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Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. The smallest hydrocarbon, methane (CH 4 ), contains just one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Larger hydrocarbons contain many more. Hydrocarbons with four or more carbon atoms can have different shapes. Although they have the same chemical formula, with the same numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms, they form different compounds, called isomers . Isomers are compounds whose properties are different because their atoms are bonded together in different arrangements. Answer: isomers
Output:
| [
"What do you call compounds whose properties are different because their atoms are bonded together in different arrangements?"
] | task594-2dc07b47a81c41768030ff17a0b27ef2 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Global air currents cause global winds. The figure below shows the direction that these winds blow ( Figure below ). Global winds are the prevailing, or usual, winds at a given latitude. The winds move air masses, which causes weather. Answer: weather
Output:
| [
"Winds moving air masses causes what?"
] | task594-996f395e6a414e09ba1d5638255dbed6 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Measuring Biodiversity The technology of molecular genetics and data processing and storage are maturing to the point where cataloguing the planet’s species in an accessible way is close to feasible. DNA barcoding is one molecular genetic method, which takes advantage of rapid evolution in a mitochondrial gene present in eukaryotes, excepting the plants, to identify species using the sequence of portions of the gene. Plants may be barcoded using a combination of chloroplast genes. Rapid mass sequencing machines make the molecular genetics portion of the work relatively inexpensive and quick. Computer resources store and make available the large volumes of data. Projects are currently underway to use DNA barcoding to catalog museum specimens, which have already been named and studied, as well as testing the method on less studied groups. As of mid 2012, close to 150,000 named species had been barcoded. Early studies suggest there are significant numbers of undescribed species that looked too much like sibling species to previously be recognized as different. These now can be identified with DNA barcoding. Numerous computer databases now provide information about named species and a framework for adding new species. However, as already noted, at the present rate of description of new species, it will take close to 500 years before the complete catalog of life is known. Many, perhaps most, species on the planet do not have that much time. There is also the problem of understanding which species known to science are threatened and to what degree they are threatened. This task is carried out by the non-profit IUCN which, as previously mentioned, maintains the Red List—an online listing of endangered species categorized by taxonomy, type of threat, and other criteria (Figure 47.16). The Red List is supported by scientific research. In 2011, the list contained 61,000 species, all with supporting documentation. Answer: dna barcoding
Output:
| [
"What method uses a retailer's coding method to catalog biological specimens in museums?"
] | task594-e9166363aa284d1bab4f1f81b699bafa |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Hair serves many functions such as acting as a filter and keeping the body warm. Answer: hair
Output:
| [
"What mammalian feature serves functions such as filtration and keeping the body warm?"
] | task594-4f2d150408e3455caa2b6ee6a3a152cb |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: A single-replacement reaction is one in which an element replaces another element in a compound. An element is in either the solid, liquid, or gas state and is not an ion. The example below shows the reaction of solid magnesium metal with aqueous silver nitrate to form aqueous magnesium nitrate and silver metal. Answer: single-replacement reaction
Output:
| [
"In this type of reaction, an element replaces another element in a compound, and the element is in any state of matter but is not an ion?"
] | task594-f345d1c050b144b39580575dd1ed058e |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: gametes swim with the aid of their flagella to the female gametangium (the archegonium), and fertilization ensues. The zygote grows into a small sporophyte still attached to the parent gametophyte. It will give rise, by meiosis, to the next generation of spores. Liverwort plants can also reproduce asexually, by the breaking of branches or the spreading of leaf fragments called gemmae. In this latter type of reproduction, the gemmae—small, intact, complete pieces of plant that are produced in a cup on the surface of the thallus (shown in Figure 25.11)—are splashed out of the cup by raindrops. The gemmae then land nearby and develop into gametophytes. Answer: flagella
Output:
| [
"Gametes swim with the aid of what structure to the female gametangium, and fertilization ensues?"
] | task594-3df899238f2d4dd99f9edba5a873ed12 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Reactive elements combine easily with other elements. This explains why they usually exist in nature in compounds rather than in pure form. Answer: easily
Output:
| [
"Reactive elements are able to combine more what with other elements?"
] | task594-96a9b3954f8542878e60e45c478e12e6 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Breathing certainly is a major contribution to your health! Without breathing, we could not survive. Curiously, the act of breathing itself is little more than an application of Boyle’s law. The lungs are a series of ever-narrowing tubes that end in a myriad of tiny sacs called alveoli. It is in the alveoli that oxygen from the air transfers to the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream transfers to the lungs for exhalation. For air to move in and out of the lungs, the pressure inside the lungs must change, forcing the lungs to change volume—just as predicted by Boyle’s law. The pressure change is caused by the diaphragm, a muscle that covers the bottom of the lungs. When the diaphragm moves down, it expands the size of our lungs. When this happens, the air pressure inside our lungs decreases slightly. This causes new air to rush in, and we inhale. The pressure decrease is slight—only 3 torr, or about 0.4% of an atmosphere. We inhale only 0.5–1.0 L of air per normal breath. Exhaling air requires that we relax the diaphragm, which pushes against the lungs and slightly decreases the volume of the lungs. This slightly increases the pressure of the air in the lungs, and air is forced out; we exhale. Only 1–2 torr of extra pressure is needed to exhale. So with every breath, our own bodies are performing an experimental test of Boyle’s law. Answer: alveoli
Output:
| [
"The lungs are a series of ever-narrowing tubes that end in a myriad of tiny sacs called what?"
] | task594-fa7d7f9cda6d43779a56e2f79fda0bd8 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Interspecific competition often leads to extinction . The species that is less well adapted may get fewer of the resources that both species need. As a result, members of that species are less likely to survive, and the species may go extinct. Answer: extinction
Output:
| [
"What does interspecific competition between species often lead to?"
] | task594-f48d3c50fc894fb0b4f6cdd7ed99c24f |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: The Pressure of a Mixture of Gases: Dalton’s Law Unless they chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other’s pressure. Each individual gas in a mixture exerts the same pressure that it would exert if it present alone in the container (Figure 9.20). The pressure exerted by each individual gas in a mixture is called its partial pressure. This observation is summarized by Dalton’s law of partial pressures: The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases: P Total = P A + P B + P C + . = Σ i P i In the equation PTotal is the total pressure of a mixture of gases, PA is the partial pressure of gas A; PB is the partial pressure of gas B; PC is the partial pressure of gas C; and so on. Answer: pressure
Output:
| [
"According to dalton's law, unless they chemically react with each other, individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other’s what?"
] | task594-25075bbb2f23416f92d5be973560375c |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Sickle-Shaped and Normal Red Blood Cells. Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder. The mutation that causes the disorder affects just one amino acid in a single protein, but it has serious consequences for the affected person. This photo shows the sickle shape of red blood cells in people with sickle cell anemia. Answer: autosomal recessive disorder
Output:
| [
"Sickle cell anemia is what type of disorder?"
] | task594-36f272d763344c509f0cc6a1bd4d5b54 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: The only obvious difference between boys and girls at birth is their reproductive organs. However, even the reproductive organs start out the same in both sexes. Answer: reproductive
Output:
| [
"The only obvious difference between boys and girls at birth is what type of organs?"
] | task594-4fe8ce05d7ef437882ff18ab80eaa7b1 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Hydrogen chloride contains one atom of hydrogen and one atom of chlorine. Because the. Answer: chlorine
Output:
| [
"Hydrogen chloride contains one atom of hydrogen and one atom of what?"
] | task594-661805c74b494b3f8f4ad6f81cbd5a31 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: The Levels of Classification Taxonomy (which literally means “arrangement law”) is the science of naming and grouping species to construct an internationally shared classification system. The taxonomic classification system (also called the Linnaean system after its inventor, Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist) uses a hierarchical model. A hierarchical system has levels and each group at one of the levels includes groups at the next lowest level, so that at the lowest level each member belongs to a series of nested groups. An analogy is the nested series of directories on the main disk drive of a computer. For example, in the most inclusive grouping, scientists divide organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Within each domain is a second level called a kingdom. Each domain contains several kingdoms. Within kingdoms, the subsequent categories of increasing specificity are: phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. As an example, the classification levels for the domestic dog are shown in Figure 12.3. The group at each level is called a taxon (plural: taxa). In other words, for the dog, Carnivora is the taxon at the order level, Canidae is the taxon at the family level, and so forth. Organisms also have a common name that people typically use, such as domestic dog, or wolf. Each taxon name is capitalized except for species, and the genus and species names are italicized. Scientists refer to an organism by its genus and species names together, commonly called a scientific name, or Latin name. This two-name system is called binomial nomenclature. The scientific name of the wolf is therefore Canis lupus. Recent study of the DNA of domestic. Answer: carl linnaeus
Output:
| [
"Who invented the taxonomic classification system?"
] | task594-a2a065a331b84308be4b6595c7493180 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: The frequency of sound waves is measured in hertz (Hz), or the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a second. Human beings can normally hear sounds with a frequency between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Sounds with frequencies below 20 hertz are called infrasound . Infrasound is too low-pitched for humans to hear. Sounds with frequencies above 20,000 hertz are called ultrasound . Ultrasound is too high-pitched for humans to hear. Answer: hertz
Output:
| [
"The frequency of sound waves is measured in what unit?"
] | task594-2c5d83debb6e4b19b7eb3231ab68aabc |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Did you know that blood is a tissue? Blood is a fluid connective tissue that is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The cells that make up blood are pictured below ( Figure below ). The different parts of blood have different roles. Answer: plasma
Output:
| [
"Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and what else?"
] | task594-883719b12b8c4a9685345572f3a11f04 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: The branch of biology that studies animal behavior is called ethology . Ethologists usually study how animals behave in their natural environment, rather than in a lab. They generally try to answer four basic questions about the behaviors they observe:. Answer: ethology
Output:
| [
"What branch of biology studies animal behavior?"
] | task594-47ecd24b3089486dbcc2457e3d981e49 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Note the Pattern Few binary molecular compounds of nitrogen are formed by the direct reaction of the elements. At elevated temperatures, nitrogen reacts with highly electropositive metals to formionic nitrides, such as Li3N and Ca3N2. These compounds consist of ionic lattices formed by M n+ and N3− ions. Just as boron forms interstitial borides and carbon forms interstitial carbides, with less electropositive metals nitrogen forms a range ofinterstitial nitrides, in which nitrogen occupies holes in a close-packed metallic structure. Like the interstitial carbides and borides, these substances are typically very hard, high-melting materials that have metallic luster and conductivity. Nitrogen also reacts with semimetals at very high temperatures to produce covalent nitrides, such as Si3N4 and BN, which are solids with extended covalent network structures similar to those of graphite or diamond. Consequently, they are usually high melting and chemically inert materials. Ammonia (NH3) is one of the few thermodynamically stable binary compounds of nitrogen with a nonmetal. It is not flammable in air, but it burns in an O2 atmosphere: Equation 22.30. Answer: ammonia
Output:
| [
"What (nh3) is one of the few thermodynamically stable binary compounds of nitrogen with a nonmetal?"
] | task594-67df3d1f1ff54b8d9505c01307fa6bca |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Other modifications that reduce weight include the lack of a urinary bladder. Birds possess a cloaca, a structure that allows water to be reabsorbed from waste back into the bloodstream. Uric acid is not expelled as a liquid but is concentrated into urate salts, which are expelled along with fecal matter. In this way, water is not held in the urinary bladder, which would increase body weight. Most bird species only possess one ovary rather than two, further reducing body mass. The air sacs that extend into bones to form pneumatic bones also join with the lungs and function in respiration. Unlike mammalian lungs in which air flows in two directions, as it is breathed in and out, airflow through bird lungs travels in one direction (Figure 29.32). Air sacs allow for this unidirectional airflow, which also creates a cross-current exchange system with the blood. In a cross-current or counter-current system, the air flows in one direction and the blood flows in the opposite direction, creating a very efficient means of gas exchange. Answer: blood stream
Output:
| [
"Birds possess a cloaca, a structure that allows water to be reabsorbed from waste back into this?"
] | task594-aa691c76b97146ae8a28b94f46662d7b |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: In a marine ecosystem, algae are the producers. Through photosynthesis, they provide glucose for the ecosystem. So, can too much algae be a bad thing? Eutrophication is an over-enrichment of chemical nutrients in a body of water. Usually these nutrients are the nitrogen and phosphorous found in fertilizers. Run-off from lawns or farms can wash fertilizers into rivers or coastal waters. Answer: photosynthesis
Output:
| [
"Through this process, algae provide glucose for the ecosystem?"
] | task594-aac296eecb4b4de69f3121f784c60720 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: An animal-like protist, or a protozoa. These protists have the ability to move, usually with some sort of cilia or flagella, and must obtain their energy from other sources. But obviously, they are much simpler than animals. Answer: movement
Output:
| [
"Cilia or flagella structures give protists what ability?"
] | task594-63d2cb08c26445af97a7105443eb3b32 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: A N SW E R S 1. Gases consist of tiny particles of matter that are in constant motion. Gas particles are constantly colliding with each other and the walls of a container. These collisions are elastic; that is, there is no net loss of energy from the collisions. Gas particles are separated by large distances, with the size of a gas particle tiny compared to the distances that separate them. There are no interactive forces (i. , attraction or repulsion) between the particles of a gas. The average speed of gas particles is dependent on the temperature of the gas. Answer: energy
Output:
| [
"Gas particles are constantly colliding with each other and the walls of a container, and these collisions are elastic, so there is no net loss of what?"
] | task594-6bad600bff4f4442883da6fca5c90312 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Chytridiomycota: The Chytrids The only class in the Phylum Chytridiomycota is the Chytridiomycetes. The chytrids are the simplest and most primitive Eumycota, or true fungi. The evolutionary record shows that the first recognizable chytrids appeared during the late preCambrian period, more than 500 million years ago. Like all fungi, chytrids have chitin in their cell walls, but one group of chytrids has both cellulose and chitin in the cell wall. Most chytrids are unicellular; a few form multicellular organisms and hyphae, which have no septa between cells (coenocytic). They produce gametes and diploid zoospores that swim with the help of a single flagellum. The ecological habitat and cell structure of chytrids have much in common with protists. Chytrids usually live in aquatic environments, although some species live on land. Some species thrive as parasites on plants, insects, or amphibians (Figure 24.10), while others are saprobes. The chytrid species Allomyces is well characterized as an experimental organism. Its reproductive cycle includes both asexual and sexual phases. Allomyces produces diploid or haploid flagellated zoospores in a sporangium. Answer: fungi
Output:
| [
"The chytrids the only class in the phylum chytridiomycota is the chytridiomycetes. the chytrids are the simplest and most primitive eumycota, or true this?"
] | task594-4972d15fb9cf4adb8a8619ed9e17f2c1 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: A nonmetal is an element that is generally a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Many properties of nonmetals are the opposite of those seen in metals. There is a wider variation in properties among the nonmetals than among the metals, as seen in Figure below . Nonmetals exist in all three states of matter at room temperature. The majority are gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen. Bromine is a liquid, and a few are solids, such as carbon and sulfur. In the solid state, nonmetals are brittle, meaning that they will shatter if struck with a hammer. The solids are not lustrous, and their melting points are generally much lower than those of metals. On the periodic table in the Figure above , the nonmetals are shaded green and appear to the right of the stair-step line. Answer: nonmetal
Output:
| [
"An element that is generally a poor conductor of heat and electricity is known as a ______"
] | task594-fb2219ceed19410896615411afe23c11 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins return blood to the heart. Answer: arteries
Output:
| [
"What carries blood away from the heart?"
] | task594-d2ba4f519edc4dadbdb50f41d8005790 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: A circuit that consists of two loops is called a parallel circuit. If one loop of a parallel circuit is interrupted, current can still flow through the other loop. Answer: parallel circuit
Output:
| [
"A circuit that consists of two loops is called a what?"
] | task594-c2f78f932eb24d8ea43ab5dce4efbff7 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: A: When air temperature reaches the dew point, water vapor starts condensing. It may form dew (as on the spider web in the opening image), clouds, or fog. Dew forms on solid objects on the ground. Clouds form on tiny particles in the air high above the ground. Fog is a cloud that forms on tiny particles in the air close to the ground. Answer: condense
Output:
| [
"When the air temperature reaches the dew point, water vapor starts to do what?"
] | task594-bfc4a910e849493199fd42c661bfba1c |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Platelets and Coagulation Factors Blood must clot to heal wounds and prevent excess blood loss. Small cell fragments called platelets (thrombocytes) are attracted to the wound site where they adhere by extending many projections and releasing their contents. These contents activate other platelets and also interact with other coagulation factors, which convert fibrinogen, a water-soluble protein present in blood serum into fibrin (a non-water soluble protein), causing the blood to clot. Many of the clotting factors require vitamin K to work, and vitamin K deficiency can lead to problems with blood clotting. Many platelets converge and stick together at the wound site forming a platelet plug (also called a fibrin clot), as illustrated in Figure 40.8b. The plug or clot lasts for a number of days and stops the loss of blood. Platelets are formed from the disintegration of larger cells called megakaryocytes, like that shown in Figure 40.8a. For each megakaryocyte, 2000–3000 platelets are formed with 150,000 to 400,000 platelets present in each cubic millimeter of blood. Each platelet is disc shaped and 2–4 μm in diameter. They contain many small vesicles but do not contain a nucleus. Answer: platelets
Output:
| [
"Thrombocytes are more commonly known by what name?"
] | task594-7b0d368c76564c5c88222a44cba73ec5 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: 27.5 Single Slit Diffraction Light passing through a single slit forms a diffraction pattern somewhat different from those formed by double slits or diffraction gratings. Figure 27.21 shows a single slit diffraction pattern. Note that the central maximum is larger than those on either side, and that the intensity decreases rapidly on either side. In contrast, a diffraction grating produces evenly spaced lines that dim slowly on either side of center. Answer: evenly spaced lines
Output:
| [
"What kind of lines does a diffraction grating produce?"
] | task594-bb916f8bebcc4610b0b7dca20fc3a304 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Magnesium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate are commonly used as antacids. Give the empirical formulas and determine the molar masses of these compounds. Based on their formulas, suggest another compound that might be an effective antacid. ♦ Nickel(II) acetate, lead(II) phosphate, zinc nitrate, and beryllium oxide have all been reported to induce cancers in experimental animals. Answer: antacids
Output:
| [
"What are magnesium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate commonly used as?"
] | task594-2bc845bbc03b4986ab52ece9fe687a90 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Venus is the second planet from the Sun and the closest planet to Earth, in distance and in size. Venus has a very thick, corrosive atmosphere, and the surface temperature is extremely high. Answer: extremely high
Output:
| [
"What kind of surface temperature is found on venus?"
] | task594-d7a076a0446a425897cbb400f550ceeb |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: A: You may eat a wide variety of carbohydrates—from sugars in fruits to starches in potatoes. However, body cells use only sugars for energy. Answer: sugars
Output:
| [
"What do body cells use for energy?"
] | task594-0e6c2c77b3e0419897df25e04c3df2ee |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Insects are the only invertebrates than can fly. Flight is the main reason for their success. Answer: insects
Output:
| [
"The only invertebrates than can fly belong to what broad group, which is highly successful?"
] | task594-711f9f89906d4a1586a04582ec94b706 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Eggs are female gametes that form in the ovaries and are released into the fallopian tubes. Answer: eggs
Output:
| [
"What are the female gametes that form in the ovaries?"
] | task594-a1e085aa3763488aa9e0ad19377fddea |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Check Your Understanding Define nodes and antinodes. Solution Nodes are areas of wave interference where there is no motion. Antinodes are areas of wave interference where the motion is at its maximum point. Answer: motion
Output:
| [
"Solution nodes and antinodes are both areas of wave interference, but they differ in the presence of what condition?"
] | task594-fd65a2ead4164da0a49c6d5401a6647e |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Mendel investigated seven different characteristics in pea plants. In this chart, cotyledons refer to the tiny leaves inside seeds. Axial pods are located along the stems. Terminal pods are located at the ends of the stems. Answer: stems
Output:
| [
"Terminal pods are located at the end of what?"
] | task594-f8074e01481c442abf7a7c16156ff30f |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: rem = rad × factor where factor is a number greater than or equal to 1 that takes into account the type of radioactive emission and sometimes the type of tissue being exposed. For beta particles, the factor equals 1. For alpha particles striking most tissues, the factor is 10, but for eye tissue the factor is 30. Most radioactive emissions that people are exposed to are on the order of a few dozen millirems (mrem) or less; a medical X-ray is about 20 mrem. A sievert (Sv) is a related unit and is defined as 100 rem. What is a person’s annual exposure to radioactivity and radiation? Table 15.3 "Average Annual Radiation Exposure (Approximate)" lists the sources and annual amounts of radiation exposure. It may surprise you to learn that fully 82% of the radioactivity and radiation exposure we receive is from natural sources— sources we cannot avoid. Fully 10% of the exposure comes from our own bodies—largely from carbon-14 and potassium-40. Table 15.3 Average Annual Radiation Exposure (Approximate). Answer: millirems
Output:
| [
"Most radioactive emissions that people are exposed to are on the order of a few dozen what?"
] | task594-424adf4ac4e54d2da78a0d7dfbd58300 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Biology - The Life Science • Internal functions are coordinated and regulated so that the internal environment of a living thing is relatively constant, referred to as homeostasis10 . Living things are organized in the microscopic level from atoms up to cells11 . Atoms are arranged into molecules, then into macromolecules12 , which make up organelles13 , which work together to form cells. Beyond this, cells are organized in higher levels to form entire multicellular organisms. Cells together form tissues14 , which make up organs, which are part of organ systems, which work together to form an entire organism. Of course, beyond this, organisms form populations which make up parts of an ecosystem. All of the Earth's ecosystems together form the diverse environment that is the earth. Example:sub atoms, atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, eco systems. Answer: homeostasis
Output:
| [
"Internal functions are coordinated and regulated so that the internal environment of a living thing is relatively constant, referred to as what?"
] | task594-f3eecdde07b3461e90014dc4c436d2ef |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Ionic substances dissociate into ions when they dissolve in water, but most molecular substances do not. Answer: ionic
Output:
| [
"What substances dissociate into ions when dissolved in water?"
] | task594-4b7a8acf7140402995eca4363074b92c |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Matter is all the “stuff” that exists in the universe. Everything you can see and touch is made of matter, including you! The only things that aren’t matter are forms of energy, such as light and sound. In science, matter is defined as anything that has mass and volume. Mass and volume measure different aspects of matter. Answer: matter
Output:
| [
"In science, anything that has mass and volume is considered what?"
] | task594-e9d6932447a14c6f9e1c5aa13b32a8cf |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Aquatic biomes are water-based biomes. They include both freshwater biomes, such as rivers and lakes, and marine biomes, which are salt-water biomes in the ocean. The primary producers in most aquatic biomes are phytoplankton. Phytoplankton consist of microscopic bacteria and tiny algae that make food by photosynthesis. Unlike terrestrial biomes, which are determined mainly by temperature and moisture, aquatic biomes are determined mainly by sunlight and dissolved substances in the water. These factors, in turn, depend mainly on depth of water and distance from shore. Answer: marine biomes
Output:
| [
"Salt-water biomes in the ocean are called what?"
] | task594-7321a889888645bdbdd924e5ef510136 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Tar sands are rocky materials mixed with very thick oil. The tar is too thick to pump, and so tar sands are strip-mined. Hot water and caustic soda are used to separate the oil from the rock. This creates a slurry, which is shaken. The oil floats to the top and is skimmed off. Answer: very thick oil
Output:
| [
"Tar sands are rocky materials mixed with what?"
] | task594-11cce0a92d17428c9cc2c7c1a68472e3 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Cytoplasm is one component of cells that is common to all cells. Cytoplasm is the gel-like material between the cell membrane and the nucleus. The cytoplasm plays an important role in a cell, serving as a "jelly" in which organelles are suspended and held together by the cell membrane. Though prokaryotic cells do not have organelles (though they do have ribosomes), they still have cytoplasm. It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular activities occur, including the many metabolic pathways that occur within organelles, such as photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Answer: cytoplasm
Output:
| [
"What is the gel-like material between the cell membrane and the nucleus called?"
] | task594-ebcaa3fc3d204b0f949c2ee1d53dc263 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: ART CONNECTION QUESTIONS 1. Figure 14.10 In eukaryotic cells, DNA and RNA synthesis occur in a separate compartment from protein synthesis. In prokaryotic cells, both processes occur together. What advantages might there be to separating the processes? What advantages might there be to having them occur together? 2. Figure 14.14 You isolate a cell strain in which the joining together of Okazaki fragments is impaired and. Answer: protein
Output:
| [
"Unlike eukaryotic cells, dna and rna synthesis in prokaryotic cells occurs together with synthesis of what?"
] | task594-3b742b34428d437f8f73d9529842b1d8 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Field lines represent lines of force in the electric field around a charged particle. The lines bend when two particles interact. What would the lines of force look like around two negatively charged particles?. Answer: field lines
Output:
| [
"What are the lines of force in the electric field around a charged particle called?"
] | task594-f78bc1215dae4f65ae821ad55f3e7ebb |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Water is the only substance on Earth that is stable in all three states. Answer: water
Output:
| [
"What is the only substance on earth that is stable in all three states?"
] | task594-8c07f10d84b8484097c67ff41143b939 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Fish have a nervous system with a brain. Fish brains are small compared with the brains of other vertebrates. However, they are large and complex compared with the brains of invertebrates. Fish also have highly developed sense organs. They include organs to see, hear, feel, smell, and taste. Answer: fish
Output:
| [
"What category of animals in the vertebrate group has a relatively small brain but highly developed sense organs?"
] | task594-83a0f6da9e944bbd92a81df1623cd668 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: So what happens to your body's wastes? Obviously, you must get rid of them. This is the job of the excretory system. You remove waste as a gas (carbon dioxide), as a liquid (urine and sweat), and as a solid. Excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body. Answer: excretory system
Output:
| [
"What body system gets rid of waste?"
] | task594-0d6e5945164d4a90bc97988d5156ed46 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Potential energy is not only associated with the location of matter, but also with the structure of matter. Even a spring on the ground has potential energy if it is compressed; so does a rubber band that is pulled taut. On a molecular level, the bonds that hold the atoms of molecules together exist in a particular structure that has potential energy. Remember that anabolic cellular pathways require energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones and catabolic pathways release energy when complex molecules are broken down. The fact that energy can be released by the breakdown of certain chemical bonds implies that those bonds have potential energy. In fact, there is potential energy stored within the bonds of all the food molecules we eat, which is eventually harnessed for use. This is because these bonds can release energy when broken. The type of potential energy that exists within chemical bonds, and is released when those bonds are broken, is called chemical energy. Chemical energy is responsible for providing living cells with energy from food. The release of energy occurs when the molecular bonds within food molecules are broken. Answer: compressed
Output:
| [
"Potential energy is not only associated with the location of matter, but also with the structure of matter. even a spring on the ground has potential energy if it is what?"
] | task594-38ab948706f8499bbe190a18ddd735a0 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Almost all protozoa can move. They have special appendages for this purpose. You can see different types in Figure below . Cilia (cilium, singular) are short, hair-like projections. Pseudopods are temporary extensions of the cytoplasm. Flagella are long, whip-like structures. Flagella are also found in most prokaryotes. Answer: the cytoplasm
Output:
| [
"Pseudopods are temporary extensions of what?"
] | task594-db73a32047ff4e45be4d588054e39fd5 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Endocrine system disorders usually involve the secretion of too much or not enough hormone. For example, a tumor of the adrenal gland may lead to excessive secretion of growth hormone, which causes gigantism. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin, which causes high levels of glucose in the blood. Answer: type 1
Output:
| [
"Which type of diabetes involves the pancreas not secreting enough insulin, which causes high levels of glucose in the blood?"
] | task594-6ab186bda4eb439eb8a527145513d956 |
Definition: Given a scientific passage and an answer, generate a question for the given answer.
Positive Example 1 -
Input: Passage: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more nucleotides that changes the reading frame of the base sequence. Deletions remove nucleotides, and insertions add nucleotides. Consider the following sequence of bases in RNA:. Answer: nucleotides.
Output: A frameshift mutation is a deletion or insertion of one or more of what that changes the reading frame of the base sequence?
Positive Example 2 -
Input: Passage: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form. Answer: chromatin
Output: During telophase , the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form what?
Negative Example 1 -
Input: Science Passage': '6.3 | By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the concept of entropy • Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter and its environment relevant to a particular case of energy transfer are classified as a system, and everything outside of that system is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. An open system is one in which energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost into the air. A closed system is one that cannot transfer energy to its surroundings. Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energystoring molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe. Answer: thermodynamics
Output: What is called an open system ?
Negative Example 2 -
Input: Passage: Chemical reactivity trends are easy to predict when replacing anions in simple ionic compounds—simply use their relative positions on the periodic table. However, when replacing the cations, the trends are not as straightforward. This is partly because there are so many elements that can form cations; an element in one column on the periodic table may replace another element nearby, or it may not. A list called the activity series does the same thing the periodic table does for halogens: it lists the elements that will replace elements below them in single-replacement reactions. A simple activity series is shown below. Answer: activity series
Output: Who invented windmill ?
Now complete the following example -
Input: Passage: Today, evolution is still questioned by some people. Often, people who disagree with the theory of evolution do not really understand it. For example, some people think that the theory of evolution explains how life on Earth first began. In fact, the theory explains only how life changed after it first appeared. Some people think the theory of evolution means that humans evolved from modern apes. In fact, the theory suggests humans and modern apes have a common ancestor that lived several million years ago. These and other misconceptions about evolution contribute to the controversy that still surrounds this fundamental principle of biology. Answer: theory of evolution
Output:
| [
"Misconceptions about what theory contribute to the controversy that still surrounds this fundamental principle of biology?"
] | task594-2efca06db7794cf193edce56a4c79579 |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
Dataset Card for Natural Instructions (https://github.com/allenai/natural-instructions) Task: task594_sciq_question_generation
Additional Information
Citation Information
The following paper introduces the corpus in detail. If you use the corpus in published work, please cite it:
@misc{wang2022supernaturalinstructionsgeneralizationdeclarativeinstructions,
title={Super-NaturalInstructions: Generalization via Declarative Instructions on 1600+ NLP Tasks},
author={Yizhong Wang and Swaroop Mishra and Pegah Alipoormolabashi and Yeganeh Kordi and Amirreza Mirzaei and Anjana Arunkumar and Arjun Ashok and Arut Selvan Dhanasekaran and Atharva Naik and David Stap and Eshaan Pathak and Giannis Karamanolakis and Haizhi Gary Lai and Ishan Purohit and Ishani Mondal and Jacob Anderson and Kirby Kuznia and Krima Doshi and Maitreya Patel and Kuntal Kumar Pal and Mehrad Moradshahi and Mihir Parmar and Mirali Purohit and Neeraj Varshney and Phani Rohitha Kaza and Pulkit Verma and Ravsehaj Singh Puri and Rushang Karia and Shailaja Keyur Sampat and Savan Doshi and Siddhartha Mishra and Sujan Reddy and Sumanta Patro and Tanay Dixit and Xudong Shen and Chitta Baral and Yejin Choi and Noah A. Smith and Hannaneh Hajishirzi and Daniel Khashabi},
year={2022},
eprint={2204.07705},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.07705},
}
More details can also be found in the following paper:
@misc{brüelgabrielsson2024compressserveservingthousands,
title={Compress then Serve: Serving Thousands of LoRA Adapters with Little Overhead},
author={Rickard Brüel-Gabrielsson and Jiacheng Zhu and Onkar Bhardwaj and Leshem Choshen and Kristjan Greenewald and Mikhail Yurochkin and Justin Solomon},
year={2024},
eprint={2407.00066},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.DC},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.00066},
}
Contact Information
For any comments or questions, please email Rickard Brüel Gabrielsson
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