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The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

The 200 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency' official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

The 2005 edition of the International Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a of 10.

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check , which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit check digit is . The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its ( ) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN 's official manual describes how the 1 -digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its ( ) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, a multiple of 10.

The 2005 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10.

where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 equals "6,378,137 m" and formula_22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 meter of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.

where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 equals "6,378,137 m" and formula_22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 meter of each other the two points are one degree of longitude .

where Earth's equatorial radius _ 1 6,378,137 m" and formula_22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 pheroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced ( paramet ) latitude). Aside from rounding, this the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 meter of each the two points are one degree of longitude apart.

where Earth's equatorial radius formula_2 equals "6,378,137 m" formula_22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or paramet ) latitude). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, those two are always within 0. meter of each other the two points are one degree of apart.

where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 "6,378,137 m and formula_22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, /a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced ( parametric) latitude). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more , but those two distances are always within 0.6 meter of each other if the points one degree longitude apart.

where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 equals "6,378,137 m" and formula 22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are within 0.6 of each other if the two points are one of apart.

where Earth's equ radius formula_2 equals "6,378,137 m" and formula_22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calculates to 0.9 664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced ( parametric) latitude). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude getting the distance along the shortest route be more work, but those two are always within 0.6 meter of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.

where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 equals "6,378,137 m" and formula_22 for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 meter of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.

where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 equals "6,378,137 m" and formula_22; for RS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or ric) ). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 meter each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.

where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 equals "6,378,137 m and formula_22; the RS80 and WGS84 s eroids, b/a calculates to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or parametric) ). Aside from rounding, this is the exact along a of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances always within 0. meter of each other if the two are one degree of longitude apart.

where Earth's equatorial radius formula_21 equals "6,378,137 m" and formula_22; for the GRS80 and WGS84 spheroids, b/a calcul to be 0.99664719. (formula_23 is known as the reduced (or parametric) ). Aside from rounding, this is the exact distance a parallel of ; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 meter of each if the two points are one degree of longitude apart.

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and Kanye West. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales.

Elvis Pres and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers rock roll. In the 1960s, Bob D an emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, K Perry, and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem Kanye West. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are the highest grossing in world sales.

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé as as hip hop artists Jay Z, Emin and Kanye West. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eag , and Aerosmith are among the grossing in worldwide sales.

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from folk revival to become one of America' most celebrated writers and James Brown led the development of funk. More American creations hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, ney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyon as well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and K e West. Rock bands such as Met ica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among highest grossing in worldwide sales.

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and . In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged folk revival to become one 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, Beyoncé well as hip hop artists Jay , Eminem and Kany West. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aeros ith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales.

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob D an emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and oncé as well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and Kany West. Rock bands such Metall , Eagles, and Aeros ith are among the highest grossing in world sales.

El Presley and uck Berry were the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and . In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated writers and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and Kanye West. bands such as Metall , the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide .

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of fun . More American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé as well as hip hop Jay Z, Eminem and Kanye West. Rock bands such as allica, the Eagles, eros ith are among the highest grossing in worldwide .

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among mid-1950s pioneers rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and Brown led the development of funk. More recent American ations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé as well hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and Kany West. Rock bands such as Metallica, the Eagles, and Aeros ith among the highest grossing in worldwide sales.

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among mid-1950s pioneers of and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from folk revival to become one America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and Kanye West. Rock bands such as allica, Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales.

Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift, Britney Spears, Katy Perry, and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay Z, Eminem and anye West. Rock bands such Metallica, the Eagles, and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, 'X' should be used.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

Thus the check is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-4 615-2</ iki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

Thus the check digit is 2, and the complete sequence is <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-40615-2</nowiki>. The value formula_6 required to satisfy this condition might be 10; if so, an 'X' should be used.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18% of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include Latin, Japanese, American Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18 of all Americans claim speak at least one in addition to English.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 ), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18% of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English.

The most widely foreign languages at all levels in the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18 of all Americans claim to speak at one in addition to English.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels the United States (in terms of en ment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18% of Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition English.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and . 18 of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in to English.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18% Americans claim to speak at one language in addition English.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18% of all Americans claim to least one language in addition to English.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learners) include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18% of all Americans claim to speak at least one language addition to English.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are: Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 250,000 learn ) include Latin, Japanese, American Sign Language, Italian, and Chinese. 18% of all Americans claim to speak at least language in addition to English.

The most widely taught foreign languages at all levels in the United States (in terms of enrollment numbers) are Spanish (around 7.2 million students), French (1.5 million), and German (500,000). Other commonly taught languages (with 100,000 to 2 0,000 learners) include Latin, , American Sign Language, , and Chinese. 18% of all Americans claim speak at least language in addition to English.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible for publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible for publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government depart that responsible for publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible for publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible for publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible for publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible for publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government depart that are responsible for publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible for publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible publishing books.

Pakistan: The National Library of Pakistan is responsible for ISBN registrations for Pakistani publishers, authors, universities, institutions, and government departments that are responsible for publishing books.

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 978-88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €25 for a single code.

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER rl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editor " (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 978-88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while new prefix 97 -12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €2 for a single code.

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 78-88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a -codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €25 for a single code.

Italy: The privately held EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBN . The original national prefix 978-88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at 49 for a ten-codes block while new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €25 a single code.

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 97 -88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, a fixed price of €25 for a single code.

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBN . original national prefix 978-88 reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €25 for a code.

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by " ociazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 978-88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 97 -12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €25 for a single code.

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 978-88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is to - authors, at a fixed price of €25 for a single code.

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 978-88 is reserved for publishing , starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €25 for a single .

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBN . The original national prefix 978-88 is reserved for publishing companies, starting at 49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at a fixed price of €25 for a single code.

Italy: The privately held company "EDISER srl", owned by "Associazione Italiana Editori" (Italian Publishers Association) is responsible for issuing ISBNs. The original national prefix 978-88 reserved for publishing companies, starting at €49 for a ten-codes block while a new prefix 979-12 is dedicated to self-publishing authors, at fixed price of €25 for a single code.

The 2008–2012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.

The 2008–2012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recess levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in values increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.

The 2008–2 12 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, continuing decline home values and increase in foreclosures and personal ruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and prices. There remains a proportion of long-term unemployed, decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.

The 2008–2012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.

The 2008–2012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and petrole and food prices. There remains a proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.

The 2 08–2012 global recess significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal increases.

The 2008–2012 global recession affected the States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising pet um and food prices. There remains a record of long- unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.

The 2008–201 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above -recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing income, and tax and federal budget increases.

The 2008–2012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recess levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion long-term unemp ed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.

The 2008– 012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. brought high unemployment which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum food prices. There remains a proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, tax and federal budget .

The 2008–201 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office. It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above -recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax federal budget increases.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for , then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his E cipation clamation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,00 soldiers as as many civilians.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions thirteen slave states declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensu war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, a second war aim became abolition of sla . The war remains the dead military conflict American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,0 0 soldiers as well as many civilians.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The en ing war was at first for Union, then after 18 3 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Eman ation Proclamation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the death of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Pro ation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 as as many civilians.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, a second aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 6 8,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Pro ation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 6 ,00 soldiers as well as many civilians.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thir slave states secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. ensuing war was at first for Union, after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered Emancipation Proclamation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The remains the deadliest military conflict in history, resulting in death of approximately 6 8,000 soldiers as well as many civili .

With the 186 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, after 1863 as casual mounted and Lincoln delivered his E cipation Proclamation, a second war aim became ition of sla . The remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the s of approximately 618,00 soldiers as well as many civilians.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The remains the deadliest military in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.

With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party, conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confeder States of America, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. The ensuing war was at first for Union, then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Eman ation Proclamation, a second war aim became abolition of slavery. The war remains deadliest military conflict in history, resulting in deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.

The United States is a highly developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person. While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world. Though its population is only 4.4% of the world total, the United States accounts for nearly a quarter of world GDP and almost a third of global military spending, making it the world's foremost military and economic power. The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations.