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seen as being influenced by Beauty and the Beast . Edward Scissorhands is a fairy tale book @-@ ended by a prologue and an epilogue featuring Kim Boggs as an old woman telling her granddaughter the story , augmenting the German Expressionism and Gothic fiction archetypes .
Burton explained that his depiction of suburbia is " not a bad place . It 's a weird place . I tried to walk the fine line of making it funny and strange without it being judgmental . It 's a place where there 's a lot of integrity . " Kim leaves her jock boyfriend ( Jim ) to be with Edward , an event that many have postulated as Burton 's revenge against jocks he encountered as a teenager in suburban Burbank , CA . Jim is subsequently killed , a scene that shocked a number of observers who felt the whole tone of the film had been radically altered . Burton referred to this scene as a " high school fantasy " .
= = Release = =
= = = Box office = = =
Test screenings for the film were encouraging for 20th Century Fox . Joe Roth , then president of the company , considered marketing Edward Scissorhands on the scale of " an E.T.-sized blockbuster , " but Roth decided not to aggressively promote the film in that direction . " We have to let it find its place . We want to be careful not to hype the movie out of the universe , " he reasoned . Edward Scissorhands had its limited release in the United States on December 7 , 1990 . The wide release came on December 14 , and the film earned $ 6 @,@ 325 @,@ 249 in its opening weekend in 1 @,@ 372 theaters . Edward Scissorhands eventually grossed $ 56 @,@ 362 @,@ 352 in North America , and a further $ 29 @,@ 661 @,@ 653 outside North America , coming to a worldwide total of $ 86 @.@ 02 million . With a budget of $ 20 million , the film was declared to be a box office success . The New York Times wrote " the chemistry between Johnny Depp and Winona Ryder , who were both together in real life at the time ( 1989 – 1993 ) , gave the film teen idol potential , drawing younger audiences . "
= = = Critical response = = =
Edward Scissorhands received acclaim from critics and audiences . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film holds an 89 % approval rating , based on 56 reviews , with an average score of 7 @.@ 7 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : " The first collaboration between Johnny Depp and Tim Burton , Edward Scissorhands is a magical modern fairy tale with gothic overtones and a sweet center . " Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 77 ( out of 100 ) based on 19 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be " generally favorable " . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a " A- " grade .
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone praised the piece by stating , " Burton 's richly entertaining update of the Frankenstein story is the year 's most comic , romantic and haunting film fantasy . " He continued by praising Depp 's performance stating , " Depp artfully expresses the fierce longing in gentle Edward ; it 's a terrific performance " and the " engulfing score " from Danny Elfman . Staff of Variety spoke highly of the film , " Director [ Burton ] takes a character as wildly unlikely as a boy whose arms end in pruning shears , and makes him the center of a delightful and delicate comic fable . "
Marc Lee of The Daily Telegraph scored the film five out of five stars , writing , " Burton 's modern fairytale has an almost palpably personal feel : it is told gently , subtly and with infinite sympathy for an outsider who charms the locals but then inadvertently arouses their baser instincts . " whilst additionally adding praise to Depp 's performance , " [ Depp ] is sensational in the lead role , summoning anxiety , melancholy and innocence with heartbreaking conviction . And it 's all in the eyes : his dialogue is cut @-@ to @-@ the @-@ bone minimal . "
Desson Thomson of The Washington Post wrote , " Depp is perfectly cast , Burton builds a surrealistically funny cul @-@ de @-@ sac world , and there are some very funny performances from grownups Dianne Wiest , Kathy Baker and Alan Arkin . " Rita Kempley of The Washington Post granted the film praise , " Enchantment on the cutting edge , a dark yet heartfelt portrait of the artist as a young mannequin . " She too praised Depp 's performance in stating , " ... nicely cast , brings the eloquence of the silent era to this part of few words , saying it all through bright black eyes and the tremulous care with which he holds his horror @-@ movie hands .
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an " A- " rating and praised it in " The romanticism has a personal dimension – for Edward is , of course , Burton 's surreal portrait of himself as an artist : a wounded child converting his private darkness into outlandish pop visions . Like Edward , he finds the light . " He also commented very positively on character of Edward , " ... who is Burton 's purest achievement as a director so far . " Of Depp he wrote , " Depp may not be doing that much acting beneath his neo @-@ Kabuki makeup , but what he does is tremulous and affecting . " As well as Eflman 's score of the piece by saying it to be , " [ A ] lovely , storybook score highlights the pop romanticism of Burton 's conception . The romanticism has a personal dimension . "
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote , " Mr. Burton invests awe @-@ inspiring ingenuity into the process of reinventing something very small . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Stan Winston and Ve Neill were nominated the Academy Award for Best Makeup , but lost to John Caglione , Jr. and Doug Drexler for his work on Dick Tracy . Production designer Bo Welch won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design , while costume designer Colleen Atwood , and Winston and Neil also received nominations at the British Academy Film Awards . In addition , Winston was nominated for his visual effects work . Depp was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost to Gérard Depardieu of Green Card . Edward Scissorhands was able to win the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . Danny Elfman , Ryder , Dianne Wiest , Alan Arkin , and Atwood received individual nominations . Elfman was also given a Grammy Award nomination .
= = = Legacy = = =
Burton cites Edward Scissorhands as epitomizing his most personal work . The film is also Burton 's first collaboration with actor Johnny Depp and cinematographer Stefan Czapsky . In October 2008 , the Hallmark Channel purchased the television rights . Metal band
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makeup , is a style parody of truck @-@ driving country . While writing the song , Yankovic listened to C.W. McCall for inspiration .
= = = Parodies and polka = = =
The first parody recorded for the album was " Pretty Fly for a Rabbi " , a parody of the Offspring 's 1998 single " Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) " , about a hip rabbi . " In order to accurately write the song , Yankovic consulted several of his Jewish friends as well as several English @-@ to @-@ Yiddish dictionaries . The song 's opening line – " Veren zol fun dir a blintsa " – is a Yiddish curse that roughly means " May you turn into a blintz . " Originally , Yankovic had wanted voice actress Mary Kay Bergman to sing the song as her South Park character Sheila Broflovski . However , due to legal restrictions , she was only able to say a few lines in the finished product . Yankovic then approached actress Fran Drescher to lend her voice to the song , but this was also unsuccessful . Finally , Yankovic was able to get actress Tress MacNeille – who had been featured in his 1983 parody " Ricky " – to appear in the song .
The second parody recorded for the album was " Jerry Springer " , a parody of Barenaked Ladies 1998 hit " One Week " . The song is about The Jerry Springer Show , hosted by the eponymous Jerry Springer . To write the song , Yankovic watched " a couple shows " until he understood the " basic formula " for how the episodes unfolded . Originally , there were plans to shoot a video for the song , and an inquiry was sent to Springer to see if he would have liked to be in the video . Before hearing the song , Springer was interested in the possibility of appearing in a video , but after hearing the lyrics , he " balked " and declined , saying that the song was too " negative " towards his show . The third parody recorded for the album was " It 's All About the Pentiums " , a parody of the rock remix of the track " It 's All About the Benjamins " by Sean " Puff Daddy " Combs . Yankovic spoke to Combs personally on the phone to make sure that the parody would not emulate the 1996 Coolio incident . Due to time constraints , Yankovic was forced to write the song a few days before the entire album had to be mastered , as Yankovic had still been waiting for Combs ' approval . By the time Combs responded to him , Yankovic was recording the last session for the album . To give him time to write the lyrics , Yankovic 's band recorded the music first . Yankovic noted that " we were mixing the last few songs on the album by the time I finished writing the lyrics to ' Pentiums , ' and I wound up recording the lead vocals just a couple days before the album had to be mastered . " The fourth parody recorded for the album was " Grapefruit Diet " , a pastiche of " Zoot Suit Riot " by the Cherry Poppin ' Daddies about an obese man going on such a diet . The song 's writer , Steve Perry , called the opportunity to be parodied " an honor " but noted that " Why Weird Al is such an icon is a mystery to me though " .
The final parody recorded for the album was " The Saga Begins " , which recounts the plot of Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace from the point of view of Obi @-@ Wan Kenobi to the tune of the 1971 single " American Pie " by Don McLean . Yankovic , who often bases his albums around significant moments in pop culture , felt that the album should have a song centered on the release of The Phantom Menace . Yankovic first considered writing his parody of " Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) " about the film and calling it " Pretty Fly for a Jedi " , but he quickly dismissed this idea ; he wanted to parody a classic song to commemorate how important the new movie was considered . Yankovic then chose to write a parody of " American Pie " about the film . Because Yankovic wanted the song to be topical , he began writing the lyrics in December 1998 , many months before the film was released , gleaning all of the information about the movie 's plot entirely from
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Internet spoilers . The song was completed two months before The Phantom Menace was released to theaters ; Yankovic had approached Lucasfilm about the prospect of an advanced screening to ensure that his lyrics were accurate , but the company declined . However , Yankovic later went to a charity screening , whose tickets cost US $ 500 each . As a result , Yankovic only had to change one line ; " He 's probably gonna marry her someday " was originally " I hear he 's gonna marry her someday " . A video which Yankovic later jokingly dubbed " Star Wars Unplugged " was filmed for the song , after The Phantom Menace premiered in theaters .
Much like Yankovic 's previous albums , Running with Scissors features a polka medley of then @-@ current hit songs called " Polka Power ! " . The song was later released as a promotional single in Germany , where Yankovic 's recording label felt a polka song might have more success . This was the second time that one of Yankovic 's polka medleys was released as a single ; in 1985 , Scotti Brothers Records released " Hooked on Polkas " , from the album Dare to Be Stupid , in Japan .
= = = Booklet and disc = = =
Since the early 1980s , Yankovic had been known for his hairdo , glasses , and moustache . However , in 1998 , Yankovic shaved his mustache and underwent LASIK eye surgery to correct his vision , and no longer needed glasses . As such , this is his first album with his new style . On the cover , he is shown running on the track at Santa Monica City College . The CD booklet contains the complete lyrics to all but one of the album 's songs ; due to the length of the closing song " Albuquerque " , not all of its lyrics fit on the final page of the booklet . Instead of continuing with the " Albuquerque " lyrics , the end of the booklet breaks off mid @-@ sentence and concludes with an apology from Yankovic , in which he states that there was no way he could have fit the rest of the song 's lyrics on the existing booklet and that he " should have used a smaller font or a bigger piece of paper or something " . Yankovic later released the complete lyrics on the " Ask Al " feature on his website , and had them printed in Weird Al : The Book .
Running with Scissors is also the first of " Weird Al " Yankovic 's albums to feature multimedia content . After placing the CD in a CD @-@ ROM drive , one can browse through the files and play a QuickTime movie file containing fourteen minutes of footage from the Disney Channel concert special " Weird Al " Yankovic : ( There 's No ) Going Home .
= = Release = =
= = = Promotion = = =
Following the release of Running with Scissors , Yankovic undertook a two @-@ year @-@ long tour called " Touring With Scissors " . Starting on July 19 , 1999 , Yankovic played over 200 shows across the United States . A live video recording of one of the shows , called " Weird Al " Yankovic Live ! was released later in the year . To promote the album , two promotional websites were launched for the singles " It 's All About the Pentiums " and " The Saga Begins " : " thepentiums.com " and " sagabegins.com " respectively . Each site featured the respective song 's music video , as well as additional information such as behind @-@ the @-@ scenes notes and lyrics .
= = = Reviews = = =
The album was met with mostly positive reviews from critics . J.D. Considine of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a " B " rating and felt that , while many comedians are unable to translate jokes onto CD , " Yankovic 's jokes are eminently listenable . " He concluded that " compared with most comedy recordings these days , Running with Scissors is a cut above . " Melissa Ruggieri of the Richmond Times @-@ Dispatch graded the album a " B + " , writing , " Now on his 10th album , the weird and wacky Al tackles gems such as Don McLean 's ' American Pie , ' The Offspring 's ' Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) ' and Barenaked Ladies ' ' One Week . ' Most of the results are priceless . " Warren Rhodes of the Anchorage Daily News named the album the fifth best release of 1999 , writing that , " Leaving his long @-@ time label [ Scotti Brothers ] has inspired the parody king ; even his originals are pretty good this time . " He also wrote that " the intellect 's still there , and his wide @-@ ranging chameleon band has no equal . " In The Rolling Stone Album Guide , Running with Scissors was given 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 5 , which denoted that the album averaged between good and excellent . The book wrote that Yankovic 's " nasal whine has never been put to more appropriate use than [ on ] ' Pretty Fly for a Rabbi ' . "
Not all reviews were positive . Steve Huey of Allmusic gave the album two and a half stars out of five and called it " a mixed bag " . Huey felt that both " The Saga Begins " and " Jerry Springer " were clever parodies , whereas " Pretty Fly for a Rabbi " and " It 's All About the Pentiums " were not " quite up to his usual standards . " Robert Johnson of the San Antonio Express @-@ News was critical of the album , giving it one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars , noting that " in his haste to stay
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slowly re @-@ intensifying . On January 24 , the JTWC upgraded Hyacinthe to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane , with winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . After approaching within 175 km ( 120 mi ) west @-@ southwest of Réunion , the cyclone turned to the northwest and executed another loop . The JTWC estimated that Hyacinthe reached peak winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) on January 25 , which the storm maintained for about 24 hours . During that time , Hyacinthe turned to the southeast and later weakened . On January 26 , it moved near Réunion for the third time , passing about 105 km ( 65 mi ) to the south . The storm turned southward , becoming extratropical on January 29 . Over the next two days , the remnants of Hyacinthe accelerated , turned to the east , and dissipated over the southern Indian Ocean .
= = Impact = =
For twelve days , the circulation of the storm produced cloudiness and thunderstorms over Réunion . Hyacinthe broke several rainfall records for tropical cyclones , becoming the wettest tropical cyclone on record . From January 14 to January 28 , the storm dropped 6 @,@ 083 mm ( 239 @.@ 5 in ) at Commerson , just north of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano . Over ten days , Hyacinthe produced 5 @,@ 678 mm ( 223 @.@ 5 in ) , also at Commerson . In twelve hours , Hyacinthe dropped 1 @,@ 095 mm ( 43 @.@ 1 in ) of rainfall at Grand Ilet , just 49 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) shy of the record set by Cyclone Denise in 1966 . The highest daily total was on January 25 , when 1 @,@ 140 mm ( 45 in ) fell at Commerson . Over a three @-@ day period , the storm dropped 3 @,@ 240 mm ( 127 @.@ 6 in ) at Commerson , as well as 4 @,@ 300 mm ( 169 in ) over a five @-@ day period ending on January 28 . Only a small portion of the island near Saint @-@ Pierre received less than 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) of rainfall , and totals increased further inland , with over 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) recorded at four locations . Such heavy rainfall typically occurs on the island when tropical cyclones approach , owing to orographic enhancement in the mountainous interior .
In addition to the rainfall , Hyacinthe produced a minimum barometric pressure of 977 @.@ 8 mbar ( 28 @.@ 87 inHg ) at Saint @-@ Pierre on January 27 . Wind gusts reached 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) in Saint @-@ Denis , although the mountainous portion of the island reported winds as strong as 180 km / h ( 110 mph ) . Wave action was not severe due to the quick changes in track and lack of significant intensity . There was some beach erosion along western @-@ facing beaches , and Pointe des Galets sustained damage to coastal properties . However , any major damage caused by the storm was largely due to the heavy rainfall . The Rivière Langevin reported increased flow , reaching a discharge of about 300 m ³ / s ( 10 @,@ 500 ft ³ / s ) . Along Rivière @-@ du @-@ Mat les Bas , river flooding entered five houses . Floods washed out a 30 m ( 98 ft ) and a 60 m ( 200 ft ) portion of a highway along a ravine near Chaudron . Along Route nationale 1 , traffic was disrupted after rocks blocked the roadway . In Petite @-@ Île , floods washed out a bridge and 200 m ( 660 ft ) of roads . About half of the roads on Réunion were damaged , and road damage was estimated at $ 40 million ( 1980 USD , 161 @.@ 3 million francs ) . The rain caused widespread mudslides , including hundreds near Salazie and Cilaos . Three towns were temporarily isolated , including Hell @-@ Bourg which was cut off for about eight days , Helicopters delivered food and clothing to the villages .
Throughout Réunion , Hyacinthe killed 25 people and left 7 @,@ 000 homeless . Four of the deaths occurred after a house was washed away at Petite @-@ Île . A school was destroyed in Saint @-@ Louis . The storm caused power and water outages , and about 30 % of the island temporarily lost phone service . Hyacinthe damaged 1 @,@ 712 houses and destroyed another 288 ; housing damage totaled about $ 42 million ( 1980 USD , 170 million francs ) . Flooding caused $ 48 million ( 1980 USD , 194 million francs ) in agricultural damage , including about 1 @,@ 000 killed cattle and near @-@ total losses to bananas , mangoes , and avocados . Overall damage was estimated at $ 167 million ( 676 million francs ) . Many records set by the storm were broken by Cyclone Gamede in 2007 , including the rainfall accumulations from three to eight days . However , Hyacinthe retained its status as the wettest overall tropical cyclone .
Elsewhere , Hyacinthe affected Madagascar as a weaker storm . Wind gusts reached 126 km / h ( 78 mph ) at Mananjary and 111 km / h ( 69 mph ) on Île Sainte @-@ Marie . At the same two locations , rainfall reached 207 mm ( 8 @.@ 1 in ) and 134 mm ( 5 @.@ 3 in ) , respectively . On Mauritius , the storm 's passage forced the main port to close .
= Robert C. Stebbins =
Robert Cyril Stebbins ( March 31 , 1915 – September 23 , 2013 ) was an American herpetologist and illustrator known for his field guides and popular books as well as his studies of reptiles and amphibians . His Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians , first published in 1966 , is still considered the definitive reference of its kind , owing to both the quality of the illustrations and the comprehensiveness of the text . A professor of zoology at the University of California , Berkeley , for over 30 years , he was the first curator of herpetology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology , a 1949 Guggenheim fellow , and author of over 70 scientific articles . His discovery of the ring species phenomenon in Ensatina salamanders is now a textbook example of speciation , and he performed extensive research on the parietal eye of reptiles . He produced nature films , supported science education in primary grades , and organized conservation efforts that aided in the passing of the 1994 California Desert Protection Act . After retirement he continued to paint , collect field notes , and write books . Stebbins is commemorated in the scientific names of three species : Batrachoseps stebbinsi , the Tehachapi slender salamander ; Anniella stebbinsi , a legless lizard ; and Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi , the endangered Sonora tiger salamander .
= = Early life = =
Robert Stebbins was born on March 31 , 1915 , in Chico , California , to parents Cyril
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she joined the 1st ACS . Together with the other carriers of the BPF , she attacked oil refineries in Sumatra in January 1945 ( Operation Lentil and Operation Meridian ) before sailing to Sydney to prepare for operations in the Pacific . The BPF joined the American Fifth Fleet at Ulithi on 20 March and attacked airfields on the Sakishima Islands , south of Okinawa , beginning on 26 March , as part of the preparations for Operation Iceberg . During these operations , Indefatigable became the first British carrier to be hit by a kamikaze when one penetrated the combat air patrol ( CAP ) and struck the base of her island on 1 April . The bomb carried by the kamikaze did not detonate and this limited casualties to 21 men killed and 27 wounded . Damage to the ship was minimal and the flight deck was back in operation thirty minutes later . After Okinawa had been secured , the BPF arrived back at Sydney on 7 June and Indefatigable was delayed rejoining operations as she required repairs to her machinery . She departed Manus on 12 July and reached the coast of Japan eight days later . Her aircraft began attacking targets in the Inland Sea on 24 July . Most of the BPF withdrew as planned on 10 August to prepare for Operation Olympic , the invasion of Kyushu scheduled for November , but Indefatigable and several other ships remained to represent Britain at the end of operations . The ship 's aircraft flew missions on 13 and 15 August ; during the last of these missions , her Seafires shot down eight of twelve Mitsubishi A6M Zeros while losing one of their own and an Avenger gunner shot down another Japanese aircraft . After the ceasefire , her aircraft continued to fly CAP and flew reconnaissance missions looking for Allied prisoners of war .
Indefatigable arrived at Sydney on 18 September and began a leisurely refit that lasted until 15 November . After touring Australia and New Zealand , she arrived at Spithead on 15 March 1946 where she was modified to accommodate over 1 @,@ 900 passengers . She ferried troops to and from Australia , Ceylon , Singapore and America for the rest of the year before being placed in reserve at the beginning of 1947 . The ship was modified for use as a training ship and recommissioned in 1950 for service with the Home Fleet Training Squadron . She was decommissioned at Rosyth in October 1954 and towed to Gareloch in June 1955 where she was listed for disposal . Indefatigable was sold for scrap in September 1956 and subsequently broken up .
= = See Also = =
List of ships of the Second World War
List of ship classes of the Second World War
= The Two Roses =
The Two Roses is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on the young Tony Prolo who goes to deliver lunch to his father of the same name . After arriving and giving him his lunch , the young Tony is hit by a passing vehicle and the father rushes his son home . Mr. Sears , whose car hit the child , receives a demand for $ 10 @,@ 000 by the " Black Hand " . The Sears go to the police and set a trap for the Black Hand , but end up wrongly arresting the child 's father . Tony convinces the police to investigate further and the confusion is cleared up when the real culprit is caught . Mr. Sears compensates the family by purchasing them a house in the countryside . The film features Marie Eline , cast in the role of an Italian boy , along with the leading players Frank H. Crane and Anna Rosemond as the parents . The film was released on June 7 , 1910 . The film survives with new inter @-@ titles that were created to replace the lost materials .
= = Plot = =
The film begins with a young Italian boy , Tony Prolo , who is preparing to deliver his father 's lunch to him . The boy sets off to the railroad construction area , passing the dangerous terrain without incident . The father , Tony Prolo ( Senior ) , greets his young son and happily takes his lunch . His young son begins tossing rocks across the street and runs out into the road and is knocked down by a passing vehicle . Tony rushes to his son 's aid and the rich man , Mr. Sears gets out the car and attempts to comfort the father . The father rejects him and rushes home , carrying his son in his arms . At home , Tony Prolo and his wife attend to their son and pray for his health .
At his residence , Mr. Sears receives a letter by the " Black Hand " demanding $ 10 @,@ 000 for ruining a person 's life . The letter tells him to give the money to a man at a specific street corner who will be carrying a white rose . Sears heads to the police and the detective lays a tray for the Black Hand man . At the same time , Tony Prolo has gone to see the doctor and stops by the florist to get a white rose for his flower @-@ loving son . After he purchases the rose , his path crosses with Mr. Sears and the detective at the street corner , and he is arrested because he is carrying a white rose . The real Black Hand man is hiding behind a door and witnesses the arrest of Tony Prolo , but is discovered by the constable and he is arrested after he was discovered carrying a white rose .
Tony Prolo convinces the Sears to have the police investigate his story , and they all are brought to Tony Prolo 's home . The Sears family sees his suffering son and the confusion over the Black Hand is
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resolved when the constable brings the real suspect into the room . Tony Prolo is released and Mr. Sears compensates the family by purchasing a cottage in the country that is surrounding by white roses .
= = Cast = =
Marie Eline as Tony , an Italian boy
Frank H. Crane as Tony Prolo
Anna Rosemond as Tony Prolo 's wife
= = Production = =
The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it may have been Lloyd Lonergan . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman still employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . He was the most important script writer for Thanhouser , averaging 200 scripts a year from 1910 to 1915 . The film director is unknown , but two Thanhouser directors are possible . Barry O 'Neil was the stage name of Thomas J. McCarthy , who would direct many important Thanhouser pictures , including its first two @-@ reeler , Romeo and Juliet . Lloyd B. Carleton was the stage name of Carleton B. Little , a director who would stay with the Thanhouser Company for a short time , moving to Biograph Company by the summer of 1910 . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions .
The role of the Italian father Tony was played by Frank H. Crane . Crane was involved in the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company and acted in numerous productions before becoming a director at Thanhouser . In the role of Tony 's wife was Anna Rosemond , who was one of two leading ladies for the first year of the company . Marie Eline , played the role of Tony 's son , was concealed in masculine make up and black hair for the role of the Italian boy . The Moving Picture World said , " [ m ] aybe you 'd never recognize her if we did not tip you off . Don 't pass the tip to others in your place , but see if their little favorite doesn 't fool them completely in her masculine makeup . " Other members of the cast have not been identified .
= = Release and reception = =
The single @-@ reel drama , approximately 1000 feet long , was released on June 7 , 1910 . This production was the first Tuesday release in the Thanhouser " two a week " releases . The production was advertised as a " A powerful , pathetic , pretty story of life in Little Italy . " The Moving Picture World contained a brief article that used the term " The Thanhouser Kid " to describe Marie Eline ; it was the origin of the nickname for Eline . The film had a wide national release : it was advertised by theaters in Kansas , Indiana , Texas , and Pennsylvania .
In 1987 ,
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Chronicle condemns William in harsh terms . In the years since the Conquest , politicians and other leaders have used William and the events of his reign to illustrate political events throughout English history . During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England , Archbishop Matthew Parker saw the Conquest as having corrupted a purer English Church , which Parker attempted to restore . During the 17th and 18th centuries some historians and lawyers saw William 's reign as imposing a " Norman yoke " on the native Anglo @-@ Saxons , an argument that continued during the 19th century with further elaborations along nationalistic lines . These various controversies have led to William being seen by some historians either as one of the creators of England 's greatness or as inflicting one of the greatest defeats in English history . Others have viewed William as an enemy of the English constitution , or alternatively as its creator .
= = Family and children = =
William and his wife Matilda of Flanders had at least nine children . The birth order of the boys is clear , but no source gives the relative order of birth of the daughters .
Robert was born between 1051 and 1054 , died 10 February 1134 . Duke of Normandy , married Sybil of Conversano , daughter of Geoffrey of Conversano .
Richard was born before 1056 , died around 1075 .
William was born between 1056 and 1060 , died 2 August 1100 . King of England , killed in the New Forest .
Henry was born in late 1068 , died 1 December 1135 . King of England , married Edith of Scotland , daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland . His second wife was Adeliza of Louvain .
Adeliza ( or Adelida , Adelaide ) died before 1113 , reportedly betrothed to Harold II of England , probably a nun of Saint Léger at Préaux .
Cecilia ( or Cecily ) was born before 1066 , died 1127 , Abbess of Holy Trinity , Caen .
Matilda was born around 1061 , died perhaps about 1086 . Mentioned in Domesday Book as a daughter of William .
Constance died 1090 , married Alan IV Fergent , Duke of Brittany .
Adela died 1137 , married Stephen , Count of Blois .
( Possibly ) Agatha , the betrothed of Alfonso VI of León and Castile .
There is no evidence of any illegitimate children born to William .
= Banksia spinulosa =
The hairpin banksia ( Banksia spinulosa ) is a species of woody shrub , of the genus Banksia in the Proteaceae family , native to eastern Australia . Widely distributed , it is found as an understorey plant in open dry forest or heathland from Victoria to northern Queensland , generally on sandstone though sometimes also clay soils . It generally grows as a small shrub to 2 metres ( 7 ft ) in height , though can be a straggly tree to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) . It has long narrow leaves with inflorescences which can vary considerably in coloration ; while the spikes are gold or less commonly yellowish , the emergent styles may be a wide range of colours – from black , purple , red , orange or yellow .
Banksia spinulosa was named by James Edward Smith in England in 1793 , after being collected by John White , most likely in 1792 . He gave it the common name prickly @-@ leaved banksia , though this has fallen out of use . With four currently recognised varieties , the species has had a complicated taxonomic history , with two varieties initially described as separate species in the early 19th century . A fourth , from the New England region , has only recently been described . However , there has been disagreement whether one , var. cunninghamii , is distinct enough to once again have specific status . The pre @-@ eminent authority on Banksia , Alex George , concedes there is still more work to be done on the Banksia spinulosa complex .
The hairpin banksia is pollinated by and provides food for a wide array of vertebrate and invertebrate animals in the autumn and winter months . Its floral display and fine foliage have made it a popular garden plant with many horticultural selections available . With the recent trend towards smaller gardens , compact dwarf forms of Banksia spinulosa have become popular ; the first available , Banksia ' Birthday Candles ' , has achieved a great deal of commercial success and wide recognition , and has been followed by several others .
= = Description = =
The hairpin banksia usually occurs as a multi @-@ stemmed lignotuberous shrub 1 – 3 metres ( 3 @.@ 3 – 9 @.@ 8 ft ) tall and 1 – 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 3 – 6 @.@ 6 ft ) across . Alternatively , it may be single @-@ stemmed and lacking a lignotuber , in which case it is often taller , up to 5 metres ( 16 feet ) high . It has grey or grey @-@ brown smooth bark with lenticels . The long , narrow leaves are 3 – 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) in length , 1 – 8 mm wide and more or less linear in shape . Leaf edges are either serrate for the entire leaf length ( collina ) or toward the apex only ( spinulosa ) , though the margins may be recurved and hence serrations not evident as in those from the Carnarvon Gorge . Immature leaves , which may also be seen after bushfire , are broader and serrated . Leaf undersides have fine white hairs in the case of the varieties spinulosa and collina and pale brown in cunninghamii and neoanglica .
The distinctive inflorescences or flower spikes occur over a short period through autumn and early winter . A spike may contain hundreds or thousands of individual flowers , each of which consists of a tubular perianth made up of four united tepals , and one long wiry style . Characteristic of the taxonomic section in which it is placed , the styles are hooked rather than straight . The style ends are initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts , but break free at anthesis . In Banksia spinulosa the spikes are cylindrical , about 6 – 7 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 4 – 2 @.@ 8 inches ) wide and 6 – 15 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 4 – 5 @.@ 9 inches ) tall , yellow to golden orange in colour , with styles varying from yellow to pink , maroon , or black . Styles of various colours may be found within metres of each other in some areas such as in the Georges River National Park , and Catherine Hill Bay , while other populations may have uniformly black , red or gold styles . Though not terminal , the flower spikes are fairly prominently displayed . Partly emerging from the foliage , they arise from two- to three @-@ year @-@ old stem nodes .
The hairpin banksia 's infructescence is a typical Banksia cone @-@ like structure , with up to 100 crowded embedded follicles which are 1 – 2 @.@ 4 centimetres ( ⅓ – 1 in ) in diameter ; these generally remain closed until burnt by bushfire . The nonlignotuberous subspecies cunninghamii is killed by fire and regenerates from seed , while the others regenerate from buds around the base of the lignotuber . Old flower spikes fade to brown , then grey with age . Old flower parts usually persist for a long time , giving the infructescence a hairy appearance . In Central and North Queensland , old cones of both var. spinulosa and var. collina are generally bare .
= = Taxonomy = =
The first known specimens of B. spinulosa were collected near Sydney by John White , Surgeon General to the British colony of New South Wales , sometime between 1788 and 1793 . He called it " prickly @-@ leaved banksia " , though this name has fallen out of use . It is uncertain exactly when he first collected the species ; it may have been before 1790 , as there is speculation that a sketch in his 1790 Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales is of a
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his mother 's ( Michelle Word ) idea , and that he would rather play football than go boogie boarding with his avatar . Concluding his seminar , Resnick thanks his audience and " Teddy " , who speaks again of the love for his wife , shown to be a pink morphing sphere . A frustrated Resnick scolds his creation and informs the audience that his avatar is autonomous , and that he is being manipulative and disappointing . He reminds the viewer to purchase his program through the following informational screen .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
The series was originally developed as a comedy sketch by Alan Resnick , as part of his comedy tours with the Baltimore @-@ based art collective Wham City , best known for their work with Dan Deacon . The skit , first conceived in 2009 and roughly modeled after TED Talks , features Resnick telling the audience how to create a complete digital backup of himself . Long @-@ time associate Ben O 'Brien co @-@ produced , directed and edited the special along with Resnick . In addition , both co @-@ produced the episode under their video production division , AB Video Solutions . Resnick , along with set decorator Emma Alamo , transformed Resnick 's house into the set of the special .
The collective had pitched a Wham City television sitcom to Adult Swim before , but according to Resnick , the network insisted that " no one would ever watch more than one episode . " Resnick named Mr. Show with Bob and David , The Kids in the Hall and the Upright Citizens Brigade as influences on the special . Dave Hughes , creator of the series Off the Air , who had discussed with the group about developing a series , took note of Resnick 's sketch and helped the collective develop it into an informercial . After airing the special , Wham City featured the skit for their comedy tour of New York City . Resnick informed Network Awesome that they will probably not produce any more fake infomercials , and that O 'Brien is working with the network to create something that viewers will " stumble on unintentionally . "
= = Broadcast and reception = =
Live Forever as You Are Now with Alan Resnick aired on December 24 , 2013 at 4 a.m. on Adult Swim . It was the third in a series of infomercial parodies broadcast by the network , succeeding Broomshakalaka and For @-@ Profit Online University . The early @-@ morning timeslot was chosen since infomercials usually air during such hours . The special was published onto Adult Swim 's YouTube channel the same day . The special was viewed by 926 @,@ 000 viewers and received a Nielsen household rating of 0 @.@ 7 , meaning that approximately 0 @.@ 7 percent of households with a television watched it . A web chat allowing users to converse with " Teddy " was created for the network 's website .
The special has received positive critical reception . In talking about Resnick with regards to the special , Baltimore City Paper 's Baynard Woods wrote that it " combines the traditional kind @-@ of @-@ creepy positivity of the infomercial host with the creepy techno @-@ utopian positivity of a TED Talk 's technologist . " He ultimately opined that the humor derived from " the disconnect between what Resnick claims — that his avatar is a complete backup of himself — and the reality that it is not at all like him and is , in fact , extremely limited . " Ezra Lefko of What Weekly , another Baltimore @-@ based publication , praised the special . In particular , he expressed his approval of seeing " success and national exposure for these talented artists . " Lea McLellan of Mountain Xpress called it " hilarious " and " a good representation of their bizarre comedic stylings . "
= = Explanatory notes = =
= Amiral Charner @-@ class cruiser =
The Amiral Charner class was a group of four armoured cruisers built for the French Navy during the 1890s . They were designed to be smaller and cheaper than the preceding design while also serving as commerce raiders in times of war . Three of the ships were assigned to the International Squadron off the island of Crete during the Greco @-@ Turkish War of 1897 to protect French interests and citizens . With several exceptions the sister ships spent most of the first decade of the 20th century serving as training ships or in reserve . Bruix aided survivors of the devastating eruption of Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique in 1902 . Chanzy was transferred to French Indochina in 1906 and ran aground off the Chinese coast in mid @-@ 1907 . She proved impossible to refloat and was destroyed in place .
The three survivors escorted troop convoys from French North Africa to France for several months after the beginning of World War I in August 1914 . Unlike her sisters , Bruix was transferred to the Atlantic to support Allied operations against the German colony of Kamerun in September 1914 while Amiral Charner and Latouche @-@ Tréville were assigned to the Eastern Mediterranean. where they blockaded the Ottoman @-@ controlled coast , and supported Allied operations . Amiral Charner was sunk in early 1916 by a German submarine . Latouche @-@ Tréville became a training ship in late 1917 and was decommissioned in 1919 . Bruix was decommissioned in Greece at the beginning of 1918 and recommissioned after the end of the war in November for service in the Black Sea against the Bolsheviks . She returned home in 1919 and was sold for scrap in 1921 . Latouche @-@ Tréville followed her to the breakers five years later .
= = Design and description = =
The Amiral Charner @-@ class ships were designed to be smaller and cheaper than the preceding armored cruiser design , the Dupuy de Lôme . Like the older ship , they were intended to fill the commerce @-@ raiding strategy of the Jeune École .
The ships measured 106 @.@ 12 metres ( 348 ft 2 in ) between perpendiculars and had a beam of 14 @.@ 04 metres ( 46 ft 1 in ) . They had a forward draught of 5 @.@ 55 metres ( 18 ft 3 in ) and drew 6 @.@ 06 metres ( 19 ft 11 in ) aft . The Amiral Charner class displaced 4 @,@ 748 tonnes ( 4 @,@ 673 long tons ) at normal load and 4 @,@ 990 tonnes ( 4 @,@ 910 long tons ) at deep load . They were fitted with a prominent plough @-@ shaped ram at the bow . This made the ships very wet forward , although they were generally felt to be reasonably good sea boats and handled well by their captains . Their metacentric height was deemed to be inadequate and all of the surviving ships had their military masts replaced by lighter pole masts between 1910 and 1914 .
The Amiral Charner @-@ class ships had two horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . Steam for the engines was provided by 16 Belleville boilers at a working pressure of 17 kg / cm2 ( 1 @,@ 667 kPa ; 242 psi ) and the engines were rated at a total of 8 @,@ 300 metric horsepower ( 6 @,@ 100 kW ) using forced draught . The engines in Bruix were more powerful than those of her sister ships and were rated at 9 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 6 @,@ 600 kW ) . The ships had a designed speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) , but during sea trials they failed to meet their specified speed , only reaching maximum speeds of 18 @.@ 16 to 18 @.@ 4 knots ( 33 @.@ 63 to 34 @.@ 08 km / h ; 20 @.@ 90 to 21 @.@ 17 mph ) from 8 @,@ 276 to 9 @,@ 107 metric horsepower ( 6 @,@ 087 to 6 @,@ 698 kW ) . They carried up to 535 tonnes ( 527 long tons ) of coal and could steam for 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
The ships of the Amiral Charner class had a main armament that consisted of two 45 @-@ calibre Canon de 194 mm Modèle 1887 guns that were mounted in single gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure . The turrets were hydraulically operated in all ships except on Latouche @-@ Tréville , whose turrets were electrically powered . The guns fired
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75 – 90 @.@ 3 @-@ kilogram ( 165 – 199 lb ) shells at muzzle velocities ranging from 770 to 800 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ) .
Their secondary armament comprised six 45 @-@ calibre Canon de 138 @.@ 6 mm Modèle 1887 guns , each in single gun turrets on each broadside . Their 30 – 35 @-@ kilogram ( 66 – 77 lb ) shells were fired at muzzle velocities of 730 to 770 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 400 to 2 @,@ 500 ft / s ) . For close @-@ range anti @-@ torpedo boat defense , they carried four quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 65 @-@ millimetre ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) guns , four QF 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) and eight QF 37 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) five @-@ barreled revolving Hotchkiss guns . They were also armed with four 450 @-@ millimetre ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) pivoting torpedo tubes ; two mounted on each broadside above water .
= = = Protection = = =
The side of the Amiral Charner class was generally protected by 92 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 6 in ) of steel armor , from 1 @.@ 3 metres ( 4 ft 3 in ) below the waterline to 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) above it . The bottom 20 centimetres ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) tapered in thickness and the armor at the ends of the ships thinned to 60 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) . The curved protective deck of mild steel had a thickness of 40 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) along its centerline that increased to 50 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) at its outer edges . Protecting the boiler rooms , engine rooms , and magazines below it was a thin splinter deck . A watertight internal cofferdam , filled with cellulose , ran the length of the ship from the protective deck to a height of 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 4 ft ) above the waterline . Below the protective deck the ship was divided by 13 watertight transverse bulkheads with five more above it . The ship 's conning tower and turrets were protected by 92 millimeters of armor .
= = Ships = =
= = Service = =
Amiral Charner spent most of her career in the Mediterranean , although she was sent to China during the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 – 01 . Together with her sisters , Chanzy and Latouche @-@ Tréville , the ship was assigned to the International Squadron off the island of Crete during the Greco @-@ Turkish War of 1897 to protect French interests and citizens . With the exception of Bruix , the sisters spent most of the first decade of the 20th century as training ships or in reserve . Bruix served in the Atlantic Ocean , the Mediterranean , and in the Far East before World War I. In 1902 she aided survivors of the devastating eruption of Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique and spent several years as guardship at Crete , protecting French interests in the region in the early 1910s . Chanzy was transferred to French Indochina in 1906 . She ran aground off the Chinese coast in mid @-@ 1907 , where she proved impossible to refloat and was destroyed in place after her crew was rescued without loss .
The surviving ships escorted troop convoys from French North Africa to France for several months after the beginning of World War I in August 1914 . Amiral Charner and Latouche @-@ Tréville were then assigned to the Eastern Mediterranean where they blockaded the Ottoman @-@ controlled coast and supported Allied operations . During this time , Amiral Charner helped to rescue several thousand Armenians from Syria during the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . She was sunk in early 1916 by a German submarine , with only a single survivor rescued . Latouche @-@ Tréville was lightly damaged in 1915 by an Ottoman shell while providing naval gunfire support during the Gallipoli Campaign . Unlike her sisters , Bruix was transferred to the Atlantic to support Allied operations against the German colony of Kamerun in September 1914 . She was briefly assigned to support Allied operations in the Dardanelles in early 1915 before she began patrolling the Aegean Sea and Greek territorial waters .
Latouche @-@ Tréville became a training ship in late 1917 and was decommissioned in 1919 . Bruix was decommissioned in Greece at the beginning of 1918 and recommissioned after the end of the war in November for service in the Black Sea against the Bolsheviks . She returned home later in 1919 and was reduced to reserve before she was sold for scrap in 1921 . Latouche @-@ Tréville was stricken from the navy list in 1920 and was sold for scrap in 1926 .
= Ruffed lemur =
The ruffed lemurs of the genus Varecia are strepsirrhine primates and the largest extant lemurs within the family Lemuridae . Like all living lemurs , they are found only on the island of Madagascar . Formerly considered to be a monotypic genus , two species are now recognized : the black @-@ and @-@ white ruffed lemur , with its three subspecies , and the red ruffed lemur .
Ruffed lemurs are diurnal and arboreal quadrupeds , often observed leaping through the upper canopy of the seasonal tropical rainforests in eastern Madagascar . They are also the most frugivorous of the Malagasy lemurs , and they are very sensitive to habitat disturbance . Ruffed lemurs live in multi @-@ male / multi @-@ female groups and have a complex and flexible social structure , described as fission @-@ fusion . They are highly vocal , and have loud , raucous calls .
Ruffed lemurs are seasonal breeders and highly unusual in their reproductive strategy . They are considered an " evolutionary enigma " in that they are the largest of the extant species in Lemuridae , yet exhibit reproductive traits more common in small , nocturnal lemurs , such as short gestation periods ( ~ 102 days ) and relatively large average litter sizes ( ~ 2 – 3 ) . Ruffed lemurs also build nests for their newborns ( the only primates that do so ) , carry them by mouth , and exhibit an absentee parental system by stashing them while they forage . Infants are altricial , although they develop relatively quickly , traveling independently in the wild after 70 days and attaining full adult size by six months .
Threatened by habitat loss and hunting , ruffed lemurs are facing extinction in the wild . However , they reproduce readily in captivity , and have been gradually re @-@ introduced into the wild since 1997 . Organizations that are involved in ruffed lemur conservation include the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust , the Lemur Conservation Foundation ( LCF ) , the Madagascar Fauna Group ( MFG ) , Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary in South Africa , Wildlife Trust , and the Duke Lemur Center ( DLC ) .
= = Evolutionary history = =
Lemurs are not known in the fossil record on Madagascar until the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs . Consequently , little is known about the evolution of ruffed lemurs , let alone the entire lemur clade , which comprises the endemic primate population of the island .
Although there is still much debate about the origins of lemurs on Madagascar , it is generally accepted that a single rafting event , similar to the one that brought New World monkeys to South America , occurred around 50 – 80 million years ago and allowed ancestral lemurs to cross the Mozambique Channel and colonize the island , which had already split from Africa ( while it was joined to the Indian subcontinent ) , approximately 160 million years ago . The resulting founder effect and either non @-@ existent or inferior competition resulted in speciation as the lemur ancestors radiated out to fill open or insufficiently guarded niches
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the Senate , he chaired the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 2003 – 2005 . In this role he was influential in convincing certain potential candidates to not run in order to avoid costly primaries in three key states during the 2004 United States Senate elections . He also played a role in the selection of Senator John Edwards as a running mate for Senator John Kerry . In 2002 , Corzine called for the resignation of United States Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Harvey Pitt .
= = = Committee assignments = = =
In the Senate , Corzine was a member of the Committees on Banking , Intelligence , the Budget , and Energy and Natural Resources .
= = Campaigns for governor = =
= = = 2005 = = =
Corzine and his opponent , Republican Doug Forrester , spent $ 73 million on their gubernatorial campaigns by the week before Election day . This included $ 38 million by Corzine and $ 19 million by Forrester for the general election . The primaries accounted for the difference . Since Corzine had spent over $ 62 million on his 2000 United States Senate elections , the combined expenditures for Corzine 's run for the Senate and governorship exceeded $ 100 million . The main campaign issues were property taxes and the Bush administration . New Jersey had averaged $ 5 @,@ 500 in 2004 property taxes , and Corzine tried to link his opponent to Bush .
The campaign for the post of Governor of New Jersey was successful with 54 % of the vote . Forrester , a businessman and a former Mayor of West Windsor Township , in Mercer County , won 43 % . Corzine received 1 @,@ 224 @,@ 493 votes to Forrester 's 985 @,@ 235 . A total of 80 @,@ 277 votes , or 3 % , were scattered among other candidates . Corzine won 13 of New Jersey 's 21 counties : Atlantic , Bergen , Burlington , Camden , Cumberland , Essex , Gloucester , Hudson , Mercer , Middlesex , Passaic , Salem , and Union . Corzine won the three most populous counties ( Bergen , Essex , and Middlesex ) , five of the top six , and seven of the top nine .
= = = 2009 = = =
Corzine ran for re @-@ election in the 2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election . Early on , Rasmussen Reports indicated that Republican challenger Chris Christie led Corzine 47 % to 38 % . Later polls showed Corzine closing the gap , and in some cases , ahead . In the end , Corzine lost the race to Christie by a margin of 48 @.@ 5 % to 44 @.@ 9 % , with 5 @.@ 8 % of the vote going to independent candidate Chris Daggett .
= = Governor of New Jersey = =
Corzine officially declined his $ 175 @,@ 000 salary in 2006 .
After taking office in January 2006 , Corzine 's approval numbers were very low . Many polls seemed to indicate that much of this negative polling was a result of the 2006 New Jersey State Government shutdown . An April 26 , 2006 , polls from Quinnipiac University Polling Institute showed Corzine at a 15 % approval with a 72 % disapproval . A February 28 , 2007 , poll from Quinnipiac University showed Corzine at 50 % approval with 34 % disapproval . When Corzine released a controversial plan to monetize the New Jersey Turnpike and the Garden State Parkway , his approval rating fell to 30 % in January 2008 .
In conjunction with this fall in approval rating , an initiative to recall the Governor was started for the first and only time ever in New Jersey history . The recall effort failed after gathering less than the required 1 @.@ 2 million signatures .
Corzine had long insisted that state employees must bear part of the cost of their health benefits after retirement . As of July 1 , 2007 , in agreements with the Communications Workers of America , the American Federation of State , County , and Municipal Employees , and the International Federation of Professional and Technical Engineers , active State employees in those unions ( as well as certain other non @-@ union employees ) are now required to contribute 1 @.@ 5 % of their salary to offset health care costs . State and local employees ’ contributions to the two largest pension systems increased by 10 % , from 5 % to 5 @.@ 5 % of their annual salaries and increased the retirement benefit age for new public employees , from 55 to 60 years . In 2008 , Corzine approved a law that increased the retirement age from 60 to 62 , required that government workers and teachers earn $ 7 @,@ 500 per year to qualify for a pension , eliminated Lincoln 's Birthday as a state worker holiday , allowed the state to offer incentives not to take health insurance and required municipal employees work 20 hours per week to get health benefits .
As part of his attempt to balance the budget , Corzine decreased funding to most programs and localities including state universities and colleges . The first of these decreases came with the 2007 budget . Rutgers University and other New Jersey state universities have raised tuition , cut hundreds of sections of classes , and several sports teams . With the latest decrease in funding for 2009 , most state institutions have less funding than they had a decade ago . Despite the $ 15 million in cuts , Rutgers went ahead with previous agreed upon raises of $ 15 million to their executive faculty . This resulted in Rutgers making $ 30 million in cuts .
Corzine has been the only New Jersey governor in recent memory to make any headway in addressing the crisis of municipal funding . While not directly touching the third rail of New Jersey governance – property taxes – Corzine 's reform of the school funding formula ( passed and signed in January 2008 ) resulted in significant relief to many New Jersey towns with outsize school costs but limited tax base . The plan survived a legal challenge and was declared constitutional by the New Jersey Supreme Court on May 28 , 2009 .
Corzine championed expanding government health and education programs . He planned to require every resident to enroll in a health plan and have taxpayers help pick up the tab for all the welfare low- and middle @-@ income residents . In June 2008 , state legislators voted for the first phase of that program mandating health care coverage and Corzine signed it into law in July .
Corzine spent some $ 200 @,@ 000 of public funds on advertisements to promote a referendum on the 2007 New Jersey ballot to borrow $ 450 million to fund stem cell research . The referendum faced strong opposition and was rejected despite the fact that $ 270 million had previously been approved to build stem cell research centers .
Corzine , a death penalty opponent , as governor supported and presided over abolition of capital punishment in New Jersey and replacing it with life imprisonment . After the legislature passed and he signed it into law , New Jersey became the first state to legislatively eliminate capital punishment since 1965 . Although the bill was not passed until late in 2007 , New Jersey had not executed any criminals since 1963 . Because the penalty was never used and often reversed upon appeal , it was viewed as a form of extended suffering for victims ' families by some supporters of its abolition . Before the enactment of the new law , he commuted the death sentences of all death row inmates to life in prison . Corzine also has supported early New Jersey efforts at gun control .
Corzine was one of several United States Governors – including Martin O 'Malley of Maryland , Mike Beebe of Arkansas , and Eliot Spitzer of New York – who were early supporters of Hillary Clinton 's 2008 presidential campaign . He raised $ 1 million for her campaign . He , Bill Clinton , Eliot Spitzer , Chuck Schumer , and Charlie Rangel
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" was watched by 2 @.@ 1 million viewers . In doing so , it suffered a 30 @-@ percent ratings drop from the season premiere " Don 't Cry on Your Birthday " , which garnered three million viewers on April 6 , 2009 . In the country , Season 5 , Part II was released as a two @-@ disc DVD set on April 27 , 2010 .
= Great Britain at the 2010 Winter Paralympics =
Great Britain competed at the 2010 Winter Paralympics held in Vancouver , Canada . The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom ; athletes from Northern Ireland , who may elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre @-@ 1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution , are able to be selected to represent either Great Britain or Ireland at the Paralympics . Kelly Gallagher became the first Northern Irish athlete to compete in the Winter Paralympics by taking part in the alpine skiing discipline . Additionally some British overseas territories compete separately from Britain in Paralympic competition . In order to be eligible to take part in the Games athletes had to have a disability that fell into one of the five Paralympics disability categories .
Great Britain fielded twelve athletes in total ; a team of five in wheelchair curling , and seven athletes in alpine skiing . The team failed to win a medal for the first time since the 2002 Games , when just two British athletes competed , and although several of the squad finished with top ten results , the overall outcome was described as disappointing . Kelly Gallagher came closest to a medal , finishing fourth in the giant slalom for visually impaired athletes . Britain will be hosting the next Games when London hosts the 2012 Summer Paralympics .
= = Disability classification = =
Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories ; amputation , the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness ; cerebral palsy ; wheelchair athletes , there is often overlap between this and other categories ; visual impairment , including blindness ; Les autres , any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories , for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis . Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications , dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition . Events are given a code , made of numbers and letters , describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing . Events with " B " in the code are for athletes with visual impairment , codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down . For the 2010 Paralympics alpine skiing events grouped athletes in to sitting , standing and visually impaired . In biathlon events , which contain a target shooting component , blind and visually impaired athletes are able to compete through the use of acoustic signals , whose signal intensity varies dependent upon whether or not the athlete is on target . Wheelchair curling , first added to the Games in 2006 in Turin , is open to athletes with a physical disability in the lower part of the body that requires the everyday use of a wheelchair . Stones may be played by hand while leaning over the side of the wheelchair , or pushed by a delivery stick .
= = Alpine skiing = =
Britain ’ s alpine skiing team consisted of four men , Russell Docker , Timothy Farr , Sean Rose and Talan Skeels @-@ Piggins , and three women Jane Sowerby , Anna Turney and Kelly Gallagher , as well as Gallagher ’ s guide , Claire Robb . Docker was competing in his third Winter Paralympics , having previously taken part in Salt Lake City and Turin . The only other British skier with previous Games experience was Rose who had also raced in Turin .
Kelly Gallagher , who became the first Northern Irish athlete to compete in the Winter Paralympics , also achieved the team 's highest finish , missing out on a medal by a single place and 3 @.@ 36 seconds in the women 's visually impaired giant slalom . Sean Rose and Anna Turney also achieved top ten finishes . Jane Sowerby 's preparations were disrupted by a broken collarbone suffered in November 2009 . She failed to finish in the slalom and was disqualified from the giant slalom due to a rolling start .
Men
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= = Wheelchair curling = =
Britain ’ s wheelchair curling team consisted of Michael McCreadie , Angela Malone , Tom Killin , Aileen Neilson and James Sellar . These five athletes , representing Scotland , had finished fifth at the 2009 World Championships . Three of the team , McCreadie , Malone and Killin , were also in the GB team which won the silver medal in the event at the 2006 Turin Games . McCreadie , who was competing in his seventh Paralympics , won two bronze medals for Lawn Bowls in the 1976 Summer Paralympics and Killin was a previous silver medalist in wheelchair fencing at the 1980 Summer Games .
Paralympic wheelchair curling is played according to the rules of the World Curling Federation , the only modification is that there is no sweeping . The sport was open to both male and female athletes who competed in mixed teams , with a requirement that each team had at least one member of each sex . The format was a round @-@ robin tournament ; each nation played all others in a group stage with the top four qualifying for medal playoffs . Great Britain won three of their nine group games , beating teams from Switzerland , Germany , and Japan . They finished in sixth position , which meant that they did not advance to the medal matches .
= Peter the Patrician =
Peter the Patrician ( Latin : Petrus Patricius , Greek : Πέτρος ὁ Πατρίκιος , Petros ho Patrikios ; c . 500 – 565 ) was a senior East Roman or Byzantine official , diplomat , and historian . A well @-@ educated and successful lawyer , he was repeatedly sent as envoy to Ostrogothic Italy in the prelude to the Gothic War of 535 – 554 . Despite his diplomatic skill , he was not able to avert war , and was imprisoned by the Goths in Ravenna for a few years . Upon his release , he was appointed to the post of magister officiorum , head of the imperial secretariat , which he held for an unparalleled 26 years . In this capacity , he was one of the leading ministers of Emperor Justinian I ( r . 527 – 565 ) , playing an important role in the Byzantine emperor 's religious policies and the relations with Sassanid Persia ; most notably he led the negotiations for the peace agreement of 562 that ended the 20 @-@ year @-@ long Lazic War . His historical writings survive only in fragments , but provide unique source material on early Byzantine ceremonies and diplomatic issues between Byzantium and the Sassanids .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early career : envoy to Italy = = =
Peter was born in Thessalonica about the year 500 , and was of Illyrian origin according to Procopius ; according to Theophylact Simocatta , however , his origin was from Solachon , near Dara in Mesopotamia . After studying law , he embarked on a successful career as a lawyer in Constantinople , which brought him to the attention of Empress Theodora . In 534 , on account of his rhetorical skills , he was employed as an imperial envoy to the Ostrogothic court at Ravenna . At the time , a power struggle was developing there between Queen Amalasuntha , regent to the young king Athalaric , and her cousin Theodah
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ad . Following the death of Athalaric , Theodahad usurped the throne , imprisoned Amalasuntha , and sent messages to Emperor Justinian hoping for recognition . Peter met the envoys at Aulon , on his way to Italy , and notified Constantinople , seeking new instructions . Emperor Justinian ordered him to convey the message to Theodahad that Amalasuntha was under the Emperor 's protection and not to be harmed . Nevertheless , at the time Peter arrived in Italy , Amalasuntha had been killed ; Procopius 's narrative in the Gothic War is ambiguous here , but in his Secret History , he explicitly claims that Peter arranged the murder of Amalasuntha on instructions from Theodora , who feared her as a potential rival for Justinian 's attentions . Whatever assurances might have been privately given by Theodora to Theodahad , in public , Peter strongly condemned the act , and declared that there would be " war without truce between the emperor and themselves " as a result .
Peter then returned to Constantinople with letters from Theodahad and the Roman Senate to the imperial couple , bearing pleas for a peaceful solution , but by the time he reached the imperial capital , Emperor Justinian had resolved on war and was preparing his forces . Consequently , Peter returned to Italy in the summer of 535 conveying an ultimatum : only if Theodahad abdicated and returned Italy to imperial rule , could war be averted . A two @-@ pronged Byzantine offensive followed soon thereafter , attacking the outlying possessions of the Ostrogothic kingdom : Belisarius took Sicily , while Mundus invaded Dalmatia . Upon hearing these news , Theodahad despaired , and Peter was able to secure wide @-@ ranging concessions from him : Sicily was to be ceded to the Byzantine Empire ; the Gothic king 's authority within Italy was severely restricted ; a gold crown was to be sent as an annual tribute and up to 3 @,@ 000 men were to be provided for the imperial army , underlining Theodahad 's subject status . Theodahad , however , fearing that his first offer would be rejected , then instructed Peter , under oath , to offer the cession of all Italy , but only if the original concessions were rejected by Justinian . In the event , Justinian rejected the first proposal , and was delighted to learn of the second one . Peter was sent back to Italy with Athanasius , bearing letters to Theodahad and the Gothic nobles , and for a time it seemed as if the cradle of the Roman Empire would return peacefully to the fold . It was not to be : upon their arrival in Ravenna , the Byzantine envoys found Theodahad in a changed disposition . Supported by the Gothic nobility and buoyed up by a success against Mundus in Dalmatia , he resolved to resist , and imprisoned the ambassadors .
= = = Magister officiorum = = =
Peter remained imprisoned in Ravenna for three years , until released in June / July 539 by the new Gothic king , Witigis , in exchange for Gothic envoys sent to Persia who had been captured by the Byzantines . As a reward for his services , Emperor Justinian then appointed Peter to the post of magister officiorum ( " Master of the Offices " ) , one of the highest positions in the state , heading the palace secretariat , the imperial guards ( the Scholae Palatinae ) , and the Public Post with the dreaded agentes in rebus . He would hold this post for 26 consecutive years , longer by a wide margin than any other before or after . At about the same time or shortly thereafter , he was raised to the supreme title of patrician and the supreme senatorial rank of gloriosissimus ( " most glorious one " ) . He was also awarded an honorary consulship . As magister , he took part in the discussions with Western bishops in 548 on the Three @-@ Chapter Controversy , and was repeatedly sent as an envoy in 551 – 553 to Pope Vigilius , who opposed the emperor on the issue . Peter is also recorded as attending the Second Council of Constantinople in May 553 .
In 550 , he was sent as envoy by Justinian to negotiate a peace treaty with Persia , a role he reprised in 561 , when he met the Persian envoy Izedh Gushnap at Dara , to end the Lazic War . Reaching an agreement over the Persian evacuation of Lazica and the delineation of the border in Armenia , the two envoys concluded a fifty @-@ year peace between the two empires and their respective allies . The annual Roman subsidies to Persia would resume , but the amount was lowered from 500 to 420 pounds of gold . Further clauses regulated cross @-@ border trade , which was to be limited to the two cities of Dara and Nisibis , the return of fugitives , and the protection of the respective religious minorities ( Christians in the Persian Empire and Zoroastrians in Byzantium ) . In exchange for Persian recognition for the existence of Dara , whose construction had originally sparked a brief war , the Byzantines agreed to limit their troops there and remove the seat of the magister militum per Orientem from the city . As disagreements remained on two border areas , Suania and Ambros , in spring 562 , Peter travelled to Persia to negotiate directly with the Persian Shah , Chosroes I , without however achieving a result . He then returned to Constantinople , where he died sometime after March 565 .
His son Theodore , nicknamed Kontocheres or Zetonoumios , would succeed him as magister officiorum in 566 , after a brief interval where the post was held
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Academy , Emily became friendly with Leonard Humphrey , its popular new young principal . After finishing her final term at the Academy on August 10 , 1847 , Dickinson began attending Mary Lyon 's Mount Holyoke Female Seminary ( which later became Mount Holyoke College ) in South Hadley , about ten miles ( 16 km ) from Amherst . She was at the seminary for only ten months . Although she liked the girls at Holyoke , Dickinson made no lasting friendships there . The explanations for her brief stay at Holyoke differ considerably : either she was in poor health , her father wanted to have her at home , she rebelled against the evangelical fervor present at the school , she disliked the discipline @-@ minded teachers , or she was simply homesick . Whatever the specific reason for leaving Holyoke , her brother Austin appeared on March 25 , 1848 , to " bring [ her ] home at all events " . Back in Amherst , Dickinson occupied her time with household activities . She took up baking for the family and enjoyed attending local events and activities in the budding college town .
= = = Early influences and writing = = =
When she was eighteen , Dickinson 's family befriended a young attorney by the name of Benjamin Franklin Newton . According to a letter written by Dickinson after Newton 's death , he had been " with my Father two years , before going to Worcester – in pursuing his studies , and was much in our family . " Although their relationship was probably not romantic , Newton was a formative influence and would become the second in a series of older men ( after Humphrey ) that Dickinson referred to , variously , as her tutor , preceptor or master .
Newton likely introduced her to the writings of William Wordsworth , and his gift to her of Ralph Waldo Emerson 's first book of collected poems had a liberating effect . She wrote later that he , " whose name my Father 's Law Student taught me , has touched the secret Spring " . Newton held her in high regard , believing in and recognizing her as a poet . When he was dying of tuberculosis , he wrote to her , saying that he would like to live until she achieved the greatness he foresaw . Biographers believe that Dickinson 's statement of 1862 — " When a little Girl , I had a friend , who taught me Immortality – but venturing too near , himself – he never returned " — refers to Newton .
Dickinson was familiar not only with the Bible but also with contemporary popular literature . She was probably influenced by Lydia Maria Child 's Letters from New York , another gift from Newton ( after reading it , she gushed " This then is a book ! And there are more of them ! " ) . Her brother smuggled a copy of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's Kavanagh into the house for her ( because her father might disapprove ) and a friend lent her Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre in late 1849 . Jane Eyre 's influence cannot be measured , but when Dickinson acquired her first and only dog , a Newfoundland , she named him " Carlo " after the character St. John Rivers ' dog . William Shakespeare was also a potent influence in her life . Referring to his plays , she wrote to one friend " Why clasp any hand but this ? " and to another , " Why is any other book needed ? "
= = = Adulthood and seclusion = = =
In early 1850 , Dickinson wrote that " Amherst is alive with fun this winter ... Oh , a very great town this is ! " Her high spirits soon turned to melancholy after another death . The Amherst Academy principal , Leonard Humphrey , died suddenly of " brain congestion " at age 25 . Two years after his death , she revealed to her friend Abiah Root the extent of her depression :
some of my friends are gone , and some of my
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friends are sleeping – sleeping the churchyard sleep – the hour of evening is sad – it was once my study hour – my master has gone to rest , and the open leaf of the book , and the scholar at school alone , make the tears come , and I cannot brush them away ; I would not if I could , for they are the only tribute I can pay the departed Humphrey .
During the 1850s , Emily 's strongest and most affectionate relationship was with her sister @-@ in @-@ law , Susan Gilbert . Emily eventually sent her over three hundred letters , more than to any other correspondent , over the course of their friendship . Susan was supportive of the poet , playing the role of " most beloved friend , influence , muse , and adviser " whose editorial suggestions Dickinson sometimes followed , Sue played a primary role in Emily 's creative processes . " Sue married Austin in 1856 after a four @-@ year courtship , though their marriage was not a happy one . Edward Dickinson built a house for Austin and Sue naming it the Evergreens , a stand of which was located on the west side of the Homestead . There is controversy over how to view Emily 's friendship with Susan ; according to a point of view first promoted by Mabel Loomis Todd , Austin 's longtime mistress , Emily 's missives typically dealt with demands for Sue 's affection and the fear of unrequited admiration . Todd believed that because Sue was often aloof and disagreeable , Emily was continually hurt by what was mostly a tempestuous friendship . However , the notion of a " cruel " Susan — as promoted by her romantic rival — has been questioned , most especially by Sue and Austin 's surviving children , with whom Emily was close .
Until 1855 , Dickinson had not strayed far from Amherst . That spring , accompanied by her mother and sister , she took one of her longest and farthest trips away from home . First , they spent three weeks in Washington , where her father was representing Massachusetts in Congress . Then they went to Philadelphia for two weeks to visit family . In Philadelphia , she met Charles Wadsworth , a famous minister of the Arch Street Presbyterian Church , with whom she forged a strong friendship which lasted until his death in 1882 . Despite seeing him only twice after 1855 ( he moved to San Francisco in 1862 ) , she variously referred to him as " my Philadelphia " , " my Clergyman " , " my dearest earthly friend " and " my Shepherd from ' Little Girl 'hood " .
From the mid @-@ 1850s , Emily 's mother became effectively bedridden with various chronic illnesses until her death in 1882 . Writing to a friend in summer 1858 , Emily said that she would visit if she could leave " home , or mother . I do not go out at all , lest father will come and miss me , or miss some little act , which I might forget , should I run away – Mother is much as usual . I Know not what to hope of her " . As her mother continued to decline , Dickinson 's domestic responsibilities weighed more heavily upon her and she confined herself within the Homestead . Forty years later , Lavinia stated that because their mother was chronically ill , one of the daughters had to remain always with her . Emily took this role as her own , and " finding the life with her books and nature so congenial , continued to live it " .
Withdrawing more and more from the outside world , Emily began in the summer of 1858 what would be her lasting legacy . Reviewing poems she had written previously , she began making clean copies of her work , assembling carefully pieced @-@ together manuscript books . The forty fascicles she created from 1858 through 1865 eventually held nearly eight hundred poems . No one was aware of the existence of these books until after her death .
In the late 1850s , the Dickinsons befriended Samuel Bowles , the owner and editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the Springfield Republican , and his wife , Mary . They visited the Dickinsons regularly for years to come . During this time Emily sent him over three dozen letters and nearly fifty poems . Their friendship brought out some of her most intense writing and Bowles published a few of her poems in his journal . It was from 1858 to 1861 that Dickinson is believed to have written a trio of letters that have been called " The Master Letters " . These three letters , drafted to an unknown man simply referred to as " Master " , continue to be the subject of speculation and contention amongst scholars .
The first half of the 1860s , after she had largely withdrawn from social life , proved to be Dickinson 's most productive writing period . Modern scholars and researchers are divided as to the cause for Dickinson 's withdrawal and extreme seclusion . While she was diagnosed as having " nervous prostration " by a physician during her lifetime , some today believe she may have suffered from illnesses as various as agoraphobia and epilepsy .
= = = Is " my Verse ... alive ? " = = =
In April 1862 , Thomas Wentworth Higginson , a literary critic , radical abolitionist , and ex @-@ minister , wrote a lead piece for The Atlantic Monthly entitled , " Letter to a Young Contributor " . Higginson 's essay , in which he urged aspiring writers to " charge your style with life " , contained practical advice for those wishing to break into print . Dickinson 's decision to contact Higginson suggests that by 1862 she was contemplating publication and that it may have become increasingly difficult to write poetry without an audience . Seeking literary guidance that no one close to her could provide , Dickinson sent him a letter which read in full :
Mr Higginson ,
Are you too deeply occupied to say if my Verse is alive ?
The Mind is so near itself – it cannot see , distinctly – and I have none to ask –
Should you think it breathed – and had you the leisure to tell me , I should feel quick gratitude –
If I make the mistake – that you dared to tell me – would give me sincerer honor – toward you –
I enclose my name – asking you , if you please – Sir – to tell me what is true ?
That you will not betray me – it is needless to ask – since Honor is it 's [ sic ] own pawn –
This highly nuanced and largely theatrical letter was unsigned , but she had included her name on a card and enclosed it in an envelope , along with four of her poems . He praised her work but suggested that she delay publishing until she had written longer , being unaware that she had already appeared in print . She assured him that publishing was as foreign to her " as Firmament to Fin " , but also proposed that " If fame belonged to me , I could not escape her " . Dickinson delighted in dramatic self @-@ characterization and mystery in her letters to Higginson . She said of herself , " I am small , like the wren , and my hair is bold , like the chestnut bur , and my eyes like the sherry in the glass that the guest leaves . " She stressed her solitary nature , stating that her only real companions were the hills , the sundown , and her dog , Carlo . She also mentioned that whereas her mother did not " care for Thought " , her father bought her books , but begged her " not to read them – because he fears they joggle the Mind " .
Dickinson valued his advice , going from calling him " Mr. Higginson " to " Dear friend " as well as signing her letters , " Your Gnome " and " Your Scholar " . His interest in her work certainly provided great moral support ; many years later , Dickinson told Higginson that he had saved her life in 1862 . They corresponded until her death , but her difficulty in expressing her literary needs and a reluctance to enter into a cooperative exchange left Higginson nonplussed ; he did not press her to publish in subsequent correspondence . Dickinson 's own ambivalence on the matter militated against the likelihood of publication . Literary critic Edmund Wilson , in his review of Civil War literature , surmised that " with encouragement , she would certainly have published " .
= = = The woman in white = = =
In direct opposition to the immense productivity that she displayed in the early 1860s , Dickinson wrote fewer poems in 1866 . Beset with personal loss as well as loss of domestic help , Dickinson may have been too overcome to keep up her previous level of writing . Carlo died during this time after providing sixteen years of companionship ; Dickinson never owned another dog . Although the household servant of nine years , Margaret O Brien , had married and left the Homestead that same year , it was not until 1869 that her family brought in a permanent household servant , Margaret Maher , to replace the old one . Emily once again was responsible for chores , including the baking , at which she excelled .
Around this time , Dickinson 's behavior began to change . She did not leave the Homestead unless it was absolutely necessary and as early as 1867 , she began to talk to visitors from the other side of a door rather than speaking to them face to face . She acquired local notoriety ; she was rarely seen , and when
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she was , she was usually clothed in white . Dickinson 's one surviving article of clothing is a white cotton dress , possibly sewn circa 1878 – 1882 . Few of the locals who exchanged messages with Dickinson during her last fifteen years ever saw her in person . Austin and his family began to protect Emily 's privacy , deciding that she was not to be a subject of discussion with outsiders . Despite her physical seclusion , however , Dickinson was socially active and expressive through what makes up two @-@ thirds of her surviving notes and letters . When visitors came to either the Homestead or the Evergreens , she would often leave or send over small gifts of poems or flowers . Dickinson also had a good rapport with the children in her life . Mattie Dickinson , the second child of Austin and Sue , later said that " Aunt Emily stood for indulgence . " MacGregor ( Mac ) Jenkins , the son of family friends who later wrote a short article in 1891 called " A Child 's Recollection of Emily Dickinson " , thought of her as always offering support to the neighborhood children .
When Higginson urged her to come to Boston in 1868 so that they could formally meet for the first time , she declined , writing : " Could it please your convenience to come so far as Amherst I should be very glad , but I do not cross my Father 's ground to any House or town " . It was not until he came to Amherst in 1870 that they met . Later he referred to her , in the most detailed and vivid physical account of her on record , as " a little plain woman with two smooth bands of reddish hair ... in a very plain & exquisitely clean white pique & a blue net worsted shawl . " He also felt that he never was " with any one who drained my nerve power so much . Without touching her , she drew from me . I am glad not to live near her . "
= = = Posies and poesies = = =
Scholar Judith Farr notes that Dickinson , during her lifetime , " was known more widely as a gardener , perhaps , than as a poet " . Dickinson studied botany from the age of nine and , along with her sister , tended the garden at Homestead . During her lifetime , she assembled a collection of pressed plants in a sixty @-@ six page leather @-@ bound herbarium . It contained 424 pressed flower specimens that she collected , classified , and labeled using the Linnaean system . The Homestead garden was well @-@ known and admired locally in its time . It has not survived but efforts to revive it have begun . Dickinson kept no garden notebooks or plant lists , but a clear impression can be formed from the letters and recollections of friends and family . Her niece , Martha Dickinson Bianchi , remembered " carpets of lily @-@ of @-@ the @-@ valley and pansies , platoons of sweetpeas , hyacinths , enough in May to give all the bees of summer dyspepsia . There were ribbons of peony hedges and drifts of daffodils in season , marigolds to distraction — a butterfly utopia " . In particular , Dickinson cultivated scented exotic flowers , writing that she " could inhabit the Spice Isles merely by crossing the dining room to the conservatory , where the plants hang in baskets " . Dickinson would often send her friends bunches of flowers with verses attached , but " they valued the posy more than the poetry " .
= = = Later life = = =
On June 16 , 1874 , while in Boston , Edward Dickinson suffered a stroke and died . When the simple funeral was held in the Homestead 's entrance hall , Emily stayed in her room with the door cracked open . Neither did she attend the memorial service on June 28 . She wrote to Higginson that her father 's " Heart was pure and terrible and I think no other like it exists . " A year later , on June 15 , 1875 , Emily 's mother also suffered a stroke , which produced a partial lateral paralysis and impaired memory . Lamenting her mother 's increasing physical as well as mental demands , Emily wrote that " Home is so far from Home " .
Otis Phillips Lord , an elderly judge on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from Salem , in 1872 or 1873 became an acquaintance of Dickinson 's . After the death of Lord 's wife in 1877 , his friendship with Dickinson probably became a late @-@ life romance , though as their letters were destroyed , this is surmised . Dickinson found a kindred soul in Lord , especially in terms of shared literary interests ; the few letters which survived contain multiple quotations of Shakespeare 's work , including the plays Othello , Antony and Cleopatra , Hamlet and King Lear . In 1880 he gave her Cowden Clarke 's Complete Concordance to Shakespeare ( 1877 ) . Dickinson wrote that " While others go to Church , I go to mine , for are you not my Church , and have we not a Hymn that no one knows but us ? " She referred to him as " My lovely Salem " and they wrote to each other religiously every Sunday . Dickinson looked forward to this day greatly ; a surviving fragment of a letter written by her states that " Tuesday is a deeply depressed Day " .
After being critically ill for several years , Judge Lord died in March 1884 . Dickinson referred to him as " our latest Lost "
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the band solidified their place in the electronica scene with their 2001 debut album , Melody A.M. , released on the Wall of Sound record label .
Röyksopp consistently experimented with various genres pertaining to electronic music . Stylistically , the band makes use of various genres , including ambient , house music and synthpop . The band is also known for its elaborate concert performances , which often feature eccentric outfits .
Since their 1998 debut , the duo gained critical acclaim and popular success around the world . To date , Röyksopp has been nominated for one Grammy Award , won seven Spellemannprisen awards , performed worldwide tours , and produced albums which have topped the charts in several countries , including four consecutive number @-@ one albums in their native Norway .
= = History = =
= = = 1990 – 97 : Origins = = =
Svein Berge and Torbjørn Brundtland were introduced at a friend 's house in Tromsø , Norway , and began experimenting with electronic instruments in the early 1990s as a part of the Tromsø techno scene . The two met when Berge was 12 years old and Brundtland was 13 , and the two began playing music together due to a shared interest in electronica . Their childhood in Tromsø and the natural scenery of Northern Norway have often been mentioned as some of their most important inspirations . The pair separated before obtaining any popular success with their music , but reunited with each other in 1998 in Bergen , Norway .
Bergen , a city of 212 @,@ 944 people in 1990 , had overtaken Tromsø 's position as the most vital scene for underground electronic music in Norway , and Röyksopp worked with other Norwegian musicians like Frost , Those Norwegians , Drum Island , and Kings of Convenience 's guitarist and singer Erlend Øye in what was called the Bergen Wave . During this time , the duo befriended Geir Jenssen . Under the tutelage of Jenssen , the duo started a band called Aedena Cycle with Gaute Barlindhaug and Kolbjørn Lyslo . In 1994 Aedena Cycle recorded a vinyl EP called Traveler 's Dreams . The EP was released under the R & S Records sublabel Apollo . Following the release of the EP , Jenssen almost convinced the band to sign a full record deal with Apollo Records .
= = = 1998 – 2000 : Early years = = =
After recording as part of Aedena Cycle , Berge and Brundtland left the group to form their own band , Röyksopp . The word röyksopp is a stylized version of the Norwegian word for the puffball mushroom , " røyksopp " . The band has stated that the word could also evoke the mushroom cloud resulting from an atomic blast .
Röyksopp 's debut single was released by local Bergen Wave @-@ era independent label Tellé . Röyksopp 's first single " So Easy " , which was later re @-@ released on their first album , was the second record released by Tellé . After being used in a UK T @-@ Mobile advertisement , " So Easy " became popular in the UK market and was later re @-@ released , combined with their later hit single " Remind Me " .
= = = 2001 – 04 : Melody A.M. and early success = = =
After leaving Tellé , the band signed with British label Wall of Sound and released Melody A.M. , which became certified platinum in the band 's native Norway and sold over a million copies worldwide . The album peaked at number one in Norway , and produced the UK Top 40 singles " Eple " , " Poor Leno " , and " Remind Me " . A final single , " Sparks " , was also released . Eple ( IPA : [ ˈɛplə ] ) – meaning " apple " in Norwegian – was licensed by Apple Inc. for use as the welcome music to the company 's Mac OS X Panther operating system , playing the first time a user booted a new Apple @-@ brand computer .
The band 's popularity was boosted by several graphically experimental music videos , many of which were put into heavy rotation by MTV . The music video for " Remind Me " , featuring an infographic @-@ style video by French company H5 , won the 2002 MTV Europe Music Award for best music video . In this same event the duo was nominated in three more categories : " Best Nordic Act " , " Best New Artist " and " Best Dance Act " . The duo performed the song " Poor Leno " at the event . One year later they received a nomination for " Best Group " at the Brit Awards .
During this period Röyksopp slowly gained popularity in the United States . " Remind Me " , one of the two Röyksopp and Erlend Øye collaborations found on Melody A.M. , was featured in a Geico car insurance commercial . The commercial was the fourth of the " It 's so easy a caveman could do it " ads , and featured said caveman riding a moving sidewalk in an airport terminal when he comes across a poster displaying the advertisement campaign .
During this time , Röyksopp were approached to compose the soundtrack for The Matrix Reloaded , although they declined the offer .
= = = 2005 – 08 : The Understanding = = =
Röyksopp 's second studio album , The Understanding , was released on 12 July 2005 , preceded by the single " Only This Moment " on 27 June 2005 . The single managed to peak at number 33 in the United Kingdom . The video for " Only This Moment " is closely based on the events of the Paris 1968 riots , and elements of propaganda are found throughout the video clip . The album 's second single , " 49 Percent " , with the vocals of Chelonis R. Jones was released on 26 September 2005 . A third single , " What Else Is There ? " , including vocals from Swedish singer Karin Dreijer " Fever Ray " Andersson of The Knife , became the album 's biggest hit , peaking at number 32 in the United Kingdom , and at number four in Norway . " Beautiful Day Without You " was the album 's fourth single , and a non @-@ album track , " Curves " , was also released .
Building upon the success of Melody A.M. , The Understanding was very successful in Europe . The album peaked at number one in Norway , and at number 13 in the UK . During this time , Röyksopp 's popularity continued to increase in the United States . The album charted on many Billboard charts , and peaked at number two on the Top Electronic Albums chart , number 22 on the Top Heatseekers chart , and number 32 on the Top Independent Albums .
After the release of The Understanding , some of Röyksopp 's singles were licensed for movie appearances . " What Else Is There ? " was featured during a scene in the 2007 American film Meet Bill and during the end credits of the 2006 British film Cashback , and " Circuit Breaker " was used in the 2007 snowboard film Picture This .
On 19 June 2006 , Röyksopp released a nine @-@ track live album called Röyksopp 's Night Out . Notably , the album contains a reinterpretation of the song " Go with the Flow " , originally by Queens of the Stone Age .
On 5 March 2007 , Röyksopp compiled their favourite tracks by other artists for the Back to Mine series . Called Back to Mine : Röyksopp , the album was released in the US on 5 March 2007 , and in the UK on 27 April 2007 . The album also includes their
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commented the track " has enough star power to dwarf our own sun " and added that it " puts enough of a spin on the original version to make it worth a spin on its own . " Samesame.com.au stated that Minaj 's rap was " fantastic " , and that although Kesha 's verse was " a little strange " , it also " works , but [ ... ] further emphasises what a poor choice for single Till The World Ends was in the first place , as the song sounds even more like a B @-@ side to Ke $ ha ’ s Cannibal EP . " Maura Johnston of The Village Voice highlighted the breakdown and Minaj " who seems particularly energized here , stretching and bending her voice like it 's a Plasticman doll . " Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly said that " like most remixes , we ’ ll stick with the original " . Anderson also stated that Kesha 's contribution is " generally ignorable " and that Minaj 's rap does not flow well with the rest of the song . Pitchfork Media included the Femme Fatale Remix in their Top 100 Tracks of 2011 list , writing :
" ' Till the World Ends ' was already the best Britney single since ' Toxic ' , an ecstatic Euroclub floor @-@ filler about wanting to dance until the world ends and other important matters . Then they added the Nicki Minaj verse . In her 45 @-@ second evisceration , Nicki manages to squeeze in chicken noises and the words ' poultry ' , ' Epsom salt ' , and ' Ricki Lake ' -- not to mention the immortal diss ' Sniff , sniff , criiiies / I done slayed your entire fucking liiiiife . ' ( Fact : In 2011 , pretty much any song in the world could be made infinitely better by the addition of a Nicki Minaj verse . ) Sprinkle a little bit of Ke $ ha , the song 's co @-@ writer , on the chorus , and you 've got a three @-@ headed diva Hydra that sums up the recent changing of the femme pop guard from airbrushed and perfect to ( relatively ) weird and chaotic . It 's the year 's greatest quickie cash @-@ in remix created to boost the chart position of a floundering single . Considering the ubiquity of the practice , that 's saying something . "
= = Chart performance = =
" Till the World Ends " sold 117 @,@ 000 copies after its first three days of sales in the United States , debuting at number twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week of March 19 , 2011 . It became the fifth highest debut of her twenty @-@ five entries on the chart . It also debuted at number ten on the Hot Digital Songs chart , and at number sixty @-@ eight on the Radio Songs chart ; on the latter chart , the song debuted at number sixty @-@ eight with 16 @.@ 8 million impressions on 145 stations . On the issue dated March 17 , 2011 , " Till the World Ends " sold 158 @,@ 000 downloads ( up 36 % ) , peaking at number five on the Hot Digital Songs chart . On the Hot 100 , it climbed to number nine , becoming her tenth top ten hit . The song also jumped to number forty @-@ seven on the Radio Songs chart with 26 million impressions ( up 56 % ) , and debuted at number twenty @-@ six on the Pop Songs chart . It later peaked at number four . The following week , " Till the World Ends " dropped out of the top ten of the Hot 100 ; it returned three weeks later at number eight , on April 13 , 2011 . Following the release of the remix featuring Nicki Minaj and Kesha , the song peaked at number three on the Hot Digital Songs chart , with combined sales of 246 @,@ 000 downloads ( up 102 % ) . The remix accounted for 167 @,@ 000 copies ( 68 % ) of the total sales . " Till the World Ends " also peaked at number three on the Hot 100 , becoming Spears 's eleventh top @-@ ten hit and her third of 2011 after " Hold It Against Me " and the " S & M " remix with Rihanna . In May 2011 , the song peaked at number 4 on the airplay chart , her highest @-@ charting song on the radio in her entire career . " Till the World Ends " became Spears 's seventh number @-@ one dance song when it topped the chart in May
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2011 . On the week of July 10 , 2011 , the song surpassed two million downloads in the United States . As of March 2015 , " Till the World Ends " has sold 2 @.@ 9 million copies in the United States .
The single debuted at number sixteen on the Canadian Hot 100 , and climbed to number seven the next week . Following the release of the remix , " Till the World Ends " peaked at number four . On March 14 , 2011 , the song debuted at number nineteen on the ARIA Charts of Australia . It climbed to number eight on the week of April 25 , 2011 , where it stayed for two consecutive weeks . " Till the World Ends " stayed for sixteen weeks on the chart . It has since been certified 2x Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 140 @,@ 000 units . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number ten on March 14 , 2011 . It stayed for seventeen weeks on the chart . On March 10 , 2011 , " Till the World Ends " debuted at number seven on the Irish Singles Chart . In the United Kingdom , " Till the World Ends " debuted at number fifty @-@ five on March 7 , 2011 , and moved to number twenty @-@ one the following week . It became her second lowest peaking single behind " Radar " ( 2009 ) and her lowest peaking second single from a studio release . Across Europe , the song has peaked at number two in Norway ; number four in Sweden ; number six in Belgium ( Wallonia ) and Finland ; number seven in Denmark and Switzerland ; number eight in France and Slovakia ; and the top twenty in Brazil , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Czech Republic , Greece and Spain .
= = Music video = =
= = = Development = = =
The music video for " Till the World Ends " was directed by Ray Kay and filmed inside a basement in Los Angeles , California . On March 17 , 2011 , Spears posted on her Twitter account , " Day 1 of the # TTWE Videoshoot . Just wrapped my first big dance number . Taking a well deserved break people ! " She also tweeted a picture of her on set , wearing ripped tights , a Burberry Prorsum studded leather jacket and matching fingerless leather gloves . The making @-@ of was chronicled on the special Britney Spears : I Am the Femme Fatale , which aired on MTV on April 3 , 2011 , at 21 : 00 EST ( 02 : 00 UTC ) . In the special , Spears is seen watching the playback , as she later explained , " [ It is ] just to make sure it 's right and that the costume looks right and the dancers are together and we all look in unison . It 's an energy and it looks fresh . It has a certain vibe with it and it makes sense . " She also went on to describe the set as " grimy and gross [ ... ] It was sweat and it was disgusting sometimes " . At a point in the shoot , Spears changed her heels to Ugg boots during the shots that did not show her feet , stating that " [ Dancing in heels ] hurts ... but it looks good . It wasn 't a full @-@ length shot , so a girl 's about comfort when it 's not showing . " " Till the World Ends " is nearly the 40th music video Spears made in her career . Spears said that she did not feel the need to top herself , saying that " I 've made so many videos that I 'm at the point that I genuinely want to enjoy myself , and I have such a good team of people with me . [ ... ] I had never worked with Ray Kay before . I was really happy with the work we did . " The video was choreographed by Brian Friedman . On April 4 , 2011 , it was announced that two different versions of the music video would be released , a director 's cut and a choreography cut . The same day , Spears tweeted a 30 @-@ second preview of the video , announcing , " # TillTheWorldEnds video premieres THIS Wednesday on VEVO . Cant wait to share it with you guys ! " " Till the World Ends " became at the Spears second VEVOcertified music video on YouTube .
= = = Director 's cut = = =
The video begins with the words " December 21st , 2012 " flashing on screen , the day that refers to the fulfillment of the Great Cycle , Baktun in the Mayan calendar . While Spears appears strutting in an underground party wearing a studded leather jacket and stockings . Several people are seen running to a manhole and enter the sewer system to arrive to the party . This is followed by a dance routine in which Spears is wearing a sequined bodysuit and a small jacket with shoulder pads accompanied by female dancers . During the video , there are scenes of buildings burning and debris falling , as well as intercut scenes of Spears in front of an illuminated background . As the second verse begins , she dances provocatively with her male dancers . In the last chorus , the sun rises while water is sprayed through the dance floor and the earthquake and meteor shower subside . The video ends with Spears coming out of a manhole wearing the red bodysuit and smiling .
The director 's cut premiered on April 6 , 2011 at 03 : 00 EST ( 08 : 00 UTC ) . Kevin O 'Donnell of Spin compared the " Till the World Ends " video to " I 'm Slave 4 U " and added that it takes elements of classic Spears videos , such as " scantily @-@ clad dancers , tightly executed choreography , ridonkulously sequined outfits , and pouty , overly sincere close @-@ ups of Spears " and " places them in an apocalyptic , end @-@ of @-@ days scenario . " Jocelyn Vena of MTV also highlighted the comparisons to " I 'm a Slave 4 U " , explaining that " the director 's cut of the video is a sexy mash @-@ up of Spears doing what she does best : groping half @-@ naked guys , giving the camera bedroom eyes and being sassy in a number of leather jackets and skintight bodysuits . " Chris Gayomali of Time stated that the video " [ i ] s sweaty , at times blinding , yet undeniably enjoyable , adopting many of its key elements from Britney 's coming @-@ of @-@ age ' I 'm a Slave 4 U. ' " Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone called it " a good , memorable video . " Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly said it " is exactly what you ’ d expect for this song , and from Britney at this point in her career " , and also complimented Spears for getting rid of the product placement in the " Hold It Against Me " video .
Wesley Case of The Baltimore Sun stated that video " is typical 2011 party @-@ starter — sweaty bodies , futuristic DJ @-@ gear
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, well @-@ timed faulty sprinkler system — but it captures the track 's raging mood perfectly . " Gina Serpe of E ! Online also compared the video to " I 'm a Slave 4 U " , saying , " [ There 's ] nothing wrong with a little nod to vintage Britney . Plus , sweaty dancers in underground tunnels pulsing and writhing in sync to the music ? Seems like as good a way as any to survive the apocalypse . " Willa Paskin of New York commented that Spears " tries hard not to make the same mistakes as the inadvertently depressing ' Hold It Against Me . ' There 's more dancing — though it 's still largely arm @-@ related — and much , much more smiling . " The music video was nominated at the 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards in the category of International Video of the Year — Artist , but lost to Lady Gaga 's " Judas " . It also received two nominations at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards in the categories of Best Pop Video and Best Choreography . Spears told MTV News she was " completely flattered " by the nominations . She lost Best Choreography to Beyoncé 's " Run the World ( Girls ) " , but won Best Pop Video .
= = = Choreography cut = = =
The video is similar to the director 's cut , but has a few differences . The choreography cut offers lengthier shots of Spears and her dancers , and much of the apocalypse storyline is edited out . The clip 's ending is also different from the original : instead of emerging from the manhole Spears just looks into the camera , apparently still hiding in the underground party and hinting at a darker ending in which the world does end . On April 9 , 2011 , Spears tweeted that she had seen the final cut of the dance version , and was not sure which one she liked best . Ray Kay tweeted on April 14 , 2011 , that the original version of the video was better , " but it 's fun to watch the choreography too . " The video , titled " DANCE Till the World Ends " premiered on April 15 , 2011 . Leah Collins of Dose commented , " sorry , Team Britney , but if any of you were hoping to pass off Spears ’ anemic performance in the original as the result of unfortunate editing , this clip isn ’ t exactly going to bring anyone back on side . "
= = = Twister Remix = = =
An accompanying music video for the Twister Remix of " Till the World Ends " was also directed by Ray Kay , and released on September 8 , 2012 . For the music video , Spears sported a $ 20 @,@ 000 sports bra and black leggins from Body Rock . It begins with four girls talking and resting in a dance studio . Once Spears enters the room and starts playing Twister with the girls , the scenario changes to a stage with a colorful background , and they all start performing a dance routine to a remix of the song .
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console which was sold with the game . The package included a Resident Evil Premium Theme for the Xbox 360 Dashboard and a voucher for Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix from Xbox Live .
Resident Evil 5 was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in March 2009 , and Capcom released a dedicated Game Space on PlayStation Home . The space , Resident Evil 5 " Studio Lot " ( Biohazard 5 " Film Studio " in Japan ) , had as its theme the in @-@ game location of Kijuju . Its lounge offered Resident Evil 5 @-@ related items for sale , events and full game @-@ launching support . Some areas of the space were available only to owners of Resident Evil 5 . The space was released on March 5 , 2009 in all PlayStation Home regions , and was retired in 2012 . A Microsoft Windows version was released in September 2009 . This version , using Nvidia 's 3D Vision technology through DirectX 10 , includes additional costumes and a new mode in the Mercenaries minigame . Resident Evil 5 was re @-@ released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on June 28 , 2016 , with a physical disc copy following in the Americas on July 12 , 2016 . Resident Evil 5 was re @-@ released on Shield Android TV in May 2016 .
= = Additional content = =
Shortly before the release of Resident Evil 5 it was announced that a competitive multiplayer mode , Versus , would be available for download in several weeks . Versus became available for download in Europe and North America on April 7 , 2009 on the Xbox Live Marketplace and the PlayStation Store . Versus has two online game types : " Slayers " ( a point @-@ based game challenging players to kill Majini ) and " Survivors " , where players hunt each other while dodging and attacking Majini . Both modes can be played by two @-@ player teams . The Microsoft Windows version of Resident Evil 5 originally did not support downloadable content ( DLC ) .
During Sony 's press conference at the 2009 Tokyo Game Show Capcom announced that a special edition of the game , Biohazard 5 : Alternative Edition , would be released in Japan for the PlayStation 3 in the spring of 2010 . This edition supports the PlayStation Move accessory and includes a new scenario , " Lost in Nightmares " , where Chris Redfield and Jill Valentine infiltrate one of Oswell E. Spencer 's estates in 2006 . Another special edition of the game , Resident Evil 5 : Gold Edition , was released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in North America and Europe . Gold Edition includes " Lost in Nightmares " and another campaign @-@ expansion episode , " Desperate Escape " , where players control Josh Stone and Jill Valentine as they assist Chris and Sheva . The edition also includes the previously released Versus mode , four new costumes and an alternate Mercenaries mode with eight new playable characters , new items and maps . Like Alternative Edition , Gold Edition supports the PlayStation Move accessory with a patch released on September 14 , 2010 .
In addition to Gold Edition both episodes and costume packs are available as DLC , with two of the eight new Mercenaries Reunion characters bundled with each downloadable item ; after buying all five sets of DLC , players own all content on the disc . This only applies to the PlayStation 3 version ; the Xbox 360 version has no DLC on the disc . The Xbox 360 version comes with a download token allowing free download of all DLC
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, his Crown and dignity " ; as such , the book dealt with capital crimes and the associated procedure . The 710 @-@ page work followed the pattern of Coke 's Institutes of the Lawes of England , but was far more methodical ; James Fitzjames Stephen said that Hale 's work " was not only of the highest authority but shows a depth of thought which puts it in quite a different category from Coke 's Institute ... [ it ] is far more of a treatise and far less of an index or mere work of practice " . The book dealt with the criminal capacity of infants , insanity and idiocy , the defence of drunkenness , capital offences , treason , homicide and theft . In the 19th century , Andrew Amos wrote a critique of the Historia titled Ruins of Time exemplified in Sir Matthew Hale 's History of the Pleas of the Crown , which both criticised and praised Hale 's work while directing the main criticism at the judges and lawyers who cited the Historia without considering that it was dated .
Hale also reorganised the first of Coke 's Institutes , which dealt with Thomas de Littleton 's Treatise on Tenures ; Hale 's edition was the most commonly used , and the first to extract Coke 's broader philosophical points . His written works , however , were fragmentary , and did not individually lay out his jurisprudence . Harold J. Berman , writing in the Yale Law Journal , notes that it is only " possible by a study of the entire corpus of Hale 's writings to reconstruct the coherent legal philosophy that underlies them " .
Hale 's writings on witchcraft and marital rape were extremely influential . In 1662 , he was involved in " one of the most notorious of the seventeenth century English witchcraft trials " , where he sentenced two women ( Amy Duny and Rose Callender ) to death for witchcraft , sorcery and " unnatural love " . The judgment of Hale in this case was extremely influential in future cases , and was used in the Salem witch trials to justify the forfeiture of the accused 's lands . G. Geis , writing in the British Journal of Law and Society , ties Hale 's opinions on witchcraft in with his writings on marital rape , which are found in the Historia . Hale believed that a marriage was a contract , which merged the legal entities of husband and wife into one body . As such , " The husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife , for by their mutual consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband , which she cannot retract " . This exception to the law of rape existed in England and Wales until 1991 , primarily due to his influence , until it was repealed by the House of Lords in R v R.
There are still dozens of volumes of Hale 's manuscripts that have not been published , including numerous theological treatises . The majority of these manuscripts are found in the Fairhurst Papers at the Lambeth Palace Library . His largest work in manuscript , "
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was chosen by the City of London Corporation . The sessions house for the Middlesex Quarter Sessions was at Clerkenwell Green from the early 18th century . The quarter sessions at the former Middlesex Sessions House performed most of the limited administration on a county level until the creation of the Middlesex County Council in 1889 . New Brentford was first promulgated as the county town in 1789 , on the basis that it was where elections of Knights of the Shire ( or Members of Parliament ) were held from 1701 . Thus a traveller 's and historian 's London regional summary of 1795 states that ( New ) Brentford was " considered as the county @-@ town ; but there is no town @-@ hall or other public building " . Middlesex County Council took over at the Guildhall in Westminster , which became the Middlesex Guildhall . In the same year , this location was placed into the new County of London , and was thus outside the council 's area of jurisdiction .
= = = Arms of Middlesex County Council = = =
Coats of arms were attributed by the mediaeval heralds to the Kingdoms of the Anglo @-@ Saxon Heptarchy . That assigned to the Kingdom of the Middle and East Saxons depicted three " seaxes " or short notched swords on a red background . The seaxe was a weapon carried by Anglo @-@ Saxon warriors , and the term " Saxon " may be derived from the word . These arms became associated with the two counties that approximated to the kingdom : Middlesex and Essex . County authorities , militia and volunteer regiments associated with both counties used the attributed arms .
In 1910 , it was noted that the county councils of Essex and Middlesex and the Sheriff 's Office of the County of London were all using the same arms . Middlesex County Council decided to apply for a formal grant of arms from the College of Arms , with the addition of an heraldic " difference " to the attributed arms . Colonel Otley Parry , a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and author of a book on military badges , was asked to devise an addition to the shield . The chosen addition was a " Saxon Crown " , derived from the portrait of King Athelstan on a silver penny of his reign , stated to be the earliest form of crown associated with any English sovereign . The grant of arms was made by letters patent dated 7 November 1910 .
The undifferenced arms of the Kingdom were eventually granted to Essex County Council in 1932 . Seaxes were also used in the insignia of many of the boroughs and urban districts in the county , while the Saxon crown came to be a common heraldic charge in English civic arms . On the creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 a Saxon crown was introduced in its coat of arms . Seaxes appear in the arms of several London borough councils and of Spelthorne Borough Council , whose area was in Middlesex .
= = = Creation of Greater London = = =
The population of inner London ( then the County of London ) had been in decline as more residents moved into the outer suburbs since its creation in 1889 , and this continued after the Second World War . In contrast , the population of Middlesex had increased steadily during that period . From 1951 to 1961 the population of the inner districts of the county started to fall , and the population grew only in eight of the suburban outer districts . According to the 1961 census , Ealing , Enfield , Harrow , Hendon , Heston & Isleworth , Tottenham , Wembley , Willesden and Twickenham had each reached a population greater than 100 @,@ 000 , which would normally have entitled each of them to seek county borough status . If this status were to be granted to all those boroughs it would mean that the population of the administrative county of Middlesex would be reduced by over half , to just under one million .
Evidence submitted to the Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London included a recommendation to divide Middlesex into two counties of North Middlesex and West Middlesex . However , the commission instead proposed abolition of the county and merging of the boroughs and districts . This was enacted by Parliament as the London Government Act 1963 , which came into force on 1 April 1965 .
The Act abolished the administrative counties of Middlesex and London . The Administration of Justice Act 1964 abolished the Middlesex magistracy and lieutenancy , and altered the jurisdiction of the Central Criminal Court . In April 1965 , nearly all of Middlesex became part of Greater London , under the control of the Greater London Council , and formed the new outer London boroughs of Barnet ( part only ) , Brent , Ealing , Enfield , Haringey , Harrow , Hillingdon , Hounslow and Richmond upon Thames ( part only ) . The remaining areas were Potters Bar Urban District , which became part of Hertfordshire , and Sunbury @-@ on @-@ Thames Urban District and Staines Urban District , which became part of Surrey . Following the changes , local acts of Parliament relating to Middlesex were henceforth to apply to the entirety of the nine " North West London Boroughs " . In 1974 , the three urban districts that had been transferred to Hertfordshire and Surrey were abolished and became the districts of Hertsmere ( part only ) and Spelthorne respectively . In
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It is therefore possible that the 60 @,@ 000 quoted by Herodotus is actually the total number of Persians present at Mycale ; the Persians certainly outnumbered the Allies , emerging from the palisade in confidence after seeing the smaller number of the Allied troops .
= = = The Greeks = = =
Numbers of ships and men for the Allies are also somewhat problematic . Herodotus claims that Leotychides had 110 triremes under his command . However , the previous year , the allies had fielded 271 triremes at the Battle of Artemisium , and then 378 at the Battle of Salamis . We are also told that the Allies had " command of the sea " after Salamis , which implies that they could at least equal the Persian fleet . Diodorus , on the other hand , tells us the allies had 250 ships , which is more consistent with their force levels of the previous year . These two numbers can be reconciled by assuming that Leotychides had 110 triremes under his command before being joined by Xanthippus and the Athenian ships , after the Allied army had marched out from the Peloponnesus . This is the approach taken by Holland , and gives a naval force which might well match the remnants of the Persian fleet .
Although the Athenians had sent 8 @,@ 000 hoplites to Plataea , they would still have had ample manpower to man a large fleet of triremes , especially since rowers tended to be of the lower classes ( the thetes ) who could not afford the equipment to fight as hoplites . The standard complement of a trireme was 200 men , including 14 marines . In the second Persian invasion of Greece , each Persian ship had carried thirty extra marines , and this was probably also true in the first invasion when the whole invasion force was apparently carried in triremes . Furthermore , the Chian ships at the Battle of Lade also carried 40 marines each . This suggests that a trireme could probably carry a maximum of 40 – 45 soldiers — triremes seem to have been easily destabilised by extra weight . Combining these numbers yields a range of 22 @,@ 000 – 58 @,@ 000 men for the Allies , with 3 @,@ 300 – 11 @,@ 250 more heavily armoured marines . Estimates of around 40 @,@ 000 men are given in some sources , which is approximately the median of the possible range , and seems as likely a number as any . However , since only the marines were expected to fight hand to hand , the rowers in the Allied fleet were probably not equipped to fight in a land battle ; it is likely therefore that it was only the marines who contested the battle .
= = Strategic & tactical considerations = =
From a strategic point of view , battle was not necessary for either side ; the main strategic theatre was mainland Greece itself . Although destroying the enemy navy would result in a clear strategic advantage for both sides , attempting this risked the loss of their own navy . The actions of the two sides thus reflect more upon their morale and confidence than on any strategic considerations . The Persians , seeing little to gain in battle , demoralised and riven with dissent , thus sought to avoid a naval battle . Conversely , the Allies , who had initially been as nervous of a battle as the Persians , sought to press home their morale advantage once they were informed of the state of the Persian fleet .
Tactically , the Persian fleet should have held the advantage at sea , since the Athenian part of the Greek fleet was , despite their efforts at Artemisium and Salamis , still raw in seamanship . However , whether because of their low morale , or because they were in fact outnumbered , the Persians sought instead the tactical advantage of joining up with the army under Tigranes , and fortifying a position . However , when the Greeks chose to fight on land , the Persians then threw away the advantage of their fortifications by emerging to fight the Greeks in the open field . Furthermore , as Marathon and Thermopylae had shown , large numbers conferred little advantage against the more heavily armoured hoplites ; thus , as the battle began , it was the Greeks who had the tactical upper hand .
= = The battle = =
The Allies seem to have formed into two wings ; on the right were the Athenians , Corinthians , Sicyonians and Troezenians , and on the left were the Spartans with other contingents . The right wing marched across level ground straight towards the Persian camp , whilst the left wing attempted to outflank the Persians by passing through more broken ground . The right wing thus began fighting with the Persians while the left wing was still approaching . Herodotus reports that the Persians fought well at first , but that the Athenians and the contingents with them wished to win the victory before the Spartans arrived , and thus attacked ever more zealously .
Although the Persians stood their ground for a while , they eventually broke and fled to the palisade . The soldiers of the right wing followed them into the camp , at which point many of the Persian army fled from the camp , except the ethnic Persian troops , who grouped together and fought the Allied soldiers who entered the camp . Finally , the left wing arrived , outflanking the camp and falling on the rear of the remaining Persian forces , thereby completing the rout .
Herodotus tells us that , on seeing the outcome of the battle hung in the balance , the disarmed Samians had joined in on the side of the allies , doing what they could . This inspired the other Ionian contingents to turn on the Persians as well . At which stage in the battle this happened is not clear ; the Samians were presumably not in the main battle line ( being disarmed ) , so it may have been after the Persians retreated to the camp . Meanwhile , the Milesians who were guarding the passes of Mycale also turned on the Persians . At first they misdirected the fleeing Persian contingents so that they ended up back amongst the Allied troops ; then , perhaps seeing the outcome of the battle was certain , they began killing the fleeing Persians .
Herodotus does not mention specific figures for casualties , merely saying that losses were heavy on both sides . The Sicyonians in particular suffered , also losing their general Perilaus . On the Persian side , the admiral Mardontes and the general Tigranes were both killed , though Artayntes escaped . Herodotus says that a few Persians troops escaped the battle and made their way to Sardis . Diodorus claims that there were 40 @,@ 000 Persian casualties , and also suggests that the survivors made their way to Sardis .
= = Aftermath = =
When the Spartans arrived , the Persian camp was looted and their beached ships destroyed . Returning to Samos they then discussed their next moves . Leotychides proposed that they evacuate the cities of the Ionian Greeks and bring the population to the Greek mainland , since it would be difficult to defend Ionia against further Persian attacks . Xanthippus however vehemently objected to this , since the Ionian cities were originally Greek colonies . The Ionian Greeks later joined the Athenians in the " Delian League " against Persia .
With the twin victories of Plataea and Mycale , the second Persian invasion of Greece was over . Moreover , the threat of a future invasion was abated ; although the Greeks remained worried that Xerxes would try again , over time it became apparent that the Persian desire to conquer Greece was much diminished .
After the victory at Mycale , the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges , but found that this was already done . The Peloponnesians sailed home , but the Athenians remained to attack the Chersonesos , still held by the Persians . The Persians in the region , and their allies , made for Sestos , the strongest town in the region , and the Athenians laid siege to them there . After a protracted siege , Sestos fell to the Athenians , marking the beginning of a new phase in the Greco @-@ Persian Wars , the Greek counterattack . Herodotus ended his Histories after the Siege of Sestos . Over the next 30 years , the Greeks , primarily the Athenian @-@ dominated Delian League , would expel ( or help expel ) the Persians from Macedon , Thrace , the Aegean islands and Ionia . Peace with Persia finally came in 449 BC with the Peace of Callias , finally ending the half @-@ century of warfare .
= = Significance = =
Mycale and Plataea have great significance in ancient history as the battles which decisively ended the second Persian invasion of Greece , thereby swinging the balance of the Greco @-@ Persian Wars in favour of the Greeks . The Battle of Salamis saved Greece from immediate conquest , but it was Mycale and Plataea which effectively ended that threat . However , neither of these battles are as well known as Thermopy
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lae , Salamis or Marathon . The reason for this discrepancy is not entirely clear ; it might however be a result of the circumstances in which the battle was fought . The fame of Thermopylae certainly lies in the doomed heroism of the Greeks in the face of overwhelming numbers ; Marathon and Salamis perhaps because they were both fought against the odds , and in dire strategic situations . Conversely , the Battles of Plataea and Mycale were both fought from a relative position of Greek strength , and against lesser odds ; perhaps the Greeks were even expecting to win and had certainly seen the opportunity to deal the final blow .
Militarily , the major lesson of both Mycale and Plataea ( since both were fought on land ) was the repeated confirmation of the superiority of the hoplite over the more lightly armed Persian infantry , as had first been demonstrated at Marathon . Taking on this lesson , after the Greco @-@ Persian Wars the Persian empire started recruiting and relying on Greek mercenaries . This was amply illustrated later on by the Ten Thousand and Xenophon .
= = = Ancient sources = = =
Herodotus , The Histories Perseus online version
Ctesias , Persica ( excerpt in Photius 's epitome )
Diodorus Siculus , Biblioteca Historica
Plutarch , Aristides
Xenophon , Anabasis
= = = Modern sources = = =
Holland , Tom . Persian Fire . Abacus , 2005 ( ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 349 @-@ 11717 @-@ 1 )
Green , Peter . The Greco @-@ Persian Wars . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1970 ; revised ed . , 1996 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 20573 @-@ 1 ) ; 1998 ( paperback , ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 20313 @-@ 5 )
Lazenby , JF . The Defence of Greece 490 – 479 BC . Aris & Phillips Ltd . , 1993 ( ISBN 0 @-@ 85668 @-@ 591 @-@ 7 )
Fehling , D. Herodotus and His " Sources " : Citation , Invention , and Narrative Art . Translated by J.G. Howie . Arca Classical and Medieval Texts , Papers , and Monographs , 21 . Leeds : Francis Cairns , 1989
Connolly , P. Greece and Rome at War , 1981
Finley , Moses ( 1972 ) . " Introduction " . Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War ( translated by Rex Warner ) . Penguin . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 044039 @-@ 9 .
Goldsworthy , A. ( 2003 ) . The Fall of Carthage . Cassel . ISBN 0 @-@ 304 @-@ 36642 @-@ 0 .
= Caulfield Grammar School =
Caulfield Grammar School is an independent , co @-@ educational , Anglican , day and boarding school , located in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . Founded in 1881 as a boys ' school , Caulfield began admitting girls exactly one hundred years later . The school amalgamated with Malvern Memorial Grammar School ( MMGS ) in 1961 , with the MMGS campus becoming Malvern Campus .
Caulfield has three day campuses in Victoria , Caulfield ( Years 7 – 12 ) , Wheelers Hill ( Kindergarten – Year 12 ) , and Malvern House ( Kindergarten – Year 6 ) . It has an outdoor education campus at Yarra Junction , and a student centre in Nanjing , China where the Year 9 internationalism programme is conducted . Caulfield is the only Melbourne @-@ based APS school to provide boarding for both boys and girls , with 95 boarding students , and is the second largest school in Victoria , currently catering for approximately 3 @,@ 000 students .
= = History = =
Joseph Henry Davies , who had served as a missionary in southern India , purchased the site for the school — it was adjacent to the Elsternwick railway station , and had been a small lolly shop — for £ 25 on 16 April and employed his sister and two brothers as teachers . Davies ' aim was " that the School should be a thoroughly Christian one " that looked to render " Christian service " .
Although the school was originally located in Elsternwick , it is thought to have been named Caulfield Grammar School because Caulfield was the regional locality — and the geographical boundaries of Melbourne 's suburban areas were not strictly defined or precisely named at the time — also , it is significant that the vicar of St Mary 's Anglican Church in Caulfield had provided Davies with support when opening the school . Davies had gone to India under the auspices of St Mary 's , having been a member of the church for several years before that .
Caulfield Grammar School was founded on 25 April 1881 , by Davies , with just nine pupils . Davies ' original intention was to commence classes on Wednesday , 20 April 1881 ; however , due to circumstances that were never clearly explained , Davies postponed the school 's opening , at the last minute , until Monday , 25 April 1881 .
Davies later went to Korea as a missionary under the auspices of the Victorian Presbyterian church , having been ordained as Presbyterian minister at Scots ' Church , Melbourne on 5 August 1889 ; he had broken from the Church of England and , through this act , also broken from the Church Missionary Society .
A year after opening , the school had 32 students enrolled . To house the growing student body , the school then moved to a nearby small building nearby , destroyed in a fire in 1890 . In 1896 , the school subsumed Hawksburn Grammar School , a smaller local Christian school , situated in Wynnstay Road , Prahran , after Hawksburn 's headmaster , Walter Murray Buntine , was appointed as headmaster at Caulfield . Hawksburn 's 55 students subsequently transferred to Caulfield . The current site , a property near Sir Frederick Sargood 's Rippon Lea Estate on what is now Glen Eira Road , St Kilda East was purchased in 1909 . Classes began on the site on 9 February 1909 and the school 's boarding house opened in 1912 .
By 1931 , the school 's 50th anniversary , attendance had grown to 500 students but Caulfield was still considered small compared to schools such as Scotch College , Melbourne , Wesley College Melbourne and Melbourne Grammar School . To celebrate the Golden Jubilee , a Jubilee Fair was held at the school in May . In the same year , the school moved from private ownership to a registered company governed by a School Council , an organisational structure still used today , with formal affiliation with the Church of England . In 1958 Caulfield joined the exclusive Associated Public Schools of Victoria schoolboy sporting competition . Caulfield was Victoria 's fifth largest school
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times a year .
Within United States academia and practise , as well as within the judiciary , the Commentaries had a substantial impact ; with the scarcity of law books on the frontier , they were " both the only law school and the only law library most American lawyers used to practise law in America for nearly a century after they were published " . Blackstone had drawn up a plan for a dedicated School of Law , and submitted it to the University of Oxford ; when the idea was rejected he included it in the Commentaries . It is from this plan that the modern system of American law schools comes . Subscribers to the first edition of Blackstone , and later readers who were profoundly influenced by it , include James Iredell , John Marshall , James Wilson , John Jay , John Adams , James Kent and Abraham Lincoln . In advocating for American independence , Alexander Hamilton cited Blackstone for the proposition that " the law of nature , ' which , being coequal with mankind , and dictated by God himself , is , of course , superior in obligation to any other . It is binding over all the globe , in all countries , and at all times . No human laws are of any validity , if contrary to this ; and such of them as are valid , derive all their authority , mediately , or immediately , from this original . ' "
In the early 1920s the American Bar Association presented a statue of Blackstone to the English Bar Association , however , at the time , the sculpture was too tall to be placed in the Royal Courts of Justice . The sculpture , designed by Paul Wayland Bartlett was eventually cast in Europe and presented back to the United States for display . Congress approved the placement of the sculpture in Washington , D.C. on 15 March 1943 , and appropriated $ 10 @,@ 000 for the installation . The bronze statue is a nine @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) standing portrait of Blackstone wearing judicial robes and a long curly wig , holding a copy of Commentaries . It is placed on a tall granite base and stands on Constitution Avenue & 3rd Street NW . The town of Blackstone , Virginia is named after him .
= = = Blackstone 's Ratio = = =
Among the most well @-@ known of Blackstone 's contributions to judicial theory is his own statement of the principle that it " is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer " .
While this argument originates at least as far back as Genesis 18 : 23 – 32 in the Bible , as well as versions by Maimonides and Sir John Fortescue , Blackstone 's analysis is the one picked up by Benjamin Franklin and others , so that the term has become known as " Blackstone 's Ratio " .
As John Adams , having studied Blackstone , put it :
Blackstone 's Ratio is a maxim of English law , having been established as such within a few decades of Blackstone 's work being published . It is also cited in courts and law in the US , and is strongly emphasised to American law students .
= = Works = =
Elements of Architecture ( 1743 )
An Abridgement of Architecture ( 1743 )
The Pantheon : A Vision ( 1747 )
An Analysis of the Laws of England ( 1756 )
A Discourse on the Study of the Law ( 1758 )
The Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest , with other authentic Instruments ( 1759 )
A Treatise on the Law of Descents in Fee Simple ( 1759 )
Commentaries on the Laws of England ( 1766 )
Reports in K.B. and C.P. , from 1746 to 1779 ( 1780 )
= Chongqing model =
The " Chongqing model " refers to a series of social and economic policies adopted in the Chinese megalopolis of Chongqing . It is most closely associated with Bo Xilai , who served as the city 's Communist Party secretary from 2007 to 2012 , though some policies were put in place by Bo 's predecessors .
The Chongqing model was characterized in part by increased state control and the promotion of a neo @-@ leftist ideology . It involved a sweeping and sometimes extrajudicial campaign against organized crime , and increased the security and police presence in the city . As a means of addressing declining public morality , Bo launched a " red culture " movement to promote Maoist @-@ era socialist ethics . On the economic front , he actively courted foreign investment and focused on manufacturing for domestic consumption . The Chongqing model was also characterized by massive public works programs , subsidized housing
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on 9 October 2012 . In the United Kingdom and United States the book is titled The Real McCaw . It includes some criticism of Wayne Barnes ' appointment as the referee for the All Blacks ' 2007 Rugby World Cup quarter @-@ final , and gives McCaw 's perspective of the coaching appointment of Graham Henry over Robbie Deans .
TVNZ announced on July 6 , 2016 that a film about McCaw 's life is to be released in cinemas on September 1 , 2016 . The film , titled Chasing Great , is written and directed by Michelle Walshe and Justin Pemberton .
= = Early years = =
McCaw 's great @-@ great @-@ grandfather immigrated to New Zealand , from the Scottish Borders in 1893 , and settled in the Hakataramea Valley , South Canterbury . McCaw 's father still works the family farm and his mother is a local teacher . On New Year 's Eve 1980 , Richard Hugh McCaw was born in the nearby town of Oamaru . He grew up on his parents ' farm along with his sister Joanna . McCaw started flying gliders with his grandfather , a Tempest pilot during World War II credited with shooting down 20 V1 missiles , when he was nine years old . He played rugby for the local Kurow rugby club as a youngster , but it was not until 1994 , when he boarded at Otago Boys ' High School in Dunedin , that he started to take the game seriously .
In his last year at Otago Boys High , McCaw was head boy , proxime accessit ( runner up ) to the dux and played in the school 's top rugby team . McCaw came to the attention of national selectors during a 5 @-@ all draw with Rotorua Boys ' High School in the 1998 New Zealand secondary schools rugby final in Christchurch . However , he failed to make the New Zealand Secondary Schools Team , losing out to Sam Harding , Angus McDonald and Hale T @-@ Pole . With Sam Harding moving south to study at the University of Otago , McCaw headed to Christchurch 's Lincoln University to study agricultural science and pursue his rugby interests . He achieved all but two papers for his Bachelor of Agricultural Science degree before rugby became his life . He received an honorary doctorate on recognition of his sporting achievements in April 2012 .
In 1999 , McCaw was selected in the New Zealand under @-@ 19 squad ( coached by Mark Shaw ) , which won the world championship in Wales . During that series , McCaw realised his All Blacks dream could be attainable . The following year he was selected in the New Zealand under @-@ 21 squad and debuted for Canterbury in the National Provincial Championship ( NPC ) against North Harbour . On 31
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, when production of silver dollars ceased entirely . In total , 85 @,@ 634 dollars dated 1803 were struck . Following a formal request from the Bank of the United States , Secretary of State James Madison officially suspended silver dollar and gold eagle production in 1806 , although minting of both had ended two years earlier .
= = 1804 dollars = =
In 1831 , Mint Director Samuel Moore filed a request through the Treasury asking president Andrew Jackson to once again allow the coinage of silver dollars ; the request was approved on April 18 . In 1834 , Edmund Roberts was selected as an American commercial representative to Asia , including the kingdoms of Muscat and Siam . Roberts recommended that the dignitaries be given a set of proof coins . The State Department ordered two sets of " specimens of each kind [ of coins ] now in use , whether of gold , silver , or copper " . Though the minting of dollars had been approved in 1831 , none had been struck since 1804 . After consulting with Chief Coiner Adam Eckfeldt ( who had worked at the Mint since its opening in 1792 ) , Moore determined that the last silver dollars struck were dated 1804 . Unknown to either of them , the last production in March 1804 was actually dated 1803 . Since they believed that the last striking was dated 1804 , it was decided to strike the presentation pieces with that date as well . It is unknown why the current date was not used , but R.W. Julian suggests that this was done to prevent coin collectors from being angered over the fact that they would be unable to obtain the newly dated coins .
The first two 1804 dollars ( as well as the other coins for the sets ) were struck in November 1834 . Soon , Roberts ' trip was expanded to Indo @-@ China ( then known as Annam ) and Japan , so two additional sets were struck . The pieces struck under the auspices of the Mint are known as Class I 1804 dollars , and eight of that type are known to exist today . Roberts left for his trip in April 1835 , and he presented one set each to the Sultan of Muscat and the King of Siam . The gift to the Sultan of Muscat was part of an exchange of diplomatic gifts that resulted in the Sultan presenting the Washington Zoo with a full @-@ grown lion and lioness . Roberts fell ill in Bangkok and was taken to Macao , where he died in June 1835 . Following Roberts ' death , the remaining two sets were returned to the Mint without being presented to the dignitaries .
= = = Collecting = = =
Most coin collectors became aware of the 1804 dollar in 1842 , when Jacob R. Eckfeldt ( son of Adam Eckfeldt ) and William E. Du Bois published a book entitled A Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations , Struck Within the Past Century . In the volume , several coins from the Mint 's coin cabinet , including an 1804 dollar , were reproduced by tracing a pantograph stylus over an electrotype of the coins . In May 1843 , numismatist Matthew A. Stickney was able to obtain an 1804 dollar from the Mint 's coin cabinet by trading a rare pre @-@ federal United States gold coin . Due to an increase in the demand for rare coins , Mint officials , including Director Snowden , began minting an increasing number of coin restrikes in the 1850s . Several 1804 dollars were struck , and some were sold for personal profit on the part of Mint officials . When he discovered this , Snowden bought back several of the coins . One such coin , which Snowden later added to the Mint cabinet , was struck over an 1857 shooting thaler and became known as Class II , the only such piece of that type known to exist today . Six pieces with edge lettering applied after striking became known as Class III dollars .
By the end of the 19th century , the 1804 dollar had become the most famous and widely discussed of all American coins . In 1867 , one of the original 1804 dollars was sold at auction for $ 750 ( $ 12 @,@ 698 today ) . Seven years later , on November 27 , 1874 , a specimen sold for $ 700 ( $ 14 @,@ 640 today ) . In the early 20th century , coin dealer B. Max Mehl began marketing the 1804 dollar as the " King of American Coins " . The coins continued to gain popularity throughout the 20th century , and the price reached an all @-@ time high in 1999 , when an example graded Proof @-@ 68 was sold at auction for $ 4 @,@ 140 @,@ 000 .
= George Kelly ( baseball ) =
George Lange Kelly ( September 10 , 1895 – October 13 , 1984 ) , nicknamed " Long George " and " High Pockets " , was a Major League Baseball ( MLB ) first baseman . He played most of his MLB career for the New York Giants ( 1915 – 1917 , 1919 – 1926 ) , but also played for the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1917 ) , Cincinnati Reds ( 1927 – 1930 ) , Chicago Cubs ( 1930 ) , and Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1932 ) .
Kelly is a two @-@ time World Series champion ( 1921 and 1922 ) . He led the National League in home runs once ( 1921 ) and runs batted in twice ( 1920 and 1924 ) , and was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973 . However , his selection is regarded as controversial , as many believe he is undeserving of the recognition and was only elected by the Veterans Committee because it consisted of his former teammates .
= = Career = =
Kelly began his professional career for the Victoria Bees of the Class @-@ B Northwestern League in 1914 and 1915 . During the 1915 season , he was purchased by the New York Giants from Victoria for $ 1 @,@ 200 ( equal to $ 28 @,@ 070 today ) . The Giants were rebuilding their team , and they saw Kelly as a possible replacement for Fred Merkle . However , he played sparingly for the Giants in his first MLB seasons , appearing in only 17 games in 1915 and 49 games in 1916 . He was selected off waivers by the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 25 , 1917 to back up Honus Wagner , but did not hit sufficiently . The Pirates waived Kelly , and he was reclaimed by the Giants from the Pirates on August 4 , 1917 . The Giants optioned Kelly to the Rochester Hustlers of the Class @-@ AA International League , where he played the rest of the 1917 season . Kelly did not play professionally in 1918 due to his military service . The Giants sold Kelly to Rochester before the 1919 season to acquire Earl Smith .
Finding success in Rochester , Kelly was purchased by the Giants in 1919 when Hal Chase was suspended . He became a regular in the Giants line @-@ up in 1920 , when he had a league @-@ leading 94 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . He led the league in assists and putouts in 1920 and 1921 ; his 1 @,@ 759 putouts in 1920 remains a league record . Kelly batted in 100 or more runs for four consecutive seasons and hit for a batting average of .300 or higher six consecutive seasons . He opened the 1921 season with at least one hit and one RBI in eight consecutive games , a record that stood until it was broken by Jorge Cantú in 2010 . The Giants appeared in the World Series in 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , and 1924 , winning in 1921 and 1922 . Kelly set a National League record with seven home runs in six consecutive games in 1924 , which has since been matched
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with the main story . Omori also opted to start Hotaru 's narration from a time after the story 's main events ; showing Hotaru as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old who had just graduated high school and heading back to visit her relatives near the forest . By having Hotaru tell the story in retrospect , Omori thought it provided a more human feel and gave more meaning to the final scene , where Hotaru expresses her hopes for the future by saying , " Come on , let 's go . "
One of the difficulties in adapting the manga to anime , according to Omori , was that the developing relationship between Hotaru and Gin had to be shown visually , rather than through monologue . One way in which this was done used Hotaru 's yearly change in height — by subtly showing the convergence of the length of their strides when walking , the audience is led to perceive a change in their relationship . Omori also wanted to portray more depth to Hotaru 's character by expanding on her school life . Although the manga depicted a brief flash of her life in middle school , the anime depicted scenes from both aspects of her life .
Omori shared a draft of the film with composer Makoto Yoshimori so that he could write music to match the tempo . However , there was some disagreement over the ending theme , which Omori and Yoshimori discussed at length over email . Although neither would compromise on key points , the issue was eventually settled and the ending theme was finalized .
Hotaru 's voice actor in the anime film , Ayane Sakura , was a fan of Midorikawa and owned the original manga . In an interview , she mentioned that she was thrilled to get an audition and ultimately the role , and also admitted that she shed tears while recording . Kōki Uchiyama , who played Gin , read the manga for the audition , and confessed that he was concerned at first about how to portray his character , though his work made him feel good . The film was initially pre @-@ scored , where the voice acting was recorded prior to the creation of the animation , but later re @-@ recorded for the final version . According to Omori , this allowed the animation to emphasize natural pauses in the dialogue and let the cast set the rhythm and tempo .
= = Media = =
= = = Manga = = =
The manga was first published in the July 2002 issue of Hakusensha 's LaLa DX in Japan . It was first reprinted on July 10 , 2003 in the tankōbon entitled Hotarubi no Mori e , which included four previously published romantic one @-@ shot stories by Yuki Midorikawa . In addition to the titular short story , the book included " Hanauta Nagaruru " ( April 2003 ) , " Kurukuru Ochiba " ( November 2002 ) , and " Hibi Fukaku " ( January 2003 ) . As part of the 2003 tankōbon short story collection , each of the four one @-@ shot stories were set in a different season : " Hanauta Nagaruru " in spring , " Hotarubi no Mori e " in summer , " Kurukuru Ochiba " in fall , and " Hibi Fukaku " in winter . Within the tankōbon , the stories were arranged in order from spring to winter , although they were originally published in a different order . As of May 15 , 2012 , the tankōbon was on its 19th printing .
On September 5 , 2011 , 12 days prior to the anime movie 's premiere in Japan , a new story related to Hotarubi no Mori e was published as part of a keepsake edition of the original manga , Aizoban Hotarubi no Mori e ( 愛蔵版 蛍火の杜へ ) . The 12 @-@ page story , titled " Hotarubi no Mori e Tokubetsuhen " ( 蛍火の杜へ 特別編 ) , is one of four short stories included in the keepsake edition , which also includes the original " Hotarubi no Mori e " and two other older works by Midorikawa : " Taion no
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Lardner of the Chicago Tribune whose byline was " Line O 'Type " . Like Mark Twain , Stephen Crane , Theodore Dreiser and Sinclair Lewis , Hemingway was a journalist before becoming a novelist ; after leaving high school he went to work for The Kansas City Star as a cub reporter . Although he stayed there for only six months , he relied on the Star 's style guide as a foundation for his writing : " Use short sentences . Use short first paragraphs . Use vigorous English . Be positive , not negative . "
= = = World War I = = =
Early in 1918 , Hemingway responded to a Red Cross recruitment effort in Kansas City and signed on to become an ambulance driver in Italy . He left New York in May and arrived in Paris as the city was under bombardment from German artillery . By June , he was at the Italian Front . It was probably around this time that he first met John Dos Passos , with whom he had a rocky relationship for decades . On his first day in Milan , he was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion , where rescuers retrieved the shredded remains of female workers . He described the incident in his non @-@ fiction book Death in the Afternoon : " I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments " . A few days later , he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave .
On July 8 , he was seriously wounded by mortar fire , having just returned from the canteen bringing chocolate and cigarettes for the men at the front line . Despite his wounds , Hemingway assisted Italian soldiers to safety , for which he received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery . Still only 18 , Hemingway said of the incident : " When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality . Other people get killed ; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you . " He sustained severe shrapnel wounds to both legs , underwent an immediate operation at a distribution center , and spent five days at a field hospital before he was transferred for recuperation to the Red Cross hospital in Milan . He spent six months at the hospital , where he met and formed a strong friendship with " Chink " Dorman @-@ Smith that lasted for decades and shared a room with future American foreign service officer , ambassador , and author Henry Serrano Villard .
While recuperating , he fell in love , for the first time , with Agnes von Kurowsky , a Red Cross nurse seven years his senior . By the time of his release and return to the United States in January 1919 , Agnes and Hemingway had decided to marry within a few months in America . However , in March , she wrote that she had become engaged to an Italian officer . Biographer Jeffrey Meyers states in his book Hemingway : A Biography that Hemingway was devastated by Agnes ' rejection , and in future relationships , he followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him .
= = = Toronto and Chicago = = =
Hemingway returned home early in 1919 to a time of readjustment . Not yet 20 years old , he had gained from the war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for recuperation . As Reynolds explains , " Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his bloody knee . He could not say how scared he was in another country with surgeons who could not tell him in English if his leg was coming off or not . " In September , he took a fishing and camping trip with high school friends to the back @-@ country of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . The trip became the inspiration for his short story " Big Two @-@ Hearted River " , in which the semi @-@ autobiographical character Nick Adams takes to the country to find solitude after returning from war . A family friend offered him a job in Toronto , and with nothing else to do , he accepted . Late that year he began as a freelancer , staff writer , and foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star Weekly . He returned to Michigan the following June and then moved to Chicago in September 1920 to live with friends , while still filing stories for the Toronto Star .
In Chicago , he worked as an associate editor of the monthly journal Cooperative Commonwealth , where he met novelist Sherwood Anderson . When St. Louis native Hadley Richardson came to Chicago to visit the sister of Hemingway 's roommate , he became infatuated and later claimed , " I knew she was the girl I was going to marry " . Hadley was red @-@ haired , with a " nurturing instinct " , and eight years older than Hemingway . Despite being older than Hemingway , Hadley , who had grown up with an overprotective mother , seemed less mature than usual for a young woman her age . Bernice Kert , author of The Hemingway Women , claims Hadley was " evocative " of Agnes , but that Hadley had a childishness that Agnes lacked . The two corresponded for a few months and then decided to marry and travel to Europe . They wanted to visit Rome , but Sherwood Anderson convinced them to visit Paris instead , writing letters of introduction for the young couple . They were married on September 3 , 1921 ; two months later , Hemingway was hired as foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star , and the couple left for Paris . Of Hemingway 's marriage to Hadley , Meyers claims : " With Hadley , Hemingway achieved everything
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next several hours . As it moved northward , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Agatha later that day . After reaching its peak winds as a strong tropical storm , Agatha steadily weakened while turning to the west . The system was downgraded to a tropical depression on June 5 , and subsequently lost its tropical characteristics the next day . Although Agatha never made landfall , the storm 's outer rainbands triggered widespread flooding that killed ten people .
= = Meteorological history = =
On May 26 , a tropical wave — or a quasi @-@ equatorward area of low pressure — moved off the Central American coast into the east Pacific . Over the subsequent days the system produced a broad area of convection , which began to show signs of organization on May 29 . Early on June 1 , the disturbance became better defined , and shortly thereafter the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) classified it as a tropical depression while located 460 mi ( 740 km ) southwest of Acapulco . At the time , the depression maintained good outflow aloft ; it was forecast to strengthen into a minimal hurricane after three days . Based on a combination of ship data and Dvorak intensity estimates , the system was upgraded into Tropical Storm Agatha on June 2 .
For the first two days of its duration , Agatha steered toward the north while embedded within a deep southerly flow . Steady intensification continued , and the storm reached winds of 50 mph ( 90 km / h ) six hours after being upgraded as it neared the coast of Mexico . By the afternoon of June 2 , the center exhibited an elongated appearance within its associated central dense overcast , a large area of organized mid @-@ tropospheric convection . Around 1800 UTC that same day , the storm peaked in intensity with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and a minimum pressure of 990 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 23 inHg ) .
Maintaining its peak intensity for 30 hours , Agatha gradually decelerated as it passed within 100 mi ( 160 km ) southwest of the Mexican coast . Although specialists at the NHC had anticipated a Category 1 @-@ hurricane landfall on the territory , the storm defied predictions and stayed at sea . The center of the storm promptly became ill @-@ defined on infrared satellite imagery , simultaneously recurving to the west . Agatha continued to degenerate quickly into the morning of June 4 , with a ragged appearance observed on satellite imagery . By 0600 UTC June 5 , the storm was downgraded back into tropical depression status prior to dissipating the next day .
= = Preparations and Impact = =
On June 2 , forecasters at the National Hurricane Center anticipated Agatha to make landfall in Mexico near hurricane strength . In light of this , a tropical storm warning and hurricane watch were issued for the Pacific coast of Mexico between Tenexpa to Cabo Corrites around 2100 UTC that day . Additionally , heavy rains from the system prompted concerns over mudslides and flash floods . Following Agatha 's turn towards the west early on June 3 , the watches and warnings were discontinued . Roughly 1 @,@ 500 people evacuated from coastal areas of Michoacán due to the threat of damaging winds and flooding .
Although the center of Agatha remained offshore , heavy rains within the system 's outer rainbands impacted southwestern and central Mexico . Widespread flooding and mudslides killed ten people and left thousands homeless . Along the coast , waves reportedly reached heights of 16 ft ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) .
= New York State Route 391 =
New York State Route 391 ( NY 391 ) is a short state highway in Erie County , New York , in the United States . The route is signed as north – south ; however , it follows more of a southeast – northwest alignment between NY 277 in the hamlet of North Boston and U.S. Route 62 ( US 62 ) in the village of Hamburg . NY 391 meets the Southern Expressway ( US 219 ) just north of North Boston . Both ends of NY 391 are located in residential areas ; however , the middle section of the route passes through more rural areas of the towns of Boston and Hamburg .
The routing of NY 391 has been part of several routes over the years , beginning with NY 62 in 1930 . NY 62 was mostly renumbered to NY 75 c . 1932 , and all of NY 75 south of Hamburg became concurrent to US 219 when it was extended into New York c . 1935 . NY 75 was cut back to Hamburg by 1940 , leaving just US 219 on modern NY 391 . US 219 was realigned north of North Boston in the early 1970s to follow other routes north to meet the first completed piece of the Southern Expressway near Orchard Park . NY 391 was assigned to US 219 's former routing into Hamburg at this time . The route originally ended two blocks to the west at the junction of NY 75 and US 62 ; however , this extension was eliminated c . 2004 .
= = Route description = =
NY 391 begins at an intersection with NY 277 ( Herman Hill Road ) in North Boston , a hamlet within the town of Boston . It heads to the northwest as Boston State Road , passing by suburban homes as it approaches the Southern Expressway ( US 219 ) . The two highways meet by way of a diamond interchange . West of the exit , NY 391 's surroundings become more rural as it enters the town of Hamburg , where it passes by open fields and a handful of houses .
The route follows Eighteen Mile Creek northwest and west toward the village of Hamburg , where the amount of development along the highway increases significantly . At McKinley Parkway ( County Route 204 ) , NY 391 becomes East Main Street and begins to pass through the outskirts of the village . It officially enters Hamburg upon intersecting Sunnyside Drive two blocks to the west . The route continues into the village center , passing by commercial and residential buildings on its way to a roundabout at Buffalo Street , where it meets US 62 . At this point , NY 391 comes to an end while US 62 turns west onto Main Street from Buffalo Street .
= = History = =
What is now NY 391 was originally designated as part of NY 62 , a highway extending from Great Valley north to Buffalo , in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . US
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62 was extended into New York c . 1932 ; as a result , all of NY 62 south of Athol Springs was redesignated as NY 75 to eliminate numerical duplication with the U.S. Highway . US 219 was extended into New York c . 1935 , overlapping NY 75 between Great Valley and Hamburg . The overlap was eliminated by 1940 following the truncation of NY 75 to what had been the west end of its overlap with US 62 through Hamburg .
In the early 1970s , construction began on the Southern Expressway , a limited @-@ access highway connecting Buffalo to Springville . The first segment of the expressway — between the New York State Thruway east of Lackawanna and US 20A west of Orchard Park — opened to traffic by 1973 as a realignment of US 219 . In between the end of the expressway and North Boston , US 219 temporarily overlapped US 20A and NY 277 . The former routing of US 219 from North Boston to Hamburg was redesignated as NY 391 .
An extension of the freeway south to NY 391 near North Boston opened in the mid @-@ 1970s , resulting in a slight , temporary truncation of NY 391 to the end of the freeway . Another extension of the expressway south to Springville was completed in the early 1980s . It became part of US 219 upon opening ; at the same time , NY 391 was reextended to NY 277 in North Boston . The remainder of US 219 's former routing south to Springville was transferred to Erie County upon the completion of the Springville – Buffalo segment of the Southern Expressway . Originally , NY 391 terminated at NY 75 in Hamburg , resulting in an extraneous overlap with US 62 for two blocks along Main Street . NY 391 was truncated to the eastern end of the concurrency c . 2004 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Erie County .
= The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) =
The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy radio series written by Douglas Adams ( with some material in the first series provided by John Lloyd ) . It was originally broadcast in the United Kingdom by BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , and afterwards the BBC World Service , National Public Radio in the U.S. and CBC Radio in Canada . The series was the first radio comedy programme to be produced in stereo , and was innovative in its use of music and sound effects , winning a number of awards .
The series follows the adventures of hapless Englishman Arthur Dent and his friend Ford Prefect , an alien who writes for The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , a pan @-@ galactic encyclopedia and travel guide . After Earth is destroyed in the first episode , Arthur and Ford find themselves aboard a stolen spaceship piloted by a motley crew including Zaphod Beeblebrox ( Ford 's semi @-@ cousin and Galactic President ) , the depressed robot Marvin and Trillian , the only other human survivor of Earth 's destruction .
A pilot programme was commissioned in March 1977 , and was recorded by the end of the following June . A second series was commissioned in 1979 , transmitted in 1980 . Episodes of the first series were specially re @-@ recorded for release on LP records and audio cassettes and Adams adapted the first series into a best @-@ selling novel in 1979 . After the 1980 transmissions of the second radio series , a second novel was published and the first series was adapted for television . This was followed in turn by three further novels , a computer game , and various other media formats .
Adams had considered writing a third radio series to be based on his novel Life , the Universe and Everything in 1993 , but the project did not begin for another ten years . Adams had died in May 2001 . Dirk Maggs , with whom Adams had discussed the new series , eventually directed and co @-@ produced radio series adaptations of that novel , as well as So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish and Mostly Harmless . These became the third , fourth and fifth radio series transmitted in 2004 and 2005 .
A sixth series will be aired in 2017 .
= = Development = =
= = = Early development = = =
Douglas Adams had contributed comedy sketches for BBC radio programmes produced by Simon Brett ( including The Burkiss Way and Week Ending ) , and was asked to pitch a radio sitcom in February 1977 . Adams initially pitched a " bedsit comedy " because that " seemed to be what most situation comedies tended to be about . " Adams said in an interview that when Simon Brett proposed a radio science fiction comedy series , he " fell off his chair ... because it was what I 'd been fighting for all these years " . Adams wrote his first outlines in February 1977 .
Originally to be called The Ends of the Earth , each episode would have ended with the planet Earth meeting its demise in a different way . While writing the first episode , Adams realised that he needed a character who knew what was going to happen to Earth before the other characters . He decided to make this character an alien and , remembering an idea he supposedly had had while lying drunk in a field in Innsbruck , Austria in 1971 , decided that this character would be a " roving reporter " for The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Later recollections by his friends at the time indicate that Adams first spoke openly of the idea of " hitch @-@ hiking around the galaxy " while on holiday in Greece in 1973 .
As the first radio episode 's writing progressed , the Guide became the central focus of his story , and he decided to base the whole series around it , with the initial destruction of Earth being the only hold @-@ over from the " Ends of the Earth " proposal . In Adams ' February 1977 outline , the character of Arthur Dent was initially called " Aleric B " , the joke being that the audience initially assume the character is also an alien rather than a human . Adams later renamed the character for the pilot to " Arthur Dent " . It has been proposed by Adams ' biographer M. J. Simpson that the character was almost certainly named after the 17th century puritan writer Arthur Dent , author of The Plain Man 's Pathway to Heaven first published in 1601 , although Adams himself claimed no recollection of consciously choosing the name .
= = = Pilot and commissioning = = =
A pilot episode was commissioned on 1 March 1977 and the recording was completed on 28 June 1977 . Brett and Adams both later recounted different parts of the pilot episode 's genesis , including convincing the BBC that such a programme could not be recorded with a studio audience , and insisting that the programme be recorded in stereo sound . To win this latter argument , Hitchhiker 's was briefly classified internally as a drama instead of a comedy , as in 1977 BBC Radio Drama programmes were allowed to be recorded in stereo , and BBC Radio Comedy programmes were not .
A full series of six episodes ( five new episodes , plus the pilot ) was commissioned on 31 August 1977 . However , Adams had in the meantime sent a copy of the Hitchhiker 's pilot episode to the BBC 's Doctor Who production office , and was thus commissioned to write a four @-@ part Doctor Who serial ( " The Pirate Planet " ) a few weeks later . In addition , Simon Brett had left the BBC , and the final five episodes in the first series were produced by Geoffrey Perkins .
With conflicting writing commitments , Adams engaged his friend and flat @-@ mate John Lloyd to assist in writing what became known as " Fit the Fifth " and " Fit the Sixth "
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. The second episode was produced in November 1977 . The script of the last episode of the first series ( which was later retitled " The Primary Phase " ) was completed in February 1978 , and production ( including sound mixing and effects ) was completed on 3 March 1978 .
= = = Casting = = =
Adams wrote both of the main parts of Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect with actors Simon Jones and Geoffrey McGivern in mind . According to Jones , Adams telephoned him when he was writing the pilot to ask whether he would essentially play himself ; Adams later stated that although Arthur Dent was not a portrayal of Simon Jones , he wrote the part to play to Jones 's strengths as an actor .
The radio series ( and the LP and TV versions ) featured a narration by comedy actor Peter Jones as " The Book " . He was cast after it was decided that a " Peter @-@ Jonesy " sort of voice was required . This led to a three @-@ month search for an actor with sonorous , avuncular tones who sounded exactly like Peter Jones , after which the producers eventually hired Peter Jones himself . Following another actor dropping out of the production , Bill Wallis was called in at short notice to play two parts ; Mr Prosser and Vogon Jeltz . One character appearing in the pilot who was dropped from subsequent incarnations of the story was Lady Cynthia , an aristocrat who helps demolish Dent 's house , who was played by another ex @-@ Cambridge Footlights actress , Jo Kendall .
The pilot featured only a small cast of characters , and following its commission into a series there was a need for additional characters . Many were picked for their roles in previous series , for example according to Adams , Mark Wing @-@ Davey had played a character in The Glittering Prizes " who took advantage of people and was very trendy " making him suitable for the role of Zaphod . Meanwhile , Richard Vernon , who was noted for his portrayal of " grandfatherly types " , was chosen to be Slartibartfast . Other main characters included Susan Sheridan as Trillian and Stephen Moore as Marvin .
= = First and second radio series = =
= = = Plot = = =
In the first series , Earthman Arthur Dent is going to have his house demolished to make way for a new road , but before work can start his friend Ford Prefect informs him that the world is going to be demolished by a Vogon constructor fleet " to make way for a hyperspace bypass " and that he is in fact an alien writer for " The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy " . Hitching a ride aboard the Vogon ship which has just destroyed Earth , the pair eventually find themselves aboard a stolen spaceship called The Heart of Gold . On board is Ford 's semi @-@ cousin and President of the Galaxy , Zaphod Beeblebrox , a woman Dent once met at a party called
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" He scores this Totentanz ( Dance of the dead ) for three oboes and continuo supporting his bass soloist in a mock bourrée " , the oboes undermining in " throbbing accompaniment ... those earthly pleasures by which men are seduced " , then representing " through jagged figures ... the tongues of flame which will soon reduce them to ashes , and finally in hurtling semiquaver scales of 6 / 4 chords ... surging waves which will tear all worldly things apart " . Mincham sees a connection of the runs to those of movement 1 , but points out how different their function is here :
now depicting thunder flames , stormy seas and the destruction of the world . The descending scales played in unison by the three oboes have great force . The vocalist has several prominent images , notably the long melisma on the word " zerschmettert " ( shatter ) and the weird , descending chromatic phrase towards the end , suggestive of a world of chaos and foolishness .
= = = 5 = = =
A recitative for soprano , " Die höchste Herrlichkeit und Pracht " ( The highest glory and magnificence ) , expresses that even highest power will not escape death .
= = = 6 = = =
The closing chorale , " Ach wie flüchtig , ach wie nichtig " ( Ah , how fleeting , ah how insignificant ) , is a four @-@ part setting .
= = Selected recordings = =
The listing is taken from the selection on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are roughly marked as large by red background ; instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green under the header Instr ..
= Egmont Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld =
Egmont Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld ( 14 July 1918 – 12 March 1944 ) was a Luftwaffe night fighter flying ace of royal descent during World War II . A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat . Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld was credited with 51 aerial victories , all of them claimed in nocturnal combat missions .
Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld was born on 14 July 1918 in Salzburg , Austria and joined the infantry of the Austrian Bundesheer in 1936 . He transferred to the emerging Luftwaffe , initially serving as a reconnaissance pilot in the Zerstörergeschwader 76 ( ZG 76 ) , before he transferred to the night fighter force . He claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 16 to 17 November 1940 . By the end of March , he had accumulated 21 aerial victories for which he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) on 16 April 1942 . He received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ) on 2 August 1943 , for 45 aerial victories . He was promoted to Major and tasked with leading Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 ( NJG 5 ) in January 1944 , before he and his crew were killed in a flight accident on 12 March 1944 .
= = Personal life = =
Egmont Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld was born on 14 July 1918 in Salzburg , Austria as a member of a cadet branch of the ruling House of Lippe . His father was Prince Alfred of Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld and his mother was born Countess Anna von Goëß . Egmont was the only son of four children . His sisters Carola , Sophie and Dora were all younger than Egmont . The family lived in an old castle in Upper Austria called Alt Wartenburg . At birth he had a remote chance of succeeding to the throne of the Principality of Lippe , a small state within the German Empire . However , only months after his birth , Germany became a republic and all the German royal houses were forced to abdicate .
Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld in his younger years was very enthusiastic about the mountains and wildlife . From his fourteenth year he participated in hunting . At the same time he was also very much interested in music and sports and discovered his love for flying at the Gaisberg near Salzburg . Here he attended the glider flying school of the Austrian Aëro Club . He attended a basic flying course with the second air regiment in Graz and Wiener Neustadt even before he joined the military service .
Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld never married or had children . In January 1941 he became acquainted with Hannelore Ide , nicknamed Idelein . She was a secretary for a Luftgau . The two shared a close relationship and spent as much time together as the war permitted , listening to music and sailing on the IJsselmeer until his death in 1944 .
= = Military service = =
Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld joined the Austrian Bundesheer in 1936 at the age of 18 , initially serving in the infantry . In the aftermaths of the 1938 Anschluss , the incorporation of Austria into Greater Germany by Nazi Germany , he transferred to the German Luftwaffe and was promoted to Leutnant in 1939 . He had earned his Luftwaffe Pilots Badge on 5 October 1938 and underwent further training at Fürstenfeldbruck , Schleißheim and Vienna @-@ Aspern . His Luftwaffe career started with the II . Gruppe ( 2nd group ) of the Zerstörergeschwader 76 ( ZG 76 ) before he was transferred to the night fighter wing Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 ( NJG 1 ) on 4 August 1940 . The unit was based at Gütersloh where he familiarised himself with the methods of the night fighters .
By the summer of 1940 , the first night fighters were transferred to Leeuwarden in the Netherlands . Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld was one of the pilots included
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in this small detachment . As early as 20 October 1940 , he had taken over command of an independent night fighter commando at Schiphol and later at Bergen . On his first encounter with the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) bomber , in the night of 16 to 17 November 1940 , he claimed a Vickers Wellington bomber from No. 115 Squadron RAF shot down at 0205 hours . His second victory was claimed on the night of 15 January 1941 , when he shot down an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley N1521 of the Linton @-@ on @-@ Ouse based No. 58 Squadron RAF over the northern Netherlands , near the Dutch coast in the Zwanenwater at a nature reserve at Callantsoog . He was wounded in action on 13 March 1941 , while flying Bf 110 D @-@ 2 ( W.Nr. 3376 – factory number ) of the 4 . / NJG1 with his radio operator Josef Renette when he made an emergency landing at Bergen after their aircraft was hit by the defence fire , wounding them both . Shortly after midnight on 10 April 1941 , Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld claimed a No. 12 Squadron RAF Wellington over the IJsselmeer , raising NJG 1 's victory score to 100 . This achievement was celebrated at the Amstel Hotel in Amsterdam with General Josef Kammhuber , Wolfgang Falck , Werner Streib , Helmut Lent and others attending . On 30 June 1941 while flying Bf 110 C @-@ 4 ( W.Nr. 3273 ) on a practice intercept mission over Noord Holland , he collided with Bf 110 C @-@ 7 ( W.Nr. 2075 ) piloted by Leutnant Rudolf Schoenert of the 4 . / NJG 1 and crashed near Bergen aan Zee . On 19 June 1941 he earned his first of four references in the daily Wehrmachtbericht , a daily radio report made by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( High Command of the Armed Forces ) regarding the military situation on all fronts . By July 1941 his number of aerial victory claims stood at 10 . Promoted to Oberleutnant he became Staffelkapitän of the 5th Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 2 ( NJG 2 ) on 15 November 1941 . By the end of 1941 he had claimed a total of 15 aerial victories .
He was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( Deutsches Kreuz in Gold ) on 25 January 1942 and the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) on 16 April 1942 after he had shot down 4 RAF bombers in the night of 26 to 27 March 1942 , his score standing at 21 aerial victories . This feat earned him his third reference in the Wehrmachtbericht on 27 March 1942 . In July 1942 he was one of the leading German night fighter aces with 37 aerial victories .
Promoted to Hauptmann , Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld was made Gruppenkommandeur of the I. Gruppe ( 1st group ) of Nachtjagdgeschwader 3 on 1 October 1942 , where he claimed 3 further aerial victories . He was transferred again , taking command of the III . Gruppe ( 3rd group ) of NJG 1 on 31 May 1943 . One month later he claimed his 45th aerial victory for which he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ) on 2 August 1943 .
After a one @-@ month hospital stay , Prinz zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld was promoted to Major and made Geschwaderkommodore of Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 ( NJG 5 ) on 20 February 1944 . He and his crew , Oberfeldwebel Josef Renette and Unteroffizier Kurt Röber , were killed in a flying accident on 12 March 1944 on a routine flight from Parchim to Athies @-@ sous @-@ Laon . Above Belgium , they seem to have encountered a bad weather zone with low clouds and a dense snowstorm and it was assumed that the aircraft hit the high Ardennes ground after being forced to fly lower because of ice forming on the wings . The exact circumstances of this flight may never be known , the Bf 110 G @-@ 4 C9 + CD ( Werknummer 720 010 — factory number ) crashed into the Ardennes mountains near St. Hubert where the completely burned @-@ out wreck was found the following day . The funeral service was held in the city church of Linz on 15 March 1944 . Prinz Egmont zur Lippe @-@ Weißenfeld and Prinz Heinrich zu Sayn @-@ Wittgenstein are buried side by side at Ysselsteyn in the Netherlands .
= = Awards = =
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold
Iron Cross ( 1939 )
2nd Class ( 17 December 1940 )
1st Class ( 17 January 1941 )
Wound Badge in Black
German Cross in Gold on 25 January 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 5 . / NJG 2
Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Knight 's Cross on 16 April 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 5 . / NJG 2
263rd Oak Leaves on 2 August 1943 as
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treat comorbid conditions . Deficits in self @-@ identifying emotions or in observing effects of one 's behavior on others can make it difficult for individuals with AS to see why medication may be appropriate . Medication can be effective in combination with behavioral interventions and environmental accommodations in treating comorbid symptoms such as anxiety disorder , major depressive disorder , inattention and aggression . The atypical antipsychotic medications risperidone and olanzapine have been shown to reduce the associated symptoms of AS ; risperidone can reduce repetitive and self @-@ injurious behaviors , aggressive outbursts and impulsivity , and improve stereotypical patterns of behavior and social relatedness . The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) fluoxetine , fluvoxamine , and sertraline have been effective in treating restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors .
Care must be taken with medications , as side effects may be more common and harder to evaluate in individuals with AS , and tests of drugs ' effectiveness against comorbid conditions routinely exclude individuals from the autism spectrum . Abnormalities in metabolism , cardiac conduction times , and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes have been raised as concerns with these medications , along with serious long @-@ term neurological side effects . SSRIs can lead to manifestations of behavioral activation such as increased impulsivity , aggression , and sleep disturbance . Weight gain and fatigue are commonly reported side effects of risperidone , which may also lead to increased risk for extrapyramidal symptoms such as restlessness and dystonia and increased serum prolactin levels . Sedation and weight gain are more common with olanzapine , which has also been linked with diabetes . Sedative side @-@ effects in school @-@ age children have ramifications for classroom learning . Individuals with AS may be unable to identify and communicate their internal moods and emotions or to tolerate side effects that for most people would not be problematic .
= = Prognosis = =
There is some evidence that children with AS may see a lessening of symptoms ; up to 20 % of children may no longer meet the diagnostic criteria as adults , although social and communication difficulties may persist . As of 2006 , no studies addressing the long @-@ term outcome of individuals with Asperger syndrome are available and there are no systematic long @-@ term follow @-@ up studies of children with AS . Individuals with AS appear to have normal life expectancy , but have an increased prevalence of comorbid psychiatric conditions , such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorder that may significantly affect prognosis . Although social impairment may be lifelong , the outcome is generally more positive than with individuals with lower functioning autism spectrum disorders ; for example , ASD symptoms are more likely to diminish with time in children with AS or HFA . Most students with AS / HFA have average mathematical ability and test slightly worse in mathematics than in general intelligence , but some are gifted in mathematics . AS has potentially been linked to some accomplishments , such as Vernon L. Smith winning the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ; however , Smith is self @-@ diagnosed .
Although many attend regular education classes , some children with AS may utilize special education services because of their social and behavioral difficulties . Adolescents with AS may exhibit ongoing difficulty with self care or organization , and disturbances in social and romantic relationships . Despite high cognitive potential , most young adults with AS remain at home , yet some do marry and work independently . The " different @-@ ness " adolescents experience can be traumatic . Anxiety may stem from preoccupation over possible violations of routines and rituals , from being placed in a situation without a clear schedule or expectations , or from concern with failing in social encounters ; the resulting stress may manifest as inattention , withdrawal , reliance on obsessions , hyperactivity , or aggressive or oppositional behavior . Depression is often the result of chronic frustration from repeated failure to engage others socially , and mood disorders requiring treatment may develop . Clinical experience suggests the rate of suicide may be higher among those with AS , but this has not been confirmed by systematic empirical studies .
Education of families is critical in developing strategies for understanding strengths and weaknesses ; helping the family to cope improves outcomes in children . Prognosis may be improved by diagnosis at a younger age that allows for early interventions , while interventions in adulthood are valuable but less beneficial . There are legal implications for individuals with AS as they run the risk of exploitation by others and may be unable to comprehend the societal implications of their actions .
= = Epidemiology = =
Prevalence estimates vary enormously . A 2003 review of epidemiological studies of children found autism prevalence rates ranging from 0 @.@ 03 to 4 @.@ 84 per 1 @,@ 000 , with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome ranging from 1 @.@ 5 : 1 to 16 : 1 ; combining the geometric mean ratio of 5 : 1 with a conservative prevalence estimate for autism of 1 @.@ 3 per 1 @,@ 000 suggests indirectly that the prevalence of AS might be around 0 @.@ 26 per 1 @,@ 000 . Part of the variance in estimates arises from differences in diagnostic criteria . For example , a relatively small 2007 study of 5 @,@ 484 eight @-@ year @-@ old children in Finland found 2 @.@ 9 children per 1 @,@ 000 met the ICD @-@ 10 criteria for an AS diagnosis , 2 @.@ 7 per 1 @,@ 000 for Gillberg and Gillberg criteria , 2 @.@ 5 for DSM @-@ IV , 1 @.@ 6 for Szatmari et al . , and 4 @.@ 3 per 1 @,@ 000 for the union of the four criteria . Boys seem to be more likely to have AS than girls ; estimates of the sex ratio range from 1 @.@ 6 : 1 to 4 : 1 , using the Gillberg and Gillberg criteria . Females with autism spectrum disorders may be underdiagnosed .
Anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder are the most common conditions seen at the same time ; comorbidity of these in persons with AS is estimated at 65 % . Reports have associated AS with medical conditions such as aminoaciduria and ligamentous laxity , but these have been case reports or small studies and no factors have been associated with AS across studies . One study of males with AS found an increased rate of epilepsy and a high rate ( 51 % ) of nonverbal learning disorder . AS is associated with tics , Tourette syndrome , and bipolar disorder , and the repetitive behaviors of AS have many similarities with the symptoms of obsessive – compulsive disorder and obsessive – compulsive personality disorder . However many of these studies are based on clinical samples or lack standardized measures ; nonetheless , comorbid conditions are relatively common .
= = History = =
Named after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger ( 1906 – 1980 ) , Asperger syndrome is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of autism . As a child , Asperger appears to have exhibited some features of the very condition named after him , such as remoteness and talent in language . In 1944 , Asperger described four children in his practice who had difficulty in integrating themselves socially . The children lacked nonverbal communication skills , failed to demonstrate empathy with their peers , and were physically clumsy . Asperger called the condition " autistic psychopathy " and described it as primarily marked by social isolation . Fifty years later , several standardizations of AS as a diagnosis were tentatively proposed , many of which diverge significantly from Asperger 's original work .
Unlike
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today 's AS , autistic psychopathy could be found in people of all levels of intelligence , including those with intellectual disability . Asperger defended the value of high @-@ functioning autistic individuals , writing " We are convinced , then , that autistic people have their place in the organism of the social community . They fulfill their role well , perhaps better than anyone else could , and we are talking of people who as children had the greatest difficulties and caused untold worries to their care @-@ givers . " Asperger also believed some would be capable of exceptional achievement and original thought later in life . His paper was published during wartime and in German , so it was not widely read elsewhere .
Lorna Wing popularized the term Asperger syndrome in the English @-@ speaking medical community in her 1981 publication of a series of case studies of children showing similar symptoms , and Uta Frith translated Asperger 's paper to English in 1991 . Sets of diagnostic criteria were outlined by Gillberg and Gillberg in 1989 and by Szatmari et al. in the same year . AS became a standard diagnosis in 1992 , when it was included in the tenth edition of the World Health Organization 's diagnostic manual , International Classification of Diseases ( ICD @-@ 10 ) ; in 1994 , it was added to the fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association 's diagnostic reference , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM @-@ IV ) .
Hundreds of books , articles and websites now describe AS , and prevalence estimates have increased dramatically for ASD , with AS recognized as an important subgroup . Whether it should be seen as distinct from high @-@ functioning autism is a fundamental issue requiring further study , and there are questions about the empirical validation of the DSM @-@ IV and ICD @-@ 10 criteria . In 2013 , DSM @-@ 5 eliminated AS as a separate diagnosis , folding it into the autism spectrum on a severity scale .
= = Society and culture = =
People identifying with Asperger syndrome may refer to themselves in casual conversation as aspies ( a term first used in print by Liane Holliday Willey in 1999 ) . The word neurotypical ( abbreviated NT ) describes a person whose neurological development and state are typical , and is often used to refer to non @-@ autistic people . The Internet has allowed individuals with AS to communicate with each other in a way that was not previously possible because of their rarity and geographic dispersal , forming a subculture composed of people with Asperger 's . Internet sites like Wrong Planet have made it easier for individuals to connect .
Some autistic people have advocated a shift in perception of autism spectrum disorders as complex syndromes rather than diseases that must be cured . Proponents of this view reject the notion that there is an " ideal " brain configuration and that any deviation from the norm is pathological ; they promote tolerance for what they call neurodiversity . These views are the basis for the autistic rights and autistic pride movements . There is a contrast between the attitude of adults with self @-@ identified AS , who typically do not want to be cured and are proud of their identity , and parents of children with AS , who typically seek assistance and a cure for their children .
Some researchers have argued that AS can be viewed as a different cognitive style , not a disorder , and that it should be removed from the standard Diagnostic and Statistical Manual , much as homosexuality was removed . In a 2002 paper , Simon Baron @-@ Cohen wrote of those with AS , " In the social world , there is no great benefit to a precise eye for detail , but in the worlds of maths , computing , cataloging , music , linguistics , engineering , and science , such an eye for detail can lead to success rather than failure . " Baron @-@ Cohen cited two reasons why it might still be useful to consider AS to be a disability : to ensure provision for legally required special support , and to recognize emotional difficulties from reduced empathy . Baron @-@ Cohen argues that the genes for Asperger 's combination of abilities have operated throughout recent human evolution and have made remarkable contributions to human history .
By contrast , Pier Jaarsma and Welin wrote in 2011 that the " broad version of the neurodiversity claim , covering low @-@ functioning as well as high @-@ functioning autism , is problematic . Only a narrow conception of neurodiversity , referring exclusively to high @-@ functioning autists , is reasonable . " They say that " higher functioning " individuals with autism may " not [ be ] benefited with such a psychiatric defect @-@ based diagnosis ... some of them are being harmed by it , because of the disrespect the diagnosis displays for their natural way of being " , but " think that it is still reasonable to include other categories of autism in the psychiatric diagnostics . The narrow conception of the neurodiversity claim should be accepted but the broader claim should not . " Jonathan Mitchell , an autistic author and blogger who advocates a cure for autism , has described autism as having " prevented me from making a living or ever having a girlfriend . It 's given me bad fine motor coordination problems where I can hardly write . I have an impaired ability to relate to people . I can 't concentrate or get things done . " He describes neurodiversity as a " tempting escape valve " .
= Brush with Greatness =
" Brush with Greatness " is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons ' second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 11 , 1991 . In the episode , Marge revives her high school @-@ era interest in painting by enrolling in an art class after getting encouraged by Lisa . When she wins first prize in a local art competition for a portrait of Homer on the couch in his underwear , Mr. Burns commissions her to paint a portrait of him . Meanwhile , Homer is determined to lose weight after becoming stuck in a water slide at an amusement park .
The episode was written by Brian K. Roberts and directed by Jim Reardon . Beatles member Ringo Starr guest starred as himself , while Jon Lovitz starred as Marge 's art teacher , Professor Lombardo . The episode features cultural references to films such as Rocky and Gone with the Wind . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics , who praised the use of Starr and the central focus on Marge . It acquired a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 0 , and was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired .
= = Plot = =
After Bart and Lisa see Krusty the Clown do his show at the Mt . Splashmore water park on TV , they consistently irritate and
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= =
= = = Early versions = = =
Larry Wall began work on Perl in 1987 , while working as a programmer at Unisys , and released version 1 @.@ 0 to the comp.sources.misc newsgroup on December 18 , 1987 . The language expanded rapidly over the next few years .
Perl 2 , released in 1988 , featured a better regular expression engine . Perl 3 , released in 1989 , added support for binary data streams .
Originally the only documentation for Perl was a single ( increasingly lengthy ) man page . In 1991 , Programming Perl , known to many Perl programmers as the " Camel Book " because of its cover , was published and became the de facto reference for the language . At the same time , the Perl version number was bumped to 4 , not to mark a major change in the language but to identify the version that was well documented by the book .
= = = Early Perl 5 = = =
Perl 4 went through a series of maintenance releases , culminating in Perl 4 @.@ 036 in 1993 . At that point , Wall abandoned Perl 4 to begin work on Perl 5 . Initial design of Perl 5 continued into 1994 . The perl5 @-@ porters mailing list was established in May 1994 to coordinate work on porting Perl 5 to different platforms . It remains the primary forum for development , maintenance , and porting of Perl 5 .
Perl 5 @.@ 000 was released on October 17 , 1994 . It was a nearly complete rewrite of the interpreter , and it added many new features to the language , including objects , references , lexical ( my ) variables , and modules . Importantly , modules provided a mechanism for extending the language without modifying the interpreter . This allowed the core interpreter to stabilize , even as it enabled ordinary Perl programmers to add new language features . Perl 5 has been in active development since then .
Perl 5 @.@ 001 was released on March 13 , 1995 . Perl 5 @.@ 002 was released on February 29 , 1996 with the new prototypes feature . This allowed module authors to make subroutines that behaved like Perl builtins . Perl 5 @.@ 003 was released June 25 , 1996 , as a security release .
One of the most important events in Perl 5 history took place outside of the language proper and was a consequence of its module support . On October 26 , 1995 , the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network ( CPAN ) was established as a repository for Perl modules and Perl itself ; as of June 2015 , it carries over 150 @,@ 775 modules in 31 @,@ 896 distributions , written by more than 12 @,@ 219 authors , and is mirrored worldwide at more than 253 locations .
Perl 5 @.@ 004 was released on May 15 , 1997 , and included among other things the UNIVERSAL package , giving Perl a base object to which all classes were automatically derived and the ability to require versions of modules . Another significant development was the inclusion of the CGI.pm module , which contributed to Perl 's popularity as a CGI scripting language .
Perl is also now supported running under Microsoft Windows and several other operating systems .
Perl 5 @.@ 005 was released on July 22 , 1998 . This release included several enhancements to the regex engine , new hooks into the backend through the B : : * modules , the qr / / regex quote operator , a large selection of other new core modules , and added support for several more operating systems , including BeOS .
= = = 2000 – present = = =
Perl 5 @.@ 6 was released on March 22 , 2000 . Major changes included 64 @-@ bit support , Unicode string representation , large file support ( i.e. files over 2 GiB ) and the " our " keyword . When developing Perl 5 @.@ 6 , the decision was made to switch the versioning scheme to one more similar to other open source projects ; after 5 @.@ 005 _ 63 , the next version became 5 @.@ 5 @.@ 640 , with plans for development versions to have odd numbers and stable versions to have even numbers .
In 2000 , Wall put forth a call for suggestions for a new version of Perl from the community . The process
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uncertainty over the financially distressed studio 's future . When asked about the film , he said , " I think I 'm still attached . I don 't know . I haven 't heard from anyone in a while . " Later during 2007 , Aronofsky said he was planning to film a movie about Noah 's Ark .
Aronofsky had the idea for The Wrestler for over a decade . He hired Robert D. Siegal to turn his idea into a script . The actor Nicolas Cage entered negotiations in October 2007 to star as Randy , the film 's protagonist . The following month Cage left the project , and Mickey Rourke replaced him in the lead role . Aronofsky said that Cage pulled out of the movie because the director wanted Rourke to star ; Aronofsky said , stating that Cage was " a complete gentleman , and he understood that my heart was with Mickey and he stepped aside . I have so much respect for Nic Cage as an actor and I think it really could have worked with Nic but , you know , Nic was incredibly supportive of Mickey and he is old friends with Mickey and really wanted to help with this opportunity , so he pulled himself out of the race . " Cage responded , " I wasn 't quote ' dropped ' from the movie . I resigned from the movie because I didn 't think I had enough time to achieve the look of the wrestler who was on steroids , which I would never do . " The roughly 40 @-@ day shoot began in January 2008 .
The Wrestler premiered at the 65th Venice International Film Festival . Initially flying under the radar , the film wound up winning the Golden Lion , the highest award at the world 's oldest film festival . The Wrestler received great critical acclaim , and both Rourke and co @-@ star Marisa Tomei received Academy Award , Golden Globe , SAG , and BAFTA nominations for their performances . Rourke won a Golden Globe , as did Bruce Springsteen for his original song written for the film . The Wrestler grossed $ 44 @,@ 674 @,@ 354 worldwide on a budget of $ 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 making it Aronofsky 's highest grossing film to that point .
Aronofsky 's next film was Black Swan , which had been in development since 2001 , a psychological thriller horror film about a New York City ballerina . The film starred actress Natalie Portman , whom Aronofsky had known since 2000 . She introduced Aronofsky to Mila Kunis , who joined the cast in 2009 . Black Swan had its world premiere as the opening film at the 67th Venice Film Festival on October 2010 . It received a standing ovation whose length Variety said made it " one of the strongest Venice openers in recent memory " .
Black Swan has received high praise from film critics , and received a record 12 Broadcast Film Critics Association nominations , four Independent Spirit Award nominations , four Golden Globe nominations , three SAG nominations , and many more accolades . Aronofsky received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Director . The film broke limited @-@ release box @-@ office records and grossed an unexpectedly high $ 329 @,@ 398 @,@ 046 . On January 25 , 2011 , the film was nominated for a total of five Academy Awards ; Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actress , Best Cinematography and Best Film Editing and in March , Portman won as Best Actress . The film was awarded the PRISM Award from the Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration for its depiction of mental health issues . Aronofsky served as an executive producer on The Fighter , which was also nominated for Best Picture at the Oscars .
= = = Larger budget production = = =
Aronofsky was attached to The Wolverine , which was scheduled to begin production in March 2011 , but he left the project due to scheduling issues . The film was set to be sixth entry of the X @-@ Men film series , featuring a story revolving around Wolverine 's adventures in Japan . In December 2011 , Aronofsky
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sympathy in this battle of right against might . "
Upon arriving at the seashore on 5 April , Gandhi was interviewed by an Associated Press reporter . He stated :
I cannot withhold my compliments from the government for the policy of complete non interference adopted by them throughout the march .... I wish I could believe this non @-@ interference was due to any real change of heart or policy . The wanton disregard shown by them to popular feeling in the Legislative Assembly and their high @-@ handed action leave no room for doubt that the policy of heartless exploitation of India is to be persisted in at any cost , and so the only interpretation I can put upon this non @-@ interference is that the British Government , powerful though it is , is sensitive to world opinion which will not tolerate repression of extreme political agitation which civil disobedience undoubtedly is , so long as disobedience remains civil and therefore necessarily non @-@ violent .... It remains to be seen whether the Government will tolerate as they have tolerated the march , the actual breach of the salt laws by countless people from tomorrow .
The following morning , after a prayer , Gandhi raised a lump of salty mud and declared , " With this , I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire . " He then boiled it in seawater , producing illegal salt . He implored his thousands of followers to likewise begin making salt along the seashore , " wherever it is convenient " and to instruct villagers in making illegal , but necessary , salt .
= = The first 80 Marchers = =
79 Marchers accompanied Gandhi on his march . Most of them were between the ages of 20 and 30 . These men hailed from almost all parts of the country . The march gathered more people as it gained momentum , but the following list of names were the first 79 marchers who were with Gandhi from the beginning of the Dandi March until the end . Most of them simply dispersed after the march was over .
A memorial has been created inside the campus of IIT Bombay honouring these Satyagrahis .
= = Mass civil disobedience = =
Mass civil disobedience spread throughout India as millions broke the salt laws by making salt or buying illegal salt . Salt was sold illegally all over the coast of India . A pinch of salt made by Gandhi himself sold for 1 @,@ 600 rupees ( equivalent to $ 750 at the time ) . In reaction , the British government arrested over sixty thousand people by the end of the month .
What had begun as a Salt Satyagraha quickly grew into a mass Satyagraha . British cloth and goods were boycotted . Unpopular forest laws were defied in the Maharashtra , Karnataka and Central Provinces . Gujarati peasants refused to pay tax , under threat of losing their crops and land . In Midnapore , Bengalis took part by refusing to pay the chowkidar tax . The British responded with more laws , including censorship of correspondence and declaring the Congress and its associate organisations illegal . None of those measures slowed the civil disobedience movement .
In Peshawar , satyagraha was led by a Muslim Pashto disciple of Gandhi , Ghaffar Khan , who had trained 50 @,@ 000 nonviolent activists called Khudai Khidmatgar . On 23 April 1930 , Ghaffar Khan was arrested . A crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered in Peshawar 's Kissa Khani ( Storytellers ) Bazaar . The British ordered troops of 2 / 18 battalion of Royal Garhwal Rifles to open fire
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" who could " smell out a Loyall @-@ hearted man as soon as the best Blood @-@ hound in the Army " .
Although Alkin acted as one of the newsbook sellers , between 1650 and 1651 she published several short @-@ lived newsbooks , including The Impartial Scout , The Moderne Intelligencer , Mercurius Anglicus ( formerly a royalist title which she appropriated ) and Mercurius Scoticus , or , The Royal Messenger . Clarke believes Alkin may have used formerly royalist titles , or royalist @-@ sounding names to win the confidence of royalist sympathisers , and get them to reveal the location of illicit printers . The historian Marcus Nevitt disagrees , and argues that Alkin was " reappropriating Royalist titles for Parliamentarian consumption " . In total she produced ten notebook issues of differing titles .
One of those she uncovered was William Dugard , who ran four presses at the Merchant Taylors ' School in London ; Dugard was imprisoned in February 1650 . The following year she was paid £ 10 for discovering the printers of Edward Hall 's work Manus testium lingua testium , and received further recompense from the Committee for the Advance of Money for other , unknown services .
= = Post Civil War = =
In 1653 , during the First Anglo @-@ Dutch War , Alkin assisted Daniel Whistler in setting up a network of casualty reception stations in Portsmouth , Harwich and East Anglia . The stations treated both English and Dutch casualties .
Alkin made financial claims from the state for her nursing , some of which were paid , although a petition of 1654 refers to her severe illness . The same letter stated that she had had to sell many of her possessions , including her bed . A petition for financial relief from May 1655 is the last recorded note on her , and it is presumed that she died soon afterwards .
= Battle of Gythium =
The Battle of Gythium was fought in 195 BC between Sparta and the coalition of Rome , Rhodes , the Achaean League and Pergamum . As the port of Gythium was an important Spartan base the allies decided to capture it before they advanced inland to Sparta . The Romans and the Achaeans were joined outside the city by the Pergamese and Rhodian fleets . The Spartans held out but one of the joint commanders , Dexagoridas , decided to surrender the city to the Roman legate . When Gorgopas , the other commander , found out he killed Dexagoridas and took solo command of the city . After Dexagoridas ' murder the Spartans held out more vigorously . However , Titus Quinctius Flamininus of the allied forces arrived with 4 @,@ 000 more men and the Spartans decided to surrender the city on the condition that the garrison could leave unharmed . The result of this battle forced Nabis , the tyrant of Sparta , to abandon the surrounding land and withdraw to the city of Sparta . Later that year , Sparta capitulated to the allies .
= = Prelude = =
The Macedonians had been defeated in the Second Macedonian War in 197 BC which left the Spartans in control of Argos . This Spartan gain was a setback for the Achaean League who had been trying to incorporate Sparta into their league for many years . The Romans had won the Second Macedonian War and it left them in control of Greek affairs . However , they decided not to occupy Greece but to garrison some cities for five years . The tyrant of Sparta , Nabis , who had declared himself king , was troubling the Achaean League and was also threatening to destroy the peace in Greece .
In 195 BC , Flamininus summoned his army in Greece and that of his allies at Plataea in Boeotia . He then marched from Plataea to Argos where he was joined by 10 @,@ 000 Achean infantry and 1 @,@ 000 cavalry . After a few brief skirmishes , the allies decided to abandon the siege and they pitched in Tegea . They then advanced upon Caryae where they were joined by 1 @,@ 500 Macedonians and 400 Thessalian cavalry .
Nabis also made his own preparations . Nabis had always been on good terms with Cretan leaders and he requested 1 @,@ 000 of their best soldiers who were hand picked to assist him . As well as the Cretans , he hired 3 @,@ 000 mercenaries and 10 @,@ 000 citizens . The Romans and their allies then advanced upon Sellasia not far north of Sparta . The Romans were defeated in a small battle and they retreated . The Romans then won another battle against the Spartans and forced them to retreat into the city .
= = Battle = =
Some coastal cities surrendered to the Romans which allowed the Romans to have a base in the coastal regions of Laconia . Gythium was a large city and had been made by the Spartans as their main port and naval arsenal . The Romans advanced upon the city and they were joined there by the combined Rhodian and Pergamese fleets . The sailors from the Roman , Pergamese and Rhodian fleets built siege engines which had devastating effects on the walls . One of the city 's joint commanders , Dexagoridas , offered to surrender the city to the Roman legate in charge of the fleet while Flamininus was gone . When the other commander Gorgopas found out he murdered Dexagoridas .
Now with the city under Gorgopas ' command the defenders became reinvigorated . The siege was proving more difficult until Flamininus arrived with 4 @,@ 000 Roman soldiers . With the arrival of the new soldiers , the allied soldiers were encouraged and began bombarding the city again with their siege engines while the Rhodian and Pergamese fleet continued to put pressure on the Spartans from the sea . The Spartans knew that they did not have much of a chance of withstanding the renewed allied assault and Gorgopas decided to surrender the city to the Romans under the condition that the garrison was allowed to leave the city unharmed .
= = Aftermath = =
When Nabis found out that Gythium had fallen to the allies he decided to abandon the remaining Laconian countryside that he controlled . Nabis sent envoys to Flamininus who offered Nabis a parley . The Romans attacked Sparta when the parley ended but the Spartans withstood the initial allied assaults . Nabis , however , seeing that the situation was hopeless agreed to surrender the city to the Romans . The Romans forced Nabis to abandon Argos and most of the coastal cities of Laconia . The Romans formed all the cities that had broken off from Sparta on the Laconian coast into the Union of Free Laconians . However , the Romans didn 't strip Nabis of his powers because they wanted a state in the Peloponnese to counter the growing Achaean League . Nabis attacked Gythium two or three years later only to retreat after being unable to capture the city but in 192 BC he was assassinated by the Aetolians before he had a chance to attempt another attack on the city . In 189 BC , the Spartans , having been deprived of a port , attacked and captured the city of Las . The Acheans , threatened by the attack , demanded the surrender of those responsible for the attack and when that was refused they captured the city .
= General Aircraft Hamilcar =
The General Aircraft Limited GAL . 49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mark I was a large British military glider produced during the Second World War , which was designed to carry heavy cargo , such as
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the Tetrarch or M22 Locust light tank . When the British airborne establishment was formed in 1940 by the order of Prime Minister Winston Churchill it was decided to develop a large glider which would be able to transport heavy equipment in support of airborne troops . General Aircraft Limited were chosen in January 1941 to develop this glider , which they designated the GAL . 49 ' Hamilcar ' . It was designed to transport a single light tank or two Universal Carriers . A number of problems , which included vacillation by the War Office on the number of gliders that it wanted and poor management by GAL , led to delays in the production of the Hamilcar , and the first production glider was only assembled in mid @-@ 1943 . These problems were only partially solved , and production of the glider continued to be slow , hampered by difficulties in finding suitable locations to store and construct the Hamilcars once their parts were produced . A total of 344 Hamilcars had been built when production ended in 1946 .
Hamilcars were only used on three occasions , and only in support of British airborne forces . They first saw action in June 1944 , when approximately thirty were used to carry 17 @-@ pounder anti @-@ tank guns , transport vehicles and Tetrarch light tanks into Normandy in support of British airborne forces during Operation Tonga . In September 1944 a similar number of Hamilcars were used to transport anti @-@ tank guns , transport vehicles and supplies for airborne troops as part of Operation Market Garden . They were used a third and final time in March 1945 during Operation Varsity , when they transported M22 Locust light tanks and other supplies . The gliders proved to be successful in all three operations , although their slow speed and large size made them easy targets for anti @-@ aircraft fire , which resulted in a number of gliders being damaged or destroyed . A powered variant of the Hamilcar was produced , the Hamilcar Mark X , in an attempt to extend the range of the Hamilcar so it could serve in the Pacific War ; however , the conflict in the Pacific ended before the design could see combat .
= = Development = =
= = = Background = = =
The British airborne establishment was formed in June 1940 under the orders of the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , in response to the German use of airborne forces during the Battle of France . When the equipment to be used by the airborne forces was being developed , it had been decided by officials at the War Office that gliders would be an integral component of such a force ; these would be used to transport troops and heavy equipment , which by 1941 had been expanded to include artillery and some form of tank . By the beginning of 1941 , the War Office had issued four specifications for military gliders to be used by the airborne forces . The first was Air Ministry specification X.10 / 40 , which called for an eight @-@ seater glider similar to the German DFS 230 , which eventually became the General Aircraft Hotspur I ; the second was specification X.25 / 40 which became the Slingsby Hengist , a fifteen @-@ seat glider ; the third was specification X.26 / 40 , the 25 @-@ seater Airspeed Horsa ; and the last , X.27 / 40 was for a glider that could carry a light tank or other heavy loads . The number of aeronautical firms able to design and produce gliders was limited , especially since several were already committed to producing other prop @-@ driven aircraft for the government ; as such , contracts for the gliders were allocated to firms as the government saw fit , rather than through any competitive process . Slingsby was chosen to develop X.25 / 40 because it was believed to be too small to build larger gliders , and Airspeed would eventually build the Horsa . Because it had already developed the Hotspur , which first flew in November 1940 , and was considered to have a sufficiently developed production capacity capable of producing a larger glider , General Aircraft Limited were chosen to develop X.27 / 40 .
Before being selected , the company had already been in the process of developing designs for a glider which would carry a single Mk VII ' Tetrarch ' light tank . The design was a low @-@ wing aircraft designed so that the tank driver also functioned as the glider pilot , and flew the glider from his seat in the tank through a series of internal modifications to the tank . The idea behind the design was to save on specially @-@ trained glider pilots and allow the tank to be brought into action as soon as the glider landed ; surviving illustrations of the design show the tank encased in the glider 's fuselage but
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Cairo University and Abu Jihad in Gaza . Both would later become Arafat 's top aides . Abu Iyad traveled with Arafat to Kuwait in late 1960 ; Abu Jihad , also working as a teacher , had already been living there since 1959 . After settling in Kuwait , Abu Iyad helped Arafat obtain a temporary job as a schoolteacher .
As Arafat began to develop friendships with Palestinian refugees ( some of whom he knew from his Cairo days ) , he and the others gradually founded the group that became known as Fatah . The exact date for the establishment of Fatah is unknown . In 1959 , the group 's existence was attested to in the pages of a Palestinian nationalist magazine , Filastununa Nida al @-@ Hayat ( Our Palestine , The Call of Life ) , which was written and edited by Abu Jihad . FaTaH is a reverse acronym of the Arabic name Harakat al @-@ Tahrir al @-@ Watani al @-@ Filastini which translates into " The Palestinian National Liberation Movement " . " Fatah " is also a word that was used in early Islamic times to refer to " conquest . "
Fatah dedicated itself to the liberation of Palestine by an armed struggle carried out by Palestinians themselves . This differed from other Palestinian political and guerrilla organizations , most of which firmly believed in a united Arab response . Arafat 's organization never embraced the ideologies of the major Arab governments of the time , in contrast to other Palestinian factions , which often became satellites of nations such as Egypt , Iraq , Saudi Arabia , Syria and others .
In accordance with his ideology , Arafat generally refused to accept donations to his organization from major Arab governments , in order to act independently of them . He did not want to alienate them , and sought their undivided support by avoiding ideological alliances . However , to establish the groundwork for Fatah 's future financial support , he enlisted contributions from the many wealthy Palestinians working in Kuwait and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf , such as Qatar ( where he met Mahmoud Abbas in 1961 ) . These businessmen and oil workers contributed generously to the Fatah organization . Arafat continued this process in other Arab countries , such as Libya and Syria .
In 1962 , Arafat and his closest companions migrated to Syria — a country sharing a border with Israel — which had recently seceded from its union with Egypt . Fatah had approximately three hundred members by this time , but none were fighters . In Syria , he managed to recruit members by offering them higher incomes to enable his armed attacks against Israel . Fatah 's manpower was incremented further after Arafat decided to offer new recruits much higher salaries than members of the Palestine Liberation Army ( PLA ) , the regular military force of the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) , which was created by the Arab League in 1964 . On 31 December , a squad from al @-@ Assifa , Fatah 's armed wing , attempted to infiltrate Israel , but they were intercepted and detained by Lebanese security forces . Several other raids with Fatah 's poorly trained and badly @-@ equipped fighters followed this incident . Some were successful , others failed in their missions . Arafat often led these incursions personally .
Arafat was detained in Syria 's Mezzeh Prison when a Palestinian Syrian Army officer , Yusef Urabi , was killed . Urabi had been chairing a meeting to ease tensions between Arafat and Palestinian Liberation Front leader Ahmed Jibril , but neither Arafat nor Jibril attended , delegating representatives to attend on their behalf . Urabi was killed during or after the meeting amid disputed circumstances . On the orders of Defense Minister Hafez al @-@ Assad , a close friend of Urabi , Arafat was subsequently arrested , found guilty by a three @-@ man jury and sentenced to death . However , he and his colleagues were pardoned by President Salah Jadid shortly after the verdict . The incident brought Assad and Arafat to unpleasant terms , which would surface later when Assad became President of Syria .
= = = Leader of the Palestinians = = =
On 13 November 1966 , Israel launched a major raid against the Jordanian administered West Bank town of as @-@ Samu , in response to a Fatah @-@ implemented roadside bomb attack which had killed three members of the Israeli security forces near the southern Green Line border . In the resulting skirmish , scores of Jordanian security forces were killed and 125 homes razed . This raid was one of several factors that led to the 1967 Six @-@ Day War .
The Six @-@ Day war began when Israel launched air strikes against Egypt 's air force on 5 June 1967 . The war ended in an Arab defeat and Israel 's occupation of several Arab territories , including the West Bank and Gaza Strip . Although Nasser and his Arab allies had been defeated , Arafat and Fatah could claim a victory , in that the majority of Palestinians , who had up to that time tended to align and sympathize with individual Arab governments , now began to agree that a ' Palestinian ' solution to their dilemma was indispensable . Many primarily Palestinian political parties , including George Habash 's Arab Nationalist Movement , Hajj Amin al @-@ Husseini 's Arab Higher Committee , the Islamic Liberation Front and several Syrian @-@ backed groups , virtually crumbled after their sponsor governments ' defeat . Barely a week after the defeat , Arafat crossed the Jordan River in disguise and entered the West Bank , where he set up recruitment centers in Hebron , the Jerusalem area and Nablus , and began attracting both fighters and financiers for his cause .
At the same time , Nasser contacted Arafat through the former 's adviser Mohammed Heikal and Arafat was declared by Nasser to be the " leader of the Palestinians . " In December 1967 Ahmad Shukeiri resigned his post as PLO Chairman . Yahya Hammuda took his place and invited Arafat to join the organization . Fatah was allocated 33 of 105 seats of the PLO Executive Committee while 57 seats were left for several other guerrilla factions .
= = = Battle of Karameh = = =
Throughout 1968 , Fatah and other Palestinian armed groups were the target of a major Israeli army operation in the Jordanian village of Karameh , where the
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sexual selection may drive species to extinction , as has been argued for the enormous horns of the male Irish elk , which may have made it difficult for mature males to move and feed .
Different forms of sexual selection are possible , including rivalry among males , and selection of females by males .
= = = = Warning = = = =
Warning coloration ( aposematism ) is effectively the " opposite " of camouflage , and a special case of advertising . Its function is to make the animal , for example a wasp or a coral snake , highly conspicuous to potential predators , so that it is noticed , remembered , and then avoided . As Peter Forbes observes , " Human warning signs employ the same colours - red , yellow , black , and white - that nature uses to advertise dangerous creatures . " Warning colours work by being associated by potential predators with something that makes the warning coloured animal unpleasant or dangerous . This can be achieved in several ways , by being any combination of :
distasteful , for example caterpillars , pupae and adults of the cinnabar moth , the monarch butterfly and the Variable Checkerspot butterfly have bitter @-@ tasting chemicals in their blood . One monarch contains more than enough digitalis @-@ like toxin to kill a cat , while a monarch extract makes starlings vomit .
foul @-@ smelling , for example the skunk can eject a liquid with a long @-@ lasting and powerful odour
aggressive and able to defend itself , for example honey badgers .
venomous , for example a wasp can deliver a painful sting , while snakes like the viper or coral snake can deliver a fatal bite .
Warning coloration can succeed either through inborn behaviour ( instinct ) on the part of potential predators , or through a learned avoidance . Either can lead to various forms of mimicry . Experiments show that avoidance is learned in birds , mammals , lizards , and amphibians , but that some birds such as great tits have inborn avoidance of certain colours and patterns such as black and yellow stripes .
= = = Mimicry = = =
Mimicry means that one species of animal resembles another species closely enough to deceive predators . To evolve , the mimicked species must have warning coloration , because appearing to be bitter @-@ tasting or dangerous gives natural selection something to work on . Once a species has a slight , chance , resemblance to a warning coloured species , natural selection can drive its colours and patterns towards more perfect mimicry . There are numerous possible mechanisms , of which by far the best known are :
Batesian mimicry , where an edible species resembles a distasteful or dangerous species . This is most common in insects such as butterflies . A familiar example is the resemblance of harmless hoverflies ( which have no sting ) to bees .
Müllerian mimicry , where two or more distasteful or dangerous animal species resemble each other . This is most common among insects such as wasps and bees ( hymenoptera ) .
Batesian mimicry was first described by pioneering naturalist Henry W. Bates . When an edible prey animal comes to resemble , even slightly , a distasteful animal , natural selection favours those individuals that even very slightly better resemble the distasteful species . This is because even a small degree of protection reduces predation and increases the chance that an individual mimic will survive and reproduce . For example , many species of hoverfly are coloured black and yellow like bees , and are in consequence avoided by birds ( and people ) .
Müllerian mimicry was first described by pioneering naturalist Fritz Müller . When a distasteful animal comes to resemble a more common distasteful animal , natural selection favours individuals that even very slightly better resemble the target . For example , many species of stinging wasp and bee are similarly coloured black and yellow . Müller 's explanation of the mechanism for this was one of the first uses of mathematics in biology . He argued that a predator , such as a young bird , must attack at least one insect , say a wasp , to learn that the black and yellow colours mean a stinging insect . If bees were differently coloured , the young bird would have to attack one of them also . But when bees and wasps resemble each other , the young bird need only attack one from the whole group to learn to avoid all of them . So , fewer bees are attacked if they mimic wasps ; the same applies to wasps that mimic bees . The result is mutual resemblance for mutual protection .
= = = Distraction = = =
= = = = Startle = = = =
Some animals such as many moths , mantises and grasshoppers , have a repertory of threatening or startling behaviour , such as suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots or patches of bright and contrasting colours , so as to scare off or momentarily distract a predator . This gives the prey animal an opportunity to escape . The behaviour is deimatic ( startling ) rather than aposematic as these insects are palatable to predators , so the warning colours are a bluff , not an honest signal .
= = = = Motion dazzle = = = =
Some prey animals such as zebra are marked with high @-@ contrast patterns which possibly help to confuse their predators , such as lions , during a chase . The bold stripes of a herd of running Zebra have been claimed make it difficult for predators to estimate the prey 's speed and direction accurately , or to identify individual animals , giving the prey an improved chance of escape . Since dazzle patterns ( such as the Zebra 's stripes ) make animals harder to catch when moving , but easier to detect when stationary , there is an evolutionary trade @-@ off between dazzle and camouflage . Another theory is that the zebra 's stripes could provide some protection from flies and biting insects .
= = = Physical protection = = =
Many animals have dark pigments such as melanin in their skin , eyes and fur to protect themselves against sunburn ( damage to living tissues caused by ultraviolet light ) .
= = = Temperature regulation = = =
Some frogs such as Bokermannohyla alvarengai , which basks in sunlight , lighten their skin colour when hot ( and darkens when cold ) , making their skin reflect more heat and so avoid overheating .
= = = Incidental coloration = = =
Some animals are coloured purely incidentally because their blood contains pigments . For example , amphibians like the olm that live in caves may be largely colourless as colour has no function in that environment , but they show some red because of the haem pigment in their red blood cells , needed to carry oxygen . They also have a little orange coloured riboflavin in their skin . Human albinos and people with fair skin have a similar colour for the same reason .
= = Mechanisms of colour production in animals = =
Animal coloration may be the result of any combination of pigments , chromatophores , structural coloration and bioluminescence .
= = = Coloration by pigments = = =
Pigments are coloured chemicals ( such as melanin ) in animal tissues . For example , the Arctic fox has a white coat in winter ( containing little pigment ) , and a brown coat in summer ( containing more pigment ) . Many animals , including mammals , birds , and amphibians , are unable to synthesize most of the pigments that colour their fur or feathers , other than the brown or black melanins that give many mammals their earth tones . For example , the bright yellow of an American goldfinch , the startling orange of a juvenile red @-@ spotted newt , the deep red of a cardinal and the pink of a flamingo are all produced by carotenoid pigments synthesized by plants . In the case of the flamingo , the bird eats pink shrimps , which are themselves unable to synthesize carotenoids . The shrimps derive their body colour from microscopic red algae , which like most plants are able to create their own pigments , including both carotenoids and ( green ) chlorophyll . Animals that eat green plants do not become green , however , as chlorophyll does not survive digestion .
= = = Variable coloration by chromatophores = = =
Chromatophores are special pigment @-@ containing cells that can change their size , thus varying the colour and pattern of the animal . The voluntary control of chromatophores is known as metachrosis . For example , cuttlefish and chameleons can rapidly change their appearance , both for camouflage and for signalling , as Aristotle first noted over 2000 years ago :
The octopus ... seeks its prey by so changing its colour as to render it like the colour of
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the stones adjacent to it ; it does so also when alarmed .
When cephalopod molluscs like squid and cuttlefish find themselves against a light background , they contract many of their chromatophores , concentrating the pigment into a smaller area , resulting in a pattern of tiny , dense , but widely spaced dots , appearing light . When they enter a darker environment , they allow their chromatophores to expand , creating a pattern of larger dark spots , and making their bodies appear dark . Amphibians such as frogs have three kinds of star @-@ shaped chromatophore cells in separate layers of their skin . The top layer contains ' xanthophores ' with orange , red , or yellow pigments ; the middle layer contains ' iridophores ' with a silvery light @-@ reflecting pigment ; while the bottom layer contains ' melanophores ' with dark melanin .
= = = Structural coloration = = =
While many animals are unable to synthesize carotenoid pigments to create red and yellow surfaces , the green and blue colours of bird feathers and insect carapaces are usually not produced by pigments at all , but by structural coloration . Structural coloration means the production of colour by microscopically @-@ structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light , sometimes in combination with pigments : for example , peacock tail feathers are pigmented brown , but their structure makes them appear blue , turquoise and green . Structural coloration can produce the most brilliant colours , often iridescent . For example , the blue / green gloss on the plumage of birds such as ducks , and the purple / blue / green / red colours of many beetles and butterflies are created by structural coloration . Animals use several methods to produce structural colour , as described in the table .
= = = Bioluminescence = = =
Bioluminescence is the production of light , such as by the photophores of marine animals , and the tails of glow @-@ worms and fireflies . Bioluminescence , like other forms of metabolism , releases energy derived from the chemical energy of food . A pigment , luciferin is catalysed by the enzyme luciferase to react with oxygen , releasing light . Comb jellies such as Euplokamis are bioluminescent , creating blue and green light , especially when stressed ; when disturbed , they secrete an ink which luminesces in the same colours . Since comb jellies are not very sensitive to light , their bioluminescence is unlikely to be used to signal to other members of the same species ( e.g. to attract mates or repel rivals ) ; more likely , the light helps to distract predators or parasites . Some species of squid have light @-@ producing organs ( photophores ) scattered all over their undersides that create a sparkling glow . This provides counter @-@ illumination camouflage , preventing the animal from appearing as a dark shape when seen from below . Some angler fish of the deep sea , where it is too dark to hunt by sight , contain symbiotic bacteria in the ' bait ' on their ' fishing rods ' . These emit light to attract prey .
= Ciao Italia : Live from Italy =
Ciao Italia : Live from Italy ( credited as Madonna : Ciao , Italia ! Live from Italy in the video sequence ) is a video album by American singer @-@ songwriter Madonna and was released by Warner Reprise Video and Sire Records on May 24 , 1988 . It contained footage from a previous TV special of the Who 's That Girl World Tour , Madonna in Concerto , broadcast in Europe in 1987 , filmed at the Stadio Comunale in Turin , Italy . The video release also contained footage from shows recorded in Florence , Italy and Tokyo , Japan , the latter having previously been released as a Japanese TV
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special and home video release , Who 's That Girl : Live in Japan . The decision to release Ciao Italia was spurred by the fact that this previous release became a commercial success in Japan . A re @-@ release of the video took place in 1999 , when it was released in DVD format , with a stereo soundtrack containing the songs only .
The video received positive reviews from critics , who noted Madonna 's showmanship and her skills as a performer . They also complimented the camera work in the video , for enhancing the visual aspects of the tour . Ciao Italia topped the Music Video sales chart of Billboard , and became the second best @-@ selling music video cassette of 1988 . It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 100 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Background = =
Madonna 's 1987 Who 's That Girl World Tour was a critical and commercial success , earning US $ 25 million and playing in front of an audience of 1 @.@ 5 million . When the time came for the video release of the tour , Warner Bros. decided to release it only in Japan , where Madonna 's previous video albums had not been released . This decision was also backed by the profit that the Who 's That Girl World Tour had achieved from its Japanese leg . Named as Who 's That Girl : Live in Japan , the video contained a live date from the tour , filmed at Korakuen Stadium in Tokyo , Japan on June 22 , 1987 . It was also aired as a television special in Japan only and was the first television broadcast there , using Dolby Surround sound . The release was a commercial success , prompting Warner to release a different version of the tour video , for the rest of the world . Although the Japanese concert was released on VHS and LaserDisc , Warner Music Japan has never officially made it available on DVD .
The video was released on May 24 , 1988 , and contained video compilation of two different dates from the tour , Turin and from Florence , as well as clips from her concert in Tokyo , Japan . The video had an introduction , where Madonna was shown practicing with her troupe on the stage , rehearsing the songs and the dance moves . Madonna , who had gone through rigorous exercises and aerobics to prepare herself for the tour , demanded from director Egbert van Hees that the shape of her body be given prominence in the footage to be used for the video . She believed that her new shape and figure would make her appear highly attractive . In 1999 , Warner Bros. re @-@ released the video in DVD format , along with some of Madonna 's other video albums . The music video appears in an aspect ratio of 1 @.@ 33 : 1 ( 4 : 3 ) on the single @-@ sided , single @-@ layered DVD . The concert relied heavily on magenta tones ; from the lighting to Madonna ’ s outfits . A stereo soundtrack accompanied the DVD release , where the songs were mixed without having a surround sound effect .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Andrew Perala from Anchorage Daily News complimented the video , saying " If you have a secret fondness for pop singer Madonna , you would want to check out her Ciao Italia , the singer 's concert film from Italy . You can be pleasantly surprised at how amazing she is . " Heather Phares from Allmusic said : " Madonna 's Ciao Italia : Live From Italy captures a performance from her 1988 world tour and features hits like ' Lucky Star ' , ' True Blue ' , ' La Isla Bonita ' , ' Like a Virgin ' , and ' Material Girl ' . A much simpler , less choreographed performance than her later extravaganzas like The Girlie Show World Tour , Ciao Italia is still entertaining in its own right , and will definitely please fans nostalgic for some old @-@ school Madonna hits . " Dennis Hunt from Los Angeles Times gave a positive review , saying " A festive Italian stadium show featuring the Material Girl , who 's turned into a first @-@ rate entertainer , strutting and singing in flashy production @-@ number renditions of her recent most Billboard topping songs , is indeed a delight . The video captures the enormity of Madonna as a performer , and her theatrics , oomph and chutzpah . " Tom Shales from The Washington Post said that " Ciao Italia works wonderful because it makes Madonna look like she 's at home , with her Italian family all around her . [ ... ] A Turin soccer stadium became the sexual center of the universe last year when Madonna , one of our naughtiest superstars , taped this concert there before 75 @,@ 000 gyrating Italians . Ebullient and insouciant , Madonna sings her hits @-@ including the darkly beautiful ' Live to Tell ' — in cavernous stereo ; dances engagingly with 14 @-@ year @-@ old Chris Finch , the quintessential Lucky Little Boy ; and crowns herself queen of teases , bending over to reveal ' Kiss ' printed on her underpants [ ... ] Sheer showmanship is present in her performances as well as the camera work of this video . " Jim Farber from Rolling Stone said that " this version of Madonna 's Who 's That Girl Tour returns the star to the medium where she excels best . On videocassette , however , Madonna makes manipulation seem like an exciting message indeed . " Colin Jacobson from the DVD Movie Guide however , gave a negative review of the album , saying " Possibly the biggest problem with Ciao Italia regarded the sloppy manner in which the program was assembled . I can ’ t recall if Italia appeared as a TV special that aired live or if it was taped and edited specifically for future broadcast screenings , but it certainly looked like something that was created on the fly . Sloppy camerawork and editing abound , as those two factors don ’ t flow together terribly well . It felt as though they tried their best to get appropriate material at the time but that they failed to massage it after the fact . "
= = = Commercial performance = = =
The release debuted at number 17 on Billboard 's Top Music Video chart , on June 4 , 1988 and reached a peak of eight , the next week . The video started a steady climb on the chart , and on the issue dated August 20 , 1988 , it reached number three on the chart , being kept from the top spot by Callan Pinckney 's Callanetics and Jane F
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that Steffi Jones would become the new German head coach in 2016 .
= = = Statistical summary = = =
* Key : P – games played , W – games won , D – games drawn ; L – games lost , % – win percentage . Statistics as of 22 July 2016 .
= = Venues = =
The German national football team has no national stadium . Like the men , the women 's team play their home matches in different stadiums throughout the country . As of June 2011 , they have played in 87 different German cities . Most home games have been held in Osnabrück with six matches , followed by Ulm ( five games ) , and Bochum , Kaiserslautern , Koblenz , Lüdenscheid , Rheine , Siegen and Weil am Rhein ( three games each ) . The first home match in former East Germany was played in Aue in May 1991 .
In the 1980s and 1990s , home matches were mostly played in smaller towns with no professional football clubs . As the team became more successful , especially after the World Cup win in 2003 , the number of spectators rose accordingly . Today , the team usually plays in stadiums with 10 @,@ 000 to 25 @,@ 000 seats . The ten largest German cities have only hosted five international matches . The team have played twice in Frankfurt and Berlin , and once Hamburg . Bremen , Dortmund , Düsseldorf , Essen , Cologne , Munich and Stuttgart have never hosted an international match of the women 's team .
Outside Germany , they have played the most games in Faro , Portugal ( 10 matches ) , and Guangzhou , China ( six matches ) , the host cities of the annual Algarve Cup and the Four Nations Tournament respectively . They have also played five games in Albufeira , Portugal ( also an Algarve Cup venue ) , and four times in Minneapolis in the United States .
The record attendance for Germany was 73 @,@ 680 in the 2011 Women 's World Cup opening game against Canada at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin . That game also set a new European record in women 's football . Away from home , the team 's crowd record was 54 @,@ 642 in the 1999 Women 's World Cup quarter @-@ final against the United States at the Jack Kent Cooke Stadium in Landover .
= = Colours = =
The German women 's national football team wears white shirts with black shorts and white socks , following the tradition of the German men 's team – black and white are the colours of Prussia . The current change kit is red and black , with black shorts and red socks . In the past , Germany also used green shirts with white shorts and green socks as the away kit .
The women 's national team originally played with the emblem of the German men 's team , a variation of the DFB logo with the Federal Eagle of Germany ( Bundesadler ) and three stars at the top for the men 's 1954 , 1974 and 1990 World Cup titles . Since their first Women 's World Cup win in 2003 , the team displays its own World Cup titles ; initially with one star , and since 2007 , with two stars at the top of the emblem . While being reigning world champions , Germany also displayed the newly created " FIFA Women 's World Champions Badge " on their shirts from 2009 until 2011 when they were succeeded by Japan .
In accordance with the rules of the International Olympic Committee , Germany does not wear its official uniform with the logo of the German Football Association while competing at the Summer Olympics . Instead , the DFB badge is replaced by the coat of arms of Germany . Like all DFB squads , the women 's national team is supplied by Adidas , which had provided a specifically designed female football jersey since 1999 . The team 's main sponsor is the German insurance company Allianz .
= = Acceptance and popularity = =
For most of the 20th century , women 's football was a niche sport in Germany and was frowned upon . When the DFB appointed Gero Bisanz to coach the newly founded women 's national team , he was initially very reluctant about his assignment and feared it would harm his reputation . Winning the 1989 European Championship was the team 's first international success , but it had little lasting effect on their popularity . As a gift for the first European trophy , every player received a tea set , which is often cited as an example of male chauvinism and general lack of interest in the women 's national team at that time . This attitude within the German Football Association has changed considerably in the last two decades , in particular during the term of Theo Zwanziger as DFB president , an outspoken supporter of women 's football . Each member of the 2003 Women 's World Cup squad received a prearranged bonus of 15 @,@ 000 euros for winning the tournament ; four years
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familiar with Rams quarterback Pat Haden from having coached him at USC , tailored the defensive gameplan towards him .
= = = = Game 5 : at Chicago Bears = = = =
September 30 , 1979 at Soldier Field , Chicago , Illinois
A 65 @-@ yard screen pass from Vince Evans to Walter Payton gave the Bears a 13 – 10 lead . The Buccaneers answered that with a drive that ended with an eight @-@ yard touchdown reception by Isaac Hagins . This score , with 5 : 08 left in the game , put the Buccaneers ahead of the Bears and left them as the only remaining undefeated team in the league . It was the third consecutive loss for the Bears . Jerry Eckwood also contributed a 61 @-@ yard touchdown run , the longest running play in Buccaneers history to that point . A broken wrist suffered in this game would contribute to Eckwood 's diminished performance later in the season .
= = = = Game 6 : at New York Giants = = = =
October 7 , 1979 at Giants Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey
The undefeated Buccaneers lost on the road to the winless New York Giants . Giants quarterback Phil Simms , in his first NFL start , went 6 – 12 for 37 yards . Billy Taylor , also making his first start , became the first Giant to rush for over 100 yards in a game this season , running for 148 yards and two touchdowns on 33 carries . Doug Williams threw touchdown passes to Larry Mucker and Jimmie Giles , but also threw three interceptions and numerous incompletions .
= = = = Game 7 : vs. New Orleans Saints = = = =
October 14 , 1979 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
Archie Manning , who entered the game leading the NFL in passing yardage , went 11 of 14 with a touchdown each rushing and passing . Mike Strachan rushed for two touchdowns .
= = = = Game 8 : vs. Green Bay Packers = = = =
October 21 , 1979 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
The Buccaneers broke their two @-@ game losing streak as Ricky Bell set a club record with 167 rushing yards , while Doug Williams threw for two touchdowns and rushed for a third . The total of 228 rushing yards was 7 yards shy of the team record set in the previous game against the Packers , and left the Buccaneers as the only team with two rushers on pace to break the 1 @,@ 000 @-@ yard mark . Packers quarterback David Whitehurst threw for a career @-@ best 261 yards , although the Packers never entered the end zone . Jeris White intercepted a potential touchdown pass that slipped out of James Lofton 's hands . The win left the Buccaneers at midseason having already achieved their highest win total ever .
= = = = Game 9 : at Minnesota Vikings = = = =
October 28 , 1979 at Metropolitan Stadium , Bloomington , Minnesota
A strong game by Doug Williams carried the Buccaneers despite an anemic rushing attack . Both teams later complained about officiating errors and the malfunctioning game clock . The Metropolitan Stadium 30 @-@ second clock failed for the second week in a row , as did both regulation clocks . The Buccaneers survived a last @-@ minute drive by the Vikings in which quarterback Tommy Kramer was penalized for throwing a pass from beyond the line of scrimmage , which helped to keep the Vikings out of field goal range . Curtis Jordan sealed the victory by deflecting Kramer 's last @-@ second Hail Mary pass . Kramer later admitted to being aware of having crossed the line of scrimmage , but had hoped that the officials would miss it as they had missed so many other penalties in the game .
= = = = Game 10 : at Atlanta Falcons = = = =
November 4 , 1979 at Atlanta @-@ Fulton County Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia
The Falcons controlled the ball for 41 of 60 minutes . An inability to complete long passes , combined with fumbles , prevented the Buccaneers from taking what could have been a large early lead . Isaac Hagins ' fumble to Atlanta 's Tom Pridemore set up a 31 @-@ yard field goal . The Buccaneers maintained a halftime lead , despite having held the ball for only six minutes and 18 seconds in the first half . Falcon blitzing disrupted Doug Williams ' passing , and Ricky Bell and Jerry Eckwood were held to 72 yards rushing . Eckwood 's fumble led to Atlanta 's go @-@ ahead touchdown with 11 : 10 remaining . Bubba Bean 's 60 @-@ yard run with 1 : 22 remaining clinched the game for the Falcons . A 69 @-@ yard Williams @-@ led drive brought the Buccaneers to within three points with 28 seconds left , but the Buccaneers failed to recover the ensuing onside kick .
= = = = Game 11 : at Detroit Lions = = = =
November 11 , 1979 at Pontiac Silverdome , Pontiac , Michigan
The Buccaneers scored 10 points and recovered two fumbles , all in the last four minutes , to pass the Lions and maintain their two @-@ game division lead over the Chicago Bears . This was the Buccaneers ' sixth come @-@ from @-@ behind win of the season and they finished with a 4 @-@ 0 road record against division opponents . After Neil O 'Donoghue 's fourth @-@ quarter field goal , Dewey Selmon forced a Detroit fumble that was recovered by Dana Nafziger at the Lions ' 23 @-@ yard line . Doug Williams followed this with a 23 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Larry Mucker . Mucker , who earlier had been fined for missing the team bus to the stadium
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, beat close coverage from Walt Williams to make the catch . The Buccaneers ' error @-@ prone play , of which McKay said " we didn 't play with very much intelligence " , required a late comeback to defeat the 1 – 10 Lions .
= = = = Game 12 : vs. New York Giants = = = =
November 18 , 1979 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
The Buccaneers routed a Giants team that came in having won 5 of their past 6 games . Giants quarterback Phil Simms was sacked 5 times for 75 yards , intercepted twice , and gave up two fumbles . One Cecil Johnson @-@ caused fumble was picked up by Dave Lewis and returned 39 yards for a touchdown . Both sides denied running up the score during either of the season 's matchups , though the Tampa players were said to have approached this game as a grudge match . The game was mostly devoid of the trash @-@ talking that had characterized the previous meeting , the Giants having little room for words . The Giants ' 3 points was the lowest score allowed by the Buccaneers , and the Buccaneers had their second @-@ highest point total with 31 . The Buccaneers used a two @-@ tight end set , providing additional blocking that helped spring Ricky Bell for 152 yards in three quarters of play . Bell spent the fourth quarter holding an ice pack " ... to keep Ricky from getting a swollen head " , joked coach McKay . The win left the Buccaneers with an NFC @-@ best 9 – 3 record .
= = = = Game 13 : vs. Minnesota Vikings = = = =
November 25 , 1979 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
In a game that would have clinched the Buccaneers ' first playoff berth , coach McKay instead wound up being booed after a one @-@ point loss in which three kick attempts were blocked . A touchdown drive by Doug Williams in which he ran the ball into the end zone with 19 seconds remaining turned out to be futile , as Wally Hilgenberg 's blocked extra point left the Buccaneers one point short of tying the game . Various special teams miscues erased a good offensive day , in which Williams went 19 of 38 for 252 yards ( including 5 of 7 for 52 yards and 25 yards rushing on the final drive ) , and Ricky Bell 's 101 yards rushing put him over 1 @,@ 000 for the season . The Buccaneers ' 182 yards team rushing moved them into first place overall in the NFC . McKay had to issue a public apology after shouting an obscenity at the end zone stands , saying later that he was angry over racist statements being made from that direction . This was the first game that Pat Summerall and John Madden announced together .
= = = = Game 14 : vs. Chicago Bears = = = =
December 2 , 1979 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
Doug Williams completed only 5 of 19 passes for 60 yards with four interceptions before being pulled in favor of Mike Rae . Bears quarterback Mike Phipps completed six passes , all to Dave Williams . The Bears scored on one of those receptions , and on a Walter Payton run . The Buccaneers ' Williams was nearly ejected from the game after throwing Bears lineman Mike Hartenstine to the ground by his face mask after a Gary Fencik interception . The Bears ' five interceptions were their most against the Buccaneers . The Buccaneers ' play was later described as " flat " by Bears players . Wally Chambers dismissed talk of the team 's inexperience , noting the intensity with which the team had played against the Giants two weeks prior . The last time the Buccaneers had been shut out previous to this game was the last game of their 0 – 26 losing streak in 1977 , also against the Bears .
= = = = Game 15 : at San Francisco 49ers = = = =
December 9 , 1979 at Candlestick Park , San Francisco , California
Still needing only one victory to clinch the division , the Buccaneers lost to the San Francisco 49ers in O.J. Simpson 's final home game . It was the second year in a row that the Buccaneers lost to a 49ers team that entered the game with a 1 – 13 record . The 49ers scored first , as Jeris White slipped while covering receiver Mike Shumann , leaving Shumann open for a 19 @-@ yard touchdown reception . The offense 's single touchdown , a 19 @-@ yard pass from Doug Williams to Jimmie Giles , was a season low , while injuries to Mike Washington and Cedric Brown left the Buccaneers ' secondary vulnerable . Mike Rae again saw duty at quarterback in the fourth quarter , with the game out of hand . Williams , who tearfully accepted blame for the loss , threw five interceptions that left McKay considering either benching him or avoiding pass plays . McKay also criticized the offensive line 's blocking , saying that he " saw ( Ricky ) Bell make some long runs , maybe two or three inches " . Under pressure of needing to win one game , the Buccaneers ' tension ( " state of shock " , according to McKay ) was noticeable to 49ers players . The loss dropped the Buccaneers into a 1st @-@ place tie with the surging Chicago Bears in the NFC Central .
= = = = Game 16 : vs. Kansas City Chiefs = = = =
December 16 , 1979 at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
The Rain Bowl
Playing in a torrential downpour , the Buccaneers scored the first shutout in franchise history to clinch their first playoff berth and the NFC Central title . The Chiefs were held to a franchise @-@ low 80 yards of total offense . Despite the rain , Ricky Bell claimed that the field had better traction than the dry field they had played on the week previously in San Francisco . Bell carried the ball 39 times for 137 yards in such bad weather that the game had to be played under lights . The Buccaneers lost four previous scoring opportunities to a fumble , two interceptions , and a fumbled snap on a field goal attempt . Shut out of the end zone on three tries with first @-@ and @-@ goal from the 9 @-@ yard line , the Buccaneers brought Neil O 'Donoghue in to kick what would be the winning field goal with 8 : 50 remaining . Tampa Bay would hold the ball for all but four plays for the rest of the game . The Chiefs players gave the Buccaneers little credit after the victory , saying that the AFC was superior to the NFC and that the Buccaneers would never have won the AFC West .
= = = Standings = = =
= = Playoffs = =
= = = NFC Divisional Playoff : vs. Philadelphia Eagles = = =
Tampa Bay Buccaneers 24 , Philadelphia Eagles 17
at Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida
TV : CBS
The Buccaneers won their first playoff game in team history by holding the Eagles to 48 rushing yards , while running back Ricky Bell recorded 142 rushing yards and 2 touchdowns . Bell 's 38 rushing attempts set a playoff record , tied later by John Riggins in Super Bowl XVII , while the Eagles ' Wilbert Montgomery was held to 35 yards on 12 attempts . The Buccaneers ' opening drive resulted in a Bell touchdown , and a Neil O 'Donoghue field goal gave the Buccaneers an early 10 – 0 lead . Wally Chambers forced a Montgomery fumble that was recovered by Randy Crowder on the 4 @-@ yard line and led to Bell 's second touchdown run , giving the Buccaneers a 17 – 0 second @-@ quarter lead . Trying to extend that lead before halftime , Doug Williams hurried a pass that wound up in the hands of Eagles linebacker Jerry Robinson at the Tampa Bay 11 @-@ yard line . This set up Ron Jaworski 's touchdown pass to Charles Smith . After the Eagles narrowed the gap to 17 – 10 on a Tony Franklin field goal , a series of Lee Roy Selmon sacks of Jaworski killed the Eagles ' rally . A 9 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jimmie Giles completed the Buccaneers ' scoring . It was only in the
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US , and the " Grace Spitfire " ML407 , a veteran flown operationally by 485 ( NZ ) Squadron in 1944 .
= = = Seafire = = =
The Seafire , a name derived from sea , and Spitfire , was a naval version of the Spitfire specially adapted for operation from aircraft carriers . Although the Spitfire was not designed for the rough @-@ and @-@ tumble of carrier @-@ deck operations , it was considered to be the best available fighter at the time . The basic Spitfire design did impose some limitations on the use of the aircraft as a carrier @-@ based fighter ; poor visibility over the nose , for example , meant that pilots had to be trained to land with their heads out of the cockpit and looking alongside the port cowling of their Seafire ; also , like the Spitfire , the Seafire had a relatively narrow undercarriage track , which meant that it was not ideally suited to deck operations . Early marks of Seafire had relatively few modifications to the standard Spitfire airframe ; however cumulative front line experience meant that most of the later versions of the Seafire had strengthened airframes , folding wings , arrestor hooks and other modifications , culminating in the purpose @-@ built Seafire F / FR Mk 47 .
The Seafire II was able to outperform the A6M5 Zero at low altitudes when the two types were tested against each other during wartime mock combat exercises . However , contemporary Allied carrier fighters such as the F6F Hellcat and F4U Corsair were considerably more robust and so more practical for carrier operations . Performance was greatly increased when later versions of the Seafire were fitted with the Griffon engines . These were too late to see service in the Second World War .
= = = Griffon @-@ engined variants = = =
The first Rolls Royce Griffon @-@ engined Mk XII flew on August 1942 , and first flew operationally with 41 Squadron in April 1943 . This mark could nudge 400 mph ( 640 km / h ) in level flight and climb to an altitude of 33 @,@ 000 ft ( 10 @,@ 000 m ) in under nine minutes .
As American fighters took over the long @-@ range escorting of USAAF daylight bombing raids , the Griffon @-@ engined Spitfires progressively took up the tactical air superiority role , and played a major role in intercepting V @-@ 1 flying bombs , while the Merlin @-@ engined variants ( mainly the Mk IX and the Packard @-@ engined Mk XVI ) were adapted to the fighter @-@ bomber role . Although the later Griffon @-@ engined marks lost some of the favourable handling characteristics of their Merlin @-@ powered predecessors , they could still outmanoeuvre their main German foes and other , later American and British @-@ designed fighters .
The final version of the Spitfire , the Mk 24 , first flew at South Marston on 13 April 1946 . On 20 February 1948 , almost twelve years from the prototype 's first flight , the last production Spitfire , VN496 , left the production line . Spitfire Mk 24s were used by only one regular RAF unit , with 80 Squadron replacing their Hawker Tempests with F Mk 24s in 1947 . With these planes , 80 Squadron continued its patrol and reconnaissance duties from Wunstorf in Germany as part of the occupation forces , until it relocated to Kai Tak Airport , Hong Kong in July 1949 . During the Chinese Civil War , 80 Squadron 's main duty was to defend Hong Kong from perceived Communist threats .
Operation Firedog during the Malayan Emergency saw the Spitfire fly over 1 @,@ 800 operational sorties against the Malaysian Communists . The last operational sortie of an RAF Spitfire was flown on 1 April 1954 , by PR Mk 19 Spitfire PS888 flying from RAF Seletar , in Singapore .
The last non @-@ operational flight of a Spitfire in RAF service , which took place on 9 June 1957 , was by a PR Mk 19 , PS583 , from RAF Woodvale of the Temperature and Humidity Flight . This was also the last known flight of a piston @-@ engined fighter in the RAF . The last nation in the Middle East to operate Spitfires was Syria , which kept its F 22s until 1953 .
In late 1962 , Air Marshal Sir John Nicholls instigated a trial when he flew Spitfire PM631 , a PR Mk 19 in the custody of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight , against an English Electric Lightning F 3 ( a supersonic jet @-@ engined interceptor ) in mock combat at RAF Binbrook . At the time British Commonwealth forces were involved in possible action against Indonesia over Malaya and Nicholls decided to develop tactics to fight the Indonesian Air Force P @-@ 51 Mustang , a fighter that had a similar performance to the PR Mk 19 . The first airframe ( PM631 ) developed mechanical issues which removed it from the trial . Another PR Mk 19 , PS853 which is now owned by Rolls @-@ Royce , was on gate @-@ guard duties at Binbrook , having been retired from the BBMF one year before . It had been maintained in running condition by ground crews at Binbrook , and after a short time was participating in the trials . At the end of the trials , RAF pilots found that Firestreak infra @-@ red guided missiles had trouble acquiring the Spitfire due to a low exhaust temperature , and decided that the twin ADEN 30 mm ( 1 in ) cannons were the only weapons suited to the task , which was complicated by the tight turning circle of the Spitfire and the Lightning 's proclivity for over @-@ running the Spitfire . It was concluded that the most effective and safest way for a modern jet @-@ engined fighter to attack a piston @-@ engined fighter was to engage full afterburner at an altitude lower than the Spitfire , and behind it to perform a hit @-@ and @-@ run attack , contrary to all established fighter @-@ on @-@ fighter doctrine at that time .
= = Operators = =
= = Surviving aircraft = =
There are approximately 55 Spitfires and a few Seafires in airworthy condition worldwide , although many air museums have examples on static display , for example , Chicago 's Museum of Science and Industry has paired a static Spitfire with a static Ju 87 R @-@ 2 / Trop . Stuka dive bomber .
The oldest surviving Spitfire is a Mark 1 , serial number K9942 ; it is preserved at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Shropshire . This aircraft was the 155th built and first flew in April 1939 . It flew operationally with No. 72 Squadron RAF until June 1940 , when it was damaged in a wheels @-@ up landing . After repair , it was used for training until August 1944 , when it became one of several Battle of Britain aircraft veterans that were allocated to the Air Historical Branch for future museum preservation .
What may be the most originally restored Spitfire in the world is maintained in airworthy condition at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City , Florida . Over a six @-@ year period in the 1990s , this aircraft was slowly restored by Personal Plane Services in England using almost 90 % of its original aircraft skins . Owner Kermit Weeks insisted that the aircraft be restored to original condition as closely as possible . Machine guns , cannon , gun sight and original working radios are all installed .
Two MK 1 Supermarine Spitfires originally restored remain in a flying condition at the Imperial War Museum Duxford , in Cambridgeshire , England . Both restored by American billionaire Thomas Kaplan , one has been donated to the Imperial War Museum and the second was auctioned in July 2015 at Christie 's , London . Being only one of four flying MK 1 Spitfires in the world , the aircraft fetched a record £ 3 @.@ 1 million at auction on 9 July , beating the previous record for a Spitfire of £ 1 @.@ 7 million set in 2009 .
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= = = Surviving Spitfires in Burma = = =
After hostilities ceased in Asia in 1945 , a number of Spitfire Mk.XIVs were reportedly buried , after being greased , tarred and prepared for long @-@ term storage , in crates in Burma .
Excavations carried out in early 2013 failed to locate any of the rumoured aircraft .
It is widely reported from numerous sources that aircraft from RAF bases in Burma were actually crated up and shipped out for reuse in elsewhere .
= = Memorials = =
A fibreglass replica of the Mk.1 Spitfire Mk1 YT @-@ J ( R6675 ) , flown by Supermarine test pilot Jeffrey Quill during his brief period of active service with 65 Squadron is on display at the Battle of Britain memorial at Capel @-@ le @-@ Ferne near Folkestone , along with a replica Mk.1 Hurricane representing US @-@ X , in which Pilot Officer Geoffrey Page was shot down on 12 August 1940 .
Sentinel is a sculpture depicting three Spitfires in flight by Tim Tolkien at the roundabout junction ( popularly known as Spitfire Island ) of the A47 and A452 in Castle Bromwich , Birmingham England , commemorating the main Spitfire factory . The island sits at the adjoining southern corners of the former Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory and Aerodrome ( now Castle Vale housing estate ) . There is also both a Spitfire and a Hurricane in the nearby Thinktank Science Museum .
A sculpture of the prototype Spitfire , K5054 , stands on the roundabout at the entrance to Southampton International Airport , which , as Eastleigh Aerodrome , saw the first flight of the aircraft in March 1936 .
Jeffrey Quill , the former Supermarine test pilot , initiated a project to build an exact replica of K5054 , the prototype Spitfire to be put on permanent public display as a memorial to R.J. Mitchell . A team of original Supermarine designers worked with Aerofab Restorations of Andover for 10 years to create the facsimile . It was unveiled to the public in April 1993 by Quill at the RAF Museum , Hendon , and is currently on loan to the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum .
A fibreglass replica in the colours of a Polish Squadron Leader based at the station during the Second World War is on display at RAF Northolt , the last Battle of Britain Sector Station still in RAF operational service .
A replica Spitfire is on display on the Thornaby Road roundabout near the school named after Sir Douglas Bader who flew a Spitfire in the Second World War . This memorial is in memory of the old RAF base in Thornaby which is now a residential estate .
A fibreglass replica of a Spitfire has been mounted on a pylon in Memorial Park , Hamilton , New Zealand as a tribute to all New Zealand fighter pilots who flew Spitfires during the Second World War .
At Bentley Priory , the Second World War command centre for Fighter Command , fibreglass replicas of a Spitfire Mk 1 and a Hurricane Mk 1 can be seen fixed in a position of attack . This was built as a memorial to everyone who worked at Bentley Priory during the war .
A fibreglass replica in the colours of 603 ( City of Edinburgh ) Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force Spitfire Memorial next to the Edinburgh Airport control tower . This model replaced the original gate guardian from the former RAF Turnhouse . It is painted to represent serial number L1067 ( code XT @-@ D ) " Blue Peter " , the personal aircraft of the Squadron Commander , Squadron Leader George Denholm DFC .
A fibreglass replica of a Spitfire Mk IX has been mounted on a pylon in Jackson Park , Windsor , Ontario alongside a Hurricane as a memorial to Royal Canadian Air Force pilots . This display replaces an Avro Lancaster bomber that had previously been on display and is currently undergoing restoration .
One of the few remaining Supermarine Spitfires with a wartime record is on display ( alongside a Hawker Hurricane ) at the RAF Manston Spitfire and Hurricane Memorial Museum , near Kent International Airport .
Lodge Hill Garage , Abingdon , Oxfordshire has a full @-@ size replica Spitfire as its own rooftop monument . Owner Peter Jewson bought the replica in a campaign to build the first ever national memorial to honour the 166 women from the Air Transport Auxiliary ( ATA ) who flew Spitfires and other aircraft from factories to their operational airbases ; 14 died during these ferry flights .
A fibreglass replica of a Spitfire Mk IX is mounted to the roof of the speciality shop , Spitfire Emporium , in Kitchener , Ontario .
There is a replica of a Spitfire ( and of a Hurricane ) at the entrance to the Eden Camp Modern History Museum as a memorial to pilots who served in the Battle of Britain .
Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre has a full size replica Spitfire
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MkVb LO @-@ D ( EP121 ) on display as a memorial to the men and women who served at RFC / RAF Montrose .
= = Replicas = =
Several small manufacturers have produced replica Spitfires , either as complete aircraft , or as kits for self @-@ building . These range in scale from ¾ full scale to full @-@ size , although most use wooden construction , rather than the original all @-@ metal monocoque design .
The British Historic Flying Company has either restored or built from scratch a significant proportion of the Spitfires that are now air @-@ worthy . Other examples include the Jurca Spit from France , and those manufactured by Tally Ho Enterprises in Canada , SAC in California , USA , and even the microlight Silence Twister from Germany . Supermarine Aircraft originally from Brisbane , Australia , and now based in Cisco Texas , manufacture the 80 % scale Spitfire Mk 26 and the 90 % scale Mk 26B replicas . The Supermarine Spitfire Mk 26 and 26B are supplied in kit form and are the only all @-@ aluminium reproduction Spitfires in production . The Isaacs Spitfire is a homebuilt 60 % scale replica .
= = Notable appearances in media = =
During and after the Battle of Britain the Spitfire became a symbol of British resistance : for example , Lord Beaverbrook 's " Spitfire Fund " of 1940 was one campaign which drew widespread public attention to the Spitfire . The Spitfire continues to be highly popular at airshows , on airfields and in museums worldwide , and continues to hold an important place in the memories of many people , especially the few still living who flew the Spitfire in combat . Numerous films and documentaries featuring the Spitfire are still being produced , some of which are listed in this section .
The First of the Few ( also known as Spitfire in the US and Canada ) ( 1942 ) was a British film produced and directed by Leslie Howard , with Howard in the starring role of R.J. Mitchell , and David Niven playing a composite character based on the Schneider Trophy pilots of 1927 , 1929 and 1931 , and the Supermarine test pilot Jeffrey Quill . Some of the footage includes film shot in 1941 of operational Spitfires and pilots of 501 Squadron ( code letters SD ) . Howard spent a long time researching the history of the Spitfire 's development for the film ; Mrs. Mitchell and her son Gordon were on the set during much of the production . The aerobatic flying sequences featured in the last 15 minutes of the film were made by Jeffrey Quill in early November 1941 , flying a Spitfire Mk II mocked up to represent the prototype .
Malta Story ( 1953 ) , starring Alec Guinness , Jack Hawkins , Anthony Steel and Muriel Pavlow , is a black and white war film telling the story of the defence of Malta in 1942 when Spitfires were the island 's main defence from air attacks .
Reach for the Sky ( 1956 ) starring Kenneth More tells the story of Douglas Bader , using contemporary Spitfire aircraft in the production .
Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) directed by Guy Hamilton and starring Laurence Olivier , Michael Caine , Christopher Plummer , Ralph Richardson , Michael Redgrave , Susannah York and many others . Set in 1940 , this film features several sequences involving a total of 12 flying Spitfires ( mostly Mk IX versions ) , as well as a number of other flying examples of Second World War @-@ era British and German aircraft .
Eagles Over London ( 1969 ) , a wholly fictional Italian film , features Spitfires in a recreation of the Battle of Britain .
Piece of Cake ( 1987 ) starring Tom Burlinson . Aired on the ITV network in 1987 . Based on the novel by Derek Robinson , the six @-@ part miniseries covered the prewar era to " Battle of Britain Day , " 15 September 1940 . The series depicted air combat over the skies of France and Britain during the early stages of the Second World War , though using five flying examples of late model Spitfires in place of the novel 's early model Hurricanes . There were shots of Spitfires taking off and landing together from grass airstrips .
Dark Blue World ( 2001 ) , starring Ondřej Vetchý was a tale of two Czech pilots who escape Nazi @-@ occupied Europe to fly Spitfires during the Battle of Britain . Jan Svěrák filmed some new aerial scenes and reused aerial footage from Hamilton 's film .
James May 's Toy Stories ( 2009 ) , starring James May was a BBC TV series which featured an episode in which children constructed a 1 : 1 scale model of the Spitfire in the style of the Airfix 1 / 72 scale model first released in 1953 .
Doctor Who – " Victory of the Daleks " ( 2010 ) , was an episode of a popular BBC TV series in which three Spitfires modified for spaceflight aid in defending London from alien Daleks during the Blitz .
Inform @-@ Educate @-@ Entertain ( 2013 ) , the debut album by alternative British band Public Service Broadcasting ( band ) features the single ' Spitfire ' in which the design and construction of the plane are described through various samples to the backing of the song itself .
Guy Martin 's Spitfire ( 2014 ) was a Channel 4 documentary covering the two @-@ year restoration of a Mark 1 Spitfire , N3200 , coded ' QV ' , that had been buried beneath the sand for 46 years after crash landing on a French beach during the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940 . Guy Martin tells the Boy 's Own @-@ style story of its pilot , Squadron Leader Geoffrey Stephenson and helps in the restoration of the aircraft .
= = Specifications ( Spitfire Mk VB ) = =
The Spitfire 's performance improved greatly as WWII progressed , for more information see Supermarine Spitfire variants : specifications , performance and armament .
Data from Spitfire : The History and Jane 's Fighting Aircraft of World War II
General characteristics
Crew : one pilot
Length : 29 ft 11 in ( 9 @.@ 12 m )
Wingspan : 36 ft 10 in ( 11 @.@ 23 m )
Height : 11 ft 5 in ( 3 @.@ 86 m )
Wing area : 242 @.@ 1 ft2 ( 22 @.@ 48 m2 )
Airfoil : NACA 2213 ( root )
NACA 2209 @.@ 4 ( tip )
Empty weight : 5 @,@ 065 lb ( 2 @,@ 297 kg )
Loaded weight : 6 @,@ 622 lb ( 3 @,@ 000 kg )
Max. takeoff weight : 6 @,@ 700 lb ( 3 @,@ 039 kg )
Powerplant : 1 × Rolls @-@ Royce Merlin 45 supercharged V12 engine , 1 @,@ 470 hp ( 1 @,@ 096 kW ) at 9 @,@ 250 ft ( 2 @,@ 819 m )
Performance
Maximum speed : 370 mph ( 595 km / h ) ( 322 kn , 595 km / h )
Combat radius : 410 nmi ( 470 mi ( 756 km ) )
Ferry range : 991 nmi ( 1 @,@ 135 mi ( 1 @,@ 827 km ) )
Service ceiling : 36 @,@ 500 ft ( 11 @,@ 125 m )
Rate of climb : 2 @,@ 600 ft / min ( 13 @.@ 2
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allergic to architects " , he designed the house himself . His former wife Pat moved to the nearby island of Majorca , and Terry @-@ Thomas 's relationship with her became warm and friendly ; Patlanski also had a firm friendship with Terry @-@ Thomas 's wife .
In between films Terry @-@ Thomas appeared on television on both sides of the Atlantic . In the US in March – April 1967 he was in " The Five Daughters Affair " , a two @-@ part story in the TV series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , and on 22 May he appeared on The Red Skelton Hour . On British television , in an episode of the Comedy Playhouse called " The Old Campaigner " , he played James Franklin @-@ Jones , a salesman for a plastics company who was continually searching for love affairs while travelling on business . This character was " yet another variation on his rakish cad persona " , according to Mark Lewisohn . The episode was well @-@ received , and a six @-@ part series was commissioned that ran over December 1968 and January 1969 . Although the series performed well in the ratings , a second series was not commissioned . In between the pilot and the series of The Old Campaigner , in April 1968 , Terry @-@ Thomas appeared on the British ITV network in a one @-@ off variety special , The Big Show , which combined musical numbers and his urbane monologues . Robert Ross commented that Terry @-@ Thomas " seemed to delight in resurrecting his vintage sophisticated patter after years in movies ... the top raconteur was back where he belonged " . In 1969 he again teamed up with Eric Sykes and director Ken Annakin for a joint Italian , French and British production Monte Carlo or Bust ! . The film was " the only copper @-@ bottomed sequel to ... Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines " , according to Richard Ross . Terry @-@ Thomas played Sir Cuthbert Ware @-@ Armitage , the " thoroughly bad egg son of flying ace Sir Percy Ware @-@ Armitage " , his role in Those Magnificent Men . Terry @-@ Thomas secured four other roles in minor films that year , including Arthur ? Arthur ! ( which he joked had " never been shown anywhere — as far as I know ! " ) , as well as on television in the UK , US and Australia .
The 1970s began well for Terry @-@ Thomas ; television appearances in the UK and US were augmented by filming for The Abominable Dr. Phibes , which became what author Bruce Hallenbeck called a " camp classic " , despite being described by Time Out critic David Pirie , as " the worst horror film made in England since 1945 " ; the film was released in 1971 . On 1 August 1970 Terry @-@ Thomas made his second appearance on Desert Island Discs ; his luxury item was a case of brandy , chosen because it lasted longer than champagne .
= = = Dealing with Parkinson 's : 1971 – 83 = = =
While appearing in Don 't Just Lie There , Say Something ! at the Metro Theatre , Sydney in 1971 , Terry @-@ Thomas felt unwell and visited a doctor , who noticed his patient 's left hand was shaking slightly ; the doctor suggested a visit , upon his return to the UK , to a specialist , who diagnosed the actor with Parkinson 's disease . Fearing the condition would affect offers of work , he did not make the news public , but as the symptoms began to manifest themselves in tremors , a shuffling gait , stooped posture and affected speech , he made the news known — partly to stop rumours of on @-@ set drunkenness .
He continued to work as much as possible , although — as the film historian Geoff Mayer pointed out — the situation " reduced his film career to supporting roles and cameos " . The lucrative voice @-@ over role of Sir Hiss in the 1973 Walt Disney film Robin Hood was one notable part , while others were less well @-@ known , such as The Vault of Horror , a film described by Richard Ross as a " cornball terror " , in which he starred with Curd Jürgens , Tom Baker and Denholm Elliott . He also continued to appear on television shows in both the US and UK , as well as advertisements , including appearing with June Whitfield for Birds Eye fish fingers ; a series of vermouth advertisements filmed in Italy ; and an award @-@ winning series for Benson & Hedges along with Eric Sykes .
During the 1970s he starred in a series of low @-@ budget British films , including two in 1975 , Spanish Fly — called a " gruesome smutfest " by the writer Christopher Fowler — and The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones , described by the Film Review Digest as a " cheap , crude , sexed @-@ up rehash " of the other film adaptations of Henry Fielding 's source novel .
In 1977 he starred in The Last Remake of Beau Geste and The Hound of the Baskervilles , the latter starring Peter Cook and Dudley Moore as Holmes and Watson ; Terry @-@ Thomas thought that " it was the most outrageous film I ever appeared in ... there was no magic ... it was bad ! " By then he had exhibited a decrease in bodily movement , a sign of how serious his condition had become . His distinctive voice had developed a softer tone and his posture was contorted . Between 1978 and 1980 , he spent much time with medical consultants . Despite this he was offered a few engagements and had been voted the most recognisable Englishman among Americans in a poll which also featured Laurence Olivier , Robert Morley and Wilfrid Hyde @-@ White . As a result , he secured a lucrative advertising contract with the Ford Motor Company . Derek Jarman offered Terry @-@ Thomas a role in his 1979 film The Tempest , but the actor was forced to pull out because of his deteriorating health .
Terry @-@ Thomas undertook his final film role in 1980 in Febbre a 40 ! , a German and Italian co @-@ production that was " nondescript and barely screened " , according to Robert Ross , and did not even have a theatrical release in its two domestic markets . He continued his involvement in the film industry , where he funded three films during the early 1980s ( noted by Ross to be " destined from the outset for B @-@ picture status or straight @-@ to @-@ video exposure " ) ; he commented that " I have made a loss of one hundred per cent " . In 1982 , with his condition worsening , Terry @-@ Thomas featured in two episodes of the BBC series The Human Brain , which examined his condition ; his frank interview brought much public awareness of the disease and raised £ 32 @,@ 000 for the Parkinson 's Disease Society . Privately , he was becoming more depressed ; his London flat had been sold to provide badly @-@ needed funds , and his work offers were decreasing .
= = = Final years and death : 1983 – 90 = = =
By 1983 , with his medical bills at £ 40 @,@ 000 a year , Terry @-@ Thomas 's financial resources were dwindling . He and his wife sold their dream house and moved into the small cottage once owned by his former wife Pat Patlanski , which she left to him in her will on her death in June that year . Shortly afterwards he worked with ghostwriter Terry Daum on an autobiography , Terry @-@ Thomas Tells Tales . Although the first draft was completed by late summer 1984 , Terry @-@ Thomas
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Infantry Battalion was leading the Australian advance at this stage and the soldiers waded across . The current was strong and many of the men – 13 of whom drowned – were swept downstream . Nevertheless , the 2 / 28th was able to establish a beachhead west of the river . At this point , heavy rain began to fall again , and the river rose once more , preventing any other units from crossing . This effectively isolated the single Australian battalion , which was then subjected to repeated attacks by the Japanese . On 14 September , the 26th Brigade was able to force its way across and the advance continued . Along the coast the 24th Brigade was held up by a determined Japanese defence in front of the Butibum River , which was the final crossing before Lae . The stream was finally forded on 16 September , by which time Lae had fallen to troops from the 7th Division .
In the fighting for Lae over 2 @,@ 200 Japanese were killed . In contrast , the Australian casualties were considerably lighter , with the 9th Division losing 77 killed and 73 missing . Despite the Allied success in capturing Lae , the Japanese had achieved a " creditable defence " , which had not only slowed the Allied advance , but had allowed the bulk of the Japanese forces in the vicinity to get away , withdrawing north into the Huon Peninsula , where they could continue to fight on .
= = Campaign = =
= = = Finschhafen = = =
Lae had fallen sooner than the Allies had anticipated and they exploited the advantage quickly . The first phase of the new campaign consisted of an amphibious landing by Allied troops north of Siki Cove near the confluence of the Siki River and south of the Song at a beach codenamed " Scarlet " . Positioned further east on the peninsula from Lae , in terms of strategic importance , Finschhafen overshadowed Lae in the minds of the Allied planners , due to its potential to support operations across the Vitiaz Strait into New Britain . As a result of faulty intelligence , which underestimated the size of the Japanese force in the area , the assault force chosen by the Allied commanders consisted of only a single Australian infantry brigade – the 20th . Meanwhile , the 7th Division would move north @-@ west from Lae in a separate campaign , advancing through the Markham and Ramu Valleys towards the Finisterre Range .
After a short period of preparation , the 20th Brigade 's landing took place on 22 September 1943 . It was the first opposed amphibious landing that Australian forces had made since Gallipoli . Navigational errors resulted in the troops being landed on the wrong beaches , with some of them coming ashore at Siki Cove and taking heavy fire from the strong Japanese defences in pillboxes and behind obstacles . After re @-@ organising on the beach , the Australians pushed inland . The Japanese put up stiff resistance around the high ground at Katika , but were eventually forced back . By the end of the day , having suffered 94 casualties , the Australians had secured a beachhead " several kilometres " deep . Late in the day , a force of around 30 Japanese bombers , escorted by up to 40 fighters , from the Wewak @-@ based 4th Air Army based was sent to attack Allied shipping around Finschhafen . Forewarned by the destroyer USS Reid , which was serving as an air picket and fighter controller in the Vitiaz Strait , the Allies were able to concentrate five squadrons of US fighter aircraft over the convoy and in the aerial battle that followed 39 Japanese aircraft were shot down and the raid turned back .
The next day the Australians commenced their advance south towards the village of Finschhafen , about 5 @.@ 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 0 km ) south of the landing beach , with the 2 / 15th Infantry Battalion leading the way to the Bumi River . The Japanese had established strong defences along the river 's southern bank , which the Australians attempted to outflank by sending a force to the west , climbing through steep terrain . Once they had located a suitable place to cross the river , they began wading across but were fired upon by a group of Japanese naval infantry who were positioned on a high feature overlooking the river . Despite taking casualties , the Australians were able to establish themselves south of the Bumi and at that point the 2 / 13th Infantry Battalion began to advance on Finschhafen from the west . Meanwhile , the 2 / 15th attacked the left flank of the Japanese that had opposed their crossing . After advancing up the steep slope under fire , sometimes on their hands and knees , the 2 / 15th took the position at the point of the bayonet , killing 52 Japanese in close combat .
The continued advance south by the Australians spread them thin on the ground . Due to concerns that their western flank was exposed , the 2 / 17th Infantry Battalion was sent along the Sattelberg track to deflect any Japanese thrusts from there . At Jivevaneng , the battalion was stopped and there the Japanese 80th Infantry Regiment launched a series of determined attacks against them , trying to break through to the coast .
At this point , Australian fears of a Japanese counterattack grew and they requested
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, " Park Safety " .
= = Cultural references = =
While visiting a golf course , Tom said he used to love golf pro Tiger Woods , until his extramarital affairs scandal was revealed , and then he considered him a god . One of the raccoons featured on a list of Pawnee 's Most Wanted Pests List was named Zorro , a reference to the sword @-@ wielding title character of several books , films and television programs . Another pest is named " Jangle Bo Jangles " , a reference to the pop song " Mr. Bojangles " .
= = Reception = =
In its original American NBC broadcast on March 11 , 2010 , " The Possum " was seen by 4 @.@ 6 million viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research . Although it was the same amount of viewers as last week 's episode , " Woman of the Year " , " The Possum " had a 2 @.@ 1 rating / 6 share among viewers between ages 18 and 49 , a nine percent drop from the previous episode . In the 9 p.m. timeslot on March 11 , Parks and Recreation was outperformed by American Idol on Fox , which drew 20 @.@ 46 million viewers , and Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains on CBS , which drew 12 @.@ 17 million viewers . " The Possum " outperformed a repeat of Grey 's Anatomy on ABC , which drew 4 @.@ 5 million viewers , and The Vampire Diaries on The CW , which drew 1 @.@ 37 million viewers .
The episode received generally positive reviews . Alan Sepinwall , television columnist with The Star @-@ Ledger , said the episode featured strong physical comedy , political satire , romantic tension and character moments . He said he " loved virtually every beat of the possum story " and finds the developing Andy and April relationship funny and believable . Entertainment Weekly writer Sandra Gonzalez said " The Possum " was a very funny episode , and particularly praised the development of the Andy and April relationship . She said Plaza and Pratt did some of their best work to date in the episode .
Matt Fowler of IGN praised the April and Andy relationship and the subplot with Ron and Mark , although he claimed Ron was the funnier of the duo and Mark 's character is too normal and boring for the show . Fowler also liked the way Leslie 's political ambition conflicted with her conscience in the episode . New York magazine writer Steve Kandell praised the main plotline with Leslie and the performances by Pratt and Offerman , particularly praising the jokes surrounding Ron 's woodworking hobby . Kandell pointed out the episode did not suffer from Ann 's absence and suggested although Rashida Jones is charming , the show does not need her .
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.
At the time of its release , Harmony of Dissonance received positive reviews from English @-@ language critics . GameSpot commended it as " not just a fine Castlevania game--it 's also one of the better Game Boy Advance games to come around in a while " . Gamespy stated : " Despite its unevenness , Castlevania : Harmony of Dissonance is a quality adventure that represents the best attempt yet made at miniaturizing the brilliance of Symphony of the Night . " While worrying about the loss of originality of the franchise and noting that " Harmony of Dissonance almost obsessively copies Symphony of the Night " , GamePro called it " a fun action game and a fine Castlevania game in its own right . " The improved graphics of Harmony of Dissonance , especially the backgrounds , 3D effects , and multi @-@ jointed bosses , received praise from reviewers , who called them " plentiful and visually stunning " , and " top @-@ notch " .
The soundtrack of the game was less well received . Critics panned the music as " easily the worst Castlevania soundtrack " and " muddy , plodding , and reminiscent of the days of four @-@ channel NES soundtracks " . Conversely , GameSpot found that the music was " decent " and occasionally " fitting or even catchy " , but failed to live up to the high expectations of the series . IGN felt that while not " quite as bad as importers have made it out to be " , the songs " aren 't nearly as nice as they have been in past Castlevania adventures . " Reviewers also disliked the lack of difficulty with GamePro describing it as the game 's " biggest flaw " . Other criticism included predictable and easy boss battles , and " a much smaller explorable area and somewhat less compelling map design " .
Retrospective reviews , however , have been more critical of the game . Considering Harmony of Dissonance " one of the more disappointing titles of the series " and " the least @-@ impressive of the three GBA titles , " retrospective critics cited the dull castle design and frequent switching between castle layers as some of the game 's biggest flaws . PALGN 's David Low criticized the inclusion of the " possessed ally " element from previous Castlevania titles along with the game 's easier gameplay , the player character 's badly animated sprite , and the occasionally gaudy environments . Looking back on the series , Mark Bozon of IGN concluded : " Still Harmony of Dissonance shows off some decent visuals as an in @-@ between , mid @-@ generation game , and paved the way for GBA 's strongest Castlevania title , Aria of Sorrow . " Game Informer 's Tim Turi meanwhile felt that its design was among Castlevania 's best despite having among the worst music in the series .
Castlevania : Harmony of Dissonance was re @-@ released in North America in January 2006 , along with Castlevania : Aria of Sorrow , as part of Castlevania Double Pack . Both games are contained on a single GBA Game Pak . This pack also appeared in Europe later that year . It was picked as the IGN Game Boy Game of the Month for January 2006 .
= Transformers : The Ride =
Transformers : The Ride 3D ( or simply Transformers : The Ride ) is a 3D dark ride located at Universal Studios Singapore , Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida . The ride , based on the Transformers film franchise , was designed by Universal Creative , Oceaneering International , and Industrial Light & Magic . Each installation is reported to have cost US $ 100 million . Universal Studios Singapore was the first to open the ride .
The dark ride consists of vehicle @-@ mounted motion platforms which follow a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 610 m ) track . Throughout the ride , screens up to 60 feet ( 18 m ) high project 3D images of various Transformers characters as the Autobots attempt to protect the AllSpark from the Decepticons . Transformers : The Ride has been praised by media around the world with some stating it is one of the best theme park attractions in the world .
= = History = =
= = = Announcements = = =
Early planning and design for the ride began in 2007 . In October
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a gaiden episode was released that concluded the events of Agito . Special battles against the Rursus , then against Miyu and multiple Eidolons , were made available during the game 's final month .
= = = Legacy = = =
Agito 's original release was plagued with multiple issues including long load times , which the team sought to rectify through updates . After the initial release , a Club Activities system was going to be added . Similar to the Guilds of previous games , players could ally with them , engage in activities unique to the clubs and compete with rival clubs in contests . From the end of July to mid August during the game 's original release , it was featured in a crossover with Rise of Mana , a mobile installment in Square Enix 's Mana series . An earlier collaboration was also staged between Agito and Square Enix Legend World , a Japan @-@ exclusive browser game . Eventually , it was determined by the developers that Agito was no longer suited for continued updates . The game was shut down on November 30 , 2015 . As part of its announcement of the game 's shutdown , Square Enix said that a new updated version was being prepared that would be better suited for further updates and improved player experience . This updated version was revealed to be Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 Online , a 2016 multiplayer game for similar platforms to Agito .
The first hint of a localization appeared when the Agito trademark filed for European territories in September 2013 . Later , at TGS 2013 , Tabata said that Agito would definitely be localized , although he refused to clarify whether this meant it would be released in western territories . An official western release was confirmed by Square Enix at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 . The plan for the international release was to first release Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 HD so players in the west could get accustomed to the world and characters , then release Agito as a separate experience rather than a parallel release . With its discontinuance in Japan , Agito 's western release was consequently cancelled , however it was stated that Type @-@ 0 Online was being considered for international release in place of Agito .
A novel based within the continuity of Agito titled Final Fantasy Agito : Change the World -A Whiter Shade of Pale- was released on April 30 , 2015 . Written by Tora Tsukishima , it focuses on the characters of Nine and Rubrum cadet Naghi Minatsuchi . A port for the PlayStation Vita titled Final Fantasy Agito + was announced and demoed during the 2014 Tokyo Game Show . The decision to port the game to this platform was
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ruisers — remained active .
In July 1927 , Crown Prince Takamatsu — Emperor Hirohito 's younger brother — was assigned to Hiei . From October to November 1927 , the ship underwent a minor refit at Sasebo to accommodate two Yokosuka E1Y floatplanes , though no launch catapults were added . On 29 March 1928 , Hiei departed Sasebo alongside Kongō and the battleships Nagato and Fusō to patrol off the Chusan Archipelago , before arriving in the company of Kongō in Port Arthur in April 1928 . In October 1929 , she returned to Kure in preparation for her demilitarization and reconstruction .
= = = 1929 – 1937 : Demilitarization and training ship = = =
To avoid having to scrap Hiei under the terms of the Washington Treaty , the Imperial Japanese Navy decided to convert her into a demilitarized training ship . On 15 October 1929 , she went into drydock at Kure Naval Arsenal . Her aft 14 @-@ inch gun turrets were removed , and she was stripped of all eight of her submerged torpedo tubes , as well as her 6 @-@ inch guns and armor belt . All but nine of her boilers were taken out , reducing her speed to 18 knots ( 33 km / h ) , and one of her three funnels was removed . She was reclassified as a reserve ship at the end of November 1929 . On 24 April 1930 , reconstruction was halted due to the signing of the London Naval Treaty , which further restricted battleship construction and possession amongst the great naval powers , and preservation work was begun at Sasebo . Reconstruction would not resume until July 1931 .
In September 1931 , Japanese army units invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria , transforming it into the puppet state of Manchukuo . In December 1932 , Hiei was reassigned to the Imperial Japanese Navy 's training squadron . On 25 February , the League of Nations ruled that Japan had violated Chinese sovereignty and international law in her invasion of Manchuria . Refusing to accept the League 's judgment , the Empire of Japan withdrew from the League the same day . This also signaled its exit from the Washington and London Naval Treaties , which removed all restrictions on the Imperial Japanese Navy 's construction of capital ships . From the end of May 1933 to 13 August , Hiei received upgrades that allowed her to perform regular duties for the Emperor , and she served as the Emperor 's observation ship for the Imperial Naval Review three days later . From January to March 1934 , her No. 4 turret and ammunition magazine were refitted . In November 1935 , Hiei served as the Emperor 's ship for his official visit to the Kagoshima and Miyazaki Prefectures .
= = = 1937 – 1941 : Reconstruction and fast battleship = = =
No longer bound by the restrictions of the Washington and London Treaties , the Imperial Japanese Navy proceeded to reconstruct Hiei along the same lines as her sisters . She received eight new oil @-@ fired Kampon boilers and geared turbines , while her stern was lengthened by 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) to increase speed . Her aft 14 @-
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Crusade altogether . He would die in 1153 .
In Germany , the Crusade was seen as a huge debacle with many monks writing that it could only have been the work of the Devil . The anonymous monk who wrote the Annales Herbipolenses chronicle in Würzburg mentioned that for decades afterwards , noble families in Germany were ransoming back knights who had been taken prisoner in Anatolia using Armenian middle @-@ men . The camp followers who had been taken prisoner and sold into slavery by the Turks were not so lucky . Of the 113 individuals known by name to have been involved in the Crusade , 22 died , 42 returned home while the fate of the last 49 is a mystery . Despite the distaste for the memory of the Second Crusade , the experience of the crusade had notable impact on German literature , with many epic poems of the late 12th century featuring battle scenes clearly inspired by the fighting in the crusade .
The cultural impact of the Second Crusade was even greater in France , with many troubadours fascinated by the alleged affair between Eleanor and Raymond , which helped to feed the theme of courtly love . Unlike Conrad , the image of Louis was improved by the Crusade with many of the French seeing him as a suffering pilgrim king who quietly bore God 's punishments .
Relations between the Eastern Roman Empire and the French were badly damaged by the Crusade . Louis and other French leaders openly accused the Emperor Manuel I of colluding with Turkish attacks on them during the march across Asia Minor . The memory of the Second Crusade was to color French views of the Byzantines for the rest of the 12th and 13th centuries . Within the empire itself , the crusade was remembered as a triumph of diplomacy . In the eulogy for the Emperor Manuel by Archbishop Eustathious of Thessalonika , it was declared :
" He was able to deal with his enemies with enviable skill , playing off one against the other with the aim of bringing peace and tranquility " .
The preliminary Wendish Crusade achieved mixed results . While the Saxons affirmed their possession of Wagria and Polabia , pagans retained control of the Obodrite land east of Lübeck . The Saxons also received tribute from Chief Niklot , enabled the colonization of the Bishopric of Havelberg , and freed some Danish prisoners . However , the disparate Christian leaders regarded their counterparts with suspicion and accused each other of sabotaging the campaign .
In Iberia , the campaigns in Spain , along with the siege of Lisbon , were some of the few lasting Christian victories of the Second Crusade . They are seen as pivotal battles of the wider Reconquista , which would be completed in 1492 .
In the East the situation was much darker for the Christians . In the Holy Land , the Second Crusade had disastrous long @-@ term consequences for Jerusalem . In 1149 , the atabeg Anur died , at which point the amir Abu Sa 'id Mujir al @-@ Din Abaq Ibn Muhammad finally began to rule . The ra 'is of Damascus and commander of the ahdath milita Mu 'ayad al @-@ Dawhal Ibn al @-@ Sufi feel that since his ahdath had played a major role in defeating the Second Crusade that he deserved a greater share of the power , and within two months of Anur 's death was leading a rebellion against Abaq . The in @-@ fighting within Damascus was to lead to the end of the Burid state within five years . Damascus no longer trusted the crusader kingdom and was taken by Nur ad @-@ Din after a short siege in 1154 .
Baldwin III finally seized Ascalon in 1153 , which brought Egypt into the sphere of conflict . Jerusalem was able to make further advances into Egypt , briefly occupying Cairo in the 1160s . However , relations with the Byzantine Empire were mixed , and reinforcements from Europe were sparse after the disaster of the Second Crusade . King Amalric I of Jerusalem allied with the Byzantines and participated in a combined invasion of Egypt in 1169 , but the expedition ultimately failed . In 1171 , Saladin , nephew of one of Nur ad @-@ Din 's generals , was proclaimed Sultan of Egypt , uniting Egypt and Syria and completely surrounding the crusader kingdom . Meanwhile , the Byzantine alliance ended with the death of emperor Manuel I in 1180 , and in 1187 , Jerusalem capitulated to Saladin . His forces then spread north to capture all but the capital cities of the Crusader States , precipitating the Third Crusade .
= World Painted Blood =
World Painted Blood is the eleventh studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer . It was released through American Recordings and Sony Music on November 3 , 2009 and was produced by Greg Fidelman and executively produced by Rick Rubin . It is the band 's only album produced by Greg Fidelman . With much anticipation for the album after 2006 's Christ Illusion , members of Slayer were revealing information about the album since early 2009 . There were four different artworks released for the album , each which completed one @-@ fourth of a map , that when put together , illustrates the earth painted with red . There are eleven tracks on the album , with origins illustrating death and destruction , war , serial killers , and the Apocalypse . It is the band 's first studio album to be played mostly in E @-@ flat tuning since Divine Intervention . World Painted Blood is the last Slayer album to feature the band 's original lineup ; drummer Dave Lombardo was fired from the band and guitarist Jeff Hanneman died of liver failure , both in 2013 .
Three singles were released from the album : " Psychopathy Red " , " Hate Worldwide " , and " World Painted Blood " . " Psychopathy Red " leaked onto the internet over a year before its release , and was released as a seven – inch single on April 18 , 2009 . The album received generally positive reviews from music critics . It was praised by The A.V. Club , who said that the " resounding success in that regard : It 's eclectic , but never self @-@ consciously so . " " Hate Worldwide " and " World Painted Blood " were both nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 53rd and 54th Grammy Awards , respectively . The album peaked at number two on the US Top Hard Rock Albums chart , as well as twelve on the Billboard 200 and forty @-@ one on the United Kingdom album chart .
= = Writing and recording = =
World Painted Blood marked the first time that the band wrote material in the studio rather than entering the studio fully prepared with lyrics . The fact that they were not prepared made guitarist Kerry King skeptical . King related : " I was kind of thinking , ' Man , this could be the first record in a long time that 's got a little bit of filler , ' " he acknowledges . " But I think every song came out great . I was concerned some would sound similar , and every one is completely different . It 's cool how it worked out . " The majority of the lyrics and music were written by guitarist Jeff Hanneman . Kerry King stated : " I like when Jeff writes as much as he did for this
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ozo and the Space Pirates , providing insight into the history of the planet and the two races ' colonization of it . As Samus puts the final key in place , Meta Ridley appears and attacks her . Samus defeats it with help from the temple 's defensive artillery . The Chozo Artifacts and Phazon Suit allow Samus to enter the Impact Crater , where she finds the so @-@ called " Worm " : the Metroid Prime , the source of the Phazon on Tallon IV . After she defeats it , all the Phazon on Tallon IV disappears , but the Metroid Prime absorbs Samus 's Phazon Suit in a final effort to survive , reverting her armor to the Gravity Suit . Samus escapes the collapsing crater and leaves Tallon IV in her ship . In a post @-@ credits scene , only viewable if the player has collected all of the items , Metroid Prime uses the Phazon Suit to reconstruct its body , becoming the entity known as Dark Samus — one of the antagonists of Metroid Prime 2 : Echoes and the main antagonist of Metroid Prime 3 : Corruption .
= = Gameplay = =
As in previous Metroid games , Metroid Prime takes place in a large , open @-@ ended world in which regions are connected by elevators . Each region has a set of rooms separated by doors that can be opened with a shot from the correct beam . The gameplay involves solving puzzles to reveal secrets , platform jumping , and shooting foes with the help of a " lock @-@ on " mechanism that allows circle strafing while staying aimed at the enemy . Metroid Prime is the first game in the Metroid series to use a first @-@ person view instead of side @-@ scrolling , except in Morph Ball mode , when Samus ' suit transforms into an armored ball and the game uses a third @-@ person camera .
The protagonist , Samus Aran , must travel through the world of Tallon IV searching for twelve Chozo Artifacts that will open the path to the Phazon meteor impact crater , while collecting power @-@ ups that enable the player to reach previously inaccessible areas . The Varia Suit , for example , protects Samus ' armor against dangerously high temperatures , allowing her to enter volcanic regions . Some of the items are obtained after boss and mini @-@ boss fights , which are encountered in all regions except Magmoor Caverns . Items must be collected in a specific order so that the player may progress . For example , players cannot access certain areas until they find a certain Beam to open doors , or discover new ordnance with which to beat bosses . Like the rest of the series , players are incentivized to explore the open world to find upgrades such as ammunition packs and extra health .
The heads @-@ up display , which simulates the inside of Samus ' helmet , features a radar display , a map , ammunition for missiles , a health meter , a danger meter for negotiating hazardous landscape or materials , and a health bar and name display for bosses . The display can be altered by exchanging visors ; one uses thermal imaging , another has x @-@ ray vision , and another features a scanner that searches for enemy weaknesses and interfaces with mechanisms such as force fields and elevators . Metroid Prime introduces a hint system that provides the player with clues about ways to progress through the game .
= = = Items = = =
Throughout the game , players must find and collect items that improve Samus 's arsenal and suit , including weapons , armor upgrades for Samus 's Power Suit and items that grant abilities — including the Morph Ball which allows Samus to roll into narrow passages and drop energy bombs , and the Grapple Beam which works by latching onto special hooks called grapple points , allowing Samus to swing across gaps . Unlike those in earlier games in the series , the beam weapons in Metroid Prime have no stacking ability , in which the traits of each beam merge . Instead , the player must cycle the four beam weapons ; there are charge combos with radically different effects for each .
Items from previous Metroid games appear with altered functions . Art galleries and different endings are unlockable if the player collects a high percentage of items and Scan Visor logs . Prime is one of the first Metroid games to address the reason Samus does not start with power @-@ ups acquired in previous games ; she begins the game with some upgrades , including the Varia Suit , Missiles and Grapple Beam , but they are lost during an explosion on the Space Pirate frigate Orpheon . The producers stated that starting with some power @-@ ups was a way to give the player " different things to do " and to learn the functions of these items before settling into the core gameplay .
Players can gain two features by connecting Prime with Metroid Fusion using a Nintendo GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable : use of the Fusion Suit that Samus wears in Fusion and the ability to play the original Metroid .
= = Development = =
After Super Metroid , fans of the series eagerly awaited a sequel . It was allegedly due for release for the Nintendo 64 , but while the game was mentioned several times , it never entered production . Producer Shigeru Miyamoto said this was because Nintendo " couldn 't come out with any concrete ideas " . Metroid co @-@ creator Yoshio Sakamoto said that he considered creating a new installment for the Nintendo 64 , but was not interested in being part of its development , mainly because of the console 's controller . He said , " I just couldn 't imagine how it could be used to move Samus around " . Sakamoto also said Nintendo approached another company to make an N64 Metroid , but the offer was declined because the developers thought they could not make a game that could equal Super Metroid 's standards .
Metroid Prime was a collaboration between Retro Studios and important Nintendo EAD and R & D1 members . The overall game design was a collaborative effort , while the art and engineering was done entirely at Retro , and the music was fully handled in Japan . Retro Studios was created in 1998 by an alliance between Nintendo and Iguana Entertainment founder Jeff Spangenberg . The studio would create games for the forthcoming GameCube targeted at a mature demographic . After establishing its offices in Austin , Texas in 1999 , Retro started working on four different GameCube projects . When producer Shigeru Miyamoto visited Retro in 2000 , he suggested the development of a new Metroid game after seeing the prototype of a first @-@ person shooter engine they created . In 2000 and early 2
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believed Sterne was allowed at the insistence of art dealer Betty Parsons , who represented many in the group .
They all were very furious that I was in it because they all were sufficiently macho to think that the presence of a woman took away from the seriousness of it all .
The caption to the published photograph referred to the group as solemn . It was true that many of the group had reservations at appearing in a mainstream media publication ; Rothko especially . Yet none could have mistaken the consequences of Pollock 's three @-@ page spread in Life of August 8 , 1949 . Pollock 's next show , opening November 21 , 1949 , at Betty Parsons Gallery , was an unmistakable triumph . Famously , Willem de Kooning was heard to say to Milton Resnick : " Look around . These are the big shots . Jackson has finally broken the ice . " In the ensuing year , Betty Parsons sent Pollock checks totalling $ 6 @,@ 508 @.@ 23 on gross sales of over $ 10 @,@ 000 , at a time when more than two thirds of American families lived on less than $ 4 @,@ 000 per year . Pollock seems to have been invited to sign the Studio 35 open letter , at least in part , because of his notoriety , almost entirely attributable to the Life article . In the end the sitting was an uncomfortable accommodation between the system of values under which the artists had laboured and their desire for career success .
I think they loved having their pictures taken , but they seemed to be afraid to be nice - they didn 't want to appear too commercial .
= = The legacy of the polemic = =
The subsequent Life article did more than provide the public with an image of the group , looking more like bankers than irascible . It placed the picture larger and before the pictures of the Metropolitans competition winning art works . It also reiterated the word advanced , echoing the Madison Avenue advertising speak of the day . The picture caption also referred to the protest as in keeping with avant @-@ garde tradition , mentioning the Salon des Refusés of 1863 and the Ashcan School .
Irving Sandler , a historian of the New York School and Abstract Expressionism wrote that the Leen photograph " has become the image whereby we invision the artists who achieved the triumph of American painting " .
The artists ' discomfort with being labelled , individually or as a group , was clear . At the end of the three @-@ day symposium at Studio 35 in 1
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950 , Alfred Barr challenged the group to name themselves , to which de Kooning responded : " it is disastrous to name ourselves " . Pollock , on his part , refused to sign the Times letter unless it was clear that they were not a group ; it is noteworthy that he did not .
Despite their subsequent labels as Abstract Expressionist , action painters and so forth , this is a picture of a group that never was a group , a picture of fifteen individuals , unified only by the click of a camera at a particular time and place .
Already in 1951 , relationships had deteriorated enough for Pollock , Newman , Still and Rothko to approach Betty Parsons with the idea of showing them exclusively , effectively leaving their erstwhile colleagues to fend for themselves . She declined the offer . Over the following three years Pollock , Still and Rothko moved to the Sidney Janis Gallery . After the failure of fellow artists to defend his show at Betty Parsons in 1951 and not been included in the 1952 Fifteen Americans show at the Museum of Modern Art , Newman did not show in New York again until 1959 .
In 1954 , Ad Reinhardt engaged in a public ridiculing of Rothko , Newman , de Kooning , Gottlieb and Still , resulting in Newman suing him for libel . Clyfford Still repudiated Mark Rothko for " living an evil , an untrue life " . " It all went from love to hate in four years " , Betty Parsons recalled in 1975 .
Nina Leen 's 1951 Life photograph has become the touchstone for canonical lists of the New York School . Irving Sandler used it as the frontispiece and rear dust jacket photograph of his The Triumph of American Painting : A History of Abstract Expressionism , published in 1970 . This book defined Abstract Expressionism for a generation of scholars .
= Battle of Borovo Selo =
The Battle of Borovo Selo on 2 May 1991 ( known in Croatia as the Borovo Selo massacre , Croatian : Pokolj u Borovom Selu and in Serbia as the Borovo Selo incident , Serbian : Инцидент у Боровом Селу ) was one of the first armed clashes in the conflict which became known as the Croatian War of Independence . The clash was precipitated by months of rising ethnic tensions and armed combat in Pakrac and at the Plitvice Lakes in March . The immediate cause for the confrontation in the heavily ethnic Serb village of Borovo Selo , just north of Vukovar , was a failed attempt to replace a Yugoslav flag in the village with a Croatian one . The unauthorised effort by four Croatian policemen resulted in the capture of two by a Croatian Serb militia in the village . To retrieve the captives , Croatian authorities deployed additional police , who drove into an ambush . At least twelve Croatian policemen and an unknown number of Serbs were killed in the battle before the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) intervened and stopped the fighting .
The confrontation resulted in a further deterioration of the overall situation in Croatia , leading Croats and Serbs to accuse each other of overt aggression and of being enemies of their nation . For Croatia , the event was provocative because the bodies of some of the dead Croat policemen killed in the incident were reportedly mutilated . The clash in Borovo Selo eliminated any hopes that the escalating conflict could be defused politically and made the war almost inevitable . The Presidency of Yugoslavia met days after the fighting and authorised the JNA to deploy to the area to prevent further conflict but despite this deployment , skirmishes persisted in the region . After the war , a former Serb irregular was convicted of war crimes for his role in abusing the two captured policemen , and ultimately sentenced to three years in prison . Four others were indicted in absentia but remain at large outside Croatia .
= = Background = =
In 1990 , following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia by the Croatian Democratic Union ( Hrvatska demokratska zajednica – HDZ ) , ethnic tensions between Serbs and Croats worsened . The Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) confiscated the weapons of Croatia 's Territorial Defence ( Teritorijalna obrana – TO ) in order to minimise the possibility of violence following the elections . On 17 August , inter @-@ ethnic tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs , centred on the predominantly Serb @-@ populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin , and parts of Lika , Kordun , Banovina and eastern Croatia . In July 1990 , local Serbs established a Serbian National Council to coordinate opposition to Croatian President Franjo Tuđman 's policy of pursuing Croatian independence from Yugoslavia . Milan Babić , a dentist from Knin , was elected president of the council , while Knin 's police chief , Milan Martić , established a number of paramilitary militias . The two men eventually became the political and military leaders of the Serb Autonomous Oblast of Krajina ( SAO Krajina ) , a self @-@ declared state incorporating the Serb @-@ inhabited areas of Croatia . In March 1991 , SAO Krajina authorities , backed by the government of Serbia , began consolidating control over the Serb @-@ populated areas of Croatia , resulting in a bloodless skirmish in Pakrac and the first fatalities in the Plitvice Lakes incident .
At the beginning of 1991 , Croatia had no regular army . In an effort to bolster its defence , it doubled the number of police personnel to about 20 @,@ 000 . The most effective part of the police force was the 3 @
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57 ) . Following his Gaillard ministry , he was again appointed Minister of State from 14 May 1958 ; – 20 May 1959 . In this capacity , he participated in the development of France 's African policy , notably in the cultural domain . At his behest , the Bureau of French Overseas Students and the University of Dakar were created . On 4 October 1958 , Houphouët @-@ Boigny was one of the signatories , along with de Gaulle , of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic . The last post he held in France was Minister @-@ Counsellor in the Michel Debré government , from 23 July 1959 to 19 May 1961 .
= = = Leading up to independence = = =
Until the mid @-@ 1950s , French colonies in west and central Africa were grouped within two federations : French Equatorial Africa ( AEF ) and French West Africa ( AOF ) . Côte d 'Ivoire was part of the AOF , financing roughly two thirds of its budget . Wishing to free the country from the guardianship of the AOF , Houphouët @-@ Boigny advocated an Africa made up of nations that would generate wealth rather than share poverty and misery . He participated actively in the drafting and adoption of the framework of the Defferre Loi Cadre , a French legal reform which , in addition to granting autonomy to African colonies , would break the ties that bound the different territories together , giving them more autonomy by means of local assemblies . The Deffere Loi Cadre was far from unanimously accepted by Houphouët @-@ Boigny 's compatriots in Africa : Léopold Sédar Senghor , leader of Senegal , was the first to speak out against this attempted " Balkanization " of Africa , arguing that the colonial territories " do not correspond to any reality : be it geographical , economic , ethnic , or linguistic " . Senghor argued that maintaining the AOF would give the territories stronger political credibility and would allow them to develop harmoniously as well as emerge as a genuine people . This view was shared by most members of the African Democratic Rally , who backed Ahmed Sékou Touré and Modibo Keïta , placing Houphouët @-@ Boigny in the minority at the 1957 congress in Bamako .
Following the adoption of the Loi Cadre reform on 23 June 1956 , a territorial election was held in Côte d 'Ivoire on 3 March 1957 , in which the PDCI — transformed under Houphouët @-@ Boigny 's firm control into a political machine — won many seats . Houphouët @-@ Boigny , who was already serving as a minister in France , as President of the Territorial Assembly and as mayor of Abidjan , chose Auguste Denise to serve as Vice President of the Government Council of Côte d 'Ivoire , even though Houphouët @-@ Boigny remained , the only interlocutor in the colony for France . Houphouët @-@ Boigny 's popularity and influence in France 's African colonies had become so pervasive that one French magazine claimed that by 1956 , the politician 's photograph " was in all the huts , on the lapels of coats , on the corsages of African women and even on the handlebars of bicycles " .
On 7 April 1957 , the Prime Minister of Ghana , Kwame Nkrumah , on a visit to Côte d 'Ivoire , called on all colonies in Africa to declare their independence ; Houphouët @-@ Boigny retorted to Nkrumah :
Your experience is rather impressive ... But due to the human relationships between the French and the Africans , and because in the 20th century , people have become interdependent , we considered that it would perhaps be more interesting to try a new and different experience than yours and unique in itself , one of a Franco @-@ African community based on equality and fraternity .
Unlike many African leaders who immediately demanded independence , Houphouët @-@ Boigny wished for a careful transition within the " ensemble français " because , according to him , political independence without economic independence was worthless . He also invited Nkrumah to meet up with him in 10 years to see which one of the two had chosen the best approach toward independence .
On 28 September 1958 Charles de Gaulle proposed a constitutional referendum to the Franco @-@ African community : the territories were given the choice of either supporting the constitution or proclaiming their independence and being cut off from France . For Houphouët @-@ Boigny , the choice was simple : " Whatever happens , Côte d 'Ivoire will enter directly to the Franco @-@ African community . The other territories are free to group between themselves before joining . " Only Guinea chose independence ; its leader , Ahmed Sékou Touré , opposed Houphouët @-@ Boigny , stating that his preference was " freedom in poverty over wealth in slavery " . The referendum produced the French Community , an institution meant to be an association of free republics which had jurisdiction over foreign policy , defense , currency , common ethnic and financial policy , and strategic raw materials .
Houphouët @-@ Boigny was determined to stop the hegemony of Senegal in West Africa and a political confrontation ensued between Ivorian and Senegalese leaders . Houphouët @-@ Boigny refused to participate in the Inter @-@ African conference in Dakar on 31 December 1958 , which was intended to lay the foundation for the Federation of Francophone African States . Although that federation was never realised , Senegal and Mali ( known at the time as French Sudan ) formed their own political union , the Mali Federation . After de Gaul
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le allowed the Mali Federation independence in 1959 , Houphouët @-@ Boigny tried to sabotage the federation 's efforts to wield political control ; in cooperation with France , he managed to convince Upper Volta , Dahomey , and Niger to withdraw from the Mali Federation , before it collapsed in August 1960 .
Two months after the 1958 referendum , seven member states of French West Africa , including Côte d 'Ivoire , became autonomous republics within the French Community . Houphouët @-@ Boigny had won his first victory against those supporting federalism . This victory established the conditions that made the future " Ivorian miracle " possible , since between 1957 and 1959 , budget revenues grew by 158 % , reaching 21 @,@ 723 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 CFA francs .
= = President of Côte d 'Ivoire = =
= = = Early years and second marriage = = =
Houphouët @-@ Boigny officially became the head of the government of Côte d 'Ivoire on 1 May 1959 . Although he faced no opposition from rival parties and the PDCI became the de facto party of the state in 1957 , he was confronted by opposition from his own government . Radical nationalists , led by Jean @-@ Baptiste Mockey , openly opposed the government 's Francophile policies . In an attempt to solve this problem , Houphouët @-@ Boigny decided to exile Mockey in September 1959 , claiming that Mockey had attempted to assassinate him using voodoo in what Houphouët @-@ Boigny called the " complot du chat noir " ( black cat conspiracy ) .
Houphouët @-@ Boigny began drafting a new constitution for Côte d 'Ivoire after the country 's independence from France on 7 August 1960 . It drew heavily from the United States Constitution in establishing a powerful executive branch , and from the Constitution of France , which limited the capacities of the legislature . He transformed the National Assembly into a mere recording house for bills and budget proposals . On 27 November 1960 , Houphouët @-@ Boigny was elected unopposed to the Presidency of the Republic , while a single list of PDCI candidates was elected to the National Assembly .
1963 was marked by a series of alleged plots that played a decisive role in ultimately consolidating power in the hands of Houphouët @-@ Boigny . There is no clear consensus on the unfolding of the 1963 events ; in fact , there may have been no plot at all and the entire series of events may have been part of a plan by Houphouët @-@ Boigny to consolidate his hold on power . Between 120 and 200 secret trials were held in Yamoussoukro , in which key political figures — including Mockey and the president of the Supreme Court Ernest Boka — were implicated . There was discontent in the army , as the generals grew restive following the arrest of Defense Minister Jean Konan Banny , and the president had to intervene personally to pacify them .
For the next 27 years , almost all power in Côte d 'Ivoire was centered in Houphouët @-@ Boigny . From 1965 to 1985 , he was reelected unopposed to five successive five @-@ year terms . Also every five years , a single list of PDCI candidates was returned to the National Assembly . For all intents and purposes , all of them were appointed by the president , since in his capacity as leader of the PDCI he approved all candidates . All adult citizens were required to be members of the PDCI . The media were tightly controlled , and served mainly as outlets for government propaganda .
While Houphouët @-@ Boigny 's regime was authoritarian , it was somewhat less harsh than other African regimes of the time . Once he had consolidated his power , he freed political prisoners in 1967 . Under his " unique brand of paternalistic authoritarianism " , Houphouët @-@ Boigny subdued dissent by offering government positions instead of incarceration to his critics . As a result , according to Robert Mundt , author of Côte d 'Ivoire : Continuity and Change in a Semi @-@ Democracy , he was never seriously challenged after 1963 .
In order to foil any plans for a coup d 'état , the president took control of the military and police , reducing their numbers from 5 @,@ 300 to 3 @,@ 500 . Defence was entrusted to the French armed forces that , pursuant to the treaty on defence cooperation of 24 April 1961 , were stationed at Port @-@ Bouët and could intervene at Houphouët @-@ Boigny 's request or when they considered French interests to be threatened . They subsequently intervened during attempts by the Sanwi monarchists to secede in 1959 and 1969 , and again in 1970 , when an unauthorised political group , the Eburnian Movement , was formed and Houphouët @-@ Boigny accused its leader Kragbé Gnagbé of wishing to secede .
Houphouët @-@ Boigny married the much younger Marie @-@ Thérèse Houphouët @-@ Boigny in 1962 , having divorced his first wife in 1952 . The couple had no children of their own , but they adopted one : Olivier Antoine in 1981 .
Helene Houpuhouet Boigny – Abla
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Pokou - was legally recognized in 1960 by her father Mister Felix Houphouet Boigny who came to Court along with his three witnesses : his sisters Ms Faitai and Adjoua Houphouet boigny and his cousin Yao Simon Yamoussoukro 's chief of Canton ( Judgement Supplétif numsber1261 – 26 AOUT 1960 – Tribunal of Toumodi – A Court Session opened to the public ) . Madame Helene Houphouet Boigny is the granddaughter of the Bouale 's King Nanan Kouakou Anougble II , her Mother being Madame Akissi Anougble . They both died in 1958 .
The marriage was not without scandal : in 1958 , Marie @-@ Thérèse went on a romantic escapade in Italy , while in 1961 , Houphouët @-@ Boigny fathered a child ( Florence , d . 2007 ) out of wedlock by his mistress Henriette Duvignac .
= = = Leadership in Africa = = =
Following the example of de Gaulle , who refused proposals for an integrated Europe , Houphouët @-@ Boigny opposed Nkrumah 's proposed United States of Africa , which called into question Côte d 'Ivoire 's recently acquired national sovereignty . However , Houphouët @-@ Boigny was not opposed to collective African institutions if they were subject to his influence or control .
On 29 May 1959 , in cooperation with Hamani Diori ( Niger ) , Maurice Yaméogo ( Upper Volta ) and Hubert Maga ( Dahomey ) , Houphouët @-@ Boigny created the Conseil de l 'Entente ( English : Council of Accord or Council of Understanding ) . This regional organisation , founded in order to hamper the Mali Federation , was designed with three major functions : to allow shared management of certain public services , such as the port of Abidjan or the Abidjan – Niger railway line ; to provide a solidarity fund accessible to member countries , 90 % of which was provided by Côte d 'Ivoire ; and to provide funding for various development projects through low @-@ interest loans to member states ( 70 % of the loans were supplied by Côte d 'Ivoire ) . In 1966 , Houphouët @-@ Boigny even offered to grant dual citizenship to nationals from member countries of the Conseil de l 'Entente , but the proposition was quickly abandoned following popular protests .
The ambitious Ivorian leader had even greater plans for French @-@ speaking Africa : he intended to rally the different nations behind a large organisation whose objective was the mutual assistance of its member states . The project became a reality on 7 September 1961 with the signing of a charter giving birth to the Union africaine et malgache ( UAM ; English : African and Malagasy Union ) , comprising 12 French @-@ speaking countries including Léopold Sédar Senghor 's Senegal . Agreements were signed in various sectors , such as economic , military and telecommunications , which strengthened solidarity among Francophone states . However , the creation of the Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) in May 1963 affected his plans : the supporters of Pan @-@ Africanism demanded the dissolution of all regional groupings , such as the UAM . Houphouët @-@ Boigny reluctantly ceded , and transformed the UAM into the Organisation africaine et malgache de coopération économique et culturelle ( English : African and Malagasy Organization of economic and cultural cooperation ) .
Considering the OAU a dead end organisation , particularly since Paris was opposed to the group , Houphouët @-@ Boigny decided to create in 1965 l 'Organisation commune africaine et malgache ( OCAM ; English : African and Malagasy Organization ) , a French organization in competition with the OAU . The organisation included among its members 16 countries , whose aim was to break revolutionary ambitions in Africa . However , over the years , the organisation became too subservient to France , resulting in the departure of half of the countries .
In the mid @-@ 1970s , during times of economic prosperity , Houphouët @-@ Boigny and Senghor put aside their differences and joined forces to thwart Nigeria , which , in an attempt to establish itself in West Africa , had created the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) . The two countered the ECOWAS by creating the Economic Community of West Africa ( ECWA ) , which superseded the old trade partnerships in the French @-@ speaking regions . However , after assurances from Nigeria that ECOWAS would function in the same manner as the earlier Francophone organisations , Houphouët @-@ Boigny and Senghor decided to merge their organization into ECOWAS in May 1975 .
= = = Françafrique = = =
Throughout his presidency , Houphouët @-@ Boigny surrounded himself with French advisers , such as Guy Nairay , Chief of Staff from 1960 to 1993 , and Alain Belkiri , Secretary @-@ General of the Ivorian government , whose influence extended to all areas . This type of diplomacy , which he labelled " Françafrique " , allowed him to maintain very close ties with the former colonial power , making Côte d 'Ivoire France 's primary African ally . Whenever one country would enter an agreement with an African nation , the other would unconditionally give its support . Through this arrangement , Houphouët @-@ Boigny built a close friendship with Jacques Foccart , the chief adviser on African policy in the de Gaulle and Pompidou governments .
= = = = Destabilization of revolutionary regimes = = = =
By claiming independence for Guinea through the 28 September 1958 French constitutional referendum , Ahmed Sékou Touré had not only defied de Gaulle , but also his fellow African , Houphouët @-@ Boigny . He distanced himself from Guinean officials in Conakry and the Guinean Democratic Party was excluded from the RDA . Tensions between Houphouët @-@ Boigny and Touré also began to rise due to the conspiracies of the French intelligence agency SDECE against the Sékou Touré regime . In January 1960 , Houphouët @-@ Boigny delivered small arms to former rebels in Man , Côte d 'Ivoire and incited his council in 1965 to agree to taking part in an attempt to overthrow Sékou Touré . In 1967 , he promoted the creation of the Front national de libération de la Guinée ( FNLG ; English : National Front for the Liberation of Guinea ) , a reserve of men ready to plot the downfall of Sékou Touré .
Houphouët @-@ Boigny 's relationship with Kwame Nkrumah , the leader of neighboring Ghana , degraded considerably following Guinea 's independence , due to Nkrumah 's financial and political support for Sékou Touré . After Sékou Touré convinced Nkrumah to support the secessionist Sanwi in Côte d 'Ivoire , Houphouët @-@ Boigny began a campaign to discredit the Ghanaian regime . He accused Nkr
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7Cs JAL was able to fly nonstop between Seattle and Tokyo in 1959 .
= = = = Jet Era = = = =
In 1960 the airline took delivery of its first jet , a Douglas DC @-@ 8 named Fuji , introducing jet service on the Tokyo @-@ Honolulu @-@ San Francisco route . JAL went on to operate a fleet of 51 DC @-@ 8s , retiring the last of the type in 1987 . Fuji flew until 1974 and was then used as a maintenance training platform until 1989 ; its nose section was stored at Haneda Airport and eventually put on public display at the JAL Sky Museum in March 2014 .
JAL also began flying to Seattle and Hong Kong in 1960 . At the end of 1961 JAL had transpolar flights from Tokyo to Seattle , Copenhagen , London and Paris via Anchorage , Alaska and to Los Angeles and San Francisco via Honolulu , Hawaii .
During the 1960s JAL flew to many new cities including Moscow , New York and Pusan . DC @-@ 8 flights to Europe via Anchorage started in 1961 ; flights to Europe via India started in 1962 , initially with Convair 880s .
By 1965 Japan Air Lines was headquartered in the Tokyo Building in Marunouchi , Chiyoda , Tokyo . By this time over half of JAL 's revenue was generated on transpacific routes to the United States and the airline was lobbying the United States for fifth freedom rights to fly transatlantic routes from the East Coast . The transpacific route was extended east from San Francisco to New York in November 1966 and to London in 1967 ; flights between San Francisco and London ended in December 1972 .
Between 1967 and 1969 JAL had an agreement with Aeroflot to operate a joint service between Tokyo and Moscow using a Soviet Tupolev Tu @-@ 114 . The flight crew included one JAL member , and the cabin crew had five members each from Aeroflot and JAL . The weekly flight started in April 1967 ; in May the schedule was 10 hr 35 min Moscow to Tokyo and 11 hr 25 min to return .
In 1972 , under the 45 / 47 system ( 45 / 47体制 , yon 'go @-@ yonnana taisei ) , the so @-@ called " aviation constitution " enacted by the Japanese government , JAL was granted flag carrier status to operate international routes . The airline was also designated to operate domestic trunk routes in competition with All Nippon Airways and Toa Domestic Airlines .
The signing of a Civil Air Transport Agreement between China and Japan on 20 April 1974 , caused the suspension of air routes between the Taiwan and Japan on 21 April . A new subsidiary , Japan Asia Airways , was established on 8 August 1975 , and air services between the two countries were restored on 15 September . During the 1970s the airline bought the Boeing 727 , Boeing 747 and McDonnell Douglas DC @-@ 10 for its growing routes within Japan and to other countries .
In the 1980s the airline performed special flights for the Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko of Japan , Pope John Paul II and for Japanese prime ministers , until the introduction of the dedicated government aircraft using two Boeing 747 @-@ 400 , operated as Japanese Air Force One and Japanese Air Force Two . During that decade the airline introduced new Boeing 747 @-@ 100SR , Boeing 747 @-@ SUD and Boeing 767 jets to the fleet , and retired the Boeing 727s and Douglas DC @-@ 8s .
In 1978 JAL started flights to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro via Anchorage and San Juan ; the stopover was changed to Los Angeles in 1982 and to New York 's John F. Kennedy International Airport in 1999 . Until 2009 the airline operated fifth @-@ freedom flights between New York and São Paulo and between Vancouver and Mexico City .
= = = Deregulated era = = =
Japan began considering airline deregulation in the late 1970s , with the government announcing the abandoning of the 45 / 47 system in 1985 . In 1987 Japan Airlines was completely privatized , and the other two airlines in Japan , All Nippon Airways ( ANA ) and Japan Air System ( JAS ) , were permitted to compete with JAL on domestic and international routes . Increased competition resulted in changes to the airline 's corporate structure , and it was reorganized into three divisions : international passenger service , domestic passenger service , and cargo ( including mail ) service .
Japan Airlines began the 1990s with flights to evacuate Japanese citizens from Iraq before the start of the Gulf War . In October 1990 , Japan Air Charter was established , and , in September 1996 , an agreement with The Walt Disney Company made Japan Airlines the official airline of Tokyo Disneyland . JAL Express was established in April 1997 , with Boeing 737 aircraft . In the 1990s the airline encountered further economic difficulties stemming from recessions in the United States and United Kingdom , plus a domestic downturn . Following years of profit since 1986 the airline began to post operating losses in 1992 . Cost @-@ cutting , including the formation of the low @-@ cost JAL Express domestic subsidiary and the transfer of tourist operations to JALways ( the successor to Japan Air Charter ) , helped return the airline to profitability in 1999 .
In 1997 the airline flew Japanese prime minister Ryutaro Hashimoto to Peru to help negotiate in the Japanese embassy hostage crisis . Japan Airlines placed orders for Boeing 777s during the 1990s , allowing for fleet renewal . It was one of eight airlines participating in the Boeing 777 design process , shaping the design to their specifications .
= = = JAS merger = = =
In 2001 , Japan Air System and Japan Airlines agreed to merge ; and on 2 October 2002 , they established a new holding company called Japan Airlines System ( 日本航空システム , Nihon Kōkū Shisutemu ) , forming a new core of the JAL Group . Aircraft liveries were changed to match the design of the new JAL Group . At that time the merged group of airlines was the sixth largest in the world by passengers carried .
On 1 April 2004 , JAL changed its name to Japan Airlines International and JAS changed its name to Japan Airlines Domestic . JAS flight codes were changed to JAL flight codes , JAS check @-@ in desks were refitted in JAL livery and JAS aircraft were gradually repainted . On 26 June 2004 , the parent company Japan Airlines System was renamed to Japan Airlines Corporation .
Following the merger , two companies operated under the JAL brand : Japan Airlines International ( 日本航空インターナショナル , Nihon Kōkū Intānashonaru ) and Japan Airlines Domestic ( 日本航空ジャパン , Nihon Kōkū Japan ) . Japan Airlines Domestic had primary responsibility for JAL 's large network of intra @-@ Japan flights , while JAL International operated both international and trunk domestic flights . On 1 October 2006 , Japan Airlines International and Japan Airlines Domestic merged into a single brand , Japan Airlines International .
The airline applied to join Oneworld on 25 October 2005 . Japan Airlines claimed that its Oneworld membership
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would be in the best interests of the airline 's plans to further develop the airline group and its strong commitment to provide the very best to its customers . Japan Airlines , together with Malév and Royal Jordanian , joined the alliance on 1 April 2007 .
On 1 April 2008 , JAL merged the operations of its subsidiary Japan Asia Airways ( JAA ) into JAL mainline operations . JAA had operated all JAL group flights between Japan and Taiwan between 1975 and 2008 as a separate entity due to the special political status of Taiwan .
= = = Restructuring = = =
In 2009 , Japan Airlines suffered steep financial losses , despite remaining Asia 's largest airline by revenue . As a result , the airline embarked on staff cuts and route cutbacks in an effort to reduce costs . The carrier also received a ¥ 100 billion credit line from the Japanese government that year . In September 2009 , Japan 's Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism formed a task force aimed at aiding a corporate turnaround at JAL , which examined various cost @-@ cutting and strategic partnership proposals .
One proposal considered was to merge JAL with ANA , which would create a single larger international airline and replace Japan Airlines International ; however , media reports suggested that this proposal would be opposed by ANA given its comparatively better financial performance as an independent carrier . The task force also examined possible partnerships with foreign carriers .
After weeks of speculation , JAL applied for protection under the Corporate Rehabilitation Law ( the Japanese equivalent of Administration in the United Kingdom or a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in the United States ) on 19 January 2010 . JAL expects to receive a ¥ 300 billion cash injection and have debts worth ¥ 730 billion waived , in exchange for which it will cut its capital to zero , cut unprofitable routes and reduce its workforce by 15 @,@ 700 employees — a third of its 47 @,@ 000 total . JAL 's main creditors ( Mizuho Corporate Bank , Bank of Tokyo @-@ Mitsubishi UFJ and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation ) originally objected to the bankruptcy declaration , but changed their mind after the Enterprise Turnaround Initiative Corporation of Japan recommended court protection , according to a senior bank official . Shares of JAL were delisted from the Tokyo Stock Exchange on 20 February 2010 .
Kazuo Inamori , founder of Kyocera and KDDI , took over as CEO of JAL . Transport minister Seiji Maehara personally visited Kyocera headquarters in late 2009 in order to persuade Inamori to accept the position ; task force leader Shinjiro Takagi believed that it was necessary to appoint a proven entrepreneur CEO in order to fix the various problems at JAL . Japan Air Commuter president Masaru Onishi was promoted to president of JAL .
In May , JAL began to see an increase in its passenger numbers by 1 @.@ 1 % year @-@ on @-@ year . In August , it was reported that JAL would cut 19 @,@ 133 jobs from its workforce of 47 @,@ 000 by the end of March 2015 – whilst also increasing capacity – in an attempt to make the business viable .
= = = Rivalry between Delta and American = = =
Although JAL ultimately exited bankruptcy while remaining in the Oneworld alliance , JAL was seriously considering accepting a strategic investment from Delta Air Lines and joining the SkyTeam alliance during the period between September 2009 and February 2010 . JAL also had talks with Skyteam members Air France @-@ KLM and Korean Air regarding their potential involvement .
The Delta deal was favored by the Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism because Delta had an extensive global network and had the largest Japanese operation of any foreign airline , which it had inherited through its merger with Northwest Airlines . MLIT also supported a transaction with Air France @-@ KLM because it was a " healthier company " than American .
American planned to team up with Oneworld alliance members British Airways and Qantas to make a joint offer to recapitalize JAL . British Airways said that it was attempting to persuade JAL to remain part of Oneworld rather than aligning itself with Delta and SkyTeam , while American CEO Gerard Arpey said that American and Oneworld remained committed to a partnership with Japan Airlines , as long as it remained a major international carrier , and reiterated his encouragement for JAL to stay with Oneworld during ceremonies to welcome Mexicana into the alliance .
In an interview with the Asahi Shimbun on 1 January 2010 , JAL president Haruka Nishimatsu stated his preference in forming a partnership with Delta over American , and the Yomiuri Shimbun reported shortly thereafter that JAL and the Japanese government @-@ backed Enterprise Turnaround Initiative Corporation would likely choose to form a business and capital tie @-@ up with Delta , as part of which JAL would enter SkyTeam and reduce its international flight operations in favor of code @-@ share agreements with Delta , and that American Airlines had begun procedures to end negotiations with JAL . Both JAL and American denied the report . The Wall Street Journal then reported that American Airlines raised its JAL investment offer by $ 300 million , to $ 1 @.@ 4 billion , and in separate comments to the press , Delta president Ed Bastian said that Delta was " willing and able to raise additional capital through third @-@ party resources . "
After JAL filed for bankruptcy , there were further media reports that JAL would leave Oneworld in favor of SkyTeam , but JAL president Masaru Onishi said on 1 February that the new JAL leadership was " seriously reviewing the issue from scratch , without being influenced by previous discussions , " and its decision on an alliance partner would be made soon .
On 7 February , several news outlets reported that JAL would decide to keep its alliance with American Airlines and end talks with Delta . Inamori and ETIC officials , according to the reports , decided that switching alliances from Oneworld to Skyteam would be too risky and could hinder JAL 's ability to turn around quickly . Two days later , JAL officially announced that they would strengthen their partnership with American , including a joint application for antitrust immunity on transpacific routes . The airline would also fortify its relationship with other partners in the Oneworld alliance .
= = = Post @-@ bankruptcy developments = = =
JAL emerged from bankruptcy protection in March 2011 . In July , ETIC selected Nomura Holdings , Daiwa Securities , Mitsubishi UFJ , Morgan Stanley , Mizuho Securities , SMBC and Nikko Securities to underwrite the sale of its equity stake in JAL , without specifying amounts or dates . On 6 January 2012 , JAL announced its intent to re @-@ list its shares on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in an initial public offering of up to ¥ 1 trillion , which would be the largest offering in Japan in more than a year . The airline completed its IPO on the 1st section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange ( TYO : 9201 ) on 19 September 2012 . The Enterprise Turnaround Initiative Corporation of Japan sold all its holdings ( 96 @.@ 5 % ) in JAL for 650 billion yen , greater than its 350 billion yen investment in 2010 . Even though it was oversubscribed several times , post IPO increase of the stock was close to 1 % .
Following its exit from bankruptcy protection , JAL began several new partnerships within the oneworld alliance . The transpacific joint venture between JAL and American commenced in April 2011 . JAL formed Jetstar Japan , a low @-@ cost carrier joint venture with Qantas subsidiary Jetstar Airways , in July . In 2012 , JAL and British Airways parent company International Airlines Group ( IAG ) submitted applications to the Japanese government and European Union respectively in seeking a joint venture business operation for flights between Japan and Europe . Finnair applied to join the JV with I
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and Can . Tanaka also mentioned that he listened to the various artists compilation Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films ( 1988 ) heavily during EarthBound 's development . Miscellaneous influences on Suzuki and Tanaka for EarthBound include the music of Michael Nyman , Miklós Rózsa 's film score for The Lost Weekend ( 1948 ) , and albums by various other pop / rock musicians .
= = Reception = =
The game originally received little critical praise from the American press , and sold poorly in the United States : around 140 @,@ 000 copies , as compared to twice as many in Japan . Kotaku described EarthBound 's 1995 American release as " a dud " and blamed the low sales on " a bizarre marketing campaign " and graphics " cartoonish " beyond the average taste of players . The game was released when RPGs were not popular in the United States , and visual taste in RPGs was closer to Chrono Trigger and Final Fantasy VI . The game was especially expensive due to the included strategy guide . While the game piggybacked on Itoi 's celebrity in Japan , it became a " curio " for European audiences .
Multiple reviewers described the game as " original " or " unique " and praised its script 's range of emotions and humor . IGN 's Scott Thompson said the game teetered between solemn and audacious in its dialogue and gameplay , and noted its deviance from RPG tropes in aspects such as choice of attacks in battle . He found the game both " bizarre and memorable " . Official Nintendo Magazine 's Simon Parkin thought the game 's script was its best asset , as " one of the medium 's strongest and idiosyncratic storylines " that fluctuated " between humorous and poignant " . GameZone 's David Sanchez thought its script was " clever " and " sharp " , as it displayed a wide range of emotions that made him want to talk to all non @-@ player characters . GamesTM wrote that the game designers spoke with their players through the non @-@ playable characters , and noted how Itoi 's interests shaped the script , its allusions to popular culture , and its " strangely existential narrative framework " .
Critics praised its " real world " setting , which was seen as an uncommon choice . IGN 's Thompson noted its 1990s homage as " a love letter to 20th @-@ century Americana " , with a payphone as a save point , ATMs to transfer money , yo @-@ yos as weapons , skateboarders and hippies as enemies , and references to classic rock bands . Official Nintendo Magazine 's Parkin noted the theme 's distance from the " knights and dragons " common to the Japanese role @-@ playing game genre . Reviewers noted the game 's steep difficulty . IGN 's Thompson wrote that the beginning was the hardest , and that aspects such as limited inventory , experience grinds , and monetary penalties upon death were unfriendly for players new to Japanese RPGs . He also cited the quick respawn time for foes and ultimate need to not avoid battles given the difficulty of bosses .
Reviewers described the game 's ambiance as cheery and full of charm . David Sanchez of GameZone thought the game 's self @-@ awareness added to its charm , where the player learned through the game 's poking lighthearted fun . He added that the music was an " absolute delight " and complimented its range from space sounds to themes to " bizarre " battle tracks that varied with the enemy type . GamesTM wrote that the game 's reputation comes from the " consistent ... visual language " in its Charles M. Schulz @-@ esque character and world design . Kotaku 's Jason Schreier found the ending unsatisfying and unrelieving , despite finding the ending credits with its character curtain call and photo album of " fuzzy pickles " moments all " wonderful " .
Of the original reviewers , Nicholas Dean Des Barres of DieHard GameFan wrote that EarthBound was not as impressive as Final Fantasy III , although just as fun . He praised the game 's humor and wrote that the game completely defied his first impressions . Des Barres wrote that " past the graphics " , which were purposefully 8 @-@ bit for nostalgia , the game is not an " entry level " or a " child 's " RPG , but " highly intelligent " and " captivating " . The Brazilian Super GamePower explained that those expecting a Dungeons and Dragons @-@ style RPG will be disappointed by the childish visuals , which were unlike other 16 @-@ bit games . They wrote that the American humor was too mature and that the gameplay was too immature , as if for beginners . GamePro gave the game a mixed review , commenting that " The lack of a convincing story line and the dull NES @-@ clone graphics ... will make serious RPG fans a little cautious about approaching EarthBound . " They said the " saving graces are the fairly good music " and " hilarious adult humor " but added that " the humor is too mature for little kids , and the gameplay is too immature for older gamers . "
Reviewing the game years after its release , IGN 's Scott Thompson wrote that EarthBound balances " dark Lovecraftian apocalypse and silly lightheartedness " , and was just as interesting nearly a decade after its original release . While he lamented a lack of " visual feedback " in battle animations , he felt the game had innovations that still feel " smart and unique " : the rolling HP meter and lack of random battles . Thompson also noted that technical issues like animation slowdown with multiple enemies on @-@ screen went unfixed in the rerelease . Official Nintendo Magazine 's Parkin found the game to provide a more potent experience than developers with more resources and thought its battle sequences were " sleek " . Nintendo World Report 's Justin Baker was surprised by the " excellent " battle system and controls , which he found to be underreported in other reviews despite their streamlined , grind @-@ reducing convenience . He wrote that some of the menu interactions were clunky . GamesTM felt that the game was " far from revolutionary " , compared to Final Fantasy VI and Chrono Trigger , and that its battle scenes were unexciting . The magazine compared the game 's " chosen one " story to a " throwaway Link 's Awakening / Goonies hybrid narrative " . Reviewers praised Nintendo for digitizing the Player 's Guide , though IGN noted that it was technically easier to view it on another tablet rather than switching the Wii U 's view mode . Multiple reviewers concluded that the game had aged well .
= = Legacy = =
Since its release , the game 's English localization has found praise . Localization reviewer Clyde Mandelin described the Japanese @-@ to @-@ English conversion as " top @-@ notch for its time " . Kotaku found the localization " funny , clever , and evocative " , and 1UP.com said it was " unusually excellent " for the time . IGN wrote that Nintendo was " dead wrong " for believing that Americans would not be interested in " such a chaotic and satirical world " . Critics consider the game one of the weirdest and most surreal role @-@ playing games . Examples include using items such as the Pencil Eraser to remove pencil statues , experiencing in @-@ game hallucinations , meeting " a man who turned himself into a dungeon " , and battling piles of vomit , taxi cabs , and walking nooses .
EarthBound was listed in 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die , where Christian Donlan wrote that the game is " name @-@ checked by the video gaming cognoscenti more often than it 's actually been played " . Similarly , Eurogamer 's Simon Parkin described it as a " sacred cow amongst gaming 's cognoscenti " . Mott called the game " utterly brilliant " and praised its overworld and battle system . Kotaku described aspects of the game 's story , such as the " Mr. Saturn coffee break " , as " poignant " . Jeremy Parish of USgamer called EarthBound " the all @-@ time champion " of self @-@ aware games that " warp ... perceptions and boundaries " and break the fourth wall , citing its frequent internal commentary about the medium and the final scenes where the player is directly addressed by the game . He thought the final scene was " perhaps the most clever and powerful moment in a clever and powerful game " . David Sanchez of GameZone wrote that EarthBound " went places no other game would " in the 1990s or even in the present day , including " trolling " the player " before trolling was cool " . Author Hiromi Kawakami told Itoi that she had played the game " about 80 times " . GamesTM said the game felt fresh because of its reliance on " personal experiences " made it " exactly the sort of title that would thrive today as an indie hit " . He called this accomplishment " remarkable " and credited Nintendo 's commitment to the " voices of creators " . IGN 's Nadia Oxford said that
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nearly two decades since the release , its final boss fight against Giygas continues to be " one of the most epic video game standoffs of all time " and noted its emotional impact . Kotaku wrote that the game was content to make the player " feel lonely " , and , overall , was special not for any individual aspect but for its method of using the video game medium to explore ideas impossible to explore in other media .
Critics consider EarthBound a " classic " or " must @-@ play " among video games . The game was included top 50 games of all time lists , including that of Famitsu readers in 2006 and IGN readers in 2005 and 2006 . IGN ranks EarthBound 13th in its top 100 SNES games and 26th among all games , crediting its " distinct and unforgettable " in @-@ game world , perspective on Americanism , unconventional settings , and 1960s music . Gamasutra named the game one of its 20 " essential " Japanese role @-@ playing games . The rerelease was Justin Haywald of GameSpot 's game of the year , and Nintendo Life 's Virtual Console game of the year . GameZone said it " would be a great disservice " to merely call EarthBound " a gem " . GamesTM noted that the few British players who imported the game regarded it as " a retro classic " . IGN 's Scott Thompson too appraised the game as " the true definition of a classic " .
Several critics referred to the game as among their all @-@ time favorites . EarthBound has been cited as an official influence on video games Costume Quest , South Park : The Stick of Truth ( via series creator Trey Parker ) , Lisa , Kyoto Wild , Citizens of Earth , and Undertale . Additionally , EarthBound has been reported as an unofficial influence on Contact .
= = = Fandom = = =
EarthBound is known for having a cult following , which developed over time well after its release . Colin Campbell of Polygon wrote that " few gaming communities are as passionate and active " as EarthBound 's , and 1UP.com 's Bob Mackey wrote that no game was as poised to have a cult following . IGN 's Lucas M. Thomas wrote in 2006 that EarthBound 's " persistent " , " ambitious " , and " religiously dedicated collective of hardcore fans " would be among the first groups to influence Nintendo 's decision @-@ making through their purchasing power on Virtual Console . Digital Trends 's Anthony John Agnello wrote that " no video game fans have suffered as much as EarthBound fans " , and cited Nintendo 's reluctance to release Mother series games in North America . IGN described the series as neglected by Nintendo in North America for similar reasons . Nintendo president Satoru Iwata later credited the community response on their online Miiverse social platform as leading to EarthBound 's eventual rerelease on their Virtual Console platform . Physical copies of EarthBound were hard to find before the rerelease , and in 2013 , were worth twice its initial retail price .
Wired described the amount of EarthBound " fan art , videos , and tributes on fan sites like EarthBound Central or
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Starmen.net " as mountainous . Reid Young of Starmen.net and Fangamer credits EarthBound 's popularity to its " labor of love " nature , with a " double @-@ coat of thoughtfulness and care " across all aspects of the game by a development team that appeared to love their work . Young started the fansite that would become Starmen.net in 1997 while in middle school . It became " the definitive fan community for EarthBound on the web " and had " almost inexplicable " growth . Shacknews described the site 's collection of fan @-@ made media as " absolutely massive " . It also provided a place to aggregate information on the Mother series and to coordinate fan actions .
The EarthBound fan community at Starmen.net coalesced with the intent to have Nintendo of America acknowledge the Mother series . The community drafted several thousand @-@ person petitions for specific English @-@ language Mother series releases , but in time , their request shifted to no demand at all , wanting only their interest to be recognized by Nintendo . A 2007 campaign for a Mother 3 English localization led to the creation of a full @-@ color , 270 @-@ page art book — The EarthBound Anthology — sent to Nintendo and press outlets as demonstration of consumer interest . Shacknews called it more of a proposal than a collection of fan art , and " the greatest gaming love letter ever created " . Upon " little " response from Nintendo , they decided to localize the game themselves . Starmen.net co @-@ founder and professional game translator Clyde " Tomato " Mandelin led the project from its November 2006 announcement to October 2008 finish . They then printed a " professional quality strategy guide " through Fangamer , a video game merchandising site that spun off from Starmen.net. The Verge cited the effort as proof of the fan base 's dedication .
Other fan efforts include EarthBound , USA , a full @-@ length documentary on Starmen.net and the fan community , and Mother 4 , a fan @-@ produced sequel to the Mother series that went into production when Itoi definitively " declared " that he was done with the series . After following the fan community from afar , Lindblom came out to fans in mid @-@ 2012 and the press became interested in his work . He had planned a book about the game 's development , release , and fandom before a reply from Nintendo discouraged him from pursuing the idea . He plans to continue to communicate directly with the community about the game 's history .
= = = Ness = = =
EarthBound 's Ness became widely known from his later appearance as an ensemble cast member in the Super Smash Bros. series , including the original Super Smash Bros. and its sequels : Melee , Brawl , and 3DS / Wii U. Ness was among the biggest surprise inclusions in the original 1999 Super Smash Bros. , which gave Mother series fans " hope for the future " of the series . IGN wrote that Ness was " one of the most powerful characters " when players perfected his odd controls and psychic powers . In Europe , which did not see an EarthBound release , Ness was better known for his role in the fighting game than for his original role in the role @-@ playing game .
He returned in the 2001 Melee with two other references to EarthBound : Mr. Saturn items , which could be tossed at enemies , and an unlockable battle arena based on the EarthBound city of Fourside . Ness was joined by Mother 3 's Lucas in Brawl . In 2012 , Official Nintendo Magazine 's Thomas East wrote that Ness was an unpopular character in the series and should be removed from future installments . Ness returned in 3DS / Wii U , the sequel to Brawl , and Lucas was added later as downloadable content . Nintendo also produced Ness and Lucas Amiibo figurines .
= = = Sequels and rerelease = = =
A sequel to EarthBound was announced for the Nintendo 64 in 1996 as Mother 3 ( EarthBound 64 in North America ) . It was slated for release on the 64DD , an expansion peripheral for the Nintendo 64 that used a magneto @-@ optical drive . In development hell , the game struggled to find a firm release date and in 2000 , was later cancelled altogether when the 64DD flopped .
In April 2003 , a Japanese television advertisement revealed that a combined Mother 1 + 2 cartridge and Mother 3 were in development for the Game Boy Advance . The latter abandoned the Nintendo 64 version 's 3D , but kept its plot . Mother 3 was released in Japan in 2006 , whereupon it became a bestseller . It did not receive
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" , and another said that a finger or penis was unlikely to have caused Leigh 's severe genital damage . Hillary Byrne @-@ Armstrong stated that these expert opinions , which contradict Webster 's confession , raised questions on how the Commission concluded that Leigh 's sexual assault occurred in the manner to which he had confessed , also raising doubts about several of the Commission 's other findings . The Crime Commission released one of their two reports on the matter ; their second unpublished report was handed over to the Police Integrity Commission ( PIC ) for investigation .
= = = Police Integrity Commission = = =
Twenty @-@ six people , mainly police officers , were interviewed in 1998 as part of the subsequent PIC inquiry . Several witnesses from the party , as well as Webster , Wilson and NC1 were also questioned . The inquiry heard allegations that police assaulted four people during interviews : Webster , Wilson , NC1 and another unnamed suspect referred to as NC5 , a relative of Webster who was 17 at the time of the murder . Admitting to the inquiry that he killed Leigh and insisting that he was alone in doing so , Webster stated that police repeatedly punched and kicked him when he refused to confess to her murder . According to Scott Tucker writing in The Newcastle Herald , police were also accused of threatening violence , falsifying reports and withholding evidence ; one of the officers being investigated had his police locker raided by internal affairs , who discovered several records on the murder that had previously been listed as missing . Carrington was also summoned to give evidence , though she was not informed why ; her book , Who Killed Leigh Leigh , which criticised police over their handling of the investigation , had been released earlier that year . Carrington was cross @-@ examined for three days , longer than any of the police officers who were questioned , in what was described by Hillary Byrne @-@ Armstrong as " an inquisition on just about every word she had spoken [ or ] written " in relation to Leigh 's murder . " Byrne @-@ Armstrong accused the PIC of summoning Carrington for the sole purpose of attacking her credibility on issues they had no intention of investigating , and to discredit someone who had attracted considerable media attention for criticising police .
The PIC released their review in October 2000 . The review recommended the dismissal of Detective Sergeant Chaffey for " gross dereliction " of duty , also recommending criminal charges against five other investigative officers . The review stated that Webster was falsely arrested , as police arrested him for the purpose of questioning , something for which they did not have the power , and that he was probably assaulted by police while he was in custody . Police received further criticism after it was uncovered that they had interviewed NC1 without contacting his parents , and did not question him about Leigh 's murder , only about his intercourse with her . Following the review , Chaffey retired " a little earlier than [ he ] intended " , but dismissed the review 's findings , stating he was proud of his team 's performance . In October 2001 , the Director of Public Prosecutions declined to press criminal charges against any of the officers , on the grounds they had suffered emotional hardship and their careers had already been destroyed . The case , which was described on PM as " one of the longest ever investigations into police conduct in New South Wales " , prompted changes in the New South Wales Police Force , including the reform of record @-@ keeping procedures .
= = Theatrical and film adaptations = =
Newcastle 's Freewheels Theatre commissioned Nick Enright to produce a play that explored themes around the rape and murder . T
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5 million for construction of a new Sideling Hill Service Plaza , to replace the Cove Valley Service Plaza , which was along the to @-@ be @-@ bypassed alignment . The $ 2 @.@ 5 million project was to include ramps from both directions to the service plaza , so it could serve both directions . The style of the tunnel bypass was to follow the same style as the Laurel Hill bypass . On November 26 , 1968 , the three twinned tunnels opened , and the bypass of the Rays Hill and Sideling Hill Tunnels opened . The new bypass also opened the Breezewood Interchange and the number of lanes along the turnpike expanded to four ( two in each direction ) or five ( two in each direction , plus a climbing lane going uphill ) .
In 2001 , the Turnpike Commission gave control of the 13 @.@ 5 miles ( 21 @.@ 7 km ) length of the Rays Hill and Sideling Hill Tunnels and other roadways to the Southern Alleghenies Conservancy , who began work to convert the stretch into a bicycle trail . The trail is used by hundreds of bicycle riders , and studies occurred in 2004 and 2005 to figure how to best safely construct the trail . Because there is a lack of good lighting in the tunnels the conservancy wants to look into how to solve it . The system is called the Pike2Bike Trail and is planned to be an 18 miles ( 29 km ) mountain bicycle loop that serves access to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation 's BicyclePA Route S.
= Ben Nevis =
Ben Nevis ( Scottish Gaelic : Beinn Nibheis , pronounced [ peˈɲivəʃ ] ) is the highest mountain in the British Isles , located in Scotland . Standing at 1 @,@ 346 metres ( 4 @,@ 414 ft ) above sea level , it is located at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands , close to the town of Fort William .
The mountain is a popular destination , attracting an estimated 100 @,@ 000 ascents a year , around three @-@ quarters of which use the Pony Track from Glen Nevis . The 700 @-@ metre ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) cliffs of the north face are among the highest in Scotland , providing classic scrambles and rock climbs of all difficulties for climbers and mountaineers . They are also the principal locations in Scotland for ice climbing .
The summit , which is the collapsed dome of an ancient volcano , features the ruins of an observatory which was continuously staffed between 1883 and 1904 . The meteorological data collected during this period are still important for understanding Scottish mountain weather . C. T. R. Wilson was inspired to invent the cloud chamber after a period spent working at the observatory .
= = Etymology = =
" Ben Nevis " is an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic name " Beinn Nibheis " . " Beinn " is the most common Gaelic word for " mountain " , " Nibheis " is variously understood , though the word is commonly translated as " malicious " or " venomous " . An alternative interpretation is that " Beinn Nibheis " derives from " beinn nèamh @-@ bhathais " , from " nèamh " " heavens , clouds " and " bathais " " top of a man 's head " . One translation would therefore be " the mountain with its head in the clouds " , though " mountain of Heaven " is also frequently given .
As is common for many Scottish mountains , it is known both to locals and visitors as simply " the Ben " .
= = Geography = =
Ben Nevis forms a massif with its neighbour to the northeast , Càrn Mòr Dearg , to which it is linked by the Càrn Mòr Dearg Arête . Both mountains are among the nine in Scotland over 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) ; Aonach Beag and Aonach Mòr are also on the Nevis massif .
The western and southern flanks of Ben Nevis rise 1 @,@ 200 metres ( 3 @,@ 900 ft ) in about 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the floor of Glen Nevis – the longest and steepest hill slope in Britain – with the result that the mountain presents an aspect of massive bulk on this side . To the north , by contrast , cliffs drop some 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) to Coire Leis . This corrie contains the Charles Inglis Clark Memorial Hut ( known as the CIC Hut ) , a private mountain hut located at 680 metres ( 2 @,@ 230 ft ) above sea level , owned by the Scottish Mountaineering Club and used as a base for the many climbing routes on the mountain 's north face .
In addition to the main 1 @,@ 345 metres ( 4 @,@ 411 ft ) summit , Ben Nevis has two subsidiary " tops " listed in Munro 's Tables , both of which are called Càrn Dearg ( " red hill " ) . The higher of these , at 1 @,@ 221 metres ( 4 @,@ 006 ft ) , is situated to the northwest , and is often mistaken for Ben Nevis itself in views from the Fort William area . The other Càrn Dearg ( 1 @,@ 020 m ) juts out into Glen Nevis on the mountain 's southwestern side . A lower hill , Meall an t @-@ Suidhe ( 711 metres ( 2 @,@ 333 ft ) ) ,
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6 million worth of donations for residents affected by Hurricane Igor , roughly half of which had been distributed at that point . An additional $ 200 @,@ 000 had been pledged by donors .
In June 2011 , a federal document detailing the actions made by province officials was released to be public and incited further outcry from residents affected by the storm . The main complaint raised was related to the delay in accepting federal aid despite the severity of the damage . In an email sent on September 21 , 2010 , Denys Doiron , the nation 's Emergency Preparedness and Response Officer , relayed that local emergency services reported Igor to be the worst disaster they have had to deal with . Doiron also stated that no requests for federal aid were made .
Nearly a year after the passage of Igor , a weather buoy from St. John 's was spotted near the Shetland Islands north of Scotland on September 12 , 2011 . In early October , Newfoundland was again struck by a tropical cyclone – Hurricane Ophelia . Though a weaker storm , Ophelia caused more damage than expected as it destroyed infrastructure repaired in the wake of Igor . The mayor of Marystown criticized government officials for not increasing the size of repairs , especially to culverts , to account for flooding .
= = Retirement = =
Due to the extensive damage in Newfoundland , the name Igor was retired in the spring of 2011 by request of the Meteorological Service of Canada , and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane . In Canada 's report to the World Meteorological Organization , it was stated to be a storm without parallel in the island 's history . This was only the second time that the Meteorological Service of Canada had requested that a hurricane name be retired ( the first was Hurricane Juan in 2003 ) . The hurricane is also considered a probable benchmark for future cyclones in the region , having illustrated to residents that they are not immune from hurricanes and their impacts . The name was replaced by Ian for 2016 .
= The Harbingers =
The Harbingers is an Australian video board game designed by Brett Clements and Phillip Tanner and published by Mattel as a major update to the Atmosfear series . The object of the game is to collect six different coloured " Keystones " , face player 's worst fear and thus beat the " Gatekeeper " . Each player adopts the persona of one of the " Harbingers " , otherwise must play as a " Soul Ranger " . The game is set in a place known as " The Other Side " . The Gatekeeper is to ensure the other characters do not " escape " from The Other Side . The game board is made up of a central hub and six two @-@ sided interchangeable " Provinces " which fit together , creating a hexagon . A videotape is included with the game , and acts as a game clock . The videotape stars Wenanty Nosul as The Gatekeeper .
= = Gameplay = =
= = = Game rules = = =
When they are ready , players roll the dice in turn , the one who rolls highest becoming the " Chosen One " who assembles the game board by connecting the Provinces to the central hub , creating a hexagon shape . The players write down their greatest fear on a slip of paper which is placed in the " well of fears " by the Chosen One . The Gatekeeper then starts the game , and the players , using their Numb Skulls , race to become a Harbinger by landing on the Harbinger 's headstone located in each province . If a player fails to make it to a headstone within ten minutes , they become Soul Rangers for the rest of the game . They must remain in the sewers until either they are released by the Gatekeeper , or collect the Keystone which allows them to release themselves .
Players who become Harbingers start collecting Keystones either by landing on them on the game board , or by taking them from other players by dueling . Soul Rangers cannot collect Keystones by landing on them ; instead , they chase down other players and steal their Keystones . Players must collect the six Keystones of different colours to win . Although players only need one keystone per colour , players can collect more than one which can prevent other players from completing the game . Each Keystone gives players different powers , depending on which Harbinger they are , the list of powers being described on the back of the character 's card . When players have collected the Keystones , they can win the game by returning home to the central hub . Then they must roll a six on the dice ; a fear is picked from the well of fears , and if it does not correspond to the player 's earlier expressed " greatest fear " , that player wins the game . Otherwise , players must return to their headstone and try again . If none of players is able to win the game within sixty minutes , the Gatekeeper is the winner .
= = = Characters = = =
The six Harbingers in the game are : Gevaudan the werewolf ; Hellin the poltergeist ; Khufu the mummy ; Baron Samedi the zombie ; Anne de Chantraine the witch , and Elizabeth Bathory the vampire . Each of the Harbingers is based on either a real person or a myth , except for Hellin . Hellin is the only Harbinger entirely created by Brett Clements .
Soul Rangers , players who have failed to become Harbingers , are described as miserable , skeletal scavengers , the scourge of The Other Side . Soul Rangers hunt down other players and steal their keystones . Soul Rangers were created during the game 's development . Brett Clements wanted to introduce characters that players did not want to become , but he later found that players enjoyed the anarchic role of the Soul Ranger . The final character in the game is the Gatekeeper , whose job is to make sure the other characters cannot escape from The Other Side to the real world . The Gatekeeper 's character is based on the old cemetery gatekeepers , whose job was to guard cemeteries from grave robbers .
= = = Layout = = =
The game board is made up of the Central Hub and six two @-@ sided Provinces which fit together creating a hexagon . The Central Hub is made up of the Well of Fears , the home positions and the Ring Road . The Well of Fears is a cup with a lid that fits inside the hole in the middle of the Central Hub . Located around the Well of Fears are six numbered grooves , called " Home " ; players must start from and return to Home . The Home positions are connected to the Ring Road , a path that runs around the Central Hub . The Ring Road give players access to all the Provinces .
Each Province is a two @-@ sided interchangeable board , on one side of which is a Harbinger 's province while on the other are the sewers . The Provinces can be assembled in any order , which can allow different game experiences when the Provinces are changed . Each Province has its own headstone and is in the Harbinger 's colours . Both sides of the Province board have paths used by the players to move around the board . Located along the paths are the six Keystones for that colour Province , and three different game symbols : the black holes , the lighting bolts and the compasses .
The game includes six boomerang @-@ shaped slabs which allow players to store their character card , Numb Skull and collected Keystones . The character card has a photograph of the character on the front , and on the back a list of powers each keystone gives to the player . To move around the game board , players use their own character 's playing pieces : a vampire bat for Elizabeth Bathory , a cobra for Khufu , a top hat for Baron Samedi , an " H " building block for Hellin , a fang for Gevaudan , a cauldron for Anne de Chantraine and a Numb Skull for Soul Rangers . The Numb Skull is also used at the beginning of the game , before players become Harbingers .
= = = Videotape = = =
A VHS videotape is included with The Harbingers which is played during the game . The videotape begins with The Gatekeeper – played by Wenanty Nosul – starting the game with " On your marks ... Get ready ... Get set ... Go ! " . As the game begins the game clock appears in the right @-@ hand corner of the screen , counting down from sixty minutes ; unless the game is won by a player within one hour the Gatekeeper is declared the winner . During the sixty minutes the Gatekeeper will appear on screen , to give players instructions or a choice between receiving a prize or imposing a penalty on an opponent . Players must carry out all instructions given by the Gatekeeper . When the Gatekeeper appears he demands that players stop and listen to him . He will not hold back from insulting players and is reluctant to reward or help players . During the game a computer @-@ generated storm can be seen in the background ; sometimes the storm partly covers the game clock . Along with the storm , spooky sounds and sometimes the Gatekeeper 's laughter can be heard .
During development there was a concern that the game might initially seem too complicated . At the end of the videotape there is a special fifteen @-@ minute presentation called the rules presentation in which a voice @-@ over along with the Gatekeeper explains the game , the
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lemen , we have ourselves in a very fine fix indeed . The goons have completely violated the Geneva Convention and are treating us as common thieves and criminals . However , we are soldiers . From this time on , we will also conduct ourselves as our training has taught us and as our countries would expect from us . We will march as a unit to roll call and we will follow all reasonable commands as a single unit .
Lamason then instructed the group not to trust the SS , or provoke them in any way because as they had experienced on the train , the guards were unpredictable and trigger @-@ happy . Also , they were not to explore the camp because of the chance of breaking unknown rules , but to stay together and keep as far away from the guards as possible . He further stated that acting on the group 's behalf , he would make further contact with the camp authorities for recognition of their rights . Lamason then proceeded to organise the airmen into groups by nationality and appointed a Commanding officer within each group . Lamason did not do this just to improve their morale but because he also saw it as his responsibility to carry on his war duties despite the adverse circumstances . Captured US pilot Joe Moser believed that Lamason also did this because if the right opportunity presented itself , the group would be able to operate much more effectively if military discipline and operations were applied . Lamason 's leadership boosted the airmen 's spirits and gave them hope while instilling a level of discipline and bearing . One of the first assignments Lamason gave was to mount a guard detail , both day and night , to prevent pilfering by other inmates , which had begun during their first night at camp . During their incarceration , Lamason also insisted the airmen march , parade and act as a military unit , a behavior which infuriated the camp authorities while simultaneously impressing them .
Within days of their arrival , Lamason met Edward Yeo @-@ Thomas , a British spy being held at Buchenwald under the alias Kenneth Dodkin . Lamason , who knew the real Dodkin quite well , immediately became suspicious and later confided in Christopher Burney , who assured Lamason the cover was legitimate . Through Yeo @-@ Thomas and Burney , Lamason was introduced to two Russian colonels , senior members of the International Camp Committee , an illegal underground resistance group of prisoners in the main camp . As senior officer , Lamason had access to the main camp and quickly built a rapport with the group . As a result , he was able to secure extra blankets , clothes , clogs and food for the airmen . Lamason also built a rapport with two other prisoners ; French Scientist Alfred Balachowsky and Dutch Olympian trainer Jan Robert . Both men had developed trustworthy contacts within the camp administrative area and were able to provide Lamason with reliable intelligence that assisted in the survival of the airmen .
For the next six weeks , Lamason negotiated with Pister and the German camp authorities , but his requests to have the airmen transferred to proper POW camps were denied . One captured British airman , Pilot Officer Splinter Spierenburg , was a Dutchman flying for the Royal Air Force . Spierenburg , who spoke fluent German , regularly acted as an interpreter for Lamason when he negotiated with the camp authorities . Because Buchenwald was a forced labor camp , the German authorities had intended to put the 168 airmen to work as slave @-@ labor in the nearby armament factories . Consequently , Lamason was ordered by an SS officer to instruct the airmen to work , or he would be immediately executed by firing squad . Lamason refused to give the order and informed the officer that they were soldiers and could not and would not participate in war production . After a tense stand @-@ off , during which time Lamason thought he would be shot , the SS officer eventually backed down .
Most airmen doubted they would ever get out of Buchenwald because their documents were stamped with the acronym " DIKAL " ( Darf in kein anderes Lager ) , or " not to be transferred to another camp " . At great risk , Lamason and Burney secretly smuggled a note through a trusted Russian prisoner , who worked at the nearby Nohra airfield , to the German Luftwaffe of their captivity at the camp . The message requested in part , that an officer pass the information to Berlin , and for the Luftwaffe to intercede on behalf of the airmen . Lamason understood that the Luftwaffe would be sympathetic to their predicament , as they would not want their captured men treated in the same way ; he also knew that the Luftwaffe had the political connections to get the airmen transferred to a POW camp .
Eventually , Lamason 's persistence paid off . Under the pretence of inspecting aerial bomb damage near the camp , two Luftwaffe officers ( including Hannes Trautloft ) made contact with the airmen and also spoke to Lamason . Convinced the airmen were not spies , but bona @-@ fide airmen , Trautloft reported his findings to command . After reading the report , an outraged Hermann Göring demanded ' at the highest level ' the transfer of the airmen to Luftwaffe control . Unknown to all airmen except Lamason , their execution had been scheduled for 26 October , if they remained at Buchenwald . News of the airmen 's scheduled execution had been conveyed to Lamason by a German political prisoner , Eugen Kogon , who had a reliable contact within the camp administrative area . Lamason discussed the information at length with Yeo @-@ Thomas , Burney and Robert and they concluded there was little that could be done to avert the mass execution . Lamason decided not to inform the airmen , but to keep this information to himself to keep morale high and in the slight hope the Luftwaffe would intervene in time . Then , on the night of 19 October , seven days before their scheduled execution , 156 of the 168 airmen , including Lamason , were transferred from Buchenwald to Stalag Luft III by the Luftwaffe .
Two airmen died at Buchenwald . The other ten , who were too ill to be moved with the main group , were transported to Stalag Luft III in small groups over a period of several weeks . In the two months at Buchenwald , Lamason had lost 19 kilograms ( 42 lbs ) and had contracted diphtheria and dysentery . At Stalag Luft III , he spent a month in the infirmary recovering . In late January 1945 , all Stalag Luft III POWs were force @-@ marched to other POW camps further inside Germany . Lamason and Chapman were marched to Stalag III @-@ A outside Luckenwalde , where they remained until liberated by the Russian army at the end of the war in Europe . Lamason and Chapman were taken to Hildesheim airfield and flown to Brussels and then onto England .
Many airmen credit their survival at Buchenwald to the leadership and determination of Lamason . Captured pilot Stratton Appleman stated that " they were very fortunate to have Lamason as their leader " . Another airman , Joe Moser , stated that Lamason was a great leader whom he would have been glad to follow anywhere he asked . British pilot James Stewart described Lamason as " a wonderful unsung hero " . In the book 168 Jump into Hell , Lamason was described as having single @-@ minded determination , selflessness , cold courage and forcefulness in the face of the threat of execution by the camp authorities because he was their leader and said that Lamason quickly established himself as a legendary figure in the airmen 's eyes . In the National Film Board of Canada 1994 documentary , The Lucky Ones : Allied Airmen and Buchenwald , captured pilot Tom Blackham stated that Lamason was not only the senior officer , but also their natural leader . Lamason emerged from Buchenwald with a giant reputation . In the book Destination Buchenwald , Lamason stated that he felt deeply honoured to have been the senior officer during the Buchenwald period .
= = Aftermath and later life = =
Following their liberation and return to England , Lamason was asked to consider commanding one of the Okinawa squadrons for the final attack on Japan .
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@ 21 fired two or four torpedoes at the ship , all of which missed . The Soviets claimed two hits on the battleship . Swedish intelligence had meanwhile reported the German departures to the British Admiralty , which ordered the convoy to disperse . Aware that they had been detected , the Germans aborted the operation and turned over the attack to U @-@ boats and the Luftwaffe . The scattered vessels could no longer be protected by the convoy escorts , and the Germans sank 21 of the 34 isolated transports . Tirpitz returned to Altafjord via the Lofoten Islands .
Following Operation Rösselsprung , the Germans moved Tirpitz to Bogenfjord near Narvik . By this time , the ship needed a major overhaul . Hitler had forbidden the ship to make the dangerous return to Germany , and so the overhaul was conducted in Trondheim . On 23 October , the ship left Bogenfjord and returned to Fættenfjord outside Trondheim . The defences of the anchorage were further strengthened ; additional anti @-@ aircraft guns were installed , and double anti @-@ torpedo nets were erected around the vessel . The repairs were conducted in limited phases , such that Tirpitz would remain partially operational for the majority of the overhaul . A caisson was built around the stern to allow the replacement of the ship 's rudders . During the repair process , the British attempted to attack the battleship with two Chariot human torpedoes , but before they could be launched , rough seas caused the human torpedoes to break away from the fishing vessel which was towing them . By 28 December , the overhaul had been completed , and Tirpitz began sea trials . She conducted gunnery trials on 4 January 1943 in the Trondheimfjord . On 21 February , Topp was promoted to Rear Admiral and was replaced by Captain Hans Meyer ; five days later the battleship Scharnhorst was ordered to reinforce the fleet in Norway . Vice Admiral Oskar Kummetz was given command of the warships stationed in Norway .
By the time Scharnhorst arrived in Norway in March 1943 , Allied convoys to the Soviet Union had temporarily ceased . To give the ships an opportunity to work together , Admiral Karl Dönitz , who had replaced Raeder in the aftermath of the Battle of the Barents Sea on 31 December 1942 , ordered an attack on the island of Spitzbergen , which housed a British weather station and refuelling base . Several settlements and outposts on Spitzbergen were defended by a garrison of 152 men from the Norwegian Armed Forces in exile . The two battleships , escorted by ten destroyers , left port on 6 September ; in a ruse de guerre , Tirpitz flew the white ensign on the approach to the island the following day . During the bombardment , Tirpitz fired 52 main @-@ battery shells and 82 rounds from her 15 cm secondaries . This was the first and only time the ship fired her main battery at an enemy surface target . An assault force destroyed shore installations and captured 74 prisoners . By 11 : 00 , the battleships had destroyed their targets and headed back to their Norwegian ports .
= = = British attacks on Tirpitz = = =
= = = = Operation Source = = = =
The British were determined to neutralise Tirpitz and remove the threat she posed to Allied lines of communication in the Arctic . Following the repeated , ineffectual bombing attacks and the failed Chariot attack in October 1942 , the British turned to the newly designed X Craft midget submarines . The planned attack , Operation Source , included attacks on Tirpitz , Scharnhorst , and Lützow . The X Craft were towed by large submarines to their destinations , where they could slip under anti @-@ torpedo nets to each drop two powerful 2 tonne mines on the sea bed under the bottom of the target . Ten vessels were assigned to the operation , scheduled for 20 – 25 September 1943
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of simplicity : " The sergeant @-@ major had great difficulty in reading my name on the roll @-@ call . ' Who is this Guy Vanni ? ' he used to ask . So I chose John . " After demobilisation he reverted to the original form of his name , using it until 1922 .
On re @-@ entering civilian life , Barbirolli resumed his career as a cellist . His association with Edward Elgar 's Cello Concerto began with its première in 1919 , when he played as a rank and file member of the London Symphony Orchestra . He was the soloist at another performance of the concerto just over a year later . The Musical Times commented , " Signor Giovanni Barbirolli was not entirely equal to the demands of the solo music , but his playing unquestionably gave a considerable amount of pleasure . " At the Three Choirs Festival of 1920 he took part in his first Dream of Gerontius , under Elgar 's baton , in the LSO cellos . He joined two newly founded string quartets as cellist : the Kutcher Quartet , led by his former fellow student at Trinity , Samuel Kutcher , and the Music Society Quartet ( later called the International Quartet ) led by André Mangeot . He also made several early broadcasts with Mangeot 's quartet .
= = = First conducting posts = = =
Barbirolli 's ambition was to conduct . He was the prime mover in establishing the Guild of Singers and Players Chamber Orchestra in 1924 , and in 1926 he was invited to conduct a new ensemble at the Chenil Gallery in Chelsea , initially called the " Chenil Chamber Orchestra " but later renamed " John Barbirolli 's Chamber Orchestra " . Barbirolli 's concerts impressed Frederic Austin , director of the British National Opera Company ( BNOC ) , who in the same year invited him to conduct some performances with the company . Barbirolli had never conducted a chorus or a large orchestra , but had the confidence to accept . He made his operatic debut directing Gounod 's Roméo et Juliette at Newcastle , followed within days by performances of Aida and Madama Butterfly . He conducted the BNOC frequently over the next two years , and made his debut at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , with Madama Butterfly in 1928 . The following year he was invited to conduct the opening work in Covent Garden 's international season , Don Giovanni , with a cast that included Mariano Stabile , Elisabeth Schumann and Heddle Nash .
In 1929 , after financial problems had forced the BNOC to disband , the Covent Garden management set up a touring company to fill the gap , and appointed Barbirolli as its musical director and conductor . The operas in the company 's first provincial tour included Die Meistersinger , Lohengrin , La bohème , Madama Butterfly , The Barber of Seville , Tosca , Falstaff , Faust , Cavalleria rusticana , Pagliacci , Il trovatore , and the first performances in English of Turandot . In later tours with the company Barbirolli had the chance to conduct more of the German opera repertory , including Der Rosenkavalier , Tristan und Isolde , and Die Walküre . During his years with the touring opera companies Barbirolli did not neglect the concert hall . In 1927 , deputising at short notice for Sir Thomas Beecham , he conducted the London Symphony Orchestra in a performance of Elgar 's Symphony No. 2 , winning the thanks of the composer . Barbirolli also won warm praise from Pablo Casals , whom he had accompanied in Haydn 's D major cello concerto at the same concert . He conducted a Royal Philharmonic Society concert at which Ralph Vaughan Williams was presented with the society 's Gold Medal , and another RPS concert at which Gustav Mahler 's music , rarely heard at that time , was given – Kindertotenlieder , with Elena Gerhardt as soloist . Although Barbirolli later came to love Mahler 's music , in the 1930s he thought it sounded thin .
When the Hallé Orchestra announced in 1932 that its regular conductor , Hamilton Harty , was to spend some time conducting overseas , Barbirolli was one of four guest conductors named to direct the orchestra in Harty 's absence : the other three were Elgar , Beecham and Pierre Monteux . Barbirolli 's programmes included works by composers as diverse as Purcell , Delius , Mozart and Franck . In June 1932 , Barbirolli married the singer Marjorie Parry , a member of the BNOC . In 1933 Barbirolli was invited to become conductor of the Scottish Orchestra . It was not then , as its successor the Scottish National Orchestra was later to be , a permanent ensemble , but gave a season lasting about six months of each year . Barbirolli remained with the Scottish Orchestra for three seasons , " rejuvenating the playing and programmes and winning most favourable opinions " . Notwithstanding his growing reputation in Britain , Barbirolli 's name was little known internationally , and most of the musical world was taken by surprise in 1936 when he was invited to conduct the New York Philharmonic Orchestra in succession to Arturo Toscanini .
= = = New York Philharmonic = = =
By the spring of 1936 , the management of the New York Philharmonic was confronted with a problem . Toscanini had left in search of higher fees with the NBC Symphony Orchestra . Wilhelm Furtwängler had accepted the orchestra 's invitation to fill the post , but he was politically unacceptable to a section of the Philharmonic 's audience because he continued to live and work in Germany under the Nazi government . Following a campaign of protest in New York he felt unable to take up the appointment . For want of any available conductor of comparable fame the management of the orchestra invited five guest conductors to divide the season among them . Barbirolli was allotted the first ten weeks of the season , comprising 26 concerts . He was followed by the composer @-@ conductors Igor Stravinsky , Georges Enescu and Carlos Chávez , each conducting for two weeks , and finally by Artur Rodziński of the Cleveland Orchestra , for eight weeks .
Barbirolli 's first concert in New York was on 5 November 1936 . The programme consisted of short pieces by Berlioz and Arnold Bax , and symphonies by Mozart ( the Linz ) and Brahms ( the Fourth ) . During his ten weeks , he programmed several American novelties including Charles Martin Loeffler 's tone @-@ poem Memories of My Childhood , a symphony by Anis Fuleihan , and Philip James 's Bret Harte overture . He also conducted Serge Koussevitzky 's Double Bass Concerto . The players told the Philharmonic management that they would be happy for Barbirolli to be appointed to a permanent position . The outcome of this was an invitation to him to become Music Director and Permanent Conductor for three years starting with the 1937 – 38 season . At the same time as this great change in his professional life , Barbirolli 's personal life was also transformed . His marriage had not lasted ; within four years he and Marjorie Barbirolli had been living apart . In 1938 she sued for divorce on the grounds of his desertion . The suit was undefended , and the divorce was granted in December 1938 . In 1939 , Barbirolli married the British o
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boist Evelyn Rothwell . The marriage lasted for the rest of Barbirolli 's life .
One of the features of Barbirolli 's time in New York was his regular programming of modern works . He gave the world premières of Walton 's second Façade Suite , and Britten 's Sinfonia da Requiem and Violin Concerto ; he also introduced pieces by Jacques Ibert , Eugene Goossens , and Arthur Bliss and by many American composers including Samuel Barber , Deems Taylor and Daniel Gregory Mason . The new works he presented were not avant @-@ garde , but they nevertheless alienated the conservative subscription audience , and after an initial increase in ticket sales in his early years sales declined . Barbirolli also had to cope with what The Gramophone described as " a rough press campaign in New York from interested parties who wished to evict him from his post " . The influential critic Olin Downes had opposed Barbirolli 's appointment from the outset , insisting that , though " we abhor chauvinism " , preference should have been given to " native conductors " . Downes had a grudge against the Philharmonic : shortly before Barbirolli 's appointment Downes was sacked as the commentator for the orchestra 's prestigious Sunday broadcasts . He and the composer Virgil Thomson continually wrote disparagingly about Barbirolli , comparing him unfavourably with Toscanini . The management of the orchestra nevertheless renewed Barbirolli 's appointment in 1940 . In 1942 , when his second contract was reaching its expiry , he was offered 18 concerts for the 1943 – 44 season , and the Los Angeles Philharmonic invited him to become its conductor , but he accepted neither offer as he had decided to return to England .
Barbirolli 's first reason for leaving was local musical politics . He later said , " The Musicians Union there ... brought out a new regulation saying that everyone , even soloists and conductors , must become members . Horowitz , Heifetz and the rest were shocked by this but there was little they could do about it . They also said that conductors must become American citizens . I couldn 't do that during the war , or at any time for that matter . " His second reason for leaving was that he felt strongly that he was needed in England . In the spring of 1942 he made a hazardous Atlantic crossing :
I was in America when the war broke out , as conductor of the New York Philharmonic . A. V. Alexander , who was First Sea Lord , wrote to me to say that , contrary to expectations , music was flourishing and would I come back as I was missed
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. I was longing to return and it was just a question of how it was to be managed . A.V. went to Churchill , who apparently said , " If he 's fool enough to come , let him come " . It took us 23 days to cross on a fruit trader and , of our convoy of 75 , only 32 ships arrived in Liverpool . I played here for ten weeks with the LSO and LPO for the benefit of the musicians , and then went back on a Fyffe banana boat of 5 @,@ 000 tons . We were spotted by U @-@ boats the moment we left Northern Ireland but that kind of thing never worries me as I 'm something of a fatalist . It had been wonderful anyhow to be back , to see England at its greatest , and to visit my old mother .
Barbirolli returned to New York to complete his contractual obligations to the Philharmonic . Shortly after his return he received an appeal from the Hallé Orchestra to become its conductor . The orchestra was in danger of extinction for lack of players , and Barbirolli seized the opportunity to help it .
= = = Hallé Orchestra = = =
In 1943 Barbirolli made another Atlantic crossing , avoiding death by a fluke : he changed flights with the actor Leslie Howard when the latter wished to postpone his own flight for a few days . Barbirolli 's plane landed safely ; Howard 's was shot down . In Manchester , Barbirolli immediately set about reviving the Hallé . The number of players in the orchestra was down to about 30 . Most younger players were serving in the armed forces , and to compound the shortage the management of the orchestra had ended the arrangement by which many of its players were also members of the BBC Northern Orchestra . The Hallé board resolved that its orchestra must follow the example of the Liverpool Philharmonic , which the Hallé 's former conductor Malcolm Sargent had transformed into a full @-@ time , permanent orchestra . Only four of the players shared with the BBC chose to join the Hallé .
The Times later wrote of Barbirolli 's first actions for the orchestra : " In a couple of months of endless auditions , he rebuilt the Hallé , accepting any good player , whatever his musical background – he found himself with a schoolboy first flute , a schoolmistress hornist , and various brass players recruited from brass and military bands in the Manchester area ... The reborn Hallé 's first concert somehow lived up to the Hallé 's great reputation . " The Musical Times also noted , " From his earliest days with the orchestra it was the string tone that commanded immediate attention and respect . There was a fiery intensity and glowing warmth that proclaimed the born string coach " . Barbirolli retained his reputation for training orchestras : after his death , one of his former players commented , " If you wanted orchestral experience you 'd be set for life , starting in the Hallé with John Barbirolli . " Further afield , critics , audiences and players in Europe and the United States commented on the improvement in the playing of their orchestras when Barbirolli was in charge . Later he extended his teaching skills to the Royal Academy of Music , where he took charge of the student orchestra from 1961 .
Barbirolli refused invitations to take up more prestigious and lucrative conductorships . Shortly after he took over the Hallé he received an offer from the sponsors of an ambitious scheme that would have put him in charge of the London Symphony Orchestra , and in the early 1950s the BBC sought to recruit him for the BBC Symphony Orchestra . Also in the early 1950s the head of the Royal Opera House , David Webster , wanted him to become the musical director there . Barbirolli conducted six operas for Webster , Turandot , Aida , Orfeo ed Euridice , Tristan und Isolde , La bohème and Madama Butterfly , 1951 – 53 , but he declined to be wooed away from the Hallé . His biographer Charles Reid wrote , " His Manchester kingdom is a kingdom indeed . He is not manacled or chivied in his choice of programmes . Broadly speaking he conducts only what he loves ... His kingdom approximates to a conductor 's paradise . " Nevertheless , in 1958 , after building the orchestra up and touring continually , conducting up to 75 concerts a year , he arranged a less onerous schedule , allowing him more time to appear as a guest conductor with other orchestras . He also appeared at the Vienna State Opera , and Rome Opera House , where he conducted Aida in 1969 . In 1960 he accepted an invitation to succeed Leopold Stokowski as chief conductor of the Houston Symphony in Texas , a post he held until 1967 , conducting an annual total of 12 weeks there in early spring and late autumn between Hallé engagements . In 1961 he began a regular association with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra , which lasted for the rest of his life .
From 1953 onwards , Barbirolli and the Hallé appeared regularly at the Henry Wood Promenade Concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London . As well as major works from the mainstream repertory they gave an annual concert of music by Viennese composers , including Franz Lehár and Johann Strauss , which , like Sir Malcolm Sargent 's annual Gilbert and Sullivan nights , rapidly became a firm favourite with the promenaders . At one 1958 promenade concert Barbirolli and the Hallé played a replica of Charles Hallé 's first concert with the orchestra in 1858 .
Barbirolli 's interest in new music waned in post @-@ war years , but he and the Hallé appeared regularly at the Cheltenham Festival , where he premiered new works of a mostly traditional style by William Alwyn , Richard Arnell , Arthur Benjamin , Peter Racine Fricker , Gordon Jacob , Alan Rawsthorne , Kenneth Leighton and others . For its hundredth anniversary in 1958 the Hallé commissioned several new works , including Walton 's virtuosic divertimento Partita . Increasingly , Barbirolli concentrated on his core repertory of the standard symphonic classics , the works of English composers , and late @-@ romantic music , particularly that of Mahler . In the 1960s he made a series of international tours with the Philharmonia ( Latin America , 1963 ) , BBC Symphony Orchestra ( Czechoslovakia , Poland and the USSR , 1967 ) and the Hallé ( Latin America and West Indies , 1968 ) . It was a lasting disappointment to him that it never proved possible to take the Hallé on a tour of the United States .
In 1968 , after 25 years with the Hallé , Barbirolli retired from the principal conductorship ; no successor was appointed in his lifetime . He was appointed the orchestra 's Conductor Laureate . He reduced the number of his appearances with the Hallé , but nevertheless took it on another European tour in 1968 , this time to Switzerland , Austria and Germany . In his last years a propensity to concentrate on detail at the expense of the whole of a piece became marked . His loyal friend and admirer the critic Neville Cardus wrote privately in 1969 , " he seems so much to love a single phrase that
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@ white version of the Hillen collage used in the opening shot .
Keyboard player Cian Ciaran has stated that the band deliberately tried to avoid making videos that looked like just " another pop promo ... like MTV " for the DVD version of Rings Around the World and asked the directors to make the visuals as " extreme as possible " . Ciaran claims the directors had to " work even harder at creating something interesting " due to the limited budget available .
= = = Pedro Romhanyi video = = =
A promotional music video , directed by Pedro Romhanyi , was produced to accompany the release of " ( Drawing ) Rings Around the World " as a single . According to Gruff Rhys the band made separate videos for Rings Around the World 's three singles as they saw the videos included on the DVD release of the album as " pure art " whereas they needed promotional music videos that were more like adverts for the songs . The video begins with a shot of the band in an all white room playing along to the track . A station identification logo for " SFA television " is seen in the top left and a green graphic appears , showing the volume level being turned up . The camera pans back to reveal a TV which switches channel from " SFA " to a station showing golf . The rest of the video continues this pattern , continually flicking between the band and a variety of other stations , which generally feature similar logos to real life channels but with slightly different names e.g. " Cartoon Animals " ( Cartoon Network ) , " CVQ " ( QVC ) , " Animal Channel " ( Discovery Channel ) Actors , news presenters , puppets , a golfer , an astronaut and weatherman sing along with the track as the television stops on the channel each appears on . As the video ends , the camera pans back to show a television in a room with a man having a telephone conversation . The camera continues to pan back showing this image on a television on a shelf in a small room . The camera pans back through three more televisions , each showing an image of the last shot , ending with a TV in a wallpapered room next to an electric fire . A few seconds before the video ends the screen turns to static . The Pedro Romhanyi video appears on the DVD release of the band 's greatest hits album Songbook : The Singles , Vol . 1 and the Enhanced CD version of the " ( Drawing ) Rings Around the World " single .
= = Track listing = =
All songs by Super Furry Animals .
Digipak Enhanced CD ( 6719082 )
" ( Drawing ) Rings Around the World " – 3 : 30
" Edam Anchorman " – 3 : 23
" All the Shit U Do " – 2 : 30
" ( Drawing ) Rings Around the World ( Video ) " – 3 : 30
12 " ( 6719086 ) , MC ( 6719084 )
" ( Drawing ) Rings Around the World " – 3 : 30
" Edam Anchorman " – 3 : 23
" All the Shit U Do " – 2 : 30
= = Personnel = =
Gruff Rhys – vocals
Huw Bunford – guitar
Guto Pryce – bass guitar
Cian Ciaran – keyboards
Dafydd Ieuan – drums
= = Singles chart positions = =
= Super Bowl XLVI halftime show =
The Super Bowl XLVI halftime show , on February 5 , 2012 , was part of Super Bowl XLVI at the Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis . It featured Madonna and guests LMFAO , Nicki Minaj , M.I.A. and CeeLo Green . In 2011 , the National Football League ( NFL ) announced that Madonna would perform at the Super Bowl XLVI show . The singer collaborated with Cirque du Soleil on the show , where her longtime choreographer Jamie King was music director ; King , in turn , enlisted the multimedia @-@ show producer Moment Factory . Madonna performed four songs , beginning with " Vogue " in a Roman @-@ Egyptian setting and followed by " Music " with LMFAO . Minaj and M.I.A. joined Madonna for her new single , " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " , and Madonna finished with Green on " Like a Prayer " .
Preparations began in January , with Madonna saying that the rehearsal was the most exhausting one in which she had ever participated . Costumes were designed by Riccardo Tisci , Givenchy , Miu Miu and Prada . The performance required 500 outfits , including customized costumes for the musical guests and assisting performers . The production team was allotted seven minutes to set up the stage , 12 minutes for the performance and eight minutes to take down the stage . The modular structure was assembled from a truck , with a large white fabric in front as media screens for Moment Factory . Projection mapping was used by video @-@ hardware manufacturer Barco , with films modified for the spectators and the television audience . The stadium was equipped with Sharpys lighting arrangements from Clay Paky , and the show used Sennheiser sound equipment .
Madonna was not paid for performing at the halftime show , which provides global exposure for an artist . The show was a success , setting a Super Bowl halftime @-@ show record of 114 million viewers ( higher than the viewership of the game itself ) . Keith Caulfield of Billboard reported a 17 @-@ fold sales increase for Madonna 's back catalog and strong preorder sales for her upcoming releases . Critics praised the show , noting Madonna 's cautious performance . However , M.I.A. extended her middle finger to the camera near the end of her verse of " Give Me All Your Luvn ' " in place of the word " shit " . The rapper was criticized , and the NFL apologized for its inability to blur out the image . The league later fined M.I.A. $ 16 @.@ 6 million , which was settled in a confidential 2014 agreement .
= = Synopsis = =
The halftime show was broadcast on NBC . It began as a procession to the stage , with men dressed as gladiators pulling a large structure hidden from view by large gold @-@ colored flags . As " Vogue " began the flags were removed , revealing Madonna in a long , gold @-@ colored cape and an ancient @-@ Egyptian headdress seated on a large throne . The procession reached the stage , and the singer began performing " Vogue " . During the chorus , the stadium floor lit up to reveal animated Vogue magazine covers featuring Madonna . As " Vogue " segued into " Music " , two large boom boxes appeared on the ground screens and the stadium handrails were lit with moving lights . Madonna and her dancers moved towards the stands . Slacklining performer Andy Lewis accompanied the singer , who danced on a tall pedestal . Madonna pretended to shoot Lewis and moved to the other end of the stage , where LMFAO sang " Party Rock Anthem " in a segue from " Music " . They and Madonna danced to " Sexy and I Know It " .
" Music " ended with a group of female dancers in cheerleading uniforms joining Madonna onstage for " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " . Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. joined her onstage , dressed in Egyptian @-@ style clothing , and they danced as cheerleaders with pom @-@ poms . During the song they stood on separate , elevated platforms , where Minaj and M.I.A. performed their respective verses . CeeLo Green came onstage with a marching band at the end of the song , and he and Madonna performed portions of " Open Your Heart " and " Express Yourself " . " Like a Prayer " opened to a darkened stadium , with small specks of light visible , and a large choir dressed in black joined Madonna onstage . She reached the top of the bleachers and sang the final line before being pulled beneath the stage , surrounded by smoke . The show ended with " World peace " appearing on the ground screens with an image of the continents .
= = Background = =
According to CBS News , Madonna had been asked to perform in the 1998 and 2000 Super Bowl halftime shows but cancelled both . In January 2000 she was scheduled to perform her new single , " American Pie " , at the Super Bowl XXXV halftime show . However , she withdrew from the commitment due to a conflict with her recording schedule . In a statement at the time , Madonna expressed " sincere apologies " to the league and said : "
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I look forward to the possibility of doing something with the NFL in the future . "
In late 2011 Madonna was busy with the release of her film W.E. and with recording her twelfth studio album , MDNA . The singer was reportedly signed by the NFL for the Super Bowl halftime show , and in December the league confirmed that Madonna would perform in the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis . The game was scheduled for February 5 , 2012 , and its organizers continued their practice of inviting global musicians to perform . Artists who had previously performed in the show included the Black Eyed Peas , Bruce Springsteen , the Rolling Stones , the Who , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , U2 , Paul McCartney and Prince . The show coincided with the release of W.E. in United States .
Madonna collaborated with Cirque du Soleil to produce the show , and her longtime choreographer Jamie King was its music director . King suggested hiring Moment Factory . The production studio , which had worked on Celine Dion 's Las Vegas residency shows , specializes in multimedia effects . Jacques Methe , Cirque du Soleil executive producer for special events , said that it was " contributing to the creative process that will lead to the creation of this very special moment ... For us , it 's an interesting opportunity . It 's not something that we do very often , working with other stars " . According to Methe , Cirque du Soleil was involved with the creative side of the halftime show and its logistical challenges . The circus had previously put together a nine @-@ minute pregame show at the 2007 Super Bowl . " Our work has been done mostly to help magnify and create an environment for the artists " , said Moment Factory executive producer Eric Fournier , citing shows in which the studio had used lighting and video projections for special effects .
= = Development = =
= = = Rehearsals = = =
Rehearsals began in January 2012 in a New York studio , and lasted for 12 hours . Rappers Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. , who had collaborated on Madonna 's single " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " , said that the rehearsals were " the most grueling thing [ they had ] ever done and wouldn 't expect anything else , calling it an ' epic learning experience ' " . Minaj confirmed her performance in the show with a Twitter message , and rapper will.i.am confirmed that the American electronic dance music group LMFAO would also join Madonna for the event .
According to the Los Angeles Times , the NFL had coyly revealed the show 's set list in its magazine : " Though Madonna 's set list was not officially announced at press time , fans might expect her to give all her luvin ' , provide a ray of light and be in vogue with her music " . Before the show , Madonna expressed concern about the physical and time constraints of the event . " I have eight minutes to set up my stage , 12 minutes to put on the greatest show on Earth , and I have seven minutes to take it down . So , that football field is clean for the second half of the game " , she said . " How do you do that ? This is a Midwesterner girls dream to be performing at the Super Bowl half @-@ time show . In over 25 years of performing that I 've done , I have never worked so hard or been so scrupulous or detail @-@ orientated or freaked out . " The singer 's plan to have 100 drummers descend from the stadium ceiling was cancelled , since the structure could not support the weight .
= = = Fashion = = =
Madonna had promised that there would be no wardrobe malfunction during the show , alluding to controversy surrounding Janet Jackson 's performance in the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show . Madonna 's show 's fashion theme was the Roman Empire , with gladiator influences combined with modern Roman elements . Costume designer B. Akerlund created the dresses , which took over three months . Akerlund called on other designers to contribute to the costumes , which included Givenchy haute couture , boots by Miu Miu and earrings by Bvlgari . She worked closely with Madonna , who was involved with details including costuming the show 's gladiators . According to Akerlund :
This was by far the biggest challenge I have ever taken on in my career , and I could not be more honored to be a part of such an amazing and historical event . Nothing could ever come close to working with Madonna on this Super Bowl performance , her attention to detail and commitment to all of her projects is truly inspiring and life changing .
Madonna 's first dress was black , with a gold @-@ colored , pleated overskirt designed by Riccardo Tisci for Givenchy . The singer wore heavy jewelry , her blonde hair long and tightly waved , with diamond earrings by Bvlgari . Her first costume also had a gold @-@ sequined cape with a leopard @-@ print chiffon lining and Philip Treacy headgear . For " Give Me All Your Luvin ' " , Madonna , Minaj and M.I.A. wore red @-@ and @-@ black cheerleader outfits and carried gold @-@ colored pom @-@ poms . The singer wore a long @-@ sleeved black gown over the short black dress for her last performance . Riccardo Tisci said that he had made all of Madonna 's clothes , gloves , belts , hats and underwear . He had 28 choices for the singer , who decided on the gold cape . Although Tisci and his team had designed a shorter version of the cape , they had to re @-@ do it for the singer . The performance featured 500 outfits customized for LMFAO , Minaj , M.I.A. , Green , 100 drumline performers , 150 gladiators ( who wore black Calvin Klein underwear ) and 200 choir singers .
= = = Stage setup = = =
The 1 @,@ 500 crew members were allotted seven minutes to set up the stage , with the California @-@ based Torrence All Access Staging and Productions handling the required equipment . Erik Eastland of the company , who oversaw the setup , had been associated with the Grammy Awards and the Daytime Emmy Awards . About 70 percent of the workers were volunteers who underwent six months of screening , and the remainder were stage @-@ vendor employees . The main stage was 120 feet ( 36 @.@ 6 m ) long and modular , assembled in segments from six large trucks . The crew also set up the lighting , video , special effects and audio equipment .
The challenge may come from working outside in the elements . It could be 50 degrees when we rehearse and 50 below on game day , we 're working under the pretext that we can be doing this in snow or rain ... In a normal indoor environment we have seven minutes to install the stage and get it camera ready . That can be stretched to nine minutes . It 's the same time frame for this .
According to setup coordinator Douglas Cook , the rehearsals enabled them to reduce the setup time to under five minutes . Cook , who had worked on previous halftime shows , understood the details and guided the team . Drawings of the performances depicted what was expected for each setup , with the volunteers assembling the stage in segments and moving them to the field with carts . Madonna 's entrance had to be rehearsed several times for coordination . Although Cook learned during the game that the New England Patriots were scheduled to exit on the route used by volunteers carrying the stage equipment , he resolved the issue by talking with the team .
Set designer Bruce Rodgers , who had worked with Madonna on the Drowned World Tour in 2001 , was familiar with the singer 's work ethic . Rodgers , director Hamish Hamilton and executive producer Ricky Kirshner met several times with Madonna 's team , represented by choreographer Jamie King ( who presented the show 's initial concept ) . Rodgers developed a large , cross @-@ shaped stage with a central platform accessible by five hidden lifts , bleachers with an escape system at the rear , four positions for the band to play , an area for slacklining at one edge and ramps at the two ends of the cross . At the front of the stage was a 149 ft × 90 ft ( 45 m × 27 m ) white fabric , the main screen for the Moment Factory projections . Props included a Jimmie Martin @-@ designed gold @-@ leaf throne on a barge carried by 150 gladiators . Rodgers ' greatest challenges were getting the barge onstage and rehearsing the procession .
= = = Multimedia and video = = =
The stage used multimedia projection and technology conceived by Moment Factory and Cirque du Soleil . After Madonna
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1916 , the New York State Legislature created Route 8 @-@ a , an unsigned legislative route connecting legislative Route 8 in the center of Oxford to the Relief Corps Home by way of the east bank of the Chenango River . The Route 8 @-@ a designation was removed in 1921 as part of a partial renumbering of New York 's legislative routes . Its former routing became part of NY 220 , a new route extending from Smithville Flats to Oxford , in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 220 was rerouted near Oxford in 1982 to follow a new bridge over the Chenango River . The realignment created a short overlap with NY 12 on North Canal Street between the former routing of NY 220 on Main Street and the new river crossing to the north .
= = Route description = =
NY 220 begins at an intersection with NY 41 north of the hamlet of Smithville Flats in the Chenango County town of Smithville . It heads to the northeast , paralleling a small creek as it progresses through the rural town consisting mostly of cultivated fields . NY 220 passes into the town of McDonough and enters a hamlet bearing the same name , where it turns eastward . The route winds its way through the eastern , forested portion of the town to the small community of East McDonough , located near the McDonough – Preston town line . Here , NY 220 turns southeast and continues into Preston .
In Preston , the open fields return as NY 220 follows another waterbody , this time the slightly larger Mill Brook . The route crosses the stream just before entering the town of Oxford , where they split . While Mill Brook curves around the western extents of the village of Oxford , NY 220 serves the village directly , entering it on Butler Street . It veers eastward at a junction with State Street and follows it to Washington Avenue . Here , State Street splits into a one @-@ block long one @-@ way couplet . Eastbound NY 220 shifts south to follow LaFayette Park ; NY 220 westbound , meanwhile , is routed on State Street . At the end of the couplet , NY 220 intersects NY 12 ( North Canal Street ) on the western bank of the Chenango River .
NY 220 turns north onto NY 12 , overlapping the latter for just over 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) to an intersection with North Washington Avenue north of the village . The routes split here , with NY 220 turning southeast to cross the Chenango River and the New York , Susquehanna and Western Railroad ( NYSW ) . Past the railroad , NY 220 heads through unimproved fields to a junction with East River Road . The route turns northeast here to follow East River Road . It heads through a small residential neighborhood to the New York State Veterans ' Home at Oxford , a large old soldiers ' home located adjacent to both the eastern bank of the Chenango River and the NYSW rail line . State maintenance of NY 220 ends just east of the driveway to the home , at which point the road continues onward toward Norwich as CR 32 .
= = History = =
The New York State Woman 's Relief Corps Home ( now the New York State Veterans ' Home at Oxford ) , an old soldiers ' home dedicated to the care of soldiers and their immediate families , nurses employed by the United States Army , and widows and mothers of soldiers , was constructed on a 165 @-@ acre ( 67 ha ) plot of land east of the village of Oxford and opened April 19 , 1897 . In 1916 , the New York State Legislature created Route 8 @-@ a , an unsigned legislative route connecting the home to Route 8 ( now NY 12 ) in Oxford by way of pre @-@ existing highways . That year , the state of New York began a project to improve the 1 @.@ 40 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 25 km ) long highway . In all , the improvements cost just over $ 26 @,@ 150 ( equivalent to $ 308 @,@ 891 in 2016 ) . The improved roadway was accepted into the state highway system on March 20 , 1919 . Route 8 @-@ a left Route 8 in the center of Oxford and crossed the Chenango River on Main Street . On the opposite side of the river , it followed Albany Street and East River Road to the home , where it ended . The Route 8 @-@ a designation was eliminated on March 1 , 1921 , as part of a partial renumbering of the legislative route system .
When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , the portion of Route 8 in the vicinity of Oxford became part of NY 12 ; however , the former routing of Route 8 @-@ a was not given a designation at this time . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the former routing of Route 8 @-@ a became part of NY 220 , a new route extending from Smithville Flats to Oxford via McDonough . The entirety of NY 220 west of Oxford was closed to traffic in July 1935 as a result of damage caused by severe statewide flooding earlier in the month . The portion of the route from McDonough to Oxford took approximately three days to repair and was reopened by July 17 . The remaining section from Smithville Flats from McDonough was reopened by the following year .
By 1980 , plans to construct a new bridge for NY 220 over the Chenango River had been set in motion . As planned , a 0 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) stretch of NY 220 in Oxford would be rerouted to follow the new structure over the river and a Conrail ( now New York , Susquehanna and Western Railroad ) line that ran along the riverbank . The initial price tag for the bridge was set at $ 2 @.@ 262 million ( equivalent to $ 6 @.@ 5 million in 2016 ) . Construction of the bridge was completed in 1982 , at which time NY 220 was rerouted to overlap NY 12 north to the bridge , where it turned east to cross the river and rejoin its former alignment on the east bank .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Chenango County .
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life " , Porky , by the end of the series ' Mother 3 .
= = Music = =
The soundtracks for Mother and EarthBound were composed by Keiichi Suzuki and Hirokazu Tanaka . The Mother soundtrack was likened by RPGFan reviewer Patrick Gann to compositions by The Beatles and for children 's television shows . He found the lyrics " cheesy and trite " but appreciated the " simple statements " in " Eight Melodies " and the " quirky and wonderful " " Magicant " . The Mother soundtrack contains several tracks later used in subsequent series games . When Suzuki and Tanaka were unavailable to commit to Mother 3 's soundtrack , Itoi chose Shogo Sakai for his experience with and understanding of the series . Sakai worked to make the music feel similar to previous entries in the series . Kyle Miller of RPGFan wrote that the game retained the quirkiness of the previous soundtracks in the series despite the change in composers . He felt that the second half of the album , which included reinterpreted " classics " from the series , to be its strongest . RPGamer 's Jordan Jackson too found that the music was " just as catchy as previous games " despite being " almost completely new " . Luke Plunkett of Kotaku credited Suzuki 's background outside of games composition as a rock star and film scorer for making the music of Mother and EarthBound " so distinct and memorable " as " a synthesized tribute to 20th century pop music " .
= = Reception = =
In 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die , Christian Donlan wrote that the Mother series is a " massive RPG franchise " in Japan comparable to that of Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest , though it does not enjoy the same popularity in the West . IGN described the series as neglected by Nintendo in North America , which only received one of the three Mother releases . Donlan added that the series ' oddities did not lend towards Western popularity . RPGamer 's Jordan Jackson noted that the series is " known for its wacky sense of humor , originality , and its very young protagonists " , and Kotaku 's Luke Plunkett said that the games were distinct from all other video games in that they stirred " genuine emotion in players beyond ... ' excited ' and ' afraid ' " with a " charming " , " touching " , and " tragic " story , which he credited to its creators ' pedigrees from outside the video game industry .
Mother received a " Silver Hall of Fame " score of 31 / 40 from Japanese reviewer Weekly Famitsu . Critics noted the game 's similarities with the Dragon Quest series and its simultaneous " parody " of the genre 's tropes . They thought the game 's sequel , EarthBound , to be very similar and a better implementation of Mother 's gameplay ideas , overall . Reviewers also noted the game 's high difficulty level and balance issues . Mother sold 150
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es . They were obelisk @-@ shaped lamps , with basalt rock bases from Castellfollit de la Roca and wrought iron arms , topped with the four @-@ armed cross ; they were decorated with vegetable themes and included the birth and death dates of Balmes . They were demolished in 1924 due to poor maintenance .
The same year , on the occasion of Eusebi Güell 's obtaining the title of count , Gaudí designed a coat of arms for his patron . He devised a shield with the lower part in a catenary shape typical of Gaudí . He divided it into two parts : the lantern of Palau Güell features a dove and a gear @-@ wheel on the right in allusion to the Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló ( coloma is Catalan for dove ) , with the phrase ahir pastor ( yesterday Shepherd ) . On the left is an owl perched on a half @-@ moon — symbol of prudence and wisdom — with the words avuy senyor ( today Lord ) . The shield is surmounted by a helmet with the count 's coronet and the dove symbol of the Holy Spirit .
In 1912 he built two pulpits for the church of Santa Maria in Blanes : the pulpit on the Gospel side had a hexagonal base , decorated with the dove of the Holy Spirit and the names in Latin of the four evangelists and the seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit ; the pulpit of the Epistle side had the names of the apostles who wrote epistles ( Saint Peter , Saint Paul , Saint John the Evangelist , Saint Judas Thadeus and Saint James the Great ) , with the three theological virtues and the flames of Pentecost . These pulpits were burned in July 1936 .
= = = = Sagrada Família = = = =
From 1915 Gaudí devoted himself almost exclusively to his magnum opus , the Sagrada Família , a synthesis of his architectural evolution . After completion of the crypt and the apse , still in Gothic style , the rest of the church is conceived in an organic style , imitating natural shapes with their abundance of ruled surfaces . He intended the interior to resemble a forest , with inclined columns like branching trees , helicoidal in form , creating a simple but sturdy structure . Gaudí applied all of his previous experimental findings in this project , from works such as the Park Güell and the crypt of the Colònia Güell , creating a church that is at once structurally perfect , harmonious and aesthetically satisfying .
The Sagrada Família has a cruciform plan , with a five @-@ aisled nave , a transept of three aisles , and an apse with seven chapels . It has three facades dedicated to the birth , passion and glory of Jesus , and when completed it will have eighteen towers : four at each side making a total of twelve for the apostles , four on the transept invoking the evangelists and one on the apse dedicated to the Virgin , plus the central tower in honour of Jesus , which will reach 170 metres ( 560 ft ) in height . The church will have two sacristies adjacent to the apse , and three large chapels : one for the Assumption in the apse , and the Baptism and Penitence chapels at the west end ; also , it will be surrounded by a cloister designed for processions and to isolate the building from the exterior . Gaudí used highly symbolic content in the Sagrada Família , both in architecture and sculpture , dedicating each part of the church to a religious theme .
During Gaudí 's life only the crypt , apse and part of the Nativity facade were completed . Upon his death his assistant Domènec Sugrañes took over the construction ; thereafter it was directed by various architects . Jordi Bonet i Armengol assumed responsibility in 1987 and continued as of 2011 . Artists such as Llorenç and Joan Matamala , Carles Mani , Jaume Busquets , Joaquim Ros i Bofarull , Etsuro Sotoo and Josep Maria Subirachs ( creator of the Passion facade ) have worked on the sculptural decoration . Completion is not expected until at least 2027 .
= = = = Minor , late projects = = = =
During the last years of his life , apart from his devotion to the Sagrada Família , Gaudí participated only in minor projects which were not completed : in 1916 , on the death of his friend bishop Josep Torras i Bages , he designed a monument in his honour , which he wanted to place in front of the Passion facade of the Sagrada Família . He made a sketch of the project , which ultimately was not carried out , and made a plaster bust of the bishop , the work of Joan Matamala under the instruction of Gaudí . It was put in the Sagrada Família , where it would have formed part of the church , but it was destroyed in 1936 . Another commemorative monument project , also not carried out , was dedicated to Enric Prat de la Riba , which would have been situated in Castellterçol , birthplace of this Catalan politician . The project dates from 1918 , and would have consisted of a tall tower with two porticos and a spire topped with an iron structure flying the Catalan flag . The sketch of the project was done by Lluís Bonet i Garí , Gaudí 's assistant .
In 1922 Gaudí was commissioned , by the Franciscan Padre Angélico Aranda , to construct a church dedicated to the Assumption in the Chilean city of Rancagua . Gaudí apologised and said that he was occupied exclusively with the Sagrada Família , but sent some sketches of the Assumption chapel which he had designed for the apse of the Sagrada Família , which more or less coincided with what Padre Aranda had asked for . Unfortunately this project was not carried out , though there are currently plans by the Chilean architect Christian Matzner to take up the project . The President of Chile , Michelle Bachelet , has announced that building will begin in 2015 , with an expected completion in 2017 and at a cost of $ 7 million . Once completed it will become the first of Gaudí 's works to be constructed in the Americas .
The same year Gaudí was consulted about the construction of a monumental train station for Barcelona ( the future Estació de França ) . Gaudí suggested an iron structure in the form of a large suspended awning , a solution quite ahead of its time ; perhaps for this reason , it put the head engineers off , and they declined Gaudí 's offer . The last known projects by the architect are the chapel for the Colónia Calvet in Torelló , of 1923 , and a pulpit for Valencia ( the exact location is unknown ) , of 1924 . From then on , Gaudí
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aga Devatha ( the serpent king ) , who is said to be the protector of all snakes . An ancient ritual associated with the ' daivasthanams ' ( temples ) in rural areas , Hindu kori katta , a religious and spiritual cockfight , is held at the temples and also allowed if organised as part of religious or cultural events .
Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the South Indian cuisine , with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the city . Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most Mangalorean Curry , as are ginger , garlic and chili . Mangalorean Fish Curry is a popular dish in Kanara . The Tuluva community 's well @-@ known dishes include Kori Rotti ( dry rice flakes dipped in chicken gravy ) , Bangude Pulimunchi ( silver @-@ grey mackerels ) , Beeja @-@ Manoli Upkari , Neer dosa ( lacy rice @-@ crêpes ) , Boothai Gasi ( sardines curry ) , Kadubu , Garige , Golibaje ( Mangalore Bajji ) and Patrode . The Konkani community 's specialities include Daali thoy , beebe @-@ upkari ( cashew based ) , val val , avnas ambe sasam , Kadgi chakko , paagila podi , and chana gashi . Vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore , also known as Udupi cuisine , is known and liked throughout the state and region . Since Mangalore is a coastal city , fish forms the staple diet of most people . Mangalorean Catholics ' Sanna @-@ Dukra Maas ( Sanna — idli fluffed with toddy or yeast ; Dukra Maas — Pork ) , Pork Bafat , Sorpotel and the Mutton Biryani of the Muslims are well @-@ known dishes . Pickles such as happala , sandige and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore . Shendi ( toddy ) , a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap , is popular .
= = Civic administration = =
The Mangalore City Corporation ( MCC ) is the municipal corporation in charge of the civic and infrastructural assets of the city . Mangalore has the city area of 184.45sqkm. It is the third largest city corporation of karnataka next to bangalore and hubli . Municipal limits begin with Mukka in the north , to Netravati river bridge in the south and western sea shore to Vamanjoor in the east . The MCC council comprises 60 elected representatives , called corporators , one from each of the 60 wards ( localities ) of the city . Elections to the council are held once every five years , with results being decided by popular vote . A corporator from the majority party is selected as a Mayor . The headquarters of Mangalore City Corporation is at Lalbagh . Its sub @-@ offices are at Surathkal and Bikarnakatta .
Until the revision of Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies by the Delimitation commission , Mangalore contributed two members to the Lok Sabha , one for the southern part of the city which fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha Constituency , and another for the northern part of the city which fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha Constituency . Additionally , Mangalore sent three members to the Karnataka State Legislative Assembly . With the revision , the entire Mangalore taluk now falls under the Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency , resulting in Mangalore contributing only one Member of Parliament ( MP ) .
The Mangalore City Police is responsible for the law and order maintenance in Mangalore . The department is headed by a Commissioner of Police . Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police , covering the western districts of Karnataka , which is headed by an Inspector General of Police ( IGP ) .
= = Education = =
Mangalore is considered as an educational hub of southern India because students from all over India pursue various professional courses in and around the city adding to its cosmopolitan look and appeal . The pre @-@ collegiate medium of instruction in schools is predominantly English and Kannada , and medium of instruction in educational institutions after matriculation in colleges is English . Additionally , other media of instruction exist in Mangalore . Recently , a committee of experts constituted by the Tulu Sahitya Academy recommended the inclusion of Tulu ( in Kannada script ) as a medium of instruction in education . Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government @-@ run or run by private trusts and individuals . The schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board , Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) , the Central Board for Secondary Education ( CBSE ) and the National Institute of Open Schooling ( NIOS ) boards . After completing 10 years of schooling in secondary education , students enroll in Higher Secondary School , specialising in one of the three streams – Arts , Commerce or Science . Since the 1980s , there have been a large number of professional institutions established in a variety of fields including engineering , medicine , homoeopathic medicine , dentistry , business management and hotel management . The earliest schools established in Mangalore were the Canara High School ( 1891 ) , Basel Evangelical School ( 1838 ) and Milagres School ( 1848 ) . The Kasturba Medical College established in 1953 , was India 's first private medical college . Popular educational institutions in the city are National Institute of Technology ( Karnataka ) , Srinivas Institute of Technology , Sahyadri Educational Institutions – College of Engineering & Management , Adyar , KS Hegde Medical Academy , A. J. Institute of Medical Science , Father Muller Medical College , Father Muller Homeopathic Medical College , Yenepoya Medical College , Srinivas Medical College , Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering ( MITE ) , Bearys Institute of Technology , St. Joseph Engineering College , P.A. College of Engineering , St.Agnes , St. Aloysius College ( 1879 ) , Sharada Vidyalaya , Canara High School , Canara College , Canara Engineering College , KVG College of Engineering Alvas Education foundation , Dr. M. V. Shetty Institute of Technology , S.D.M. College , Sri Sathya Sai Loka Seva Educational Institutions , Alike and Delhi Public School . A public library run by the Corporation Bank , is located at Mannagudda in Mangalore . Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980 . It caters to the higher educational needs of Dakshina Kannada , Udupi and Kodagu districts and is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council ( NAAC ) accredited four @-@ star level institution .
= = Transport = =
Mangalore 's location makes it accessible via all forms of transport – Air , Road , Rail and Sea . Transport systems in Mangalore city include private buses , KSRTC buses , trains , taxis and autorickshaws .
Mangalore International Airport ( IATA : IXE ) is near Bajpe / Kenjar , and is located about 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) north @-@ east of the city centre . It operates regular scheduled flights to Major cities in India and international destinations , mainly to the Middle East . It is the second largest and second busiest airport in the state of Karnataka . The new terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements . State run government buses Vajra Volvo ply between the city and the airport .
Four National Highways pass
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Old Bulgarian ( Старобългарски ) is the name Bulgarians give to the Old Church Slavonic language used in the Ohrid Literary School among others . In contrast , Old Church Slavonic is rarely referred to by ethnic Macedonians as " Old Macedonian " or " Old Slavic " .
= = = Greek = = =
Macedonia ( Μακεδονία ) can refer to the region of Macedonia or to Macedonia in Greece depending on the context — usually the first being disambiguated .
Macedonian ( Μακεδόνας ) refers to an ethnically Greek Macedonian .
Ancient Macedonian ( Αρχαίος Μακεδόνας ) refers to an Ancient Macedonian .
Macedonian Slav , Slavic Macedonian or Slavomacedonian ( Σλαβομακεδόνας ) refers to a member of the Macedonian ethnic group .
Macedonian Slavic , Slavic Macedonian or Slavomacedonian ( Σλαβομακεδονικά ) refers to the Macedonian language .
Republic of Skopje ( Δημοκρατία των Σκοπίων ) refers to the Republic of Macedonia .
State of Skopje ( Κράτος των Σκοπίων ) refers to the Republic of Macedonia .
Skopje , or Skopia ( Σκόπια ) refers to either the Republic of Macedonia or its capital city of Skopje .
Skopjan , or Skopian ( Σκοπιανός ) refers to a member of the ethnic Macedonian ethnic group living in the Republic or outside it , but not to any group native to Greece .
Skopiana or Skopianika ( Σκοπιανά or Σκοπιανικά ) refers to the Macedonian language .
Slavophone ( Σλαβόφωνος ) refers to a member of the Slavic speaking minority in Greece .
Bulgaroskopian ( Βουλγαροσκοπιανός ) is a term used to refer to ethnic Macedonians , implying Bulgarians ethnic affiliation .
Pseudomacedonian ( Ψευδομακεδόνας ) is a term used to refer to ethnic Macedonians , and asserts their nationhood is contrived .
The last eight terms are often considered offensive in the Republic of Macedonia .
= = = Ethnic Macedonian = = =
Macedonia ( Македонија ) can refer to either the region of Macedonia or the Republic of Macedonia .
Macedonians ( Македонци ) generally refers to the Macedonian ethnic group associated with the Republic of Macedonia , neighbouring countries and abroad .
Aegean Macedonia ( Егејска Македонија – Egejska Makedonija ) refers to Macedonia in Greece ( as defined by the administrative division of Greece ) .
Pirin Macedonia ( Пиринска Македонија – Pirinska Makedonija ) refers to the Blagoevgrad Province of Bulgaria ( as defined by the administrative division of Bulgaria ) .
Bugarashi ( бугараши ) or bugarofili ( бугарофили ) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self @-@ identifying as Bulgarian , or having a pro @-@ Bulgarian orientation .
Egejci ( Егејци ) refers to people living in the Republic of Macedonia and abroad that are originating from Aegean Macedonia ( Greek Macedonia ) , mainly refugees from the Greek Civil War , also knowns as Aegean Macedonians .
Grkomani ( гркомани ) is a derogatory term used to refer to the largest portion of the Slavic @-@ speaking minority of Macedonia in Greece who self @-@ identify as Greeks .
Srbomani ( србомани ) or srbofili ( србофили ) are derogatory terms used to refer to people in the Republic of Macedonia self @-@ identifying as Serbian , or having a pro @-@ Serb orientation .
The first three terms are often considered offensive in Greece .
= Battle of Šibenik =
The Battle of Šibenik ( Croatian : Bitka za Šibenik ) , also known as the September War ( Rujanski rat ) , was an armed conflict fought between the Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) , supported by the Croatian Serb @-@ established Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina ( SAO Krajina ) , and the Croatian National Guard ( Zbor Narodne Garde – ZNG ) , supported by the Croatian Police . The battle was fought to the north and west of the city of Šibenik , Croatia on 16 – 22 September 1991 , during the Croatian War of Independence . The JNA 's initial orders were to relieve Croatian siege of their barracks in the city and isolate the region of Dalmatia from the rest of Croatia . The JNA 's advance was supported by the Yugoslav Air Force and the Yugoslav Navy .
Fighting stopped following a Croatian counter @-@ attack that pushed the JNA back from the outskirts of Šibenik . Although some ground was lost to the Yugoslavs , especially around the town of Drniš , northeast of Šibenik , the ZNG captured several JNA and Yugoslav Navy facilities in the city , including dozens of navy vessels and several coastal artillery batteries . The captured batteries were used to support defence of the city . The JNA Šibenik garrison was evacuated following an agreement between the Croatian officials and the JNA , except for several comparably small JNA posts in the city which were captured by the ZNG .
The September – October fighting caused three Croatian military and seven civilian deaths , as well as more than a hundred wounded . JNA bombarded Šibenik , causing damage to numerous structures , including the Cathedral of St. James , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The New York Times judged the bombardment to be a part of calculated assaults on the heritage of Croatia . Artillery bombardment of the city continued over the following 100 days . The battle is commemorated in Šibenik each year .
= = Background = =
In 1990 , following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , ethnic tensions worsened . The Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) confiscated Croatia 's Territorial Defence weapons to minimize resistance . On 17 August , tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs , centred on the predominantly Serb @-@ populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin , parts of the Lika , Kordun , Banovina and eastern Croatia , largely fueled by recollections of the Serbs of the genocide to which they had been subjected in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II , and their resultant unwillingness to be minorities in an independent Croatia .
After two unsuccessful attempts by Serbia , supported by Montenegro and Serbia 's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo , to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency 's approval of a JNA operation to disarm Croatian security forces in January 1991 , and a bloodless skirmish between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March , the JNA itself , supported by Serbia and its allies , asked the federal Presidency to give it wartime authorities and declare a state of emergency . The request was denied on 15 March , and the JNA came under control of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević . Milošević , preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than preservation of Yugoslavia , publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency . The threat caused the JNA to gradually abandon plans to preserve Yugoslavia in favour of expansion of Serbia . By the end of the month , the conflict had escalated to the first fatalities . The JNA stepped in , supporting the insurgents , and preventing Croatian police from intervening . In early April , leaders of the Serb revolt in Croatia declared their intention of integration of the area under their control , viewed by the
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( Leopardus pardalis ) , margays ( Leopardus wiedii ) , white @-@ tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) , brocket deer ( Mazama sp . ) , vulnerable pudús ( Pudu sp . ) , and endangered giant otters ( Pteronura brasiliensis ) can all be found . Bird species common in the area include Andean condors ( Vultur gryphus ) , cocks @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock ( Rupicola sp . ) , giant hummingbirds ( Patagona gigas ) , torrent ducks ( Merganetta armata ) , king vultures ( Sarcoramphus papa ) , and swallow @-@ tailed kites ( Elanoides forficatus ) .
= = Recreation = =
Sangay can and has been climbed . It was first ascended in 1929 by Robert T. Moore , prior to its current eruption beginning in 1934 . However , the volcano 's current active state presents dangers to mountaineers in the form of falling ejecta ; in 1976 , two members of an expedition on the volcano were stuck and killed by falling debris . In addition , the volcano is located in a remote region with poor roads and is difficult to access , and periods of heavy rainfall can flood rivers and cause landslides , rendering the mountain routes impassable . Nonetheless , the Instituto Ecuatoriano Forestal y de Areas Naturales , which maintains an office near the mountain , facilitate such activities by providing local guides and rooms for rent for visitors . Ascension takes between 7 and 10 days from Quito . Conditions on the volcano are usually very wet and foggy , and mountaineers may be visually impaired from viewing the volcano as they ascend it .
= Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited =
Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited is a 1999 biography of American General Samuel Chapman Armstrong and his associated normal school for freedmen , Hampton Institute , written by Robert Francis Engs and published by the University of Tennessee Press . The first full biography of its kind , the book portrays Armstrong as a complex politician and administrator in the postbellum period who balanced the needs of opposed parties surrounding the Virginia school : its African American students , Southern white neighbors , and Northern philanthropist funders . Previous works presented Armstrong in a polarized fashion , as either a savior or handicap for freedmen . The book emphasizes Armstrong 's upbringing as a missionary in Hawaii in the development of his educational philosophy .
Reviewers complimented the book 's balanced presentation of Armstrong , grounded use of the period 's thought , and contribution to the historiography of industrial education . They felt the book lacked community and state historical context , as well as recent scholarship on Native Americans at Hampton .
= = Summary = =
Robert Francis Engs 's Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited : Samuel Chapman Armstrong and Hampton Institute , 1839 – 1893 is the first biography of General Samuel Chapman Armstrong , the founder of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute . The book was published by the University of Tennessee Press in 1999 . It challenges several long @-@ standing ideas about this period : that the " Hampton @-@ Tuskegee system " and its adherents stunted the progress of African Americans , that the Hampton Institute ideology was opposed to that of historically black and historically white colleges , and that the positions of W. E. B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington were diametrically opposed . Engs writes Armstrong as a symbol of postbellum America 's conflicts over race , class , religion , and gender . Engs 's Armstrong , in " paternal ... arrogance " believed that he and others of higher status could best determine how to improve the lots of those suppressed by " lack of opportunity and discrimination " , such as African Americans and American Indians . This intuition , of knowing " what was best for the freedmen " , was influenced by his experience in missionary work , where his parents treated the indigenous Hawaiians as misbehaving children with behavior to be corrected . The biography distills Armstrong 's philosophy , demeanor , and understanding of African Americans from his experiences as a missionary , student of Williams College , and leader in the American Civil War . Engs dismisses polarized interpretations of Armstrong 's legacy as either a savior or a handicap for uneducated blacks . Instead , Armstrong is portrayed as a complex man who believes both in " black inferiority " and that freedmen could improve their lives through his lessons .
Armstrong was born and raised in Hawaii in the mid @-@ 1800s .
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. The following season he once again took eight wickets against the same opposition , finishing with figures of eight for 50 . Towards the end of 1877 , he was chosen to play for a " Gentlemen and Players XI " against Burnley in a benefit match for Burnley 's professional John Melling . He took five for 10 in the match from his five overs to help his side win on first innings . In early 1878 , Crossland improved upon his previous efforts , taking eight for 28 against Burnley .
= = Lancashire professional = =
Crossland 's performances for Enfield drew the attention of Lancashire County Cricket Club , for whom he was qualified on the basis of residency . He made his debut against Yorkshire in August 1878 . He was not required to bowl in the first innings , and after scoring one run , bowled eight overs without a wicket in the second innings . He took his maiden wicket in first @-@ class cricket in his second match , against Kent . In another benefit match played for Melling , Crossland took eight for 60 for " Burnley District XI " against Burnley in September 1878 . His first match for Lancashire in 1879 came in June , when he claimed four for 26 against Derbyshire ; his best bowling that season . He claimed wickets consistently through the season , and finished with fifteen wickets from his seven matches at an average of 14 @.@ 53 . He only played three times for Lancashire in 1880 , taking seven wickets at 16 @.@ 28 . He bowled with little effect in most of 1881 , but took ten wickets in a match against Surrey at the Oval . Across his other six matches that year , he only claimed three further wickets , and completed the season with thirteen wickets at an average of 7 @.@ 15 .
The 1882 season was Crossland 's best ; though he started with a wicket @-@ less match against the Marylebone Cricket Club . He took seven wickets against the touring Australians in early June , while in the following match , against Somerset , he took six for 7 in the second innings , to help Lancashire to an innings victory . He took five wickets in an innings on ten occasions during the season , including twice in a match against Middlesex , to claim ten wickets in the match . Playing a match for Liverpool and District against the touring Australians , he took his best bowling figures in an innings that season , claiming seven wickets for 72 . He took a pair of five @-@ wicket hauls against Surrey in late August to finish with eleven wickets in the match . His
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A week later he managed to score the opening goal , in Red Bull Salzburg 's 2 – 2 away draw against Sturm Graz . Until the end of the season he featured regularly in his team 's matches , although mostly as a substitute , and only managed to score one more goal in a 4 – 1 home win against Austria Kärnten . At the end he counted 36 appearances with Red Bull Salzburg , of which 27 in the Bundesliga , six in the UEFA Cup and three in the ÖFB @-@ Cup . Out of these matches he scored a total of eight goals , of which three in the Bundesliga , three in the UEFA Cup and two in the ÖFB @-@ Cup .
In the summer of 2009 there were rumours that 1860 Munich was interested in signing him . Finally Ngwat @-@ Mahop stayed with Red Bull Salzburg and he featured in the whole match , in what was Red Bull Salzburg 's first match of the season , an 1 – 1 home draw against Irish outfit Bohemians for the second Qualifying round of the 2009 – 2010 UEFA Champions League . He was , once again , a starter at Red Bull Salzburg ' opening match of the 2009 – 10 Bundesliga season , but he was substituted in the 40th minute by his fellow countryman Somen Tchoyi . Later it was known that Ngwat @-@ Mahop suffered a tear of the left anterior thigh muscle , an injury that would keep him out of action for months . He managed to fully heal from his injury and play again for Red Bull Salzburg almost nine months later , in a 4 – 2 home win against SC Magna Wiener Neustadt , as he came in as a late substitute for Somen Tchoyi . At the meantime Ngwat @-@ Mahop played in five games for Red Bull Salzburg Juniors managing to score four goals , two of them in a single match , a 3 – 0 home win against SC Austria Lustenau . At the end of the season he had only managed to play in two league games and one European game for Red Bull Salzburg and did not score any goals .
Ngwat @-@ Mahop played in Red Bull Salzburg 's opening match for the 2010 – 11 Bundesliga season , on 17 July 2010 , coming in as a substitute in the 57th minute , in what was a 0 – 0 away draw against SV Kapfenberg . Three days later he once again played as a substitute for Jakob Jantscher , in his team 's second leg match , against Faroese champions HB Torshavn for the second Qualifying round of the 2010 – 11 UEFA Champions League . He scored his first goal of the season in a match for the 1st round of the ÖFB @-@ Cup against St. Pölten II , that Red Bull Salzburg won by 1 – 4 . On 24 August , he made the cross that resulted in Red BullSalzburg 's goal , in his team 's second leg match for the third Qualifying round of the 2010 – 11 UEFA Champions League against Hapoel Tel Aviv . Ngwat @-@ Mahop was substituted in the 65th minute of a match that ended an 1 – 1 draw , resulting in Red Bull Salzburg 's elimination . Later it was made known that he was again injured , and due to this he made his come back with Red Bull Salzburg almost three months later , in a 2 – 0 home win against Sturm Graz . That was meant to be Ngwat @-@ Mahop 's last game with the Red Bull Salzburg shirt , as in January he was sold to Greek Superleague outfit Iraklis Thessaloniki for an undisclosed fee .
= = = Iraklis Thessaloniki = = =
On 8 January 2011 , Greek club Iraklis Thessaloniki announced that it had signed Ngwat @-@ Mahop until the summer of 2012 . He debuted for the Greek club on 23 January 2011 , as he was in the starting line @-@ up in a 3 – 0 away defeat by AO Kavala . At the time he was substituted , in the 57th minute , the scoreline was 0 – 0 . Ngwat @-@ Mahop scored his first goal with Iraklis , by opening his club 's tally in an 1 – 2 away win against Panserraikos . His goal was scored after an assist by teammate Kar
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and the equinoxes .
Structure 5 ( or Structure V ) is a large building located on the plaza to the north of Structure 2 . It was surrounded by 10 stelae , many dated to the 7th century AD although the building itself was first erected in the Preclassic period .
Structure 6 ( or Structure VI ) is on the west side of the Central Plaza and , together with Structures 4a , 4b and 4c , forms an E @-@ Group astronomical complex . In 1989 observations verified that on March 21 , the vernal equinox , the sun rose behind Structure 4b as seen from Structure 6 .
Structure 7 ( or Structure VII ) is a temple pyramid on the north side of the Central Plaza . It faces south and stands 24 metres ( 79 ft ) high . Five plain stelae were erected on the south side of the pyramid . It underwent several construction phases from in the Late to Terminal Classic . The pyramid was topped by a three @-@ room temple that possessed a tall stucco @-@ covered roof comb . A patolli game board was carved into the floor of the outermost room of the temple .
Structure 8 ( or Structure VIII ) is a small building located on the north side of the Central Plaza , to the east of Structure 7 . It is associated with Stela 1 and its altar .
= = = Stelae , murals and ceramics = = =
Calakmul is one of the most structure @-@ rich sites within the Maya region . The site contains 117 stelae , the largest total in the region . Most are in paired sets representing rulers and their wives . However , because these carved stelae were produced in soft limestone , most of these stelae have been eroded beyond interpretation . Also many elaborate murals were discovered at Calakmul . These murals do not represent activities of the elite class . Rather , they depict elaborate market scenes of people preparing or consuming products such as atole , tamales , or tobacco as an ointment . Also items being sold were textiles and needles . These murals also have glyphs within them describing the actions occurring . The most prominent figure in these murals is identified as Lady Nine Stone ; she appears in many scenes . This brings a world of the Maya marketplace to vibrant life for archaeologists . Another highly beneficial resource to Maya archaeological understanding at Calakmul is the ceramic remains . The composition of the ceramic materials identifies
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, the modern poets Tudor Arghezi , Ion Minulescu and Ion Barbu , and Urmuz . He went on to define this gathering as " the great grimacing sensitive ones , buffoons with just too much plastic intelligence . " In parallel , Lovinescu saw Caragiale as one in a group of modernist prose writers who sought to reshape the genre through the use of lyricism , and were thus paradoxically outdated by 20th century standards . The delayed character of Caragiale 's contribution was also mentioned by literary historian Ovid Crohmălniceanu , who identified its roots in Art Nouveau and , through it , the subjects of Byzantine art .
Among other traits which set Caragiale apart from his fellow Romanian writers was his highly creative vocabulary , partly reliant on archaisms and words occurring rarely in the modern Romanian lexis ( including ones borrowed from Turkish and Greek , or even from Romani ) . In certain cases , he used an inventive spelling — for example , he consistently rendered the word for " charm " , farmec , as fermec . Tudor Vianu noted that this habit was similar to experiments presents in Ion Barbu 's cryptic poetry , ascribing both cases to " the intent of underlining the differentiation between the written and the spoken words " , while Ion Vianu defined Caragiale as " an accurate artisan of the language , an extraordinary connaisseur of the Romanian language , which , out of snobbery , he sets aside for the plebeian readers . " Craii de Curtea @-@ Veche introduces a large array of words present in early 20th century slang and Romanian profanity , as well as rendering the then @-@ common habit of borrowing whole sentences from French to express oneself ( a trait notably present in Mateiu Cargiale 's own day @-@ to @-@ day vocabulary ) . The novel 's tone , often irreverent , and the book 's foray into the mundane have been seem by some as tributary to the informal style cultivated by Bogdan @-@ Pitești .
Most of Caragiale 's prose is interconnected through allusions to himself , and , occasionally , the narratives discreetly refer to one another . Although his texts are characterized by precision in defining the moment and location for the plot , the general lines of the narratives are often subject to a calculated fragmentation , an innovative technique which , Vartic writes , attests the author 's familiarity with Antoine Furetière 's vision . Vartic also indicates that Balzac 's La Comédie humaine , in particular its Thirteen cycle — which is known to have been one of the books Caragiale treasured most — , influenced the general structure of his stories .
= = = Novel = = =
A first @-@ person narrative , Craii de Curtea @-@ Veche traces and satirizes Romanian society in the early decades of the 20th century ( it probably depicts events from ca . 1910 ) . A core group of three persons , all withdrawn , Epicurean and decadent figures , allow the intrusion of Gore Pirgu , a low @-@ class and uncultured self @-@ seeker , whose character comes to embody the new political class of Greater Romania . Researcher Constantin Amăriuței proposed that there is an intrinsic connection between Pirgu and Mitică , a voluble clerk depicted in several sketch stories by Ion Luca Caragiale , and best remembered as a stereotype of Bucharesters ; according to Amăriuței , Pirgu is " the eternal and real Mitică of the Romanian world " . According to Matei Călinescu , the story is intertextually shaped by two of Ion Luca 's prose works : one of them , titled Inspecțiune ... ( " Inspection ... " ) , is part of the Mitică cycle , while the other , Grand Hotel " Victoria română " , is one of the earliest depictions of anxiety in the literature of Romania . For Matei Călinescu , Pirgu and the other protagonists stand as allegories for a set of essentially Romanian traits that , he argues , were still observable in the early 21st century .
In direct reference to Craii ... , George Călinescu wrote : " Reality is transfigured , it becomes fantastical and a sort of Edgar Poe @-@ like unease agitates [ the main characters ] , these good @-@ for @-@ nothings of the old Romanian capital . " This , he argued , validated placing Caragiale 's novel among Surrealist writings , and alongside the works of eclectic authors such as Barbu and Ion Vinea . Literary historian Eugen Simion notes that Barbu believed himself thought Caragiale 's prose was equal in value to the poetry of Romania 's national poet Mihai Eminescu , and argues that this perspective was exaggerated .
Writing in 2007 , Cernat also noted a similarity between Vinea 's 1930 collection of novellas , Paradisul suspinelor ( " The Paradise of Sighs " ) , and Caragiale 's Craii ... , defining the two books as " poetic , mannerist and fantastic " , and stressing that they both portray decadent characters . Building on the observations of his older colleague Simion Mioc , Cernat commented that Vinea , Mateiu Caragiale , N. Davidescu and Adrian Maniu , all members of the same " post @-@ Symbolist " generation , ultimately traced their inspiration to Alexandru Macedonski and his Symbolist work Thalassa , Le Calvaire de feu . He also proposed that , less directly , Macedonski 's themes and style also influenced similar prose works by Arghezi and Urmuz .
Several critics and researchers have pointed
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factions . Ethiopian leader Mengistu 's attempt at the beginning of 1984 was also unsuccessful . Mengistu 's failure was followed on 24 January by a GUNT attack , supported by heavy Libyan armor , on the FANT outpost of Ziguey , a move mainly meant to persuade France and the African states to reopen negotiations . France reacted to this breach of the Red Line by launching the first significant air counter @-@ attack , bringing new troops into Chad and unilaterally raising the defensive line to the 16th parallel .
= = = French withdrawal = = =
To put an end to the deadlock , Gaddafi proposed on 30 April a mutual withdrawal of both the French and Libyan forces in Chad . French President François Mitterrand showed himself receptive to the offer , and on 17 September the two leaders publicly announced that the mutual withdrawal would start on 25 September , and be completed by 10 November . The accord was at first hailed by the media as proof of Mitterrand 's diplomatic skill and a decisive progress towards the solution of the Chadian crisis ; it also demonstrated Mitterrand 's intent of following a foreign policy independent from both the US and the Chadian government regarding Libya and Chad .
While France respected the deadline , the Libyans limited themselves to retiring some forces , while maintaining at least 3 @,@ 000 men stationed in Northern Chad . When this became evident , it embarrassed the French and caused recriminations between the French and Chadian governments . On 16 November , Mitterrand met with Gaddafi on Crete , under the auspices of the Greek prime minister Papandreou . Despite Gaddafi 's declaration that all Libyan forces had been withdrawn , the next day Mitterrand admitted that this was not true . However , he did not order French troops back to Chad .
According to Nolutshungu , the 1984 bilateral Franco @-@ Libyan agreement may have provided Gaddafi with an excellent opportunity to find an exit from the Chadian quagmire , while bolstering his international prestige and giving him an opportunity to force Habré into accepting a peace accord which would have included Libya 's proxies . Instead , Gaddafi misread France 's withdrawal as a willingness to accept Libya 's military presence in Chad and the de facto annexation of the whole BET Prefecture by Libya , an action that was certain to meet the opposition of all Chadian factions and of the OAU and UN . Gaddafi 's blunder would eventually bring about his defeat , with the rebellion against him of the GUNT and a new French expedition in 1986 .
= = = New French intervention = = =
During the period between 1984 and 1986 , in which no major clash took place , Habré greatly strengthened his position thanks to staunch US support and Libya 's failure to respect the Franco @-@ Libyan 1984 agreement . Also decisive was the increasing factional bickering that started plaguing the GUNT since 1984 , centered around the fight between Goukouni and Acheikh ibn Oumar over the organization 's leadership .
In this period , Gaddafi expanded his control over northern Chad , building new roads and erecting a major new airbase , Ouadi Doum , meant to better support air and ground operations beyond the Aouzou Strip . He also brought in considerable reinforcements in 1985 , raising Libyan forces in the country to 7 @,@ 000 troops , 300 tanks and 60 combat aircraft . While this build @-@ up took place , significant elements of the GUNT passed over to the Habré government , as part of the latter 's policy of accommodation .
These desertions alarmed Gaddafi , as the GUNT provided a cover of legitimacy to Libya 's presence in Chad . To put a halt to these and reunite the GUNT , a major offensive was launched on the Red Line with the goal of taking N 'Djamena . The attack , started on 10 February 1986 , involved 5 @,@ 000 Libyan and 5 @,@ 000 GUNT troops , and concentrated on the FANT outposts of Kouba Olanga , Kalait and Oum Chalouba . The campaign ended in disaster for Gaddafi , when a FANT counteroffensive on 13 February using the new equipment obtained from the French forced the attackers to withdraw and reorganize .
Most important was French reaction to the attack . Gaddafi had possibly believed that , due to the upcoming French legislative elections , Mitterrand would be reluctant to start a new risky and costly expedition to save Habré ; this evaluation proved wrong , as what the French President could not politically risk was to show weakness towards Libyan aggression . As a result , on 14 February Opération Epervier was started , bringing 1 @,@ 200 French troops and several squadrons of Jaguars to Chad . On 16 February , to send a clear message to Gaddafi , the French Air Force bombed Libya 's Ouadi Doum airbase . Libya retaliated the next day when a Libyan Tu @-@ 22 bombed the N 'Djamena Airport , causing minimal damage .
= = = Tibesti War = = =
The defeats suffered in February and March accelerated the disintegration of the GUNT . When in March , at a new round of OAU @-@ sponsored talks held in the People 's Republic of Congo , Goukouni failed to appear , many suspected the hand of Libya . These suspicions caused the defection from the GUNT of its vice president , Kamougué , followed by the First Army and the piecemeal FROLINAT Originel . In August , it was the CDR 's turn to leave the coalition , seizing the town of Fada . When in October Goukouni 's FAP attempted to retake Fada , the Libyan garrison attacked Goukouni 's troops , giving way to a pitched battle that effectively ended the GUNT . In the same month , Goukouni was arrested by the Libyans , while his troops rebelled against Gaddafi , dislodging the Libyans from all their positions in the Tibesti , and on 24 October went over to Habré .
To reestablish their supply lines and retake the towns of Bardaï , Zouar and Wour , the Libyans sent a task @-@ force of 2 @,@ 000 troops with T @-@ 62 tanks and heavy support by the Libyan Air Force into the Tibesti . The offensive started successfully , expelling the GUNT from its key strongholds , also through the use of napalm . This attack ultimately backfired , causing the prompt reaction of Habré , who sent 2 @,@ 000 FANT soldiers to link with the GUNT forces . Also Mitterrand reacted forcefully , ordering a mission which parachuted fuel , food , ammunition and anti @-@ tank missiles to the rebels , and also infiltrated military personnel . Through this action , the French made clear that they no longer felt committed to keep south of the Red Line , and were ready to act whenever they found it necessary .
While militarily Habré was only partly successful in his attempt to evict the Libyans from the Tibesti ( the Libyans would fully leave the region in March , when a series of defeats in the north @-@ east had made the area untenable ) , the campaign was a great strategic breakthrough for the FANT , as it transformed a civil war into a national war against a foreign invader , stimulating a sense of national unity that had never been seen before in Chad .
= = = Toyota War = = =
At the opening of 1987 , the last year of the war , the Libyan expeditionary force was still impressive , numbering 8 @,@ 000 troops and 300 tanks . However , it had lost the key support of its Chadian allies , who had generally provided reconnaissance and acted as assault infantry . Without them the Libyan garrisons resembled isolated and vulnerable islands in the Chadian desert . On the other side , the FANT was greatly strengthened , now having 10 @,@ 000 highly motivated troops , provided with fast @-@ moving and sand @-@ adapted Toyota trucks equipped with MILAN anti @-@ tank missiles . These trucks gave the name " Toyota War " to the last phase of the conflict .
Habré started , on 2 January 1987 , his reconquest of northern Chad with a successful attack on the well @-@ defended Libyan communications base of Fada . Against the Libyan army the Chadian commander Hassan Djamous conducted a series of swift pincer movements , enveloping the Libyan positions and crushing them with sudden attacks from all sides . This strategy was repeated by Djamous in March in the battles of B 'ir Kora and Ouadi Doum , inflicting crushing losses and forcing Gaddafi to evacuate northern Chad .
This in turn endangered Libyan control over the Aouzou Strip , and Aouzou fell in August to the FANT , only to be repelled by an overwhelming Libyan counter @-@ offensive and the French refusal to provide air cover to the Chadians . Habré readily replied to this setback with the first Chadian incursion in Libyan territory of the Chadian – Libyan conflict , mounting on 5 September a surprise and fully successful raid against the key Libyan air base at Maaten al
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fifth season premiere , which aired on September 25 , 2008 . Under the title Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four – Expanded , the box set consists of episodes with Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 surround sound and widescreen format . It also contained extras available only on DVD , including extended episodes , interviews with cast and crew members , footage from behind the scenes and unaired scenes cut from the aired episodes . The same set was released in region 4 on November 5 , 2009 , after more than a year after its original release in the United States , whereas its first release date in region 2 was November 23 , 2009 . The DVD box set is currently no . 1074 in Movies and Television on Amazon.com and no . 1927 in Film and Television on Amazon.co.uk. The season was also released as a five @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray box set in regions A and B. The Blu @-@ ray release proved unsuccessful and is currently no . 39614 in Movies and Television on Amazon.com
= Romualdas Marcinkus =
Romualdas Marcinkus ( 22 July 1907 – 29 March 1944 ) was a Lithuanian pilot . Marcinkus participated in an early trans @-@ European flight on 25 June 1934 , and was the only Lithuanian pilot to serve in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) during the Second World War . In his youth Marcinkus was a Lithuanian multifold football champion and a playing coach for the Lithuania national football team .
While serving in the Lithuanian Air Force , Marcinkus was a paratrooper instructor , and headed the aviation sport and physical education department , and during his later years coached a junior football team . A few months before the Soviet occupation of Lithuania early in the Second World War , Marcinkus left Lithuania and enlisted in the French Air Force . After the Battle of France and the French capitulation , Marcinkus escaped to Britain , where he flew for the RAF . As a pilot for No. 1 Squadron RAF , he took part in various missions , including escorting bombers and night combat . On 12 February 1942 , during Operation Cerberus , he was shot down , became a prisoner of war , and was sent to Stalag Luft III .
At Stalag Luft III Marcinkus became an active member of an underground group of prisoners who organized and executed the Great Escape . Marcinkus was responsible for analyzing the German railway schedules – a vital part of the plan . On the night of 25 March 1944 , Marcinkus became one of 76 servicemen who escaped the prison camp . After several days he was recaptured by the Gestapo and executed .
At the end of the Second World War , Lithuania lost its independence and Marcinkus was largely forgotten . His memory was kept alive by the Lithuanian émigré press . After Lithuania regained its independence in 1990 , more detailed accounts of his life were published there and abroad .
= = Early life = =
Marcinkus was born on 22 July 1907 in the provincial Lithuanian town of Jurbarkas . At the time Jurbarkas , as well of the rest of Lithuania , was part of the Russian Empire . Romualdas ' father , Pranas Marcinkus , served as a policeman in Jurbarkas , Tauragė , and Rumšiškės . His mother , Honorata Kroazė @-@ Marcinkienė , came from an urban family of French origins . Marcinkus ' cousin , Vanda Kroazė @-@ Šestakauskienė , stated that the Kroazė family 's origins in Lithuania began with a Frenchman named Courvoisier , who came to Lithuania with Napoleon 's army during the French invasion of Russia in the 19th century and married a local Lithuanian woman .
Romaualdas was the eldest of five children in the family . After his younger brother died during childhood he became the family 's only son . Following the First World War , Lithuania successfully re @-@ established its independence and the first gymnasium in Jurbarkas was established . Soon afterwords , Marcinkus attended the institution , and became passionate about sports , especially football . Romualdas , or Romas as his friends called him , played football for the local team . Marcinkus was known for his stamina and discipline among his peers .
= = In Lithuanian army service = =
At age 17 , Marcinkus moved from Jurbarkas to Kaunas , the temporary capital of Lithuania . In Kaunas , he attended the Higher German School . After graduating from the German School , he enrolled at the Kaunas Military School , intending to enlist in the Lithuanian army .
During this time the Lithuanian army was expanding and modernizing . The Lithuanian Air Force was especially targeted for rapid development and service in this branch was prestigious . Some of its earlier members such as Jurgis Dobke
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37 @-@ 800 , Boeing announced the end of 757 production . The 1,050th and last example , a 757 @-@ 200 built for Shanghai Airlines , rolled off the production line at the Renton factory on October 28 , 2004 , and was delivered on November 28 , 2005 , after several months of storage . With the conclusion of the 757 program , Boeing consolidated 737 assembly at its Renton factory , downsizing its facilities by 40 percent and shifting staff to different locations .
Since the end of production , most 757s have remained in service , mainly in the U.S. From 2004 to 2008 , the average fuel cost for typical mid @-@ range U.S. domestic 757 flights tripled , putting pressure on airlines to improve the fuel efficiency of their fleets . In May 2005 , the FAA granted regulatory approval for manufacturer @-@ sanctioned blended winglets from Aviation Partners Incorporated as a retrofit on the 757 @-@ 200 . The winglets improve fuel efficiency by five percent and increase range by 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) through the reduction of lift @-@ induced drag . Continental Airlines was the first carrier to order winglets for the 757 @-@ 200 , and in February 2009 became the first operator of 757 @-@ 300s with winglets .
In the 2010s , the 757 has remained the only narrow @-@ body aircraft in use by the large fleets of all three U.S. legacy carriers : American Airlines , Delta Air Lines and United Airlines . During this period , the 757 's capacity and range capabilities have remained largely unequaled among narrow @-@ body airliners ; when selecting replacement aircraft , airlines have had to either downsize to smaller single @-@ aisle aircraft in production with fewer seats and less range such as the 737 @-@ 900ER and A321 , or upsize to the larger , longer @-@ range 787 Dreamliner and A330 @-@ 200 wide @-@ body jets . The Tupolev Tu @-@ 204 , a narrow @-@ body twinjet introduced in 1989 with a design similar to the 757 's , is offered in a 200 @-@ seat version , which has seen limited production for mainly Russian customers . Within Boeing , the 215 @-@ seat , 3 @,@ 200 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 5 @,@ 930 km ) range 737 @-@ 900ER has been regarded as the closest aircraft in production to the 757 @-@ 200 .
= = = Replacement aircraft = = =
Boeing officials stated in 2011 that the manufacturer had no plans to develop a dedicated 200 @-@ seat airliner to replace its largest narrow @-@ body aircraft . Instead , a new airliner family , code @-@ named Y1 , was being considered for the 145- to 180 @-@ seat markets covered by the 737 @-@ 700 and 737 @-@ 800 . Stretched Y1 models or a medium @-@ range version of the 787 Dreamliner were possible replacements for the 757 . In 2012 , after shelving the Y1 project in favor of the redesigned and re @-@ engined 737 MAX family , Boeing indicated that the larger 737 MAX models ( particularly the largest and longest range variant , 737 MAX 9 ) would cover the bulk of the 757 replacement market . Company officials further emphasized that up to 95 percent of the 757 's current routes could be flown by the 737 MAX .
In 2014 , Airbus launched the Airbus A321neoLR , a model with three auxiliary fuel tanks and seating for 206 passengers . The European manufacturer states that the new variant will exceed the range of a 757 @-@ 200 with winglets and be more fuel @-@ efficient . In response , the options open to Boeing include developing and building a new aircraft , whose cost could reach US $ 15 billion , or revising and enhancing the 767 , as well as reengining and improving the wings of the existing 757 . Officials at Air Lease Corporation , which has ordered the Airbus A321neoLR , have urged Boeing to build an all @-@ new twin @-@ aisle airplane for 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 130 m ) runways . However , Boeing officials have declined to respond directly to Airbus ' decision to launch the A321neoLR , and have dismissed its rival 's projections of demand for 1 @,@ 000 aircraft ; instead , the company now considers the space between the 737 MAX 9 and the 787 @-@ 8 to be a niche , and foresees a more modest , incremental market . Boeing officials have also dismissed suggestions to reengine the 757 . Whether the 757 replacement market is commercially viable has been debated by aviation industry analysts , with some skeptics pointing to the fact that over 150 aircraft , or approximately 15 percent of the worldwide 757 fleet , are currently unused and parked in desert storage .
In early 2015 , Boeing disclosed that it was conducting studies for a long @-@ haul 757 successor aimed at transatlantic routes too long for the A321neoLR and 737 MAX 9 . Such an aircraft would carry more passengers than the 737 MAX and have more range than the 757 . A parallel development along with the 737 replacement , similar to when the 757 and 767 were developed in the 1970s , is under consideration . As of February 2015 , Boeing has not committed to a replacement ( which would be available after the 777X ) , but is polling customers such as United Airlines on how to fill the gap between the 737 MAX 9 and the 787 . Boeing calls the successor airliner " MOM " for Middle of Market . The airplane could likely seat 220 passengers and be sized between the 737 and 787 @-@ 8 Dreamliner .
= = Design = =
= = = Overview = = =
The 757 is a low @-@ wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit featuring a single fin and rudder . Each wing features a supercritical cross @-@ section and is equipped with five @-@ panel leading edge slats , single- and double @-@ slotted flaps , an outboard aileron , and six spoilers . The wings are largely identical across all 757 variants , swept at 25 degrees , and optimized for a cruising speed of Mach 0 @.@ 8 ( 533 mph or 858 km / h ) . The reduced wing sweep eliminates the need for inboard ailerons , yet incurs little drag penalty on short and medium length routes , during which most of the flight is spent climbing or descending . The airframe further incorporates carbon @-@ fiber reinforced plastic wing surfaces , Kevlar fairings and access panels , plus improved aluminum alloys , which together reduce overall weight by 2 @,@ 100 pounds ( 950 kg ) .
To distribute the aircraft 's weight on the ground , the 757 has a retractable tricycle landing gear with four wheels on each main gear and two for the nose gear . The landing gear was purposely designed to be taller than the company 's
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previous narrow @-@ body aircraft in order to provide ground clearance for stretched models . In 1982 , the 757 @-@ 200 became the first subsonic jetliner to offer carbon brakes as a factory option , supplied by Dunlop . The stretched 757 @-@ 300 features a retractable tailskid on its aft fuselage to prevent damage if the tail section contacts the runway surface during takeoff .
Besides common avionics and computer systems , the 757 shares its auxiliary power unit , electric power systems , flight deck , and hydraulic parts with the 767 . Through operational commonality , 757 pilots can obtain a common type rating to fly the 767 and share the same seniority roster with pilots of either aircraft . This reduces costs for airlines that operate both twinjets .
= = = Flight systems = = =
The 757 's flight deck uses six Rockwell Collins CRT screens to display flight instrumentation , as well as an electronic flight instrument system ( EFIS ) and an engine indication and crew alerting system ( EICAS ) . These systems allow the pilots to handle monitoring tasks previously performed by the flight engineer . An enhanced flight management system , improved over versions used on early 747s , automates navigation and other functions , while an automatic landing system facilitates CAT IIIb instrument landings in 490 feet ( 150 m ) low visibility conditions . The inertial reference system ( IRS ) which debuted with the 757 @-@ 200 was the first to feature laser @-@ light gyros . On the 757 @-@ 300 , the upgraded flight deck features a Honeywell Pegasus flight management computer , enhanced EICAS , and updated software systems .
To accommodate the same flight deck design as the 767 , the 757 has a more rounded nose section than previous narrow @-@ body aircraft . The resulting space has unobstructed panel visibility and room for an observer seat . Similar pilot viewing angles as the 767 result from a downward sloped cockpit floor and the same forward cockpit windows .
Three independent hydraulic systems are installed on the 757 , one powered by each engine , and the third using electric pumps . A ram air turbine is fitted to provide power for essential controls in the event of an emergency . A basic form of fly @-@ by @-@ wire facilitates spoiler operation , utilizing electric signaling instead of traditional control cables . The fly @-@ by @-@ wire system , shared with the 767 , reduces weight and provides for the independent operation of individual spoilers . When equipped for extended @-@ range operations , the 757 features a backup hydraulic motor generator and an additional cooling fan in the aircraft 's electronics bay .
= = = Interior = = =
The 757 interior allows seat arrangements of up to six per row with a single center aisle . Originally optimized for flights averaging two hours , the 757 features interior lighting and cabin architecture designs aimed at a more spacious impression . As on the 767 , garment @-@ bag @-@ length overhead bins and a rear economy @-@ class galley are standard equipment . The bins have twice the capacity as those on the preceding 727 . To save weight , honeycomb sandwich is used for interior paneling and bins . Unlike previous evacuation slide designs which are not equipped for water landings , the 757 's main exits feature combination slide rafts similar to those found on the 747 . In the 1980s , Boeing altered the interior designs of its other narrow @-@ body aircraft to be similar to that of the 757 .
In 1998 , the 757 @-@ 300 debuted a redesigned interior derived from the Next Generation 737 and 777 , including sculptured ceiling panels , indirect lighting , and larger overhead bins with an optional continuous handrail built into their base for the entire cabin length . Centerline storage containers mounted in the aisle ceiling for additional escape rafts and other emergency equipment were also added . The 757 @-@ 300 's interior later became an option on all new 757 @-@ 200s . In 2000 , with wheeled carry @-@ on baggage becoming more popular , Delta Air Lines began installing overhead bin extensions on their 757 @-@ 200s to provide additional storage space , and American Airlines did the same in 2001 . The larger bins are part of aftermarket interior upgrades which include updated ceiling panels and lighting .
= = Variants = =
The 757 was produced in standard and stretched lengths . The original 757 @-@ 200 debuted as a passenger model , and was subsequently developed into the 757 @-@ 200PF and 757 @-@ 200SF cargo models , as well as the convertible 757 @
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interview ,
I wanted to do the film on two or three levels – sound and picture would take us back , and we 'd go from one flashback to another , and then that flashback would go inside another flashback ... I wanted multiple layers because reading the Warren Commission Report is like drowning .
Partially due to a setback that occurred during editing , that saw all the time codes disappear , JFK would be the last film that Stone edited on film stock before he switched to digital editing .
Years after its release , Stone said of the film that it " was the beginning of a new era for me in terms of film making because it 's not just about a conspiracy to kill John Kennedy . It 's also about the way we look at our recent history ... It shifts from black and white to color , and then back again , and views people from offbeat angles . "
= = = Music = = =
Because of his enormous commitment to Steven Spielberg 's Hook , which opened the same month as JFK , composer John Williams did not have time to compose a conventional score for the entire film . Instead he composed and conducted six musical sequences in full for JFK before he saw the film in its entirety . Soon after recording this music , he traveled to New Orleans where Stone was still shooting the film and saw approximately an hour 's worth of edited footage and dailies . Williams remembers , " I thought his handling of Lee Harvey Oswald was particularly strong , and I understood some of the atmosphere of the film – the sordid elements , the underside of New Orleans . " Stone and his team then actually cut the film to fit Williams ' music after the composer had scored and recorded musical cues in addition to the six he had done prior to seeing the film . For the motorcade sequence , Williams described the score he composed as " strongly kinetic music , music of interlocking rhythmic disciplines . " The composer remembered the moment he learned of Kennedy 's assassination and it stuck with him for years . This was a significant factor in his deciding to work on the film . Williams said , " This is a very resonant subject for people of my generation , and that 's why I welcomed the opportunity to participate in this film . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reaction = = =
Based on 55 reviews collected from notable publications by popular review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an 84 % " fresh " approval rating , with the consensus , " As history , Oliver Stone 's JFK is dubious , but as filmmaking it 's electric , cramming a ton of information and excitement into its three @-@ hour runtime and making great use of its outstanding cast . " However , the film 's production and release was subject to intense scrutiny and criticism . A few weeks after shooting had begun , on May 14 , 1991 , Jon Margolis wrote in the Chicago Tribune that JFK was " an insult to the intelligence . " Five days later , the Washington Post ran a scathing article by national security correspondent George Lardner titled , " On the Set : Dallas in Wonderland " that used the first draft of the JFK screenplay to blast it for " the absurdities and palpable untruths in Garrison 's book and Stone 's rendition of it . " The article pointed out that Garrison lost his case against Clay Shaw and that he inflated his case by trying to use Shaw 's homosexual relationships to prove guilt by association . Stone responded to Lardner 's article by hiring a public relations firm that specialized in political issues . Other critical articles soon followed . Anthony Lewis in the New York Times stated that the film " tells us that our government cannot be trusted to give an honest account of a Presidential assassination . " Washington Post columnist George Will called Stone " a man of technical skill , scant education and negligible conscience . "
TIME magazine ran its own critique of the film @-@ in @-@ progress on June 10 , 1991 and alleged that Stone was trying to suppress a rival JFK assassination film based on Don DeLillo 's 1988 novel Libra . Stone rebutted these claims in a letter to the magazine . Richard Corliss , TIME 's film critic , wrote later on ( Dec. 23 , 1991 ) : So , you want to know , who killed the President and connived in the cover @-@ up ? Everybody ! High officials in the CIA , the FBI , the Dallas constabulary , all three armed services , Big Business and the White House . Everybody done it — everybody but Lee Harvey Oswald . Yet on the movie itself : Whatever one 's suspicions about its use or abuse of the evidence , JFK is a knockout . Part history book , part comic book , the movie rushes toward judgment for three breathless hours , lassoing facts and factoids by the thousands , then bundling them together into an incendiary device that would frag any viewer 's complacency . Stone 's picture is , in both meanings of the word , sensational : it 's tip @-@ top tabloid journalism . In its bravura and breadth , JFK is seditiously enthralling ; in its craft , wondrously complex .
The filmmaker ended up splitting his time between making his film , responding to criticism , and conducting a publicity campaign of his own that saw him " omnipresent , from CBS Evening News , to Oprah . " However , the Lardner Post piece stung the most because Lardner had stolen a copy of the script . Stone recalls , " He had the first draft , and I went through probably six or seven drafts . "
Upon theatrical release , it polarized critics . The New York Times ran an article by Bernard Weinraub entitled , " Hollywood Wonders If Warner Brothers let JFK Go Too Far . " The article called for intervention by the studio , asking " At what point does a studio exercise its leverage and blunt the highly charged message of a film maker like Oliver Stone ? " The newspaper also ran a review of the film by Vincent Canby who wrote , " Mr. Stone 's hyperbolic style of film making is familiar : lots of short , often hysterical scenes tumbling one after another , backed by a soundtrack that is layered , strudel @-@ like , with noises , dialogue , music , more noises , more dialogue . " Pat Dowell , veteran film critic for The Washingtonian , had her 34 @-@ word capsule review for the January issue rejected by her editor John Limpert on the grounds that he didn 't want a positive review for a film he felt was " preposterous " associated with the magazine . Dowell resigned in protest .
The Miami Herald said about the controversy in its review , " the focus on the trivialities of personality conveniently prevents us from having to confront the tough questions [ Stone 's ] film raises . " However , Roger Ebert praised the film in his review for the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , saying ,
The achievement of the film is not that it answers the mystery of the Kennedy assassination , because it does not , or even that it vindicates Garrison , who is seen here as a man often whistling in the dark . Its achievement is that it tries to marshal the anger which ever since 1963 has been gnawing away on some dark shelf of the national psyche .
Rita Kempley in the Washington Post wrote ,
Quoting everyone from Shakespeare to Hitler to bolster their arguments , Stone and Sklar present a gripping alternative to the Warren Commission 's conclusion . A marvelously paranoid thriller featuring a closetful of spies , moles , pro @-@ commies and Cuban freedom @-@ fighters , the whole thing might have been thought up by Robert Ludlum .
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the city . " In 1934 it was reported that before joining the police department he was a chauffeur for a coal merchant who was close to chief inspector William J. Lahey , who was believed to be Broderick 's sponsor in the department .
Broderick was put in charge of the Industrial Squad , a plainclothes unit was created in 1917 to monitor the labor movement , to keep it free from political radicals , Communists and racketeers , and to suppress violence during strikes . Broderick " had little patience with labor militants , " according to one history of the NYPD in that era , and he led the Industrial Squad in violent confrontations with the fur workers ' union , which was led by Communists , and railroad workers insurgents in 1926 and 1927 . Strikes in the city 's Garment District also turned violent , and in August 1925 Broderick 's nose was broken when he tried to disperse a crowd of striking garment workers .
In November 1926 the Gangster Squad was absorbed by the Industrial Squad , with Broderick in command . While commander of the Industrial Squad , Broderick received acclaim for his role in quelling an attempted prison break at The Tombs , the Manhattan prison , on November 3 , 1926 . He faced down two armed convicts , one of them mobster Hyman Amberg , in the Tombs yard after they had already killed two prison officials . Police said that the convicts , who were already wounded , committed suicide as Broderick approached .
He remained in charge of the Gangster and Industrial Squad until 1928 , when he received what The New York Times described as " lesser assignments . " After Fiorello LaGuardia became mayor in 1934 , Broderick and other police officers fell out of favor for connections with the Democratic Tammany Hall political machine . In 1934 , by then assigned to the Manhattan District Attorney 's office , he was reduced in rank to patrolman , his pay was cut by $ 1000 and he was transferred to Long Island City by police commissioner John F. O 'Ryan . Syndicated columnist Westbrook Pegler said at the time that Broderick " has been busted and sent out to walk a beat because he has enjoyed for some years the endorsement and assistance of some of the most pernicious Tammany politicians in the city . He was reinstated as detective third grade by O 'Ryan five months later after meeting with Broderick , saying that the original demotion was a result of " vague criticism regarding their political connections , " and that he was viewed by his current commander as a " model cop . " He was promoted to detective second grade in 1935 and detective first grade in 1939 .
On the Broadway beat , Broderick swiftly gained a reputation for violence . His fists were once described as " huge lethal pistons that could beat a man senseless in half a heartbeat , " and to " broderick " became Broadway slang for being knocked out by a single punch . His knuckles were broken many times . Once he knocked out the gangster Francis " Two Gun " Crowley with a single punch , even though Crowley was pointing a gun at him . He was said to have demanded that hoodlums tip their hat to him , and once was said to have gone to the funeral of a member of the Hudson Dusters gang and spat in his eye . Broderick would wrap a lead pipe in a newspaper , which allowed him to beat gangsters while it looked like he was giving them a friendly swat with a rolled @-@ up newspaper .
Broderick 's exploits were widely reported in the New York media , gaining him celebrity status . His tenth anniversary on the police department was commemorated by a dinner in his honor in January 1933 at the Della Robbia room of the Vanderbilt Hotel , attended by politicians and civic leaders including Tammany Hall district leader James J. Hines . Entertainment was provided , gratis , by Bill Robinson , Bert Lahr and Harry Richman . Hines was subsequently convicted of racketeering for protecting Harlem numbers rackets run by Dutch Schultz .
Broderick 's exploits were a mainstay of the New York newspapers . He tossed hoodlums who had been bothering women through a plate @-@ glass window , one by one , and then arrested them for malicious destruction of property , for which they were sentenced to 30 days in jail . He also disarmed a man who was robbing a crowded restaurant at Columbus Circle with two guns and a knife . He once reputedly responded to a threat from gangster Legs Diamond by emptying a trash bin over his head , and forced him to crawl away . Other accounts of the confrontation hold that Broderick dumped Diamond in the trash bin head @-@ first , while others say that Broderick knocked out Diamond with a single blow , with one account claiming that Diamond was left unconscious for 20 minutes . Broderick 's reputation for toughness was such that Jack Dempsey , the heavyweight boxing champion , once said of Broderick that " He 's the only I wouldn 't want to meet in a fight outside the ring and its rules . "
He would offer himself as an informal protection service for crime victims , especially young women , and personally beat up offenders .
Broderick worked often with Johnny Cordes , a two @-@ time winner of the department 's medal of honor , and Barney Ruditsky , whose exploits inspired the 1959 TV series The Lawless Years .
Broderick was often selected as a bodyguard for visiting celebrities . President Franklin D. Roosevelt requested that Broderick be his special bodyguard when he visited New York for the
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retained its Japanese voice track while text was localized . An aspect Ignition worked hard with was to make sure the localization was of good quality by working closely with their chosen localization partners . This was due to backlash received by fans and critics over the " lackluster " localization of Lux @-@ Pain , which had been beyond their control during development .
The game was published in Europe by Rising Star Games alongside other Marvelous products including Valhalla Knights : Eldar Saga and Arc Rise Fantasia . The English translation was carried over from the North American version , although the English language version underwent regional adjustment , and some minor faults were corrected . The game was also translated into French , Italian , German and Spanish , which made using the original translation more practical than creating a new one . Originally scheduled for November 2009 , it was first shifted into 2010 , then moved back into 2009 . The game released in Europe on November 6 of that year . Upon release in the United Kingdom , most retailers did not stock it : this was put down to a general attitude that it would not sell like prevalent franchises or games from mainstream genres . The game released in Australia on December 3 , 2009 .
= = = Muramasa Rebirth = = =
Muramasa Rebirth , released in Japan under its original title of Oboro Muramasa , is a port of Muramasa developed by Vanillaware for the PlayStation Vita . According to its development team , the Vita was chosen as the port 's platform over the more commercially successful Xbox 360 and PS3 due to the Vita 's OLED @-@ based screen , which they felt better portray the game 's palette . While content was cut from the original version , the team decided against going back and restoring it , instead creating new additional content . The controls were also adjusted to suit the new platform . Muramasa Rebirth was published in Japan by Marvelous AQL on March 28 , 2013 . The game 's Western release was handled by Aksys Games , which also created a new localization . Compared to the original version , which was described as a direct translation , Aksys Games ' version was more " flavorful " and more faithful to the original text . It released in North America on June 25 . It was released in Europe and Australia through PlayStation Network on October 16 .
In addition to the main game , four self @-@ contained stories were released as downloadable content ( DLC ) under the title Genroku Legends ( 元禄怪奇譚 , Genroku Kaikitan ) , featuring new characters within the Muramasa universe . For the new characters , swords are replaced by other weapons such as clubs and shurikens , but they otherwise play in the same way as Momohime and Kisuke . New music was created for the title under Sakimoto 's supervision : the four episodes were scored by Kudo , Chiba , Kaneda and Iwata respectively . The Vanillaware @-@ developed DLC launched in both Japan and the West between November 2013 and November 2014 : the final DLC 's Japanese release was delayed by over two months behind the Western release . A special edition of Muramasa Rebirth exclusive to Japan contained all four DLC episodes alongside the original content .
= = Reception = =
The Demon Blade received critical acclaim , garnering a score of 81 / 100 on Metacritic based on 58 critic reviews . In its review , Famitsu praised the art style , and called the battle system " absorbing " . Their main complaints were the lack of variety between characters and the story having no proper climax . Destructoid 's Conrad Zimmerman called it " a very solid title " , saying that while flawed in its story delivery and instances of repetition , its visuals were " absolutely beautiful " and it proved fun to play . IGN 's Mark Bozon was highly positive about the graphics and sound , but thought the backtracking might put some people off and said the story " may go over people ’ s heads " . Game Revolution writer Nick Tan enjoyed the game greatly , but admitted that its lack of depth reduced the score he could give it as a reviewer . Joe Juba , writing for Game Informer , found The Demon Blade " stunning " despite some missteps in its pacing and depth . GameSpot 's Tom Mc
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000 spectators .
After the tour concluded , the duo went into the studio to work on what was to be a reunion album . However , after increasingly acrimonious disagreements , Garfunkel dropped out of the project , which became Simon 's 1983 solo album Hearts and Bones .
Several years would pass before Simon & Garfunkel worked together again . Their next joint public appearance was in 1990 , when they performed for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . When Simon gave another free concert in Central Park on 15 August 1991 , he rejected Garfunkel 's offer to participate . However , they agreed to perform together in 1993 for 21 sold out concerts in New York , with half of the show being Paul Simon solo with a band and the other half Simon and Garfunkel . Later the same year , they did some charity concerts , including the Bridge School Benefit concerts and a benefit for United Way of Canada Children 's Charities at SkyDome in Toronto . Their next performance as a duo was in December 2003 , at New York 's Madison Square Garden . This concert was recorded , and released in December 2004 as the album Old Friends : Live on Stage .
Simon & Garfunkel 's Concert in Central Park raised around $ 51 @,@ 000 for Central Park . Benefit concerts by other musicians followed , and helped to raise awareness of the park 's state . With donations from the general public and with the help of wealthy benefactors , the park was restored during the 1980s and gained recognition as a major tourist attraction . As of 2011 , donations still make up the majority of its budget . Today concerts and other benefits are regularly held on the Great Lawn .
= = Chart performance and certification = =
= = = Album = = =
= Yermolayev Yer @-@ 2 =
The Yermolayev Yer @-@ 2 was a long @-@ range Soviet medium bomber used during World War II . It was developed from the Bartini Stal @-@ 7 prototype airliner before the war . It was used to bomb Berlin from airbases in Estonia after Operation Barbarossa in 1941 . Production was terminated in August 1941 to allow the factory to concentrate on building higher @-@ priority Ilyushin Il @-@ 2 ground @-@ attack aircraft , but was restarted at the end of 1943 with new , fuel @-@ efficient , Charomskiy ACh @-@ 30B aircraft Diesel engines .
Although designed as a long @-@ range medium bomber it was flown on tactical ground @-@ attack missions during the Battle of Moscow with heavy losses . The survivors were flown , in ever dwindling numbers , until August 1943 when the last examples were transferred to schools . However , the resumption of production in 1943 allowed the aircraft to resume combat operations in April 1945 . The Yer @-@ 2 remained in service with Long @-@ Range Aviation until replaced by four @-@ engined bombers at the end of the 1940s .
= = Development = =
Roberto Bartini had designed and built the Stal @-@ 7 airliner whilst he was the chief designer at the ZOK NII GVF ( Russian : Zavod Opytno Konstrooktorskoye Naoochno @-@ Issledovatel 'skiy Institoot Grazhdanskovo Vozdooshnovo Flota — " Factory for Special Construction at the Scientific Test Institute for the Civil Air Fleet " ) . The performance of the Stal @-@ 7 was extremely good , particularly in respect to its payload ; at gross overload weight over 56 % of the total weight was payload . During flight trials with maximum all @-@ up weight the prototype crashed on takeoff in early 1938 , resulting in the arrest of Bartini and his imprisonment in a Siberian Gulag in February 1938 . The Stal @-@ 7 lay unrepaired until Vladimir Yermolaev was appointed as chief designer at OKB @-@ 240 after Bartini 's arrest , with the task of transforming the Stal @-@ 7 design into a long @-@ range bomber , a task made easier since Bartini had reserved space for a bomb bay in the fuselage . After repair the Stal @-@ 7 carried on with the flight @-@ test programme , including a record @-@ breaking nonstop flight on 28 August 1939 when it flew Moscow — Sverdlovsk — Sevastopol — Moscow ; a distance of 5 @,@ 086 km ( 3 @,@ 160 mi ) at an average speed of 405 km / h ( 252 mph ) .
Preliminary design of the DB @-@ 240 ( Russian : dahl 'niy bombardirovschik — " long @-@ range bomber " ) , as the bomber version was designated , was completed by the beginning of 1939 and the construction of two prototypes began the following July . The DB @-@ 240 retained little apart from the general layout of the Stal @-@ 7 as the structure was almost completely redesigned . The pilot 's cockpit was offset to port to improve his downward view and the navigator / bomb aimer sat in the extensively glazed nose with a 7 @.@ 62 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 300 in ) ShKAS machine gun , the radio operator sat below and to starboard of the pilot and the dorsal gunner in a partially retractable turret with one 12 @.@ 7 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) Berezin UBT machine gun . Another Sh
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televised news coverage by RTÉ , Ireland 's public service broadcaster . According to RTÉ , " Their families were in deep mourning and Ireland mourned with them " .
According to Peter Taylor , the Provisional IRA 's gun and bomb attack on the loyalist Bayardo Bar in Belfast 's Shankill Road on 13 August was in retaliation for the Miami Showband ambush . Four Protestant civilians ( two men and two women ) and UVF member Hugh Harris were killed in the attack . Two days later , Portadown disc jockey Norman " Mooch " Kerr , aged 28 , was shot dead by the IRA as he packed up his equipment after a show at the Camrick Bar in Armagh . Although not a member of any loyalist paramilitary group , he was a close friend of Harris Boyle and the two were often seen together . The IRA said it killed him because of an alleged association with British Army officer and member of 14th Intelligence Company , Captain Robert Nairac , and claimed it was in possession of his diary , which had been stolen in Portadown .
= = = Gilford and Altnamachin attacks = = =
Over the following month , there were two similar attacks in the area .
The night after the Miami Showband massacre , gunmen opened fire on a minibus near Gilford . It had been travelling from Banbridge to Bleary with nine people on board ; all were Catholics and most had been returning from a regular bingo session . One report says it was stopped at a fake British Army checkpoint . Five Catholic civilians were shot ; passenger Joseph Toland was killed outright and driver James Marks died of his wounds in January 1976 . The attack was blamed on loyalists and Lost Lives — an account of every death in the conflict — states that reliable loyalist sources have confirmed the UVF was responsible . However , police have blamed the IRA . The RUC suggested the IRA had meant to attack a police minibus in revenge for the Miami killings , but had mistakenly attacked a civilian minibus instead . A report by the police 's Historical Enquiries Team ( HET ) also suggests this . The IRA has denied responsibility .
On 24 August 1975 , Catholic civilians Colm McCartney and Sean Farmer were stopped in their car at another fake British Army checkpoint at Altnamachin ( near Newtownhamilton ) . They were driving home from a Gaelic football match in Dublin . The two men were found shot dead nearby . Earlier that night , three RUC officers in an unmarked car had been stopped at the same checkpoint but allowed through . However , the officers suspected that the checkpoint was fake . After receiving radio confirmation that there were no authorised checkpoints in the area that night , they reported the incident and requested help from the British Army to investigate it , but no action was taken . RUC officer John Weir claims that UDR corporal Robert McConnell was involved in the attack .
= = = Convictions = = =
A number of suspects were arrested by the RUC in early August 1975 . One of these men , Lance @-@ Corporal Thomas Raymond Crozier ( aged 25 , a painting contractor from Lurgan ) of C Company , 11th Battalion UDR was charged with the Miami killings . It was believed he had been betrayed to the RUC by a member of the gang .
Thomas Crozier recounted that on the night of the killings , he had driven to the grounds of a school in Lurgan where he had picked up two men . He then drove to a lay @-@ by on the Newry @-@ Banbridge dual carriageway and met up with another five men , who were all wearing British Army uniforms . They subsequently set up a roadblock with " all the trappings of a regular military checkpoint " . Crozier told police , and later a court , that he had not played a large part in the attack . He refused to name his accomplices , as he felt that to do so would put the lives of his family in danger .
On 22 January 1976 , a second UDR soldier , Sergeant James Roderick Shane McDowell ( aged 29 , an optical worker , also from Lurgan ) was arrested and charged with the Miami killings . He served in C Company ,
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& roll band of the ' 90s " .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early years ( 1984 – 90 ) = = =
Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament were members of pioneering grunge band Green River during the mid @-@ 1980s . Green River toured and recorded to moderate success but disbanded in 1987 due to a stylistic division between the pair and bandmates Mark Arm and Steve Turner . In late 1987 , Gossard and Ament began playing with Malfunkshun vocalist Andrew Wood , eventually organizing the band Mother Love Bone . In 1988 and 1989 , the band recorded and toured to increasing interest and found the support of the PolyGram record label , which signed the band in early 1989 . Mother Love Bone 's debut album , Apple , was released in July 1990 , four months after Wood died of a heroin overdose .
Ament and Gossard were devastated by the death of Wood and the resulting demise of Mother Love Bone . Gossard spent his time afterwards writing material that was harder @-@ edged than what he had been doing previously . After a few months , Gossard started practicing with fellow Seattle guitarist Mike McCready , whose band , Shadow , had broken up ; McCready in turn encouraged Gossard to reconnect with Ament . After practicing for a while , the trio sent out a five @-@ song demo tape in order to find a singer and a drummer . They gave former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons the demo to see if he would be interested in joining the band and to distribute the demo to anyone he felt might fit the lead vocal position .
Irons passed on the invitation but gave the demo to his basketball buddy , San Diego , California singer Eddie Vedder . Vedder was the lead vocalist for a San Diego band , Bad Radio , and worked part @-@ time at a gas station . He listened to the tape shortly before going surfing , where lyrics came to him . He then recorded the vocals to three of the songs ( " Alive " , " Once " , and " Footsteps " ) in what he later described as a " mini @-@ opera " entitled Momma @-@ Son . Vedder sent the tape with his vocals back to the three Seattle musicians , who were impressed enough to fly Vedder up to Seattle for an audition . Within a week , Vedder had joined the band .
With the addition of Dave Krusen on drums , the band took the name Mookie Blaylock , in reference to the then @-@ active All @-@ Star basketball player . The band played its first official show at the Off Ramp Café in Seattle on October 22 , 1990 , and soon signed to Epic Records and renamed themselves Pearl Jam . In an early promotional interview , Vedder said that the name " Pearl Jam " was a reference to his great @-@ grandmother Pearl , who was married to a Native American and had a special recipe for peyote @-@ laced jam . In a 2006 Rolling Stone cover story however , Vedder admitted that this story was " total bullshit " , even though he indeed had a great @-@ grandma named Pearl . Ament and McCready explained that Ament came up with " pearl " , and that the band later settled on " Pearl Jam " after attending a concert by Neil Young , in which he extended his songs as improvisations of 15 – 20 minutes in length .
= = = Ten and the grunge explosion ( 1991 – 92 ) = = =
Pearl Jam entered Seattle 's London Bridge Studios in March 1991 to record its debut album , Ten . McCready said that " Ten was mostly Stone and Jeff ; me and Eddie were along for the ride at that time . " Krusen left the band in May 1991 after checking himself into rehabilitation ; he was replaced by Matt Chamberlain , who had previously played with Edie Brickell & New Bohemians . After playing only a handful of shows , one of which was filmed for the " Alive " video , Chamberlain left to join the Saturday Night Live band . Chamberlain suggested Dave Abbruzzese as his replacement . Abbruzzese joined the group and played the rest of Pearl Jam 's live shows supporting Ten .
Released on August 27 , 1991 , Ten ( named after Mookie Blaylock 's jersey number ) contained eleven tracks dealing with dark subjects like depression , suicide , loneliness , and murder . Ten 's musical style , influenced by classic rock , combined an " expansive harmonic vocabulary " with an anthemic sound . The album was slow to sell , but by the second half of 1992 it became a breakthrough success , being certified gold and reaching number two on the Billboard charts . Ten produced the hit singles " Alive " , " Even Flow " , and " Jeremy " . Originally interpreted as an anthem by many , Vedder later revealed that " Alive " tells the semi @-@ biographical tale of a son discovering that his father is actually his stepfather , while his mother ’ s grief turns her to sexually embrace her son , who strongly resembles the biological father . The song " Jeremy " ( sample ) and its accompanying video were inspired by a true story in which a high school student shot himself in front of his classmates . Ten stayed on the Billboard charts for nearly five years , and has gone on to become one of the highest @-@ selling rock records ever , going 13x platinum .
With the success of Ten , Pearl Jam became a key member of the Seattle grunge explosion , along with Alice in Chains , Nirvana , and Soundgarden . The band was criticized in the music press ; British music magazine NME said that Pearl Jam was " trying to steal money from young alternative kids ' pockets . " Nirvana 's Kurt Cobain angrily attacked Pearl Jam , claiming the band were commercial sellouts , and argued Ten was not a true alternative album because it had so many prominent guitar leads . Cobain later reconciled with Vedder , and they reportedly were on amicable terms before Cobain 's death in 1994 .
Pearl Jam toured relentlessly in support of Ten . Ament stated that " essentially Ten was just an excuse to tour , " adding , " We told the record company , ' We know we can be a great band , so let 's just get the opportunity to get out and play . ' " The band 's manager , Kelly Curtis , stated , " Once people came and saw them live , this lightbulb would go on . Doing their first tour , you kind of knew it was happening and there was no stopping it . " Early on in Pearl Jam 's career , the band became known for its intense live performances . Looking back at this time , Vedder said that " playing music and then getting a shot at making a record and at having an audience and stuff , it 's just like an untamed force ... But it didn 't come from jock mentality . It came from just being let out of the gates . " In 1992 , Pearl Jam made television appearances on Saturday Night Live and MTV Unplugged and took a slot on that summer 's Lollapalooza tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers , Soundgarden , and Ministry , among others . The band contributed two songs to the soundtrack of the 1992 Cameron Crowe film Singles : " State of Love and Trust " and " Breath " . Ament , Gossard and Vedder appeared in Singles under the name " Citizen Dick " ; their parts were filmed when Pearl Jam was known as Mookie Blaylock .
= = = Vs . , Vitalogy and dealing with success ( 1993 – 95 ) = = =
The band members grew uncomfortable with
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their success , with much of the burden of Pearl Jam 's popularity falling on frontman Vedder . While Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its video for " Jeremy " , including Video of the Year and Best Group Video , the band refused to make a video for " Black " in spite of pressure from the label . This action began a trend of the band refusing to make videos for its songs . Vedder felt that the concept of music videos robbed listeners from creating their own interpretations of the song , stating that " Before music videos first came out , you ’ d listen to a song with headphones on , sitting in a beanbag chair with your eyes closed , and you ’ d come up with your own visions , these things that came from within . Then all of a sudden , sometimes even the very first time you heard a song , it was with these visual images attached , and it robbed you of any form of self @-@ expression . " " Ten years from now , " Ament said , " I don 't want people to remember our songs as videos . "
Pearl Jam headed into the studio in early 1993 facing the challenge of following up the commercial success of its debut . McCready said , " The band was blown up pretty big and everything was pretty crazy . " Released on October 19 , 1993 , Pearl Jam 's second album , Vs . , sold 950 @,@ 378 copies in its first week of release and outperformed all other entries in the Billboard top ten that week combined . The album set the record for most copies of an album sold in its first week of release , which it held until broken by Garth Brooks ' 1998 album , Double Live . Vs. included the singles " Go " , " Daughter " , " Animal " , and " Dissident " . Paul Evans of Rolling Stone said , " Few American bands have arrived more clearly talented than this one did with Ten ; and Vs. tops even that debut . " He added , " Like Jim Morrison and Pete Townshend , Vedder makes a forte of his psychological @-@ mythic explorations ... As guitarists Stone Gossard and Mike McCready paint dense and slashing backdrops , he invites us into a drama of experiment and strife . " The band decided , beginning with the release of Vs . , to scale back its commercial efforts . The members declined to produce any more music videos after the massive success of " Jeremy " and opted for fewer interviews and television appearances . Industry insiders compared Pearl Jam 's tour that year to the touring habits of Led Zeppelin , in that the band " ignored the press and took its music directly to the fans . " During the Vs . Tour , the band set a cap on ticket prices in an attempt to thwart scalpers .
By 1994 , Pearl Jam was " fighting on all fronts " , as its manager described the band at the time . Reporter Chuck Philips broke a series of stories showing that Ticketmaster was gouging Pearl Jam 's customers . Pearl Jam was outraged when , after it played a pair of shows in Chicago , Illinois , it discovered that ticket vendor Ticketmaster had added a service charge to the tickets . Pearl Jam was committed to keeping their concert ticket prices down but Fred Rosen of Ticketmaster , refused to waive the service charge . Since Ticketmaster controlled most major venues , the band was forced to create from scratch its own outdoor stadiums in rural areas in order to perform . Pearl Jam ’ s efforts to organize a tour without the ticket giant collapsed which Pearl Jam said was evidence of Ticketmaster 's monopoly . An analysis of journalist Chuck Philips investigative series in a well known legal monograph concluded that it was hard to imagine a legitimate reason for Ticketmaster ’ s exclusive contracts with venues and contracts which covered such a lengthy period of time . The authors said , “ The pervasiveness of Ticketmaster 's exclusive agreements , coupled with their excessive duration and the manner in which they are procured , supported a finding that Ticketmaster had engaged in anticompetitive conduct under section 2 of the Sherman Act . ”
The United States Department of Justice was investigating the company 's practices at the time and asked the band to create a memorandum of its experiences with the company . Band members Gossard and Ament testified at a subcommittee investigation on June 30 , 1994 in Washington , D.C. Pearl Jam alleged that Ticketmaster used anti @-@ competitive and monopolistic practices to gouge fans . After Pearl Jam ’ s testimony before Congress , Congressman Dingell ( D @-@ Mich . ) wrote a bill requiring full disclosure to prevent Ticketmaster from burying escalating service fees . Pearl Jam ’ s manager said he was gratified that Congress recognized the problem as a national issue . The band eventually canceled its 1994 summer tour in protest . After the Justice Department dropped the case , Pearl Jam continued to boycott Ticketmaster , refusing to play venues that had contracts with the company . The band tried to work around Ticketmaster 's exclusive contracts by hosting charities and benefits at major venues , because the exclusive contracts often contained a clause allowing charity event promoters to sell their own tickets . Music critic Jim DeRogatis noted that along with the Ticketmaster debacle , " the band has refused to release singles or make videos ; it has demanded that its albums be released on vinyl ; and it wants to be more like its ' 60s heroes , The Who , releasing two or three albums a year . " He also stated that sources said that most of the band 's third album Vitalogy was completed by early 1994 , but that either a forced delay by Epic or the battle with Ticketmaster were to blame for the delay .
Pearl Jam wrote and recorded while touring behind Vs. and the majority of the tracks for its next album , Vitalogy , were recorded during breaks on the tour . Tensions within the band had dramatically increased by this time . Producer Brendan O 'Brien said , " Vitalogy was a little strained . I 'm being polite — there was some imploding going on .
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