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A recent study found that gratitude not only helps to improve how we feel, but it also appears create a healthier heart (A Grateful Heart is a Healthier Heart). In the same study, gratitude was also associated with improved sleep and less fatigue.
Positive psychology has long recognized the frequent practice of gratitude as a technique to help boost happiness and well-being. This gratitude worksheet is intended to kick off a quick and fun gratitude session using simple sentence completion that's appropriate for all ages. We suggest using this worksheet as a group icebreaker, or as a prompt for further discussion. Be sure to discuss the benefits of practicing daily gratitudes!
1. A Grateful Heart is a Healthier Heart. (2015, April 9). Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2015/04/grateful-heart. |
The statue of Sir Thomas Elder (1818–97) in front of Elder Hall commemorates an outstanding benefactor to both the University of Adelaide and the South Australian community.
This wealthy businessman, pastoralist and parliamentarian facilitated the establishment and growth of South Australia’s first university through his generous donations totalling around £100 000, an extraordinary amount in the nineteenth century. From 1874 to his death in 1897, Elder endowed chairs in mathematics, general science and music, made substantial contributions to a school of medicine and funded prizes in physiology. Elder was passionate about music. In 1883 he funded an annual scholarship for South Australian students to the Royal College of Music in London and he bequeathed £20 000 for the building of a school of music (later the Elder Conservatorium of Music).
Soon after Elder’s death, Adelaide merchant George Wilcox began organising within business and government circles for a statue to commemorate his life and work. This led to prominent people gathering in the Mayor’s Reception Room of Adelaide Town Hall on 28 March 1898 to discuss Wilcox’s proposal. The meeting was chaired by Governor Buxton who praised the generosity and community spirit evident in Elder’s donations to education, the sick, the aged, music, churches and art. He noted that Elder was responsible for introducing the camel to South Australia, which had proved invaluable in exploration and settlement.
Chief Justice Sir Samuel Way observed that a statue commemorating Sir Thomas Elder would add to the city’s small number of public sculptures. Sir Edwin Smith MLC concurred, suggesting a location on North Terrace in front of the University of Adelaide would not only recognise the major donations Elder had made to the university, but also constitute one of several possible statues along the thoroughfare. A motion by Way, ‘That it is desirable to recognise the munificence and public services to this province of the late Sir Thomas Elder, G.C.M.G., by the erection of a statue in his honor’, was passed with acclaim.
A committee was formed to raise funds and to commission the statue. This large group included notables such as Postmaster-General Sir Charles Todd, the Bishop of Adelaide, Mayor Charles Tucker, members of parliament and leading businessmen. An executive committee consisting of Wilcox, Way, Smith, John Darling MP, lawyer and businessman AG Downer, and businessmen H Muecke and David Murray agreed to coordinate activities.
The estimated cost of the statue was £1500 or about 1% of the amount that Elder had bequeathed to various organisations in his will. Money was raised through donations and a ‘grand musical fete’ held in the Jubilee Exhibition Building on 3 September 1898. The fete was reported to be ‘one of the most important and complete concerts yet held in the city’ and featured the Conservatorium Grand Orchestra, the Orpheus Society, the Adelaide Choral Society, the Adelaide Liedertafel and solo artists. The governor was received with a fanfare of trumpets.
James White, a prominent Sydney sculptor, approached the committee with a view to creating the statue. White was a fervent advocate of commissions for public statuary being awarded to Australian artists. However, Sir Samuel Way rejected his proposal as ‘impudent’ (Cameron, p31). Way favoured some ‘competent’ English sculptor. The committee agreed and English sculptor Alfred Drury (1856–1954) was chosen through South Australia’s agent-general in London.
Drury took some time to complete the statue because of other commissions marking the coronation of King Edward VII. The 2.86m high bronze statue of Elder finally arrived in Adelaide on the SS Wilcannia on 9 June 1903. The imported 3.76m high pedestal of Aberdeen marble, which cost £266 and was ‘the gift of an anonymous donor’, had been erected on the lawn in front of the Elder Conservatorium of Music in 1902 (Cameron, p35; Advertiser, 30 July 1903).
The statue was unveiled on 29 July 1903 by Governor Le Hunte at a ‘gala occasion’ with numerous prominent citizens attending. A choir of students from the conservatorium sang the ‘National Anthem’ and the ‘Song of Australia’. Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte outlined the life and times of Elder. Premier John Jenkins said it was not necessary to expand on Elder’s virtues as ‘the city of Adelaide would be barren of many of its adornments had it not been for his princely generosity’. To which Sir Edwin Smith, the statue committee’s treasurer, added that Elder ‘had probably done more than any other man to build up a nation under the Southern Cross’.
Facing away from Elder Hall and the university, Sir Thomas Elder looks imperiously across a small lawn to North Terrace. While his pose was said to be in keeping with the man, the statue’s prominence is less so – Elder never married and was said to be a retiring fellow, not one who sought the limelight. As well as bearing a very simple plaque inscribed with the barest details of Elder, the pedestal features three bronze friezes. Various interpretations have been made of them. Perhaps the frieze on the eastern side shows the muses with ‘Painting, Music and Literature in foreground and Sculpture peeping from behind’ (Cameron, p35). The western frieze shows a female figure holding a model of the university’s Mitchell Building, flanked by a mother and child, and the figure of Medicine, which may symbolise ‘the giving of today’s children to the care of the university, producing the esteemed professionals of the future’ (Cameron, p35). The northern frieze depicts inland exploration with a camel train.
Advertiser, 28 March 1898, ‘The Elder Statue’, p4
Advertiser, 29 March 1898, ‘The late Sir Thomas Elder’, p6
Advertiser, 26 July 1898, ‘Elder Memorial Fund’, p4
Advertiser, 5 September 1898, ‘The Elder Statue Fund’, p7
Advertiser, 15 August 1902, ‘The Elder Statue’, p4
Advertiser, 3 June 1903, ‘The Elder Statue’, p4
Advertiser, 10 June 1903, ‘The Elder Statue’, p4
Advertiser, 28 July 1903, ‘The late Sir Thomas Elder’, p5
Advertiser, 30 July 1903, ‘The late Sir Thomas Elder’, p6
Cameron, Simon, Silent witnesses: Adelaide’s statues and monuments (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1997)
South Australian Register, 9 March 1898, ‘The Late Sir Thomas Elder’, p5
South Australian Register, 3 September 1898, ‘Grand Musical Fete’, p6
State Library of South Australia, SRG 689, Elder Statue Trust Fund Committee, 1899–1903 |
In essence, blackheads develop because the hair follicles on the skin get clogged. The imbalance causes oil glands to manufacture excessive oil which might clog the hair follicle to result in blackheads. That is why the majority of teenagers and young woman suffer from this problem. Blackheads are considered as a mild type of acne resulting from clogging the hair follicles. It could impact any kind of skin, but are most common on those with oily skin. If you do not control this problem, it might cause severe acne on the affected body parts.
Blackheads could be found on the noses and even in the ears. This article will focus on blackheads in ear. There are many causes of blackheads in ear and the most common are:
- Excessive dead skin cells
- Inappropriate routine for cleaning the ear
- Excessive production of skin oil
- Presence of propionibacterium acnes on the ear
- Hormonal changes
So how to get rid of blackheads in ear fast and naturally without using medication? Honestly, removing blackheads in ear is considered one of the hardest job due to the location of the blackheads. If you just have a blackhead on the nose, you could easily use a comodone extractor to make it go away. However, it is hard to apply with blackheads in ear. Despite it is harder to remove blackheads in ear, it does not mean that is impossible. Here, we from WikiYeah.com will help you figure out how to pop blackheads in ear and how to get rid of blackheads in ear fast, naturally and permanently using simple ways. Check them out below!
Some Facts About Blackheads In Ear
- Blackheads will not disappear over time
- Blackheads are not dirt, so scrubbing them with soap will not help
- Blackheads will return if they are not treated appropriately
- Getting rid of blackheads is possible
How To Get Rid Of Blackheads In Ear – 7 Home Remedies
You should not use fingers to pop blackheads in ear. Hands may transmit germs, resulting in bacterial infection and worsen the problem. Zits, blackheads and pimples in ear could be eliminated quickly by using the following home remedies.
1. Benzoyl Peroxide
Benzoyl peroxide possesses both anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective for keeping pimples, zits and blackheads from swelling.
- Gentle face wash
- A cotton cloth
- Rubbing alcohol
- Facial tissues or latex gloves
- Swabs or cotton pads
- Benzoyl peroxide
- Use the gently face wash to cleanse your ears. This will help your ears get rid of oil, dirt, and dead skin cells which may obstruct your view of blackheads.
- After that, rinse your ear well with warm water
- Soak the cloth in warm water and compress it. Press the cloth on your blackheads in ear for a few minutes to soften the blackheads
- Soak a cotton pad in alcohol and thoroughly apply it over your blackheads to provide a clean surface for the benzoyl peroxide to work on.
- Wrap the tissues around your index fingers, then put gentle pressure on either side of your ear blackheads. Press down and up to squeeze out the material that blocks the pores. After completing, you wipe off the material using a cotton pad.
- Wash your ear thoroughly and dry it out. Apply benzoyl peroxide acne cream over to help the pore heal. Do not allow bacteria to enter it.
2. Tea Tree Oil
For those who are looking for alternative home remedies for blackheads in ear, try this tea tree oil remedy. Thanks to the antibacterial properties, tea tree oil is effective in disinfecting the pores and easily dries out blackheads.
- 10-12 drops of tea tree oil
- A cotton ball
- Soak the cotton ball into the tea tree oil
- Squeeze excess oil before placing it over your blackheads in ear
- The next morning, discard that cotton ball and use a damp towel to wipe your ear
- Reapply this method for 1 week to get rid of blackheads in ear permanently.
3. Lemon Juice
Being a great source of citric acid – a natural alpha hydroxyl acid, lemon juice is useful in exfoliating your skin and removing the impurities that cause bacteria. You can use lemon juice for blackheads in ear removal.
- Lemon juice of half a lemon
- A bowl
- A cotton ball
- ¼ teaspoon of water
- Dilute the cotton ball in the bowl of lemon juice mixed with prepared water
- Soak a cotton ball in that solution and squeeze it out
- Apply the soaked cotton ball on your blackheads in ear
- Let it dry naturally
- Wash off the application with water by scrubbing the area gently.
- Repeat this process for 3 days to get good results
You can also use boiled milk mixed with lemon juice as an alternative method for the above.
4. Baking Soda
Baking soda is very versatile when it comes to home remedies. This homemade exfoliant can also help balance the pH levels of the skin.
- 1 teaspoon of baking soda
- ½ teaspoon of water
- Take a small bowl to add baking soda in, then followed by water to create a thick paste
- Apply the paste over your blackheads and massage gently in circular motions using your finger tips.
- Let it dry for 5 minutes
- Rinse it off with tepid water before patting the skin dry
- Repeat the process for 3 – 4 days till your blackheads in ear completely disappear.
5. Warm Compress
In regard to learning how to get rid of blackheads in ear fast and naturally, don’t skip warm compress remedy. This simple treatment can do great work if you apply properly.
- A wash cloth
- 1 cup of water
- Boil 1 cup of water and soak a washcloth into
- Remove the washcloth out and squeeze out the excess water
- Apply the warm washcloth compress onto your blackheads in ear for about 10 minutes
- Apply this method 3 times per day to get rid of blackheads in ear naturally
6. Rubbing Alcohol
How to get rid of blackheads in ear quickly? Use alcohol. This can help sterilize the impacted area, kill the bacteria causing blackheads. Apply this method at night.
- 1 teaspoon of alcohol
- A cotton ball
- Take a clean cotton ball
- Saturate the ball with the prepared rubbing alcohol, squeeze out the excess fluid
- The next morning, discard the ball and wash it off with water
- Follow this routine 3 days to remove blackheads
7. Blackhead Extractor
Another tip on how to get rid of blackheads in ear effectively is using blackhead extractor. This is considered an almost instant remedy to try.
- A tool of blackhead tool
- ½ teaspoon of rubbing alcohol
- A cotton ball
- Benzoyl peroxide cream
- Cleanse and exfoliate your ear area
- Use rubbing alcohol to sterilize the blackhead extractor tool
- Firmly press the loop side of the tool on your blackheads in order to release the purities
- Clean the extractor by using a cotton ball that is soaked in the rubbing alcohol
- Do not press too strongly because it may worsen the problem
- Apply benzoyl peroxide over your affected area to prevent the further formation of blackheads
- Repeat this process a few times to get rid of blackheads in ear
What Not To Do When Removing Blackheads In Ear
- Do not touch the blackheads with your dirty hands because it results in skin infection
- Avoid squeezing the blackheads because it may worsen the problem
- Do not scratch and scrape the blackheads using your nails because it may cause skin scarring
- Avoid those oil-based skin care products because oily skin is also a main cause of blackheads
- Cut down the intake of carbohydrate -rich foods and dairy to prevent the further formation of blackheads |
(FROM SUBREDDIT spirituality)
If I can explain more by using examples it might make more sense. So, let's say earlier today you get in a small fender bender, you rear end a minivan at a stop light but going at a pretty slow speed. You regret it, but it's over and done with. You go to sleep, and you have a dream you've got your foot down on the gas doing 55 and you plow a cyclist off of the road and you wake up in a sweat.
Now, when we go back over the relativity of what the dream was versus what is reality you can see that the dream was a frightening enhancement of what you've experienced. It's an extreme circumstance that has never happened, but internally you really dread that this would be the case. So, the subconscious mind is looking at this terrible behavior to remind you and warn you about the seriousness of this situation and you learn to be cautious from it and you try to protect yourself and others more. That's one of the main functions of our subconscious, protection (it is more complex than that, for instance protecting you from blocking your own path, etc.)
Your deep fear is that there may be pain and suffering in death, his, yours, anyone's. It is only the recent event that triggered the image. The fear was already there. Being lost already existed as an idea. These are the real ideas you need to conquer. In the dream you were the one feeling lost, he was really just suffering. At least, that's how I interpreted your explanation. Even if you word it differently. |
Currently on backorder. Copies available in the new year.
by Ryan Hendrix, Kari Zweber Palmer, Nancy Tarshis, Michelle Garcia Winner
For use with ages 4-7.
Buying Tip: We Thinkers! Volume 2 picks up where Volume 1 left off. The teaching across the We Thinkers series is sequential and concepts build upon each other, therefore it is important that We Thinkers Volume 1 be used before moving on to We Thinkers Volume 2. Explore We Thinkers Volume 1 here. The new Group Collaboration, Play and Problem Solving (GPS) framework included in We Thinkers Volume 2 will revolutionise the way you teach “social” to young children.
The Curriculum/Deluxe package contains
- A curriculum book with lessons and full research review
- Five storybooks presenting core Social Thinking concepts
- Our new Group Collaboration, Play and Problem Solving (GPS) framework
- And a free tote bag!
About We Thinkers Volume 2
In We Thinkers! Volume 2 we delve deeper into how to figure out the social clues to share space, interact, and regulate emotions. We use the term “social executive functioning” to discuss that we are helping children learn to better self-regulate their behaviour and emotions when sharing space or interacting with others. Social executive functioning is used in the classroom when sitting in a group to learn, it’s used when running onto the playground to play with others, and kids use it to figure out how to join a play group that’s pretending to be pirates. It involves surveying a social situation, understanding what the group is doing, considering others’ ideas, having enough flexibility (in thoughts and behaviour) to ride out the shifts and changes that may occur, negotiating roles, turns, or positions, and self-regulating to keep emotions, actions and reactions under control when problems arise.
Social executive functioning is a tall order for our early learners (especially for kids with social emotional learning challenges). Volume 2 Social Problem Solvers curriculum breaks down these complex concepts into smaller, teachable segments that kids can understand and presents them in an organised curriculum from which adults can teach synergistic concepts in a step-by-step manner.
Excellent teaching curriculum for all students in a mainstream setting and with deeper lessons geared to students with social learning challenges.
Download our two fidelity checklists to guide teaching.
About the Five Storybooks
These story books come with the curriculum/deluxe package.
Colorful illustrations and fun storybook adventure themes stimulate children’s curiosity and imagination and engage them in learning five new Social Thinking concepts. Storybooks 1-5 were taught in Volume 1, Volume 2 starts with Storybook 6. Because the concepts are more complex in Volume 2, authors provide suggestions and page references for teaching the storybooks in segments. Each storybook has a short introduction to the adult about the Social Thinking concept and how to use the book.
- Storybook 6 – Hidden Rules and Expected and Unexpected Behaviours (Pirate Adventure)
- Storybook 7 – Smart Guess (Mystery Adventure)
- Storybook 8 – Flexible and Stuck Thinking (Ice Cream Shop Adventure)
- Storybook 9 – Size of the Problem (Dinosaur Birthday Party)
- Storybook 10 – Sharing an Imagination (Park Adventure)
Extra copies of the story books available here. You will need a password to access the product and you can call us on (02) 5105 5262 for that.
About the Curriculum Book
Users of Volume 1 will find a similar structure to the curriculum units included in Volume 2. The book opens with an introduction that explores the evidence behind the curriculum, discusses social executive functioning, self-regulation, social problem solving, and the importance of play and the many skills learned through play. Each Social Thinking concept has its own teaching unit that includes discussion, teaching moment guidelines and structured teaching activities that give kids the practice they need. Authors also include rubrics for assessing how children are learning the concepts, ideas for goal writing, links to the Common Core/state standards, and family letters to send home to parents/caregivers.
About We Thinkers! GPS Book
Children play and interact—the Social Thinking concepts and skills we’re teaching in Volume 2 aren’t meant to be used just when children are in the classroom, clinic or therapy room. In this groundbreaking new addition to Volume 2, we focus on interactive play skills through introducing our new Group Collaboration, Play and Problem Solving (GPS) framework to teach children how to take all the good social abilities they’re learning through the storybooks and curriculum units and generalize them to their interactions with others in the classroom, on the playground, at home and in the community.
The GPS book includes a research review, discusses the importance of interactive play as the foundation for later learning, and offers our brand new GPS tools that help adults widen their perspectives and teaching know-how in providing differentiated instruction and treatment plans. The book introduces our new five-level GPS Play Scale and its related GPS Observation Tools (checklist and scoring forms). Once we know children’s starting play level, we demonstrate how professionals and parents can tailor their teachings to build guided interactive play lessons. The second half of the book offers differentiated interactive play activities for GPS play levels 2-5 for each of the five Social Thinking concepts introduced in the storybooks and curriculum units. This is where parents and professionals tune into how to help play truly come alive for our kids! Check out our free article on why we created our GPS Scale, checklists and differentiated interactive play activities.
A USB Drive is included that contains core teaching materials from the curriculum and the GPS book.Download for easy-opening instructions here.
Plus a Free Tote Bag to keep This 7 Book Deluxe Set together!
The five storybooks, curriculum book, and GPS book come packaged in a handy canvas tote for safe-keeping. It’s free when you purchase the We Thinkers! Volume 2 Social Problem Solvers Deluxe Package.
- Ages: 4-7
- Authors: Ryan Hendrix, Kari Zweber Palmer, Nancy Tarshis, Michelle Garcia Winner.
- Publisher: Think Social Publishing
- Format: Paperback
- Item: 4011 |
Students from Voznesenka and Sterling elementary schools work last Friday on a simulated construction project at the bottom of the pool at Kenai Central High School. The bilingual field trip was the grand finale of a cooperative effort between the two schools.
Photo by M. Scott Moon
Astronauts who train at the Johnson Space Center in Houston have access to cutting-edge technology developed by top engineers and scientists. Two peninsula schools are anything but light years behind that training and they have the enthusiasm that goes with it.
To feel what it's like to walk in space, the National Aeronautics Space Administration developed the Neutral Buoyancy Tank, a training pool large enough to hold a life-size replica of the International Space Station. In it, trainees practice repairing the station and test new equipment. The astronauts also train with Russian cosmonauts because the two nations work together on the space station. NASA trainee and Sterling elementary sixth-grade teacher Allan Miller wanted to give his students these experiences.
His class has been conducting experiments in science and communication with space in mind. In December, Miller's class connected with the Russian Old Believer school Voznesenka. Miller's class met with the Voznesenka students to learn more about Russian culture and language. Miller at least wanted his students to learn some fundamental Russian letters, numbers, colors and some phrases. The next meetings were practicing satellite communication, a video conference with NASA astronaut Bryan Palaszewski from the Glenn Research Center in Cleveland Ohio, and a rocket-building exercise led by Challenger Center Flight Director Tamra Wear. Any way you cut it, the kids have learned from the experts.
The students had to recall what they learned at the latest installment of the curriculum at the Kenai pool, an underwater simulation of the microgravity environment of space like the Neutral Bouyancy Tank.
Just like the astronauts, students strapped on SCUBA gear to get into character. The task for the dive was to construct an air lock underwater using what limited communication they could, using planned hand signals. The integrated teams worked together much like the NASA training exercises Miller is familiar with.
Fifty kids went through the dive exercise and received professional advice from Dive Alaska instructor Scott Anderson. Sterling sixth-grader Trevor Steger said he had to concentrate on his breathing while diving.
"I had to breathe out of my nose to stabilize the pressure of my goggles that were sucking at my eyes. It's also hard to walk in fins," he said.
Whatever the students take away from these experiences, it's difficult to imagine they could ever forget them.
Wear said Miller is inspired to conduct memorable classes by all the teamwork done between NASA an the Russian Space Agency.
"Knowing Russian and crossing over is important to him because it happens in space all the time. It's the communication among everyone and learning each other's cultures that has been good for them. It's really cool," she said.
Miller said a crucial part of the exercises had been learning how to effectively communicate. In the weeks leading up to the microgravity task, Voznesenka and Sterling students communicated regularly by phone and e-mail as they prepared themselves for the training to follow. Then, when they met for the dive, the kids practiced with hand signals to communicate underwater.
Sixth-grade Voznesenka student Julian Polushkin said putting together the simulated air lock was not so difficult because his team figured out how to communicate before they strapped on the SCUBA gear.
"After we put the airlock together, we had to swim through it. My group figured out all the hand signals before, so it was not that difficult," he said.
Voznesenka teacher Elaine Chalup said the two classes got to know one another quickly.
"This has to be the highlight. They look forward to seeing each other every time. They are realizing they have the ability to work as a team," Chalup said.
Justin Covy, a Sterling sixth -grader, said the experience has paid off.
"This was a good opportunity to learn how to learn about Russian culture and to read Russian symbols. It's been fun working with these guys."
Peninsula Clarion ©2014. All Rights Reserved. |
The legal framework for the regulation and promotion of aquaculture in Spain consists of several legal instruments, amongst which outstand the Constitution of Spain, Law N°20/1942 for Promotion and Conservation of Riverine Fisheries (Ley Nº 20/1942 de Fomento y Conservación de la Pesca Fluvial
, Law Nº 23 /1984 on Marine Aquaculture
(Ley Nº 23 /1984 de Cultivos Marinos
) and Law Nº 22/1988 on the Coastline (Ley Nº 22/1988 de Costas
. The main objectives of these legal instruments are:
- Law Nº 23/1984 on Marine Aquaculture: “the regulation and ordering of marine aquaculture within the national territory, the coastal land zone, estuaries, coastal lagoons either temporarily or permanently open to the sea, territorial sea, and exclusive economic zone; either regarding public or private property, without affecting the competence and faculties assumed by the Autonomous Communities”.
- Law Nº 22/1988 on the Coastline: “the boundaries, protection, use and patrol of the public sea border, particularly the marine coastline”.
Notwithstanding, in agreement with the dispositions of Article 148.1.11 of the Constitution of Spain, the Autonomous Communities exert exclusive competence in inland waters, harvesting of shellfish, aquaculture, hunting and riverine fisheries. It may be pointed out that the following Autonomous Communities have taken responsibility on aquaculture and shellfish harvesting: Galicia, Andalucía, Valencia, Islas Baleares, Cantabria, País Vasco, Cataluña, Asturias, Murcia, Islas Canarias, Aragón, Castilla-León, Castilla La Mancha y Extremadura
The legal instruments issued by the National Government on marine and inland aquaculture regulation have a general and supplementary character, since as has been mentioned, Autonomous Communities apply their own regulation.
The National Government, through the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA - Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación
dictates and executes the general principles on agrarian, fisheries and food principles. It also has coordinating and representation functions through the General Secretariat of Marine Fisheries coordinating and representation functions through the General Secretariat of Marine Fisheries (SGPM). It should also be mentioned that such General Secretariat is responsible for the application of the European regulations as well as of those imposed by multilateral organisms of which Spain is a member.
The Advisory Board on Marine Aquaculture (JACUMAR - Junta Asesora de Cultivos Marinos)
, is another organisation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food created by Law Nº 23/1984 of Marine Aquaculture
(Ley Nº 23/1984 de Cultivos Marinos
) and is constituted by the General Secretariat of Marine Fisheries, the Councils of the Autonomous Communities, as well as by representative organisations of the aquaculture production sector. One of the main tasks of this organisation is to facilitate the coordination of the activities of the Autonomous Communities and to follow-up the National Plans. Law Nº 23/1984 on Marine Aquaculture
(Ley Nº 23/1984 de Cultivos Marinos
) regulates the formulation of National Plans, which have to be carried out jointly between the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and the Autonomous Communities. The latter are responsible for their execution as per their mandate. National Plans consist of actions leading to foster and promote the development of marine aquaculture within the national territory; having as objectives either research, development and innovation as well as any other activity related to aquaculture and whose execution is considered as essential for the harmonic development of aquaculture.
The Regulation and Organisation Marketing Fund for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products (FROM - Fondo de Regulación y Organización del Mercado de los Productos de la Pesca y Cultivos Marinos
, is another autonomous organisation created by Law Nº 33/1980 (Ley Nº 33/1980
, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Marine Aquaculture (MAPA), and is responsible for the development and promotion of aquaculture in Spain. Its main tasks are to promote consumption of fisheries products and to provide technical or financial assistance to associations, cooperatives and enterprises within the sector.
The Spanish Oceanographic Institute (IEO - Instituto Español de Oceanografía
) , is another important autonomous organisation linked to aquaculture. In agreement with Law Nº 3/2001 on State Marine Fisheries (Ley Nº 3/2001 de Pesca Marítima del Estado
) , the IEO is the institution in charge of research and advice on sectorial fisheries policy.
The concept of “aquaculture” is stated in the Constitution of Spain, though other terms are also expressed and mentioned, such as: “marine cultivation”, “mariculture” and “marine aquaculture”. However, sectorial legislation utilises the term “marine cultivation”. Such is the case of the State Law Nº 23/1984 on Marine Cultivation
(Ley estatal Nº 23/1984 de Cultivos Marinos
) and in the autonomous norms.
The definition of marine aquaculture is established by Law Nº 23/1984 on Marine Cultivation, which states that “marine cultivation are all actions and appropriate works required for the reproduction or growth of one or several species of plants or animals or their association thereof”.
The autonomous legislation regulates shellfish harvesting activities and the marine cultivation following the State policy. There are also some legal regulations such as the Asturian
, that have added to the concept of marine cultivation that of “algae-culture” which refers to the growing and harvesting of algae.
At the European Union level, Regulation (CE) Nº 1421/2004 Reglamento (CE) Nº 1421/2004
, establishes that “aquaculture is the breeding or culture of aquatic organisms making use of techniques aimed at increasing their productivity over that of the natural carrying capacity; all along the entire phase of their rearing stages until harvest; either under private or public ownership”.
|Guidelines and codes of conduct|
The General Secretariat of Marine Fisheries (SGPM) has prepared the “National Strategic Plan for Fisheries
” (Plan Estratégico Nacional en materia pesquera
), in agreement with the mandate of the new European Fund for Fisheries 2007–2013
and the Common Fisheries Policy
In this regard, Spain has established the following strategic priorities for the development of aquaculture throughout period 2007–2013:
- Species diversification.
- Supply of the market (increase in the production of species with good market potential).
- Establishment of methods or means of aquaculture exploitation that reduce adverse consequences or improve positive effects on the environment.
- Support to traditional aquaculture activities.
- Public health measures.
- Promotion of specific actions on the market.
- Promotion of quality measures.
- Socio-economic measures.
- Animal health measures.
The Spanish aquaculture sector is grouped into various professional associations and cooperatives. The most important ones are listed below:
Of the above mentioned associations, only APROMAR and OPAC belong to the European Federation of Producers (FEAP). This Federation has adopted a Code of Conduct for European Aquaculture
, which is observed by its members. The main objective of this Code of Conduct is to promote the responsible development and management of aquaculture to ensure a high standard of quality in the production process, with consideration to both, environmental concerns and consumer demands.
The General Secretariat of Marine Fisheries (SGPM), with the collaboration of the International Union for Nature (UICN)
and the European Federation of Producers (FEAP), has formulated the first of the “Directing Guidelines for the Sustainable Development of Aquaculture”.
This initial guidance for aquaculture, analyses the interaction between aquaculture and the environment, and has issued practical recommendations on the following main aspects of aquaculture: domestication, introduction of marine species, capture of wild stocks for aquaculture, feed ingredients, organic matter in effluents, transfer of pathogens, therapeutical products and others, antifouling products, and effects on local flora and fauna.
Spain is a member of the following international organisations:
- European Union (EU).
- World Trade Organisation (OMC).
- World Health Organisation (OMS).
- Animal Health World Organisation (OIM).
- International Council for the Exploitation of the Sea.
Spain is also part of the following International and Regional Treaties and Agreements:
- Convention on the International Trade of Animal and Plant Endangered Species.
- Agreement on the Biological Diversity (CBD).
- Cartagena Protocol on Bio-technology of the Biological Diversity Agreement.
- Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Agreement).
- Convention for the Marine Environment Protection and of the Mediterranean Coastal Area (Barcelona Agreement 1995).
Potential aquaculturists intending to undertake an aquaculture activity, either marine or inland, must apply for various authorizations or permits before the corresponding authorities. As has been expressed before, the applicable legal framework for the development of aquaculture falls under the Autonomous Communities which apply their own norms for the execution of the procedures of authorizations or leases. However, those Communities that haven’t got their own norms, supplementary Law N° 23/1984 of Marine Cultivation (for marine aquaculture), the Law of Riverine Fisheries of 1942 (for inland aquaculture), and Law N° 22/1988 of the Coastline.
Law Nº 23/1984, dictates that “only Spanish citizens or entities may be the holders of concessions or authorizations of marine cultures”. Likewise, it also defines the following terms:
- Concession: the granting of the right of use in exclusivity and temporarily by Spanish citizens or entities in public lands, for the establishment of facilities intended for research or exploitation of marine cultures.
- Authorization: permit granted to Spanish citizens or entities, for the establishment of facilities intended for research or exploitation of marine cultures.
Within this context, it must be pointed out that the administrative procedures to be followed by potential aquaculturists for the establishment and exploitation of an aquaculture facility differ according to inland or marine aquaculture facilities and whether they are located in public or in private areas. These administrative procedures fall into the following categories:
1) Administrative procedures for the application for a concession/authorization for inland aquaculture facilities.
- Administrative procedures for the application for a concession/authorization for inland aquaculture facilities.
- General administrative procedures for the application for a concession/authorization for marine aquaculture facilities within publicly owned coastal zones.
- General administrative procedures for the application for concession/authorization for marine aquaculture facilities within privately owned coastal zones but utilising publicly owned zones for collecting/discharging water.
For the granting of a concession/authorization for the operation of an inland aquaculture facility, the applicant will be required to obtain the following authorizations and/or licences.
- Construction and start of operations permit granted by the Municipal Authority.
- Authorization for the intake and discharge of water; as well as the concession for the use or occupation of the public water area. Both permits are granted by the Hydrographic Conferences of the corresponding Autonomous Community.
- Authorization for operation of the aquaculture facility granted by the corresponding Office of the Autonomous Community.
Communities will apply their own regulations for the establishment and operation of aquaculture facilities; those that do not have their own appropriate legislation will apply the general dispositions of Riverine Fisheries Law of 1942. Notwithstanding, the general administrative procedure followed by Autonomous Communities for the regulation of aquaculture, include the following stages:
- The applicant should present an application to the corresponding municipal office. It should include the precise location, the species to be cultured, the culture process or cycle, and the expected production output.
- The Autonomous Community will eventually notify the applicant if the authorization may be granted for the particular location. If this were not the case, the applicant will receive the conditions for construction and operation to which the proposed project should be subjected.
- If the applicant agrees with such conditions, he’ll be required to present an Authorization Request, attaching a certified copy of the Concession for the use of water granted by the corresponding authority, as well as a copy of the construction and operation project endorsed by a certified technician.
- If the Autonomous Community deems that the project may interfere with other interests, the project will be subjected to the public dominion.
Authorizations for the operation of inland aquaculture facilities may be granted provisionally for up to a period of 5 years, after which the corresponding authorities may issue a definite or permanent authorization. 2) Administrative procedures for the concession/authorization of marine aquaculture facilities to be established in marine-terrestrial public grounds.
In order to obtain the concession/authorization for the establishment of a marine aquaculture facility to be located in marine-terrestrial public grounds, the applicant will be required to file the following authorizations or licences:
- Construction and start of operations permit granted by the Municipal Authority.
- Concession for the occupation of the public marine/terrestrial zone granted by the Ministry of the Environment.
- Authorization for operation of the aquaculture facility granted by the corresponding Office of the Autonomous Community.
As has been mentioned above, Communities will apply their own legislation for the execution of this procedure, and those that do not have their own appropriate legislation shall apply the dispositions of Law N° 23/1984 on Marine Aquaculture and Law N° 22/1988 on Coastlines. Notwithstanding, the general administrative procedure followed by Autonomous Communities for the regulation of aquaculture, include the following stages:
- The applicant should file an application of an authorization for the aquaculture operation, appending the following documents:
- An application for the concession of the occupation of the public marine-terrestrial zone addressed to the Ministry of the Environment.
- Legal identification of the applicant (person or company).
- The project of the civil works endorsed by a certified technician.
- A financial feasibility study and a scheme for the execution of the operation endorsed by a certified technician.
- Proof of payment of duties
- The environmental impact assessment and the sanitary requirements, as applicable.
- During the ensuing 30 day period of public hearings, reports by the defence, navigation, tourism, municipal, environment and sanitary authorities will be required, as well as by any other authority that the Autonomous Community may deem necessary.
- In case all the above mentioned authorities issue a favourable resolution towards the project, the Autonomous Community will request the Coastline Authority to issue a report within two months. Through this report, the Authority shall express the viability on the occupation, and will establish the conditions under which such occupation may be granted.
- Throughout this stage, the Autonomous Community will inform the applicant the requirements to be met as well as the conditions required by the General Directorate for the Coastline for the granting of the authorization. If the applicant agrees with such requirements and conditions, the procedure will thereafter be channelled through this General Directorate.
- Once the applicant receives the concession granted by the General Directorate, the Autonomous Community shall grant the authorization for the operation of the aquaculture facility. Such authorization will be published in the Official Gazette of the Autonomous Community.
It should be pointed out that these authorizations for the execution of aquaculture operations are generally granted for a period of 10 years, renewable for up to a maximum of 30 or 50 years. 3) General Administrative Procedure for the application of a concession/authorization of marine aquaculture facilities located in privately owned areas but that utilize public marine-terrestrial areas for the intake/discharge of water.
In order to obtain a concession/authorization for a marine aquaculture facility located in privately owned areas but that utilize public marine-terrestrial zones for the intake/discharge of water, an applicant shall apply for the following authorizations or licences:
- Construction and start of operations permit granted by the Municipal Authority.
- Authorization for the intake and discharge of water granted by the corresponding authority. However, it should be pointed out that this procedure differs between Autonomous Communities since some consider it as an independent procedure, while others consider it as part of the procedure for the authorization of the aquaculture facility and the concession of public domain, or as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment.
- Concession for the occupation of public marine-terrestrial domain granted by the Ministry of the Environment.
- Authorization for the execution of the aquaculture operation granted by the corresponding authority of the Autonomous Communities.
|Access to land and water|
Law Nº 22/1988 of Coastlines establishes that the management of marine-terrestrial public property or dominion falls under the responsibility of the State Administration, including the granting of concessions and authorizations for their occupation and exploitation. In this sense, as has been mentioned above, the concession of the marine-terrestrial public dominion for the purpose of the development of aquaculture will be granted by the Ministry of the Environment.
Regarding the authorization for the intake and the discharge of water, as well as the concession for the use or occupation of the water public dominion, are granted by the Hydrographic Confederations of the corresponding Autonomous Province.
The General Secretariat of Marine Fisheries pertaining to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food has developed a System for the Identification of Aquaculture Facilities
, which allows the geographical location of inland and marine aquaculture facilities in Spain.
The legal framework for the regulation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure comprises Directive 85/377/CEE
) of 27 June 1985, which was encompassed by the Spanish legislation through the Royal Legislative Decree Nº 1302/1986
(Real Decreto Legislativo Nº 1302/1986
), of 28 June and the Royal Decree Nº 1131/1988, of 30 September. With the issuance of Directive 97/11/CE
) some regulations of Directive 85/33/CE were modified. These modifications have been adopted by the Spanish system through Law Nº 6/2001
(Ley Nº 6/2001
), of 8 May. Article 1, paragraph 2 of such Law establishes that “projects of intensive aquaculture facilities with an output higher than 500 tonnes/year will be subjected to an Environmental Impact Assessment whenever the environmental authority determines. Within this context it has been mentioned before that the administrative procedure for the environmental impact assessment varies among the Autonomous Communities. However, in general it may be mentioned that the study on environmental impact exhibited by a potential aquaculture producer shall include the following information:
- General description of the project and foreseeable requirements in relation to the use of land and of other natural resources as applicable.
- Analysis of technically feasible alternatives and justification of adopted solution.
- Assessment of the direct or indirect foreseeable effects of the project.
- Adoption of preventive and corrective measures.
- Environmental Monitoring Scheme
- Summary of the study and its conclusions.
|Water and wastewater|
Through the approval of Directive 2000/60/CE
), dated October 23, 2000, the European Union provided a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transition waters, coastal waters and subsurface waters. Such Directive has been adopted by the Spanish legal regulations through Law 62/2003
), of December 30, 2003.
Within this same context, it should be pointed out that the main legal dispositions on the quality of water and of wastewater in common or public hydraulic dominion are encompassed under the Royal Legislation Decree Nº 1/2001
(Real Decreto Legislativo Nº 1/2001
) of July 20, 2000, “Unified Text of the Water Law”. Such legal disposition determines that the direct or indirect discharge of contaminating waters and residual products that may affect inland waters or any other element of the public hydraulic dominion is forbidden unless an administrative authorization has previously been granted by the corresponding responsible Authority.
It should be mentioned that the Regulation for the Hydrological Planning has been adopted through the issuance of the Royal Decree Nº 907/2007
(Real Decreto Nº 907/2007
) of July 6, 2007. This Regulation has as its main objective the attainment of the healthy state and the due protection of the public hydraulic dominion as well as of the waters encompassed by the Unified Text of the Water Law. It has been determined that such planning be conducted through hydrological watershed planning and the National Hydrological Plan.
Law Nº 23/1984 on marine cultivation establishes that the movement of spores or organisms of non-market size in any stage of development will only be allowed for the purpose of their cultivation, research or experimentation. It is also stated that for the exportation of such species, the authorization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food will be required, upon a previous report of the responsible Body of the corresponding Autonomous Community.
Aquculturists that request the importation of organisms of any size for their stocking or cultivation should have a favourable report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. A favourable report by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography should also be obtained when the species to be imported is exotic and does not exist naturally in Spanish waters.
As a member country of the European Union, Spain applies, amongst others, the following Directives and Decisions on the introduction of aquaculture species or products imported from other countries:
- Council Directive 91/67/CEE (Directiva 91/67/CEE del Consejo), of January 28, 1991, on the conditions of sanitary policy applicable to the introduction of aquaculture animals and products to the market. This Directive has been adopted by the Spanish regulations through the Royal Decree Nº 1882/1994 (Real Decreto Nº 1882/1994) modified by the Royal Decree Nº 1255/1999 (Real Decreto Nº 1255/1999) and Nº 1597/2004 respectively. However, it should be pointed out that Directive 91/67/CEE will be derogated as of August 1st 2008 according to the disposition of Council Directive 2006/88/CE (Directiva 2006/88/CE) of October 26, 2006 .
- Council Directive 97/78/CE of December 18, 1997 which establishes the principles for the organization of veterinary controls of products to be introduced into the Community coming from third countries
- Regulation (CE) Nº 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of April 29, 2004 on the hygiene of foods of animal origin, and Regulation (CE) Nº 854/2004 through which the specific norms for the organisation of official controls for products of animal origin intended for human consumption are established. Such Regulations have been adopted by the Spanish legislation through the Decision 2006/766/CE of the Commission, of November 6, 2006, contains the lists of third countries and territories from which the importation of bivalves, echinoderms, tunicata, gasteropoda and fishery products are authorized.
Through the promulgation of Royal Decrees Nº 1488/1994
(Reales Decretos Nº 1488/1994
) and Nº 3481/2000
(Reales Decretos Nº 3481/2000
), Directives 91/67/CE y 93/57/CE that regulate aquaculture sanitary control at the Community level, have been incorporated into the Spanish legislation.
Spanish legislation requires that the Autonomous Communities establish an appropriate system of sanitary control measures and that they participate in the formulation of emergency intervention plans as required.
The Sanitary and Animal Production Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Algete, Madrid has been selected as the national reference laboratory for fish diseases. There are other labortories in various parts of Spain either associated to universities or the scientific research centres (Higher Council of Scientific Research –CSIC-, National Institute of Agricultural Research –INIA-) which are involved in various sanitary matters of marine and inland aquaculture. Several Autonomous Communities rely on this laboratories for the diagnosis of fish diseases in order to comply with the regulations on aquaculture sanitary control.
It should be pointed out that there is a specific animal health law, Law Nº 8/2003
(Ley Nº 8/2003
), of April 24, which also encompasses aquaculture facilities. The monitoring of certain bivalve diseases is specifically regulated by the Royal Decrees Nº 1043/1997
and Nº 640/2006
(Reales Decretos Nº 1043/1997, Nº 640/2006
Royal Decree Nº 109/1995
(Real Decreto Nº 109/1995
) of January 27 regulates the manufacture, quality control, distribution, marketing, storage and supply of drugs for veterinary use and the substances and materials utilized for their manufacture, elaboration and packaging. It also grants responsibility on veterinary drugs to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, without impinging on the responsibilities that fall under the Autonomous Communities.
The main dispositions comprised in the above mentioned Decree are
- Definition of the quality, efficiency, security and purity requirements that a veterinary drug must meet in order to be authorized and registered.
- The prohibition of the marketing of a veterinary drug to be administered to animals whose meat or products are intended for human consumption if it hasn’t complied with Council Regulation CEE 2377/90 (Reglamento CEE 2377/90) of June 26, 1990, which formulates a Communitarian procedure for the setting of limits of veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin.
- The establishment of exception situations in which, even though there might not exist authorized veterinary drugs to treat a disease, an animal may be administered a different type of drug to animals whose meat or products are intended for human consumption.
Spanish legislation also establishes control measures that apply to certain substances and residues in aquaculture products. The classification and control of these substances and residues is regulated by the Royal Decree Nº 1749/1998
(Real Decreto Nº 1749/1998
), of July 31st
, instrument that incorporates Directive 96/23
) to the Spanish lesgislation.
Royal Decree Nº 56/2002
(Real Decreto Nº 56/2002
) modified by Royal Decrees Nº 254/2003
and Nº 1205/2006
(Reales Decretos Nº 254/2003, Nº 1205/2006
)incorporates into the Spanish legislation the European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/16/CE
(Directivas 2000/16/CE, 2002/2/CE
). Such legal instrument has as its main objective the establishment of the legal regime applicable to the circulation and use of inputs for the feeding of animals and the circulation of fodders and feeds throughout the Spanish territory
The Spanish Agency for Food Security (AESAN - Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria
), is an autonomous organisation associated to the Ministry of Health and Consumption, and is responsible for food security in Spain. Its main tasks are to reduce risks of food borne diseases and to warrant an adequate system for their control.
The general legislation on food innocuousness at the national level is based on Law N°14/1986, General Health Law
(General de Sanidad
It should be pointed out that the legal framework for food safety also includes the following regulations:
- Royal Decree Nº 640/2006 (Real Decreto Nº 640/2006), which provides measures for the application of Community dispositions regarding hygiene, production and marketing of food products of animal origin.
- Royal Decree Nº 2064/2004 (Real Decreto Nº 2064/2004), through which the first sale of seafood products is regulated. These include capture fish and seafood products as well as aquaculture products.
- Royal Decree Nº 1380/2002 (Real Decreto Nº 1380/2002), modified by Royal Decree Nº 1702/2004 (Real Decreto Nº 1702/2004), legal instrument whose objective is to regulate the information that must be included in the labelling, presentation and publicity of capture fish and seafood products as well as aquaculture products; frozen and ultra-frozen
- Royal Decree Nº 121/2004 (Real Decreto Nº 121/2004), dictates the norms for the classification and labelling of capture fish and seafood products as well as aquaculture products: live, fresh, refrigerated or cooked.
The structural funds constitute the main financial instrument established by the European Union. The Financial Instrument for the Orientation of Fisheries
(FOP - Instrumento Financiero de Orientación de la Pesca
) constitutes the specific framework for the development of fisheries and aquaculture. Its main trait is that it abides member States to contribute to the financing of projects through public funds whenever required.
In the case of Spain, this national co-financing is undertaken with funds contributed by the General Budget of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; and in some instances by the budget of the Autonomous Communities, respectively.
At the national level, social and economic policies related to the restructuring of the Fisheries Sector are dictated by the restructuring measures as dictated by Royal Decree Nº 3448/2000
modified by the Royal Decrees Nº 1473/2004
and Nº 518/2005
2004/453/EC:Commission Decision of 29 April 2004 implementing Council Directive 91/67/EEC as regards measures against certain diseases in aquaculture animals (notified under document number C(2004) 1679) (Text with EEA relevance)
Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food
Council Regulation (EC) No 2372/2002 of 20 December 2002 instituting specific measures to compensate the Spanish fisheries, shellfish industry and aquaculture, affected by the oil spills from the Prestige
Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment
Council Regulation (EC) No 1263/1999 of 21 June 1999 on the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance
Council Directive 97/61/EC of 20 October 1997 amending the Annex to Directive 91/492/EEC laying down the health conditions for the production and placing on the market of live bivalve molluscs
Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment
96/240/EC: Commission Decision of 5 February 1996 amending Decision 92/532/EEC laying down the sampling plans and diagnostic methods for the detection and confirmation of certain fish diseases (Text with EEA relevance)
Council Directive 96/23/EC of 29 April 1996 on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products and repealing Directives 85/358/EEC and 86/469/EEC and Decisions 89/187/EEC and 91/664/EEC
Council Regulation (EEC) No 2080/93 of 20 July 1993 laying down provisions for implementing Regulation (EEC) No 2052/88 as regards the financial instrument of fisheries guidance
Council Directive 93/54/EEC of 24 June 1993 amending Directive 91/67/EEC concerning the animal health conditions governing the placing on the market of aquaculture animals and products
Council Directive 91/492/EEC of 15 July 1991 laying down the health conditions for the production and the placing on the market of live bivalve molluscs
Council Directive 91/493/EEC of 22 July 1991 laying down the health conditions for the production and the placing on the market of fishery products
Council Regulation (EEC) No 2377/90 of 26 June 1990 laying down a Community procedure for the establishment of maximum residue limits of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin
Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment
AQUACULTURE INSTITUTIONS IN SPAINLITERATURE SPAINAQUACULTURE INSTITUTIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONCountry profiles: Spain
|Search parameters: country=ESP, Keywords=aquaculture;mariculture|
|Records Returned: 66|
|Title of text||Date of text||Consolidated date||Entry into force||Countries|
|Orden AAA/1260/2015 - Convoca ayudas a la innovación y desarrollo tecnológico del sector de la pesca y de la acuicultura, para el año 2015.||2015-06-16||Spain|
|Orden AAA/1904/2015 - Bases reguladoras de las ayudas a la innovación y desarrollo tecnológico del sector de la pesca y de la acuicultura.||2014-10-08||Spain|
|Orden AAA/1346/2014 - Ayudas a las organizaciones de productores pesqueros y/o sus asociaciones, reconocidas con carácter nacional, para el año 2014.||2014-07-10||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 578/2014 - Disposiciones para la aplicación en España de la normativa de la Unión Europea relativa a la alimentación de animales de producción con determinados piensos de origen animal.||2014-07-04||Spain|
|Resolución de 31 de marzo de 20145 - Listado de denominaciones comerciales de especies pesqueras y de acuicultura admitidas en España.||2014-03-31||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 994/2013 - Bases reguladoras de las subvenciones para el desarrollo de nuevos mercados y campañas de promoción de los productos de la pesca y de la acuicultura.||2013-12-13||Spain|
|Ley Nº 6/2013 - Ley de pesca marítima, marisqueo y acuicultura en las Illes Balears.||2013-11-07||Spain|
|Orden AAA/1277/2013 - Bases reguladoras de la concesión de subvenciones a entidades asociativas representativas del sector pesquero para el desarrollo de actividades de colaboración y representación ante la Administración General de Estado, Unión Europea e instituciones internacionales.||2013-06-27||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 1.149/2011 - Regula el registro español de ayudas «de minimis» en el sector pesquero.||2011-07-29||Spain|
|Ley Nº 11/2010 - Ley de pesca y acuicultura de Extremadura.||2010-11-16||Spain|
|Orden ARM/1282/2010 - Bases reguladoras de las ayudas a las organizaciones de productores pesqueros.||2010-05-06||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 1.549/2009 - Ordenación del sector pesquero y adaptación al Fondo Europeo de la Pesca.||2009-10-09||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 1.082/2009 - Requisitos de sanidad animal para el movimiento de animales de explotaciones cinegéticas, de acuicultura continental y de núcleos zoológicos, así como de animales de fauna silvestre.||2009-07-03||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 1.614/2008 - Requisitos zoosanitarios de los animales y de los productos de la acuicultura.||2008-10-03||Spain|
|Orden ARM/2696/2008 - Bases reguladoras de las ayudas al desarrollo tecnológico pesquero y acuícola.||2008-09-16||Spain|
|Orden APA/920/2008 - Bases reguladoras de las subvenciones para el desarrollo de nuevos mercados y campañas de promoción de los productos de la pesca y de la acuicultura.||2008-03-25||Spain|
|Orden APA/2041/2007 - Bases reguladoras de las ayudas al desarrollo tecnológico pesquero y acuícola.||2007-07-03||Spain|
|Orden APA/3287/2006 - Bases reguladoras de las ayudas para becas de perfeccionamiento técnico-profesional en comercialización pesquera.||2006-10-18||Spain|
|Ley Nº 6/2006 - Ley balear de caza y pesca fluvial.||2006-04-12||Spain|
|Resolución de 27 de febrero de 2006 - Listado de denominaciones comerciales de especies pesqueras y de acuicultura admitidas en España.||2006-02-27||Spain|
|Ley Foral Nº 17/2005 - Ley de Caza y Pesca de Navarra.||2005-12-22||Spain|
|Orden APA/3228/2005 - Zonas de producción de moluscos y otros invertebrados marinos en el litoral español.||2005-09-22||Spain|
|Orden APA/2439/2005 - Bases reguladoras de las subvenciones al desarrollo tecnológico pesquero y acuícola.||2005-07-08||Spain|
|Resolución de 18 de enero de 2005 - Listado de denominaciones comerciales de especies pesqueras y de acuicultura admitidas en España.||2005-01-18||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 2.064/2004 - Regula la primera venta de los productos pesqueros.||2004-10-15||Spain|
|Resolución de 12 de julio de 2004 - Listado de denominaciones comerciales de especies pesqueras y de acuicultura admitidas en España.||2004-07-12||Spain|
|Orden APA/85/2004 - Ayudas a la constitución y funcionamiento de las organizaciones de productores pesqueros y a sus asociaciones.||2004-01-15||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 724/2003 - Organizaciones de productores de la pesca y de la acuicultura y sus asociaciones.||2003-06-13||Spain|
|Ley Nº 8/2003 - Ley de sanidad animal.||2003-04-24||Spain|
|Orden APA/1029/2003 - Zonas de producción de moluscos y otros invertebrados marinos en el litoral español.||2003-04-23||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 176/2003 - Regula el ejercicio de las funciones de control e inspección de las actividades de pesca marítima.||2003-02-14||Spain|
|Resolución de 25 de septiembre de 2002 - Listado de denominaciones comerciales de especies pesqueras y de acuicultura admitidas en España.||2002-09-25||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 1.473/2004 - Medidas de carácter socioeconómico en el sector pesquero.||2000-12-22||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 571/1999 - Reglamentación técnico-sanitaria que fija las normas aplicables a la producción y comercialización de moluscos bivalvos vivos.||1999-04-09||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 331/1999 - Normalización y tipificación de los productos de la pesca, frescos, refrigerados o cocidos.||1999-02-26||Spain|
|Ley Nº 9/1998 - Ley de pesca marítima.||1998-12-15||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 2.666/1998 - Criterios de selección para el fomento de la mejora de las condiciones de transformación y comercialización de productos agrarios, de la pesca, de la acuicultura y de la alimentación.||1998-12-11||Spain|
|Ley Nº 3/1998 - Ley de la pesca fluvial.||1998-12-11||Spain|
|Ley Nº 6/1998 - Ley de pesca marítima.||1998-03-13||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 1.043/1997 - Normas comunitarias mínimas necesarias para el control de determinadas enfermedades de los moluscos bivalvos.||1997-06-27||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 798/1995 - Criterios y condiciones de las intervenciones con finalidad estructural en el sector de la pesca, de la acuicultura y de la comercialización, la transformación y promoción de sus productos.||1995-05-19||Spain|
|Ley Nº 8/1995 - Ley de Pesca.||1995-04-27||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 2.112/1994 - Criterios y condiciones de las intervenciones con finalidad estructural en el sector de la pesca, de la acuicultura y de la comercialización, la transformación y la promoción de sus productos.||1994-10-28||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 1.488/1994 - Medidas mínimas de lucha contra determinadas enfermedades de los peces de acuicultura.||1994-07-01||Spain|
|Ley Nº 2/1994 - Defensa de los recursos pesqueros.||1994-04-18||Spain|
|Orden de 20 de diciembre de 1993 - Zonas de producción de moluscos y otros invertebrados marinos vivos en el litoral español.||1993-12-20||Spain|
|Ley Nº 9/1993 - Ley de cofradías de pescadores de Galicia.||1993-07-08||Spain|
|Ley Nº 6/1993 - Ley de pesca de Galicia.||1993-05-11||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 345/1993 - Normas de calidad de las aguas y de la producción de moluscos y otros invertebrados marinos vivos.||1993-03-05||Spain|
|Ley Nº 6/1992 - Protección de los ecosistemas acuáticos y de regulación de la pesca en Castilla y León.||1992-12-18||Spain|
|Ley Nº 1/1992 - Ley de pesca fluvial.||1992-05-07||Spain|
|Orden de 12 de marzo de 1991 - Regulación del mercado de los productos de la pesca, el marisqueo y la acuicultura.||1991-03-12||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 222/1991 - Desarrollo y adaptación de las estructuras pesqueras y de la acuicultura.||1991-02-22||Spain|
|Orden de 21 de enero de 1988 - Tramitación de expedientes de ayudas a instalaciones de acuicultura y de autorización.||1988-01-21||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 219/1987 - Desarrollo y adaptación de las estructuras del sector pesquero y de la acuicultura.||1987-02-13||Spain|
|Orden de 31 de mayo de 1985 - Norma de calidad para los moluscos bivalvos depurados.||1985-05-31||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 263/1985 - Reglamento de salubridad de los moluscos.||1985-02-20||Spain|
|Real Decreto Nº 1.521/1984 - Reglamentación técnico-sanitaria de los establecimientos y productos de la pesca y acuicultura con destino al consumo humano.||1984-08-01||Spain|
|Ley Nº 23/1984 - Ley de cultivos marinos.||1984-06-25||Spain|
|Resolución de 24 de octubre de 1974 - Normas complementarias a la Orden de 24 de enero de 1974, sobre ordenación zootécnico-sanitaria de centros de piscicultura privados, instalados en aguas continentales.||1974-10-24||Spain|
|Orden de 24 de enero de 1974 - Normas sobre ordenación zootécnico-sanitaria de centros de piscicultura instalados en aguas continentales.||1974-01-24||Spain|
|Orden de 31 de diciembre de 1973 - Normas para otorgar concesiones o autorizaciones de piscicultura marina y para regular su policia y vigilancia.||1973-12-31||Spain|
|Ley Nº 59/1969 - Ley de ordenación marisquera.||1969-06-30||Spain|
|Decreto Nº 2.559/1961 - Reglamentación para la explotación de viveros de cultivo, situados en la zona marítima.||1961-11-30||Spain|
|Reglamento de la Ley de pesca fluvial.||1943-04-06||Spain|
|Ley de pesca fluvial.||1942-02-20||Spain| |
The idea of education in our society is to help foster and develop the next caretakers of our world. We should keep asking ourselves:
- what can we currently teach children so that they can help continue to innovate and grow our world for the greater good?
- Who do we need in the future to solve complex problems and critique our issues?
- How can we let students be greater leaders in a physical place we call school?
Instead of keeping the same systematic approach to schooling for years and years, the material we teach as well as the way they are taught should be continuously evolving to match the current contexts of our society (we can’t forget this Ontarian decision on sexual education).
The times ahead are going to be run by those who are students who are still in our elementary schools. They probably don’t give this much thought, but we’re the ones who are passing down our knowledge so–are they learning or just pleasing teachers?
For more related to this topic, I’d highly recommend Seth Godin’s Stop Stealing Dreams |
Question: Here is an extract from a webpage: "PD-1 signaling affects cristae morphology and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in human CD8+ T lymphocytes
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer volume 7, Article number: 151 (2019)
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6803 Accesses
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67 Citations
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23 Altmetric
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Abstract
Background
Binding of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor to its ligands (PD-L1/2) transduces inhibitory signals that promote exhaustion of activated T cells. Blockade of the PD-1 pathway is widely used for cancer treatment, yet the inhibitory signals transduced by PD-1 in T cells remain elusive.
Methods
Expression profiles of human CD8+ T cells in resting, activated (CD3 + CD28) and PD-1-stimulated cells (CD3 + CD28 + PD-L1-Fc) conditions were evaluated by RNA-seq. Bioinformatic analyses were used to identify signaling pathways differentially regulated in PD-1-stimulated cells. Metabolic analyses were performed with SeaHorse technology, and mitochondrial ultrastructure was determined by transmission electron microscopy. PD-1-regulated mitochondria".
Write an informative and insightful blog post that expands upon the extract above. Your post should delve into the nuances of the topic, offering fresh perspectives and deeper analysis. Aim to:
- Inform: Provide valuable, well-researched information that educates the reader.
- Engage: Write in a conversational tone that connects with the audience, making complex ideas accessible.
- Illustrate: Use examples, anecdotes, or personal experiences to bring the topic to life.
Do not give a title and do not start with sentences like "Have you ever..." or "Hello dear readers..", simply write the content without these introductory phrases.
Answer: The world of cancer immunotherapy has seen significant advancements in recent years, thanks to the development of checkpoint blockade therapies. These treatments target immune checkpoints – molecular switches on immune cells that either ramp up or dial down the body's immune response. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), one such immune checkpoint, plays an essential role in preventing autoimmunity but can also hinder the anti-tumor activity of cytotoxic T cells when it interacts with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. This interaction triggers inhibitory signals that lead to T cell exhaustion, allowing tumors to evade the immune system. Although blocking the PD-1 pathway is now a widespread strategy for cancer therapy, there are still gaps in our understanding of how exactly PD-1 transmits inhibitory signals within T cells.
A study published in the Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer sheds new light on this intriguing question. Researchers analyzed expression profiles of human CD8+ T cells under three distinct conditions: resting, following activation via CD3 and CD28 co-stimulation, and after exposure to PD-1 stimulation through PD-L1-Fc. By employing bioinformatics tools, they identified various signaling pathways modulated differently during PD-1 engagement compared to simple activation alone. Interestingly, researchers discovered that PD-1 signaling specifically impacts mitochondrial structure and function in T cells, leading to what they refer to as 'PD-1-regulated mitochondria.'
Mitochondria play a critical part in supporting T cell activation and proliferation; thus, their impairment could contribute to T cell exhaustion observed in chronic viral infections and cancer settings. Indeed, scientists found alterations in cristae morphology – infoldings inside the inner membrane where energy production occurs – coupled with reduced respiratory capacity and increased glycolysis rates in PD-1-stimulated T cells. Essentially, instead of efficiently using oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP, these exhausted T cells rely more heavily on less efficient glucose fermentation processes.
These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion induced by PD-1 signaling. Understanding the precise ways in which PD-1 influences T cell metabolism may help develop improved therapeutic strategies for restoring T cell functionality in patients receiving checkpoint blockade therapies. Moreover, since manipulating mitochondrial dynamics has emerged as a potential approach for enhancing T cell performance, future studies might explore whether targeted enhancement of mitochondrial health can counteract the detrimental effects of PD-1 signaling on T cells.
In conclusion, while we have made great strides in harnessing the power of the immune system to combat cancer, much work remains to be done to optimize current treatments and minimize side effects. Investigating the intimate relationship between immune checkpoints like PD-1 and fundamental aspects of T cell biology, such as mitochondrial physiology, will undoubtedly pave the way towards refining existing cancer immunotherapies and opening avenues for innovative ones. |
Administering MySQL
Average: 7.8 (4 votes)
Learn everything there is to know about being a MySQL DBA in 3 hours. this tutorial will teach you all the most important topics of being a MySQL DBA. At the same time it will prepare you for the MySQL DBA certification. This tutorial will go through all the most important topics of being a DBA and we will explain them in detail. This will both prepare for being a DBA and the MySQL certification. During this tutorial we will discuss all topics needed to be a DBA, here is however a list of some of the topics included: Storage Engines; architecture, features, when to use which etc Backups; strategies, methods, pros and cons Server Architecture; the modules, how they interact etc Resource Usage; global vs session memory, disk usage etc Table Maintenance Security; user account management, securing the server Monitoring & Troubleshooting
Database Administration
Experience level:
Schedule info
Time slot:
10 April 09:30 - 12:30
Ballroom A
Schedule Info
10 April 09:30 - 12:30 @
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Principal Trainer/Consultant, SkySQL Ab
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HRH Crown Prince Receives Phone Call from President of Kazakhstan
NEOM, Saudi Arabia, His Royal Highness Prince Mohammed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz, Crown Prince, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, received a phone call today from President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
During the telephone conversation, they reviewed areas of bilateral cooperation between the two countries and opportunities of promoting them in various sectors, in addition to political developments in the regional and international arenas and efforts made in their regard to enhance security and stability.
Source: Saudi Press Agency |
BANGKOK (AP) — Australia’s foreign minister praised Thailand on Thursday for its handling of a young Saudi woman who fled her family to seek asylum in Australia, but also reminded it of continuing concern about a Bahraini soccer player granted asylum in Australia who remains in Thai detention.
Marise Payne met with senior Thai officials in Bangkok a day after Australia announced it would assess the request for asylum by 18-year-old Rahaf Mohammed Alqunun, who was stopped Saturday at a Bangkok airport on her way to Australia and her passport seized. She said she was fleeing abuse by her family.
Payne told reporters that Australia’s review of Alqunun’s case is already underway.
She quashed speculation that Alqunun might accompany her back to Australia, “because there are steps which are required in the process which Australia, and any other country considering such a matter, would have to go through.”
Confined to an airport transit hotel, Alqunun conducted an online appeal for help, garnering tens of thousands of followers on Twitter and enough public and diplomatic support to convince Thai officials to admit her temporarily under the protection of U.N. officials. The office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees quickly deemed her a legitimate refugee.
Alqunun’s case has highlighted the cause of women’s rights in Saudi Arabia. Several female Saudis fleeing abuse by their families have been caught trying to seek asylum abroad in recent years and returned home. Human rights activists say many similar cases have gone unreported.
She has attracted interest worldwide, particularly in Australia. In downtown Sydney on Thursday, four women dressed in jeans and calling themselves the Secret Sisterhood held a topless protest outside the building housing the Saudi Consulate, calling on Australia to grant Alqunun residency.
Alqunun’s father arrived in Bangkok on Tuesday, but his daughter refused to meet with him. Thailand Immigration Police chief Lt. Gen. Surachate Hakparn said the father - whose name has not been released - denied physically abusing Alqunun or trying to force her into an arranged marriage, which were among the reasons she gave for her flight.
Surachate said Alqunun’s father wanted his daughter back but respected her decision. Surachate described the father as being a governor in Saudi Arabia.
“He has 10 children. He said the daughter might feel neglected sometimes,” Surachate said.
Payne was also asked by reporters about the case of Hakeem al-Araibi, a 25-year-old former member of Bahrain’s national soccer team, who was granted refugee status in Australia in 2017 after fleeing his homeland, where he said he was persecuted and tortured. He was arrested while on holiday in Thailand last November due to an Interpol notice in which Bahrain sought his custody after he was sentenced in absentia in 2014 to 10 years in prison for allegedly vandalizing a police station - a charge he denies. Bahrain is seeking his extradition.
She said she raised Australia’s concerns about the case with Thailand’s deputy prime minister and foreign minister.
“The Thai government is most certainly aware of the importance of this matter to Australia,” she said. “I do note that there are legal proceedings underway in relation to Mr. al-Araibi, and Australia will continue to be in very close contact with Thai authorities in relation to this.”
Al-Araibi, who now plays for Melbourne’s Pascoe Vale Football Club, has been publicly critical of the Bahrain royal family’s alleged involvement in sports scandals, which puts him at risk of punishment by the Bahraini government.
Al-Araibi has said he was blindfolded and had his legs beaten while he was held in Bahrain in 2012. He said he believed he was targeted for arrest because of his Shiite faith and because his brother was politically active. Bahrain has a Shiite majority but is ruled by a Sunni monarchy, and has a reputation for harsh repression since its failed “Arab Spring” uprising in 2011.
Craig Foster, a former Australian soccer player, held a news conference Thursday in Sydney to issue a joint call for al-Araibi’s release with Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the Sydney-based Gulf Institute for Democracy and Human Rights.
After commending FIFA, soccer’s world governing body, and Australia’s Football Federation for supporting al-Araibi’s release, Foster criticized the Asian Football Confederation and its head, Salman al-Khalifa.
“Sheikh Salman is obligated to support Hakeem. He is obligated to do everything in his power to advocate, both privately and publicly, and to use the immense leverage that football has, with the Bahrain government, his own government, he’s a Bahrainian national, and also with the Thai government to release Hakeem. The silence of the Asian Football Confederation is not just confounding, it’s absolutely disgraceful,” he said.
___
Associated Press writer Trevor Marshallsea in Sydney contributed to this report.
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Drug abuse continue to be a major problem in many parts of the world, including Kenya – more so in the coastal city of Mombasa.
Observations have shown that control by the National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drugs Abuse (NACADA) – (the regulatory body responsible for exercising autonomous authority over drug abuse in regulatory/supervisory capacity), is not very effective.
It is considered by many that the war on drug abuse has to go beyond police swoops or blanket bans.
I know there might be hundreds of articles already written on this topic – however, the more people talk and write about the issue, the more healthy it becomes – it is awareness campaign – never ending.
The rehabilitation programs in the country will also not be effective if the supply chain remain or continue to increase. Some of the dug addicts who have gone through the rehabilitating programs are also known to go back to the habits again.
There are a number of known reasons why youths turn to drug abuse. Two primary causes are : 1. Peer pressure and 2. depression.
Youths associate with different types of people (friends) and through the pressure from these friends, they test the drugs and chances are they will continue using the drugs.
Depression come from idleness – the resulting boredom remain a major cause of youth turning to drug abuse. Unemployment is the major cause of idleness.
It is therefore imperative that a new way or tactics of dealing with menace be sought.
I believe that an effective way can be achieved through the village community participation program, where people can easily interact.
First the parents should take the lead role and take control of the youths – the youths can be contained in every house hold – if for example each household an income generating activity for the jobless youths which can sustain or supplement the family income.
Parents should try to keep away their children from bad friends.
Churches (places of worship) can do a lot in the villages to transform the youth through lecturing and counseling.
The village community can organize activities which can keep the youths occupied most of the time.
Sport fields can motivate the youths in the villages to engage in talent motivating activities.
After school activities should be emphasized in schools and the villages.
Teachers and others experienced in other professional fields should volunteer and start evening classes in the villages.
Retired veterans can also volunteer and share their valuable experiences with the youth.
This change of tactics in dealing with the drug abuse menace may not be the solution we are looking for, but it will certainly have some impact in reducing the number of youths going astray. The idea is to keep the youths occupied to eliminate idleness and boredom (depression) |
<filename>stream-tracking/Assets/Modules/ArClients/Editor/DebugArClientManagerEditor.cs
using UnityEditor;
using UnityEngine;
namespace Assets.Modules.ArClients
{
[CustomEditor(typeof(DebugArClientManager))]
public class DebugArClientManagerEditor : Editor
{
public override void OnInspectorGUI()
{
base.OnInspectorGUI();
DebugArClientManager debugManager = (DebugArClientManager)target;
ArClientManager manager = debugManager.GetComponent<ArClientManager>();
if (GUILayout.Button("Randomize offset matrices") && Application.isPlaying)
{
foreach (var client in manager.Get())
{
client.OffsetMatrix = Matrix4x4.TRS(Random.insideUnitSphere * 3f, Random.rotation, Vector3.one);
}
}
}
}
}
|
Question:Here is an extract from a webpage: "Bitcoin is PUMPING – Here’s Why – Is the Bitcoin bear market finally over, and you want to know if this is the beginning of the next Bitcoin bullrun? The BTC halving is only half a year away, and after each Bitcoin halving there’s always been a new all-time high in Bitcoin price.. Let’s review this crazy Bitcoin news and price!
WATCH VIDEO".
Write an extensive and detailed course unit suitable for a textbook targeted at college students, related to the given extract within the context of "Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Technology". This unit should explore all pertinent concepts with in-depth explanations and technical detail. Focus on:
- Rigor: Ensure in-depth coverage of the concepts.
- Engagement: Write with an academic, professional and engaging tone that captivates interest.
- Application: Incorporate specific, practical examples, such as proofs in calculus or critical dates and figures in history. Do not use images.
Answer:Course Unit: Understanding Bitcoin Halvings and Their Impact on Price
I. Introduction
A. Definition of Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies
B. Importance of blockchain technology
C. Overview of Bitcoin's price fluctuations
D. Explanation of Bitcoin halvings
II. What is a Bitcoin Halving?
A. Defining Bitcoin mining rewards
1. Mining process
2. Issuance schedule
3. Current reward amount (6.25 BTC per block)
B. Halving mechanism
1. Previous halvings (November 2012 & July 2016)
2. Upcoming halving (estimated May 2024)
C. Effect on supply dynamics
1. Reduction in newly minted Bitcoins
2. Inelasticity of Bitcoin supply
3. Potential impact on long-term value proposition
III. Historical Analysis of Past Bitcoin Halvings
A. Market conditions leading up to the first halving (Nov 2012)
1. Early adopter phase
2. Limited exchange availability
3. Media attention and adoption
B. Market performance post-halving
1. Gradual increase in price
2. Bull run in late 2013
C. Market conditions leading up to the second halving (July 2016)
1. Increased mainstream awareness
2. Regulatory scrutiny
3. Scalability challenges
D. Market performance post-halving
1. Slow growth in early stages
2. Steadier appreciation towards end of 2017
3. All-time high reached in December 2017
IV. Fundamental Factors Driving Post-Halving Price Appreciation
A. Scarcity narrative
1. Parallels with precious metals
2. Perception of digital gold
B. Technological improvements
1. Improved scalability solutions
2. Enhanced privacy features
3. Layer two protocol development
C. Institutional investment
1. Grayscale Investments and other funds
2. Bakkt launch and futures trading
3. Publicly traded companies adding Bitcoin to their balance sheets
D. Retail adoption and infrastructure development
1. Lightning Network implementation
2. Growth in decentralized finance (DeFi) applications
3. Expansion of cryptocurrency exchanges and services
V. Controversies Surrounding Bitcoin Halvings
A. Criticisms against predetermined issuance schedules
1. Centralization concerns
2. Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) vs. hard coded rules
B. Skepticism regarding direct correlation between halving events and price increases
1. Other factors influencing Bitcoin prices
2. Stock-to-flow model reliability
C. Speculative bubbles and crashes following halvings
1. Unregulated markets and manipulation risks
2. Extreme volatility in asset valuation
VI. Conclusion
A. Summary of key takeaways
B. Future implications
1. Anticipating the next halving (May 2024)
2. Ongoing developments in blockchain ecosystem
C. Discussion questions
1. How do you think future halvings will affect the price of Bitcoin?
2. Should alterations be made to Bitcoin's issuance schedule moving forward? If so, what would those look like? |
Successful Spine surgery at We Care India partner hospital allows Henry Stolz to live a normal life despite a microendoscopic Decompression. We Care india helped Henry find best super specialised surgeon for his procedure.
Decompressive laminectomy is the most common type of surgery done to treat spinal stenosis. This surgery is done to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots caused by age-related changes in the spine and to treat other conditions, such as injuries to the spine, herniated discs, or tumors. In many cases, reducing pressure on the nerve roots can relieve pain and allow you to resume normal daily activities.
Laminectomy removes bone (parts of the vertebrae) and/or thickened tissue that is narrowing the spinal canal and squeezing the spinal cord and nerve roots. This procedure is done by surgically cutting into the back.
In some cases, spinal fusion (arthrodesis) may be done at the same time to help stabilize sections of the spine treated with decompressive laminectomy. Spinal fusion is major surgery, usually lasting several hours. There are different methods of spinal fusion:
In the most common method, bone is taken from elsewhere in your body or obtained from a bone bank. This bone is used to make a "bridge" between adjacent spinal bones (vertebrae). This "living" bone graft stimulates the growth of new bone.
In some cases an additional fusion method (called instrumented fusion) is performed, in which metal implants (such as rods, hooks, wires, plates, or screws) are secured to the vertebrae to hold them together until new bone grows between them.
There are a variety of specialized techniques that can be used in spinal fusion, although the basic procedure is the same. Techniques vary from what type of bone or metal implants are used to whether the surgery is done from the front (anterior) or back (posterior) of the body. The method chosen will depend on a number of factors, including your age and health condition, the location (lower back or neck [cervical]) of stenosis, the severity of nerve root pressure and associated symptoms, and the surgeon's experience. Spinal fusion increases the possibility of complications and the recovery time after surgery.
Looking for a free cost estimate for back surgery abroad – click here
Why It Is Done
You may be a candidate for decompression if you have : -
significant pain, weakness, or numbness in your leg or foot.
leg pain worse than back pain.
not improved with physical therapy or medication.
difficulty walking or standing that affects your quality of life.
diagnostic tests (MRI, CT, myelogram) that show stenosis in the central canal or lateral recess.
Symptoms are so severe that you are unable to perform normal daily activities and your quality of life is affected.
The symptoms become more severe and intolerable over time.
Most spinal stenosis occurs in the lower (lumbar) back. If you have stenosis in the neck (cervical) area, your health professional may recommend surgery to prevent worsening of the condition, which can cause nerve damage and paralysis.
Want some one to contact you for spine surgery – click here
Do you have your medical reports, send us now for a free quote – click here
For more information, medical assessment and medical quote
send your detailed medical history and medical reports
as email attachment to Email :firstname.lastname@example.org Call: +91 9029304141 (10 am. To 8 pm. IST)
(Only for international patients seeking treatment in India)
This information is not designed to replace a physician's independent judgment about the appropriateness or risks of a procedure for a given patient.
Always consult your doctor about your medical conditions or back problem. We Care Health Services does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or
treatment. Use of the spinesurgery-wecareindia.com site is conditional upon your acceptance of our Terms and Conditions
Spinesurgery-wecareindia.com is a member of the wecareindia.com |
University of Connecticut bioengineers have used piezoelectric biodegradable nanofiber tissue scaffold technology to successfully regrow cartilage directly in a rabbit’s knee, an achievement that could represent a promising hop toward healing joints and treating disorders such as osteoarthritis, in humans.
The team, headed by UConn bioengineer Thanh Nguyen, PhD, implanted a biodegradable piezoelectric poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofiber tissue scaffold into the knee of rabbits with major cartilage defects. The polymer effectively acts as a battery-less electrical stimulator, which generates a tiny burst of electric current when subjected to force—for example, when the rabbit walked or hopped. This charge promoted cell colonization and growth into the cartilage of the test animals. Encouragingly, rabbits treated using the piezoelectric scaffold implant in combination with 1–2 months of treadmill exercise demonstrated completely healed cartilage.
The results are exciting, although the researchers are cautious. “This is a fascinating result, but we need to test this in a larger animal,” one with a size and weight closer to a human, Nguyen said. The UConn team reported on its studies in Science Translational Medicine, in a paper titled “Exercise-induced piezoelectric stimulation for cartilage regeneration in rabbits,” in which they concluded: “The approach of combining biodegradable piezoelectric tissue scaffolds with controlled mechanical activation (via physical exercise) may therefore be useful for the treatment of osteoarthritis and is potentially applicable to regenerating other injured tissues.”
Arthritis is a common, painful disease caused by damage to the joints. Normally pads of cartilage cushion those spots, but injury or age can wear it away. As cartilage deteriorates, bone begins to hit bone, and everyday activities like walking become painful. Osteoarthritis (OA) is among the leading causes of pain and disability in the United States, affecting more than 32.5 million individuals, the authors noted.
The best treatments available try to replace the damaged cartilage with a healthy piece taken from elsewhere in the body or a donor. But healthy cartilage is in limited supply. If it’s the patient’s own, transplanting it could injure the place it was taken from; if it’s from someone else, the recipient’s immune system is likely to reject it. “Despite many advantages, replacement autografts and allografts have some disadvantages, including donor site morbidity (such as pain and scarring), infection, immune reactions (such as allograft response), and limited supplies of graft tissue,” the investigators commented.
The best possible treatment would be to regrow healthy cartilage in the damaged joint itself. Some researchers have tried amplifying chemical growth factors to induce the body to grow cartilage on its own; other attempts rely on a bioengineered scaffold to give the body a template for the fresh tissue. But neither of these approaches works, even in combination. The widespread use of synthetic scaffolds is limited, the investigators noted, due to the inefficiency of generating hyaline cartilage after implantation. Such grafts often fail to become load bearing in normal cartilage tissues. “The regrown cartilage doesn’t behave like native cartilage. It breaks, under the normal stresses of the joint”, said Nguyen. “It is therefore necessary to seek a different approach that can effectively stimulate and accelerate cartilage growth,” the authors added.
Nguyen’s lab has also been working on cartilage regeneration, and they’ve discovered that electrical signals are key to normal growth. Cartilage is sensitive to electrical stimulation (ES), the team pointed out, but current devices used for ES have limitations. For their reported study, the scientists designed a tissue scaffold made out of nanofibers of PLLA, a biodegradable polymer often used to stitch up surgical wounds. The nanomaterial demonstrates piezoelectricity, which means that when it is squeezed, it produces a small burst of electrical current. The regular movement of a joint, such as a person walking, can cause the PLLA scaffold to generate a weak but steady electrical field that encourages cells to colonize it and grow into cartilage. No outside growth factors or stem cells (which are potentially toxic or risk undesired adverse events) are necessary, and crucially, the cartilage that grows is mechanically robust.
Nguyen’s team wanted to see whether this property of PLLA could be applied directly to help repair damaged joints. “We hypothesized that a piezoelectric scaffold under applied force (from the exercise-induced joint motion) could produce surface charge that may be beneficial to the chondrogenesis of stem cells and to cartilage regeneration,” they wrote.
To test their hypothesis they implanted a PLLA tissue scaffold in the knee of injured rabbits with osteochondral (OC) defects. The rabbits had been trained to use a treadmill before their scaffold implant surgery. After implantation surgery the animals were given a month’s rest, and then started on a regular exercise regimen on the treadmill. Regenerative outcomes were evaluated after one and two months of exercise, so two and three months after implantation surgery, taking into account the month’s rest. Encouragingly, and just as predicted, the results confirmed that the cartilage grew back normally in those animals receiving the implants and undertaking the exercise regimen. “Compared to the sham and control groups, the piezo scaffold and exercise group with one month of exercise showed the most regeneration, with an entire OC defect filled with neocartilage tissues and a healthy hyaline cartilage structure similar to surrounding native cartilage,” the team wrote. “Similar results were found in the piezoelectric scaffold and exercise group with two-month exercise.”
Acknowledging limitations of their study, the authors concluded, “The current work provides proof of concept that a biodegradable piezoelectric PLLA scaffold, in association with physical exercise, can be used to treat OC defects … With controlled mechanical stimulation, the piezoelectric scaffold presented here could generate beneficial surface charge for cartilage growth and thus serve as a battery-free biodegradable stimulator. The results highlight the potential benefits of a biodegradable piezoelectric scaffold to regenerate cartilage tissues and treat OA.”
“Piezoelectricity is a phenomenon that also exists in the human body,’ said Yang Liu, PhD a postdoctoral fellow in Nguyen’s group and the lead author of the published work. “Bone, cartilage, collagen, DNA, and various proteins have a piezoelectric response … Our approach to healing cartilage is highly clinically translational, and we will look into the related healing mechanism.”
Although the reported results are encouraging, Nguyen’s lab does want to observe the animals treated for at least a year, probably two, to make sure the cartilage is durable. And it would be ideal to test the PLLA scaffolds in older animals, too. Arthritis is normally a disease of old age in humans. Young animals heal more easily than old—if the piezoelectric scaffolding helps older animals heal as well, it truly could be a bioengineering breakthrough. |
Twenty-four museums responded to the Cell Phone Tour Survey on Museum-Ed's Web site. Of these, twelve had offered a cell phone audio tour for over one year, eight had offered a cell phone audio tour for 6-12 months, two had offered a cell phone audio tour for 1-3 months, and two of the museums had tours still in development.
The average number of stops offered in cell phone audio tours in museums was 25 stops; the highest number of stops was 126, the lowest, five. Among museums reporting the percentage of their visitors using cell phone audio tours, 15% was the average; 60% being highest, 1% being lowest.
The majority of the tours were designed for general audiences. Seven museums offered family-specific tours, four offered senior tours, and four offered tours specifically for children. Only one museum offered tours specifically designed for visitors with visual impairments.
Four museums had complaints from visitors about using their own technology. Three museums avoided this problem by providing "loaner phones" to those who did not want to use their own cell phone (or did not have one). One museum offered mp3 files of the audio tour on their website, and encouraged visitors without cell phones to access the tour that way.
The vast majority of museums (20 total) did not feel that cell phone tours detracted from social learning between visitors, two refrained from answering since their tours were still in development. In their comments, three educators pointed out that audio tours of any kind are one layer of an institution's interpretation strategy that also includes docent-led tours, didactic information, and the like.
One educator recounted seeing "people listen to the recording and then talk about it or share it with others they are with," an example of social learning in action that nine other educators echoed. Other positive comments included cell phone audio tours being a way to deliver information to visitors outside of reading, a way of making content available when visitors are not in the museum, and providing visitors a way to hear the voices of artists and/or curators. In fact, stops that include the artist speaking were found to be most popular.
Fifteen of the educators reported that visitor feedback had been positive, in shades ranging from "very positive" to "generally positive." Some tours allow visitors to record their own comments directly through their phone, a feature that one museum found under-utilized, and another well received.
One educator commented: "I'd like to get more feedback using the audio tour. I think the flexibility of the technology could allow us to incorporate visitors' ideas and responses, however I have found them to be more interested in listening than talking." Most visitors saw the fact that cell phone audio tours are "self directed and free" as a benefit.
Six museums reported that seniors were not resistant to cell phone tours, five that they "sometimes were," and two said that seniors were resistant. The primary issue seemed to be seniors who did not have cell phones, easily resolved by providing loaner phones or MP3 player versions of tours.
Restrictions and Policy
Seven museums depended on staff (either guards or front-desk staff) to remind visitors to not use their phones for calls or photos. Another seven used reminders at the beginning of the audio tour and/or signage in the galleries to prevent calls or photos.
For some of the museums, cell phone use is not an issue at all, for example outdoor living history museums, exterior tours, or museums without a "no camera/cell phone" policy.
Production and Delivery
Eleven museums were pleased with their current cell phone tour service. Twenty-one museums produced their recordings in-house.
This was accomplished through a variety of methods: four used Audacity audio editing software, three used Garage Band, one used Roxio, and seven used Guide By Cell's recording over the phone system. A few used their in-house media departments or a generous audio-editing spouse. One museum was in the process of creating a program for high school students to develop tours.
Only one museum reported paying someone to narrate content for their audio tour. The rest was either narrated by staff members or volunteers, in one case a local radio personality. Three of the museums had staff or spouses of staff with acting or speaking experience. The tours often include stops narrated by the director, curator, artist or scientist involved with the exhibit.
Sixteen museums update their tours with each exhibit change.
The average yearly cost of a cell phone audio tour (not including production) was $3,588. The most costly tour reported in the survey was $10,000 and the least costly was $1200.
Unpredictably, the costs of cell phone audio tours did not necessarily correlate with the number of stops. Eight of the museums reported having sponsors for their tours. |
Question: I am a movie director and I just received the following movie plot. Could you help me answer this question? If not, let me know by writing "Not answerable". Plot title: Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan Movie plot: Following the events of The New Blood, two graduating high school students are aboard on a houseboat. Jim tells his girlfriend Suzy the legend of Jason Voorhees, before playing a prank on her with a hockey mask and a fake knife. The boat sails over some underwater cables, which electrocute Jason's corpse and cause his resurrection. He sneaks on board and kills Jim with a harpoon gun before impaling Suzy, who tries to hide from him, with a barb. The next morning, the SS Lazarus is ready to set sail for New York City with a graduating senior class from Lakeview High School and chaperoned by biology teacher Charles McCulloch and English teacher Colleen Van Deusen. Van Deusen brings McCulloch's niece Rennie along for the trip despite her aquaphobia much to his chagrin. Jason sneaks on board and kills rock star wannabe J.J. with her guitar before hiding in the bowels of the ship. That night, after a boxing match, a young boxer who lost to champion Julius Gaw is killed when Jason slams a hot sauna rock into his abdomen while Rennie, searching for her pet Border Collie Toby, discovers prom queen Tamara and Eva doing drugs. McCulloch nearly catches them moments later and Tamara pushes Rennie overboard, suspecting she told on them. She then uses video student Wayne to record McCulloch in a compromising situation with her, but rejects Wayne's advances afterward. Tamara is killed by Jason with a shard of broken mirror when she goes to take a shower. Rennie begins seeing visions of a young Jason throughout the ship, but the others ignore the deckhand's warnings that Jason is aboard. Jason kills Captain Robertson and his first mate. Rennie's boyfriend, Sean, discovers them and tells the others before calling for an emergency stop. Eva is strangled as she tries to flee from Jason. The students agree to search for Jason while McCulloch decides that the deckhand is responsible; however, the deckhand is discovered with an axe in his back. One of the students, Miles, is killed by Jason and Julius is knocked overboard.... My question: Who is knocked overboard?
Answer: Julius
Question: I am a movie director and I just received the following movie plot. Could you help me answer this question? If not, let me know by writing "Not answerable". Plot title: The Sugarland Express Movie plot: In May 1969, Lou Jean Poplin (Goldie Hawn) visits her husband Clovis Michael Poplin (William Atherton) to tell him that their son will soon be placed in the care of foster parents. Even though he is four months away from release from the Beauford H. Jester Prison Farm in Texas, she convinces him to escape to assist her in retrieving her child. They hitch a ride from the prison with an elderly couple, but when Texas Department of Public Safety Patrolman Maxwell Slide (Michael Sacks) stops the car, they take the car and run. When the car crashes, the two felons overpower and kidnap Slide, holding him hostage in a slow-moving caravan, eventually including helicopters and news vans. The Poplins and their captive travel through Beaumont, Dayton, Houston, Cleveland, Conroe and finally Wheelock, Texas. By holding Slide hostage, the pair are able to continually gas up their car, as well as get food via the drive-through. Eventually, Slide and the pair bond and have mutual respect for one another. The Poplins bring Slide to the home of the foster parents, where they encounter numerous officers, including the DPS Captain who has been pursuing them, Captain Harlin Tanner (Ben Johnson). A pair of Texas Rangers shoot and kill Clovis and the Texas Department of Public Safety arrests Lou Jean. Patrolman Slide is found unharmed. Lou Jean spends fifteen months of a five-year prison term in a women's correctional facility. Upon getting out, she obtains the right to live with her son, convincing authorities that she is able to do so. My question: Why does Lou Jean Poplin visit Clovis Michael Poplin?
Answer: Not answerable
Question: I am a movie director and I just received the following movie plot. Could you help me answer this question? If not, let me know by writing "Not answerable". Plot title: Silent Night, Bloody Night Movie plot: On Christmas Eve 1950, Wilfred Butler runs out of his rural house and appears to have been set on fire. He collapses in the snow and is believed to be dead. Twenty years later, lawyer John Carter and his assistant Ingrid arrive in a small Massachusetts town on Christmas Eve. John meets with the town's nobles, Mayor Adams, Tess Howard, Sheriff Bill Mason and Charlie Towman. John is revealed to be the lawyer of Jeffrey Butler, Wilfred's grandson, and is trying to sell the Butler mansion for $50,000 by noon the next day. After a call to his wife, John is revealed to be having an affair with Ingrid. The two stay the night at the Butler mansion, unaware that they are being watched. After dinner, the two go upstairs to a bedroom to have sex. The mysterious person walks in on them and kills them both with a felling axe. The killer calls the police and reveals himself to be "Marianne." After Tess, who is the town's phone operator, intercepts the call, she leaves her assistant in charge and drives out to the Butler mansion. Marianne greets Tess, who is visibly frightened. She is knocked over the head repeatedly with a candle holder. At the same time, Sheriff Mason is heading to the mansion, but stops at the nearby cemetery after seeing a disturbed gravesite from the road. Upon approaching the grave, he discovers it is Wilfred Butler's, and that the grave has been dug up and Butler's body removed. He is struck over the head and killed, and falls into the grave. Mayor Adams receives a strange phone call asking him to go to the Butler mansion; he leaves his adult daughter Diane at home alone. Not long after Adams leaves, a man arrives at the house and says his name is Jeffrey Butler, Wilfred's grandson. Jeffrey says he found the sheriff's car abandoned at the cemetery and "borrowed" it. After a brief conversation, Diane and Jeffrey go up to the cemetery to look for the sheriff. They stumble upon Wilfred's disturbed grave, but find no sight of the sheriff. The two go into town to Towman's to see if they can find out what... My question: Who is believed to be dead?
Answer:
Wilfred Butler is believed to be dead. |
Washington, DC —A technology as simple as an advanced heater cable may hold the secret for tapping into the nation's largest source of oil, which is contained in vast amounts of shale in the American West.
In a recently completed project sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through the Office of Fossil Energy's Oil and Natural Gas Program, Composite Technology Development (CTD) Inc. successfully demonstrated the application of a ceramic-composite insulated heater cable for oil shale recovery deep underground. The Small Business Innovation Research project provided employment for 25 professionals and resulted in two patent applications related to the cable.
"With DOE's support over two phases of this project, CTD has demonstrated a way to tap into the western oil shale resources," said Dr. Victor K. Der, Acting Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy. "With two-thirds of the world’s supply of oil shale in the United States, technologies such as this can go a long way toward bolstering the development of our domestic energy resources, creating jobs, and supporting energy security."
The United States holds about two thirds of the world’s estimated reserves of 3.7 trillion barrels of oil shale, an amount thought to be 40 percent larger than remaining supplies of petroleum worldwide. Scientists believe that the Green River shale formation alone, in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, has as much as 1.1 trillion barrels of oil equivalent.
CTD researchers conducted 5,000 hours of continuous testing of its cable at temperatures ranging between 760 to 850 degrees Celsius. During the tests, the cable overcame many of the limitations of existing cables, which include conductor instability, moisture-induced degradation, and operating temperatures too limited to recover shale oil underground. The project was managed by DOE’s National Energy Technology Laboratory.
Oil shale contains a substance called kerogen, which is the organic material from which oil is derived. Kerogen cannot be pumped from a reservoir like oil. Instead, the oil shale rock must be heated to separate the liquid. Once the liquid is collected, it can be upgraded to synthetic crude oil for shipment and refining in the nation’s existing petroleum infrastructure.
CTD's successful test of its heater cable holds promise for heating the shale oil in situ, down to a depth of 5,000 feet, thus separating the kerogen without having to go through the expensive process of mining the oil shale rock. If future underground tests of the cable prove successful, operators should be able to extract a petroleum-like liquid that is fluid enough to be pumped to the surface.
Compared to large-scale mining and surface processing, in situ oil shale processes utilizing CTD's advanced cable system could cut recovery costs in half while reducing environmental impacts. |
Earlier this year, doctors at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, began the world's first gene therapy trials to treat 12 patients who have Leber's congenital amaurosis, a condition that causes progressive sight loss. Following successful animal trials (said to have restored the vision of blind dogs so they could navigate a maze without difficulty), it is hoped that the technique, which involves injecting working copies of faulty genes directly into the retina, will prove equally effective when carried out on humans. The results will not be made public for a year but, if the technique works, scientists hope it could eventually be used to treat a wide range of inherited sight disorders affecting up to 30,000 visually impaired people in the UK and potentially millions more worldwide.
The first viable treatment for blindness is twinkling on the horizon and as one reader said on a national newspaper message board discussing the trials, "The possibility of being able to give improved sight to people with visual impairments is a great development for the human race." But what of the people we seek to repair? Those who have been born blind and those, like me, who are losing or have lost their vision. Is this what we have been waiting for? Is it "a great development for the human race", or a step forward in the eugenic quest for an uber-race, free of imperfection and rid of the unease about disability that nestles quietly in society's pocket?
For the past 13 years I have been losing my sight, due to a genetic and incurable condition called retinitis pigmentosa (RP). RP causes the photoreceptive cells on the retina to die off, causing, in my case, tunnel vision. I liken it to looking at the world down the middle of two toilet rolls. My central vision remains intact, but where once was peripheral vision now float only my thoughts. In time these loo rolls will shrink to knotholes and then pinholes and then possibly nothing.
In the early years after my diagnosis, blindness remained a repulsive and terrifying concept. Every year I would visit the doctor and he would say the same thing - that I must live and plan my life with the certainty that blindness was inevitable. And so, slowly over time, that is what I learned to do. But now the advent of gene therapy has pushed open a chink in the door. Disabled people have long asked themselves the hypothetical "would you be cured if you could?" question. Now, for the first time, there is a chance, albeit very small, that maybe one day I might actually get my sight back.
Hurrah, you cry. I must be thrilled. Actually, I am a bit confused. It is easy to assume that all visually impaired people will be hammering down the doors should gene therapy prove successful. But to say this is to assume that a blind life is lesser and that all blind people really want to be sighted. They don't. The first blind man I ever met, who also happened to be my boss at the time, is one of them. I recently asked him if he would have gene therapy if he could. No, came his reply. Because, he tells me, regaining sight is more than just seeing again.
There are issues of identity and culture at stake too. "As the blind-from-birth son of blind parents, I am, in part of my soul, defined by my blindness," he explains. "It directly equates to ethnic or racial origin. If you give a black person the choice to be white there may well be significant advantages in such a deal: more access to better jobs; freedom from the shackles of ignorant prejudice; in short, a step closer to equality. But I'd bet most would turn the offer down flat."
But what if, unlike my old boss, you haven't always been blind? What if, like me, you grew up with full vision and have seen all the cliche-ridden things that those born totally blind are pitied for never having seen - the sunset, your own reflection, the look in your lover's eyes. What if your soul is sighted, and then you go blind?
You will cry and wonder why. You will hope and pray. You will wish it would all go away. But the longer your sight has been on the slide, the more it seeps into every crack of your psyche - until one day you are no longer the "sighted person" who can't see any more. Somehow, strangely, in the dead of night, your identity has rolled over in bed and you wake up and get out the other side a "visually impaired person" - and it feels like part of you.
It doesn't happen overnight, and perhaps it doesn't happen to all who sail the strange seas of sight loss with me. But for me there came a point when impending blindness was no longer my alien but my friend. I had had my time as a sighted person. I had seen the world through my eyes. Now it was time to touch it and smell it and hear it.
When you lose your vision you have to re-learn the sorts of things that will allow you to survive on the planet, such as crossing the road without being flattened. Next you must tackle the real problem and learn to deal with the attitudes of others as they morph around you. Misconceptions start to spout from even your oldest friends' mouths because negative attitudes about blindness permeate us all.
You are about to cross over into the dark side and see what wriggles and writhes on the underbelly of society. Folk will see you as the sufferer, the pitiful, the afflicted, the subhuman - that's you, yes, you. If you use a cane or a dog, people will stare as you walk down the street. People will assume you are more lacking in intelligence than your sighted counterpart. People you have never met before will ask if you want children, and if you do, they will ask if the kids will have the same condition that you have, and whether that is right or wrong. Welcome. Your reproductive autonomy is in the docks of the moral courts of the nation's minds.
So if this underbelly is so wretched, surely if the time comes when the doctors are looming forth with a needle containing the working version of my faulty gene and heralding the promise of a new day, one with a bright sunset and me at the wheel of a fast car, I'll take it, right? Anything to escape? No. Saying yes to seeing again, even for someone who wasn't born blind, isn't easy. The repercussions would ripple beyond my eyes into my friendships, my work, my relationship.
Would I retain the unity I have with my disabled brethren if I could see? Or would I have different friends, the type who fall by the wayside now because they are not aware or empathetic, or are too aesthetically obsessed? Would I lose the friends with whom I have nothing in common but who remain in my phone book because they get the blindness thing? And would it be right to dump them just because I can see and don't need their empathy any more? If I stepped into the pool of "normal people" again, where would my identity go?
The kernel of who I am has been sucked into a new body; now it would have to be sucked back into the old one. And what of my relationship? Would we stay together or would I run off to do all the things I never got to do before? There is a high rate of separation among couples where one person gets a guide dog for the first time. Why? Because suddenly they can do things on their own again. This new-found independence shifts the balance and cracks appear. If this can happen with a dog, think what could happen with a pair of fully working eyes and a car.
Going blind isn't a smooth ride, though. It comes down and squishes you under an insurmountable weight of grief and disbelief. It is limiting, frustrating and changes the way you do many of the things you used to enjoy - now you must dance with the light on and drive from the back seat. But like the affirmation of near death, it affects more than just your physicality. It gives you a unique perspective. It is a grand experiment that most don't get to try; to observe as your brain rewires and watch as the human body adapts in infinite ways. When my vision began to get worse, I bumped into everything in my path because I was still careering down the pavement at the speed of someone who could see. As my mind caught up with my eyes, I changed the way I walked - with more caution and less speed - and the perpetual bumping and tripping stopped.
Losing your sight is not like just shutting your eyes. The loss is so gradual that as one sense dies others grow. Suddenly you can smell the world and sense when someone is standing out of your line of vision. Your brain grows on the inside and things on the outside start to matter less. I get to live my life twice over in two different bodies (the sighted one I used to have and the partially sighted one I now have), and with that comes the privilege of spying on the world and its intricacies from multiple vantage points.
It's a cliche to say that disabled people are nicer. It is incorrect, in fact. But for me, vision loss has made me more empathetic and more open- minded. I have to take so often that I give more freely. When you rely on friends to take you down Oxford Street or a stranger to get you across the road, you think more consciously about what you give back and battle with the feeling that you need them more than they need you. But, strangely, I am happier like this than if I had carried on down the middle lane to mediocre city never having seen or felt real loss and known how to appreciate the good things around me.
I have met people I would never have met had I been sighted, and we have been joined together by the common bond of disability (and there is no glue that sets as hard as that squeezed from the pores of a minority). When part of your body starts to die you feel what it is to be human. You wake up from the slumber of being just another idiot with an iPod because you are forced to work out the bigger questions. Or at least ask them. Why am I here? Why is this happening? You are alert to the immediacy and fragility of your life. You know that the choices of the modern age do not and can not extend into every realm of your life. You can't choose to see (at least not yet). This is it. The upshot? You live in the moment. You settle for your lot and love it.
The concept of sight loss as a positive thing is an elusive one. It is hard to grasp when you have experienced it; and even harder to grasp when you haven't. It is not something I would have chosen, but it is not something I wish hadn't happened. Would I like to stop it getting worse? Yes, because I'm only human and sometimes I lie awake worrying how I'll cope when it's all gone. But would I like to have gene therapy and see perfectly again? Five years ago I'd have said yes. Now I'm not sure, because if this experiment of going blind has taught me anything, it is that what you lose in one place you gain elsewhere, and while a blind life is different to a sighted life, it is not lesser. And ultimately it is better than having no life at all.
· Rebecca Atkinson's play Playing God is at the Soho Theatre, London, from July 24 to August 4. sohotheatre.com |
Q: Teacher:In this task you will be given two lists of numbers and you need to calculate the intersection between these two lists. The intersection between two lists is another list where every element is common between the two original lists. If there are no elements in the intersection, answer with an empty list. Your list of numbers must be inside brackets. Sort the numbers in your answer in an ascending order, that is, no matter what the order of the numbers in the lists is, you should put them in your answer in an ascending order.
Teacher: Now, understand the problem? Solve this instance: [7, 9, 9, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9, 10] , [9, 2, 3, 7, 2, 6, 9, 8, 4]
Student:
A: [6, 7, 9] |
(From subreddit r/xxfitness)
I'm currently struggling with money more than I ever have before.
I want to try stuff, but it's expensive. I need a PT for my shoulder, and I can't afford it. I spend too much on groceries trying to cook healthy meals . I can't afford a coach to correct my form (and I get upset when I see people progress faster than me because they can afford that).
My underemployment and thus lack of funds also takes its toll in many ways. My retail job with it's crazy inconsistent hours also sometimes hurts my workouts and means my routine is a mess. UGH. |
S&T Bancorp (STBA) to Release Earnings on Thursday - Community Financial News
S&T Bancorp (NASDAQ:STBA – Get Rating) is set to post its quarterly earnings results before the market opens on Thursday, October 20th. Analysts expect S&T Bancorp to post earnings of $0.81 per share for the quarter. Individual that are interested in participating in the company’s earnings conference call can do so using this link.
S&T Bancorp (NASDAQ:STBA – Get Rating) last announced its quarterly earnings results on Thursday, July 21st. The financial services provider reported $0.74 EPS for the quarter, topping analysts’ consensus estimates of $0.63 by $0.11. S&T Bancorp had a net margin of 30.84% and a return on equity of 9.06%. The firm had revenue of $87.82 million during the quarter, compared to analyst estimates of $84.75 million. During the same period in the previous year, the business posted $0.72 earnings per share. On average, analysts expect S&T Bancorp to post $3 EPS for the current fiscal year and $3 EPS for the next fiscal year.
Shares of STBA stock opened at $32.32 on Wednesday. The company has a 50 day moving average price of $30.66 and a 200-day moving average price of $29.29. S&T Bancorp has a 52 week low of $26.51 and a 52 week high of $34.20. The firm has a market capitalization of $1.27 billion, a PE ratio of 11.71 and a beta of 0.65. The company has a quick ratio of 0.95, a current ratio of 0.95 and a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.06.
Large investors have recently added to or reduced their stakes in the business. Quantbot Technologies LP bought a new stake in S&T Bancorp during the second quarter valued at approximately $90,000. Eaton Vance Management lifted its holdings in S&T Bancorp by 5.9% during the first quarter. Eaton Vance Management now owns 7,784 shares of the financial services provider’s stock valued at $230,000 after purchasing an additional 435 shares in the last quarter. Captrust Financial Advisors lifted its holdings in S&T Bancorp by 21.7% during the first quarter. Captrust Financial Advisors now owns 8,635 shares of the financial services provider’s stock valued at $255,000 after purchasing an additional 1,538 shares in the last quarter. Meridian Wealth Partners LLC purchased a new position in S&T Bancorp during the first quarter valued at approximately $422,000. Finally, BNP Paribas Arbitrage SA lifted its holdings in S&T Bancorp by 10.1% during the second quarter. BNP Paribas Arbitrage SA now owns 17,457 shares of the financial services provider’s stock valued at $479,000 after purchasing an additional 1,604 shares in the last quarter. 62.32% of the stock is currently owned by institutional investors.
A number of analysts have recently commented on the stock. DA Davidson reiterated a “neutral” rating on shares of S&T Bancorp in a research note on Wednesday, July 27th. StockNews.com initiated coverage on shares of S&T Bancorp in a research note on Wednesday, October 12th. They issued a “hold” rating for the company. Finally, Janney Montgomery Scott initiated coverage on shares of S&T Bancorp in a research report on Thursday, September 29th. They set a “neutral” rating and a $32.00 target price for the company. |
Learning to code
- 17 April 2012
- From the section Technology
Who needs to learn to code? You might think that a knowledge of computer programming is much like plumbing or car maintenance - something of use only to those who are going to make a living from that trade. But suddenly coding is cool - the government is listening to those calling for it to be taught in schools, and executives are signing up for courses.
I spent a day on one such course run by an organisation called Decoded. It aims to give people who will probably never need to code for a living a basic grounding, so that by the end of the day they have an insight into what is involved.
So at 09:00 one morning I found myself in a very attractive loft apartment in East London sipping coffee with 10 executives from an advertising firm. Most of them had more experience of coding than me - mainly because they were young enough to have messed around with a BBC Micro or a ZX Spectrum as teenagers.
But, like me, they were unlikely to need these skills in their daily work. So what was the point of sending them on a course with a pretty hefty price tag? They gave me various reasons, from gaining a better understanding of consumers to shaping their firm's digital future, but I thought Tom, a young strategy director from the agency, put it best: "There's this phrase, the geeks will inherit the earth.... when they do I want to be talking the same language as them."
Then it was down to work - first a potted history of code, with an emphasis on the importance of web languages. Alasdair Blackwell, our main tutor and the co-founder of Decoded, is an impressive evangelist for the open web, and the need to give ourselves the tools to make best use of it.
He argues that today's teenage iPad users, far from being digital natives, actually have less understanding of what makes computers tick than his generation, who got their hands dirty with machines like the BBC Micro. "The children playing on iPads, I actually despair for them because they're just using software, not creating software for themselves."
But what we learned is that coding is a collective pursuit - together with our tutors Alasdair and Monique, we debugged each other's sites so that by 17:30 we all had something basic but rather clever.
But I came away from my day of coding exhilarated by the experience and with new insights into the development of our digital world. So maybe one day soon I will sit down and start coding for real. |
Study: ‘Chaos Seeding’ impairs the interpretation of Numerical Weather Models
This paper was published in late 2017, and we didn’t notice it then. Today thanks to a tip from Dr. Willie Soon, via Willis Eschenbach, we notice it now. The paper is open access. See PDF link below.
Seeding Chaos: The Dire Consequences of Numerical Noise in NWP Perturbation Experiments
Studying changes made to initial conditions or other model aspects can yield valuable insights into dynamics and predictability, but are associated with an unrealistic phenomenon called chaos seeding that can cause misinterpretations of results.
Perturbation experiments are a common technique used to study how differences between model simulations evolve within chaotic systems. Such perturbation experiments include modifications to initial conditions (including those involved with data assimilation), boundary conditions, and model parameterizations. We have discovered, however, that any difference between model simulations produces a rapid propagation of very small changes throughout all prognostic model variables at a rate many times the speed of sound. The rapid propagation seems to be due to the model’s higher-order spatial discretization schemes, allowing the communication of numerical error across many grid points with each time step. This phenomenon is found to be unavoidable within the Weather Research and Forecasting model even when using techniques such as digital filtering or numerical diffusion.
These small differences quickly spread across the entire model domain. While these errors initially are on the order of a millionth of a degree with respect to temperature, for example, they can grow rapidly through nonlinear chaotic processes where moist processes are occurring. Subsequent evolution can produce within a day significant changes comparable in magnitude to high-impact weather events such as regions of heavy rainfall or the existence of rotating supercells. Most importantly, these unrealistic perturbations can contaminate experimental results, giving the false impression that realistic physical processes play a role. This study characterizes the propagation and growth of this type of noise through chaos, shows examples for various perturbation strategies, and discusses the important implications for past and future studies that are likely affected by this phenomenon.
From the conclusion:
Here the phenomenon of chaos seeding was discovered within the WRF grid point model, although other studies with different grid point modeling systems suggest the issue is more generalized since common numerical schemes are the cause. Spectral models likely suffer the same issue of chaos seeding given their inherent, instantaneous communication of perturbations across the entire modeling domain. Thus, chaos seeding within perturbation experiments appears to be a universal modeling problem. In turn, our hope with this study is to bring an awareness to this relatively unknown issue to the field of atmospheric sciences, and other fields where chaos seeding may plague perturbation experiments, such that attempts can be made by researchers to remove potential misinterpretations from their work. From a predictability perspective, chaos seeding presents an intrinsic limit on the predictability of certain features since even if nearly all sources of error can be removed in a numerical weather forecast, any tiny error in any limited part of the domain will rapidly seed the entire model grid with other tiny errors, which will subsequently evolve wherever the atmosphere supports rapid perturbation growth. Ensemble sensitivity and EOF analysis were two techniques presented here that have the potential to mitigate chaos seeding in perturbation experiments toward distinguishing realistic processes, and we hope that these and other new techniques can be used to ensure that chaos seeding does not harm the integrity of modeling experiments in a variety of scientific disciplines.
This paper shows there is an issue in short term numerical weather models that span hours to days. Since we know chaos amplifies with time, one onders how much of lomg term climate modeling is affected by this.
The PDF of the paper:
Superforest,Climate Change
via Watts Up With That?
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IELTS is the International English Testing System. It is an examination which is done all over the world and is trusted in more than 10,000 organisations globally. It is a recognised qualification that is reputable amongst educational institutions, employers, governments and any professional environments nationally and internationally. It’s one of the most popular courses we have, and it gets filled rapidly. IELTS measures the ability of those who want to study or work within an English speaking environment or country. It is graded with a nine-band scale to categorise the levels of linguistic proficiency. The highest band is nine and the lowest is one, nine being an expert and one being a non-speaker.
The two test versions of IELTS are:
- Academic IELTS – For those who want to apply and progress within their higher educational needs or start their journey within a professional environment.
- General IELTS – For those whose first language is not English and they need to understand the basics of English itself.
Both IELTS Academic and General Training offer a useful and accurate assessment of four highly essential language skills: reading, writing, listening and speaking. |
By now, you may of heard of the Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV), referred to more simply as “Rugose”. It is a viral disease that predominately impacts tomato plants, but also peppers, leaving fruit damaged and unmarketable.
It was first detected in Israel in 2014 but has now been found in parts of North America.
If you are a Canadian ornamental grower that ALSO grows tomato liners as part of your spring crop selection, or if you grow ORNAMENTAL PEPPERS, here is what you need to know regarding Rugose symptoms, prevention and more importantly, regulations.
Although it does not pose a food safety risk, Rugose (ToBRFV) can be devastating to crops and challenging to control/eradicate when not acted upon swiftly. Similar to Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV), it is highly virulent (i.e. spreads easily) and stable (i.e. persists in the environment). It is currently only known to affect tomatoes and peppers, but its complete host range has not yet been established.
New Restrictions on movement of Tomato and Pepper:
Recently, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) issued a federal order regarding shipment of Tomato and Pepper plants (including plants for planting, seeds and fruit) to prevent the entry of ToBRFV to the United States. This order may restrict export opportunities for Canadian ornamental growers on products such as ornamental or potted peppers, tomato seedlings, and tomato transplants. This federal order took place on November 22, 2019. To review the full federal order please click here.
In light of these new regulations, Flowers Canada is seeking information on export and production patterns for tomato and pepper plants from ornamental producers to better understand potential impacts to the industry.
If you or your farm plan to export tomato or pepper plants in the next year using the Canadian Greenhouse Certification Program (CGCP – yellow sticker program) or the program which will replace it (the United States-Canada Greenhouse Grown Plant Certification Program – GCP), please contact Flowers Canada.
It is also recommended that you contact your local CFIA office for instructions regarding upcoming shipments.
On top of understanding upcoming shipment restrictions/regulations, it will be important for ALL greenhouse growers to know the signs and symptoms of the virus in order to act appropriately if infected plants are suspected. Biosecurity measures, such as inspection of imports and strict sanitation practices, will be key to preventing introduction/transmission of this pest.
Symptoms of ToBRFV:
Symptoms on foliage (pepper or tomato) are similar to other Tobamoviruses (e.g. ToMV, TMV). These include visible damage such as:
- Cholorotic leaves
- Leaf mottling
- Narrowing or other deformation of leaves
Symptoms on tomato/pepper fruits include:
- Blotchy yellow or brown spots
- Necrotic spots
- Fruit may be undersized or deformed; tomatoes may abort prematurely
Look for these symptoms on ornamental peppers, or tomatoes grown for spring sale. More information on symptoms of this disease, including photos, can be found at https://www.betterseed.org/wp-content/uploads/ToBRFV-QA.pdf
Biosecurity Practices to Limit ToBRFV:
ToBRFV spreads primarily through mechanical transmission; it is incredibly easy to spread this virus simply by touching an infected plant. The virus can also be spread by handling infected fruits. The virus can be easily spread from tomato to pepper plants in the same facility.
Rigorous and frequent hand washing by employees that regularly handle plants is the first line of defense, but may not be enough. Other important measures to take to prevent the introduction/spread of ToBRFV include:
- Rigorously inspecting incoming plant material (e.g. tomato transplants) for any viral symptoms
- Confining potential host plants to a single area with a few dedicated workers; consider restricting access to essential personnel only
- Regular monitoring
- Wearing gloves when handling tomato/pepper plants or fruit
- Using disposable lab coats
- Disinfect regularly (e.g. tools, growing surfaces, foot baths, tire baths.). This also includes surfaces that are frequently touched by staff (doorknobs, keyboards, lunch tables, etc.).
- Implementing strict visitor biosecurity – see OGVGs Visitor Biosecurity Guide here: https://www.hortcouncil.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Visitor-Biosecurity-Handout-EN.pdf
- Quick removal of any plants showing irregular symptoms
- Disinfection of growing areas between crops
Please see the attached guide to cleaning and disinfecting your greenhouse, developed by Cara McCreary, Greenhouse Vegetable IPM specialist with OMAFRA, as well as a presentation with further background on ToBRFV. |
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I am dual-booting Ubuntu(12.10) and Windows on different hard drives in my laptop.
For battery life and noise issue, it is possible for me to ignore the Windows drive and prevent it from being mounted?
I tried to look up /etc/fstab but only found the drive for ubuntu...
Is it possible to totally disable the Windows drive on grub(Before the system boots)? (I use MBR for Windows and choosing system by selecting drive)
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
you could define an udev rule to unmount the drive after startup, or edit an existing rule in your .rules directory to not even mount it.
Here is some information about udev an the possibilieties you have, and an introduction to rulewriting: http://www.reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html
share|improve this answer
Thanks for the information! Sounds there are not trivial solution though... – cwhy Mar 16 '13 at 19:24
Your Answer
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Imitation of Christ, The
Imitation of Christ, The, Christian devotional book, of great popularity. It originated among the Brothers of the Common Life in the Netherlands and was written probably c.1425. Tradition (since c.1445) has ascribed it to Thomas à Kempis, whose name appears on an early Latin manuscript. A popular contemporary theory holds that Thomas copied out and edited The Imitation from manuscripts originating with Gerard Groote. The work encourages a life of mystical devotion to Christ and a distrust of the human intellect. The four books treat liberation from worldly inclinations, recollection as a preparation for prayer, the consolations of prayer, and the place of eucharistic communion in a devout life. The work is a summary of the spirit of Groote's movement, the devotio moderna. The English translation by Richard Whitford (c.1530) has long been standard. It has been revised into modern English (Harold Gardiner, ed., 1955). The Imitation has also been rendered as The Following of Christ (tr. 1941).
See J. E. G. De Montmorency, Thomas à Kempis: His Age and Book (1906, repr. 1970).
More on Imitation of Christ The from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Christianity: General |
subreddit: SurvivalUnion
Can't login at all until name changes are sorted out.
~~Sorry guys, but I changed my username and I can't log in to the server or else I will be alt-banned. I know rocketboy can't either, so we need at least one person who can stay and make sure things are alright (we don't get griefed, etc).~~
Edit: If you have changed names, log on to the server under your new name to ban yourself and post [here](http://www.reddit.com/r/CivilizatonExperiment/comments/2uvkrq/post_here_if_you_are_altbanned_from_changing_your/). |
Subreddit: pcmasterrace
It took me a long time to put my finger on it. I've been playing the game a lot and mostly enjoying it, but there's something about the game that's been bothering me from the beginning.
It's designed for engagement, not enjoyment. It's designed to be addictive rather than fun.
Heavy emphasis on challenges, timed events, lack of team balance, unbalanced ingame economy, tedious unlocks, frustrating gameplay features and a slightly crappy UI. It's deliberately designed to keep you frustrated enough to keep trying just a little more, but not so frustrating that you ragequit. It's deliberately designed to have enough tedium to push people toward microtransactions, but not so much that playing it feels completely pointless. It's deliberately designed to push you to *play it now*, even if it's just to slog through and you really have better things to do.
It's actually a really well designed game if you consider that their design goal is to maximize profitability, not the player experience. Whether that actually worked, I'm not sure. Sales numbers and reviews haven't been great, but they might make enough from microtransactions to balance it out. |
## Question
Here is an extract from a webpage:
"ASA recognizes SWA as an independent region, which includes AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN and VA.
Wholesaler-distributors that join and maintain corporate membership in SWA are automatically enrolled as active members in ASA as well as affiliate members in the National Association of Wholesaler-Distributors (NAW). SWA remits a portion of the paid dues to ASA and NAW on behalf of its wholesaler-distributor members; three memberships for the price of one.
Since January 1, 2014, independent manufacturer representatives that join and maintain corporate membership in SWA are automatically enrolled as active members in ASA; two memberships for the price of one.
While manufacturers, master-distributors and service vendors are encouraged to join and maintain memberships in both SWA and ASA, the decisions to join either organization are separate propositions. Membership in SWA does not include membership in ASA or vice versa.
Please visit www.southernwholesalers.org
or contact Terry Sh."
Write an extensive and detailed course unit in a textbook for college students related to the extract above, focusing on "Music Heritage of Nashville and Memphis" as part of "HISTORY / United States / State & Local / South (AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV)". Do not just list concepts, but develop each one in detail before moving to the next, as we prioritize depth of understanding and comprehensive exploration of the subject matter over breadth.
Try to:
- Ensure in-depth coverage of the concepts.
- Use a narrative, thought-provoking style.
- Connect the topic with current trends, real-life examples, or recent studies.
Do not include a title, introductory phrases, or images. Write the content directly.
## Answer
Course Unit: Music Heritage of Nashville and Memphis
I. Introduction
The southern regions of the United States have been fertile ground for the growth and development of various musical genres such as blues, country, rock 'n' roll, and soul music. Two cities stand out as pillars of American music heritage - Nashville and Memphis. These cities are home to some of the most influential musicians, record labels, and recording studios that shaped popular music history. This course unit will delve into the rich music legacy of these two iconic cities within the context of their respective states - Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. We will explore how these regional associations influenced the evolution of music styles and sounds while examining the relationship between professional organizations like the Southern Wholesalers Association (SWA), Associated Sales Agents (ASA), and the National Association of Wholesaler-Distributors (NAW) with contemporary trends in the industry.
II. The Origins of Country Music in Nashville
Country music has deep roots in Appalachian folk traditions brought by early European settlers who migrated southward during colonial times. Ballads, fiddle tunes, hymns, and work songs were common forms of entertainment among rural communities across the southeast. In the late nineteenth century, African American string bands began incorporating banjos and other instruments into traditional white mountain music creating what would become known as bluegrass and old-time music. By the early twentieth century, this fusion had spread throughout the southern US giving birth to new subgenres including western swing, honky-tonk, and eventually modern country music.
III. Rise of Memphis Blues and Rock 'n' Roll
Memphis played a pivotal role in shaping American music through its unique blend of Delta blues, gospel, jazz, and rhythm & blues influences. During World War II, many African Americans moved northwards seeking employment opportunities leading to a cultural exchange between northern industrial centers like Chicago and St. Louis and southern cities like Memphis. As result, blues artists started experimenting with different instrumentation, arrangements, and production techniques resulting in electrified urban blues sound characterized by powerful vocals, driving rhythms, and raw emotional intensity.
IV. Recording Studios and Record Labels
Both Nashville and Memphis became hubs for major recording studios and record labels due to their vibrant local scenes and accessibility to talented musicians. Some notable institutions include Sun Records, Stax Records, and Royal Studios in Memphis, along with RCA Studio B, Columbia Studio A, and Owen Bradley Quonset Hut in Nashville. Each studio cultivated distinct sonic identities drawing upon local talent pools, technological innovations, and entrepreneurial visionaries. Consequently, they attracted national acts looking to tap into those signature sounds helping solidify Nashville and Memphis as destinations for aspiring musicians and industry professionals alike.
V. Professional Organizations and Industry Developments
As discussed earlier, trade organizations like SWA, ASA, and NAW play essential roles in supporting businesses involved in manufacturing, distribution, sales representation, and retail aspects of the music industry. For instance, SWA represents wholesale distributors specializing in consumer electronics, appliances, furniture, mattresses, lawn & garden equipment, sporting goods, luggage, housewares, automotive aftermarket products, lamps, lighting fixtures, plumbing supplies, heating & air conditioning equipment, water heaters, electrical supplies, nursery stock, building materials, hardware, paint sundries, tools, safety gloves, commercial foodservice equipment, janitorial supplies, office supplies, paper products, chemicals, packaging materials, and health care products. While not explicitly tied to music creation or performance, these entities contribute significantly to the overall infrastructure necessary for disseminating recorded works to audiences worldwide.
VI. Contemporary Relevance and Current Trends
Today, Nashville remains synonymous with country music though it also boasts thriving alternative, punk, metal, pop, hip hop, and indie rock scenes. Similarly, Memphis continues to be associated with blues, soul, and rock 'n' roll despite experiencing declines in popularity since its heyday. Both cities grapple with issues surrounding gentrification, preservation efforts, and ongoing debates regarding authenticity versus innovation. Nevertheless, they remain vital contributors to America's diverse musical landscape fostering emerging talents and nurturing enduring legacies.
In conclusion, exploring the music heritage of Nashville and Memphis offers valuable insights into broader socioeconomic forces at play within the U.S. Southeast. Through careful examination of historical developments, stylistic evolutions, institutional structures, and present-day challenges, students can gain deeper understandings of how geography, culture, technology, and business intersect to shape our shared auditory experiences. |
Science and technology should not remain as exclusive properties of your government or big corporations. Learn how you can also become a scientist and how you can create your own technology.
Towards Interstellar Exploration - Exploring has been one of our defining characteristics as species, and being outer space infinitely more vast than Earth it is a matter of time since we will begin travelling to the stars; to do that it is necessary to develop means to travel faster than light, something that seems closer to reality since Miguel Alcubierre demonstrated the theoretical feasibility of that.
NASA Clears The Runway For Open Source Software - The NASA Open Government Initiative has launched a new website to expand the agency’s open source software development.
The ideas of Kardashev to measure the progress of any civilisation in the cosmos - Nikolai Kardashev, a Russian astronomer, published in 1964 a paper that received little attention by the general public at a worldwide level but was nevertheless, pretty significant; the astronomer established a scale to measure the advancement of civilisations by measuring their energy consumption. This method is useful to study the most primitive of our Earth-based civilisations as well as ours at the present day and any other civilisation in the universe that might strive to conquer the cosmos. In other words, the scale of Kardashev, as it is known now, can be used to measure our degree of advancement in science and technology as compare to any other life forms that might be lurking out there, in space.
Main Simulation Software Module - When you want install a software simulation product in your PC the task ahead is relatively simple, but doing so in a full size cockpit simulator things can be a little more difficult, so there are various factors to consider.
And Sea Monsters Exist, After All - Ancient maps and naval charts depict monsters like giant fish and squids eating whole ships; those images have been long considered purse superstition, but the discovery of actual giant squids in recent years prove that beyond tales there are frequently some basis of truth so, there might be a lesson here: Not because something sounds far-fetched it is necessarily false.
Henry the Navigator - Dom Henrique de Avis was born on March 4, 1394; until his death on November 30, 1460 he achieved many things of importance for the history of mankind; he was a Prince and an explorer, and he is still remembered as Henry the Navigator.
The Age of Discovery and its Financiers - Starting in the XV century, the age of discovery was a period of extensive European exploration of the world that included Columbus' trip to America, the feats of Vasco da Gama, Cabral and many others, but someone had to pay for the whole thing, and – perhaps you guessed – there were Jewish financiers backing it all up.
Guerrilla Warfare As Survival Tactic For Feeble Nations - The invasions of France and Germany against Russia, the Napoleonic occupation of Spain, the Vietnam war and the conflict in Iraq demonstrate the great vulnerability of military superpowers thorough history.
The Hortens, Their Flying Wing And The Law - History is the ultimate judge, even if you break the law or design weapons and military aircraft, as the Horten brothers did.
The Riches Hidden In The Interior Of Our Planet - It is interesting to speculate about how much we could probably win by gambling, but at the same time we are standing in a world full of riches that we are perhaps unable to discern; within the arcane world of those interested in geology and all its related sciences, there are some more or less serious hypotheses related to that.
Is The Quest Of Alchemy An Impossibility To Explore? - Alchemists dedicated their lives in order to attain two main goals: eternal life and a method to produce gold; according to our current knowledge in physics and chemistry, both things are unattainable but is that so or is it that nothing is impossible?
Human Factors - An aircraft is not an isolated entity within the environment; airplanes, helicopters and so never fly on their own but are managed by crews, are under the jurisdiction of regulations that work within vast systems in which many different organisms and people take part.
The Citroên - Haardt Trans-Asiatic Expedition - It is quite an experience to travel by truck, and drivers have a whole and fascinating subculture of their own; sometimes, overlanding or navigating with trucks over terrain becomes quite difficult and dangerous.
Why Didn't The Egyptians Build Pyramids In Paris? - It is interesting to think about the possible reasons that precluded such an advanced society from establishing colonies thorough the Mediterranean, and the answer might just be found in the local botanical landscape.
How Many Everests Did Exist? - All along the geological history of our planet, some mountain has been the highest one, but it wasn't always Mount Everest.
Science Or Scavenging? - The most extraordinary way to win the lottery - or something like that - is to find a new or valuable fossil from an unknown or barely studied species: A well-preserved dinosaur skull can easily command prices ranging into millions of euros, but that's not necessarily good for science.
Software Architecture - Without software any simulator is nothing else that a dead thing, an expensive, heavy and bulky collection of hardware; and without adequate software capable of reproducing faithfully what its designers intend to simulate, a simulator ins nothing else than an expensive, heavy and bulky arcade game.
Natural Medicine At Work For Good And Evil - Empirical practice does have its merits: natural medicine and many survival medical techniques are based on it.
25,000 maps... and counting - In response to the need for updated topographic maps, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed and made available a new national map series called the US Topo.
The Geaformers - Geaformers are lightweight kits or modules useful to build anything anywhere, since they can be carried by just one person.
The Andinia Plan (I). - The Andinia Plan: a classical example of the clash between scientific thought and ideological beliefs, by Pablo Edronkin et al.
Notes On Picking Fossils (I) - Picking fossils may be interesting, but sometimes is agaist the law, especially if the extraction is intended for sale.
Creationism Is A Belief And Not A Scientific Theory - Creationism is absurd, but not because it contradicts a scientific dogma like the ideas we have on the evolution of species, but because it pretends to force reality to fit a model of beliefs.
Creationism Versus Respectable Science and Belief - I think that what is true is simple and does not need neither so much activism nor twisted interpretations of science, law and so on; if creationism is unable to convince the modern human about the origin of life, it may just be that it should be forgotten altogether as a way of respecting both science and belief.
The Alleged Theory of Intelligent Design Does Not Belong To Science, And Not Even To Religion - These crude, subdued attempts to shape other people's thoughts since childhood on the basis of lying have nothing of science, and nothing of religion and love for God; it is just fanaticism.
Your resume - Something to think about the overvalued concept of a resume.
Science and your vocation - Something to think about science and vocations.
Science and the wild - About science and the wild.
Keep Your Survival Weapon Always Ready to Be Used - What use does have something intended for a last-ditch survival use if in reality you cannot make good use of it? This is especially true in the case of survival guns.
Jungle Factories: The Local Production Of Expedient Weapons - There are many interesting cases of more or less clandestine weapons factories and those that managed to produce useful and novel ideas in weaponry despite very difficult circumstances and scarce resources.
Believing in UFOS is more attractive than actually searching for them - There are several ongoing projects and research effort of scientific proportions that pretend to explain some mysteries of our world and universe, but people prefer to believe in things that are easy to understand and offer them more mystique; so people follow UFO pundits instead of SETI radio astronomers and prefer to think that the chupacabras is an alien rather than a relative of house dogs.
Are aliens coming in UFOs giving us part of our technology? - It is a common belief that aliens coming from UFOs directly or indirectly gave the world key technologies... but did they?
Great Idea!... But I am Afraid of It?! - Whenever we think about something great to do then we also feel overwhelmed by the sheer size of our ideas and we ask ourselves how did we get into this? What are going to do? How do we start?
How Private Property May Kill You - Private property is fine: it has helped us to evolve from savages clinging to trees into reasonably healthy, well-fed and educated people, but we should reflect a little on the fact that our human constructions may at one or more crossroads of history conspire to kill us ass effectively as the deadliest of viruses.
Sparking Vocations - Don´t want to see people fail? Want to fight poverty? Then don´t feed it but dedicate yourself to opening minds; show children how to fly, sail in a boat or climb a mountain.
How To Use Wood In A Camp Or During A Survival Situation - Wood can indeed be used to start fires, but that is not the only way in which you could make use of it in the wilderness; on the contrary, there are lots of things that you can do with this natural resource.
How Does An Airplane Fly? - This article has been thought for all those who want to know what goes on an airplane as it flies, how its instruments, systems and parts work and how do they keep the thing up in the air.
Why Ecothinking? - We should not be alarmists but the rate of extinction of animal and vegetal species in our world is probably as high as during the most cataclismic periods in the history of earth, so if we don't change our way of thinking we shouldn't count on our survival for long.
Are We Going To Tear Other Planets Apart? - Space exploration by humans is still an incipient activity but we have to thing whether we will recklessly do to other planets the same that we did on our own, or are we going to be more careful.
Urban Survival Starts With Modest Home Repairs - Knowing how to repair things at home, like vacuum cleaners, your car, walls, the roof, electrical circuits and such stuff helps a lot to prepare yourself as an urban survivalist.
What Would Happen If We Find Life Outside Earth? - Some say that it could easily become the most important scientific event of all history but what kind of impact it could have on us?
Surviving all possible planetary catastrophes - In the long run we will all be death, right? Maybe not, but what should humankind do in order to survive in the millennia to come? This question is not just something that has religion as its reference point, but actually science.
Progress or just change? - We should think again about our definition of what progress is because we might be having a simplistic view of things. Today we speak of progress in terms of economic growth, advances in science and technology but do these aspects of our existence define progress in its entirety or are they just discrete parts of it?
NASA Finds New Type of Comet Dust Mineral - NASA researchers and scientists from the United States, Germany and Japan have found a new mineral in material that likely came from a comet.
Science and Technology - Essays and comments on practical epistemological matters in science and technology.
The Origins Of Naval And Marine Technology - The construction of boats and vessels is tightly related to survival as well as to exploration and the progress of mankind.
Technology research and development projects at The Gea Org. - Some examples of technology research and development projects found within The Gea Organisation.
Research and development projects at The Gea Org - Some examples of research and development projects found within The Gea Organisation.
A Sled Without Snow - Despite the apparent contradiction, a sled can be used in any survival or extreme situation for carrying wounded people or cargo even if there is no snow around, and constructing one expediently is easier than most people think; as an alternative to improvised backpacks, sleds have something to offer.
Science and Technology / Space Exploration an Astronomy - If you can't explore virgin places in our planet, no problem. There is still plenty of room left in outer space, and it does not take NASA to start exploring it.
Sciences / Social Sciences - Index of articles regarding Social Science and related topics.
The Gea Org - The GEA, a true and well-known group of explorers and adventurers roaming the oddest places on Earth.
More Information About Gea. - Click here and search for categories.
Applied technology courses - The various applied technology courses available (basic, intermediate, advanced and superior personal applied technology courses)a thorough Andinia.com and The Gea Org.
NOAA-led research team takes measure of the variability of the atmosphere's self-cleaning capacity - An international, NOAA-led research team took a significant step forward in understanding the atmosphere's ability to cleanse itself of air pollutants and some other gases, except carbon dioxide.
Outdoor Activities / Exploration and Expeditions - Whether your interest lies within expeditions and trips or you want to learn about different uncharted places, tricks of the trade and possibilities, start reading this section.
Outdoors / Ecology, Nature and Environment - Ecological problems, their possible solutions and feasible and sustainable measures that you can take in order to contribute to care for and improve the relationship between humankind and the environment.
Flight Simulation - Articles on flight simulators and flight simulation. |
Q: filtering recoreds through date range in django view I'm trying to filter data through view. I tried the __range and __gte + __lte but there are not results on the website.
model:
class Change(models.Model):
def __unicode__(self):
return unicode(self.number)
number = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="CHG")
service = models.ForeignKey('organization.Service')
environment = models.CharField(choices=ENV_CHOICE, max_length=20)
description = models.CharField(max_length=50)
start_date = models.DateField()
start_time = models.TimeField()
end_date = models.DateField()
end_time = models.TimeField()
assignee = models.ForeignKey('organization.Assignee')
I tried different approach with the view:
1
def home(request):
changes = Change.objects.all().filter(start_date__gte=datetime.date.today(), end_date__lte=datetime.date.today())
return render(request, 'index.html', {'changes' : changes})
In this case when only start_date__gte is used it's working correctly but when I add the end_date__lte it does not display any records.
2
def home(request):
today = datetime.date.today()
changes = Change.objects.all(today__range=[start_date, end_date])
return render(request, 'index.html', {'changes' : changes})
In this case I get and error global name start_date is not defined.
Thank you very much for your help.
A: The problem is that you don't understand how range lookup works.
It is used like this:
Change.objects.filter(change_field__range=[start_datatime, end_datetime])
where change_field is a datetime or date field of Change model on which you want to query. start_datetime and end_datetime are datetime objects which you provide. For example:
class Change(models.Mode):
...
published = models.DateTimeField()
...
so your query may look like
Change.objects.filter(published__range=[datetime.datetime(2011, 2, 4), datetime.datetime(2011, 5,4)])
This will return queryset with Change objects which were published between 2011-2-4 and 2011-5-4
A: It seems to me that in your above code, timedelta(Difference between start and end date) between start and end date is 0. If your start and end date is same, you should add some timedelta in your end time like this.
def home(request):
changes = Change.objects.all().filter(start_date__gte=datetime.date.today(), \
end_date__lte=datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=86400))
return render(request, 'index.html', {'changes' : changes})
|
From r/Freethought
I think what's happening here is that there is a false dichotomy created by improper language. People who use the term agnostic as though it was on the continuum between atheism and theism view atheism as disbelieving in god.
Believe in god = theist, don't believe in god = agnostic, disbelieve in god = atheist.
Atheist doesn't mean actively disbelieving in god, though. It just means that there is no god that you actively believe in. It's not a positive claim. Claiming that you don't think it's possible to know if god exists or not doesn't have a bearing on whether your are a theist with a deity or an atheist without a deity. |
Q: Should I use AsyncTask to establish an XMPP connection? I am connecting to an XMPP server in Android using Smack. Here is my code:
static void openConnection() {
try {
if (null == connection || !connection.isAuthenticated()) {
XMPPTCPConnectionConfiguration.Builder configuration = XMPPTCPConnectionConfiguration.builder();
configuration.setHost(SERVER_HOST);
configuration.setPort(SERVER_PORT);
configuration.setServiceName(SERVICE_NAME);
configuration.setUsernameAndPassword(new TinyDB(context.getApplicationContext()).getString("username"), new TinyDB(context.getApplicationContext()).getString("password"));
configuration.setDebuggerEnabled(true);
connection = new XMPPTCPConnection(configuration.build());
connection.setUseStreamManagement(true);
connection.setUseStreamManagementResumption(true);
ReconnectionManager reconnectionManager = ReconnectionManager.getInstanceFor(connection);
reconnectionManager.enableAutomaticReconnection();
reconnectionManager.setReconnectionPolicy(ReconnectionManager.ReconnectionPolicy.RANDOM_INCREASING_DELAY);
connection.connect();
connection.login();
}
} catch (XMPPException xe) {
xe.printStackTrace();
} catch (SmackException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
So when I call openConnection() should I do that in an AsyncTask or is that not necessary? I am a little confused.
A: You should manage your XMPP(TCP)Connection within an Android Service. The service state (running/stopped) should reassemble the connection state: When the service is running the connection should be established or the service should try to establish the connection (if data connectivity is available). If the service stops, then also disconnect the connection.
A: Yes, as the official documentation points it out:
AsyncTask enables proper and easy use of the UI thread. This class
allows to perform background operations and publish results on the UI
thread without having to manipulate threads and/or handlers.
A:
When i call openConnection() should i do that in an asynctask or that is not neccesary?
Shortly, YES. Everything related with networking should be moved to another thread to avoid blocking main thread. Hence doInBackground() of AsyncTask runs on another thread, which is where you should call that function.
A: I chose not to use AsyncTask for my smack project after searching around.
*
*its threading model have been quite different between Android version and need to take care about, also after honeycomb, it is single thread, long blocking this will cause issue on the whole device that also use AsyncTask , xmpp and bosh can cause long blocking up to seconds/minutes
*AsyncTask has implicit reference to activity and such a long operation will cause memory issues, or easy memory leakage when exception handling is not proper
*AsyncTask 's result will be lost if reference activity got reset, but activity in Android can be reset as easy as a simple device rotation or network configuration change, too many save and restore instance to make this usable as every xmpp operation may be long task
|
Hassium (pronounced /ˈhæsiəm/ ( listen) HASS-ee-əm or /ˈhɑːsiəm/ HAH-see-əm) is a synthetic element with the symbol Hs and atomic number 108 and is the heaviest member of the group 8 (VIII) elements. The element was first observed in 1984.
Hassium was first synthesized in 1984 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt. The team bombarded a lead target with 58Fe nuclei to produce 3 atoms of 265Hs in the reaction:
20882Pb + 5826Fe → 265108Hs + n
The IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) recognised the GSI collaboration as official discoverers in their 1992 report.
Element 108 has historically been known as eka-osmium. During the period of controversy over the names of the elements (see element naming controversy) IUPAC adopted unniloctium (symbol Uno) as a temporary element name for this element.
The name hassium was proposed by the officially recognised German discoverers in 1992, derived from the Latin name for the German state of Hesse where the institute is located (L. hassia German Hessen).
In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named hahnium (Hn), in spite of the long-standing convention to give the discoverer the right to suggest a name. After protests from the German discoverers, the name hassium (Hs) was adopted internationally in 1997.
Eka-osmium was a temporary name used to refer to the element that goes under osmium in the periodic table. The name "eka" was used in the same way as in Mendeleev's predicted elements. During the first half of the 20th century, "eka-osmium" referred to plutonium, because the actinide concept, which postulates the actinides form an inner transition series similar to the lanthanides, had not then been proposed. Once the actinide concept became widely accepted, the name "eka-osmium" was used for element 108.
Scientists at the GSI are planning to search for K-isomers in 270Hs using the reaction 226Ra(48Ca,4n) in 2010. They will use the new TASISpec method developed alongside the introduction of the new TASCA facility at the GSI.
In addition, they also hope to study the spectroscopy of 269Hs, 265Sg and 261Rf, using the reaction 248Cm(26Mg,5n) or 226Ra(48Ca,5n). This will allow them to determine the level structure in 265Sg and 261Rf and attempt to give spin and parity assignments to the various proposed isomers.
The team from the universität Mainz are planning to study the electrodeposition of hassium atoms using TASCA at the GSI. The current aim is to use the reaction 226Ra(48Ca,4n)270Hs.
In addition, scientists at the GSI are hoping to utilize the new TASCA facility to study the synthesis and properties of the hassium(II) compound, hassocene, Hs(Cp)2 using the reaction 226Ra(48Ca,xn).
This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of hassium by so-called "cold" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at low excitation energy (~10-20 MeV, hence "cold"), leading to a higher probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of one or two neutrons only.
Important future experiments will involve the attempted synthesis of hassium isotopes in this symmetric reaction using the fission fragments. This reaction was carried out at Dubna in 2007 but no atoms were detected, leading to a cross section limit of 1 pb. If confirmed, this would indicate that such symmetric fusion reactions should be modelled as 'hot fusion' reactions rather than 'cold fusion' ones, as first suggested. This would indicate that such reactions will unfortunately have limited use in the synthesis of superheavy elements.
This reaction was performed in May 2002 at the GSI. Unfortunately, the experiment was cut short due to a failure of the zinc-70 beam.
This reaction was first reported in 1978 by the team at Dubna. In a later experiment in 1984, using the rotating drum technique, they were able to detect a spontaneous fission activity assigned to 260Sg, daughter of 264Hs. In a repeat experiment in the same year, they applied the method of chemical identification of a descendant to provide support to the synthesis of element 108. They were able to detect several alpha decays of 253Es and 253Fm, descendants of 265108.
In the official discovery of the element in 1984, the team at GSI studied the reaction using the alpha decay genetic correlation method. They were able to positively identify 3 atoms of 265Hs. After an upgrade of their facilities in 1993, the team repeated the experiment in 1994 and detected 75 atoms of 265Hs and 2 atoms of 264Hs, during the measurement of a partial excitation function for the 1n neutron evaporation channel. The maximum of the 1n channel was measured as 69 pb in a further run in late 1997 in which a further 20 atoms were detected.
The discovery experiment was successfully repeated in 2002 at RIKEN (10 atoms) and in 2003 at GANIL (7 atoms).
The team at RIKEN further studied the reaction in 2008 in order to conduct first spectroscopic studies of the even-even nucleus 264Hs. They were also able to detect a further 29 atoms of 265Hs.
The use of a Pb-207 target was first used in 1984 at Dubna. They were able to detect the same SF activity as observed in the Pb-208 run and once again assigned it to 260Sg, daughter of 264Hs. The team at GSI first studied the reaction in 1986 using the method of correlation of genetic alpha decays and identified a single atom of 264Hs with a cross section of 3.2 pb. The reaction was repeated in 1994 and the team were able to measure both alpha decay and spontaneous fission for 264Hs.
This reaction was studied in 2008 at RIKEN in order to conduct first spectrscopic studies of the even-even nucleus 264Hs. The team detected 11 atoms of the isotope.
This reaction was studied for the first time in 2008 by the team at LBNL. They were able to produce and identify 6 atoms of the new isotope 263Hs. A few months later, the RIKEN team also published their results on the same reaction.
This reaction was studied for the first time in 2008 by the team at RIKEN. They were able to identify 8 atoms of the new isotope 263Hs.
First attempts to synthesise nuclei of element 108 were performed using this reaction by the team at Dubna in 1983. Using the rotating drum technique, they were able to detect a spontaneous fission activity assigned to 255Rf, descendant of the 263108 decay chain. Identical results were measured in a repeat run in 1984. In a subsequent experiment in 1983, they applied the method of chemical identification of a descendant to provide support to the synthesis of element 108. They were able to detect alpha decays from fermium isotopes, assigned as descendants of the decay of 262108. This reaction has not been tried since and 262Hs is currently unconfirmed.
This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of hassium by so-called "hot" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40-50 MeV, hence "hot"), leading to a reduced probability of survival from fission and quasi-fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3-5 neutrons.
This reaction was reportedly first studied in 1978 by the team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) under the leadership of Yuri Oganessian. However, results are not available in the literature. The reaction was repeated at the FLNR in June 2008 and results show that the 4 atoms of the isotope 270Hs were detected with a yield of 9 pb. The decay data for the recently discovered isotope was confirmed, although the alpha energy was slightly higher. In Jan 2009, the team repeated the experiment and a further 2 atoms of 270Hs were detected.
This reaction was first studied at Dubna in 1987. Detection was by spontaneous fission and no activities were found leading to a calculated cross section limit of 2 pb.
This reaction with the rare and expensive 36S isotope was conducted at the GSI in April-May 2008. Preliminary results show that a single atom of 270Hs was detected with a yield of 0.8 pb. The data confirms the decay properties of 270Hs and 266Sg.
In March 1994, the team at Dubna led by the late Yuri Lazerev announced the detection of 3 atoms of 267Hs from the 5n neutron evaporation channel. The decay properties was confirmed by the team at GSI in their simultaneous study of element 110.
The reaction was repeated at the GSI in Jan-Feb 2009 in order to search for the new isotope 268Hs. The team, led by Prof. Nishio, detected a single atom of both 268Hs and 267Hs. The new isotope underwent alpha-decay to the previously known isotope 264Sg.
Most recently, a GSI-PSI collaboration has studied the nuclear reaction of curium-248 with magnesium-26 ions. Between May 2001 and August 2005, the team has studied the excitation function of the 3n, 4n, and 5n evaporation channels leading to 269Hs, 270Hs, and 271Hs. The synthesis of the important isotope 270Hs was published in December 2006 by the team of scientists from the Technical University of Munich. It was reported that this isotope decayed by emission of an alpha-particle with an energy of 8.83 MeV and a projected half-life of ~22 s, assuming a 0+ to 0+ ground state decay to 266Sg using the Viola-Seaborg equation.
This new reaction was studied at the GSI in July-August 2006 in a search for the new isotope 268Hs. They were unable to detect any atoms from neutron evaporation and calculated a cross section limit of 1 pb.
The team at Dubna studied this reaction in 1983 using detection by spontaneous fission (SF). Several short SF activities were found indicating the formation of nuclei of element 108.
An isotope assigned to 277Hs has been observed on two occasions decaying by SF with a long half-life of ~12 minutes. The isotope is not observed in the decay of the most common isotope of 281Ds but is observed in the decay from a rare, as yet unconfirmed isomeric level, namely 281bDs . The half-life is very long for the ground state and it is possible that it belongs to an isomeric level in 277Hs. Furthermore, in 2009, the team at the GSI observed a small alpha decay branch for 281aDs producing an isotope of 277Hs decaying by SF in a short lifetime. The measured half-life is close to the expected value for ground state isomer, 277aHs. Further research is required to confirm the production of the isomer.
The claimed synthesis of element 118 by LBNL in 1999 involved the intermediate 273Hs. This isotope was claimed to decay by 9.78 and 9.47 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 1.2 s. The claim to discovery of 293118 was retracted and this hassium isotope is currently unknown.
According to macroscopic-microscopic (MM) theory, Z=108 is a deformed proton magic number, in combination with the neutron shell at N=162. This means that such nuclei are permanently deformed in their ground state but have high, narrow fission barriers to further deformation and hence relatively-long SF partial half-lives. The SF half-lives in this region are typically reduced by a factor of 109 in comparison with those in the vicinity of the spherical doubly-magic nucleus 298114, caused by an increase in the probability of barrier penetration by quantum tunnelling, due to the narrower fission barrier. In addition, N=162 has been calculated as a deformed neutron magic number and hence the nucleus 270Hs has promise as a deformed doubly-magic nucleus. Experimental data from the decay of Z=110 isotopes 271Ds and 273Ds, provides strong evidence for the magic nature of the N=162 sub-shell. The recent synthesis of 269Hs, 270Hs, and 271Hs also fully support the assignment of N=162 as a magic closed shell. In particular, the low decay energy for 270Hs is in complete agreement with calculations.
Evidence for the magicity of the Z=108 proton shell can be deemed from two sources:
For SF, it is necessary to measure the half-lives for the isotonic nuclei 268Sg, 270Hs and 272Ds. Since the seaborgium and darmstadtium isotopes are not known at this time, and fission of 270Hs has not been measured, this method can be used to date to confirm the stabilizing nature of the Z=108 shell. However, good evidence for the magicity of the Z=108 can be deemed from the large differences in the alpha decay energies measured for 270Hs, 271Ds and 273Ds. More conclusive evidence would come from the determination of the decay energy for the nucleus 272Ds.
The direct synthesis of 269Hs has resulted in three alpha lines at 9.21, 9.10, and 8.94 MeV. In the decay of 277112, only 9.21 MeV 269Hs alpha decays have been observed indicating that this decay occurs from an isomeric level. Further research is required to confirm this.
The decay of 267Hs is known to occur by alpha decay with three alpha lines at 9.88, 9.83, and 9.75 MeV and a half-life of 52 ms. In the recent syntheses of 271m,gDs additional activities have been observed. A .94ms activity decaying by 9.83 MeV alpha emission has been observed in addition to longer lived ~.8 s and ~6.0 s activities. Each of these is currently not assigned and confirmed and further research is required to positively identify them.
The synthesis of 265Hs has also provided evidence for two levels. The ground state decays by 10.30 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 2.0 ms. The isomeric state is placed at 300 keV above the ground state and decays by 10.57 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of .75 ms.
The tables below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for reactions producing hassium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.
The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given.
DNS = Di-nuclear system ; σ = cross section
Element 108 is projected to be the fifth member of the 6d series of transition metals and the heaviest member of group VIII in the Periodic Table, below iron, ruthenium and osmium. The latter two members of the group readily portray their group oxidation state of +8 and this state becomes more stable as the group is descended. Thus hassium is expected to form a stable +8 state. Osmium also shows stable +5, +4 and +3 states with the +4 state the most stable. For ruthenium, the +6, +5 and +3 states are stable with the +3 state being the most stable. Hassium is therefore expected to also show other stable lower oxidation states.
The group VIII elements show a very distinctive oxide chemistry which allows facile extrapolations to be made for hassium. All the lighter members have known or hypothetical tetroxides, MO4. The oxidising power decreases as one descends the group such that FeO4 is not known due to an extraordinary electron affinity which results in the formation of the well-known oxo-ion ferrate(VI), FeO42−. Ruthenium tetroxide, RuO4, formed by oxidation of ruthenium(VI) in acid, readily undergoes reduction to ruthenate(VI), RuO42−. Oxidation of ruthenium metal in air forms the dioxide, RuO2. In contrast, osmium burns to form the stable tetroxide, OsO4, which complexes with hydroxide ion to form an osmium(VIII) -ate complex, [OsO4(OH)2]2−. Therefore, eka-osmium properties for hassium should be demonstrated by the formation of a volatile tetroxide HsO4, which undergoes complexation with hydroxide to form a hassate(VIII), [HsO4(OH)2]2−.
Hassium is expected to have the electron configuration [Rn]5f14 6d6 7s2 and thus behave as the heavier homolog of osmium (Os). As such, it should form a volatile tetroxide, HsO4, due to the tetrahedral shape of the molecule.
The first chemistry experiments were performed using gas thermochromatography in 2001, using 172Os as a reference. During the experiment, 5 hassium atoms were detected using the reaction 248Cm(26Mg,5n)269Hs. The resulting atoms were thermalized and oxidized in a He/O2 mixture to form the oxide.
269108Hs + 2 O2 → 269108HsO4
The measured deposition temperature indicated that hassium(VIII) oxide is less volatile than osmium tetroxide, OsO4, and places hassium firmly in group 8.
In order to further probe the chemistry of hassium, scientists decided to assess the reaction between hassium tetroxide and sodium hydroxide to form sodium hassate(VIII), a reaction well-known with osmium. In 2004, scientists announced that they had succeeded in carrying out the first acid-base reaction with a hassium compound:
HsO4 + 2 NaOH → Na2[HsO4(OH)2]
Summary of compounds and complex ions
1. ^ hassium at Dictionary.com
* WebElements.com: Hassium |
Frederik Willem Steenhuisen
Frederik Willem Steenhuisen (1883-1953), burgemeester van Tietjerksteradeel
Frederik Willem Steenhuisen (1893-1969), burgemeester van Franekeradeel |
Subreddit: FriendsofthePod
I’m late to this but the advice in here was fantastic. I’ll definitely be using the open faced compliment sandwich in the future. Using nouns over verbs makes sense, though it’s slightly counterintuitive to me. Usually when writing you’re supposed to prioritize verbs over nouns. I totally understand why though — literally anyone would rather “be” over “do.”
I’m not totally sure the historical assessments were correct. It felt like there was some reaching. But this is definitely one of the better crooked convos I’ve listened to. |
From Reddit r/IAmA
My apologies: I didn't know I needed to site a source for a number I didn't actually provide. [NCSE.gov](http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=28). 3% increase in the last 20 years, adjusted for inflation. You didn't site the number you actually posted so I asked to see your source rather than simply assume your number doesn't adjust for inflation. Which it doesn't. And I don't know if you're aware of this, but there's been quite a lot of that in the last decade. I think you'll be surprised to find that that 25% increase in salary will actually equate to teachers earning a % or 2 less than they did a decade ago.
Everyone plans their day at home? Do you have any idea what goes into lesson planning? There are 3 classes devoted almost entirely to lesson plan writing in my teacher education program. I've spent entire days planning a single lesson. Lesson planning isn't just "Today, I will teach Le Chatliers' Principle. The End." Yes, extracurriculars are not mandatory, but you do get a small boost in salary for volunteering for many of them. Many teachers also find that going to school sporting events and the plays or whatever help to form a bond between themselves and the students which aids them in teaching. Which for the record, makes you a horrible teacher. I've never met a single teacher that didn't have to spend time grading papers at home at least a few nights a week. God help you if you're a math teacher. Once again, teaching is not some 9-5 cubicle job where you just babysit. Especially not in secondary ed. You are horribly misinformed (as is most of the general populace to be fair to you) about what all goes into teaching a class full of 16 year olds. |
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