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10491763
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-6: associations between genetic variability and type II diabetes and between genetic variability and estimates of insulin secretion. The transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-6 is an upstream regulator of several genes involved in the pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. We therefore tested the hypothesis that variability in the HNF-6 gene is associated with subsets of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and estimates of insulin secretion in glucose tolerant subjects. We cloned the coding region as well as the intron-exon boundaries of the HNF-6 gene. We then examined them on genomic DNA in six MODY probands without mutations in the MODY1, MODY3 and MODY4 genes and in 54 patients with late-onset Type II diabetes by combined single strand conformational polymorphism-heteroduplex analysis followed by direct sequencing of identified variants. An identified missense variant was examined in association studies and genotype-phenotype studies. We identified two silent and one missense (Pro75 Ala) variant. In an association study the allelic frequency of the Pro75Ala polymorphism was 3.2% (95% confidence interval, 1.9-4.5) in 330 patients with Type II diabetes mellitus compared with 4.2% (2.4-6.0) in 238 age-matched glucose tolerant control subjects. Moreover, in studies of 238 middle-aged glucose tolerant subjects, of 226 glucose tolerant offspring of Type II diabetic patients and of 367 young healthy subjects, the carriers of the polymorphism did not differ from non-carriers in glucose induced serum insulin or C-peptide responses. Mutations in the coding region of the HNF-6 gene are not associated with Type II diabetes or with changes in insulin responses to glucose among the Caucasians examined.
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10661407
Langerin, a novel C-type lectin specific to Langerhans cells, is an endocytic receptor that induces the formation of Birbeck granules. We have identified a type II Ca2+-dependent lectin displaying mannose-binding specificity, exclusively expressed by Langerhans cells (LC), and named Langerin. LC are uniquely characterized by Birbeck granules (BG), which are organelles consisting of superimposed and zippered membranes. Here, we have shown that Langerin is constitutively associated with BG and that antibody to Langerin is internalized into these structures. Remarkably, transfection of Langerin cDNA into fibroblasts created a compact network of membrane structures with typical features of BG. Langerin is thus a potent inducer of membrane superimposition and zippering leading to BG formation. Our data suggest that induction of BG is a consequence of the antigen-capture function of Langerin, allowing routing into these organelles and providing access to a nonclassical antigen-processing pathway.
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10788334
Founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in Polish families with breast-ovarian cancer. We have undertaken a hospital-based study, to identify possible BRCA1 and BRCA2 founder mutations in the Polish population. The study group consisted of 66 Polish families with cancer who have at least three related females affected with breast or ovarian cancer and who had cancer diagnosed, in at least one of the three affected females, at age < 50 years. A total of 26 families had both breast and ovarian cancers, 4 families had ovarian cancers only, and 36 families had breast cancers only. Genomic DNA was prepared from the peripheral blood leukocytes of at least one affected woman from each family. The entire coding region of BRCA1 and BRCA2 was screened for the presence of germline mutations, by use of SSCP followed by direct sequencing of observed variants. Mutations were found in 35 (53%) of the 66 families studied. All but one of the mutations were detected within the BRCA1 gene. BRCA1 abnormalities were identified in all four families with ovarian cancer only, in 67% of 27 families with both breast and ovarian cancer, and in 34% of 35 families with breast cancer only. The single family with a BRCA2 mutation had the breast-ovarian cancer syndrome. Seven distinct mutations were identified; five of these occurred in two or more families. In total, recurrent mutations were found in 33 (94%) of the 35 families with detected mutations. Three BRCA1 abnormalities - 5382insC, C61G, and 4153delA - accounted for 51%, 20%, and 11% of the identified mutations, respectively..
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11009181
Apomorphine: an underutilized therapy for Parkinson's disease. Apomorphine was the first dopaminergic drug ever used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease. While powerful antiparkinsonian effects had been observed as early as 1951, the potential of treating fluctuating Parkinson's disease by subcutaneous administration of apomorphine has only recently become the subject of systematic study. A number of small scale clinical trials have unequivocally shown that intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine injections produce antiparkinsonian benefit close if not identical to that seen with levodopa and that apomorphine rescue injections can reliably revert off-periods even in patients with complex on-off motor swings. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions can reduce daily off-time by more than 50% in this group of patients, which appears to be a stronger effect than that generally seen with add-on therapy with oral dopamine agonists or COMT inhibitors. Extended follow-up studies of up to 8 years have demonstrated long-term persistence of apomorphine efficacy. In addition, there is convincing clinical evidence that monotherapy with continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusions is associated with marked reductions of preexisting levodopa-induced dyskinesias. The main side effects of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment are related to cutaneous tolerability problems, whereas sedation and psychiatric complications play a lesser role. Given the marked degree of efficacy of subcutaneous apomorphine treatment in fluctuating Parkinson's disease, this approach seems to deserve more widespread clinical use.
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11054569
Rab6c, a new member of the rab gene family, is involved in drug resistance in MCF7/AdrR cells. A new Rab6 homolog cDNA, Rab6c, was discovered by a hypermethylated DNA fragment probe that was isolated from a human multidrug resistant (MDR) breast cancer cell line, MCF7/AdrR, by the methylation sensitive-representational difference analysis (MS-RDA) technique. Rab6c was found to be under-expressed in MCF7/AdrR and MES-SA/Dx5 (a human MDR uterine sarcoma cell line) compared with their non-MDR parental cell lines. MCF7/AdrR cells expressing the exogenous Rab6c exhibited less resistance to several anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin (DOX), taxol, vinblastine, and vincristine, than the control cells containing the empty vector. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed that the transfectants' diminished resistance to DOX was caused by increased drug accumulation induced by the exogenous Rab6c. These results indicate that Rab6c is involved in drug resistance in MCF7/AdrR cells.
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11773892
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) using calcineurin-based immunotherapy: risk of development and treatment. BACKGROUND: The calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus are both known to be nephrotoxic. Their use in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) has dramatically improved success rates. Recently, however, we have had an increase of patients who are presenting after OLTX with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This retrospective study examines the incidence and treatment of ESRD and chronic renal failure (CRF) in OLTX patients. METHODS: Patients receiving an OLTX only from June 1985 through December of 1994 who survived 6 months postoperatively were studied (n=834). Our prospectively collected database was the source of information. Patients were divided into three groups: Controls, no CRF or ESRD, n=748; CRF, sustained serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dl, n=41; and ESRD, n=45. Groups were compared for preoperative laboratory variables, diagnosis, postoperative variables, survival, type of ESRD therapy, and survival from onset of ESRD. RESULTS: At 13 years after OLTX, the incidence of severe renal dysfunction was 18.1% (CRF 8.6% and ESRD 9.5%). Compared with control patients, CRF and ESRD patients had higher preoperative serum creatinine levels, a greater percentage of patients with hepatorenal syndrome, higher percentage requirement for dialysis in the first 3 months postoperatively, and a higher 1-year serum creatinine. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis using preoperative and postoperative variables identified that an increase of serum creatinine compared with average at 1 year, 3 months, and 4 weeks postoperatively were independent risk factors for the development of CRF or ESRD with odds ratios of 2.6, 2.2, and 1.6, respectively. Overall survival from the time of OLTX was not significantly different among groups, but by year 13, the survival of the patients who had ESRD was only 28.2% compared with 54.6% in the control group. Patients developing ESRD had a 6-year survival after onset of ESRD of 27% for the patients receiving hemodialysis versus 71.4% for the patients developing ESRD who subsequently received kidney transplants. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who are more than 10 years post-OLTX have CRF and ESRD at a high rate. The development of ESRD decreases survival, particularly in those patients treated with dialysis only. Patients who develop ESRD have a higher preoperative and 1-year serum creatinine and are more likely to have hepatorenal syndrome. However, an increase of serum creatinine at various times postoperatively is more predictive of the development of CRF or ESRD. New strategies for long-term immunosuppression may be needed to decrease this complication.
[ "End", "-", "stage", "renal", "disease", "(", "ESRD", ")", "after", "orthotopic", "liver", "transplantation", "(", "OLTX", ")", "using", "calcineurin", "-", "based", "immunotherapy", ":", "risk", "of", "development", "and", "treatment", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "The", "calcineurin", "inhibitors", "cyclosporine", "and", "tacrolimus", "are", "both", "known", "to", "be", "nephrotoxic", ".", "Their", "use", "in", "orthotopic", "liver", "transplantation", "(", "OLTX", ")", "has", "dramatically", "improved", "success", "rates", ".", "Recently", ",", "however", ",", "we", "have", "had", "an", "increase", "of", "patients", "who", "are", "presenting", "after", "OLTX", "with", "end", "-", "stage", "renal", "disease", "(", "ESRD", ")", ".", "This", "retrospective", "study", "examines", "the", "incidence", "and", "treatment", "of", "ESRD", "and", "chronic", "renal", "failure", "(", "CRF", ")", "in", "OLTX", "patients", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Patients", "receiving", "an", "OLTX", "only", "from", "June", "1985", "through", "December", "of", "1994", "who", "survived", "6", "months", "postoperatively", "were", "studied", "(", "n=834", ")", ".", "Our", "prospectively", "collected", "database", "was", "the", "source", "of", "information", ".", "Patients", "were", "divided", "into", "three", "groups", ":", "Controls", ",", "no", "CRF", "or", "ESRD", ",", "n=748", ";", "CRF", ",", "sustained", "serum", "creatinine", ">", "2", ".", "5", "mg", "/", "dl", ",", "n=41", ";", "and", "ESRD", ",", "n=45", ".", "Groups", "were", "compared", "for", "preoperative", "laboratory", "variables", ",", "diagnosis", ",", "postoperative", "variables", ",", "survival", ",", "type", "of", "ESRD", "therapy", ",", "and", "survival", "from", "onset", "of", "ESRD", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "At", "13", "years", "after", "OLTX", ",", "the", "incidence", "of", "severe", "renal", "dysfunction", "was", "18", ".", "1", "%", "(", "CRF", "8", ".", "6", "%", "and", "ESRD", "9", ".", "5", "%", ")", ".", "Compared", "with", "control", "patients", ",", "CRF", "and", "ESRD", "patients", "had", "higher", "preoperative", "serum", "creatinine", "levels", ",", "a", "greater", "percentage", "of", "patients", "with", "hepatorenal", "syndrome", ",", "higher", "percentage", "requirement", "for", "dialysis", "in", "the", "first", "3", "months", "postoperatively", ",", "and", "a", "higher", "1", "-", "year", "serum", "creatinine", ".", "Multivariate", "stepwise", "logistic", "regression", "analysis", "using", "preoperative", "and", "postoperative", "variables", "identified", "that", "an", "increase", "of", "serum", "creatinine", "compared", "with", "average", "at", "1", "year", ",", "3", "months", ",", "and", "4", "weeks", "postoperatively", "were", "independent", "risk", "factors", "for", "the", "development", "of", "CRF", "or", "ESRD", "with", "odds", "ratios", "of", "2", ".", "6", ",", "2", ".", "2", ",", "and", "1", ".", "6", ",", "respectively", ".", "Overall", "survival", "from", "the", "time", "of", "OLTX", "was", "not", "significantly", "different", "among", "groups", ",", "but", "by", "year", "13", ",", "the", "survival", "of", "the", "patients", "who", "had", "ESRD", "was", "only", "28", ".", "2", "%", "compared", "with", "54", ".", "6", "%", "in", "the", "control", "group", ".", "Patients", "developing", "ESRD", "had", "a", "6", "-", "year", "survival", "after", "onset", "of", "ESRD", "of", "27", "%", "for", "the", "patients", "receiving", "hemodialysis", "versus", "71", ".", "4", "%", "for", "the", "patients", "developing", "ESRD", "who", "subsequently", "received", "kidney", "transplants", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Patients", "who", "are", "more", "than", "10", "years", "post", "-", "OLTX", "have", "CRF", "and", "ESRD", "at", "a", "high", "rate", ".", "The", "development", "of", "ESRD", "decreases", "survival", ",", "particularly", "in", "those", "patients", "treated", "with", "dialysis", "only", ".", "Patients", "who", "develop", "ESRD", "have", "a", "higher", "preoperative", "and", "1", "-", "year", "serum", "creatinine", "and", "are", "more", "likely", "to", "have", "hepatorenal", "syndrome", ".", "However", ",", "an", "increase", "of", "serum", "creatinine", "at", "various", "times", "postoperatively", "is", "more", "predictive", "of", "the", "development", "of", "CRF", "or", "ESRD", ".", "New", "strategies", "for", "long", "-", "term", "immunosuppression", "may", "be", "needed", "to", "decrease", "this", "complication", "." ]
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12442272
D90A-SOD1 mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a single founder for all cases with evidence for a Cis-acting disease modifier in the recessive haplotype. More than 100 different heterozygous mutations in copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been found in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Uniquely, D90A-SOD1 has been identified in recessive, dominant and apparently sporadic pedigrees. The phenotype of homozygotes is stereotyped with an extended survival, whereas that of affected heterozygotes varies. The frequency of D90A-SOD1 is 50 times higher in Scandinavia (2.5%) than elsewhere, though ALS prevalence is not raised there. Our earlier study indicated separate founders for recessive and dominant/sporadic ALS and we proposed a disease-modifying factor linked to the recessive mutation. Here we have doubled our sample set and employed novel markers to characterise the mutation's origin and localise any modifying factor. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicates that D90A homozygotes and heterozygotes share a rare haplotype and are all descended from a single ancient founder (alpha 0.974) c.895 generations ago. Homozygotes arose subsequently only c.63 generations ago (alpha 0.878). Recombination has reduced the region shared by recessive kindreds to 97-265 kb around SOD1, excluding all neighbouring genes. We propose that a cis-acting regulatory polymorphism has arisen close to D90A-SOD1 in the recessive founder, which decreases ALS susceptibility in heterozygotes and slows disease progression.
[ "D90A", "-", "SOD1", "mediated", "amyotrophic", "lateral", "sclerosis", ":", "a", "single", "founder", "for", "all", "cases", "with", "evidence", "for", "a", "Cis", "-", "acting", "disease", "modifier", "in", "the", "recessive", "haplotype", ".", "More", "than", "100", "different", "heterozygous", "mutations", "in", "copper", "/", "zinc", "superoxide", "dismutase", "(", "SOD1", ")", "have", "been", "found", "in", "patients", "with", "amyotrophic", "lateral", "sclerosis", "(", "ALS", ")", ",", "a", "fatal", "neurodegenerative", "disease", ".", "Uniquely", ",", "D90A", "-", "SOD1", "has", "been", "identified", "in", "recessive", ",", "dominant", "and", "apparently", "sporadic", "pedigrees", ".", "The", "phenotype", "of", "homozygotes", "is", "stereotyped", "with", "an", "extended", "survival", ",", "whereas", "that", "of", "affected", "heterozygotes", "varies", ".", "The", "frequency", "of", "D90A", "-", "SOD1", "is", "50", "times", "higher", "in", "Scandinavia", "(", "2", ".", "5", "%", ")", "than", "elsewhere", ",", "though", "ALS", "prevalence", "is", "not", "raised", "there", ".", "Our", "earlier", "study", "indicated", "separate", "founders", "for", "recessive", "and", "dominant", "/", "sporadic", "ALS", "and", "we", "proposed", "a", "disease", "-", "modifying", "factor", "linked", "to", "the", "recessive", "mutation", ".", "Here", "we", "have", "doubled", "our", "sample", "set", "and", "employed", "novel", "markers", "to", "characterise", "the", "mutation", "'s", "origin", "and", "localise", "any", "modifying", "factor", ".", "Linkage", "disequilibrium", "analysis", "indicates", "that", "D90A", "homozygotes", "and", "heterozygotes", "share", "a", "rare", "haplotype", "and", "are", "all", "descended", "from", "a", "single", "ancient", "founder", "(", "alpha", "0", ".", "974", ")", "c", ".", "895", "generations", "ago", ".", "Homozygotes", "arose", "subsequently", "only", "c", ".", "63", "generations", "ago", "(", "alpha", "0", ".", "878", ")", ".", "Recombination", "has", "reduced", "the", "region", "shared", "by", "recessive", "kindreds", "to", "97", "-", "265", "kb", "around", "SOD1", ",", "excluding", "all", "neighbouring", "genes", ".", "We", "propose", "that", "a", "cis", "-", "acting", "regulatory", "polymorphism", "has", "arisen", "close", "to", "D90A", "-", "SOD1", "in", "the", "recessive", "founder", ",", "which", "decreases", "ALS", "susceptibility", "in", "heterozygotes", "and", "slows", "disease", "progression", "." ]
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1353340
Late-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy: molecular pathology in two siblings. We report on a new allele at the arylsulfatase A (ARSA) locus causing late-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). In that allele arginine84, a residue that is highly conserved in the arylsulfatase gene family, is replaced by glutamine. In contrast to alleles that cause early-onset MLD, the arginine84 to glutamine substitution is associated with some residual ARSA activity. A comparison of genotypes, ARSA activities, and clinical data on 4 individuals carrying the allele of 81 patients with MLD examined, further validates the concept that different degrees of residual ARSA activity are the basis of phenotypical variation in MLD..
[ "Late", "-", "onset", "metachromatic", "leukodystrophy", ":", "molecular", "pathology", "in", "two", "siblings", ".", "We", "report", "on", "a", "new", "allele", "at", "the", "arylsulfatase", "A", "(", "ARSA", ")", "locus", "causing", "late", "-", "onset", "metachromatic", "leukodystrophy", "(", "MLD", ")", ".", "In", "that", "allele", "arginine84", ",", "a", "residue", "that", "is", "highly", "conserved", "in", "the", "arylsulfatase", "gene", "family", ",", "is", "replaced", "by", "glutamine", ".", "In", "contrast", "to", "alleles", "that", "cause", "early", "-", "onset", "MLD", ",", "the", "arginine84", "to", "glutamine", "substitution", "is", "associated", "with", "some", "residual", "ARSA", "activity", ".", "A", "comparison", "of", "genotypes", ",", "ARSA", "activities", ",", "and", "clinical", "data", "on", "4", "individuals", "carrying", "the", "allele", "of", "81", "patients", "with", "MLD", "examined", ",", "further", "validates", "the", "concept", "that", "different", "degrees", "of", "residual", "ARSA", "activity", "are", "the", "basis", "of", "phenotypical", "variation", "in", "MLD", ".", "." ]
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14722929
Low frequency of deafness-associated GJB2 variants in Kenya and Sudan and novel GJB2 variants. A large proportion of non-syndromic autosomal recessive deafness (NSARD) in many populations is caused by variants of the GJB2 gene. Here, the frequency of GJB2 variants was studied in 406 and 183 apparently unrelated children from Kenya and Sudan, respectively, with mostly severe to profound non-syndromic deafness. Nine (2.2 %) Kenyan and 12 (6.6 %) of the Sudanese children only were carriers of variants within the coding sequence of the GJB2 gene. Variants in the 5'-adjacent region were detected in further 115 individuals. A total of 10 novel variants was recognized, among them four variants in the adjacent 5'-region of the GJB2 coding exon 2 (g.3318-6T>A, g.3318-15C>T, g.3318-34C>T, g.3318-35T>G), a 6 base-pair deletion (g.3455_3460del [p.Asp46_Gln48delinsGlu]), a variant leading to a stop codon (g.3512C>A [p.Tyr65X]), synonymous variants (g.3395C>T [p.Thr26], g.3503C>T [p.Asn62], g.3627A>C [p.Arg104]), and one non-synonymous variant (g.3816C>A [p.Val167Met]). In addition, the previously described variants g.3352delG (commonly designated 30delG or 35 delG), g.3426G>A [p.Val37Ile], g.3697G>A [p.Arg127His], g.3774G>A [p.Val153Ile], and g.3795G>A [p.Gly160Ser] were identified. With the exception of g.3318-34C>T and g.3352delG, all variants occurred heterozygously. For most of the variants identified in the Kenyan and Sudanese study population, a causative association with NSARD appears to be unlikely. Compared to many other ethnic groups, deafness-associated variants of the coding region of GJB2 are rare in Sudan and Kenya, suggesting a role of other genetic, or epigenetic factors as a cause for deafness in these countries.
[ "Low", "frequency", "of", "deafness", "-", "associated", "GJB2", "variants", "in", "Kenya", "and", "Sudan", "and", "novel", "GJB2", "variants", ".", "A", "large", "proportion", "of", "non", "-", "syndromic", "autosomal", "recessive", "deafness", "(", "NSARD", ")", "in", "many", "populations", "is", "caused", "by", "variants", "of", "the", "GJB2", "gene", ".", "Here", ",", "the", "frequency", "of", "GJB2", "variants", "was", "studied", "in", "406", "and", "183", "apparently", "unrelated", "children", "from", "Kenya", "and", "Sudan", ",", "respectively", ",", "with", "mostly", "severe", "to", "profound", "non", "-", "syndromic", "deafness", ".", "Nine", "(", "2", ".", "2", "%", ")", "Kenyan", "and", "12", "(", "6", ".", "6", "%", ")", "of", "the", "Sudanese", "children", "only", "were", "carriers", "of", "variants", "within", "the", "coding", "sequence", "of", "the", "GJB2", "gene", ".", "Variants", "in", "the", "5", "'", "-", "adjacent", "region", "were", "detected", "in", "further", "115", "individuals", ".", "A", "total", "of", "10", "novel", "variants", "was", "recognized", ",", "among", "them", "four", "variants", "in", "the", "adjacent", "5", "'", "-", "region", "of", "the", "GJB2", "coding", "exon", "2", "(", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "6T", ">", "A", ",", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "15C", ">", "T", ",", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "34C", ">", "T", ",", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "35T", ">", "G", ")", ",", "a", "6", "base", "-", "pair", "deletion", "(", "g", ".", "3455_3460del", "[", "p", ".", "Asp46_Gln48delinsGlu", "]", ")", ",", "a", "variant", "leading", "to", "a", "stop", "codon", "(", "g", ".", "3512C", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Tyr65X", "]", ")", ",", "synonymous", "variants", "(", "g", ".", "3395C", ">", "T", "[", "p", ".", "Thr26", "]", ",", "g", ".", "3503C", ">", "T", "[", "p", ".", "Asn62", "]", ",", "g", ".", "3627A", ">", "C", "[", "p", ".", "Arg104", "]", ")", ",", "and", "one", "non", "-", "synonymous", "variant", "(", "g", ".", "3816C", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Val167Met", "]", ")", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "previously", "described", "variants", "g", ".", "3352delG", "(", "commonly", "designated", "30delG", "or", "35", "delG", ")", ",", "g", ".", "3426G", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Val37Ile", "]", ",", "g", ".", "3697G", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Arg127His", "]", ",", "g", ".", "3774G", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Val153Ile", "]", ",", "and", "g", ".", "3795G", ">", "A", "[", "p", ".", "Gly160Ser", "]", "were", "identified", ".", "With", "the", "exception", "of", "g", ".", "3318", "-", "34C", ">", "T", "and", "g", ".", "3352delG", ",", "all", "variants", "occurred", "heterozygously", ".", "For", "most", "of", "the", "variants", "identified", "in", "the", "Kenyan", "and", "Sudanese", "study", "population", ",", "a", "causative", "association", "with", "NSARD", "appears", "to", "be", "unlikely", ".", "Compared", "to", "many", "other", "ethnic", "groups", ",", "deafness", "-", "associated", "variants", "of", "the", "coding", "region", "of", "GJB2", "are", "rare", "in", "Sudan", "and", "Kenya", ",", "suggesting", "a", "role", "of", "other", "genetic", ",", "or", "epigenetic", "factors", "as", "a", "cause", "for", "deafness", "in", "these", "countries", "." ]
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15099351
Mutations in the PCSK9 gene in Norwegian subjects with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is at a locus for autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia, and recent data indicate that the PCSK9 gene is involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Mutations within this gene have previously been found to segregate with hypercholesterolemia. In this study, DNA sequencing of the 12 exons of the PCSK9 gene has been performed in 51 Norwegian subjects with a clinical diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia where mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene and mutation R3500Q in the apolipoprotein B-100 gene had been excluded. Two novel missense mutations were detected in the catalytic subdomain of the PCSK9 gene. Two patients were heterozygotes for D374Y, and one patient was a double heterozygote for D374Y and N157K. D374Y segregated with hypercholesterolemia in the two former families where family members were available for study. Our findings support the notion that mutations in the PCSK9 gene cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia.
[ "Mutations", "in", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", "in", "Norwegian", "subjects", "with", "autosomal", "dominant", "hypercholesterolemia", ".", "Proprotein", "convertase", "subtilisin", "/", "kexin", "type", "9", "(", "PCSK9", ")", "is", "at", "a", "locus", "for", "autosomal", "dominant", "hypercholesterolemia", ",", "and", "recent", "data", "indicate", "that", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", "is", "involved", "in", "cholesterol", "biosynthesis", ".", "Mutations", "within", "this", "gene", "have", "previously", "been", "found", "to", "segregate", "with", "hypercholesterolemia", ".", "In", "this", "study", ",", "DNA", "sequencing", "of", "the", "12", "exons", "of", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", "has", "been", "performed", "in", "51", "Norwegian", "subjects", "with", "a", "clinical", "diagnosis", "of", "familial", "hypercholesterolemia", "where", "mutations", "in", "the", "low", "-", "density", "lipoprotein", "receptor", "gene", "and", "mutation", "R3500Q", "in", "the", "apolipoprotein", "B", "-", "100", "gene", "had", "been", "excluded", ".", "Two", "novel", "missense", "mutations", "were", "detected", "in", "the", "catalytic", "subdomain", "of", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", ".", "Two", "patients", "were", "heterozygotes", "for", "D374Y", ",", "and", "one", "patient", "was", "a", "double", "heterozygote", "for", "D374Y", "and", "N157K", ".", "D374Y", "segregated", "with", "hypercholesterolemia", "in", "the", "two", "former", "families", "where", "family", "members", "were", "available", "for", "study", ".", "Our", "findings", "support", "the", "notion", "that", "mutations", "in", "the", "PCSK9", "gene", "cause", "autosomal", "dominant", "hypercholesterolemia", "." ]
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15122708
Desmin-related myopathy with Mallory body-like inclusions is caused by mutations of the selenoprotein N gene. Desmin-related myopathies (DRMs) are a heterogeneous group of muscle disorders, morphologically defined by intrasarcoplasmic aggregates of desmin. Mutations in the desmin and the alpha-B crystallin genes account for approximately one third of the DRM cases. The genetic basis of the other forms remain unknown, including the early-onset, recessive form with Mallory body-like inclusions (MB-DRMs), first described in five related German patients. Recently, we identified the selenoprotein N gene (SEPN1) as responsible for SEPN-related myopathy (SEPN-RM), a unique early-onset myopathy formerly divided in two different nosological categories: rigid spine muscular dystrophy and the severe form of classical multiminicore disease. The finding of Mallory body-like inclusions in two cases of genetically documented SEPN-RM led us to suspect a relationship between MB-DRM and SEPN1. In the original MB-DRM German family, we demonstrated a linkage of the disease to the SEPN1 locus (1p36), and subsequently a homozygous SEPN1 deletion (del 92 nucleotide -19/+73) in the affected patients. A comparative reevaluation showed that MB-DRM and SEPN-RM share identical clinical features. Therefore, we propose that MB-DRM should be categorized as SEPN-RM. These findings substantiate the molecular heterogeneity of DRM, expand the morphological spectrum of SEPN-RM, and implicate a necessary reassessment of the nosological boundaries in early-onset myopathies.
[ "Desmin", "-", "related", "myopathy", "with", "Mallory", "body", "-", "like", "inclusions", "is", "caused", "by", "mutations", "of", "the", "selenoprotein", "N", "gene", ".", "Desmin", "-", "related", "myopathies", "(", "DRMs", ")", "are", "a", "heterogeneous", "group", "of", "muscle", "disorders", ",", "morphologically", "defined", "by", "intrasarcoplasmic", "aggregates", "of", "desmin", ".", "Mutations", "in", "the", "desmin", "and", "the", "alpha", "-", "B", "crystallin", "genes", "account", "for", "approximately", "one", "third", "of", "the", "DRM", "cases", ".", "The", "genetic", "basis", "of", "the", "other", "forms", "remain", "unknown", ",", "including", "the", "early", "-", "onset", ",", "recessive", "form", "with", "Mallory", "body", "-", "like", "inclusions", "(", "MB", "-", "DRMs", ")", ",", "first", "described", "in", "five", "related", "German", "patients", ".", "Recently", ",", "we", "identified", "the", "selenoprotein", "N", "gene", "(", "SEPN1", ")", "as", "responsible", "for", "SEPN", "-", "related", "myopathy", "(", "SEPN", "-", "RM", ")", ",", "a", "unique", "early", "-", "onset", "myopathy", "formerly", "divided", "in", "two", "different", "nosological", "categories", ":", "rigid", "spine", "muscular", "dystrophy", "and", "the", "severe", "form", "of", "classical", "multiminicore", "disease", ".", "The", "finding", "of", "Mallory", "body", "-", "like", "inclusions", "in", "two", "cases", "of", "genetically", "documented", "SEPN", "-", "RM", "led", "us", "to", "suspect", "a", "relationship", "between", "MB", "-", "DRM", "and", "SEPN1", ".", "In", "the", "original", "MB", "-", "DRM", "German", "family", ",", "we", "demonstrated", "a", "linkage", "of", "the", "disease", "to", "the", "SEPN1", "locus", "(", "1p36", ")", ",", "and", "subsequently", "a", "homozygous", "SEPN1", "deletion", "(", "del", "92", "nucleotide", "-", "19", "/", "+", "73", ")", "in", "the", "affected", "patients", ".", "A", "comparative", "reevaluation", "showed", "that", "MB", "-", "DRM", "and", "SEPN", "-", "RM", "share", "identical", "clinical", "features", ".", "Therefore", ",", "we", "propose", "that", "MB", "-", "DRM", "should", "be", "categorized", "as", "SEPN", "-", "RM", ".", "These", "findings", "substantiate", "the", "molecular", "heterogeneity", "of", "DRM", ",", "expand", "the", "morphological", "spectrum", "of", "SEPN", "-", "RM", ",", "and", "implicate", "a", "necessary", "reassessment", "of", "the", "nosological", "boundaries", "in", "early", "-", "onset", "myopathies", "." ]
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15177686
Altered replication timing of the HIRA/Tuple1 locus in the DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial syndromes. DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial syndromes (DGS/VCFS) are endowed by a similar complex phenotype including cardiovascular, craniofacial, and thymic malformations, and are associated with heterozygous deletions of 22q11 chromosomal band. The Typically Deleted Region in the 22q11.21 subband (here called TDR22) is very gene-dense, and the extent of the deletion has been defined precisely in several studies. However, to date there is no evidence for a mechanism of haploinsufficiency that can fully explain the DGS/VCFS phenotype. In this study, we show that the candidate gene HIRA/Tuple1 mapping on the non-deleted TDR22, in DGS/VCFS subjects presents a delayed replication timing. Moreover, we observed an increase in the cell ratio showing the HIRA/Tuple1 locus localised toward the nuclear periphery. It is known that replication timing and nuclear location are generally correlated to the transcription activity of the relative DNA region. We propose that the alteration in the replication/nuclear location pattern of the non-deleted TDR22 indicates an altered gene regulation hence an altered transcritpion in DGS/VCFS.
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15188772
Severe reversible left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction due to accidental iatrogenic epinephrine overdose. Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy due to chronic excess of endogenous catecholamines has been recognized for decades as a clinical phenomenon. In contrast, reports of myocardial dysfunction due to acute iatrogenic overdose are rare. A 35-year-old woman whose cervix uteri was inadvertently injected with 8 mg of epinephrine developed myocardial stunning that was characterized by severe hemodynamic compromise, profound, albeit transient, left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and only modestly elevated biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis. Our case illustrates the serious consequences of medical errors that can be avoided through improved medication labeling and staff supervision.
[ "Severe", "reversible", "left", "ventricular", "systolic", "and", "diastolic", "dysfunction", "due", "to", "accidental", "iatrogenic", "epinephrine", "overdose", ".", "Catecholamine", "-", "induced", "cardiomyopathy", "due", "to", "chronic", "excess", "of", "endogenous", "catecholamines", "has", "been", "recognized", "for", "decades", "as", "a", "clinical", "phenomenon", ".", "In", "contrast", ",", "reports", "of", "myocardial", "dysfunction", "due", "to", "acute", "iatrogenic", "overdose", "are", "rare", ".", "A", "35", "-", "year", "-", "old", "woman", "whose", "cervix", "uteri", "was", "inadvertently", "injected", "with", "8", "mg", "of", "epinephrine", "developed", "myocardial", "stunning", "that", "was", "characterized", "by", "severe", "hemodynamic", "compromise", ",", "profound", ",", "albeit", "transient", ",", "left", "ventricular", "systolic", "and", "diastolic", "dysfunction", ",", "and", "only", "modestly", "elevated", "biochemical", "markers", "of", "myocardial", "necrosis", ".", "Our", "case", "illustrates", "the", "serious", "consequences", "of", "medical", "errors", "that", "can", "be", "avoided", "through", "improved", "medication", "labeling", "and", "staff", "supervision", "." ]
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15266215
Effects of the cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor valdecoxib versus nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents and placebo on cardiovascular thrombotic events in patients with arthritis. There have been concerns that the risk of cardiovascular thrombotic events may be higher with cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-specific inhibitors than nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We evaluated cardiovascular event data for valdecoxib, a new COX-2-specific inhibitor in approximately 8000 patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis treated with this agent in randomized clinical trials. The incidence of cardiovascular thrombotic events (cardiac, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular, or arterial thrombotic) was determined by analyzing pooled valdecoxib (10-80 mg daily), nonselective NSAID (diclofenac 75 mg bid, ibuprofen 800 mg tid, or naproxen 500 mg bid) and placebo data from 10 randomized osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis trials that were 6-52 weeks in duration. The incidence rates of events were determined in all patients (n = 7934) and in users of low-dose (< or =325 mg daily) aspirin (n = 1051) and nonusers of aspirin (n = 6883). Crude and exposure-adjusted incidences of thrombotic events were similar for valdecoxib, NSAIDs, and placebo. The risk of serious thrombotic events was also similar for each valdecoxib dose. Thrombotic risk was consistently higher for users of aspirin users than nonusers of aspirin (placebo, 1.4% vs. 0%; valdecoxib, 1.7% vs. 0.2%; NSAIDs, 1.9% vs. 0.5%). The rates of events in users of aspirin were similar for all 3 treatment groups and across valdecoxib doses. Short- and intermediate-term treatment with therapeutic (10 or 20 mg daily) and supratherapeutic (40 or 80 mg daily) valdecoxib doses was not associated with an increased incidence of thrombotic events relative to nonselective NSAIDs or placebo in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients in controlled clinical trials.
[ "Effects", "of", "the", "cyclooxygenase", "-", "2", "specific", "inhibitor", "valdecoxib", "versus", "nonsteroidal", "antiinflammatory", "agents", "and", "placebo", "on", "cardiovascular", "thrombotic", "events", "in", "patients", "with", "arthritis", ".", "There", "have", "been", "concerns", "that", "the", "risk", "of", "cardiovascular", "thrombotic", "events", "may", "be", "higher", "with", "cyclooxygenase", "(", "COX", ")", "-", "2", "-", "specific", "inhibitors", "than", "nonselective", "nonsteroidal", "antiinflammatory", "drugs", "(", "NSAIDs", ")", ".", "We", "evaluated", "cardiovascular", "event", "data", "for", "valdecoxib", ",", "a", "new", "COX", "-", "2", "-", "specific", "inhibitor", "in", "approximately", "8000", "patients", "with", "osteoarthritis", "and", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "treated", "with", "this", "agent", "in", "randomized", "clinical", "trials", ".", "The", "incidence", "of", "cardiovascular", "thrombotic", "events", "(", "cardiac", ",", "cerebrovascular", "and", "peripheral", "vascular", ",", "or", "arterial", "thrombotic", ")", "was", "determined", "by", "analyzing", "pooled", "valdecoxib", "(", "10", "-", "80", "mg", "daily", ")", ",", "nonselective", "NSAID", "(", "diclofenac", "75", "mg", "bid", ",", "ibuprofen", "800", "mg", "tid", ",", "or", "naproxen", "500", "mg", "bid", ")", "and", "placebo", "data", "from", "10", "randomized", "osteoarthritis", "and", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "trials", "that", "were", "6", "-", "52", "weeks", "in", "duration", ".", "The", "incidence", "rates", "of", "events", "were", "determined", "in", "all", "patients", "(", "n", "=", "7934", ")", "and", "in", "users", "of", "low", "-", "dose", "(", "<", "or", "=325", "mg", "daily", ")", "aspirin", "(", "n", "=", "1051", ")", "and", "nonusers", "of", "aspirin", "(", "n", "=", "6883", ")", ".", "Crude", "and", "exposure", "-", "adjusted", "incidences", "of", "thrombotic", "events", "were", "similar", "for", "valdecoxib", ",", "NSAIDs", ",", "and", "placebo", ".", "The", "risk", "of", "serious", "thrombotic", "events", "was", "also", "similar", "for", "each", "valdecoxib", "dose", ".", "Thrombotic", "risk", "was", "consistently", "higher", "for", "users", "of", "aspirin", "users", "than", "nonusers", "of", "aspirin", "(", "placebo", ",", "1", ".", "4", "%", "vs", ".", "0", "%", ";", "valdecoxib", ",", "1", ".", "7", "%", "vs", ".", "0", ".", "2", "%", ";", "NSAIDs", ",", "1", ".", "9", "%", "vs", ".", "0", ".", "5", "%", ")", ".", "The", "rates", "of", "events", "in", "users", "of", "aspirin", "were", "similar", "for", "all", "3", "treatment", "groups", "and", "across", "valdecoxib", "doses", ".", "Short", "-", "and", "intermediate", "-", "term", "treatment", "with", "therapeutic", "(", "10", "or", "20", "mg", "daily", ")", "and", "supratherapeutic", "(", "40", "or", "80", "mg", "daily", ")", "valdecoxib", "doses", "was", "not", "associated", "with", "an", "increased", "incidence", "of", "thrombotic", "events", "relative", "to", "nonselective", "NSAIDs", "or", "placebo", "in", "osteoarthritis", "and", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "patients", "in", "controlled", "clinical", "trials", "." ]
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16005363
Identification of a novel WFS1 mutation (AFF344-345ins) in Japanese patients with Wolfram syndrome. Wolfram syndrome (WFS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early onset diabetes mellitus, progressive optic atrophy, sensorineural deafness and diabetes insipidus. Affected individuals may also have renal tract abnormalities as well as neurogical and psychiatric syndromes. WFS1 encoding a transmembrane protein was identified as the gene responsible for WFS. We report herein a Japanese family, of which two members had this syndrome. In the WFS1 gene of these patients, we identified a novel mutation, a nine nucleotide insertion (AFF344-345ins). In addition, one of these patients had preclinical hypopituitarism, which is an unusual feature of WFS. As only the two family members homozygous for the mutation showed WFS, these data support the notion that this mutation is the cause of WFS.
[ "Identification", "of", "a", "novel", "WFS1", "mutation", "(", "AFF344", "-", "345ins", ")", "in", "Japanese", "patients", "with", "Wolfram", "syndrome", ".", "Wolfram", "syndrome", "(", "WFS", ")", "is", "an", "autosomal", "recessive", "disorder", "characterized", "by", "early", "onset", "diabetes", "mellitus", ",", "progressive", "optic", "atrophy", ",", "sensorineural", "deafness", "and", "diabetes", "insipidus", ".", "Affected", "individuals", "may", "also", "have", "renal", "tract", "abnormalities", "as", "well", "as", "neurogical", "and", "psychiatric", "syndromes", ".", "WFS1", "encoding", "a", "transmembrane", "protein", "was", "identified", "as", "the", "gene", "responsible", "for", "WFS", ".", "We", "report", "herein", "a", "Japanese", "family", ",", "of", "which", "two", "members", "had", "this", "syndrome", ".", "In", "the", "WFS1", "gene", "of", "these", "patients", ",", "we", "identified", "a", "novel", "mutation", ",", "a", "nine", "nucleotide", "insertion", "(", "AFF344", "-", "345ins", ")", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "one", "of", "these", "patients", "had", "preclinical", "hypopituitarism", ",", "which", "is", "an", "unusual", "feature", "of", "WFS", ".", "As", "only", "the", "two", "family", "members", "homozygous", "for", "the", "mutation", "showed", "WFS", ",", "these", "data", "support", "the", "notion", "that", "this", "mutation", "is", "the", "cause", "of", "WFS", "." ]
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16200390
A genetic analysis of serotonergic biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes in migraine using a DNA pooling approach. Migraine is a common debilitating primary headache disorder with significant mental, physical and social health implications. The brain neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) is involved in nociceptive pathways and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. With few genetic studies investigating biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes governing the rate of 5-HT activity and their relationship to migraine, it was the objective of this study to assess genetic variants within the human tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genes in migraine susceptibility. This objective was undertaken using a high-throughput DNA pooling experimental design, which proved to be a very accurate, sensitive and specific method of estimating allele frequencies for single nucleotide polymorphism, insertion deletion and variable number tandem repeat loci. Application of DNA pooling to a wide array of genetic loci provides greater scope in the assessment of population-based genetic association study designs. Despite the application of this high-throughput genotyping method, negative results from the two-stage DNA pooling design used to screen loci within the TPH, AADC and MAOA genes did not support their role in migraine susceptibility.
[ "A", "genetic", "analysis", "of", "serotonergic", "biosynthetic", "and", "metabolic", "enzymes", "in", "migraine", "using", "a", "DNA", "pooling", "approach", ".", "Migraine", "is", "a", "common", "debilitating", "primary", "headache", "disorder", "with", "significant", "mental", ",", "physical", "and", "social", "health", "implications", ".", "The", "brain", "neurotransmitter", "5", "-", "hydroxytryptamine", "(", "5", "-", "HT", ";", "serotonin", ")", "is", "involved", "in", "nociceptive", "pathways", "and", "has", "been", "implicated", "in", "the", "pathophysiology", "of", "migraine", ".", "With", "few", "genetic", "studies", "investigating", "biosynthetic", "and", "metabolic", "enzymes", "governing", "the", "rate", "of", "5", "-", "HT", "activity", "and", "their", "relationship", "to", "migraine", ",", "it", "was", "the", "objective", "of", "this", "study", "to", "assess", "genetic", "variants", "within", "the", "human", "tryptophan", "hydroxylase", "(", "TPH", ")", ",", "amino", "acid", "decarboxylase", "(", "AADC", ")", "and", "monoamine", "oxidase", "A", "(", "MAOA", ")", "genes", "in", "migraine", "susceptibility", ".", "This", "objective", "was", "undertaken", "using", "a", "high", "-", "throughput", "DNA", "pooling", "experimental", "design", ",", "which", "proved", "to", "be", "a", "very", "accurate", ",", "sensitive", "and", "specific", "method", "of", "estimating", "allele", "frequencies", "for", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", ",", "insertion", "deletion", "and", "variable", "number", "tandem", "repeat", "loci", ".", "Application", "of", "DNA", "pooling", "to", "a", "wide", "array", "of", "genetic", "loci", "provides", "greater", "scope", "in", "the", "assessment", "of", "population", "-", "based", "genetic", "association", "study", "designs", ".", "Despite", "the", "application", "of", "this", "high", "-", "throughput", "genotyping", "method", ",", "negative", "results", "from", "the", "two", "-", "stage", "DNA", "pooling", "design", "used", "to", "screen", "loci", "within", "the", "TPH", ",", "AADC", "and", "MAOA", "genes", "did", "not", "support", "their", "role", "in", "migraine", "susceptibility", "." ]
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16369751
5-Fluorouracil cardiotoxicity induced by alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine. Cardiotoxicity is a rare complication occurring during 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment for malignancies. We herein report the case of a 70-year-old man with 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity, in whom a high serum level of alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL) was observed. The patient, who had unresectable colon cancer metastases to the liver and lung, was referred to us for chemotherapy from an affiliated hospital; he had no cardiac history. After admission, the patient received a continuous intravenous infusion of 5-FU (1000 mg/day), during which precordial pain with right bundle branch block occurred concomitantly with a high serum FBAL concentration of 1955 ng/ml. Both the precordial pain and the electrocardiographic changes disappeared spontaneously after the discontinuation of 5-FU. As the precordial pain in this patient was considered to have been due to 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity, the administration of 5-FU was abandoned. Instead, oral administration of S-1 (a derivative of 5-FU), at 200 mg/day twice a week, was instituted, because S-1 has a strong inhibitory effect on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the degradative of 5-FU into FBAL. The serum FBAL concentration subsequently decreased to 352 ng/ml, the same as the value measured on the first day of S-1 administration. Thereafter, no cardiac symptoms were observed. The patient achieved a partial response 6 months after the initiation of the S-1 treatment. The experience of this case, together with a review of the literature, suggests that FBAL is related to 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity. S-1 may be administered safely to patients with 5-FU-induced cardiotoxicity.
[ "5", "-", "Fluorouracil", "cardiotoxicity", "induced", "by", "alpha", "-", "fluoro", "-", "beta", "-", "alanine", ".", "Cardiotoxicity", "is", "a", "rare", "complication", "occurring", "during", "5", "-", "fluorouracil", "(", "5", "-", "FU", ")", "treatment", "for", "malignancies", ".", "We", "herein", "report", "the", "case", "of", "a", "70", "-", "year", "-", "old", "man", "with", "5", "-", "FU", "-", "induced", "cardiotoxicity", ",", "in", "whom", "a", "high", "serum", "level", "of", "alpha", "-", "fluoro", "-", "beta", "-", "alanine", "(", "FBAL", ")", "was", "observed", ".", "The", "patient", ",", "who", "had", "unresectable", "colon", "cancer", "metastases", "to", "the", "liver", "and", "lung", ",", "was", "referred", "to", "us", "for", "chemotherapy", "from", "an", "affiliated", "hospital", ";", "he", "had", "no", "cardiac", "history", ".", "After", "admission", ",", "the", "patient", "received", "a", "continuous", "intravenous", "infusion", "of", "5", "-", "FU", "(", "1000", "mg", "/", "day", ")", ",", "during", "which", "precordial", "pain", "with", "right", "bundle", "branch", "block", "occurred", "concomitantly", "with", "a", "high", "serum", "FBAL", "concentration", "of", "1955", "ng", "/", "ml", ".", "Both", "the", "precordial", "pain", "and", "the", "electrocardiographic", "changes", "disappeared", "spontaneously", "after", "the", "discontinuation", "of", "5", "-", "FU", ".", "As", "the", "precordial", "pain", "in", "this", "patient", "was", "considered", "to", "have", "been", "due", "to", "5", "-", "FU", "-", "induced", "cardiotoxicity", ",", "the", "administration", "of", "5", "-", "FU", "was", "abandoned", ".", "Instead", ",", "oral", "administration", "of", "S", "-", "1", "(", "a", "derivative", "of", "5", "-", "FU", ")", ",", "at", "200", "mg", "/", "day", "twice", "a", "week", ",", "was", "instituted", ",", "because", "S", "-", "1", "has", "a", "strong", "inhibitory", "effect", "on", "dihydropyrimidine", "dehydrogenase", ",", "which", "catalyzes", "the", "degradative", "of", "5", "-", "FU", "into", "FBAL", ".", "The", "serum", "FBAL", "concentration", "subsequently", "decreased", "to", "352", "ng", "/", "ml", ",", "the", "same", "as", "the", "value", "measured", "on", "the", "first", "day", "of", "S", "-", "1", "administration", ".", "Thereafter", ",", "no", "cardiac", "symptoms", "were", "observed", ".", "The", "patient", "achieved", "a", "partial", "response", "6", "months", "after", "the", "initiation", "of", "the", "S", "-", "1", "treatment", ".", "The", "experience", "of", "this", "case", ",", "together", "with", "a", "review", "of", "the", "literature", ",", "suggests", "that", "FBAL", "is", "related", "to", "5", "-", "FU", "-", "induced", "cardiotoxicity", ".", "S", "-", "1", "may", "be", "administered", "safely", "to", "patients", "with", "5", "-", "FU", "-", "induced", "cardiotoxicity", "." ]
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16596970
Pilocarpine seizures cause age-dependent impairment in auditory location discrimination. Children who have status epilepticus have continuous or rapidly repeating seizures that may be life-threatening and may cause life-long changes in brain and behavior. The extent to which status epilepticus causes deficits in auditory discrimination is unknown. A naturalistic auditory location discrimination method was used to evaluate this question using an animal model of status epilepticus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with saline on postnatal day (P) 20, or a convulsant dose of pilocarpine on P20 or P45. Pilocarpine on either day induced status epilepticus; status epilepticus at P45 resulted in CA3 cell loss and spontaneous seizures, whereas P20 rats had no cell loss or spontaneous seizures. Mature rats were trained with sound-source location and sound-silence discriminations. Control (saline P20) rats acquired both discriminations immediately. In status epilepticus (P20) rats, acquisition of the sound-source location discrimination was moderately impaired. Status epilepticus (P45) rats failed to acquire either sound-source location or sound-silence discriminations. Status epilepticus in rat causes an age-dependent, long-term impairment in auditory discrimination. This impairment may explain one cause of impaired auditory location discrimination in humans.
[ "Pilocarpine", "seizures", "cause", "age", "-", "dependent", "impairment", "in", "auditory", "location", "discrimination", ".", "Children", "who", "have", "status", "epilepticus", "have", "continuous", "or", "rapidly", "repeating", "seizures", "that", "may", "be", "life", "-", "threatening", "and", "may", "cause", "life", "-", "long", "changes", "in", "brain", "and", "behavior", ".", "The", "extent", "to", "which", "status", "epilepticus", "causes", "deficits", "in", "auditory", "discrimination", "is", "unknown", ".", "A", "naturalistic", "auditory", "location", "discrimination", "method", "was", "used", "to", "evaluate", "this", "question", "using", "an", "animal", "model", "of", "status", "epilepticus", ".", "Male", "Sprague", "-", "Dawley", "rats", "were", "injected", "with", "saline", "on", "postnatal", "day", "(", "P", ")", "20", ",", "or", "a", "convulsant", "dose", "of", "pilocarpine", "on", "P20", "or", "P45", ".", "Pilocarpine", "on", "either", "day", "induced", "status", "epilepticus", ";", "status", "epilepticus", "at", "P45", "resulted", "in", "CA3", "cell", "loss", "and", "spontaneous", "seizures", ",", "whereas", "P20", "rats", "had", "no", "cell", "loss", "or", "spontaneous", "seizures", ".", "Mature", "rats", "were", "trained", "with", "sound", "-", "source", "location", "and", "sound", "-", "silence", "discriminations", ".", "Control", "(", "saline", "P20", ")", "rats", "acquired", "both", "discriminations", "immediately", ".", "In", "status", "epilepticus", "(", "P20", ")", "rats", ",", "acquisition", "of", "the", "sound", "-", "source", "location", "discrimination", "was", "moderately", "impaired", ".", "Status", "epilepticus", "(", "P45", ")", "rats", "failed", "to", "acquire", "either", "sound", "-", "source", "location", "or", "sound", "-", "silence", "discriminations", ".", "Status", "epilepticus", "in", "rat", "causes", "an", "age", "-", "dependent", ",", "long", "-", "term", "impairment", "in", "auditory", "discrimination", ".", "This", "impairment", "may", "explain", "one", "cause", "of", "impaired", "auditory", "location", "discrimination", "in", "humans", "." ]
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17000021
No independent role of the -1123 G>C and+2740 A>G variants in the association of PTPN22 with type 1 diabetes and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in two Caucasian populations. INTRODUCTION: The PTPN22 is a negative regulator of the T cell response. Its +1858C>T (R620W) polymorphism has been shown to associate with a risk for multiple autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The minor (susceptibility) allele is absent in Asian populations, but a recent study suggested an independent involvement of another polymorphism located within the promoter -1123 nucleotides relative to the translational start site. AIMS: We aimed to analyse the association of three PTPN22 polymorphisms in two distinct Caucasian populations, the Czechs (with T1D and with JIA) and Azeri (with T1D). METHODS: The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at positions -1123 (rs2488457), +1858 (rs2476601, the R620W substitution), and +2740 (rs1217412) were genotyped using TaqMan assays in 372 subjects with childhood-onset T1D, 130 subjects with JIA, and 400 control subjects of Czech origin, and in 160 subjects with T1D and 271 healthy controls of Azeri origin. RESULTS: In the Czechs, all three SNPs were in a tight linkage disequlibrium, while in the Azeri, the linkage disequlibrium was limited to between the promoter and 3'-UTR polymorphism, D'(-1123, +2740)=0.99, r(2)=0.72. Haplotype reconstruction via the expectation-maximization algorithm showed in both populations that only the haplotype containing the minor (W) allele at codon 620 was associated with T1D (OR=2.26, 95% CI 1.68-3.02 in Czechs, OR=14.8, 95% CI 2.0-651 in Azeri) or JIA (OR=2.43, 95% CI 1.66-3.56 in Czechs). The haplotypes having the wild-type (R) allele at codon 620 and minor alleles at -1123 and/or +2740 were neutral as to the risk of autoimmune conditions in both populations. CONCLUSIONS: In two different Caucasian populations, the Czechs and the Azeri, no independent contribution can be detected either of the -1123 promoter SNP or the +2740 3'-UTR SNP, and only the minor allele at PTPN22 codon 620 contributes to the risk of autoimmunity.
[ "No", "independent", "role", "of", "the", "-", "1123", "G", ">", "C", "and", "+", "2740", "A", ">", "G", "variants", "in", "the", "association", "of", "PTPN22", "with", "type", "1", "diabetes", "and", "juvenile", "idiopathic", "arthritis", "in", "two", "Caucasian", "populations", ".", "INTRODUCTION", ":", "The", "PTPN22", "is", "a", "negative", "regulator", "of", "the", "T", "cell", "response", ".", "Its", "+", "1858C", ">", "T", "(", "R620W", ")", "polymorphism", "has", "been", "shown", "to", "associate", "with", "a", "risk", "for", "multiple", "autoimmune", "diseases", ",", "including", "type", "1", "diabetes", "(", "T1D", ")", "and", "juvenile", "idiopathic", "arthritis", "(", "JIA", ")", ".", "The", "minor", "(", "susceptibility", ")", "allele", "is", "absent", "in", "Asian", "populations", ",", "but", "a", "recent", "study", "suggested", "an", "independent", "involvement", "of", "another", "polymorphism", "located", "within", "the", "promoter", "-", "1123", "nucleotides", "relative", "to", "the", "translational", "start", "site", ".", "AIMS", ":", "We", "aimed", "to", "analyse", "the", "association", "of", "three", "PTPN22", "polymorphisms", "in", "two", "distinct", "Caucasian", "populations", ",", "the", "Czechs", "(", "with", "T1D", "and", "with", "JIA", ")", "and", "Azeri", "(", "with", "T1D", ")", ".", "METHODS", ":", "The", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "(", "SNP", ")", "at", "positions", "-", "1123", "(", "rs2488457", ")", ",", "+", "1858", "(", "rs2476601", ",", "the", "R620W", "substitution", ")", ",", "and", "+", "2740", "(", "rs1217412", ")", "were", "genotyped", "using", "TaqMan", "assays", "in", "372", "subjects", "with", "childhood", "-", "onset", "T1D", ",", "130", "subjects", "with", "JIA", ",", "and", "400", "control", "subjects", "of", "Czech", "origin", ",", "and", "in", "160", "subjects", "with", "T1D", "and", "271", "healthy", "controls", "of", "Azeri", "origin", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "In", "the", "Czechs", ",", "all", "three", "SNPs", "were", "in", "a", "tight", "linkage", "disequlibrium", ",", "while", "in", "the", "Azeri", ",", "the", "linkage", "disequlibrium", "was", "limited", "to", "between", "the", "promoter", "and", "3", "'", "-", "UTR", "polymorphism", ",", "D", "'", "(", "-", "1123", ",", "+", "2740", ")", "=0", ".", "99", ",", "r", "(", "2", ")", "=0", ".", "72", ".", "Haplotype", "reconstruction", "via", "the", "expectation", "-", "maximization", "algorithm", "showed", "in", "both", "populations", "that", "only", "the", "haplotype", "containing", "the", "minor", "(", "W", ")", "allele", "at", "codon", "620", "was", "associated", "with", "T1D", "(", "OR=2", ".", "26", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "68", "-", "3", ".", "02", "in", "Czechs", ",", "OR=14", ".", "8", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "2", ".", "0", "-", "651", "in", "Azeri", ")", "or", "JIA", "(", "OR=2", ".", "43", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "66", "-", "3", ".", "56", "in", "Czechs", ")", ".", "The", "haplotypes", "having", "the", "wild", "-", "type", "(", "R", ")", "allele", "at", "codon", "620", "and", "minor", "alleles", "at", "-", "1123", "and", "/", "or", "+", "2740", "were", "neutral", "as", "to", "the", "risk", "of", "autoimmune", "conditions", "in", "both", "populations", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "In", "two", "different", "Caucasian", "populations", ",", "the", "Czechs", "and", "the", "Azeri", ",", "no", "independent", "contribution", "can", "be", "detected", "either", "of", "the", "-", "1123", "promoter", "SNP", "or", "the", "+", "2740", "3", "'", "-", "UTR", "SNP", ",", "and", "only", "the", "minor", "allele", "at", "PTPN22", "codon", "620", "contributes", "to", "the", "risk", "of", "autoimmunity", "." ]
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17006606
A polymorphism of C-to-T substitution at -31 IL1B is associated with the risk of advanced gastric adenocarcinoma in a Japanese population. Proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms have been demonstrated to associate with gastric cancer risk, of which IL1B-31T/C and -511C/T changes have been well investigated due to the possibility that they may alter the IL1B transcription. The signal transduction target upon interleukin 1 beta (IL1beta) stimulation, the nuclear factor of kappa B (NFkappaB) activation, supports cancer development, signal transduction in which is mediated by FS-7 cell-associated cell surface antigen (FAS) signaling. Based on recent papers describing the prognostic roles of the polymorphisms and the NFkappaB functions on cancer development, we sought to determine if Japanese gastric cancer patients were affected by the IL1B -31/-511 and FAS-670 polymorphisms. A case-control study was conducted on incident gastric adenocarcinoma patients (n=271) and age-gender frequency-matched control subjects (n=271). We observed strong linkage disequilibrium between the T allele at -511 and the C allele at -31 and between the C allele at -511 and the T allele at -31 in IL1B in both the cases and controls (R (2)=0.94). Neither IL1B-31, -511 nor FAS-670 polymorphisms showed significantly different risks of gastric adenocarcinoma. Though FAS-670 polymorphisms did not show any significant difference, the proportion of subjects with IL1B-31TT (or IL1B-511CC) increased according to stage (trend P=0.019). In particular, subjects with stage IV had a two times higher probability of having either IL1B-31TT (or IL1B-511CC) genotype compared with stage I subjects. These observations suggest that IL1B-31TT and IL1B-511CC are associated with disease progression.
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17035713
Chloroacetaldehyde as a sulfhydryl reagent: the role of critical thiol groups in ifosfamide nephropathy. Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) is a metabolite of the alkylating agent ifosfamide (IFO) and putatively responsible for renal damage following anti-tumor therapy with IFO. Depletion of sulfhydryl (SH) groups has been reported from cell culture, animal and clinical studies. In this work the effect of CAA on human proximal tubule cells in primary culture (hRPTEC) was investigated. Toxicity of CAA was determined by protein content, cell number, LDH release, trypan blue exclusion assay and caspase-3 activity. Free thiols were measured by the method of Ellman. CAA reduced hRPTEC cell number and protein, induced a loss in free intracellular thiols and an increase in necrosis markers. CAA but not acrolein inhibited the cysteine proteases caspase-3, caspase-8 and cathepsin B. Caspase activation by cisplatin was inhibited by CAA. In cells stained with fluorescent dyes targeting lysosomes, CAA induced an increase in lysosomal size and lysosomal leakage. The effects of CAA on cysteine protease activities and thiols could be reproduced in cell lysate. Acidification, which slowed the reaction of CAA with thiol donors, could also attenuate effects of CAA on necrosis markers, thiol depletion and cysteine protease inhibition in living cells. Thus, CAA directly reacts with cellular protein and non-protein thiols, mediating its toxicity on hRPTEC. This effect can be reduced by acidification. Therefore, urinary acidification could be an option to prevent IFO nephropathy in patients.
[ "Chloroacetaldehyde", "as", "a", "sulfhydryl", "reagent", ":", "the", "role", "of", "critical", "thiol", "groups", "in", "ifosfamide", "nephropathy", ".", "Chloroacetaldehyde", "(", "CAA", ")", "is", "a", "metabolite", "of", "the", "alkylating", "agent", "ifosfamide", "(", "IFO", ")", "and", "putatively", "responsible", "for", "renal", "damage", "following", "anti", "-", "tumor", "therapy", "with", "IFO", ".", "Depletion", "of", "sulfhydryl", "(", "SH", ")", "groups", "has", "been", "reported", "from", "cell", "culture", ",", "animal", "and", "clinical", "studies", ".", "In", "this", "work", "the", "effect", "of", "CAA", "on", "human", "proximal", "tubule", "cells", "in", "primary", "culture", "(", "hRPTEC", ")", "was", "investigated", ".", "Toxicity", "of", "CAA", "was", "determined", "by", "protein", "content", ",", "cell", "number", ",", "LDH", "release", ",", "trypan", "blue", "exclusion", "assay", "and", "caspase", "-", "3", "activity", ".", "Free", "thiols", "were", "measured", "by", "the", "method", "of", "Ellman", ".", "CAA", "reduced", "hRPTEC", "cell", "number", "and", "protein", ",", "induced", "a", "loss", "in", "free", "intracellular", "thiols", "and", "an", "increase", "in", "necrosis", "markers", ".", "CAA", "but", "not", "acrolein", "inhibited", "the", "cysteine", "proteases", "caspase", "-", "3", ",", "caspase", "-", "8", "and", "cathepsin", "B", ".", "Caspase", "activation", "by", "cisplatin", "was", "inhibited", "by", "CAA", ".", "In", "cells", "stained", "with", "fluorescent", "dyes", "targeting", "lysosomes", ",", "CAA", "induced", "an", "increase", "in", "lysosomal", "size", "and", "lysosomal", "leakage", ".", "The", "effects", "of", "CAA", "on", "cysteine", "protease", "activities", "and", "thiols", "could", "be", "reproduced", "in", "cell", "lysate", ".", "Acidification", ",", "which", "slowed", "the", "reaction", "of", "CAA", "with", "thiol", "donors", ",", "could", "also", "attenuate", "effects", "of", "CAA", "on", "necrosis", "markers", ",", "thiol", "depletion", "and", "cysteine", "protease", "inhibition", "in", "living", "cells", ".", "Thus", ",", "CAA", "directly", "reacts", "with", "cellular", "protein", "and", "non", "-", "protein", "thiols", ",", "mediating", "its", "toxicity", "on", "hRPTEC", ".", "This", "effect", "can", "be", "reduced", "by", "acidification", ".", "Therefore", ",", "urinary", "acidification", "could", "be", "an", "option", "to", "prevent", "IFO", "nephropathy", "in", "patients", "." ]
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1711760
Delayed institution of hypertension during focal cerebral ischemia: effect on brain edema. The effect of induced hypertension instituted after a 2-h delay following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) on brain edema formation and histochemical injury was studied. Under isoflurane anesthesia, the MCA of 14 spontaneously hypertensive rats was occluded. In the control group (n = 7), the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was not manipulated. In the hypertensive group (n = 7), the MAP was elevated by 25-30 mm Hg beginning 2 h after MCAO. Four hours after MCAO, the rats were killed and the brains harvested. The brains were sectioned along coronal planes spanning the distribution of ischemia produced by MCAO. Specific gravity (SG) was determined in the subcortex and in two sites in the cortex (core and periphery of the ischemic territory). The extent of neuronal injury was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium staining. In the ischemic core, there was no difference in SG in the subcortex and cortex in the two groups. In the periphery of the ischemic territory, SG in the cortex was greater (less edema accumulation) in the hypertensive group (1.041 +/- 0.001 vs 1.039 +/- 0.001, P less than 0.05). The area of histochemical injury (as a percent of the cross-sectional area of the hemisphere) was less in the hypertensive group (33 +/- 3% vs 21 +/- 2%, P less than 0.05). The data indicate that phenylephrine-induced hypertension instituted 2 h after MCAO does not aggravate edema in the ischemic core, that it improves edema in the periphery of the ischemic territory, and that it reduces the area of histochemical neuronal dysfunction.
[ "Delayed", "institution", "of", "hypertension", "during", "focal", "cerebral", "ischemia", ":", "effect", "on", "brain", "edema", ".", "The", "effect", "of", "induced", "hypertension", "instituted", "after", "a", "2", "-", "h", "delay", "following", "middle", "cerebral", "artery", "occlusion", "(", "MCAO", ")", "on", "brain", "edema", "formation", "and", "histochemical", "injury", "was", "studied", ".", "Under", "isoflurane", "anesthesia", ",", "the", "MCA", "of", "14", "spontaneously", "hypertensive", "rats", "was", "occluded", ".", "In", "the", "control", "group", "(", "n", "=", "7", ")", ",", "the", "mean", "arterial", "pressure", "(", "MAP", ")", "was", "not", "manipulated", ".", "In", "the", "hypertensive", "group", "(", "n", "=", "7", ")", ",", "the", "MAP", "was", "elevated", "by", "25", "-", "30", "mm", "Hg", "beginning", "2", "h", "after", "MCAO", ".", "Four", "hours", "after", "MCAO", ",", "the", "rats", "were", "killed", "and", "the", "brains", "harvested", ".", "The", "brains", "were", "sectioned", "along", "coronal", "planes", "spanning", "the", "distribution", "of", "ischemia", "produced", "by", "MCAO", ".", "Specific", "gravity", "(", "SG", ")", "was", "determined", "in", "the", "subcortex", "and", "in", "two", "sites", "in", "the", "cortex", "(", "core", "and", "periphery", "of", "the", "ischemic", "territory", ")", ".", "The", "extent", "of", "neuronal", "injury", "was", "determined", "by", "2,3,5", "-", "triphenyltetrazolium", "staining", ".", "In", "the", "ischemic", "core", ",", "there", "was", "no", "difference", "in", "SG", "in", "the", "subcortex", "and", "cortex", "in", "the", "two", "groups", ".", "In", "the", "periphery", "of", "the", "ischemic", "territory", ",", "SG", "in", "the", "cortex", "was", "greater", "(", "less", "edema", "accumulation", ")", "in", "the", "hypertensive", "group", "(", "1", ".", "041", "+", "/", "-", "0", ".", "001", "vs", "1", ".", "039", "+", "/", "-", "0", ".", "001", ",", "P", "less", "than", "0", ".", "05", ")", ".", "The", "area", "of", "histochemical", "injury", "(", "as", "a", "percent", "of", "the", "cross", "-", "sectional", "area", "of", "the", "hemisphere", ")", "was", "less", "in", "the", "hypertensive", "group", "(", "33", "+", "/", "-", "3", "%", "vs", "21", "+", "/", "-", "2", "%", ",", "P", "less", "than", "0", ".", "05", ")", ".", "The", "data", "indicate", "that", "phenylephrine", "-", "induced", "hypertension", "instituted", "2", "h", "after", "MCAO", "does", "not", "aggravate", "edema", "in", "the", "ischemic", "core", ",", "that", "it", "improves", "edema", "in", "the", "periphery", "of", "the", "ischemic", "territory", ",", "and", "that", "it", "reduces", "the", "area", "of", "histochemical", "neuronal", "dysfunction", "." ]
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17391797
The phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene V175M single nucleotide polymorphism confers the susceptibility to NASH in Japanese population. BACKGROUND/AIMS: The genetic predisposition on the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been poorly understood. A functional polymorphism Val175Met was reported in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the carriers of Val175Met variant impaired in PEMT activity are more susceptible to NASH. METHODS: Blood samples of 107 patients with biopsy-proven NASH and of 150 healthy volunteers were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: Val175Met variant allele of the PEMT gene was significantly more frequent in NASH patients than in healthy volunteers (p<0.001), and carriers of Val175Met variant were significantly more frequent in NASH patients than in healthy volunteers (p<0.01). Among NASH patients, body mass index was significantly lower (p<0.05), and non-obese patients were significantly more frequent (p<0.001) in carriers of Val175Met variant than in homozygotes of wild type PEMT. CONCLUSIONS: Val175Met variant of PEMT could be a candidate molecule that determines the susceptibility to NASH, because it is more frequently observed in NASH patients and non-obese persons with Val175Met variant of PEMT are facilitated to develop NASH.
[ "The", "phosphatidylethanolamine", "N", "-", "methyltransferase", "gene", "V175M", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "confers", "the", "susceptibility", "to", "NASH", "in", "Japanese", "population", ".", "BACKGROUND", "/", "AIMS", ":", "The", "genetic", "predisposition", "on", "the", "development", "of", "nonalcoholic", "steatohepatitis", "(", "NASH", ")", "has", "been", "poorly", "understood", ".", "A", "functional", "polymorphism", "Val175Met", "was", "reported", "in", "phosphatidylethanolamine", "N", "-", "methyltransferase", "(", "PEMT", ")", "that", "catalyzes", "the", "conversion", "of", "phosphatidylethanolamine", "to", "phosphatidylcholine", ".", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "study", "was", "to", "investigate", "whether", "the", "carriers", "of", "Val175Met", "variant", "impaired", "in", "PEMT", "activity", "are", "more", "susceptible", "to", "NASH", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Blood", "samples", "of", "107", "patients", "with", "biopsy", "-", "proven", "NASH", "and", "of", "150", "healthy", "volunteers", "were", "analyzed", "by", "the", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "(", "PCR", ")", "and", "restriction", "fragment", "length", "polymorphism", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Val175Met", "variant", "allele", "of", "the", "PEMT", "gene", "was", "significantly", "more", "frequent", "in", "NASH", "patients", "than", "in", "healthy", "volunteers", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "001", ")", ",", "and", "carriers", "of", "Val175Met", "variant", "were", "significantly", "more", "frequent", "in", "NASH", "patients", "than", "in", "healthy", "volunteers", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "01", ")", ".", "Among", "NASH", "patients", ",", "body", "mass", "index", "was", "significantly", "lower", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "05", ")", ",", "and", "non", "-", "obese", "patients", "were", "significantly", "more", "frequent", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "001", ")", "in", "carriers", "of", "Val175Met", "variant", "than", "in", "homozygotes", "of", "wild", "type", "PEMT", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Val175Met", "variant", "of", "PEMT", "could", "be", "a", "candidate", "molecule", "that", "determines", "the", "susceptibility", "to", "NASH", ",", "because", "it", "is", "more", "frequently", "observed", "in", "NASH", "patients", "and", "non", "-", "obese", "persons", "with", "Val175Met", "variant", "of", "PEMT", "are", "facilitated", "to", "develop", "NASH", "." ]
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17495183
Tenomodulin is associated with obesity and diabetes risk: the Finnish diabetes prevention study. We recently showed that long-term weight reduction changes the gene expression profile of adipose tissue in overweight individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). One of the responding genes was X-chromosomal tenomodulin (TNMD), a putative angiogenesis inhibitor. Our aim was to study the associations of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes with adiposity, glucose metabolism, and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms from two different haploblocks were genotyped from 507 participants of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Sex-specific genotype effects were observed. Three markers of haploblock 1 were associated with features of adiposity in women (rs5966709, rs4828037) and men (rs11798018). Markers rs2073163 and rs1155794 from haploblock 2 were associated with 2-hour plasma glucose levels in men during the 3-year follow-up. The same two markers together with rs2073162 associated with the conversion of IGT to T2D in men. The risk of developing T2D was approximately 2-fold in individuals with genotypes associated with higher 2-hour plasma glucose levels; the hazard ratios were 2.192 (p = 0.025) for rs2073162-A, 2.191 (p = 0.027) for rs2073163-C, and 1.998 (p = 0.054) for rs1155974-T. These results suggest that TNMD polymorphisms are associated with adiposity and also with glucose metabolism and conversion from IGT to T2D in men.
[ "Tenomodulin", "is", "associated", "with", "obesity", "and", "diabetes", "risk", ":", "the", "Finnish", "diabetes", "prevention", "study", ".", "We", "recently", "showed", "that", "long", "-", "term", "weight", "reduction", "changes", "the", "gene", "expression", "profile", "of", "adipose", "tissue", "in", "overweight", "individuals", "with", "impaired", "glucose", "tolerance", "(", "IGT", ")", ".", "One", "of", "the", "responding", "genes", "was", "X", "-", "chromosomal", "tenomodulin", "(", "TNMD", ")", ",", "a", "putative", "angiogenesis", "inhibitor", ".", "Our", "aim", "was", "to", "study", "the", "associations", "of", "individual", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "and", "haplotypes", "with", "adiposity", ",", "glucose", "metabolism", ",", "and", "the", "risk", "of", "type", "2", "diabetes", "(", "T2D", ")", ".", "Seven", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "from", "two", "different", "haploblocks", "were", "genotyped", "from", "507", "participants", "of", "the", "Finnish", "Diabetes", "Prevention", "Study", "(", "DPS", ")", ".", "Sex", "-", "specific", "genotype", "effects", "were", "observed", ".", "Three", "markers", "of", "haploblock", "1", "were", "associated", "with", "features", "of", "adiposity", "in", "women", "(", "rs5966709", ",", "rs4828037", ")", "and", "men", "(", "rs11798018", ")", ".", "Markers", "rs2073163", "and", "rs1155794", "from", "haploblock", "2", "were", "associated", "with", "2", "-", "hour", "plasma", "glucose", "levels", "in", "men", "during", "the", "3", "-", "year", "follow", "-", "up", ".", "The", "same", "two", "markers", "together", "with", "rs2073162", "associated", "with", "the", "conversion", "of", "IGT", "to", "T2D", "in", "men", ".", "The", "risk", "of", "developing", "T2D", "was", "approximately", "2", "-", "fold", "in", "individuals", "with", "genotypes", "associated", "with", "higher", "2", "-", "hour", "plasma", "glucose", "levels", ";", "the", "hazard", "ratios", "were", "2", ".", "192", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "025", ")", "for", "rs2073162", "-", "A", ",", "2", ".", "191", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "027", ")", "for", "rs2073163", "-", "C", ",", "and", "1", ".", "998", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "054", ")", "for", "rs1155974", "-", "T", ".", "These", "results", "suggest", "that", "TNMD", "polymorphisms", "are", "associated", "with", "adiposity", "and", "also", "with", "glucose", "metabolism", "and", "conversion", "from", "IGT", "to", "T2D", "in", "men", "." ]
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17595233
Mutations in pattern recognition receptor genes modulate seroreactivity to microbial antigens in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A number of antibodies against microbial epitopes or self-antigens have been associated with Crohn's disease. The development of antibodies reflects a loss of tolerance to intestinal bacteria that underlies Crohn's disease, resulting in an exaggerated adaptive immune response to these bacteria. It was hypothesised that the development of antimicrobial antibodies is influenced by the presence of genetic variants in pattern recognition receptor genes. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the influence of mutations in these innate immune receptor genes (nucleotide oligomerisation domain (NOD) 2/caspase recruitment domain (CARD) 15, NOD1/CARD4, TUCAN/CARDINAL/CARD8, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TLR2, TLR1 and TLR6) on the development of antimicrobial and antiglycan antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Materials and METHODS: A cohort of 1163 unrelated patients with IBD (874 Crohn's disease, 259 ulcerative colitis, 30 indeterminate colitis) and 312 controls were analysed for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (gASCA) IgG, anti-laminaribioside antibodies (ALCA) IgG, anti-chitobioside antibodies (ACCA) IgA, anti-mannobioside antibodies (AMCA) IgG and outer membrane porin (Omp) IgA and were genotyped for variants in NOD2/CARD15, TUCAN/CARDINAL/CARD8, NOD1/CARD4, TLR4, TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6. RESULTS: When compared with Crohn's disease patients without CARD15 mutations, the presence of at least one CARD15 variant in Crohn's disease patients more frequently led to gASCA positivity (66.1% versus 51.5%, p < 0.0001) and ALCA positivity (43.3% versus 34.9%, p = 0.018) and higher gASCA titers (85.7 versus 51.8 ELISA units, p < 0.0001), independent of ileal involvement. A gene dosage effect, with increasing gASCA and ALCA positivity for patients carrying none, one and two CARD15 variants, respectively, was seen for both markers. Similarly, Crohn's disease patients carrying NOD1/CARD4 indel had a higher prevalence of gASCA antibodies than wild-type patients (63.8% versus 55.2%, p = 0.014), also with a gene dosage effect. An opposite effect was observed for the TLR4 D299G and TLR2 P631H variants, with a lower prevalence of ACCA antibodies (23.4% versus 35%, p = 0.013) and Omp antibodies (20.5% versus 34.6%, p = 0.009), respectively. CONCLUSION: Variants in innate immune receptor genes were found to influence antibody formation against microbial epitopes. In this respect, it is intriguing that an opposite effect of CARD15 and TLR4 variants was observed. These findings may contribute to an understanding of the aetiology of the seroreactivity observed in IBD.
[ "Mutations", "in", "pattern", "recognition", "receptor", "genes", "modulate", "seroreactivity", "to", "microbial", "antigens", "in", "patients", "with", "inflammatory", "bowel", "disease", ".", "BACKGROUND", "AND", "AIMS", ":", "A", "number", "of", "antibodies", "against", "microbial", "epitopes", "or", "self", "-", "antigens", "have", "been", "associated", "with", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", ".", "The", "development", "of", "antibodies", "reflects", "a", "loss", "of", "tolerance", "to", "intestinal", "bacteria", "that", "underlies", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", ",", "resulting", "in", "an", "exaggerated", "adaptive", "immune", "response", "to", "these", "bacteria", ".", "It", "was", "hypothesised", "that", "the", "development", "of", "antimicrobial", "antibodies", "is", "influenced", "by", "the", "presence", "of", "genetic", "variants", "in", "pattern", "recognition", "receptor", "genes", ".", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "study", "was", "therefore", "to", "investigate", "the", "influence", "of", "mutations", "in", "these", "innate", "immune", "receptor", "genes", "(", "nucleotide", "oligomerisation", "domain", "(", "NOD", ")", "2", "/", "caspase", "recruitment", "domain", "(", "CARD", ")", "15", ",", "NOD1", "/", "CARD4", ",", "TUCAN", "/", "CARDINAL", "/", "CARD8", ",", "Toll", "-", "like", "receptor", "(", "TLR", ")", "4", ",", "TLR2", ",", "TLR1", "and", "TLR6", ")", "on", "the", "development", "of", "antimicrobial", "and", "antiglycan", "antibodies", "in", "inflammatory", "bowel", "disease", "(", "IBD", ")", ".", "Materials", "and", "METHODS", ":", "A", "cohort", "of", "1163", "unrelated", "patients", "with", "IBD", "(", "874", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", ",", "259", "ulcerative", "colitis", ",", "30", "indeterminate", "colitis", ")", "and", "312", "controls", "were", "analysed", "for", "anti", "-", "Saccharomyces", "cerevisiae", "antibodies", "(", "gASCA", ")", "IgG", ",", "anti", "-", "laminaribioside", "antibodies", "(", "ALCA", ")", "IgG", ",", "anti", "-", "chitobioside", "antibodies", "(", "ACCA", ")", "IgA", ",", "anti", "-", "mannobioside", "antibodies", "(", "AMCA", ")", "IgG", "and", "outer", "membrane", "porin", "(", "Omp", ")", "IgA", "and", "were", "genotyped", "for", "variants", "in", "NOD2", "/", "CARD15", ",", "TUCAN", "/", "CARDINAL", "/", "CARD8", ",", "NOD1", "/", "CARD4", ",", "TLR4", ",", "TLR1", ",", "TLR2", "and", "TLR6", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "When", "compared", "with", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", "patients", "without", "CARD15", "mutations", ",", "the", "presence", "of", "at", "least", "one", "CARD15", "variant", "in", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", "patients", "more", "frequently", "led", "to", "gASCA", "positivity", "(", "66", ".", "1", "%", "versus", "51", ".", "5", "%", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "0001", ")", "and", "ALCA", "positivity", "(", "43", ".", "3", "%", "versus", "34", ".", "9", "%", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "018", ")", "and", "higher", "gASCA", "titers", "(", "85", ".", "7", "versus", "51", ".", "8", "ELISA", "units", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "0001", ")", ",", "independent", "of", "ileal", "involvement", ".", "A", "gene", "dosage", "effect", ",", "with", "increasing", "gASCA", "and", "ALCA", "positivity", "for", "patients", "carrying", "none", ",", "one", "and", "two", "CARD15", "variants", ",", "respectively", ",", "was", "seen", "for", "both", "markers", ".", "Similarly", ",", "Crohn", "'s", "disease", "patients", "carrying", "NOD1", "/", "CARD4", "indel", "had", "a", "higher", "prevalence", "of", "gASCA", "antibodies", "than", "wild", "-", "type", "patients", "(", "63", ".", "8", "%", "versus", "55", ".", "2", "%", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "014", ")", ",", "also", "with", "a", "gene", "dosage", "effect", ".", "An", "opposite", "effect", "was", "observed", "for", "the", "TLR4", "D299G", "and", "TLR2", "P631H", "variants", ",", "with", "a", "lower", "prevalence", "of", "ACCA", "antibodies", "(", "23", ".", "4", "%", "versus", "35", "%", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "013", ")", "and", "Omp", "antibodies", "(", "20", ".", "5", "%", "versus", "34", ".", "6", "%", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "009", ")", ",", "respectively", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Variants", "in", "innate", "immune", "receptor", "genes", "were", "found", "to", "influence", "antibody", "formation", "against", "microbial", "epitopes", ".", "In", "this", "respect", ",", "it", "is", "intriguing", "that", "an", "opposite", "effect", "of", "CARD15", "and", "TLR4", "variants", "was", "observed", ".", "These", "findings", "may", "contribute", "to", "an", "understanding", "of", "the", "aetiology", "of", "the", "seroreactivity", "observed", "in", "IBD", "." ]
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17683901
An improved tetra-primer PCR approach for the detection of the FGFR3 G380R mutation responsible for achondroplasia. Achondroplasia is the most common form of dwarfism and has an incidence of approximately 1/7500. In more than 98% of cases, the disease is associated with a G to A or G to C substitution at nucleotide position 1138 (p.G380R) of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene. We have developed a sensitive single tube tetra-primer PCR assay to detect both the c.1138G>A and c.1138G>C mutations and can successfully distinguish DNA samples that are homozygous and heterozygous for the c.1138G>A mutation. Titration studies showed that the assay could reliably detect one copy of the mutant allele in a mix of 100 wild-type alleles. The assay has been tested in 50 healthy controls, 3 known patients with achondroplasia, and 5 amniotic fluids suspected of having achondroplasia and for whom we had previously determined the genotypes for the c.1138G>A mutation by PCR-RFLP. We have observed complete concordance between methods. Our tetra-primer PCR assay is sensitive, low-cost, and easy to use method for FGFR3 p.G380R genotyping, which could be used even in "low-tech" laboratories.
[ "An", "improved", "tetra", "-", "primer", "PCR", "approach", "for", "the", "detection", "of", "the", "FGFR3", "G380R", "mutation", "responsible", "for", "achondroplasia", ".", "Achondroplasia", "is", "the", "most", "common", "form", "of", "dwarfism", "and", "has", "an", "incidence", "of", "approximately", "1", "/", "7500", ".", "In", "more", "than", "98", "%", "of", "cases", ",", "the", "disease", "is", "associated", "with", "a", "G", "to", "A", "or", "G", "to", "C", "substitution", "at", "nucleotide", "position", "1138", "(", "p", ".", "G380R", ")", "of", "the", "fibroblast", "growth", "factor", "receptor", "3", "(", "FGFR3", ")", "gene", ".", "We", "have", "developed", "a", "sensitive", "single", "tube", "tetra", "-", "primer", "PCR", "assay", "to", "detect", "both", "the", "c", ".", "1138G", ">", "A", "and", "c", ".", "1138G", ">", "C", "mutations", "and", "can", "successfully", "distinguish", "DNA", "samples", "that", "are", "homozygous", "and", "heterozygous", "for", "the", "c", ".", "1138G", ">", "A", "mutation", ".", "Titration", "studies", "showed", "that", "the", "assay", "could", "reliably", "detect", "one", "copy", "of", "the", "mutant", "allele", "in", "a", "mix", "of", "100", "wild", "-", "type", "alleles", ".", "The", "assay", "has", "been", "tested", "in", "50", "healthy", "controls", ",", "3", "known", "patients", "with", "achondroplasia", ",", "and", "5", "amniotic", "fluids", "suspected", "of", "having", "achondroplasia", "and", "for", "whom", "we", "had", "previously", "determined", "the", "genotypes", "for", "the", "c", ".", "1138G", ">", "A", "mutation", "by", "PCR", "-", "RFLP", ".", "We", "have", "observed", "complete", "concordance", "between", "methods", ".", "Our", "tetra", "-", "primer", "PCR", "assay", "is", "sensitive", ",", "low", "-", "cost", ",", "and", "easy", "to", "use", "method", "for", "FGFR3", "p", ".", "G380R", "genotyping", ",", "which", "could", "be", "used", "even", "in", "``", "low", "-", "tech", "''", "laboratories", "." ]
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18166824
Genetic investigation of four meiotic genes in women with premature ovarian failure. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether mutations of meiotic genes, such as disrupted meiotic cDNA (DMC1), MutS homolog (MSH4), MSH5, and S. cerevisiae homolog (SPO11), were associated with premature ovarian failure (POF). DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: Blood sampling, karyotype, hormonal dosage, ultrasound, and ovarian biopsy were carried out on most patients. However, the main outcome measure was the sequencing of genomic DNA from peripheral blood samples of 41 women with POF and 36 fertile women (controls). RESULTS: A single heterozygous missense mutation, substitution of a cytosine residue with thymidine in exon 2 of MSH5, was found in two Caucasian women in whom POF developed at 18 and 36 years of age. This mutation resulted in replacement of a non-polar amino acid (proline) with a polar amino acid (serine) at position 29 (P29S). Neither 36 control women nor 39 other patients with POF possessed this genetic perturbation. Another POF patient of African origin showed a homozygous nucleotide change in the tenth of DMC1 gene that led to an alteration of the amino acid composition of the protein (M200V). CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms of infertility observed in the DMC1 homozygote mutation carrier and in both patients with a heterozygous substitution in exon 2 of the MSH5 gene provide indirect evidence of the role of genes involved in meiotic recombination in the regulation of ovarian function. MSH5 and DMC1 mutations may be one explanation for POF, albeit uncommon.
[ "Genetic", "investigation", "of", "four", "meiotic", "genes", "in", "women", "with", "premature", "ovarian", "failure", ".", "OBJECTIVE", ":", "The", "goal", "of", "this", "study", "was", "to", "determine", "whether", "mutations", "of", "meiotic", "genes", ",", "such", "as", "disrupted", "meiotic", "cDNA", "(", "DMC1", ")", ",", "MutS", "homolog", "(", "MSH4", ")", ",", "MSH5", ",", "and", "S", ".", "cerevisiae", "homolog", "(", "SPO11", ")", ",", "were", "associated", "with", "premature", "ovarian", "failure", "(", "POF", ")", ".", "DESIGN", ":", "Case", "-", "control", "study", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Blood", "sampling", ",", "karyotype", ",", "hormonal", "dosage", ",", "ultrasound", ",", "and", "ovarian", "biopsy", "were", "carried", "out", "on", "most", "patients", ".", "However", ",", "the", "main", "outcome", "measure", "was", "the", "sequencing", "of", "genomic", "DNA", "from", "peripheral", "blood", "samples", "of", "41", "women", "with", "POF", "and", "36", "fertile", "women", "(", "controls", ")", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "A", "single", "heterozygous", "missense", "mutation", ",", "substitution", "of", "a", "cytosine", "residue", "with", "thymidine", "in", "exon", "2", "of", "MSH5", ",", "was", "found", "in", "two", "Caucasian", "women", "in", "whom", "POF", "developed", "at", "18", "and", "36", "years", "of", "age", ".", "This", "mutation", "resulted", "in", "replacement", "of", "a", "non", "-", "polar", "amino", "acid", "(", "proline", ")", "with", "a", "polar", "amino", "acid", "(", "serine", ")", "at", "position", "29", "(", "P29S", ")", ".", "Neither", "36", "control", "women", "nor", "39", "other", "patients", "with", "POF", "possessed", "this", "genetic", "perturbation", ".", "Another", "POF", "patient", "of", "African", "origin", "showed", "a", "homozygous", "nucleotide", "change", "in", "the", "tenth", "of", "DMC1", "gene", "that", "led", "to", "an", "alteration", "of", "the", "amino", "acid", "composition", "of", "the", "protein", "(", "M200V", ")", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "The", "symptoms", "of", "infertility", "observed", "in", "the", "DMC1", "homozygote", "mutation", "carrier", "and", "in", "both", "patients", "with", "a", "heterozygous", "substitution", "in", "exon", "2", "of", "the", "MSH5", "gene", "provide", "indirect", "evidence", "of", "the", "role", "of", "genes", "involved", "in", "meiotic", "recombination", "in", "the", "regulation", "of", "ovarian", "function", ".", "MSH5", "and", "DMC1", "mutations", "may", "be", "one", "explanation", "for", "POF", ",", "albeit", "uncommon", "." ]
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18408250
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the IRF5 promoter region is associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in the Japanese population. OBJECTIVES: Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a member of the IRF family of transcription factors, which regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Polymorphisms in the IRF5 gene have been associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE) in Caucasian and Asian populations, but their involvement in other autoimmune diseases is still uncertain. Here, we assessed the genetic role of IRF5 in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Japanese subjects. METHODS: We selected 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a CGGGG insertion-deletion polymorphism in the IRF5 gene. We performed 2 sets of case-control comparisons using Japanese subjects (first set: 830 patients with RA and 658 controls; second set: 1112 patients with RA and 940 controls), and then performed a stratified analysis using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) status. We genotyped the SNPs using TaqMan assays. RESULTS: A significant association of the rs729302 A allele with RA susceptibility was found in both sets (odds ratio (OR) 1.22, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.35, p<0.001 in the combined analysis). When the patients were stratified by the SE, the rs729302 A allele was found to confer increased risk to RA in patients that were SE negative (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.92, p = 0.001) as compared with patients carrying the SE (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.33, p = 0.24). In both sets, no genotyped polymorphisms were significantly associated with RA susceptibility, but rs729302 was significantly associated. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the promoter polymorphism of IRF5 is a genetic factor conferring predisposition to RA, and that it contributes considerably to disease pathogenesis in patients that were SE negative.
[ "A", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "in", "the", "IRF5", "promoter", "region", "is", "associated", "with", "susceptibility", "to", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "in", "the", "Japanese", "population", ".", "OBJECTIVES", ":", "Interferon", "regulatory", "factor", "5", "(", "IRF5", ")", "is", "a", "member", "of", "the", "IRF", "family", "of", "transcription", "factors", ",", "which", "regulate", "the", "production", "of", "proinflammatory", "cytokines", ".", "Polymorphisms", "in", "the", "IRF5", "gene", "have", "been", "associated", "with", "susceptibility", "to", "systemic", "lupus", "erythaematosus", "(", "SLE", ")", "in", "Caucasian", "and", "Asian", "populations", ",", "but", "their", "involvement", "in", "other", "autoimmune", "diseases", "is", "still", "uncertain", ".", "Here", ",", "we", "assessed", "the", "genetic", "role", "of", "IRF5", "in", "susceptibility", "to", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "(", "RA", ")", "in", "Japanese", "subjects", ".", "METHODS", ":", "We", "selected", "13", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphisms", "(", "SNPs", ")", "and", "a", "CGGGG", "insertion", "-", "deletion", "polymorphism", "in", "the", "IRF5", "gene", ".", "We", "performed", "2", "sets", "of", "case", "-", "control", "comparisons", "using", "Japanese", "subjects", "(", "first", "set", ":", "830", "patients", "with", "RA", "and", "658", "controls", ";", "second", "set", ":", "1112", "patients", "with", "RA", "and", "940", "controls", ")", ",", "and", "then", "performed", "a", "stratified", "analysis", "using", "human", "leukocyte", "antigen", "(", "HLA", ")", "-", "DRB1", "shared", "epitope", "(", "SE", ")", "status", ".", "We", "genotyped", "the", "SNPs", "using", "TaqMan", "assays", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "A", "significant", "association", "of", "the", "rs729302", "A", "allele", "with", "RA", "susceptibility", "was", "found", "in", "both", "sets", "(", "odds", "ratio", "(", "OR", ")", "1", ".", "22", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "09", "to", "1", ".", "35", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "001", "in", "the", "combined", "analysis", ")", ".", "When", "the", "patients", "were", "stratified", "by", "the", "SE", ",", "the", "rs729302", "A", "allele", "was", "found", "to", "confer", "increased", "risk", "to", "RA", "in", "patients", "that", "were", "SE", "negative", "(", "OR", "1", ".", "50", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "1", ".", "17", "to", "1", ".", "92", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "001", ")", "as", "compared", "with", "patients", "carrying", "the", "SE", "(", "OR", "1", ".", "11", ",", "95", "%", "CI", "0", ".", "93", "to", "1", ".", "33", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "24", ")", ".", "In", "both", "sets", ",", "no", "genotyped", "polymorphisms", "were", "significantly", "associated", "with", "RA", "susceptibility", ",", "but", "rs729302", "was", "significantly", "associated", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "These", "findings", "indicate", "that", "the", "promoter", "polymorphism", "of", "IRF5", "is", "a", "genetic", "factor", "conferring", "predisposition", "to", "RA", ",", "and", "that", "it", "contributes", "considerably", "to", "disease", "pathogenesis", "in", "patients", "that", "were", "SE", "negative", "." ]
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18439317
Association between promoter -1607 polymorphism of MMP1 and lumbar disc disease in Southern Chinese. BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc. A SNP for guanine insertion/deletion (G/D), the -1607 promoter polymorphism, of the MMP1 gene was found significantly affecting promoter activity and corresponding transcription level. Hence it is a good candidate for genetic studies in DDD. METHODS: Southern Chinese volunteers between 18 and 55 years were recruited from the population. DDD in the lumbar spine was defined by MRI using Schneiderman's classification. Genomic DNA was isolated from the leukocytes and genotyping was performed using the Sequenom platform. Association and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium checking were assessed by Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Our results showed substantial evidence of association between -1607 promoter polymorphism of MMP1 and DDD in the Southern Chinese subjects. D allelic was significantly associated with DDD (p value = 0.027, odds ratio = 1.41 with 95% CI = 1.04-1.90) while Genotypic association on the presence of D allele was also significantly associated with DDD (p value = 0.046, odds ratio = 1.50 with 95% CI = 1.01-2.24). Further age stratification showed significant genotypic as well as allelic association in the group of over 40 years (genotypic: p value = 0.035, odds ratio = 1.617 with 95% CI = 1.033-2.529; allelic: p value = 0.033, odds ratio = 1.445 with 95% CI = 1.029-2.029). Disc bulge, annular tears and the Schmorl's nodes were not associated with the D allele. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that individuals with the presence of D allele for the -1607 promoter polymorphism of MMP1 are about 1.5 times more susceptible to develop DDD when compared with those having G allele only. Further association was identified in individuals over 40 years of age. Disc bulge, annular tear as well as Schmorl's nodes were not associated with this polymorphism.
[ "Association", "between", "promoter", "-", "1607", "polymorphism", "of", "MMP1", "and", "lumbar", "disc", "disease", "in", "Southern", "Chinese", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Matrix", "metalloproteinases", "(", "MMPs", ")", "are", "involved", "in", "the", "degradation", "of", "the", "extracellular", "matrix", "of", "the", "intervertebral", "disc", ".", "A", "SNP", "for", "guanine", "insertion", "/", "deletion", "(", "G", "/", "D", ")", ",", "the", "-", "1607", "promoter", "polymorphism", ",", "of", "the", "MMP1", "gene", "was", "found", "significantly", "affecting", "promoter", "activity", "and", "corresponding", "transcription", "level", ".", "Hence", "it", "is", "a", "good", "candidate", "for", "genetic", "studies", "in", "DDD", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Southern", "Chinese", "volunteers", "between", "18", "and", "55", "years", "were", "recruited", "from", "the", "population", ".", "DDD", "in", "the", "lumbar", "spine", "was", "defined", "by", "MRI", "using", "Schneiderman", "'s", "classification", ".", "Genomic", "DNA", "was", "isolated", "from", "the", "leukocytes", "and", "genotyping", "was", "performed", "using", "the", "Sequenom", "platform", ".", "Association", "and", "Hardy", "-", "Weinberg", "equilibrium", "checking", "were", "assessed", "by", "Chi", "-", "square", "test", "and", "Mann", "-", "Whitney", "U", "test", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Our", "results", "showed", "substantial", "evidence", "of", "association", "between", "-", "1607", "promoter", "polymorphism", "of", "MMP1", "and", "DDD", "in", "the", "Southern", "Chinese", "subjects", ".", "D", "allelic", "was", "significantly", "associated", "with", "DDD", "(", "p", "value", "=", "0", ".", "027", ",", "odds", "ratio", "=", "1", ".", "41", "with", "95", "%", "CI", "=", "1", ".", "04", "-", "1", ".", "90", ")", "while", "Genotypic", "association", "on", "the", "presence", "of", "D", "allele", "was", "also", "significantly", "associated", "with", "DDD", "(", "p", "value", "=", "0", ".", "046", ",", "odds", "ratio", "=", "1", ".", "50", "with", "95", "%", "CI", "=", "1", ".", "01", "-", "2", ".", "24", ")", ".", "Further", "age", "stratification", "showed", "significant", "genotypic", "as", "well", "as", "allelic", "association", "in", "the", "group", "of", "over", "40", "years", "(", "genotypic", ":", "p", "value", "=", "0", ".", "035", ",", "odds", "ratio", "=", "1", ".", "617", "with", "95", "%", "CI", "=", "1", ".", "033", "-", "2", ".", "529", ";", "allelic", ":", "p", "value", "=", "0", ".", "033", ",", "odds", "ratio", "=", "1", ".", "445", "with", "95", "%", "CI", "=", "1", ".", "029", "-", "2", ".", "029", ")", ".", "Disc", "bulge", ",", "annular", "tears", "and", "the", "Schmorl", "'s", "nodes", "were", "not", "associated", "with", "the", "D", "allele", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "We", "demonstrated", "that", "individuals", "with", "the", "presence", "of", "D", "allele", "for", "the", "-", "1607", "promoter", "polymorphism", "of", "MMP1", "are", "about", "1", ".", "5", "times", "more", "susceptible", "to", "develop", "DDD", "when", "compared", "with", "those", "having", "G", "allele", "only", ".", "Further", "association", "was", "identified", "in", "individuals", "over", "40", "years", "of", "age", ".", "Disc", "bulge", ",", "annular", "tear", "as", "well", "as", "Schmorl", "'s", "nodes", "were", "not", "associated", "with", "this", "polymorphism", "." ]
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18657397
Detailed spectral profile analysis of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in anesthetized rats. Penicillin model is a widely used experimental model for epilepsy research. In the present study we aimed to portray a detailed spectral analysis of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in comparison with basal brain activity in anesthetized Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with i.p. urethane and connected to an electrocorticogram setup. After a short period of basal activity recording, epileptic focus was induced by injecting 400IU/2 microl penicillin-G potassium into the left lateral ventricle while the cortical activity was continuously recorded. Basal activity, latent period and the penicillin-induced epileptiform activity periods were then analyzed using both conventional methods and spectral analysis. Spectral analyses were conducted by dividing the whole spectrum into different frequency bands including delta, theta (slow and fast), alpha-sigma, beta (1 and 2) and gamma (1 and 2) bands. Our results show that the most affected frequency bands were delta, theta, beta-2 and gamma-2 bands during the epileptiform activity and there were marked differences in terms of spectral densities between three investigated episodes (basal activity, latent period and epileptiform activity). Our results may help to analyze novel data obtained using similar experimental models and the simple analysis method described here can be used in similar studies to investigate the basic neuronal mechanism of this or other types of experimental epilepsies.
[ "Detailed", "spectral", "profile", "analysis", "of", "penicillin", "-", "induced", "epileptiform", "activity", "in", "anesthetized", "rats", ".", "Penicillin", "model", "is", "a", "widely", "used", "experimental", "model", "for", "epilepsy", "research", ".", "In", "the", "present", "study", "we", "aimed", "to", "portray", "a", "detailed", "spectral", "analysis", "of", "penicillin", "-", "induced", "epileptiform", "activity", "in", "comparison", "with", "basal", "brain", "activity", "in", "anesthetized", "Wistar", "rats", ".", "Male", "Wistar", "rats", "were", "anesthetized", "with", "i", ".", "p", ".", "urethane", "and", "connected", "to", "an", "electrocorticogram", "setup", ".", "After", "a", "short", "period", "of", "basal", "activity", "recording", ",", "epileptic", "focus", "was", "induced", "by", "injecting", "400IU", "/", "2", "microl", "penicillin", "-", "G", "potassium", "into", "the", "left", "lateral", "ventricle", "while", "the", "cortical", "activity", "was", "continuously", "recorded", ".", "Basal", "activity", ",", "latent", "period", "and", "the", "penicillin", "-", "induced", "epileptiform", "activity", "periods", "were", "then", "analyzed", "using", "both", "conventional", "methods", "and", "spectral", "analysis", ".", "Spectral", "analyses", "were", "conducted", "by", "dividing", "the", "whole", "spectrum", "into", "different", "frequency", "bands", "including", "delta", ",", "theta", "(", "slow", "and", "fast", ")", ",", "alpha", "-", "sigma", ",", "beta", "(", "1", "and", "2", ")", "and", "gamma", "(", "1", "and", "2", ")", "bands", ".", "Our", "results", "show", "that", "the", "most", "affected", "frequency", "bands", "were", "delta", ",", "theta", ",", "beta", "-", "2", "and", "gamma", "-", "2", "bands", "during", "the", "epileptiform", "activity", "and", "there", "were", "marked", "differences", "in", "terms", "of", "spectral", "densities", "between", "three", "investigated", "episodes", "(", "basal", "activity", ",", "latent", "period", "and", "epileptiform", "activity", ")", ".", "Our", "results", "may", "help", "to", "analyze", "novel", "data", "obtained", "using", "similar", "experimental", "models", "and", "the", "simple", "analysis", "method", "described", "here", "can", "be", "used", "in", "similar", "studies", "to", "investigate", "the", "basic", "neuronal", "mechanism", "of", "this", "or", "other", "types", "of", "experimental", "epilepsies", "." ]
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18681856
Expanding clinical spectrum of non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism due to an activating germline mutation, p.M453T, in the thyrotropin receptor gene. OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical and genetic features of a Thai family with non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism (NAH) caused by an activating germline mutation in the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene. PATIENTS: Three affected individuals from the same family (a father and his two children) were studied. Clinical and imaging findings were reviewed and compared. GENETIC ANALYSIS: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and mutation analysis of the entire coding sequence of the TSHR gene was performed in both children and their parents by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS: A heterozygous germline T to C transition in exon 10 of the TSHR gene (c.1358T-->C) resulting in the substitution of methionine (ATG) by threonine (ACG) at codon 453 (p.M453T) was identified in the father and his two children. They presented with different clinical severity and variable age of onset. In addition to hyperthyroidism, ventriculomegaly and bilateral shortening of the fifth metacarpal bones and the middle phalanges of the fifth fingers were consistently found in all affected individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Ventriculomegaly and bilateral shortening of the fifth metacarpal bones and the middle phalanges of the fifth fingers might be characteristic features of NAH because of an activating TSHR germline mutation. In addition, the shortening of the middle phalanges of the fifth fingers has never been previously described, expanding the phenotypic spectrum of the disease.
[ "Expanding", "clinical", "spectrum", "of", "non", "-", "autoimmune", "hyperthyroidism", "due", "to", "an", "activating", "germline", "mutation", ",", "p", ".", "M453T", ",", "in", "the", "thyrotropin", "receptor", "gene", ".", "OBJECTIVE", ":", "To", "describe", "clinical", "and", "genetic", "features", "of", "a", "Thai", "family", "with", "non", "-", "autoimmune", "hyperthyroidism", "(", "NAH", ")", "caused", "by", "an", "activating", "germline", "mutation", "in", "the", "thyrotropin", "receptor", "(", "TSHR", ")", "gene", ".", "PATIENTS", ":", "Three", "affected", "individuals", "from", "the", "same", "family", "(", "a", "father", "and", "his", "two", "children", ")", "were", "studied", ".", "Clinical", "and", "imaging", "findings", "were", "reviewed", "and", "compared", ".", "GENETIC", "ANALYSIS", ":", "Genomic", "DNA", "was", "extracted", "from", "peripheral", "blood", "leukocytes", "and", "mutation", "analysis", "of", "the", "entire", "coding", "sequence", "of", "the", "TSHR", "gene", "was", "performed", "in", "both", "children", "and", "their", "parents", "by", "direct", "DNA", "sequencing", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "A", "heterozygous", "germline", "T", "to", "C", "transition", "in", "exon", "10", "of", "the", "TSHR", "gene", "(", "c", ".", "1358T", "-", "-", ">", "C", ")", "resulting", "in", "the", "substitution", "of", "methionine", "(", "ATG", ")", "by", "threonine", "(", "ACG", ")", "at", "codon", "453", "(", "p", ".", "M453T", ")", "was", "identified", "in", "the", "father", "and", "his", "two", "children", ".", "They", "presented", "with", "different", "clinical", "severity", "and", "variable", "age", "of", "onset", ".", "In", "addition", "to", "hyperthyroidism", ",", "ventriculomegaly", "and", "bilateral", "shortening", "of", "the", "fifth", "metacarpal", "bones", "and", "the", "middle", "phalanges", "of", "the", "fifth", "fingers", "were", "consistently", "found", "in", "all", "affected", "individuals", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "Ventriculomegaly", "and", "bilateral", "shortening", "of", "the", "fifth", "metacarpal", "bones", "and", "the", "middle", "phalanges", "of", "the", "fifth", "fingers", "might", "be", "characteristic", "features", "of", "NAH", "because", "of", "an", "activating", "TSHR", "germline", "mutation", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "the", "shortening", "of", "the", "middle", "phalanges", "of", "the", "fifth", "fingers", "has", "never", "been", "previously", "described", ",", "expanding", "the", "phenotypic", "spectrum", "of", "the", "disease", "." ]
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19067809
Hemodynamic parameters and heart rate variability during a tilt test in relation to gene polymorphism of renin-angiotensin and serotonin system. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the renin-angiotensin system and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms in relation to hemodynamic parameters and heart rate variability during a head-up tilt test (HUT) in patients with vasovagal syncope. METHODS: DNA was collected from 191 patients (mean age 44+/-18 years, 61 men, 130 women). The following gene polymorphisms were determined in genomic DNA: angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism (I/D ACE), angiotensinogen gene polymorphism (M 235), angiotensin II receptor type 1 (ATR1) polymorphism (A 11666C), and polymorphism of serotonin transporter gene (5HTTLPR).Heart rate variability during HUT was assessed in 5-minute intervals by low frequency, high frequency, standard deviation of the normal-to-normal (SDNN), and root mean square successive difference parameters. RESULTS: AA genotype of A 1166C polymorphism was associated with lower minimal systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during HUT compared with other genotypes (minimal SBP: AA 59.6+/-21,8, AC 79.9+/-22.7, CC 65.4+/-22.7 mmHg, P=0.007), (minimal DBP: AA 36.4+/-22.7, AC 52.3+/-22.9, CC 45.4+/-19.5 mmHg, P=0.007).AA genotype was also associated with higher SDNN compared to other genotypes in the early phase of HUT (SDNN in 5 minutes of tilt: AA 59.7+/-24.6, AC 50.6+/-20.6, CC 46.0+/-13.2, P=0.01) and at syncope occurrence (SDNN: AA 71.0+/-20.9, AC 58.2+/-17.9, CC 58+/-10, P=0.04) CONCLUSION: AA genotype of A 1166C polymorphism in the ATR1 gene may be associated with hypotension and decline in sympathetic tone during HUT. Its role in genetic predisposition to vasovagal syncope cannot be excluded.
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19508969
Hypomorphic mutations in meckelin (MKS3/TMEM67) cause nephronophthisis with liver fibrosis (NPHP11). BACKGROUND: Nephronophthisis (NPHP), a rare recessive cystic kidney disease, is the most frequent genetic cause of chronic renal failure in children and young adults. Mutations in nine genes (NPHP1-9) have been identified. NPHP can be associated with retinal degeneration (Senior-Loken syndrome), brainstem and cerebellar anomalies (Joubert syndrome), or liver fibrosis. METHODS: To identify a causative gene for the subset of patients with associated liver fibrosis, the authors performed a genome wide linkage search in a consanguineous family with three affected patients using 50K SNP microarrays and homozygosity mapping. RESULTS: The authors obtained a significant maximum parametric LOD (logarithm of odds) score of Z(max) = 3.72 on chromosome 8q22 and identified a homozygous missense mutation in the gene MKS3/TMEM67. When examining a worldwide cohort of 62 independent patients with NPHP and associated liver fibrosis we identified altogether four novel mutations (p.W290L, p.C615R, p.G821S, and p.G821R) in five of them. Mutations of MKS3/TMEM67, found recently in Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) type 3 and Joubert syndrome (JBTS) type 6, are predominantly truncating mutations. In contrast, the mutations detected here in patients with NPHP and associated liver fibrosis are exclusively missense mutations. This suggests that they may represent hypomorphic alleles, leading to a milder phenotype compared with the more severe MKS or JBTS phenotype. Additionally, mutation analysis for MKS3/TMEM67 in 120 patients with JBTS yielded seven different (four novel) mutations in five patients, four of whom also presented with congenital liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Hypomorphic MKS3/TMEM67 mutations cause NPHP with liver fibrosis (NPHP11). This is the first report of MKS3 mutations in patients with no vermian agenesis and without neurological signs. Thus NPHP, JBTS, and MKS represent allelic disorders.
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19521089
Serotonin transporter gene polymorphic element 5-HTTLPR increases the risk of sporadic Parkinson's disease in Italy. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder causing muscular rigidity, resting tremor and bradykinesia. We conducted an association study assessing how PD risk in Italy was influenced by the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) polymorphic region 5-HTTLPR, consisting of an insertion/deletion (long allele-L/short allele-S) of 43 bp in the SLC6A4 promoter region. The SLC6A4 promoter single nucleotide polymorphism rs25531(A-->G) was evaluated too. We collected 837 independent subjects (393 PD, 444 controls). An association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and risk of PD (S/S genotype OR [95% CI]: 1.7[1.2-2.5], p = 0.002) was found. The rs25531 and the haplotype 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 did not associate with risk of PD. Our data indicate that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphic element within the SLC6A4 promoter may govern the genetic risk of PD in Italians.
[ "Serotonin", "transporter", "gene", "polymorphic", "element", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", "increases", "the", "risk", "of", "sporadic", "Parkinson", "'s", "disease", "in", "Italy", ".", "Parkinson", "'s", "disease", "(", "PD", ")", "is", "a", "neurodegenerative", "disorder", "causing", "muscular", "rigidity", ",", "resting", "tremor", "and", "bradykinesia", ".", "We", "conducted", "an", "association", "study", "assessing", "how", "PD", "risk", "in", "Italy", "was", "influenced", "by", "the", "serotonin", "transporter", "gene", "(", "SLC6A4", ")", "polymorphic", "region", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", ",", "consisting", "of", "an", "insertion", "/", "deletion", "(", "long", "allele", "-", "L", "/", "short", "allele", "-", "S", ")", "of", "43", "bp", "in", "the", "SLC6A4", "promoter", "region", ".", "The", "SLC6A4", "promoter", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "rs25531", "(", "A", "-", "-", ">", "G", ")", "was", "evaluated", "too", ".", "We", "collected", "837", "independent", "subjects", "(", "393", "PD", ",", "444", "controls", ")", ".", "An", "association", "between", "the", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", "polymorphism", "and", "risk", "of", "PD", "(", "S", "/", "S", "genotype", "OR", "[", "95", "%", "CI", "]", ":", "1", ".", "7", "[", "1", ".", "2", "-", "2", ".", "5", "]", ",", "p", "=", "0", ".", "002", ")", "was", "found", ".", "The", "rs25531", "and", "the", "haplotype", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", "/", "rs25531", "did", "not", "associate", "with", "risk", "of", "PD", ".", "Our", "data", "indicate", "that", "the", "5", "-", "HTTLPR", "polymorphic", "element", "within", "the", "SLC6A4", "promoter", "may", "govern", "the", "genetic", "risk", "of", "PD", "in", "Italians", "." ]
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19728177
Prolonged hypothermia as a bridge to recovery for cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension associated with fulminant hepatic failure. BACKGROUND: To review evidence-based treatment options in patients with cerebral edema complicating fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and discuss the potential applications of hypothermia. METHOD: Case-based observations from a medical intensive care unit (MICU) in a tertiary care facility in a 27-year-old female with FHF from acetaminophen and resultant cerebral edema. RESULTS: Our patient was admitted to the MICU after being found unresponsive with presumed toxicity from acetaminophen which was ingested over a 2-day period. The patient had depressed of mental status lasting at least 24 h prior to admission. Initial evaluation confirmed FHF from acetaminophen and cerebral edema. The patient was treated with hyperosmolar therapy, hyperventilation, sedation, and chemical paralysis. Her intracranial pressure remained elevated despite maximal medical therapy. We then initiated therapeutic hypothermia which was continued for 5 days. At re-warming, patient had resolution of her cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension. At discharge, she had complete recovery of neurological and hepatic functions. CONCLUSION: In patients with FHF and cerebral edema from acetaminophen overdose, prolonged therapeutic hypothermia could potentially be used as a life saving therapy and a bridge to hepatic and neurological recovery. A clinical trial of hypothermia in patients with this condition is warranted.
[ "Prolonged", "hypothermia", "as", "a", "bridge", "to", "recovery", "for", "cerebral", "edema", "and", "intracranial", "hypertension", "associated", "with", "fulminant", "hepatic", "failure", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "To", "review", "evidence", "-", "based", "treatment", "options", "in", "patients", "with", "cerebral", "edema", "complicating", "fulminant", "hepatic", "failure", "(", "FHF", ")", "and", "discuss", "the", "potential", "applications", "of", "hypothermia", ".", "METHOD", ":", "Case", "-", "based", "observations", "from", "a", "medical", "intensive", "care", "unit", "(", "MICU", ")", "in", "a", "tertiary", "care", "facility", "in", "a", "27", "-", "year", "-", "old", "female", "with", "FHF", "from", "acetaminophen", "and", "resultant", "cerebral", "edema", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Our", "patient", "was", "admitted", "to", "the", "MICU", "after", "being", "found", "unresponsive", "with", "presumed", "toxicity", "from", "acetaminophen", "which", "was", "ingested", "over", "a", "2", "-", "day", "period", ".", "The", "patient", "had", "depressed", "of", "mental", "status", "lasting", "at", "least", "24", "h", "prior", "to", "admission", ".", "Initial", "evaluation", "confirmed", "FHF", "from", "acetaminophen", "and", "cerebral", "edema", ".", "The", "patient", "was", "treated", "with", "hyperosmolar", "therapy", ",", "hyperventilation", ",", "sedation", ",", "and", "chemical", "paralysis", ".", "Her", "intracranial", "pressure", "remained", "elevated", "despite", "maximal", "medical", "therapy", ".", "We", "then", "initiated", "therapeutic", "hypothermia", "which", "was", "continued", "for", "5", "days", ".", "At", "re", "-", "warming", ",", "patient", "had", "resolution", "of", "her", "cerebral", "edema", "and", "intracranial", "hypertension", ".", "At", "discharge", ",", "she", "had", "complete", "recovery", "of", "neurological", "and", "hepatic", "functions", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "In", "patients", "with", "FHF", "and", "cerebral", "edema", "from", "acetaminophen", "overdose", ",", "prolonged", "therapeutic", "hypothermia", "could", "potentially", "be", "used", "as", "a", "life", "saving", "therapy", "and", "a", "bridge", "to", "hepatic", "and", "neurological", "recovery", ".", "A", "clinical", "trial", "of", "hypothermia", "in", "patients", "with", "this", "condition", "is", "warranted", "." ]
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19881468
hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and risk of lung cancer by histological type. Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) has a major role in the repair of 8-hydroxyguanine, a major promutagenic DNA lesion. The genetic polymorphism rs1052133, which leads to substitution of the amino acid at codon 326 from Ser to Cys, shows functional differences, namely a decrease in enzyme activity in hOGG1-Cys326. Although several studies have investigated the association between rs1052133 and lung cancer susceptibility, the effect of this locus on lung cancer according to histology remains unclear. We therefore conducted a case-control study with 515 incident lung cancer cases and 1030 age- and sex-matched controls without cancer, and further conducted a meta-analysis. In overall analysis, the homozygous Cys/Cys genotype showed a significant association with lung cancer compared to Ser allele carrier status (odds ratio (OR)=1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.02-1.69). By histology-based analysis, the Cys/Cys genotype showed a significantly positive association with small-cell carcinoma (OR=2.40, 95% CI=1.32-4.49) and marginally significant association with adenocarcinoma (OR=1.32, 95% CI=0.98-1.77). A meta-analysis of previous and our present study revealed that this polymorphism is positively associated with adenocarcinoma, although suggestive associations were also found for squamous- and small-cell lung cancers. These results indicate that rs1052133 contributes to the risk of adenocarcinoma of lung.
[ "hOGG1", "Ser326Cys", "polymorphism", "and", "risk", "of", "lung", "cancer", "by", "histological", "type", ".", "Human", "8", "-", "oxoguanine", "DNA", "glycosylase", "1", "(", "hOGG1", ")", "has", "a", "major", "role", "in", "the", "repair", "of", "8", "-", "hydroxyguanine", ",", "a", "major", "promutagenic", "DNA", "lesion", ".", "The", "genetic", "polymorphism", "rs1052133", ",", "which", "leads", "to", "substitution", "of", "the", "amino", "acid", "at", "codon", "326", "from", "Ser", "to", "Cys", ",", "shows", "functional", "differences", ",", "namely", "a", "decrease", "in", "enzyme", "activity", "in", "hOGG1", "-", "Cys326", ".", "Although", "several", "studies", "have", "investigated", "the", "association", "between", "rs1052133", "and", "lung", "cancer", "susceptibility", ",", "the", "effect", "of", "this", "locus", "on", "lung", "cancer", "according", "to", "histology", "remains", "unclear", ".", "We", "therefore", "conducted", "a", "case", "-", "control", "study", "with", "515", "incident", "lung", "cancer", "cases", "and", "1030", "age", "-", "and", "sex", "-", "matched", "controls", "without", "cancer", ",", "and", "further", "conducted", "a", "meta", "-", "analysis", ".", "In", "overall", "analysis", ",", "the", "homozygous", "Cys", "/", "Cys", "genotype", "showed", "a", "significant", "association", "with", "lung", "cancer", "compared", "to", "Ser", "allele", "carrier", "status", "(", "odds", "ratio", "(", "OR", ")", "=1", ".", "31", ",", "95", "%", "confidence", "interval", "(", "CI", ")", "=1", ".", "02", "-", "1", ".", "69", ")", ".", "By", "histology", "-", "based", "analysis", ",", "the", "Cys", "/", "Cys", "genotype", "showed", "a", "significantly", "positive", "association", "with", "small", "-", "cell", "carcinoma", "(", "OR=2", ".", "40", ",", "95", "%", "CI=1", ".", "32", "-", "4", ".", "49", ")", "and", "marginally", "significant", "association", "with", "adenocarcinoma", "(", "OR=1", ".", "32", ",", "95", "%", "CI=0", ".", "98", "-", "1", ".", "77", ")", ".", "A", "meta", "-", "analysis", "of", "previous", "and", "our", "present", "study", "revealed", "that", "this", "polymorphism", "is", "positively", "associated", "with", "adenocarcinoma", ",", "although", "suggestive", "associations", "were", "also", "found", "for", "squamous", "-", "and", "small", "-", "cell", "lung", "cancers", ".", "These", "results", "indicate", "that", "rs1052133", "contributes", "to", "the", "risk", "of", "adenocarcinoma", "of", "lung", "." ]
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20005218
A potential regulatory single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the Klotho gene may be associated with essential hypertension in the Chinese Han population. BACKGROUND: Mice with defects in the Klotho gene exhibit multiple aging phenotypes including arteriosclerosis. We hypothesised that the G-395A polymorphism in the promoter region of the human Klotho gene may contribute to the prevalence of Essential Hypertension (EH). METHODS: We investigate whether the G-395A polymorphism of Klotho is associated with EH in a population consisting of 215 patients with EH and 220 non-hypertensive subjects. We also tested whether a G/A substitution at the G-395A site affected the transcription level in vitro through the dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: Differences in the genotype distributions of the G-395A polymorphism between the EH and non-hypertension groups are statistically significant (P=0.032). There are differential effects of age, gender and smoking status on the association of the G-395A polymorphism with EH; the G-395A polymorphism is significantly associated with EH in subjects over 60years old, in females and in nonsmokers. A multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds ratio for EH in the -395A allele carriers as compared with the control group was 0.593 (P=0.024) after adjusting for current traditional risk factors. The dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that the -395A carrier of a 498-bp DNA fragment (containing the G-395A site) upstream of the Klotho gene has higher relative luciferase activity than the -395G carrier. CONCLUSIONS: The G-395A polymorphism of the human Klotho gene is associated with EH and may be a potential regulatory site.
[ "A", "potential", "regulatory", "single", "nucleotide", "polymorphism", "in", "the", "promoter", "of", "the", "Klotho", "gene", "may", "be", "associated", "with", "essential", "hypertension", "in", "the", "Chinese", "Han", "population", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Mice", "with", "defects", "in", "the", "Klotho", "gene", "exhibit", "multiple", "aging", "phenotypes", "including", "arteriosclerosis", ".", "We", "hypothesised", "that", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "in", "the", "promoter", "region", "of", "the", "human", "Klotho", "gene", "may", "contribute", "to", "the", "prevalence", "of", "Essential", "Hypertension", "(", "EH", ")", ".", "METHODS", ":", "We", "investigate", "whether", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "of", "Klotho", "is", "associated", "with", "EH", "in", "a", "population", "consisting", "of", "215", "patients", "with", "EH", "and", "220", "non", "-", "hypertensive", "subjects", ".", "We", "also", "tested", "whether", "a", "G", "/", "A", "substitution", "at", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "site", "affected", "the", "transcription", "level", "in", "vitro", "through", "the", "dual", "-", "luciferase", "reporter", "assay", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Differences", "in", "the", "genotype", "distributions", "of", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "between", "the", "EH", "and", "non", "-", "hypertension", "groups", "are", "statistically", "significant", "(", "P=0", ".", "032", ")", ".", "There", "are", "differential", "effects", "of", "age", ",", "gender", "and", "smoking", "status", "on", "the", "association", "of", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "with", "EH", ";", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "is", "significantly", "associated", "with", "EH", "in", "subjects", "over", "60years", "old", ",", "in", "females", "and", "in", "nonsmokers", ".", "A", "multiple", "logistic", "regression", "analysis", "indicated", "that", "the", "odds", "ratio", "for", "EH", "in", "the", "-", "395A", "allele", "carriers", "as", "compared", "with", "the", "control", "group", "was", "0", ".", "593", "(", "P=0", ".", "024", ")", "after", "adjusting", "for", "current", "traditional", "risk", "factors", ".", "The", "dual", "-", "luciferase", "reporter", "assay", "revealed", "that", "the", "-", "395A", "carrier", "of", "a", "498", "-", "bp", "DNA", "fragment", "(", "containing", "the", "G", "-", "395A", "site", ")", "upstream", "of", "the", "Klotho", "gene", "has", "higher", "relative", "luciferase", "activity", "than", "the", "-", "395G", "carrier", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "The", "G", "-", "395A", "polymorphism", "of", "the", "human", "Klotho", "gene", "is", "associated", "with", "EH", "and", "may", "be", "a", "potential", "regulatory", "site", "." ]
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20034406
Chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 are increased in the hippocampus following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation occurs after seizures and is implicated in epileptogenesis. CCR2 is a chemokine receptor for CCL2 and their interaction mediates monocyte infiltration in the neuroinflammatory cascade triggered in different brain pathologies. In this work CCR2 and CCL2 expression were examined following status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine injection. METHODS: SE was induced by pilocarpine injection. Control rats were injected with saline instead of pilocarpine. Five days after SE, CCR2 staining in neurons and glial cells was examined using imunohistochemical analyses. The number of CCR2 positive cells was determined using stereology probes in the hippocampus. CCL2 expression in the hippocampus was examined by molecular assay. RESULTS: Increased CCR2 was observed in the hippocampus after SE. Seizures also resulted in alterations to the cell types expressing CCR2. Increased numbers of neurons that expressed CCR2 was observed following SE. Microglial cells were more closely apposed to the CCR2-labeled cells in SE rats. In addition, rats that experienced SE exhibited CCR2-labeling in populations of hypertrophied astrocytes, especially in CA1 and dentate gyrus. These CCR2+ astroctytes were not observed in control rats. Examination of CCL2 expression showed that it was elevated in the hippocampus following SE. CONCLUSION: The data show that CCR2 and CCL2 are up-regulated in the hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced SE. Seizures also result in changes to CCR2 receptor expression in neurons and astrocytes. These changes might be involved in detrimental neuroplasticity and neuroinflammatory changes that occur following seizures.
[ "Chemokine", "CCL2", "and", "its", "receptor", "CCR2", "are", "increased", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "following", "pilocarpine", "-", "induced", "status", "epilepticus", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Neuroinflammation", "occurs", "after", "seizures", "and", "is", "implicated", "in", "epileptogenesis", ".", "CCR2", "is", "a", "chemokine", "receptor", "for", "CCL2", "and", "their", "interaction", "mediates", "monocyte", "infiltration", "in", "the", "neuroinflammatory", "cascade", "triggered", "in", "different", "brain", "pathologies", ".", "In", "this", "work", "CCR2", "and", "CCL2", "expression", "were", "examined", "following", "status", "epilepticus", "(", "SE", ")", "induced", "by", "pilocarpine", "injection", ".", "METHODS", ":", "SE", "was", "induced", "by", "pilocarpine", "injection", ".", "Control", "rats", "were", "injected", "with", "saline", "instead", "of", "pilocarpine", ".", "Five", "days", "after", "SE", ",", "CCR2", "staining", "in", "neurons", "and", "glial", "cells", "was", "examined", "using", "imunohistochemical", "analyses", ".", "The", "number", "of", "CCR2", "positive", "cells", "was", "determined", "using", "stereology", "probes", "in", "the", "hippocampus", ".", "CCL2", "expression", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "was", "examined", "by", "molecular", "assay", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Increased", "CCR2", "was", "observed", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "after", "SE", ".", "Seizures", "also", "resulted", "in", "alterations", "to", "the", "cell", "types", "expressing", "CCR2", ".", "Increased", "numbers", "of", "neurons", "that", "expressed", "CCR2", "was", "observed", "following", "SE", ".", "Microglial", "cells", "were", "more", "closely", "apposed", "to", "the", "CCR2", "-", "labeled", "cells", "in", "SE", "rats", ".", "In", "addition", ",", "rats", "that", "experienced", "SE", "exhibited", "CCR2", "-", "labeling", "in", "populations", "of", "hypertrophied", "astrocytes", ",", "especially", "in", "CA1", "and", "dentate", "gyrus", ".", "These", "CCR2", "+", "astroctytes", "were", "not", "observed", "in", "control", "rats", ".", "Examination", "of", "CCL2", "expression", "showed", "that", "it", "was", "elevated", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "following", "SE", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "The", "data", "show", "that", "CCR2", "and", "CCL2", "are", "up", "-", "regulated", "in", "the", "hippocampus", "after", "pilocarpine", "-", "induced", "SE", ".", "Seizures", "also", "result", "in", "changes", "to", "CCR2", "receptor", "expression", "in", "neurons", "and", "astrocytes", ".", "These", "changes", "might", "be", "involved", "in", "detrimental", "neuroplasticity", "and", "neuroinflammatory", "changes", "that", "occur", "following", "seizures", "." ]
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20105310
Association of adipocyte genes with ASP expression: a microarray analysis of subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue in morbidly obese subjects. BACKGROUND: Prevalence of obesity is increasing to pandemic proportions. However, obese subjects differ in insulin resistance, adipokine production and co-morbidities. Based on fasting plasma analysis, obese subjects were grouped as Low Acylation Stimulating protein (ASP) and Triglyceride (TG) (LAT) vs High ASP and TG (HAT). Subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) adipose tissues (n = 21) were analysed by microarray, and biologic pathways in lipid metabolism and inflammation were specifically examined. METHODS: LAT and HAT groups were matched in age, obesity, insulin, and glucose, and had similar expression of insulin-related genes (InsR, IRS-1). ASP related genes tended to be increased in the HAT group and were correlated (factor B, adipsin, complement C3, p < 0.01 each). Differences between LAT and HAT group were almost exclusively in SC tissue, with little difference in OM tissue. Increased C5L2 (p < 0.01), an ASP receptor, in HAT suggests a compensatory ASP pathway, associated with increased TG storage. RESULTS: HAT adipose tissue demonstrated increased lipid related genes for storage (CD36, DGAT1, DGAT2, SCD1, FASN, and LPL), lipolysis (HSL, CES1, perilipin), fatty acid binding proteins (FABP1, FABP3) and adipocyte differentiation markers (CEBPalpha, CEBPbeta, PPARgamma). By contrast, oxidation related genes were decreased (AMPK, UCP1, CPT1, FABP7). HAT subjects had increased anti-inflammatory genes TGFB1, TIMP1, TIMP3, and TIMP4 while proinflammatory PIG7 and MMP2 were also significantly increased; all genes, p < 0.025. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the profile of C5L2 receptor, ASP gene expression and metabolic factors in adipose tissue from morbidly obese HAT subjects suggests a compensatory response associated with the increased plasma ASP and TG.
[ "Association", "of", "adipocyte", "genes", "with", "ASP", "expression", ":", "a", "microarray", "analysis", "of", "subcutaneous", "and", "omental", "adipose", "tissue", "in", "morbidly", "obese", "subjects", ".", "BACKGROUND", ":", "Prevalence", "of", "obesity", "is", "increasing", "to", "pandemic", "proportions", ".", "However", ",", "obese", "subjects", "differ", "in", "insulin", "resistance", ",", "adipokine", "production", "and", "co", "-", "morbidities", ".", "Based", "on", "fasting", "plasma", "analysis", ",", "obese", "subjects", "were", "grouped", "as", "Low", "Acylation", "Stimulating", "protein", "(", "ASP", ")", "and", "Triglyceride", "(", "TG", ")", "(", "LAT", ")", "vs", "High", "ASP", "and", "TG", "(", "HAT", ")", ".", "Subcutaneous", "(", "SC", ")", "and", "omental", "(", "OM", ")", "adipose", "tissues", "(", "n", "=", "21", ")", "were", "analysed", "by", "microarray", ",", "and", "biologic", "pathways", "in", "lipid", "metabolism", "and", "inflammation", "were", "specifically", "examined", ".", "METHODS", ":", "LAT", "and", "HAT", "groups", "were", "matched", "in", "age", ",", "obesity", ",", "insulin", ",", "and", "glucose", ",", "and", "had", "similar", "expression", "of", "insulin", "-", "related", "genes", "(", "InsR", ",", "IRS", "-", "1", ")", ".", "ASP", "related", "genes", "tended", "to", "be", "increased", "in", "the", "HAT", "group", "and", "were", "correlated", "(", "factor", "B", ",", "adipsin", ",", "complement", "C3", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "01", "each", ")", ".", "Differences", "between", "LAT", "and", "HAT", "group", "were", "almost", "exclusively", "in", "SC", "tissue", ",", "with", "little", "difference", "in", "OM", "tissue", ".", "Increased", "C5L2", "(", "p", "<", "0", ".", "01", ")", ",", "an", "ASP", "receptor", ",", "in", "HAT", "suggests", "a", "compensatory", "ASP", "pathway", ",", "associated", "with", "increased", "TG", "storage", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "HAT", "adipose", "tissue", "demonstrated", "increased", "lipid", "related", "genes", "for", "storage", "(", "CD36", ",", "DGAT1", ",", "DGAT2", ",", "SCD1", ",", "FASN", ",", "and", "LPL", ")", ",", "lipolysis", "(", "HSL", ",", "CES1", ",", "perilipin", ")", ",", "fatty", "acid", "binding", "proteins", "(", "FABP1", ",", "FABP3", ")", "and", "adipocyte", "differentiation", "markers", "(", "CEBPalpha", ",", "CEBPbeta", ",", "PPARgamma", ")", ".", "By", "contrast", ",", "oxidation", "related", "genes", "were", "decreased", "(", "AMPK", ",", "UCP1", ",", "CPT1", ",", "FABP7", ")", ".", "HAT", "subjects", "had", "increased", "anti", "-", "inflammatory", "genes", "TGFB1", ",", "TIMP1", ",", "TIMP3", ",", "and", "TIMP4", "while", "proinflammatory", "PIG7", "and", "MMP2", "were", "also", "significantly", "increased", ";", "all", "genes", ",", "p", "<", "0", ".", "025", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Taken", "together", ",", "the", "profile", "of", "C5L2", "receptor", ",", "ASP", "gene", "expression", "and", "metabolic", "factors", "in", "adipose", "tissue", "from", "morbidly", "obese", "HAT", "subjects", "suggests", "a", "compensatory", "response", "associated", "with", "the", "increased", "plasma", "ASP", "and", "TG", "." ]
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20606392
Atypical GH insensitivity syndrome and severe insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency resulting from compound heterozygous mutations of the GH receptor, including a novel frameshift mutation affecting the intracellular domain. BACKGROUND/AIMS: GH insensitivity and IGF deficiency may result from aberrations of the GH receptor (GHR). We describe a 4-year-old child with modest growth failure and normal serum concentrations of GH-binding protein (GHBP), but clinical evidence of GH insensitivity. METHOD: Serum and DNA samples from the proband and his parents were analyzed. RESULTS: The child had a height of -4 SD, elevated serum GH concentrations, abnormally low serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations and normal GHBP concentrations. DNA analysis revealed compound heterozygosity for mutations of GHR, including a previously reported R211H mutation and a novel duplication of a nucleotide in exon 9 (899dupC), the latter resulting in a frameshift and a premature stop codon. Treatment with recombinant DNA-derived IGF-I resulted in growth acceleration. CONCLUSION: Mutations affecting the intracellular domain of the GHR can result in GH insensitivity and IGF deficiency, despite normal serum concentrations of GHBP. The presence of clinical and biochemical evidence of GH resistance is sufficient to consider the possibility of aberrations of the GHR, even in the presence of normal serum GHBP concentrations.
[ "Atypical", "GH", "insensitivity", "syndrome", "and", "severe", "insulin", "-", "like", "growth", "factor", "-", "I", "deficiency", "resulting", "from", "compound", "heterozygous", "mutations", "of", "the", "GH", "receptor", ",", "including", "a", "novel", "frameshift", "mutation", "affecting", "the", "intracellular", "domain", ".", "BACKGROUND", "/", "AIMS", ":", "GH", "insensitivity", "and", "IGF", "deficiency", "may", "result", "from", "aberrations", "of", "the", "GH", "receptor", "(", "GHR", ")", ".", "We", "describe", "a", "4", "-", "year", "-", "old", "child", "with", "modest", "growth", "failure", "and", "normal", "serum", "concentrations", "of", "GH", "-", "binding", "protein", "(", "GHBP", ")", ",", "but", "clinical", "evidence", "of", "GH", "insensitivity", ".", "METHOD", ":", "Serum", "and", "DNA", "samples", "from", "the", "proband", "and", "his", "parents", "were", "analyzed", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "The", "child", "had", "a", "height", "of", "-", "4", "SD", ",", "elevated", "serum", "GH", "concentrations", ",", "abnormally", "low", "serum", "IGF", "-", "I", "and", "IGFBP", "-", "3", "concentrations", "and", "normal", "GHBP", "concentrations", ".", "DNA", "analysis", "revealed", "compound", "heterozygosity", "for", "mutations", "of", "GHR", ",", "including", "a", "previously", "reported", "R211H", "mutation", "and", "a", "novel", "duplication", "of", "a", "nucleotide", "in", "exon", "9", "(", "899dupC", ")", ",", "the", "latter", "resulting", "in", "a", "frameshift", "and", "a", "premature", "stop", "codon", ".", "Treatment", "with", "recombinant", "DNA", "-", "derived", "IGF", "-", "I", "resulted", "in", "growth", "acceleration", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Mutations", "affecting", "the", "intracellular", "domain", "of", "the", "GHR", "can", "result", "in", "GH", "insensitivity", "and", "IGF", "deficiency", ",", "despite", "normal", "serum", "concentrations", "of", "GHBP", ".", "The", "presence", "of", "clinical", "and", "biochemical", "evidence", "of", "GH", "resistance", "is", "sufficient", "to", "consider", "the", "possibility", "of", "aberrations", "of", "the", "GHR", ",", "even", "in", "the", "presence", "of", "normal", "serum", "GHBP", "concentrations", "." ]
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20708777
Association of DNA polymorphisms within the CYP11B2/CYP11B1 locus and postoperative hypertension risk in the patients with aldosterone-producing adenomas. OBJECTIVES: Hypertension often persists after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism. Traditional factors associated with postoperative hypertension were evaluated, but whether genetic determinants were involved remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of DNA polymorphisms within steroid synthesis genes (CYP11B2, CYP11B1) and the postoperative resolution of hypertension in Chinese patients undergoing adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA). METHODS: Ninety-three patients with APA were assessed for postoperative resolution of hypertension. All patients were genotyped for rs1799998 (C-344 T), intron 2 conversion, rs4539 (A2718G) within CYP11B2 and rs6410 (G22 5A), rs6387 (A2803G) within CYP11B1. The associations between CYPB11B2/CYP11B1 polymorphisms and persistent postoperative hypertension were assessed by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: CYP11B2-CYP11B1 haplotype was associated with persistent postoperative hypertension in Chinese patients undergoing adrenalectomy with APA (P = .006). Specifically, the rs4539 (AA) polymorphism was associated with persistent postoperative hypertension (P = .002). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the common haplotypes H1 (AGACT), H2 (AGAWT), and H3 (AGAWC) were associated with the persistent postoperative hypertension (P = .01, 0.03, 0.005 after Bonferroni correction). Additional predictors of persistent postoperative hypertension included duration of hypertension (P <.0005), family history of hypertension (P = .001), and elevated systolic blood pressure (P = .015). CONCLUSIONS: The rs4539 (AA), H1, H2, and H3 are genetic predictors for postoperative persistence of hypertension for Chinese patients treated by adrenalectomy with APA. DNA polymorphisms at CYP11B2/B1 locus may confer susceptibility to postoperative hypertension of patients with APA.
[ "Association", "of", "DNA", "polymorphisms", "within", "the", "CYP11B2", "/", "CYP11B1", "locus", "and", "postoperative", "hypertension", "risk", "in", "the", "patients", "with", "aldosterone", "-", "producing", "adenomas", ".", "OBJECTIVES", ":", "Hypertension", "often", "persists", "after", "adrenalectomy", "for", "primary", "aldosteronism", ".", "Traditional", "factors", "associated", "with", "postoperative", "hypertension", "were", "evaluated", ",", "but", "whether", "genetic", "determinants", "were", "involved", "remains", "poorly", "understood", ".", "The", "aim", "of", "this", "study", "was", "to", "investigate", "the", "association", "of", "DNA", "polymorphisms", "within", "steroid", "synthesis", "genes", "(", "CYP11B2", ",", "CYP11B1", ")", "and", "the", "postoperative", "resolution", "of", "hypertension", "in", "Chinese", "patients", "undergoing", "adrenalectomy", "for", "aldosterone", "-", "producing", "adenomas", "(", "APA", ")", ".", "METHODS", ":", "Ninety", "-", "three", "patients", "with", "APA", "were", "assessed", "for", "postoperative", "resolution", "of", "hypertension", ".", "All", "patients", "were", "genotyped", "for", "rs1799998", "(", "C", "-", "344", "T", ")", ",", "intron", "2", "conversion", ",", "rs4539", "(", "A2718G", ")", "within", "CYP11B2", "and", "rs6410", "(", "G22", "5A", ")", ",", "rs6387", "(", "A2803G", ")", "within", "CYP11B1", ".", "The", "associations", "between", "CYPB11B2", "/", "CYP11B1", "polymorphisms", "and", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "were", "assessed", "by", "multivariate", "analysis", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "CYP11B2", "-", "CYP11B1", "haplotype", "was", "associated", "with", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "in", "Chinese", "patients", "undergoing", "adrenalectomy", "with", "APA", "(", "P", "=", ".", "006", ")", ".", "Specifically", ",", "the", "rs4539", "(", "AA", ")", "polymorphism", "was", "associated", "with", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "(", "P", "=", ".", "002", ")", ".", "Multivariate", "logistic", "regression", "revealed", "the", "common", "haplotypes", "H1", "(", "AGACT", ")", ",", "H2", "(", "AGAWT", ")", ",", "and", "H3", "(", "AGAWC", ")", "were", "associated", "with", "the", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "(", "P", "=", ".", "01", ",", "0", ".", "03", ",", "0", ".", "005", "after", "Bonferroni", "correction", ")", ".", "Additional", "predictors", "of", "persistent", "postoperative", "hypertension", "included", "duration", "of", "hypertension", "(", "P", "<", ".", "0005", ")", ",", "family", "history", "of", "hypertension", "(", "P", "=", ".", "001", ")", ",", "and", "elevated", "systolic", "blood", "pressure", "(", "P", "=", ".", "015", ")", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "The", "rs4539", "(", "AA", ")", ",", "H1", ",", "H2", ",", "and", "H3", "are", "genetic", "predictors", "for", "postoperative", "persistence", "of", "hypertension", "for", "Chinese", "patients", "treated", "by", "adrenalectomy", "with", "APA", ".", "DNA", "polymorphisms", "at", "CYP11B2", "/", "B1", "locus", "may", "confer", "susceptibility", "to", "postoperative", "hypertension", "of", "patients", "with", "APA", "." ]
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20806042
A novel mutation in GJA8 causing congenital cataract-microcornea syndrome in a Chinese pedigree. PURPOSE: To identify the underlying genetic defect in a four-generation family of Chinese origin with autosomal dominant congenital cataract-microcornea syndrome (CCMC). METHODS: All individuals in the study underwent a full clinical examination and the details of history were collected . Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and the exons of all candidate genes were sequenced. RESULTS: Direct sequencing of the encoding regions of the candidate genes revealed a heterozygous mutation c.592C-->T in exon 2 of the gap junction protein, alpha 8 (GJA8) gene. This mutation was responsible for the familial disorder through the substitution of a highly conserved arginine to tryptophan at codon 198 (p.R198W). This change co-segregated with all affected members of the family, but was not detected either in the non-carrier relatives or in the 100 normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: This report is the first to relate p.R198W mutation in GJA8 with CCMC. The result expands the mutation spectrum of GJA8 in associated with congenital cataract and microcornea, and implies that this gene has direct involvement with the development of the lens as well as the other anterior segment of the eye.
[ "A", "novel", "mutation", "in", "GJA8", "causing", "congenital", "cataract", "-", "microcornea", "syndrome", "in", "a", "Chinese", "pedigree", ".", "PURPOSE", ":", "To", "identify", "the", "underlying", "genetic", "defect", "in", "a", "four", "-", "generation", "family", "of", "Chinese", "origin", "with", "autosomal", "dominant", "congenital", "cataract", "-", "microcornea", "syndrome", "(", "CCMC", ")", ".", "METHODS", ":", "All", "individuals", "in", "the", "study", "underwent", "a", "full", "clinical", "examination", "and", "the", "details", "of", "history", "were", "collected", ".", "Genomic", "DNA", "extracted", "from", "peripheral", "blood", "was", "amplified", "by", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "(", "PCR", ")", "method", "and", "the", "exons", "of", "all", "candidate", "genes", "were", "sequenced", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Direct", "sequencing", "of", "the", "encoding", "regions", "of", "the", "candidate", "genes", "revealed", "a", "heterozygous", "mutation", "c", ".", "592C", "-", "-", ">", "T", "in", "exon", "2", "of", "the", "gap", "junction", "protein", ",", "alpha", "8", "(", "GJA8", ")", "gene", ".", "This", "mutation", "was", "responsible", "for", "the", "familial", "disorder", "through", "the", "substitution", "of", "a", "highly", "conserved", "arginine", "to", "tryptophan", "at", "codon", "198", "(", "p", ".", "R198W", ")", ".", "This", "change", "co", "-", "segregated", "with", "all", "affected", "members", "of", "the", "family", ",", "but", "was", "not", "detected", "either", "in", "the", "non", "-", "carrier", "relatives", "or", "in", "the", "100", "normal", "controls", ".", "CONCLUSIONS", ":", "This", "report", "is", "the", "first", "to", "relate", "p", ".", "R198W", "mutation", "in", "GJA8", "with", "CCMC", ".", "The", "result", "expands", "the", "mutation", "spectrum", "of", "GJA8", "in", "associated", "with", "congenital", "cataract", "and", "microcornea", ",", "and", "implies", "that", "this", "gene", "has", "direct", "involvement", "with", "the", "development", "of", "the", "lens", "as", "well", "as", "the", "other", "anterior", "segment", "of", "the", "eye", "." ]
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21163864
The M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene in South Indian patients of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. INTRODUCTION: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex disorder and genetically transmitted cardiac disease with a diverse clinical course. The objective of the present study was to examine the association of the T704C polymorphism of exon 2 of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene with HCM in a South Indian population from Andhra Pradesh. Subjects and methods. One-hundred and fifty HCM (90 sporadic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [SHCM] and 60 familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [FHCM]) patients and 165 age- and sex-matched normal healthy controls without known hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy were included in the study. DNA was isolated from peripheral leukocytes and the region of interest in the AGT gene bearing a missense mutation methionine to threonine substitution at codon 235 (M235T) of exon 2, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were subjected to restriction digestion with the enzyme SfaNI. RESULTS: Significant differences were detected in genotypic distribution (p = 0.04) as well as the allelic frequency (p = 0.003) between the SHCM patients and controls. The polymorphism did not show any association with FHCM. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the T allele of the AGT gene is significantly associated with SHCM in a South Indian population from Andhra Pradesh. However, we did not find significant association of this polymorphism with FHCM.
[ "The", "M235T", "polymorphism", "of", "the", "angiotensinogen", "gene", "in", "South", "Indian", "patients", "of", "hypertrophic", "cardiomyopathy", ".", "INTRODUCTION", ":", "Hypertrophic", "cardiomyopathy", "(", "HCM", ")", "is", "a", "complex", "disorder", "and", "genetically", "transmitted", "cardiac", "disease", "with", "a", "diverse", "clinical", "course", ".", "The", "objective", "of", "the", "present", "study", "was", "to", "examine", "the", "association", "of", "the", "T704C", "polymorphism", "of", "exon", "2", "of", "the", "angiotensinogen", "(", "AGT", ")", "gene", "with", "HCM", "in", "a", "South", "Indian", "population", "from", "Andhra", "Pradesh", ".", "Subjects", "and", "methods", ".", "One", "-", "hundred", "and", "fifty", "HCM", "(", "90", "sporadic", "hypertrophic", "cardiomyopathy", "[", "SHCM", "]", "and", "60", "familial", "hypertrophic", "cardiomyopathy", "[", "FHCM", "]", ")", "patients", "and", "165", "age", "-", "and", "sex", "-", "matched", "normal", "healthy", "controls", "without", "known", "hypertension", "and", "left", "ventricular", "hypertrophy", "were", "included", "in", "the", "study", ".", "DNA", "was", "isolated", "from", "peripheral", "leukocytes", "and", "the", "region", "of", "interest", "in", "the", "AGT", "gene", "bearing", "a", "missense", "mutation", "methionine", "to", "threonine", "substitution", "at", "codon", "235", "(", "M235T", ")", "of", "exon", "2", ",", "was", "amplified", "by", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "(", "PCR", ")", ".", "The", "PCR", "products", "were", "subjected", "to", "restriction", "digestion", "with", "the", "enzyme", "SfaNI", ".", "RESULTS", ":", "Significant", "differences", "were", "detected", "in", "genotypic", "distribution", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "04", ")", "as", "well", "as", "the", "allelic", "frequency", "(", "p", "=", "0", ".", "003", ")", "between", "the", "SHCM", "patients", "and", "controls", ".", "The", "polymorphism", "did", "not", "show", "any", "association", "with", "FHCM", ".", "CONCLUSION", ":", "Our", "results", "suggest", "that", "the", "T", "allele", "of", "the", "AGT", "gene", "is", "significantly", "associated", "with", "SHCM", "in", "a", "South", "Indian", "population", "from", "Andhra", "Pradesh", ".", "However", ",", "we", "did", "not", "find", "significant", "association", "of", "this", "polymorphism", "with", "FHCM", "." ]
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