.
With that – thanks for reading! | 102,766,134 |
Retailers are continually evolving product displays in hopes of discovering more effective and visually attractive means for displaying products to potential consumers. The retail display of frames, artwork, other wall hangings, or similar products offered for retail sale presents specific challenges as potential consumers generally want to view and/or tactilely examine edges and corners of the products, but the same areas of the products need to be protected during transport and display. Consequently, new aesthetically pleasing packaging that allows for tactile examination and viewing while still protecting the products from inadvertent damage are desired. | 102,766,241 |
---
abstract: 'A novel single-particle technique to measure emittance has been developed and used to characterise seventeen different muon beams for the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE). The muon beams, whose mean momenta vary from 171 to 281MeV/$c$, have emittances of approximately 1.2–2.3$\pi$mm-rad horizontally and 0.6–1.0$\pi$mm-rad vertically, a horizontal dispersion of 90–190mm and momentum spreads of about 25MeV/$c$. There is reasonable agreement between the measured parameters of the beams and the results of simulations. The beams are found to meet the requirements of MICE.'
bibliography:
- 'references\_v2.bib'
date: 'Received: date / Accepted: date – Entered later'
title: Characterisation of the muon beams for the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment
---
Introduction\[sec:Introduction\]
================================
A future high-energy Neutrino Factory or Muon Collider will require an intense source of muons. The large volume of phase space occupied by muons at production must be reduced before they are accelerated and stored. The short muon lifetime prohibits the use of conventional cooling techniques; another technique must be developed to maximise the muon flux delivered to a storage ring.
Ionisation cooling is the only practical approach. A muon passing through a low-$Z$ material loses energy by ionisation, reducing its transverse and longitudinal momenta. The longitudinal momentum is restored by accelerating cavities, with the net effect of reducing the divergence of the beam and thus the transverse phase space the beam occupies.
The muon beams at the front-end of a Neutrino Factory or Muon Collider will be similar. They are expected to have a very large transverse normalised emittance of $\varepsilon_{N} \approx$ 12–20$\pi$mm-rad and momentum spreads of 20MeV/$c$ or more about a central momentum of 200MeV/$c$. The transverse emittance must be reduced to 2- 5$\pi$mm-rad (depending on the subsequent acceleration scheme) for a Neutrino Factory [@NFReference; @FS2A; @nf; @nfISS]. Further transverse and longitudinal cooling is required for a Muon Collider. Emittances of $0.4\,\pi$mm-rad and $1\,\pi$mm-rad are desired in the transverse and longitudinal planes respectively, where the latter is achieved by emittance exchange [@higgsFactory].
The Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE) will be the first experiment to demonstrate the practicality of muon ionisation cooling. This paper describes measurements of the muon beams that will be used by MICE.
The MICE Experiment\[sec:The-Muon-Ionisation\]
==============================================
MICE will measure the ionisation cooling efficiency of one “Super Focus-Focus” (SFOFO) lattice cell [@SFOFO] based on the cooling-channel design of Neutrino Factory Feasibility Study 2 [@NFReference]. A detailed description of the cooling cell is contained in [@MICE_TRD]. Since ionisation cooling depends on momentum (via the dependence of energy loss and multiple scattering in materials), the MICE experiment has been designed to measure the performance of the cell for beams of 140 to 240MeV/$c$ with large momentum spreads; liquid hydrogen and other low-$Z$ absorber materials will be studied.
The expected reduction in emittance ($\approx$10% using liquid hydrogen) is too small to be measured conventionally, where methods typically attain 10% precision. MICE will therefore make single-particle measurements using scintillating fibre trackers [@TrackerPaper] inside superconducting solenoids (the “spectrometer solenoids”) at each end of the cooling cell. Cherenkov detectors and time-of-flight (TOF) detectors provide upstream particle identification; the TOFs will also allow the muons to be timed with respect to the RF phase. A pre-shower detector and a muon ranger will provide particle identification downstream of the cooling section.
MICE beam requirements\[sub:MICE-beam-requirements\]
----------------------------------------------------
For a realistic demonstration of cooling the beams used should closely resemble those expected at the front end of a Neutrino Factory, *i.e.*, they should have a large momentum spread and a large normalised emittance. The emittance must be variable to allow the equilibrium emittance—which depends on the absorber material and the optics of the channel—to be measured.
The MICE beam line has been designed to produce beams of three different emittances at each of three central momenta. These beams are named by the convention “$\left(\varepsilon_{N},p_{z}\right)$” according to their normalised transverse emittance at the entrance to the cooling section and longitudinal momentum at the centre of the first absorber. The nominal (RMS) input emittances are $\varepsilon_{N} =3$, 6 and $10\,\pi$mm-rad; the central momenta are 140, 200 and 240MeV/$c$. The baseline beam configuration is $\left(\varepsilon_N,p_{z}\right)$ = ($6\,\pi$mm-rad, 200MeV/$c$).
The beams of different emittances will be generated by means of a “diffuser”, which allows a variable thickness of high-$Z$ material to be inserted into the beam at the entrance to the upstream spectrometer solenoid. Scattering increases the emittance of the beam to the desired values and, as a consequence of the energy lost in the material, beams with a higher emittance downstream of the diffuser must have a higher momentum upstream. An important requirement is that the muon beam downstream of the diffuser is correctly matched in the spectrometer solenoid.
MICE muon beam line\[sub:MICE-beamline\]
----------------------------------------
The new muon beam line for MICE (at the ISIS proton synchrotron, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory) is shown in Figure \[fig:MICE-upstream-beamline\] and described at length in [@BeamlinePaper]. A titanium target [@target] samples the proton beam, creating pions that are captured by the upstream quadrupoles (Q1–3) and momentum-selected by the first dipole (D1). The beam is transported to the Decay Solenoid, which focuses the pions and captures the decay muons.
The second dipole (D2) can be tuned to select muons emitted backwards in the pion rest frame to obtain a high purity muon beam. The final transport is through two large-aperture quadrupole triplets, Q4–6 and Q7–9, that focus the beam onto the diffuser. Each of the three quadrupole triplets is arranged to focus-defocus-focus in the horizontal plane; the beam line can be operated in either polarity. The optics of this section are determined by the desired emittance of the beam in the cooling channel and the requirement of matching into the spectrometer solenoid.
A time-of-flight station (TOF0) and two aerogel Cherenkov detectors are located just after the Q4–6 triplet; a second time-of-flight station (TOF1) is located after the final triplet (Q7–9). A low-mass scintillating-fibre beam-position monitor (BPM) is located close to Q7. For the $\mu^+$ beams, a variable thickness polyethylene absorber is introduced upstream of D2 to reduce the flux of protons incident on TOF0.
The TOF detectors are described in [@BeamlinePaper; @TOFref]. Each station consists of two perpendicular ($x,y$) planes of 25.4mm thick scintillator slabs. Each end of each slab is coupled to a fast photomultiplier and subsequent electronics [@TOFref3]. The measured timing resolutions are $\sigma_{t}=55$ps and $\sigma_{t}=53$ps at TOF0 and TOF1 respectively [@anothertofref]. The differences in the arrival times of light at each end of the slabs are used to obtain transverse position measurements with resolutions of $\sigma_{x}=9.8$mm at TOF0 and $\sigma_{x}=11.4$mm at TOF1 [@MarksThesis].
Beam line design \[sub:BL-design\]
----------------------------------
The initial design of the baseline $\left(\varepsilon_N,p_{z}\right)$ = ($6\,\pi$mm-rad, 200MeV/$c$) $\mu^{+}$ beam was made using the TURTLE beam transport code [@turtle] assuming a 1cm thick lead diffuser. The design was then optimised with G4beamline [@G4BL], with matching conditions in the upstream spectrometer solenoid of $\alpha_{x}=\alpha_{y}=0$ and $\beta_{x}=\beta_{y}=333$mm [@BeamlinePaper]. The baseline beam design does not compensate for horizontal dispersion introduced at D2. The remaining $\left(\varepsilon_N,p_{z}\right)$ beam settings were obtained by scaling the magnet currents of the baseline case according to the the local muon momentum, accounting for the energy loss of muons in the beam line material, *i.e.* scaled by a factor $p_{\mathrm{new}}/p_{\mathrm{base}}$. Hence, the beam line will transport 18 different beams to the cooling channel with $\varepsilon_{N}=3,6,10\,\pi$mm-rad and $p_{z}=140,200,240$MeV/$c$, after the diffuser, in two beam polarities.
The “re-scaled” beam line settings will transport muons to the cooling channel with the desired momenta but are not necessarily matched in the first spectrometer as scattering in the diffuser changes the optical parameters. Because the diffuser is thin, the beta function will decrease by the same ratio as the emittance is increased and therefore the final optics and diffuser thicknesses cannot be determined until the inherent emittances of the input beams are known.
The beam line was commissioned in MICE “Step I” in 2010–2011. Data were taken for eight positive and nine negative beam settings to verify the beam line design and determine the characteristics of the beams, in particular their momentum distributions, emittances and dispersions. The result of the commissioning is presented below.
Characterising the MICE beams\[sec:Characterising-the-MICE-beam\]
=================================================================
Emittance is the area occupied by a charged particle beam, in two, four, or six-dimensional trace-space, given by $\varepsilon = \sqrt{\det\Sigma}$ where $\Sigma$ is the covariance matrix. In two dimensions, $$\Sigma = \left( \begin{array}{cc}
\sigma_{xx} & \sigma_{xx'} \\
\sigma_{x'x} & \sigma_{x'x'}
\end{array} \right)
\equiv
\left( \begin{array}{cc}
\varepsilon \beta & - \varepsilon \alpha \\
- \varepsilon \alpha & \varepsilon \gamma
\end{array} \right),$$ where, for example, $\sigma_{xx}=\overline{x}\,\overline{x} - \overline{xx}$ and $\overline{x}$ denotes the mean. The covariance matrix can also be expressed in terms of the Twiss parameters $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$, and $\varepsilon$ giving a full parameterisation of the beam.
Several different methods exist for measuring the emittance of beams [@McDonald]. Commonly, beam profile monitors are used to measure the RMS beam size, $\sigma_{x}$, at several positions. At least three profile monitors are required to determine the three elements of the covariance matrix and hence the emittance of the beam; the transfer matrices between the profile monitors must be known. These methods do not require individual particles to be tracked but are ultimately limited by the spatial resolution of the detectors and the intensity of the beam.
By contrast, the MICE muon beam is large in spatial extent and its intensity is low compared to conventional primary beams. The emittance and optical parameters of such a beam can be measured if either the trace space co-ordinates, $(x,x'), (y,y')$ of individual particles can be measured at a single plane or, as in the new method described here, the spatial co-ordinates of individual particles are measured at two detectors and the transfer matrix between the detectors is known.
In the later Steps of MICE the beam emittance will be measured by a scintillating fibre tracker inside a 4T solenoid. This detector was not present during Step I and the new method was developed to characterise the beam using only the two TOF detectors. The relative times and $(x,y)$ positions of single particles are measured in the two TOF stations and muons are selected by broad time-of-flight cuts. Each muon is tracked through the Q7–9 quadrupole triplet, determining the trace space angles $x'$ and $y'$ at each plane. Simultaneously, the muon momenta is measured by time-of-flight, which is important as the beam has a large momentum spread and the transfer matrix between the two detectors depends strongly on momentum. The covariance matrix of the beam is then obtained from a large sample of muons so measured. The method is described briefly below; its detailed development is given in [@MarksThesis].
![The time-of-flight system and beam line section used to characterise the beam.\[fig:The-MICE-time-of-flight-system\]](figure2)
Figure \[fig:The-MICE-time-of-flight-system\] shows the section of beam line used for the measurements. The pole tip radius of the quadrupoles is 176mm. The two TOF detectors have active areas of 400mm $\times$ 400mm and 420mm $\times$ 420mm, respectively, and were separated by 7.705m during the 2010 commissioning; their combined time resolution of 76ps allows the momenta of muons to be determined with a resolution of $\sigma_p = 3.7$MeV/$c$ for $p_z = 230$MeV/$c$.
Measurement technique\[sub:Trace-space-reconstruction\]
-------------------------------------------------------
The measurement algorithm proceeds iteratively. An initial estimate of $p_{z}$ is made by assuming that a muon travels along the $z$-axis between the two TOF counters. This estimate is used to determine the $x$ and $y$ transfer matrices, $M_{x}(p_{z})$ and $M_{y}(p_{z})$, between TOF0 and TOF1. Once the transfer matrices are known, the trace-space vectors $(x_{0},x_{0}^{\prime})$ and $(y_{0},y_{0}')$, and $(x_{1},x_{1}')$ and $(y_{1},y_{1}')$, at TOF0 and TOF1 respectively, are obtained from the position measurements $(x_{0},y_{0})$ and $(x_{1},y_{1})$ by a rearrangement of the transport equations: $$\left(\begin{array}{c}
x_{1}\\
x_{1}^{\prime}
\end{array}\right)=M_{x}\left(\begin{array}{c}
x_{0}\\
x_{0}^{\prime}
\end{array}\right),
\nonumber$$ $$\left(\begin{array}{c}
y_{1}\\
y_{1}^{\prime}
\end{array}\right)=M_{y}\left(\begin{array}{c}
y_{0}\\
y_{0}^{\prime}
\end{array}\right)\,.
\label{eq:Trace-space-transport-equation}$$ Explicitly $$\left(\begin{array}{c}
x_{0}^{\prime}\\
x_{1}^{\prime}
\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{M_{12}}\left(\begin{array}{cc}
-M_{11} & 1\\
-1 & M_{22}
\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}
x_{0}\\
x_{1}
\end{array}\right),
\label{eq:Trace-Space_TransferMatrix}$$ where $M_{ij}$ are the (momentum dependent) elements of $M_{x}$, and similarly for $(y_{0}',y_{1}')$. The estimates of $(x_{0},x_{0}')$, $(y_{0},y_{0}')$, and $p_{z}$ are used to track the muon between TOF0 and TOF1 and obtain an improved estimate of the trajectory and a correction, $\Delta s$, to the path length. To ensure convergence to a stable solution, only half the predicted $\Delta s$ was applied before recalculating the momentum from the time-of-flight; the procedure was repeated ten times for each muon although a convergent solution was found after typically five iterations. Finally, a small correction ($\approx$ 1.5MeV/$c$) is applied to account for energy loss in the material, including air, between the TOF counters.
![ Quadrupole gradients for the ($6\,\pi$mm-rad, 200MeV/$c$) baseline muon beam (colour online).[]{data-label="fig:gradients"}](figure3)
In order to obtain the transfer matrices, the focusing gradients of quadrupoles Q7–9 were determined by fitting the results of an OPERA [@OPERARef] field model of the quadrupole with two hyperbolic tangent functions [@MarksThesis]. Figure \[fig:gradients\] shows the focusing gradients of the Q7–9 triplet. The quadrupoles are thick and their fields overlap substantially. A more computationally efficient, and sufficiently accurate, “top-hat” model of the magnets was used to obtain $\Delta s$ [@MarksThesis].
Equation \[eq:Trace-Space\_TransferMatrix\] for $x_{1}'$, which is used to determine the horizontal emittance at TOF1, can be expressed as $$x_{1}' = A(p_{z}) x_{0} + B(p_{z}) x_{1}$$ and [*mutatis mutandis*]{} for $y'$. The coefficients $A(p_{z})$ and $B(p_{z})$ for the baseline (6,200) beam, with mean $p_{z} \approx 230$MeV/$c$, are shown in Figure \[fig:ABcoeffs\]. Both $A$ and $B$ are strongly momentum dependent below 200MeV/$c$.
![ The reconstruction coefficients $A(p_{z})$ (top) and $B(p_{z})$ (bottom) for the (6,200) baseline muon beam. The solid (blue) lines are for $x'$ (horizontal); the dashed (red) lines are for $y'$ (vertical).[]{data-label="fig:ABcoeffs"}](figure4a "fig:") ![ The reconstruction coefficients $A(p_{z})$ (top) and $B(p_{z})$ (bottom) for the (6,200) baseline muon beam. The solid (blue) lines are for $x'$ (horizontal); the dashed (red) lines are for $y'$ (vertical).[]{data-label="fig:ABcoeffs"}](figure4b "fig:")
The procedure described above enabled the reconstruction of the trace space vectors at both TOF counters as well as the momenta of single muons. The path length correction, which could be as much as 15–20mm, was necessary to avoid a systematic underestimate of $p_{z}$ of about 4MeV/$c$.
The momentum distributions and the $(x_{1},x_{1}')$ and $(y_{1},y_{1}')$ covariance matrices, $\Sigma_{x,y}$, at the upstream side of TOF1 for each measured beam were obtained from all the muons recorded for that beam. The effective optical parameters and the emittances of each beam were deduced from $\Sigma_{x,y}$ as described in Section \[Sec:EmittanceAndOpticalParameters\]. The systematic uncertainty on the measurements is discussed in Section \[Sec:Errors\]
Monte Carlo simulations of the MICE beam line
---------------------------------------------
Monte Carlo simulations were made for six of the 18 possible beam settings to check the beam line design software. The ($6\,\pi$mm-rad, $p_{z}$ = 140, 200, 240MeV/$c$) $\mu^+$ and $\mu^-$ beams were simulated in two steps. G4beamline was used to track particles from the target as far as TOF0; the G4MICE Monte Carlo [@G4MICE] was then used to track muons between TOF0 and TOF1. Both simulations contained descriptions of the material in, and surrounding, the beam line and magnet models, including the apertures of the quadrupoles Q4–9, using the optics designed for the corresponding beams. The simulations suggest that the final emittance of the beams before the diffuser is $\approx 1\,\pi$mm-rad, partly due to scattering in the material in the beam line but limited by the aperture of the quadrupoles. Dispersion in the horizontal plane due to D2 is expected.
Performance of the reconstruction algorithm\[sub:Performance-of-reco\]
----------------------------------------------------------------------
![ Difference between reconstructed and true momenta for a simulated 200MeV/$c$ muon beam.[]{data-label="fig:MarkFigures_5pt7_5pt10_5p14_5pt_15"}](figure5)
The performance of the reconstruction algorithm was determined by smearing the true simulated coordinates of the muons at each TOF plane with the measured time and position resolutions of the TOFs. The trace-space vectors were reconstructed by the method described in Section \[sub:Trace-space-reconstruction\] to obtain a set of simulated reconstructed muons.
Figure \[fig:MarkFigures\_5pt7\_5pt10\_5p14\_5pt\_15\] shows, for a simulated $(6,200)\,\mu^{-}$ beam, the difference between reconstructed and true momenta. The RMS width of the distribution of 3.7MeV/$c$ confirms that the momentum resolution is dominated by the timing resolution of the TOF system. It is sufficiently small to measure the large expected widths of approximately 20MeV/$c$ of the momentum distributions.
Figure \[fig:MarkFigure\_5pt18\] shows the agreement between the true and reconstructed angles, $x_{1}^{\prime}$ and $y_{1}^{\prime}$ for the simulated $(6,200)\,\mu^{-}$ beam. The average angular resolutions, $\sigma_{x_{1}'}$ and $\sigma_{y_{1}'}$, for this beam are approximately 29 and 8mrad respectively. They are determined by the position resolution of the TOF counters and multiple scattering, and depend on momentum as $x_{1}'$ and $y_{1}'$ are obtained from position measurements using the momentum-dependent elements of the transfer matrix. The angular resolutions are small but not negligible compared with the expected widths of the $x_{1}'$ and $y_{1}'$ distributions.
Results of the measurements and comparison with simulations
===========================================================
Data were taken for eight positive and nine negative re-scaled beams that, when used in conjunction with the diffuser, will generate the full range of desired emittances (see Section \[sub:BL-design\]); the polarity of the decay solenoid was kept the same for both positive and negative beams. Muons in the data were selected by broad time-of-flight cuts chosen for each nominal beam momentum.
The simulations used in this analysis suggest that the pion contamination at TOF0 of the $\mu^-$ data is about one percent and less than five percent for the $\mu^+$ sample [@MarksThesis]. Recent measurements [@KLpaper] indicate a somewhat smaller pion contamination.
[\[fig:six-momentum-distributions\]]{}
Longitudinal momentum
---------------------
Figure \[fig:six-momentum-distributions\] shows the distributions of $p_{z}$ at TOF1 for six beams compared with the results of the simulations. Overall the measured and simulated distributions agree well in shape and width. The $\mu^+$ beams have a slightly greater momentum spread than the $\mu^-$ beams, due to energy loss fluctuations in the proton absorber. The agreement between the measured and simulated momentum distributions is better for the $\mu^-$ beams than it is for the $\mu^+$ beams. Since the mean momentum is dictated by D2, the agreement between the measured and simulated mean momenta at TOF1 confirms the beam line design. The mean momenta and the RMS widths of the measured beams are given in Table \[tab:PzInDataAndSimulation\]. The systematic error on $p_{z}$ is mainly due to the $\pm35$ps calibration uncertainty on the absolute time of flight value [@MarksThesis] and is estimated to be less than 3MeV/$c$ for all momenta below 300MeV/$c$.
Transverse spatial distributions {#sec:transdis}
--------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --
[\[fig:beamsizes\]]{}
Figure \[fig:xyplots\] shows a comparison of the spatial distributions in the transverse plane at TOF1 for a simulated (6,200)$\mu^{-}$ beam before and after reconstruction, and data for the same beam. The effect of smearing by the reconstruction procedure is small. Muons crossing the shaded area are excluded from the simulation (and hence the reconstruction) as they pass through uncalibrated regions of TOF1. Since muons must cross both a horizontal and vertical slab of the TOF to be counted, these regions are excluded from the data. Figure \[fig:beamsizes\] shows the RMS horizontal and vertical beam sizes, $\sigma_{x}$ and $\sigma_{y}$, versus mean $p_{z}$ for all the measured beams and the six simulated beams. The sizes of the positive and negative muon beams are very similar both vertically and horizontally. The measured vertical beam size is about 10–20% smaller than suggested by the simulations. The horizontal beam size is about 10% smaller than the $\mu^{-}$ simulations but wider than the $\mu^{+}$ simulations.
{width="15cm"}
[\[fig:Chisq-distributions\]]{}
Figure \[fig:traceSpace\] shows the horizontal ($x,x'$) and vertical ($y,y'$) trace-space distributions at TOF1 for the (6,200)$\mu^{-}$ beam and the same distributions from the simulations with and without smearing due to the reconstruction. There is very good qualitative agreement between data and reconstructed simulations in both the horizontal and vertical trace spaces. The smearing due to the reconstruction is apparent. The distributions have a dense core and diffuse halo. The boundaries of the distributions reflect the apertures of the quadrupoles, principally Q9, transported to the TOF1 measurement plane downstream, and the size of TOF1. The vertical divergence of the beam is approximately three times smaller than the horizontal divergence.
Figure \[fig:Chisq-distributions\] shows the $x$ and $y$ amplitude distributions of muons in the (6,200)$\mu^-$ beam at TOF1 in terms of $\chi^2_{x,y}$ where $$\chi^{2}_{x} = [(x-\bar{x}), (x'-\bar{x}')]\Sigma_x^{-1}[(x-\bar{x}), (x'-\bar{x}')]^{T}
= {A_{x}}/{{\varepsilon_{x}}}\,,$$ $A_{x}$ is the amplitude of a muon in trace-space[^1] and ${\varepsilon_{x}} =\sqrt{\det \Sigma_{x}}$ is the emittance of the ensemble. The distributions of $\chi^{2}$ for the reconstructed simulation are shown for comparison. The initial exponential behaviour of the distribution suggests that the beam has a quasi-Gaussian core up to $\chi^{2} \approx 6$ and a non-Gaussian tail. The high amplitude tails of the distributions are slightly larger for the data than for the simulation.
Determination of emittances and effective optical parameters {#Sec:EmittanceAndOpticalParameters}
------------------------------------------------------------
The optical parameters and emittances of each beam were determined from the covariance matrices [@Rosenzweig] as $$\begin{aligned}
\varepsilon_{x} & = & \sqrt{\det \Sigma_{x}}, \nonumber \\
\beta_{x} & = & \frac{\Sigma_{11}} {\varepsilon_{x}}, \nonumber \\
\alpha_{x} & = & -\frac{\Sigma_{12}} {\varepsilon_{x}},\nonumber \end{aligned}$$ and similarly for $y$. Each of the beams, however, has a large momentum spread and $\alpha$ and $\beta$ vary with momentum. The parameters determined from the measurements are therefore effective parameters which describe the distributions in trace-space.
The reconstructed covariance matrices at TOF1 will differ from the true covariance matrices because of the finite spatial and angular resolution of the reconstruction, and multiple scattering in the air between the TOFs (which cannot be included in the simple transfer matrices used). The finite resolution leads to a small increase in the apparent emittance of the beams; scattering will lead to an underestimate of the emittances.
A small correction was made for the effects of resolution and scattering by subtracting a “resolution” matrix from each measured covariance matrix. The resolution matrices were estimated from the simulations by taking the difference between the covariance matrices of the reconstructed and true simulated beams. These resolution matrices were subtracted from the measured covariance matrices to obtain corrected, measured covariance matrices, *i.e.*, $$\begin{aligned}
\Sigma_{\rm Corrected} & = & \Sigma_{\rm Measured} - \Sigma_{\rm Resolution} \nonumber \\
& = & \Sigma_{\rm Measured} - (\Sigma_{\rm Reco-sim} - \Sigma_{\rm True-sim})\,. \nonumber \end{aligned}$$ Since simulations were made for only the six (6$\pi$mm-rad, $p_{z}$) beams, the resolution matrices estimated for these beams have been used to correct the measured covariance matrices for other beams at the same nominal momentum. As variances are very sensitive to outliers, muons in the high amplitude tails of the $(x,x')$ and $(y,y')$ distributions were excluded by requiring $\chi^2_{x,y} < 6$ before the corrected covariance matrices were calculated. The ellipses on Figure \[fig:traceSpace\] show the areas of the distributions included by this cut.
![RMS emittance ellipses in ($x,x'$) trace-space for data without correction for the measurement resolution (black dotted line), corrected data (black solid line) and true simulation (red dashed line). \[fig:resellipses\]](figure12)
Figure \[fig:resellipses\] shows, for the six beams for which simulations were made, the horizontal ($x, x'$) RMS emittance ellipses for the uncorrected data, the data after correction for resolution and the true simulation. The effect of the resolution correction is to reduce the apparent emittance of the beams and to rotate the ellipses into better alignment with the true simulation.
![Horizontal emittance after correction for measurement resolution and multiple scattering versus mean $p_{z}$ of the seventeen measured beams. Solid black circles: $\mu^{-}$ data, open black circles: $\mu^{+}$ data, solid red triangles: $\mu^{-}$ simulation, open red triangles: $\mu^{+}$ simulation. The nominal “$p_{z}=140$”MeV/$c$ beams correspond to momenta in the range 170–190MeV/$c$, “$p_{z}=200$” to 220–250MeV/$c$, and “$p_{z}=240$” to 250–290MeV/$c$.[]{data-label="fig:Hemit"}](figure13)
![Vertical emittance after correction for measurement resolution and multiple scattering versus mean $p_{z}$ of the seventeen measured beams. Solid black circles: $\mu^{-}$ data, open black circles: $\mu^{+}$ data, solid red triangles: $\mu^{-}$ simulation, open red triangles: $\mu^{+}$ simulation. The nominal “$p_{z}=140$”MeV/$c$ beams correspond to momenta in the range 170–190MeV/$c$, “$p_{z}=200$” to 220–250MeV/$c$, and “$p_{z}=240$” to 250–290MeV/$c$. []{data-label="fig:Vemit"}](figure14)
The measured emittances discussed below have not been corrected upward for the $\chi^2_{x,y} < 6$ requirement, which has also been applied to the simulated data, because the long non-Gaussian tail of the amplitude distribution (see Figure \[fig:Chisq-distributions\]) is not well-described by the simulations. For a pure Gaussian distribution 5% of the muons would have $\chi^2 > 6$ and the correction would increase the measured values of emittance by approximately 20%.
Figure \[fig:Hemit\] shows the measured horizontal emittances, after resolution correction, of all the seventeen beams versus the mean $p_{z}$ of the beam and the true emittances of the six simulated beams. The correction reduces the measured emittances by $0.6\,\pi$mm-rad on average; the largest correction is $-0.7\,\pi$mm-rad for the (10,140) $\mu^{+}$ beam. Figure \[fig:Vemit\] shows the measured vertical emittances of all the seventeen beams versus the mean $p_{z}$ of the beam and the emittances of the six simulated beams. The correction increases the measured vertical emittances by about 10%. Clipping occurs in the vertical plane as Q4 and Q7 are vertically defocusing. This collimates the beam, resulting in more uniform emittances compared to the horizontal plane.
Systematic uncertainties {#Sec:Errors}
------------------------
The error bars shown on Figures 13 and 14 include both statistical and systematic errors. Sources of systematic error fall into three broad categories; those that affect the transverse position measurement, momentum reconstruction, and path length corrections. The largest contribution to the uncertainty on the emittance measurement derives from the effective speed of light in the TOF slabs, which directly determines the measured RMS width of the spatial and angular distributions. The various sources, summarised in Table 2, were determined by examining the change in the reconstructed emittance and optical parameters when the positions of the TOF detectors and magnet currents were varied in simulation.
The TOF offsets arise from the uncertainty on their surveyed positions in the beam line. In each instance, a simulation was produced with one TOF offset by up to 1cm in $x,y$ or $z$ and the muon positions recorded. These positions were input into the reconstruction procedure, which assumes the beam line elements are located as given by survey. The largest uncertainty occurs when the TOFs are offset in the longitudinal ($z$) direction, which directly affects the momentum measurement by altering the distance $\Delta L$.
The uncertainty on the quadrupole triplet position in survey was investigated in the same manner as for the TOFs. However, since this does not affect the distance, $\Delta L$, it has a negligible effect on the momentum calculation and a plays a minor role in the path length correction assigned to a muon. The currents in the quadrupoles are known to better than 1%, and the effect of changing these currents was determined. A change in the quadrupole current by 1% has a small effect on the reconstructed path length of a muon, when compared to the nominal currents, and is a minor source of uncertainty on the emittance measurement. The uncertainty on $p_{z}$ has a much larger effect on the transfer matrix used than any scaling due to an uncertainty on the quadrupole currents (*cf.* Figure \[fig:ABcoeffs\]).
Results
-------
The measured emittances and optical parameters are given in Table \[tab:CharacterisedStep1Beams\]. The horizontal and vertical beta functions lie in the ranges 1.49m$ < \beta_{x} < 2.22$m and 3.07m$ < \beta_y < 3.81$m. The values of the horizontal and vertical $\alpha$ parameters, $0.45 < \alpha_x < 0.59$ and $-0.56 < \alpha_y < -0.22$, show that the beams converge to a horizontal focus roughly 700mm downstream of TOF1 but diverge vertically. The emittances will be increased by scattering in TOF1.
The measured horizontal emittances and simulations agree to within 10%. Some of the emittance of the beams can be attributed to multiple scattering in TOF0. The emittance growth in $x$ ($y$) is expected to be $ \Delta \varepsilon_{x,y}^2 = \sigma_{x,y}^2 \theta_{\rm ms}^2 $ where $$\theta_{\rm ms}^2 = (13.6{\rm \,MeV/}c)^2/(p^2 \beta^2) \Delta X/X_{0}$$ is the mean square scattering angle in the $\Delta X = 0.125 X_{0}$ of material in TOF0. For 200MeV/$c$ muons and $\sigma_{x} = 70$mm, $\Delta \varepsilon = 1.9\,\pi$mm-rad for a beam of zero divergence, although the effective emittance at TOF1 is limited by the aperture of the Q7–9 triplet. The fall in measured emittance with increasing $p_{z}$ seen in Figures \[fig:Hemit\] and \[fig:Vemit\] can be attributed to scattering via the dependence of $\theta_{\rm ms}$ on $p_{z}$.
There is some emittance growth in the $\approx 8$m of air between TOF0 and TOF1. Since the Q7–9 triplet focusses horizontally but is weakly defocusing vertically, this emittance growth is less in the horizontal than the vertical plane. For an on-axis beam, $\delta \varepsilon_{y}$ is estimated to be less than $0.4\,\pi$mm-rad. The resolution correction described previously includes a small upwards correction for this emittance growth, and has the largest effect on the measured vertical emittance. The remaining disagreement between the measured and simulated vertical emittances can be attributed to the difference in RMS vertical beam size[^2] shown in Figure \[fig:beamsizes\].
![The horizontal dispersion coefficient, $\eta$, versus mean $p_{z}$ for the seventeen beams. Solid black circles: $\mu^{-}$ data, open black circles: $\mu^{+}$ data, Solid red triangles: $\mu^{-}$ simulation smeared with measurement resolution. The nominal “$p_{z}=140$”MeV/$c$ beams correspond to momenta in the range 170–190MeV/$c$, “$p_{z}=200$” to 220–250MeV/$c$, and “$p_{z}=240$” to 250–290MeV/$c$. \[fig:eta\]](figure15)
The measured horizontal emittances shown in Figure \[fig:Hemit\] include (for both data and simulation) the effect of dispersion. The dispersion in $x$ at the exit of the D2 bending magnet is transformed by the optics of the beam transport into dispersion in $x$ and $x'$ at the TOF1 measurement plane. The intrinsic horizontal emittances of the beams have been obtained from the covariance matrices by subtracting the dispersion characterised by $\eta$ and $\eta'$ [@etaref]: $$\begin{aligned}
\Sigma_{11} & \rightarrow \Sigma_{11} - \eta^2 \delta^2 \nonumber \\
\Sigma_{12} & \rightarrow \Sigma_{12} - \eta \eta' \delta^2 \nonumber \\
\Sigma_{11} & \rightarrow \Sigma_{11} - \eta^{'2} \delta^2 \nonumber \end{aligned}$$ where $\eta = \langle x \delta\rangle/\langle\delta^2\rangle$, $\eta' = \langle x' \delta \rangle / \langle \delta^2\rangle$ and $\delta = (p_{z} - \bar{p}_{z})/\bar{p}_{z}$. Figure \[fig:eta\] shows $\eta$ versus $\langle p_{z} \rangle$ for all the beams and the simulations for the three negative beams. The dispersions are similar for the $\mu^{+}$ and $\mu^{-}$ beams and are reproduced by the simulations for the negative beams. The positive beam simulations are not shown as they did not reproduce the data well. The reason for this is under investigation. The dispersion-corrected intrinsic horizontal emittances and $\eta$ and $\eta'$ are given in Table \[tab:IntrinsicStep1Beams\]. The intrinsic horizontal emittances are, on average, $0.25\,\pi$mm-rad smaller than the effective horizontal emittances.
Summary
=======
A single-particle method for measuring the properties of the muon beams to be used by MICE has been developed. Timing measurements using two time-of-flight counters allow the momentum of single muons to be measured with a resolution of better than 4MeV/$c$ and a systematic error of $<3$MeV/$c$. The ability to measure $p_{z}$ to this precision will complement the momentum measurements of the solenoidal spectrometers. For low transverse amplitude particles, the measurement of $p_{z}$ in the TOF counters is expected to have better resolution than that of the spectrometers, which are primarily designed for measuring $p_{t}$.
The same method allows the trace-space distributions at the entrance to MICE to be measured to $\approx 5\%$ and hence the emittances and dispersions of the beams. The emittances are found to be approximately 1.2–2.3$\pi$mm-rad horizontally and 0.6–1.0$\pi$mm-rad vertically; the average horizontal dispersion, $\eta$, is measured to be 129mm, although it depends on the nominal $(\varepsilon_{N}, p_{z})$ beam setting. The positive and negative muon beams are found to have very similar properties.
As a final check on the suitability of the beams for use by MICE, a set of measured muons for the (6,200) baseline beam was propagated from TOF1 to the diffuser and through a simulation of the experiment. Even without further software selection (for example, on the rather asymmetric momentum distribution) the beam was found to be relatively well matched [@MRnuFact10]. In practice, some further fine-tuning of the magnet currents and diffuser thickness should be sufficient to generate a well-matched beam suitable for the demonstration of ionisation cooling by MICE.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
----------------
The work described here was made possible by grants from Department of Energy and National Science Foundation (USA), the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy), the Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), the European Community under the European Commission Framework Programme 7, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the Swiss National Science Foundation, in the framework of the SCOPES programme, whose support we gratefully acknowledge. We are also grateful to the staff of ISIS for the reliable operation of ISIS.
[^1]: This is sometimes referred to as ‘single particle emittance’ [@Wille].
[^2]: The RMS beam size in Figure \[fig:beamsizes\] is calculated and shown without the $\chi^{2}<6$ cut to demonstrate the physical size of the beam, whereas the emittance calculation includes it.
| 102,766,256 |
Q:
Using an interface from class in C#
I have a class that has an interface in it like so:
public class hcmTerminal {
... Code
public interface onDataReceived {
void isCompleted(bool done);
}
}
inside this class I I have the public property:
public onDataReceived mDataReceived;
then I have a function to set the delegate:
public void setDataReceived(onDataReceived dataReceived) { mDataReceived = dataReceived; }
Inside the hcmTerminal class I am am calling the delegate :
mDataReceived.isCompleted(true);
But I can't figure out the syntax to actually get when that delegate gets called, In java I can go:
myTerminal.setDataReceived(new hcmTerminal.onDataReceived(){
@Override
public void isCompleted(boolean done){
... Code
}
});
But if I try that in C# I get:
Cannot create an instance of the abstract or interface
'hcmTerminal.onDataReceived'
I haven't had to create a interface in C# before. this code is coming from how I implemented it in Java.
A:
By using events you can accomplish that by
class HcmTerminal {
public event Action<bool> OnDataReceived;
public void Launch()
{
OnDataReceived?.Invoke(true /*or false*/);
}
}
You can then do:
var myTerminal = new HcmTerminal();
myTerminal.OnDataReceived += (isCompleted) => {};
| 102,766,317 |
Creating a cover correctly
The creation of the back and front of your album is important and as we don't want to see you making any mistakes here we'd like to share a few tips that will help make sure your front and back cover are as perfect as possible.
The first thing to consider is the borders of the album. The basic rule is simple, don't cross the red line. You can read more about it here: the red line
The next thing to consider is what kind of album you are creating. Each type of album is different and will produce a different cover.
Our prestige albums will allow you to stretch your image from cover to cover. This means your photo will be covering both the from and back as well as the middle section.
If you choose to go with a premium album you will also have the option to go border to border.
Our deluxe photo-books come with a spiral which makes it impossible to use one picture and stretch it from edge to edge. If you choose to create a deluxe album you will need to use a different picture for the back and the front (or the same one twice) | 102,766,340 |
Q:
Multiple Counts with single query in mongodb
I am new to Mongo Db and would appreciate some help with this query. I have been sifting through posts here for the past couple of days tearing my hair to see if I could find anything related to my query but with no luck.
I have a collection with documents similar in structure to below :
_id: xyz
Movieid: 123
MovieName: Titanic
ReleaseDate: 2000-01-01
_id: uvw
Movieid: 456
MovieName: Titanic II
ReleaseDate: 2018-01-01
_id: pqr
Movieid: 789
MovieName: Titanic III
ReleaseDate:
I would like to achieve the output as counts for totalmovies, movies with release date, and movies without release date in 3 seperate columns as below:
Total | Released | UnReleased
3 | 2 | 1
I was able to write individual queries to execute the counts, but I am unable to successfully consolidate all that into a single query. The end goal is to create one view producing these counts as output. I have tried using operators such as $and, but can't seem to get the query to work as desired....this is as far as I got :
db.getCollection("Movies").aggregate({
"$and": [
{ "$match": { "ReleaseDate": { "$exists": true } }},
{ "$count": "Total" },
{ "$match": { "ReleaseDate": { "$exists": true, "$nin": [""] } }},
{ "$count": "Released" },
{ "$match": { "ReleaseDate": { "$exists": true, "$in": [""] } }},
{ "$count": "Unreleased" }
]
})
A:
You can try below $facet aggregation
$count aggregation will always give you the counts for only single matching ($match) condition. So you need to further divide your each count into multiple section and that's what the $facet provides by processes multiple aggregation pipelines within a single stage on the same set of input documents.
db.collection.aggregate([
{ "$facet": {
"Total": [
{ "$match" : { "ReleaseDate": { "$exists": true }}},
{ "$count": "Total" },
],
"Released": [
{ "$match" : {"ReleaseDate": { "$exists": true, "$nin": [""] }}},
{ "$count": "Released" }
],
"Unreleased": [
{ "$match" : {"ReleaseDate": { "$exists": true, "$in": [""] }}},
{ "$count": "Unreleased" }
]
}},
{ "$project": {
"Total": { "$arrayElemAt": ["$Total.Total", 0] },
"Released": { "$arrayElemAt": ["$Released.Released", 0] },
"Unreleased": { "$arrayElemAt": ["$Unreleased.Unreleased", 0] }
}}
])
Output
[{
"Total": 3,
"Released": 2,
"Unreleased": 1
}]
| 102,766,606 |
Q:
Descending order in sql
Can't seem to get my column to show in Descending order.
SELECT ROUND(COUNT(*) * 100.0 / (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee),2)||" %" AS "% of Employee", R.Region AS Region
FROM Employee R
GROUP BY R.Region
ORDER DESC "% of Employee" DESC
It prints out the order of Region in DESC instead of % of employee
% of Employee | Region
-----------------------
3.08% | Darwin
20.64% | Copley
2.44% | Brisbane
2.44% | Albany
A:
That's because you're ordering on VARCHAR. The Regions being displayed in descending order is just a coincidence. You need to order by just the COUNT(*) instead:
SELECT
ROUND(COUNT(*) * 100.0 / (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee),2)||" %" AS "% of Employee", R.Region
AS Region
FROM Employee R
GROUP BY R.Region
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC
| 102,766,608 |
What's Hot Today
Live Fast, Die Young and Leave A Good Looking Corpse
78 watches
Zane, and up and coming rock superstar, plays Lillie's club, Haven. He is also one of the Kindred, of the Toreador Clan, and a reckless one at that! He later embraces a groupie that leaves the club with him, against her will. Julian is not happy with h
Zane, and up and coming rock superstar, plays Lillie's club, Haven. He is also one of the Kindred, of the Toreador Clan, and a reckless one at that! He later embraces a groupie that leaves the club with him, against her will. Julian is not happy with h | 102,766,891 |
With the influx of Syrian refugees making their way into Canada, landlords and property managers are reacting both philanthropically and diligently as they anticipate the types of challenges and opportunities that will present themselves with the new wave of prospective tenants.
Although welcoming immigrants is nothing new—over the past decade, Canada has admitted approximately 26,000 refugees from various countries around the world, annually—what is unique is the unprecedented number of refugees coming in from a single war-ravaged nation all at once. As part of the federal government’s accelerated entry program, 10,000 Syrian refugees will be arriving in Canada by the end of December and a total of 25,000 before March, 2016.
Since 2011, the civil war in Syria has displaced more than 4.3 million people, and given the mass devastation in the region, it’s expected that arriving refugees will have little in the way of resources or possessions. For the rental industry, this spells both an opportunity and a challenge.
“Rental housing will play a vital role in accommodating refugees,” says Mike Chopowick, Vice President of Industry Relations at the Federation of Rental-housing Providers of Ontario—noting that of the 25,000 total arrivals, 10,000 will be landing permanently in Ontario. “There are 1.2 million rental units in the private sector market throughout the province. On average, approximately 15,000-20,000 of these units could be vacant at any one time. Due to the arrival of an increased number of refugees, there could be a material—though not overly-significant—impact on apartment vacancy and availability rates.”
In recent weeks, several rental housing providers have proudly stepped forward to assist with refugee settlement in Canada. In November, Mainstreet Equity announced it would allocate 200 apartment units at discounted rates to refugees arriving in Saskatoon, Calgary, Edmonton, Lethbridge, Surrey, Abbotsford and New Westminster. In Ottawa, Q Residential is reserving 150 apartments for refugee families in two apartment towers. Boardwalk has put out a statement outlining its plan to accommodate up to 350 refugee families, while Vancouver developer Ian Gillespie has granted full temporary use of a 12-unit building for refugees waiting for permanent homes.
This is just a small sampling of what rental property owners are doing to help with the immediate crisis, but moving forward, all landlords should be aware of their rights and responsibilities when it comes to leasing to new immigrants.
“It is always important for rental housing owners and property managers to stay up to date with legislation, regulations and case-law,” says Chopowick. ”In Ontario, rental housing is one of the most regulated business sectors. The Residential Tenancies Act has the specific, written purpose of “protecting tenants” and contains numerous obligations landlords must comply with to avoid costly financial penalties or rent abatements.”
Chopowick points out that tenants also have access to a wealth of legal resources, such a Landlord Tenant Board duty counsel, community legal aid clinics, and the taxpayer-funded Advocacy Centre for Tenants in Ontario, to help them fight their cases and advocate on their behalf. Laws regulating rental housing are constantly changing, and so should a landlord’s knowledge and education on residential tenancy law.
According to Chopowick, here are the most common human rights code violations landlords commit when screening prospective tenants:
– Not renting to refugees or new immigrants
– Imposing different criteria to approve newcomers
– Dismissing rental applicants due to lack of credit
– Requiring guarantors – but only for refugees/immigrants
– Asking Inappropriate questions/making comments about religion
Generally speaking, to ensure a screening process that is both fair and diligent, landlords should be aware of codes and legislation while acting within the law.
Here is a summary of what every landlord can and should do:
– Request credit reference and rental history information, and request authorization to conduct credit checks
– Consider credit references, rental history information and credit checks, alone or in any combination in order to assess the prospective tenant
– Request income information from a prospective tenant only if the landlord also requests credit references and rental history information
– Consider income information and select or refuse the prospective tenant accordingly, only if the landlord considers income information along with credit references, rental history information and credit checks
– If after requesting credit references, rental history information, credit checks and income information a landlord only obtains income information about a prospective tenant, the landlord may consider the income information alone
Erin Ruddy is the editor of Canadian Apartment Magazine | 102,766,937 |
Since our first report unearthed the shocking and horrific torturing of young gay teenagers and young adults in Russia, hundreds of videos have continued surfacing online in recent months showing the brutality against homosexuals in Putin’s Russia.
In a video his captors published online, David can be seen being held against his will in a bathtub. His kidnappers then shave his head in a reverse mohawk, paint the shaved part green, assault him with a watermelon and later attempt to humiliate him by forcing him to perform oral sex on a beer bottle.
His attackers initiate their humiliating torture and kidnapping by asking the student if he would like to have sex with a cat:
Then proceed to shave his head:
They make him kiss a watermelon…
…before smashing it into his face:
They continue their humiliation by making him simulate oral sex on a beer bottle…
And force him to pose with the Neo-Nazi movement’s infamous hand signal:
Finally, his captors force him to declare the phrase “White Power” in Russian to the camera. According to Buzzfeed, Smith filed a complaint with local police but was subsequently expelled from the university he was attending.
These Neo-nazi thugs attempt to justify their violent attacks by claiming their victims are pedophiles while offering little to no proof. In several cases, they have accused their gay 15 and 16-year-old victims of being pedophiles.
“This thing of paedophilia, that comes from the thugs and that is the excuse they use to justify their actions. They’re neo-Nazi skinheads, the paedophile thing is just a ruse. It’s a thinly veiled smokescreen for homophobic attacks,” said attorney Coenraad Kukkuk.
According to a news release from the Sova Center which tracks violence in Russia, in October 2013, over 20 people were injured in racist and neo-Nazi attacks, two of them fatally. They also report that since the beginning of the year, racist violence has killed 18 people in Russia and injured 141. In its travel advisory, the State Department says non-white Americans have been “victimized in violent attacks by ‘skinheads’ or other extremists.”
Watch the torture incident below:
The Russian Neo-nazi group has also begun exporting their anti-gay movement to the nearby Ukraine. Their infamous leader, Maxim Martsinkevich (aka “Tesak”, i.e. “Cleaver”) has just completed his Ukrainian tour where he personally captured and tortured two 16-year-old gay boys, calling them “pedophiles,” according to Spectrum Human Rights:
Watch a disturbing video of the incident below where the teenage victims were forced to perform a “slow dance” to further humiliate them:
The neo-nazi violence is not just contained to homosexuals in Russia. According to Spectrum Human Rights: “Recently the same Neo Nazi groups conducted so-called “White Train Car” action where they attacked and severely assaulted non-ethnic Russians passengers in Moscow subway. The attack was carried out in the broad day light while chanting “Kill! Kill! Kill!”, Russian police did nothing to stop it.”
Putin should be hang with all of that motherfuckers! Fuckin’ botox Asshole, Russia and their embassies should be banned from every single country. It should be named blacklist country and never let to join euro-union. Olympic games location should be changed, because of all this fucking Russian Nazis!
How many more videos of these men kidnapping and torturing people need to surface before something is done in the name of justice? We already know Putin could care less and most likely supports these acts, what can the global community do?
That’s what I asking myself here. Where are now all that dumb patriotic war-advertising USA people talking about the need to free other people who lives on dictatorship countries? Not to mention all this silence over ONU human rights councils about it.
Oh, maybe Russia is too powerful – and after all there’s no oil or natural resources there, so let them die.
Mandela got locked up for most stupid reason
But these are still walking free
Ain’t right…
If you love South-Africa, please follow this project to help the black South-African kids they don’t get the privilege of a white kid there is STILL apartheid. White people only support white people there So asking them to help a project for black people isn’t the best idea.
YOU can help ME to help THEM!http://www.indiegogo.com/projects/help-me-to-help-them–3/x/3647783
I don’t want to judge all Russians are the same as they are, though. It really made me think that Russians are absolutely disgusting. Do they really think they are vastly superior to other races such as Asians or Black? This is ridiculous, they look just fuckheaded losers. Be ashamed of yourself, disgusting Russians!
To the lady named jess. I just want to say that apartheid ended a long long time ago and black kids of today get schooling it is not the whites fault that the goverment of south africa today is corrupt and use the tax payers money for personal gain. I am a wgite south african and I have worked hard to get whatbi have its not much I can tell you that bit its mine. Im more than willing to help for I believe in karma do good and good things happen. Ots people like you who are keeping apartheid alive.
This is very hard to read. How are these images even allowed on websites? Anyone who cannot be themselves in Russia or anywhere else in the world are more than welcome to come to Canada. We love people regardless of sexual preference or the color of their skin. It won’t be long before these hate crimes and the countries that do nothing to prevent violence of these crimes becomes a world issue. Who knows, maybe the next US invasion will be over human rights in a country that allows gay bashing and not one that has bombs.
Dis is 2013 and we still hear of insane horror of dis nature. Where’s the international community??? Where’s d USA??? Why is d world quiet?? Why is d South African govt silent??? Haven’t they seen dis?? Dis sucks!!!
People; don`t be such hypocritics! These cruelty`s are worldwide. As far You americans have your Guantanamos (still existing), and silently shut your eyes to admit what`s been going on there, You have absolutely no reason to be proud of yourselves either. The whole mankind is rotten, no one`s better than another.
Most of you freaks are mentally retarded. Those of you wanting to go to war with Russia, because you are not going to tolerate their intolerance….Retarded. They will cut the diverse, gay American military to pieces, and the Americans know it. Those of you saying you want a piece of those Russian guys that did this…Retarded. Be careful is my advice. Why don’t you talk about what the towel-heads, or the blacks in Africa do to the poofters. Most of you couldn’t even find Russia on a map.
I was born in Russia in 1982 and lived there until I left for South Africa in 1997. When I was in Russian school I can honestly say that I NEVER came across a single racist remark among the students (I lived in the port city, so there were a lot of people of different ethnicities) However my maternal grandfather was an anti-semite, but even as a child I somehow knew that he was wrong. One of my teachers jockingly called kids with Ukrainian surnames “hohols” (a mildly deroggative term) and that was all. Believe me, all this racism doumfounds me. There is a cuss word in Russian “pidor” which means a “homosexual man” (short for pederast ) but it was used so indiscriminately, that it pretty much lost its original meaning. | 102,767,157 |
cask "font-bahianita" do
version :latest
sha256 :no_check
# github.com/google/fonts/ was verified as official when first introduced to the cask
url "https://github.com/google/fonts/raw/master/ofl/bahianita/Bahianita-Regular.ttf"
name "Bahianita"
homepage "https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Bahianita"
font "Bahianita-Regular.ttf"
end
| 102,767,209 |
Yes Ma’am! Angela’s instructions on ‘What to write next’
I often read how the second novel is harder to write then the first one. Five started novel manuscripts later, I understand why. One manuscript I started, and love, will be pretty controversial for some. So I put it on hold. Another was my NaNoWriMo project for last year. My Dad died on 1 November, so I’m sure you can understand why that one was a “fail”. Another was an old concept I tried to reignite the passion for, but I just wasn’t “feeling” it. Then there was the novel version of a short story that I placed second in for a national YA short story competition. I love the short story, and think it would work as a novel. But couldn’t get in the groove.
Then finally there is DESERTER, the sequel to SLEEPER. I had started work on it immediately after I finished the-novel-formerly-known-as-MISHCA, but put it aside. NOT because I wasn’t feeling it, but because after all my internet cruising on writing I thought that it was poor form to have finished your second book in a series before being signed with an agent. It was something stupid I’d put together in my head about the agent and editor guiding your novels direction.
Then ny mentor and manuscript cooker, Angela Slatter, put me straight. I’m the writer. I wrote the first story. I set the direction.
A potential agent and editor shouldn’t have to hold my hand. They will certainly have a high level of input, but it’s still my imagination, my story.
Angela told me that my situation was not the norm. It’s not common for agents to provide feedback with an offer to see a revised version (breaking my no blogging about queries rule AGAIN). My wonderful mentor expanded my ego by telling me that means they recognised I have talent. And the next step is to show them that I am professional and strategic with my writing by finishing a draft of the sequel. My day job includes planning and strategy, so I found this appealing.
My “home work” is to undertake a detailed plot of DESERTER. I am such a pantser that this is a big change, but a welcome one. The Plot Whisperer’s YouTube series has been helpful in turning a pantser into a plotter. It’s a 27 step series and well worth your time.
I guess one of the main I learnt from this advice from Angela is not to pay that much attention to the conflict advice that’s floating out there in cyber space. Even if the advice is right for a part of the industry in one country, it’s not going to be right for everyone. The best thing to do is to network (there’s that word again), take courses with your local writers’ centre and go to conferences. If you’re really committed, find yourself a mentor and let them guide you through the ins and outs of the publishing world. Don’t be a hapless noob, be an informed novice.
Now I’m off to do some more plotting. Mwahahahaha. Oh yeah, not that type of plotting.
Recent Posts
Search
Search for:
Link To Me
Author Assistant
Heather M Bryant
One day I'll be published. One day I'll have a book with my name on the cover. One day I'll own a purple unicorn. Until that day I'm a twenty-something hopeful with an addiction to coffee and anything that makes me smile.
Blog Assistant
E.L. Wicker
Obsessive reader and writer of New Adult fiction. Lover of all things green and leafy, as long as I don't have to eat them. Author of The Bearwood Series. | 102,767,281 |
In lesson two we have seen the basic CFD approach,
which enables us to solve a partial differential
equation, as a set of algebraic expression.
The basic approach is that, we take the fluid
domain and put lots of grid points, and these
grid points are spread throughout the domain,
and it is at these grid points, we would like
to have the velocity or the corresponding
variables which are there in the equation.
We substitute finite difference approximations
which are valid at that grid point into the
governing equation, and covert the partial
differential equation into an approximate
algebraic equation valid at that particular
point. And the idea is to solve this algebraic
equation, in order to get the variable value.
For example, the velocity at point i,j but
what we saw is that the variable value at
point i,j is expressed in terms of the variable
values at the neighboring points; that is
at i plus 1, j; i minus 1, j; i, j plus 1
and i, j minus 1.
So, we have to write down similar approximations
at each other grid points, and then we will
end up a set of n algebraic equation, for
the n grid points at which we want to get
the velocities. So, in the end we would have
converted one partial differential equation
into a set of n algebraic equation. And the
idea is that if we solve all this set of n
linear list algebraic equation together, we
will be able to get the solution which is
the w at discrete nodes. So, in this lecture
we will see how this particular process goes
on.
So, we are considering a rectangular duct,
we had divided this into five equal intervals
in the x direction, and similarly in the y
direction. Although we cannot see it from
this picture here; delta x is the same and
delta y is the same. So, we have x going in
this direction, and y going in this direction.
And similarly i going in this direction, and
j going in this direction. We can identify
any grid point with two indices i and j representing
the ith grid line, coordinate line in the
x direction, and jth coordinate line in the
y direction, and the intersection of ith coordinate
line and the jth coordinate line will give
us the grid point.
For example, if this is i coordinate line,
and this is j coordinate line. this point
here will be i ,j. and the governing equation
which is dou square w by dou x square plus
dou square w by dou y square equal to c, was
converted into w at i plus 1 comma j minus
2 w i comma j plus w i minus 1 comma j divided
by delta x square plus w i j plus 1 minus
2 w i comma j plus w i j minus 1 by delta
y square is equal to c.
So, at point i j, this is an approximate form
of this equation, and we see that if we solve
this for w i j. If we can solve this equation,
is for the value w at i comma j. So, if we
know these values; the j plus 1 value j minus
1 value, then we will be able to get w i j,
but unfortunately at this stage we do not
know what the neighboring points are. So,
we write, we take this as the template and
write down similar equations for all the points
that we do not know. All the points at which
we would like to know the velocity. So, that
we will have a system of equations in which
all the velocity variables that are unknown
and we solve them simultaneously.
So, this is what we are going to look at in
today’s lecture, with the specific example
of this 5 by 5 division of the flow domain.
So, in this flow domain we have boundary conditions,
and since we have 5 by 5 intervals. So, you
have 6 by 6, 6 by 6 points at which we have
the grid points. So, there are 36 grid points
these are intersection of the coordinate lines
here. And out of this we have the boundary
condition; that w is equal to zero on all
walls. So, that the velocity at this point
which is on the boundary, at this point on
the boundary, all those things are known.
So, it is only these interior points are unknown.
So, we do not know the value at this point,
at this point, this point, this point, at
these points marked by a circle. So, there
are 16 points in the interior at which w are
not known. So, we would like to apply this
for every grid point at which the value is
not known, and then we would like to get a
systematic equation.
So, let us. To illustrate this let’s see
how we can apply this template here, to the
first point here. So, the first point here,
is i equal to 1 2 3 4 5 6 and j is also equal
to 1 2 3 4 5 6. So, the first point has i
equal to 2 and j equal to 2. So, we will call
this as 2 2. So, if you take the template
equation a here and apply this to this point
here. So, the value of w i plus 1 j comma
j this will become w 3,2 minus 2 w 2, 2 plus
here w i minus 1 will be 1,2 divided by delta
x square plus here this is w 2, 3 minus 2
w 2, 2 plus w 2, 1 divided by delta y square
equal to c.
So, at this point where there is no confusion,
we can leave out those commas, because we
have only single digit indices here. So, we
can leave out the commas and just write this
as w 3 2 minus 2 w 2 2 plus w 1 2 by delta
x square plus w 2 3 minus 2 w 2 2 plus w 2
1 divided by delta y square equal to c, and
we can see that, we have got a specific equation
with values here in order to make further
progress, we can substitute all the variables
that are known in this.
For example, c is a given value. So, let us
take as a part of problem formulation c to
be minus 1000. This actually 1 by mu d p by
d z, if we take mu to be 0.001 Pascal second
in s i units for water, and d p by d z is
negative for the flow to be positive in the,
for the w to be positive. So, we will take
d p by d z to be minus 1 and that gives us
minus 1 by 0.001. So, that is minus thousand.
So, this is in SI units.
And we need to have delta x and delta y. So,
let us take this in order to get some numerical
value, let us take delta x to be 0.1 meter
and delta y to be 0.05 meters. So, if you
know the total length, and if you divided
this into five parts then you can get this.
So, this will imply that the total length
in the x direction is 0.5 meters and total
length in the y direction is 0.25 meters,
25 centimeters and 50 centimeters.
So, these are numerical values, and these
come as part of the problem specification.
If you want to find the velocities and all
that, you need to know what all the physical
dimensions of the domain, and from the physical
dimensions, and the number of grid points
that you want to have you can fix delta x
and delta y. the constant here is part of
the equation, and correspond to equation you
have a certain numerical value. So, you have
this, and you also have the boundary condition
that w equal to zero on all walls.
Now if you look at this equation here, wherever
there is an index of one, either for x or
for y; that indicates a boundary point, because
one means that this one here. So, x is equal
to 1 is this 1. For all this points x is equal
to 1, and all these lie on the boundary, and
similarly y equal to 1. So, that is this point
this index here, refers to the bottom boundary.
Similarly for anything which is 6, which is
the extreme location.
So, this becomes 100 w 3 2 minus 200 w 2 2
this is 400. So, this is plus 400 w 2 3 minus
800 w 2 2 is equal to minus 1000. So, w 2
2 800 and w 2 2 minus 200 will finally, give
us 100 w 3 2 minus 1000 w 2 2 plus 400 w 2
3 equal to minus 1000. So, the application
of this template at point 22 has given us
this equation and we can see that this equation
has w 2 2; that is the w velocity at point
22 as one of the variables and this is given
we cannot solve this equation directly, because
we do not know what w 3 2 and w 2 3 are.
So, we need to write equations for these two
things, and when we write those two equations
we will find new values. So, let us just write
down the equation for this point in order
to get w 3 2. You need to write the equation
at point 32 here and point 32 means that i
is equal to 3 and j is equal to 2. So, let
us come back to equation a and then substitute
i equal to 3 and j equal to 2 what do we get
we get w 4 4 2 minus 2 w 3 2 plus w 2 2 divided
by delta x square plus, and here its w 3 3
minus 2 w 3 2 plus w 3 1 divided by delta
y square equal to c here.
And here again we try to substitute known
values of delta x and delta y c and this point
which is on the boundary, and that becomes
zero. And once you substitute that delta x
whole square is 0.01. So, this is 100 w 4
2 minus 200 w 3 2 plus 100 w 2 2 plus 400
w 3 3 minus 800 w 3 2 equal to minus 1000.
Again we can add these two to get 100 w 4
2 minus 1000 w 3 2 plus 100 w 2 2 plus 400
w 3 3 equal to minus 1000.
Now, if you look at these two equations, we
would like to get w 2 2 from this, but in
order to do that we need to know what this
is, and when we write this equation we have
w 4 2 this 1 w 2 2 and this. So, we can say
from this we can get w 2 2, and we have one
more equation. So, we have 2 equations to
get this one, but still w 2 3 is not known,
and w 4 2 is not known, w 3 3 is not known.
So, we need to write those equations also.
So, let us just for the sake illustration,
let us try to write an equation for w 2 3,
which means that i equal to 2 and j equal
to 3, if we substitute again in this, and
let us just substitute. So, w 2 3 3 minus
2 w 2 3 plus w 1 3 by delta x square plus
w 2 4 minus 2 w 2 2 3 plus w 2 2 divided by
delta y square equal to minus 1000. So, we
substitute the delta x square and delta y
square and this is again zero, and we should
be able to get 100 w 3 3 minus 1000 w 2 3
plus 400 w 2 4 plus 400 w 2 2 equal to minus
1000.
So, this is one more equation, and this is
the equation for 2 3, and this introduces
3 3 2 4, and 2 2 its already known. So, we
can see that every time write an equation
we have new values. So, let us just try to
map this out in this to see where we are.
So, when we look at point 22. So, that is
this one here. We have value here, and then
3 2 is this point, and 2 3 is this point here.
So, you have, these are the. So, this is linked
to these two.
Now when we write 3 2; that is this point
here, we have 4 2; that is this one, and we
have 3 2 here, and we have 2 2, and then we
have 3 3. So, that is this point. So, we are
bringing in these points, similarly, when
we write for 2 3, which is this point here.
We have 2 3, and then we should have 2 2,
and
we have 2 4 which is this point here, and
we have 3 3 which is this. So, we have this
thing.
So, we can see that at every point, we are
involving the immediate neighboring points
in our equation, where the immediate points
are on the wall, we know the velocity. So,
we can substitute them and they are not appearing
in the equation, but if they are not along
the wall then they are included in the equation.
So, this is the template, and for the general
point i comma j will have the four neighboring
values; which will be coming into this. So,
you have a computation molecule, which consists
of this.
So, when we write an equation i comma j we
can expect to see four neighbors plus this
five grid points linked together by this computation
molecule. So, this is the characteristic feature
of computation fluid dynamics. This computational
molecule depends on the equation that we are
trying to solve, and the different approximation
that we are trying to make. So, if we make
use of another approximation, then the computational
molecule may change. And if you have additional
terms in this, again the computational molecule
it will change, and the coefficients for each
of this points again one two one like that
that also depends on the difference formula
that we use.
So, depending on the type of approximation
that
we make, and depending on the type of
equation
that we are trying to solve. We will have
a computational molecule, and that computational
molecule is encapsulated, in this template
equation which we choose to write. And once
we develop this template, then we see that
this template will work only for that point,
and that
point alone is not sufficient, we will have
some neighboring points for this type of equation.
And we have to put the template at every point,
and then we will get a set of equations. So,
if we write, if we apply this template for
all the 16 points then we will have 16 equations,
and all the 16 equations will be such that
when you put them together no new variables
are required for us to get a solution, will
have a set of 16 equations, which together
make up sufficient number of equations to
solve for all the 16 variables. So, they uniquely
determine the solution.
Since we are doing a hand calculation, and
since we need to write 16 equations it becomes
a big difficulty. So, in the next lecture,
we are going to simplify it and then we are
going to make it into a four by four matrix.
So, we will have fewer number of equations,
and will take it down as a tutorial, and try
to derive all the equations for a four by
four system, and see that for this four by
four system we have enough number of equations
that when we put all the simultaneous equations,
we will have a closed system of equations,
and it is just a question of solving this
algebraic equation.
So, that will be
the part of
the next lecture in which it is lecture cum
tutorial. We will go through this exercise,
exercise of
for the same equation, for the same domain,
but fewer numbers of points. We derive all
the
algebraic equations and prove to ourselves
that these together make up one complete set
of equations, which
can be solved. Then we go through a specific
method of solving this algebraic equation
which is characteristic of CFD and then we
go through the solution there. So, that will
be part of the next lecture.
| 102,767,284 |
Q:
How to get sharedPreferences in Application
I have implemented a configuration that uses PreferenceFragment:
addPreferencesFromResource(R.xml.game_prefs);
Now I want to handle upgrade process, so I started to implement a procedure in android.app.Application subclass.
The issue is that I do not know how to get correct prefs instance.
There is no name in Fragment:
getPreferenceManager().getSharedPreferences().registerOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(this);
But prefs name is mandatory here in App subclass:
getApplicationContext().getSharedPreferences(XX,mode)
Where can I get correct name?
A:
From the Settings developer guide
SharedPreferences sharedPref = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);
String syncConnPref = sharedPref.getString(SettingsActivity.KEY_PREF_SYNC_CONN, "");
| 102,767,472 |
Details
Encourage parents of young children to choose healthy and nutritious foods with the MyPlate for Preschoolers Handouts. This handout with recommendations for preschool children (ages 2 to 5 years) is based on USDA's MyPlate. Fun and friendly Garden Heroes characters make healthy food approachable and real food photography shows a variety of healthy options in child-size portions and depicted in small pieces to prevent the possibility of choking. Backside of the handout features a chart with amounts to serve from each food group by age, common cup and ounce equivalents, tips for picky eaters, and brief information about preventing choking. | 102,767,528 |
On Tuesday (June 13), Jeff Sessions, the attorney general of a US administration that has argued for the existence of “alternative facts,” swore to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. He then spent two hours spinning a web of contradictions, selective omissions, and vague recollections. Whether these officially constitute lies—and whether Sessions is a perjurer—is an issue best determined by legal experts. But the fact that the country’s highest-ranking legal official seems to have such a fuzzy relationship with his facts does not bode well for the integrity of the whole truth under president Donald Trump.
This most recent Senate hearing merely reinforced concerns that Sessions and Trump are taking advantage of their positions to protect each other from repercussions for ostensibly illegal actions, like omitting information on a security clearance form (as Sessions did) or Trump’s many misdeeds. Sworn to uphold the law, Sessions and Trump instead seem to be operating as if they are above it. They are unafraid to demonstrate that their primary interest lies in serving and protecting each other, not the Constitution or the public’s best interests.
Consider Trump’s recent firing of former FBI director James Comey. Sessions signed off on getting rid of Comey, who was investigating the relationship between the Kremlin and the Trump campaign at the time. This means that Comey was ostensibly investigating Sessions—who had met several times with Russian diplomats in the months surrounding the inauguration—at the time of his dismissal. (In fact, Sessions had recused himself from the Russian meddling probe after failing to properly disclose his ties.)
That Sessions signed off on Comey’s firing after this recusal is a worrying development. The DOJ is supposed to check abuse of power in the executive branch, not enable it.
Shortly before Comey’s testimony last week, a highly dubious story appeared in major news outlets, starting with the New York Times, alerting us of a “feud’ between Trump and Sessions. It followed the standard pattern of palace intrigue stories, which in recent months have warned of the impending firings of Steve Bannon, Jared Kushner, and Sebastian Gorka—none of which have yet to pan out in reality. The purpose of this propaganda, standard in autocracies, is to give the illusion of internal dissent instead of autocratic consolidation. This way, if something damning about Sessions were to be revealed in Comey’s testimony, the administration could fabricate a sense of distance between Trump and Sessions in advance.
As it happens, Comey did not disappoint. He described how he had asked Sessions not to leave him alone with Trump and argued that Sessions was aware of the scope of his concerns about Trump and had failed to protect the FBI from White House influence.
Sessions’ involvement in Comey’s investigation—and ultimate firing—is concerning enough. But the broader context of Sessions’ relationship with Trump and the Kremlin scandal is even more damning. Sessions was the first sitting senator to endorse Trump, holding a rally for him in August 2015, though he was not officially involved with the campaign until March 2016. Sessions’ appointment to the Trump campaign’s national security board seemed a strange role for the Alabama senator, a long-time opponent of civil rights who focused primarily on domestic affairs but had very little involvement in foreign policy. Nevertheless, under the guidance of Paul Manafort—Trump’s campaign manager, who had long worked in the service of Russian oligarchs—Sessions suddenly began meeting with lobbyists who would become tied to the Russian interference scandal as well as with, notoriously, ambassador Kisylak.
In other words, Sessions was deeply immersed in the Trump campaign and its Russian connections from the beginning. Yet strangely, most of the details of his involvement slipped his mind in front of the Senate select committee on intelligence. Instead, Sessions declared he opposed Russian interference, but also said he was unaware of it. He said he never read the news—then cited a New York Times article to defend a point. He complained about leaks—but also claimed he had no familiarity with the leaked information. He said he had heard of no one in the Trump campaign being connected to the Kremlin in 2016—yet he worked under Manafort, whose Kremlin ties are deep and long. Sessions also worked alongside Carter Page, another suspected Russian agent, throughout 2016.
Perhaps most alarmingly, Sessions declared that he had never once been briefed on Russian interference during his tenure as attorney general. This is horrifying whether it is true or not. Either Sessions knows a great deal about Russian interference, or he does not seem to care enough about threats to US sovereignty to learn about it. Both of these scenarios indicate an abdication of responsibility in his role as attorney general.
Sessions’s excuses mirror in many ways those applied to Trump: that our nation’s president is either too inept or too inexperienced to have been complicit in Russian interference. Neither of these scenarios bode well for the security and integrity of the United States. They indicate, at best, profound indifference to a foreign threat, and at worst, a willingness to abet it. Given the administration’s continued efforts to obstruct the investigation, however, the latter is looking more and more likely.
In his hearing, Sessions put the “palace intrigue” fables planted by the press to bed. His deepest loyalties were revealed to lie not with the Constitution or the duties of his office, but with protecting Trump. He casually dismissed Comey’s firing—an event which culminated in Trump essentially admitting to obstruction of justice on television—as nothing more than the need for a “fresh start.” The bottom line of his testimony is that officials in this administration do not feel the need to explain their actions or bother with the pretense of legitimate excuses. They are unconcerned about accountability or repercussions.
On Tuesday, senators spoke truth to power. But Sessions let them know that in Trump’s version of America, power is the only truth.
Correction (6/15/17): This piece has been updated to clarify that the attorney general is part of the executive branch, not the judicial branch. | 102,768,350 |
More LeBron James in 2016?
LeBron James suggested straight after the London Olympics that this may be his last run in the Team USA uniform but now the tide may have turned. Speaking with the Associated Press, James made note that he had “done the math” and at the age of 31 he would love another opportunity to represent the United States of America.
LeBron was simply amazing to watch in the International game as he controlled tempo, relished picking apart zone defenses and took great pride in finishing games with authority. In their Group game against Lithuania, James was simply unstoppable in the final quarter seemingly “flicking the switch” and extinguishing any chance of a shock loss.
The skills displayed during the Olympic tournament by James were amazing and so diverse. In four years it’s more than reasonable to suggest that #9 could do it all over again.
LeBron James could easily play a “2012 Kobe Bryant” role for Team USA in 2016. Truth is, he’ll probably do a lot more than that.
With Kobe Bryant having just competed in the 2012 London Games at close to 34 years of age, there’s nothing other than injury that could stop LeBron James again donning the red, white and blue, dominantly.
If you’re a true basketball fan, then that is a truly exciting prospect. | 102,768,628 |
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
This is dataset is related to and based on the contents of The Pile Deduplicated.
- Downloads last month
- 31
Size of downloaded dataset files:
3.45 GB
Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:
3.45 GB
Number of rows:
1,010,409
Models trained or fine-tuned on Marcus2112/minipile_cluster-proportioned