text
stringlengths 1.33k
148k
| length_category
stringclasses 4
values | source
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|
new movie ... from the makers of The Queen " and the DVD was marketed as " The Prequel to The Queen " , even though the film was made and originally released before The Queen .
= = Reception = =
Reviews of the film following a press screening were generally positive . The Guardian published a number of reviews by politicians and political aides ; Charlie Whelan called it " enjoyable , if not entirely accurate " , complaining that he was portrayed unsympathetically in comparison to Peter Mandelson — " the Prince of Darkness " . Whelan was highly complimentary of Morrissey 's performance , but criticised Morgan 's script for portraying Brown as he was publicly perceived . Michael Portillo , the Secretary of State for Defence during the time that Blair was Leader of the Opposition , wrote a positive account of the film , using his review as a platform to recall the events surrounding the 1992 general election . Tim Allan , Blair 's deputy press secretary for four years , called it " cracking stuff " , highlighting the leads ' performances and the fact @-@ based nature of the script .
Mark Davies , the political reporter for BBC News Online , criticised the script 's bias towards Brown and Sheen 's apparently negative performance ; " Michael Sheen at first plays Blair in the style of Spitting Image 's David Steel puppet : bounding along next to his far superior colleague like an over @-@ eager puppy . The actor later transforms Blair into something more sinister and cynical [ … ] Think Rik Mayall 's Alan B 'stard . " As with other critics , Davies admired Morrissey 's performance , singling out the actor 's grasp of Brown 's physical tics . For the Daily Express , James Rampton singled out the balance of drama and humour . Upon broadcast in the United States — and in retrospect of The Queen — The Boston Globe 's Matthew Gilbert called it " tightly written and effectively acted , and yet it still plays more like a docudramatic re @-@ creation than a Shakespearean glimpse at brotherly tension . " Of Morrissey , Gilbert wrote " He brings depth to Brown , a Scot , as a moody , private workaholic whose passion is in ideas and not in performing to the public . "
The drama won the British Academy Television Award for Best Single Drama and Morrissey won the RTS Programme Award for Male Actor . It was nominated in the RTS category for Best Single Drama and the International Emmy Award category for Best TV Movie or Miniseries . Frears was nominated in the Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television Movie / Serial category at the inaugural Directors Guild of Great Britain awards .
= = Follow @-@ ups = =
= = = The Queen ( 2006 ) = = =
Frears had a clause in his contract that allowed him to direct any sequels . The success of The Deal prompted the production team to consider a new film — possibly surrounding Britain 's commitment to the war in Iraq . In 2004 , production was announced that the first follow @-@ up would be produced for a theatrical film release in 2006 , The Queen ; that dramatises the weeks following the death of Princess Diana on 31 August 1997 . Langan described the film as not being a direct sequel , only that it reunited the same creative team .
= = = The Special Relationship ( 2010 ) = = =
A second follow @-@ up was written by Morgan , The Special Relationship chronicles the " special relationship " between Blair and US President Bill Clinton from 1997 to 2001 . The film was first proposed by Morgan as the third chapter in a " Blair trilogy " , shortly after The Queen was released and Blair 's resignation , and would have covered Blair 's special relationship with Clinton and also George W. Bush . There was early speculation that Left Bank Pictures and BBC Films would be involved in production , as Morgan had " promised " the script to Christine Langan and Andy Harries . By December 2008 , it had been announced that Kathleen Kennedy would be producing and Morgan would be directing . In March 2009 , it was announced that Dennis Quaid would play the role of Clinton and Hope Davis would portray his wife Hillary . Morgan pulled out of directing the film in June 2009 and was replaced by Richard Loncraine . Filming on location in London ran from 20 July to 4 September 2009 . The film , a Rainmark Films production for HBO Films and BBC Films was first broadcast on the HBO networks in North America on 29 May 2010 .
= = = Possible Brown film = = =
In a radio interview with Kate Silverton in August 2010 , Andy Harries spoke of early plans for a television film about " the Brown exit " , though explained that such a film was " two or three years away " .
= Todd Bertuzzi =
Todd Bertuzzi ( born February 2 , 1975 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey winger of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Known as a power forward , he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders , Vancouver Canucks , Florida Panthers , Anaheim Ducks , Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings .
Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft , he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) for four seasons . In 1995 – 96 , he played his rookie season with the Islanders . After two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half seasons with the Islanders , he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks . Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks — his longest tenured team in the NHL — including NHL First Team All @-@ Star honours in 2003 .
After seven @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half seasons with Vancouver , Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers , with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings . He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there . Internationally , Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships .
In March 2004 , Bertuzzi assaulted Steve Moore during a regular season game , ending Moore 's hockey career .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Guelph Storm ( 1991 – 95 ) = = =
After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury , Ontario in 1990 – 91 , Bertuzzi was selected in the first round ( fifth overall ) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) Priority Selection . His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks , Marc Crawford , passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals ; he has recalled not selecting him due to " maturity issues " and that he was " a big kid who hadn 't grown into his body yet . " Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991 – 92 , recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie . He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers . After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992 – 93 , he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft . The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net .
Following his NHL draft , he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993 . As a result ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
first time that Turunen had written songs . She was supported by some professional songwriters . The choir and orchestral arrangements were written by film music composer James Dooley . Turunen released My Winter Storm , an album featuring various styles , including symphonic metal with classical " operatic " lead vocals , in November 2007 . The album took the number one spot on the Finnish charts , and went platinum in Finland double platinum in Russia and gold in Germany .
She was nominated for an Echo as best newcomer and an Emma for best Finnish artist . On November 25 , 2007 , Turunen embarked on the Storm World Tour to promote My Winter Storm . She performed 95 concerts throughout Europe , North and South America and ended the tour in October 2009 at the O2 Academy Islington in London . In December 2008 , the EP The Seer was released in the UK and the new extended edition of My Winter Storm released on January 2 , 2009 .
She also contributed three songs to the Finnish charity Christmas album Maailman kauneimmat joululaulut ( Finnish for " The World 's Most Beautiful Christmas Songs " ) released on November 18 , 2009 . In December 2009 she recorded her vocal part for the song " The Good Die Young " , a duet with Klaus Meine which is included on the final Scorpions album Sting in the Tail .
Turunen recorded her third album , What Lies Beneath , in 2009 and 2010 ; it was released on September 1 , 2010 . The album combined metal with classical " operatic " elements in an out of the box approach . She started the What Lies Beneath World Tour performing in several festivals , including the Wacken Open Air and the Graspop Metal Meeting , with special concerts at Miskolc Opera Festival and at the Masters of Rock , when she performed accompanied by a full orchestra . The tour is scheduled to last until April 2012 . Also in 2010 she supported Alice Cooper on the German leg of his Theatre of Death Tour . On July 17 , 2011 , she sang again at the Savonlinna Opera Festival along with José Cura and accompanied by the Kuopio Symphony Orchestra .
On February 27 , 2012 during her What Lies Beneath World Tour concert in Brussels , Turunen announced that she will be working on a new album after completing the tour . During the concert she already presented 2 new songs .
In March 2012 , Turunen won the title ' Europe 's best crossover performer ' with over 100 @.@ 000 votes .
In May 2013 , Turunen announced the title of her 4th solo album , Colours in the Dark , in which was released on August 30 – on May 31 the song " Never Enough " was released as a teaser . Later this year , in September , it was revealed that Turunen would appear as guest vocalist on the title track and video of Within Temptation 's EP Paradise
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, released on September 27 .
In January 2014 , Turunen revealed through her blog that she would soon return to the studio and record vocals for a couple of songs for her Outlanders project together with Torsten Stenzel & Walter Giardino . One song has already been recorded and played for the public in Finland two years back .
In May 30 , 2014 , it was released the DVD Beauty and the Beat ( Tarja album ) , providing live footage from 3 concerts as part of the Beauty and the Beat World Tour . The DVD shows Tarja performing live with a symphonic orchestra , choir and Mike Terrana on drums , showing an amazing versatility from the singer who easily adapts her vocal techniques to suit a variety of repertoire , ranging from Antonín Dvořák 's " Song to the Moon " - from Rusalka ( opera ) , to Led Zeppelin 's classics such as Kashmir ( song ) , among others , and also including on the setlist , a live version of the rarely performed song - " Swanheart " - from the 1998 Nightwish album Oceanborn . On the same year , in July 4 , Left in the Dark ( Tarja album ) was released as an EP containing alternative versions from Tarja 's album Colours in the Dark ( album ) , as well as a studio version of Into the Sun ( Tarja song ) .
In October 17 , 2015 , Tarja performed two new songs from her forthcoming album . No Bitter End and Goldfinger which is a cover of a song from a movie with the same name .
After the success of Colours ... Tarja now revealed that she is going to release a new album in summer of 2016 . She explains that she has been working hard once again with Tim Palmer to create the heaviest sound so far of her career for her fourth Rock Album .. She also explained that the album will follow in the same footsteps as her other albums but with a new soul and growth . A teaser with a snippit of two songs was then released on her official youtube channel . On the 17th of February , 2016 , Tarja also revealed the first letter of the album name which is T.
= = Singing style = =
= = = Development = = =
Along with visiting the music school in Savonlinna , Turunen began serious classical vocal training at 17 . After school , she began studying music ( with a specialization in church music ) at the Sibelius Academy . Due to her commitment with Nightwish , she had to interrupt her academic studies .
From 2001 to 2003 she studied at the music academy Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe , where she trained as a soloist with further specialization in art song . Turunen originally applied to train as a choir singer . At the audition she attracted the attention of professor Mitsuko Shirai , who encouraged Turunen to apply for soloist training .
As a classical singer , Turunen sings with classical vocal technique . She explained that in the early days of Nightwish , it was difficult to combine classical technique with the metal sound in a way that gave her liberty of action without damaging her vocal cords . Classical techniques helped her to play with her voice , so she decided not to pursue extra training in rock / pop singing .
Towards the turn of the millennium , the combination of hard and fast guitar riffs with classical female lead vocals attracted a great deal of attention in the metal scene . The new music style of Nightwish quickly achieved critical and commercial popularity ; this symphonic metal style was soon dubbed " opera metal " . Turunen does not see herself as an opera singer . She has sung excerpts from operas at the Savonlinna Opera Festival , but she stresses that singing opera cannot be performed as a side project . She would need special training to perfectly sing an entire opera without a microphone .
When asked how the association between the opera and metal genres may have arisen , Turunen said that despite the obvious differences , the two music styles have some similarities :
The scenes are very similar . There are many people who would never go to an opera and the same goes for metal . But the real fans are incredibly loyal . And both styles are bombastic and express strong emotions .
From the first Nightwish album Angels Fall First ( 1997 ) on , critics described Turunen 's vocals using adjectives such as angelic or valkyrian . The Valkyrie image was later fostered by the second video for the single " Sleeping Sun " in which Turunen walks on a battlefield as if she were guiding the dead warriors .
On the following albums the singing was technically more complex . On the Nightwish album Oceanborn ( 1998 ) , her classical vocal training was much more noticeable . For the song " Passion and the Opera " , Turunen performed a staccato coloratura reminiscent of the aria " Hell 's vengeance boils in my heart " , sung by the soprano role
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
= =
As the name suggests , New Texas Giant is located within the Texas section of Six Flags Over Texas . It was Rocky Mountain Construction 's first installation of I @-@ Box track . New Texas Giant operates with three trains manufactured by Gerstlauer . The trains are themed to 1961 Cadillac Devilles . Each train is made up of six cars , each seating riders in two rows of two . Riders are restrained through the use of an individual hydraulic lap bar and a seat belt .
The table below compares the original Texas Giant , with the updated New Texas Giant ride . The original ride by Dinn Corporation was 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) smaller than its Rocky Mountain Construction counterpart . As a result , the refurbished ride features a steeper and longer first drop , and thus achieves a faster speed . Additionally , a 540 ° helix after the mid @-@ course brake run was converted into a 180 ° turnaround resulting in the track length of the ride being shortened by approximately 400 feet ( 120 m ) .
= = Ride experience = =
The New Texas Giant begins with a right turn out of the station . This leads directly to a 153 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 47 m ) chain lift hill . Once at the top , riders drop 147 feet ( 45 m ) at an angle of 78 ° . A double up leads into a 90 ° overbanked turn , a dip and a 95 ° overbanked turn . Another dip and rise leads the train into a 115 ° overbanked turn . The exit from the overbanked turn leads into a small air @-@ time hill , which delivers the greatest negative g @-@ force on the ride , before ascending up into the mid @-@ course brake run . The train drops from the brake run and continues through a series of low @-@ to @-@ the @-@ ground air @-@ time hills and directional changes . This runs through three separate tunnels , finishing with the final brake run and short path back to the station .
= = Reception = =
The original Texas Giant was well received , though its popularity had declined towards the end of its operation . Following its 2010 renovation , the ride 's popularity returned .
In Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards Texas Giant ranked as the number one wooden roller coaster for 1998 and 1999 . Its ranking slowly declined to position 32 in 2009 , its final year of operation as a wooden roller coaster . Following its 2010 renovation , the New Texas Giant again ranked highly in the Golden Ticket Awards ( this time amongst steel roller coasters ) , achieving ranks of 6 and 5 in 2011 and 2012 , respectively . The ride also won a Golden Ticket Award for being the Best New Ride of 2011 .
= Rings of Neptune =
The rings of Neptune consist primarily of five principal rings and were first discovered ( as " arcs " ) in 1984 in Chile by Patrice Bouchet , Reinhold Häfner and Jean Manfroid at La Silla Observatory ( ESO ) during an observing program proposed by André Brahic and Bruno Sicardy from Paris Observatory , and at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory by F. Vilas and L.-R. Elicer for a program led by William Hubbard . They were eventually imaged in 1989 by the Voyager 2 spacecraft . At their densest , they are comparable to the less dense portions of Saturn 's main rings such as the C ring and the Cassini Division , but much of Neptune 's ring system is quite tenuous , faint and dusty , more closely resembling the rings of Jupiter . Neptune 's rings are named after astronomers who contributed important work on the planet : Galle , Le Verrier , Lassell , Arago , and Adams . Neptune also has a faint unnamed ring coincident with the orbit of the moon Galatea . Three other moons orbit between the rings : Naiad , Thalassa and Despina .
The rings of Neptune are made of extremely dark material , likely organic compounds processed by radiation , similar to that found in the rings of Uranus . The proportion of dust in the rings ( between 20 % and 70 % ) is high , while their optical depth is low to moderate , at less than 0 @.@ 1 . Uniquely , the Adams ring includes five distinct arcs , named Fraternité , Égalité 1 and 2 , Liberté , and Courage . The arcs occupy a narrow range of orbital longitudes and are remarkably stable , having changed only slightly since their initial detection in 1980 . How the arcs are stabilized is still under debate . However , their stability is probably related to the resonant interaction between the Adams ring and its inner shepherd moon , Galatea .
= = Discovery and observations = =
The first mention of rings around Neptune dates back to 1846 when William Lassell , the discoverer of Neptune 's largest moon Triton , thought he had seen
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, the mills were producing 70 @,@ 000 tons of black powder per year . The mills operated until 1912 , when the Du Pont company moved the machinery to Moosic due to increasing costs of shipping black powder and also a desire to consolidate operations . Only ruins remain today . There were still some gristmills on the creek as late as 1955 .
The artist Thomas Addison Richards created a graphite @-@ on @-@ wove @-@ paper drawing of Big Wapwallopen Creek in 1852 . The Crystal Spring Water Company was chartered on April 11 , 1861 . It got its water supply from the upper reaches of the watershed of Big Wapwallopen Creek . In the 1800s , F.K. Miller constructed a tannery on a tributary of the creek in southeastern Dorrance Township . By 1865 , the community of Dorrance had a gristmill , four sawmills , and a tavern on the creek .
Historically , there was a timbering industry in the watershed of Big Wapwallopen Creek . It was carried out by J.C. Patterson . However , the timbering was completed by the 1870s on several properties . In the early 1900s , the main industry in the watershed of Big Wapwallopen Creek was agriculture . However , the creek 's main stem and Crystal Lake were used as a water supply by the Spring Brook Water Supply Company . A small hydroelectric plant and several mills operated in the lower reaches of the creek . In the early 1900s , the main population centers in the watershed included Wapwallopen , Hobbie , and Briggsville . Their populations were 450 , 113 , and 60 , respectively . The Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey historically passed through the upper part of the creek 's watershed and the Wilkes @-@ Barre and Hazleton Railway also passed through the creek 's drainage basin . The Albert Methodist Church was moved from the Powder Glen near Wapwallopen in the early 1900s and dedicated in 1927 .
In March 1936 , Big Wapwallopen Creek flooded in Rice Township to a depth of 18 inches ( 46 cm ) over Nuangola Road . The two largest floods in Hollenback Township occurred in August 1955 and June 1972 . During these flooding events , discharge of Big Wapwallopen Creek at the Hobbie Road Bridge was 3140 and 5410 cubic feet per second , respectively . The gage heights were 9 @.@ 23 feet ( 2 @.@ 81 m ) and 11 @.@ 04 feet ( 3 @.@ 36 m ) , respectively . The floodwaters reached a depth of 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) on Hobbie Road and many nearby homes were flooded .
A metal truss bridge carries T @-@ 392 / Faux Road over Big Wapwallopen Creek . It is 44 @.@ 0 feet ( 13 @.@ 4 m ) long . A masonry arch bridge with a length of 26 @.@ 9 feet ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) was built across the creek in 1897 and repaired in 1963 . Another metal truss bridge was built over the creek in 1908 and is 85 @.@ 0 feet ( 25 @.@ 9 m ) long . Three concrete tee beam bridges with lengths of 40 @.@ 0 feet ( 12 @.@ 2 m ) , 42 @.@ 0 feet ( 12 @.@ 8 m ) , and 46 @.@ 9 feet ( 14 @.@ 3 m ) were constructed over the creek in 1925 and the third was repaired in 1963 . A concrete slab bridge with a length of 29 @.@ 9 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) was built across the creek in 1930 and a concrete tee beam with a length of 34 @.@ 1 feet ( 10 @.@ 4 m ) was built over the creek in 1957 . A prestressed box beam or girders bridge with a length of 68 @.@ 9 feet ( 21 @.@ 0 m ) was built over it in 1958 . Another bridge of the same type , but with two spans and a length of 99 @.@ 1 feet ( 30 @.@ 2 m ) was built over the creek in 1961 .
Two prestressed box beam or girders bridges with three spans were built across Big Wapwallopen Creek in 1965 and repaired in 1982 . Both carried Interstate 81 and were 144 @.@ 0 feet ( 43 @.@ 9 m ) long . A concrete culvert bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 239 was built over the creek in 1970 . This bridge is 65 @.@ 0 feet ( 19 @.@ 8 m ) long . A prestressed box beam or girders bridge with a length of 37 @.@ 1 feet ( 11 @.@ 3 m ) was built over the creek in 1993 . A prestressed box beam or girders bridge with a length of 44 @.@ 0 feet ( 13 @.@ 4 m ) was constructed across the creek in 1996 .
The Big Wapwallopen Creek Watershed Association is based on Dorrance .
= = Biology = =
The drainage basin of Big Wapwallopen Creek is designated by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery . Wild trout naturally reproduce in the creek from its headwaters downstream to its mouth . They also do so in all three of the creek 's named tributaries . A 4 @.@ 7 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 6 km ) long stretch of the creek from Crystal Lake to a powerline crossing upstream of Nuangola Road is designated as Class A Wild Trout Waters for both brook trout and brown trout . The tributaries Bow Creek and Balliet Run are also Class A Wild Trout Waters .
Big Wapwallopen Creek is stocked with trout . It was stocked with rainbow trout a month before the fishing season in 2014 , on March 5 . It has also been stocked with brook trout at times . Minnows and suckers have been observed within the creek .
A major fish kill occurred in Big Wapwallopen Creek in 1967 . A tank of a caustic substance was accidentally overturned and its contents spilled into the creek , polluting it for a stretch running from approximately 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) from the tributary Bow Creek to Legion Road / Legislative Route 40112 . Approximately 4000 fish were killed , most of them minnows , suckers , and trout .
Hemlock trees form a canopy over Big Wapwallopen Creek in some places . The Wapwallopen Gorge is listed as a Locally Significant site on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory . Hemlock and yellow birch are common at the gorge 's upper end . However , river birch and sycamore are more common at the lower end of the gorge . The area has been affected by trash dumping and graffiti . There are riparian forests along Big Wapwallopen Creek in the American Legion Post 781 land tract . The tract of land also contains some wet areas such as vernal pools and marshes . These areas provide breeding grounds for reptiles , amphibians , fish , and aquatic invertebrates .
= = Recreation = =
It is possible to canoe on 10 @.@ 3 miles ( 16 @.@ 6 km ) of Big Wapwallopen Creek during snowmelt or within two days of heavy rain . The difficulty rating ranges from 1 to 2 + , though at least one of the waterfalls in the Wapwallopen Gorge is unrunnable . Edward Gertler 's book Keystone Canoeing describes the scenery as " good to excellent " and describes the creek as " short and scenic " and a " clear brook " . There are also hiking opportunities along the lower reaches of the creek .
There are also three swimming holes , known collectively as the Powder Hole , on Big Wapwallopen Creek . As of 2001 , these have the highest injury and death rate of any swimming hole in the area . Between 1986 and 2001 , at least three people died
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
at the swimming holes and three others were severely injured .
A Jewish camp known as Camp Davidowitz was historically situated along Big Wapwallopen Creek . It was 16 miles ( 26 km ) from Hazleton and had an area of 20 acres ( 8 @.@ 1 ha ) .
As of 1998 or 2006 , the Lance Corporation owns the Wapwallopen Gorge . They permit public access for recreational purposes . The creek is designated as Approved Trout Waters from a powerline crossing upstream of Nuangola Road downstream to county road . In 2016 , it opened for trout fishing on April 16 .
= Scyllarides latus =
Scyllarides latus , the Mediterranean slipper lobster , is a species of slipper lobster found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern Atlantic Ocean . It is edible and highly regarded as food , but is now rare over much of its range due to overfishing . Adults may grow to 1 foot ( 30 cm ) long , are camouflaged , and have no claws . They are nocturnal , emerging from caves and other shelters during the night to feed on molluscs . As well as being eaten by humans , S. latus is also preyed upon by a variety of bony fish . Its closest relative is S. herklotsii , which occurs off the Atlantic coast of West Africa ; other species of Scyllarides occur in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Indo @-@ Pacific . The larvae and young animals are largely unknown .
= = Distribution = =
Scyllarus latus is found along most of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea ( one exception being the northern Adriatic Sea ) , and in parts of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from near Lisbon in Portugal south to Senegal , including the islands of Madeira , the Azores , the Selvagens Islands and the Cape Verde Islands . In Senegal , it occurs together with a related species Scyllarides herklotsii , which it closely resembles .
= = Description = =
S. latus can grow to a total body length about 45 centimetres ( 18 in ) , although rarely more than 30 cm ( 12 in ) . This is equivalent to a carapace length of up to 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) . An individual may weigh as much as 1 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 3 @.@ 3 lb ) . As in all slipper lobsters , the second pair of antennae are enlarged and flattened into " shovels " or " flippers " . Despite the name " lobster " , slipper lobsters such as Scyllarides latus have no claws , and nor do they have the protective spines of spiny lobsters . Instead , the exoskeleton , and particularly the carapace , are thicker than in clawed lobsters and spiny lobsters , acting as resilient armour . Adults are cryptically coloured , and the carapace is covered in conspicuous , high tubercles .
= = Ecology = =
= = = Substrate = = =
S. latus lives on rocky or sandy substrates at depths of 4 – 100 metres ( 13 – 328 ft ) . They shelter during the day in natural dens , on the ceilings of caves , or in reefs , preferring situations with more than one entrance or exit .
= = = Diet = = =
The diet of S. latus consists generally of molluscs . The preferred prey is , according to different sources , either limpets or bivalves . The prey , which S. latus can detect even under 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) of sediment , is opened by careful use of the strong pointed pereiopods . They will also eat oysters and squid , but not sea urchins or muricid snails . They eat more in warmer seasons , getting through 3 @.@ 2 oysters per day in July , but only 0 @.@ 2 oysters per day in January .
= = = Predators = = =
The most significant predator of S. latus is the grey triggerfish , Balistes capriscus , although a number of other fish species have also been reported to prey on S. latus , including dusky groupers ( Epinephelus guaza ) , combers ( Serranus spp . ) , Mediterranean rainbow wrasse ( Coris julis ) , red groupers ( Epinephelus morio ) and gag groupers ( Mycteroperca microlepis ) . An Octopus vulgaris has been observed to eat S. latus in an artificial setting , but it is unclear whether S. latus is preyed on by octopuses in nature .
= = Life cycle = =
Male Scyllarus latus carry spermatophores at the base of the last two pairs of pereiopods in April . Fertilisation has not been observed in
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
16 @-@ inch ( 410 mm ) bore , or 50 calibers from breechface to muzzle ) . About 43 feet ( 13 m ) protrudes from the gun house . Each gun weighs about 239 @,@ 000 pounds ( 108 @,@ 000 kg ) without the breech , or 267 @,@ 900 pounds ( 121 @,@ 500 kg ) with the breech . They fire projectiles weighing from 1 @,@ 900 to 2 @,@ 700 pounds ( 850 to 1 @,@ 200 kg ) at a maximum speed of 2 @,@ 960 ft / s ( 820 m / s ) up to 20 miles ( 32 km ) . At maximum range , the projectile spends almost 1 ½ minutes in flight . The maximum firing rate for each gun is two rounds per minute .
Each gun rests within an armored turret , but only the top of the turret protrudes above the main deck . The turret extends either four decks ( Turrets 1 and 3 ) or five decks ( Turret 2 ) down . The lower spaces contain rooms for handling the projectiles and storing the powder bags used to fire them . Each turret required a crew of between 85 and 110 men to operate . The original cost for each turret was US $ 1 @.@ 4 million , but this figure does not take into account the cost of the guns themselves . The turrets are " three @-@ gun " , not " triple " , because each barrel can be elevated independently ; they can also be fired independently . The ship could fire any combination of its guns , including a broadside of all nine .
The large @-@ caliber guns were designed to fire two different conventional 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) shells : the armor @-@ piercing Mk . 8 round for anti @-@ ship and anti @-@ structure work , and the Mk . 13 high @-@ explosive round designed for use against unarmored targets and shore bombardment . Interestingly , when firing the same conventional shell , the 16 " / 45 caliber Mark 6 gun used by the fast battleships of the North Carolina and South Dakota classes had a slight advantage over the 16 " / 50 caliber Mark 7 gun when hitting
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
deck armor — a shell from a 45 cal gun would be slower , meaning that it would have a steeper trajectory as it descended . At 35 @,@ 000 yards ( 20 mi ; 32 km ) , a shell from a 45 cal would strike a ship at an angle of 45 @.@ 2 degrees , as opposed to 36 degrees with the 50 cal . The Mark 7 had a greater maximum range over the Mark 6 : 23 @.@ 64 miles ( 38 @.@ 04 km ) vs 22 @.@ 829 miles ( 36 @.@ 740 km ) .
In the 1950s , the W23 , an adaptation of the W19 nuclear artillery shell was developed specifically for the 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) guns . The shell had an estimated yield of 15 to 20 kilotons of TNT ( 63 @,@ 000 to 84 @,@ 000 GJ ) , and its introduction made the Iowa @-@ class battleship 's 16 in guns the world 's largest nuclear artillery , and made these four battleships the only U.S. Navy ships ever to have nuclear shells for naval guns . Although developed for exclusive use by the battleship 's guns it is not known if any of the Iowa @-@ class battleships actually carried these shells while in active service due to the United States Navy 's policy of refusing to confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weaponry aboard its ships . In 1991 the United States unilaterally withdrew all of its nuclear artillery shells from service , and dismantling of the U.S. nuclear artillery inventory is said to have been completed in 2004 .
The Iowas carried ten twin enclosed base ring mounts supporting 5 in / 38 caliber Mark 28 Mod 0 guns . Originally designed to be mounted upon destroyers built in the 1930s , these guns were so successful that they were added to many American ships during the Second World War , including every major ship type and many smaller warships constructed between 1934 and 1945 . They were considered to be " highly reliable , robust and accurate " by the Navy 's Bureau of Ordnance .
Each 5 in / 38 gun weighed almost 4 @,@ 000 pounds ( 1 @,@ 800 kg ) without the breech ; the entire mount weighed 156 @,@ 295 pounds ( 70 @,@ 894 kg ) . It was 223 @.@ 8 inches ( 5 @,@ 680 mm ) long overall , had a bore length of 190 inches ( 4 @,@ 800 mm ) and a rifling length of 157 @.@ 2 inches ( 3 @,@ 990 mm ) . The gun could fire shells at about 2 @,@ 500 – 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ( 762 – 792 m / s ) ; about 4 @,@ 600 could be fired before the barrel needed to be replaced . Minimum and maximum elevations were − 15 and 85 degrees respectively . The guns ' elevation could be raised or lowered at about 15 degrees per second . The mounts closest to the bow and stern could aim from − 150 to 150 degrees ; the others were restricted to − 80 to 80 degrees . They could be turned at about 25 degrees per second .
The 5 in / 38 cannon functioned as a dual purpose gun ; that is , it was able to fire at both surface and air targets with a reasonable degree of success . However , this did not mean that it possessed inferior anti @-@ air abilities . As proven during 1941 gunnery tests conducted aboard North Carolina the gun could consistently shoot down aircraft flying at 12 @,@ 000 – 13 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 5 mi ; 3 @.@ 7 – 4 @.@ 0 km ) , twice the effective range of the earlier single purpose 5 " / 25 caliber anti @-@ air gun . As Japanese airplanes became faster , the gun lost some of its effectiveness in the anti @-@ aircraft role ; however , toward the end of the war its usefulness as an anti @-@ aircraft weapon increased again because of an upgrade to the Mark 37 Fire Control System and proximity @-@ fused shells .
The 5 in / 38 gun would remain on the battleships for the ships ' entire service life ; however , the total number of guns and gun mounts was reduced from 20 guns in ten mounts to 12 guns in 6 mounts during the 1980s ' modernization of the four Iowas . The removal of four of the gun mounts was required for the battleships to be outfitted with the armored box launchers needed to carry and fire Tomahawk missiles . At the time of the 1991 Persian Gulf War , these guns had been largely relegated to littoral defense for the battleships . Since each battleship carried a small detachment of Marines aboard , the Marines would man one of the 5 in gun mounts .
At the time of their commissioning , all four of the Iowa @-@ class battleships were equipped with 20 quad 40 mm mounts and 49 single 20 mm mounts .
The Oerlikon 20 mm anti @-@ aircraft gun , one of the most heavily produced anti @-@ aircraft guns of the Second World War , entered service in 1941 and replaced the 0 @.@ 50 " / 90 ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) M2 Browning MG on a one @-@ for @-@ one basis . Between December 1941 and September 1944 , 32 % of all Japanese aircraft downed were credited to this weapon , with the high point being 48 @.@ 3 % for the second half of 1942 ; however , the 20 mm guns were found to be ineffective against the Japanese Kamikaze attacks used during the latter half of World War II and were subsequently phased out in favor of the heavier 40 mm Bofors AA guns .
When the Iowa @-@ class battleships were commissioned in 1943 and 1944 they carried twenty quad Bofors 40 mm anti @-@ aircraft gun mounts , which they used for defense against enemy aircraft . These heavy guns were also employed in the protection of allied aircraft carriers operating in the Pacific Theater of World War II , and accounted for roughly half of all Japanese aircraft shot down between 1 October 1944 and 1 February 1945 . Although successful in this role , the guns were stripped from the battleships — initially from New Jersey when reactivated in 1968 and later from Iowa , Missouri , and Wisconsin when they were reactivated for service in the 1980s .
= = = Propulsion and size = = =
When the Second Vinson Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1938 , the U.S. Navy moved quickly to develop a 45 @,@ 000 @-@ ton battleship that would pass through the 110 ft (
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
his book Revolution in the Head , Ian MacDonald wrote that the " pseudo @-@ soul shrieking in the fade @-@ out may be a blemish " but he praised the song as " a pop / rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms " . MacDonald concluded : " ' Hey Jude ' strikes a universal note , touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired . " Lennon said the song was " one of [ McCartney 's ] masterpieces " .
= = Awards and accolades = =
" Hey Jude " was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , but failed to win any of them . In the 1968 NME Readers ' Poll , " Hey Jude " was named the best single of the year , and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for " A @-@ Side With the Highest Sales " . In 2001 , " Hey Jude " was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame .
In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked " Hey Jude " at number eight on the " 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " , making it the highest @-@ placed Beatles song on the list . Among its many appearances in other best @-@ song @-@ of @-@ all @-@ time lists , VH1 placed it seventh in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year , having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of " The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time " . In 1976 , the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine 's " Top 100 Singles of All Time " , and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication 's " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " in 2014 . In January 2001 , " Hey Jude " came in third on Channel 4 's list of the " 100 Greatest Singles " . The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranks " Hey Jude " as the 11th @-@ best jukebox single of all time . In 2008 , the song appeared in eighth place on Billboard 's " All Time Hot 100 Songs " .
In July 2006 , Mojo placed " Hey Jude " at number 12 on its list of " The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs " ( between " Eleanor Rigby " and " Come Together " ) . On a similar list compiled four years later , Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven .
In 2015 , the ITV program " The Nation 's Favourite Beatles Number One " ranked Hey Jude number one in the show 's countdown .
= = Auctioned lyrics = =
Julian Lennon discovered that " Hey Jude " had been written for him almost twenty years after McCartney composed the song . He recalled of his and McCartney 's relationship : " Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit – more than Dad and I did . We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad . " In 1996 , Julian paid £ 25 @,@ 000 for the recording notes to " Hey Jude " at an auction . He spent a further £ 35 @,@ 000 at the auction , buying John Lennon memorabilia . John Cousins , Julian Lennon 's manager , stated at the time : " He has a few photographs of his father , but not very much else . He is collecting for personal reasons ; these are family heirlooms if you like . "
In 2002 , the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie 's in London . The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £ 80 @,@ 000 at the auction , which was scheduled for 30 April 2002 . McCartney went to court to stop the auction , claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home . Richard Morgan , representing Christie 's , said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written . The courts decided in McCartney 's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics . They had been sent to Christie 's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier , who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £ 10 in the early 1970s . In the original catalogue for the auction , Julian Lennon had written , " It 's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you . It still touches me . "
= = Cover versions and performances = =
" Hey Jude " was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered , when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman , a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now . A medley of the Beatles ' " Yesterday " and " Hey Jude " was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley 's 1970 live album On Stage .
A 1968 cover by Wilson Pickett attracted success and attention for the guitar work , by a young Duane Allman . Eric Clapton commented , " I remember hearing [ it ] and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying , ' Who 's that guitar player ? ' ... To this day , I 've never heard better rock guitar playing on an R & B record . It 's the best . "
" Weird Al " Yankovic included " Hey Jude " in his first polka medley , " Polkas on 45 " , from his 1984 album " Weird Al " Yankovic in 3 @-@ D. Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney .
Paul McCartney sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London . On 4 August 2012 , McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of " Hey Jude " while watching cycling at the velodrome .
= = Personnel = =
Paul McCartney – lead vocal , piano , bass , handclaps
John Lennon – backing vocal , acoustic guitar , handclaps
George Harrison – backing vocal , lead guitar , handclaps
Ringo Starr – backing vocal , drums , tambourine , handclaps
Uncredited 36 @-@ piece orchestra – 10 violins , three violas , three cellos , two double basses , two flutes , two clarinets , one bass clarinet , one bassoon , one contrabassoon , four trumpets , two horns , four trombones , and one percussion instrument ; 35 of these musicians on additional backing vocals and handclaps
Personnel per Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn .
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= = = All @-@ time charts = = =
= = Certifications = =
= Green Versace dress of Jennifer Lopez =
American recording artist and actress Jennifer Lopez wore an exotic green Versace silk chiffon dress to the 42nd Grammy Awards ceremony on February 23 , 2000 . The sheer fabric was printed with a tropical leaf and bamboo pattern , and cut with a very low neckline extending well past Lopez 's navel , while the waist of the dress was studded with citrines .
This garment instantly received significant global media coverage , and has been cited along with Elizabeth Hurley 's black Versace dress as one of the most high @-@
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
profile dresses that made the designer Versace a household name . In addition , this dress was described as a turning point in designer Donatella Versace 's career after the death of her brother Gianni Versace . It was chosen by the fashion journalist Lisa Armstrong to represent 2000 in the Fashion Museum of Bath 's Dress of the Year collection , at which point it was described as a key example of the close relationship between fashions , celebrities and publicity . Another duplicate is displayed at The Grammy Museum while as of 2015 , Lopez still owns the original gown . In 2015 , fifteen years since Lopez first wore it , the dress is still inextricably associated with her and Versace .
= = Background = =
Before becoming famous on the red carpet of the Grammy Awards , the dress was presented on the catwalk by model Amber Valletta and was also featured in Versace 's main advertising campaign that year ; Steven Meisel also photographed it on Valletta . Andrea Lieberman , Lopez 's stylist at the time , remarked , " Versace and Jennifer [ Lopez ] belonged together . It was really natural . "
In 2000 , the dress had a market value of about $ 15 @,@ 000 . Spice Girl Geri Halliwell wore the same dress to the NRJ Music Awards in France in January 2000 , around a month before Jennifer Lopez wore it ; however , in doing so she failed to receive the same amount of global attention as Lopez did . The designer herself also wore it to a Met Gala on 6 December 1999 .
Lopez arrived on the red carpet of the 42nd Grammy Awards in the company of then @-@ boyfriend Sean Combs ; he was dressed in a gray suit . Although the fashion house Versace had only loaned the dress , it subsequently decided to give it away as a token of gratitude for the enormous publicity generated . The singer immediately monopolized the attention and curiosity of the public and photographers at the event . Actor David Duchovny appeared on stage with Lopez to present the award for Best R & B Album and declared to the audience , " This is the first time in five or six years that I 'm sure that nobody is looking at me " , eliciting laughter from the audience and Lopez .
= = Design = =
Designed by Donatella Versace , it has been described as " jungle green " , " sea green " or " tropical " green , a green dress with touches of blue to give an exotic appearance . It is a see @-@ through silk chiffon dress with a tropical leaf and bamboo pattern , with a citrine @-@ studded crotch . The dress " had a low @-@ cut neck that extended several inches below her navel , where it was loosely fastened with a sparkly brooch and then opened out again , " exposing her midriff and then cut along the front of the legs like a bath robe . The dress then drooped behind her on the floor , open at the back . Under the suit , Lopez wore a pair of nude @-@ tone shorts and only afterwards it was revealed that Lopez was able to keep the dress on using double @-@ sided fashion tape .
= = Reception = =
The dress was discussed by those in the fashion and entertainment for weeks after the event , with dedicated television specials and magazine covers featuring her . Images of Lopez in the green dress were downloaded from the Grammy website 642 @,@ 917 times in just 24 hours after the event . The dress has been cited along with the Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley as being those most iconic dresses which made Versace a household name . Vibe magazine said , " Jen Lo made Donatella Versace 's diaphanous green fabric a national call to arms . " Others have argued that the dress led to Lopez becoming " one of the most glamorous and publicity @-@ friendly icons of the red carpet . "
Lopez was surprised by the enormous media coverage , declaring in an interview : " It was a nice dress . I had no idea it was going to become such a big deal . " Versace later revealed that the dress was the turning point of her career , saying that the media now had confidence in her own work , after the death of Gianni Versace . She declared to the Canadian press , " It was an unexpected success . The next day she [ Jennifer Lopez ] was everywhere and people were talking about her in that dress . It was one of those moments like the one that Gianni [ Versace ] had with Elizabeth Hurley and clothes @-@ pins . " The dress has been referred to many times as " notorious " and " infamous " because of its boldness .
At the 72nd Academy Awards in March 2000 , South Park co @-@ creator Trey Parker wore an imitation of the dress .
The Fashion Museum , Bath asked Lisa Armstrong of the Times to choose an outfit to represent 2000 for their " Dress of the Year " collection . While Armstrong initially considered choosing Hussein Chalayan 's table dress , she eventually decided on the Versace dress , arguing that due to the media attention it had received through being worn by Lopez , Geri Halliwell , and others , the gown represented " some kind of high water mark in the current symbiosis between fashion and celebrity . " Versace subsequently donated a duplicate of the dress to the Museum . Another duplicate is displayed at the Grammy Museum in Los Angeles . As of 2015 , the original dress remains in Lopez 's possession .
On October 15 , 2002 at the Radio City Music Hall in New York , Jennifer Lopez was awarded the VH1 Vogue Fashion Award as the most influential star of the year . The award was presented by Versace herself .
In a poll by Debenhams , published in the Daily Telegraph in 2008 , the dress was voted the fifth most iconic dress of all time .
In January 2015 , Google 's president Eric Schmidt cited the massive attention to this dress as a motivation for the creation of Google Images search . In 2000 , Google Search results were limited to simple pages of text with links , but the developers worked on developing this further , realising that an image search was required to answer " the most popular search query " they had seen to date : Jennifer Lopez 's green dress . As a result of this , Google Images search was born .
= Doune Castle =
Doune Castle is a medieval stronghold near the village of Doune , in the Stirling district of central Scotland . The castle is sited on a wooded bend where the Ardoch Burn flows into the River Teith . It lies 8 miles ( 13 km ) north @-@ west of Stirling , where the Teith flows into the River Forth . Upstream , 8 miles ( 13 km ) further north @-@ west , the town of Callander lies at the edge of the Trossachs , on the fringe of the Scottish Highlands .
Recent research has shown that Doune Castle was originally built in the thirteenth century , then probably damaged in the Scottish Wars of Independence , before being rebuilt in its present form in the late 14th century by Robert Stewart , Duke of Albany ( c.1340 – 1420 ) , the son of King Robert II of Scotland , and Regent of Scotland from 1388 until his death . Duke Robert 's stronghold has survived relatively unchanged and complete , and the whole castle was traditionally thought of as the result of a single period of construction at this time . The castle passed to the crown in 1425 , when Albany 's son was executed , and was used as a royal hunting lodge and dower house . In the later 16th century , Doune became the property of the Earls of Mor
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ay . The castle saw military action during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Glencairn 's rising in the mid @-@ 17th century , and during the Jacobite Risings of the late 17th century and 18th century . By 1800 the castle was ruined , but restoration works were carried out in the 1880s , prior to its passing into state care in the 20th century . It is now maintained by Historic Scotland .
Due to the status of its builder , Doune reflected current ideas of what a royal castle building should be . It was planned as a courtyard with ranges of buildings on each side , although only the northern and north @-@ western buildings were completed . These comprise a large tower house over the entrance , containing the rooms of the Lord and his family , and a separate tower containing the kitchen and guest rooms . The two are linked by the great hall . The stonework is almost all from the late 14th century , with only minor repairs carried out in the 1580s . The restoration of the 1880s replaced the timber roofs and internal floors , as well as interior fittings .
= = History = =
The site at the confluence of the Ardoch Burn and the River Teith had been fortified by the Romans in the 1st century AD , although no remains are visible above ground . Ramparts and ditches to the south of the present castle may be the site of an earlier fortification , as the name Doune , derived from Gaelic dùn , meaning " fort " , suggests . The earliest identifiable work in the castle dates from the thirteenth century , but it assumed its present form during one of the most creative and productive periods of Scottish medieval architecture , between 1375 and 1425 , when numerous castles were being built and remodelled , including Dirleton and Tantallon in Lothian , and Bothwell in Lanarkshire .
= = = Regent Albany = = =
In 1361 , Robert Stewart ( c.1340 – 1420 ) , son of King Robert II ( reigned 1371 – 1390 ) , and brother of King Robert III ( reigned 1390 – 1406 ) , was created Earl of Menteith , and was granted the lands on which Doune Castle now stands . Building may have started any time after this , and the castle was at least partially complete in 1381 , when a charter was sealed here . Robert was appointed Regent in 1388 for his elderly father , and continued to hold effective power during the reign of his infirm brother . He was created Duke of Albany in 1398 . In 1406 , Robert III 's successor , James I , was captured by the English , and Albany became Regent once more . After this time , the number of charters issued at Doune suggest that the castle became a favoured residence .
= = = Royal retreat = = =
Albany died in 1420 , and Doune , the dukedom of Albany , and the Regency all passed to his son Murdoch ( 1362 – 1425 ) . The ransom for James I was finally paid to the English , and the King returned in 1424 , taking immediate steps to gain control of his kingdom . Albany and two of his sons were imprisoned for treason , and then executed in May 1425 . Doune Castle became a royal possession , under an appointed Captain , or Keeper , and served as a retreat and hunting lodge for the Scottish monarchs . It was also used as a dower house by Mary of Guelders ( c.1434 – 1463 ) , Margaret of Denmark ( 1456 – 1486 ) , and Margaret Tudor ( 1489 – 1541 ) , the widowed consorts of James II , James III and James IV respectively .
In 1528 , Margaret Tudor , now Regent of Scotland for her infant son James V , married Henry Stewart , 1st Lord Methven , a descendant of Albany . His brother , Sir James Stewart ( c.1513 – 1554 ) , was made Captain of Doune Castle , and Sir James ' son , also James ( c.1529 – 1590 ) , was created Lord Doune in 1570 . Lord Doune 's son , another James ( c.1565 – 1592 ) , married Elizabeth Stuart , 2nd Countess of Moray around 1580 , becoming Earl of Moray himself . The castle thus came to be the seat of its keepers , the Earls of Moray , who owned it until the 20th century .
Mary , Queen of Scots , ( reigned 1542 – 1567 ) stayed at Doune on several occasions , occupying the suite of rooms above the kitchen . Doune was held by forces loyal to Mary during the brief civil war which followed her forced abdication in 1567 , but the garrison surrendered to the Regent , Matthew Stewart , 4th Earl of Lennox , in 1570 , after a three @-@ day blockade . George Buchanan and Duncan Nairn , Deputy Sherriff of Stirling presided over the torture and interrogation of a messenger , John Moon , at Doune on 4 October 1570 . Moon was carrying letters to Mary , Queen of Scots and Mary Seton .
King James VI visited Doune on occasion , and in 1581 authorised £ 300 to be spent on repairs and improvements , the works being carried out by the master mason Michael Ewing under the supervision of Robert Drummond of Carnock , Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland . In 1593 , a plot against James was discovered , and the King surprised the conspirators , who included the Earls of Montrose and Gowrie , at Doune Castle .
= = = Prison and g
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
a mass similar to IK Pegasi A ( 1 @.@ 65 M ☉ ) , the expected lifetime on the main sequence is 2 – 3 × 109 years , which is about half the current age of the Sun .
In terms of mass , the relatively young Altair is the nearest star to the Sun that is a stellar analogue of component A — it has an estimated 1 @.@ 7 M ☉ . The binary system as a whole has some similarities to the nearby system of Sirius , which has a class @-@ A primary and a white dwarf companion . However , Sirius A is more massive than IK Pegasi A and the orbit of its companion is much larger , with a semimajor axis of 20 AU .
= = IK Pegasi B = =
The companion star is a dense white dwarf star . This category of stellar object has reached the end of its evolutionary life span and is no longer generating energy through nuclear fusion . Instead , under normal circumstances , a white dwarf will steadily radiate away its excess energy , mainly stored heat , growing cooler and dimmer over the course of many billions of years .
= = = Evolution = = =
Nearly all small and intermediate @-@ mass stars ( below about 9 M ☉ ) will end up as white dwarfs once they have exhausted their supply of thermonuclear fuel . Such stars spend most of their energy @-@ producing life span as a main @-@ sequence star . The time that a star spends on the main sequence depends primarily on its mass , with the lifespan decreasing with increasing mass . Thus , for IK Pegasi B to have become a white dwarf before component A , it must once have been more massive than component A. In fact , the progenitor of IK Pegasi B is thought to have had a mass between 5 and 8 M ☉ .
As the hydrogen fuel at the core of the progenitor of IK Pegasi B was consumed , it evolved into a red giant . The inner core contracted until hydrogen burning commenced in a shell surrounding the helium core . To compensate for the temperature increase , the outer envelope expanded to many times the radius it possessed as a main sequence star . When the core reached a temperature and density where helium could start to undergo fusion this star contracted and became what is termed a horizontal branch star . That is , it belonged to a group of stars that fall upon a roughly horizontal line on the H @-@ R diagram . The fusion of helium formed an inert core of carbon and oxygen . When helium was exhausted in the core a helium @-@ burning shell formed in addition to the hydrogen @-@ burning one and the star moved to what astronomers term the asymptotic giant branch , or AGB . ( This is a track leading to the upper @-@ right corner of the H @-@ R diagram . ) If the star had sufficient mass , in time carbon fusion could begin in the core , producing oxygen , neon and magnesium .
The outer envelope of a red giant or AGB star can expand to several hundred times the radius of the Sun , occupying a radius of about 5 × 108 km ( 3 AU ) in the case of the pulsating AGB star Mira . This is well beyond the current average separation between the two stars in IK Pegasi , so during this time period the two stars shared a common envelope . As a result , the outer atmosphere of IK Pegasi A may have received an isotope enhancement .
Some time after an inert oxygen @-@ carbon ( or oxygen @-@ magnesium @-@ neon ) core formed , thermonuclear fusion began to occur along two shells concentric with the core region ; hydrogen was burned along the outermost shell , while helium fusion took place around the inert core . However , this double @-@ shell phase is unstable , so it produced thermal pulses that caused large @-@ scale mass ejections from the star 's outer envelope . This ejected material formed an immense cloud of material called a planetary nebula . All but a small fraction of the hydrogen envelope was driven away from the star , leaving behind a white dwarf remnant composed primarily of the inert core .
= = = Composition and structure = = =
The interior of IK Pegasi B may be composed wholly of carbon and oxygen ; alternatively , if its progenitor underwent carbon burning , it may have a core of oxygen and neon , surrounded by a mantle enriched with carbon and oxygen . In either case , the exterior of IK Pegasi B is covered by an atmosphere of almost pure hydrogen , which gives this star its stellar classification of DA . Due to higher atomic mass , any helium in the envelope will have sunk beneath the hydrogen layer . The entire mass of the star is supported by electron degeneracy pressure — a quantum mechanical effect that limits the amount of matter that can be squeezed into a given volume .
At an estimated 1 @.@ 15 M ☉ , IK Pegasi B is considered to be a high @-@ mass white dwarf . Although its radius has not been observed directly , it can be estimated from known theoretical relationships between the mass and radius of white dwarfs , giving a value of about 0 @.@ 60 % of the Sun 's radius . ( A different source gives a value of 0 @.@ 72 % , so there remains some uncertainty in this result . ) Thus this star packs a mass greater than the Sun into a volume roughly the size of the Earth , giving an indication of this object 's extreme density .
The massive , compact nature of a white dwarf produces a strong surface gravity . Astronomers denote this value by the decimal logarithm of the gravitational force in cgs units , or log g . For IK Pegasi B , log g is 8 @.@ 95 . By comparison , log g for the Earth is 2 @.@ 99 . Thus the surface gravity on IK Pegasi is over 900 @,@ 000 times the gravitational force on the Earth .
The effective surface temperature of IK Pegasi B is estimated to be about 35 @,@ 500 ± 1 @,@ 500 K , making it a strong source of ultraviolet radiation . Under normal conditions this white dwarf would continue to cool for more than a billion years , while its radius would remain essentially unchanged .
= = Future evolution = =
In a 1993 paper , David Wonnacott , Barry J. Kellett and David J. Stickland identified this system as a candidate to evolve into a Type Ia supernova or a cataclysmic variable . At a distance of 150 light years , this makes it the nearest known candidate supernova progenitor to the Earth . However , in the time it will take for the system to evolve to a state where a supernova could occur , it will have moved a considerable distance from Earth but may yet pose a threat .
At some point in the future , IK Pegasi A will consume the hydrogen fuel at its core and start to evolve away from the main sequence to form a red giant . The envelope of a red giant can grow to significant dimensions , extending up to a hundred times its previous radius ( or larger ) . Once IK Pegasi A expands to the point where its outer envelope overflows the Roche lobe of its companion , a gaseous accretion disk will form around the white dwarf . This gas , composed primarily of hydrogen and helium , will then accrete onto the surface of the companion . This mass transfer between the stars will also cause their mutual orbit to shrink .
On the surface of the white dwarf , the accreted gas will become compressed and heated . At some point the accumulated gas can reach the conditions necessary for hydrogen fusion to occur , producing a runaway reaction that will drive a portion of the gas from the surface . This would result in a ( recurrent ) nova explosion — a cataclysmic variable star — and the luminosity of the white dwarf rapidly would increase by several magnitudes for a period of several days or months . An example of such a star system is RS Ophiuchi , a binary system consisting of a red giant and a white dwarf companion . RS Ophiuchi has flared into a ( recurrent ) nova on at least six occasions , each time accreting the critical mass of hydrogen needed to produce a runaway explosion .
It is possible that IK Pegasi B will follow a similar pattern . In order to accumulate mass , however , only a portion of the accreted gas can be ejected , so that with each cycle the white dwarf would steadily increase in mass . Thus , even should it behave as a recurring nova , IK Pegasus B could continue to accumulate a growing envelope .
An alternate model that allows the white dwarf to steadily accumulate mass without erupting as a nova is called the close @-@ binary supersoft x @-@ ray source ( CBSS ) . In this scenario , the mass transfer rate to the close white dwarf binary is such that a steady fusion burn can be maintained on the surface as the arriving hydrogen is consumed in thermonuclear fusion to produce helium . This category of super @-@ soft sources consist of high @-@ mass white dwarfs with very high surface temperatures ( 0 @.@ 5 × 106 to 1 × 106 K ) .
Should the white dwarf 's mass approach the Chandrasekhar limit of 1.4M ☉ it will no longer
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses , and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1 @.@ 2 percent of taxpayers . Additionally , through the implementation of spending restraints , it mandated the budget be balanced over a number of years .
Clinton made a major speech to Congress regarding a health care reform plan on September 22 , 1993 , aimed at achieving universal coverage through a national health care plan . This was one of the most prominent items on Clinton 's legislative agenda , and resulted from a task force headed by Hillary Clinton . Though at first well received in political circles , it was eventually doomed by well @-@ organized opposition from conservatives , the American Medical Association , and the health insurance industry . However , John F. Harris , a biographer of Clinton 's , states the program failed because of a lack of coordination within the White House . Despite the Democratic majority in Congress , the effort to create a national health care system ultimately died when compromise legislation by George J. Mitchell failed to gain a majority of support in August 1994 . It was the first major legislative defeat of Clinton 's administration .
In November 1993 , David Hale , the source of criminal allegations against Bill Clinton in the Whitewater controversy , alleged that Clinton , while governor of Arkansas , pressured him to provide an illegal $ 300 @,@ 000 loan to Susan McDougal , the partner of the Clintons in the Whitewater land deal . A U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation did result in convictions against the McDougals for their role in the Whitewater project , but the Clintons themselves were never charged , and Clinton maintains innocence in the affair .
Clinton signed the Brady Bill into law on November 30 , 1993 , which mandated federal background checks on firearm purchasers in the United States , and imposed a five @-@ day waiting period on purchases , until the NICS system was implemented in 1998 .. He also expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit , a subsidy for low @-@ income workers .
In December of that year , allegations by Arkansas state troopers Larry Patterson and Roger Perry were first reported by David Brock in the American Spectator . Later known as Troopergate , the allegations by these men were that they arranged sexual liaisons for Bill Clinton back when he was governor of Arkansas . The story mentioned a woman named Paula , a reference to Paula Jones . Brock later apologized to Clinton , saying the article was politically motivated " bad journalism " and that " the troopers were greedy and had slimy motives . "
That month , Clinton implemented a Department of Defense directive known as " Don 't Ask , Don 't Tell " , which allowed gay men and women to serve in the armed services provided they kept their sexuality a secret , and forbade the military from inquiring about an individual 's sexual orientation . The policy was developed as a compromise after Clinton 's proposal to allow gays to serve openly in the military met staunch opposition from prominent Congressional Republicans and Democrats , including Senators John McCain ( R @-@ AZ ) and Sam Nunn ( D @-@ GA ) . According to David Mixner , Clinton 's support for the compromise led to a heated dispute with Vice President Al Gore , who felt that " the President should lift the ban ... even though [ his executive order ] was sure to be overridden by the Congress " . Some gay @-@ rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise to get votes and contributions . Their position was that Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order , noting that President Harry S. Truman used executive order to racially desegregate the armed forces . Clinton 's defenders argue that an executive order might have prompted the Senate to write the exclusion of gays into law , potentially making it harder to integrate the military in the future . Later in his presidency , in 1999 , Clinton criticized the way the policy was implemented , saying he did not think any serious person could say it was not " out of whack " . The policy remained controversial , and was finally repealed in 2011 , removing open sexual preference as a reason for dismissal from the armed forces .
On January 1 , 1994 , Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement into law . Throughout his first year in office , Clinton consistently supported ratification of the treaty by the U.S. Senate . Clinton and most of his allies in the Democratic Leadership Committee strongly supported free trade measures ; there remained , however , strong disagreement within the party . Opposition came chiefly from anti @-@ trade Republicans , protectionist Democrats and supporters of Ross Perot . The bill passed the house with 234 votes against 200 opposed ( 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats voting in favor ; 156 Democrats , 43 Republicans , and 1 independent against ) . The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the President .
The Omnibus Crime Bill , which Clinton signed into law in September 1994 , made many changes to U.S. crime and law enforcement legislation including the expansion of the death penalty to include crimes not resulting in death , such as running a large @-@ scale drug enterprise . During Clinton 's re @-@ election campaign he said , " My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins , murderers of federal law enforcement officers , and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons . " It also included a subsection of assault weapons ban for a ten @-@ year period .
The Clinton administration also launched the first official White House website , whitehouse.gov , on October 21 , 1994 . It was followed by three more versions , resulting in the final edition launched in 2000 . The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web @-@ based communication . According to Robert Longley , " Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies , the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet , thus opening up America 's government to more of America 's citizens than ever before . On July 17 , 1996 , Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 – Federal Information Technology , ordering the heads of all federal agencies to utilize information technology fully to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public . "
After two years of Democratic Party control , the Democrats lost control of Congress in the mid @-@ term elections in 1994 , for the first time in forty years .
The White House FBI files controversy of June 1996 arose concerning improper access by the White House to FBI security @-@ clearance documents . Craig Livingstone , head of the White House Office of Personnel Security , improperly requested , and received from the FBI , background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals ; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations . In March 2000 , Independent Counsel Robert Ray determined that there was no
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. When Volsung does so he is killed by Siggeir , and his sons are taken prisoner . While in captivity they are all killed by a wolf , apart from Sigmund who escapes into the forest . Signy sends Sigmund her two sons to help him in avenging their family , but Sigmund only accepts Sinfjotli , the hardier of the two . Sigmund and Sinfjotli kill Siggeir and burn down his hall , then return to their ancestral home , the hall of the Volsungs . Sigmund marries Borghild , while Sinfjotli goes abroad with Borghild 's brother , quarrels with him , and kills him . On his return Sinfjotli is poisoned by Borghild , and she is turned out by Sigmund , who instead marries Hiordis . Sigmund is killed in battle , and the pregnant Hiordis is taken to live in the hall of King Elf in Denmark .
= = = Book II : Regin = = =
There she gives birth to Sigurd . Sigurd is raised by Regin , a cunning old man , and when he grows to manhood he asks for a horse from King Elf . Elf bids him choose the one he likes best , and Sigurd takes the best horse , and names it Grani . Sigurd is now urged by Regin to attack Fafnir , a dragon who guards a hoard of gold . This treasure is a curse to all who possess it . Fafnir , Regin says , was originally a human being ; indeed , the dragon was Regin 's brother and thus the gold rightfully belongs to Regin . He tries and fails to forge an adequate sword for Sigurd , but Sigurd produces the shattered fragments of Odin 's sword , which he has inherited from Sigmund , and from these fragments Regin forges a mighty sword , named " the Wrath " by Sigurd . Sigurd makes his way to Fafnir 's lair , kills him , drinks his blood , and roasts and eats his heart . This gives him the power to understand the voices of birds and to read the hearts of men . He now understands that Regin intends to kill him , and so he kills Regin and takes Fafnir 's treasure for himself . On his journey homeward Sigurd comes across an unearthly blaze on the slopes of Hindfell . He rides straight into it and comes unharmed to the heart of the fire , where he finds a beautiful sleeping woman clad in armour . He wakes her , and she tells him that she is Brynhild , a handmaiden of Odin whom he has left here as a punishment for disobedience . They pledge themselves to each other , Sigurd places a ring from Fafnir 's hoard on her finger , and he leaves .
= = = Book III : Brunhild = = =
The scene changes to the court of Giuki , the Niblung king . Giuki 's daughter Gudrun has a dream in which she encounters a beautiful but ominous falcon and takes it to her breast . Anxious to learn the meaning of the dream she rides to visit Brynhild , who tells her that she will marry a king , but that her life will be darkened by war and death . Gudrun returns home . Sigurd revisits Brynhild and they again declare their love for each other . He then rides to the Niblung court , where he joins them in making war on the Southland , winning great glory for himself . The witch Grimhild , Gudrun 's mother , gives Sigurd a potion that makes him fall in love with Gudrun . Completely under her spell , he marries her and sets out to win Brynhild for Gudrun 's brother Gunnar . Visiting Brynhild again , this time magically disguised as Gunnar , and again penetrating the fire that surrounds her , he reminds her that she is promised to whoever can overcome the supernatural fire , and so deceives her into reluctantly vowing to marry Gunnar . Brynhild goes to the Niblung land and carries out her promise . She is distraught at this tragic outcome , and doubly so when Gudrun spitefully tells her of the trick by which Sigurd deceived her into an unwanted wedding . Brynhild now urges Gunnar and his brothers Hogni and Guttorm to kill Sigurd . Guttorm murders Sigurd as he lies in bed , but the dying Sigurd throws his sword and kills Guttorm as he leaves . Brynhild , filled with remorse , commits suicide so that she and Sigurd can be burned on a single funeral pyre .
= = = Book IV : Gudrun = = =
The widowed Gudrun now marries Brynhild 's brother , king Atli , but as the years pass by her memories of Sigurd do not fade , and she longs for vengeance . She reminds Atli of Fafnir 's hoard and urges him to win it for himself . Atli invites the surviving Niblung brothers to a feast , and when they arrive he threatens them with death if they do not give him the treasure . Gunnar and Hogni defy him to do his worst , and a battle breaks out in Atli 's hall . The Niblung brothers are overwhelmed by superior force , tied up and killed . Atli holds a victory @-@ feast , at the end of which he and all his court lie sleeping drunkenly in the hall . Gudrun , having lost everyone she loves , burns down the hall , kills Atli with a sword @-@ thrust , and throws herself from a cliff to her death .
= = Genesis = =
Morris first came across the story of the Volsungs , " the grandest tale that ever was told " as he later called it , as a young man , when he read a summary of it in Benjamin Thorpe 's Northern Mythology , which became a favourite book of his . In his The Earthly Paradise ( 1868 – 70 ) he included a versification of the story of Sigurd 's daughter Aslaug , which he may have taken from Thorpe . In 1868 he began to learn Old Norse from the Icelandic scholar Eiríkr Magnússon , and embarked with him on a series of collaborative translations from the Icelandic classics . In 1870 they published Völsunga Saga : The Story of the Volsungs and Niblungs , with Certain Songs from the Elder Edda , claiming uncompromisingly in the preface that " This is the Great Story of the North , which should be to all our race what the Tale of Troy was to the Greeks " .
= = Composition = =
While still working on the prose translation Morris wrote to Charles Eliot Norton :
I had it in my head to write an epic of it , but though I still hanker after it , I see clearly it would be foolish , for no verse could render the best parts of it , and it would only be a flatter and tamer version of a thing already existing .
Morris visited Iceland in 1871 and 1873 . Also in 1873 he was aware that Richard Wagner was writing Der Ring des Nibelungen , and wrote :
I look upon it as nothing short of desecration to bring such a tremendous and world @-@ wide subject under the gaslights of an opera : the most rococo and degraded of all forms of art – the idea of a sandy @-@ haired German tenor tweedledeeing over the unspeakable woes of Sigurd , which even the simplest words are not typical enough to express !
Morris began work on Sigurd the Volsung in October 1875 , completing it the following year . In the end the poem extended to over 10 @,@ 000 lines . He took both the Volsunga Saga and the corresponding poems of the Poetic Edda | Elder Edda as his basic sources , but felt free to alter them as he thought necessary . The poem is in rhyming hexameter couplets , often with anapaestic movement and a feminine caesura . In keeping with the Germanic theme Morris used kennings , a good deal of alliteration , and wherever possible words of Anglo @-@ Saxon origin . This resulted in a difficult and archaic diction , involving such lines as :
The folk of the war @-@ wand 's forgers wrought never better steel
Since first the burg of heaven uprose for man @-@ folk 's weal .
and
So they make the yoke @-@ beasts ready , and dight the wains for the way .
= = Critical reception = =
According to Morris ' daughter May it was the work he " held most highly and wished to be remembered by " . Contemporary reviewers mostly agreed . In America The Atlantic Monthly compared it to Tennyson 's Idylls of the King , writing that
Sigurd , the Volsung is the second great English epic of our generation ... and it ranks after Tennyson 's " Arthuriad " in order of time only . It fully equals that monumental work in the force and pathos of the story told , while it surpasses it in unity and continuity of interest .
Edmund Gosse , in The Academy , enthused : " The style he has adopted is more exalted and less idyllic , more rapturous and less luxurious – in a word , more spirited and more virile than that of any of his earlier works . " The Literary World agreed that it was
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
" the manliest and the loveliest work of Mr. Morris 's genius " , going on to predict that " Whatever its immediate reception may be , William Morris 's Sigurd is certain eventually to take its place among the few great epics of the English tongue . " The note of caution as to the reaction of the 19th century reading public was sounded more strongly by several other critics . Theodore Watts wrote in The Athenaeum , " That this is a noble poem there can be no doubt ; but whether it will meet with ready appreciation and sympathy in this country is a question not so easily disposed of . " He thought it " Mr. Morris 's greatest achievement " , but worried about the choice of metre , which he thought monotonous in effect . In an unfavourable review for Fraser 's Magazine , Henry Hewlett complained that " The narrative seldom rises above mediocrity ... the memory finds little to carry away , and the ear still less to haunt it . " He was particularly repulsed by the Dark Age outlook he believed Morris to have adopted :
A poem ... which , like Sigurd , reflects , with hard , uncompromising realism , an obsolete code of ethics , and a barbarous condition of society , finds itself irreconcilably at discord with the key of nineteenth @-@ century feeling . Deprived of its strongest claim to interest , a sympathetic response in the moral and religious sentiment of its readers , it can only appeal to the intellect as a work of art , or as a more or less successful attempt at antiquarian restoration . It may be admired and applauded by the lettered few ; but it will not be taken to the nation 's heart .
By contrast , the North American Review believed it to be Morris 's method " To reproduce the antique , not as the ancients felt it , but as we feel it , – to transfuse it with modern thought and emotion . "
After Morris 's death interest in his poems began to fade , but a few enthusiasts for Sigurd the Volsung continued to speak out in its favour . Arthur Symons wrote in 1896 that Sigurd the Volsung " remains his masterpiece of sustained power " , and in 1912 the young T. E. Lawrence called it " the best poem I know " According to the philologist E. V. Gordon Sigurd the Volsung is " incomparably the greatest poem – perhaps the only great poem – in English which has been inspired by Norse literature " , and George Bernard Shaw went so far as to call it " the greatest epic since Homer " . However the novelist Eric Linklater , while acknowledging that " Morris tells his story with endless invention , with a brilliant profusion of detail " , complained that the poem 's " Thames @-@ side heroism " conveyed too facile a sense of tragedy . It has never
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
had a wide readership , and contemporary judgements on Sigurd tend to depend upon the judge 's opinion of Morris 's verse in general . Some find its length and archaic diction off @-@ putting , but many modern critics agree with Morris that it is his finest poem .
= = Editions = =
The poem was published by Ellis and White in November 1876 , although the date appeared on the imprint as 1877 . They issued a second edition in 1877 and a third in 1880 . The book was brought out again in 1887 by Reeves and Turner , and in 1896 by Longman . In 1898 , two years after Morris 's death , a revised text was published by the Kelmscott Press in an edition limited to 160 paper copies and 6 vellum copies , with wood cuts by Sir Edward Burne @-@ Jones . In 1910 Longman issued an edition in which some passages were replaced with prose summaries by Winifred Turner and Helen Scott . In 1911 the same firm reprinted the original version as volume 12 of The Collected Works of William Morris , with an introduction by May Morris ; in the absence of a critical edition this is the one generally cited by scholars . In recent years Sigurd the Volsung has been frequently reprinted , sometimes in the Turner and Scott abridged version .
= = Influence on later fantasy writers = =
Magnússon and Morris remained the only English translation of Volsunga saga until Margaret Schlauch 's version in 1930 . As such it influenced such writers as Andrew Lang , who adapted it in his Red Fairy Book , and J. R. R. Tolkien , who read it in his student days . In a letter , Tolkien mentions that he wished to imitate Morris 's romances , and indeed among his works is a version of the Sigurd story , The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun ( published posthumously in 2009 ) . Stefan Arvidsson compares Morris 's Sigurd and Tolkien 's Legend :
In contrast to Morris ’ work , written as it is in heavily archaic , difficult @-@ to @-@ penetrate prose , Tolkien 's recently @-@ published draft was closer in both style and content to the heroic sagas of The Poetic Edda .
Other authors have been inspired more or less directly by the Volsung cycle , following Morris ' lead . For example , Kevin Crossley @-@ Holland published his own translation of the myths , Axe @-@ age , Wolf @-@ age .
= = Fight for Right = =
In 1916 , during World War I , composer Edward Elgar set to music words taken from The Story of Sigurd , producing the song " Fight for Right " . It was dedicated to Members of the Fight for Right Movement , a pro @-@ war organisation dedicated to continuation of the war until victory
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Roman Emperors .
When Géza died in 997 , his son had to fight for his succession with Koppány , the eldest member of the House of Árpád . Assisted by German heavy cavalry , Stephen emerged the victor in the decisive battle in 998 . He applied for a royal crown to Pope Sylvester II , who granted his request with the consent of Emperor Otto III .
= = " Patrimonial " kingdom = =
= = = King St Stephen ( 1000 – 1038 ) = = =
Stephen was crowned the first king of Hungary on either December 25 , 1000 , or January 1 , 1001 . He consolidated his rule through a series of wars against semi @-@ independent local rulers , including his maternal uncle , Gyula . He proved his kingdom 's military strength when he repelled an invasion by Conrad II , Holy Roman Emperor , in 1030 . Marshlands , other natural obstacles , and barricades made of stone , earth or timber provided defense at the kingdom 's borders . A wide zone known as gyepü was intentionally left uninhabited for defensive purposes along the frontiers . Most of the early medieval fortresses in Hungary were made of earth and timber .
Stephen I 's views on state administration were summarized around 1015 in a work known as Admonitions . Stating that " the country that has only one language and one custom is weak and fragile " , he emphasized the advantages of the arrival of foreigners , or " guests " . Stephen I developed a state similar to the monarchies of contemporary Western Europe . Counties , the basic units of administration , were districts organized around fortresses and headed by royal officials known as ispáns , or counts . Stephen I founded dioceses and at least one archbishopric , and established Benedictine monasteries . He prescribed that every tenth village was to build a parish church . The earliest churches of the 10th century were simple wood constructions , but the royal basilica at Székesfehérvár was built in Romanesque style . Stephen I 's laws were aimed at the adoption , even by force , of a Christian way of life . He especially protected Christian marriage against polygamy and other traditional customs . Decorated belts and other items of pagan fashion also disappeared . Commoners started to wear long woolen coats , but wealthy men persisted with their silk kaftans decorated with furs .
If any warrior debased by lewdness abducts a girl to be his wife without the consent of her parents , we decreed that the girl should be returned to her parents , even if he did anything by force to her , and the abductor shall pay ten steers for the abduction , although he may afterwards have made peace with the girl 's parents .
From a legal perspective , Hungarian society was divided into freemen and serfs , but intermediate groups also existed . All freemen had the legal capacity to own property , to sue and to be sued . However , most of them were bound to
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the monarch or to a wealthier landlord , and only " guests " could freely move . Among freemen living in lands attached to a fortress , the " castle warriors " served in the army , and the " castle folk " cultivated the lands , forged weapons or rendered other services . All freemen were to pay a special tax , the " pennies of freemen " to the monarchs . With a transitory status between freemen and serfs , peasants known as udvornici were exempt from it . Serfs theoretically lacked legal personality , but in practice they had their own property : they cultivated their masters ' land with their own tools , and kept 50 – 66 percent of the harvest for themselves . Stephen I 's laws and charters suggest that most commoners lived in sedentary communities which formed villages . An average village was made up of no more than 40 semi @-@ sunken timber huts with a corner hearth . Many of the villages were named after a profession , implying that the villagers were required to render a specific service to their lords .
= = = Pagan revolts , wars and consolidation ( 1038 – 1116 ) = = =
Stephen I survived his son , Emeric , which caused a four @-@ decade crisis . Stephen considered his cousin , Vazul , unsuitable for the throne and named his own sister 's son , the Venetian Peter Orseolo , as his heir . Vazul was blinded and his three sons were expelled , thus Peter succeeded his uncle without opposition in 1038 . However , Peter 's preference for his foreign courtiers led to a rebellion , which ended with his deposition in favor of a native lord , Samuel Aba , who was related to the royal family . Supported by Emperor Henry III , Peter Orseolo returned and expelled Samuel Aba in 1044 . During his second rule , he accepted the emperor 's suzerainty . His rule ended with a new rebellion , on this occasion aimed at the restoration of paganism . However , there were many lords who opposed the destruction of the Christian monarchy . They proposed the crown to Andrew , one of Vazul 's sons , who returned to Hungary , defeated Peter and suppressed the pagans in 1046 . His cooperation with his brother , Béla , a talented military commander , ensured the Hungarians ' victory over Emperor Henry III , who attempted to conquer the kingdom two times : in 1050 and 1053 .
A new civil war broke out when Duke Béla claimed the crown for himself in 1059 , but his three sons accepted the rule of Solomon , Andrew I 's son , in 1063 . Initially , the young king and his cousins cooperated ; for instance , they jointly defeated the Pechenegs plundering Transylvania in 1068 . The power conflict in the royal family caused a new civil war in 1071 . It lasted up to Solomon 's abdication in favor of one of his cousins , Ladislaus in the early 1080s .
King Ladislaus promulgated laws that prescribed draconian punishments against criminals . His laws also regulated the payment of customs duties , tolls payable at fairs and fords , and of the tithes . He forbade Jews from holding Christian serfs , and introduced laws aiming at the conversion of local Muslims , who were known as Böszörménys .
No one shall buy or sell except in the market . If , in violation of this anyone buys stolen property , everyone shall perish : the buyer , the seller , and the witnesses . If , however , they agreed to sell something of their own , they shall lose that thing and its price , and the witnesses shall lose as much too . But if the deal was made in the market , and agreement shall be concluded in front of a judge , a toll @-@ gatherer , and witnesses , and if the purchased goods later appear to be stolen , the buyer shall escape penalty ...
The death of Ladislaus ' brother @-@ in @-@ law , King Zvonimir of Croatia , in 1089 or 1090 created an opportunity for him to claim Croatia for himself . His troops soon occupied most of Croatia ; only a native claimant , Petar Svačić , resisted in the Petrova Mounts . Nevertheless , hereafter Croatia and Hungary remained closely connected for more than nine centuries . Ladislaus I appointed his nephew , Álmos , to administer Croatia . Although a younger son , Álmos was also favored against his brother , Coloman , when the king was thinking of his succession . Even so , Coloman succeeded his uncle in 1095 , while Álmos received a separate duchy under his brother 's suzerainty . Throughout Coloman 's reign , the brothers ' relationship remained tense , which finally led to the blinding of Álmos and his infant son .
Coloman routed two bands of crusaders who were plundering the Western borderlands and defeated Petar Svačić in Croatia . The late 14th @-@ century Pacta conventa states that Coloman was crowned king of Croatia after concluding an agreement with twelve local noblemen . Although most probably a forgery , the document reflects the actual status of Croatia proper , which was never incorporated into Hungary . In contrast , the region known as Slavonia , between the Petrova Mounts and the river Dráva , became closely connected to Hungary . Here many Hungarian noblemen received land grants from the monarchs . Zadar , Split and other Dalmatian towns also accepted Coloman 's suzerainty in 1105 , but their right to elect their own bishops and leaders remained unchained . In Croatia and Slavonia , the sovereign was represented by governors bearing the title ban . Likewise , a royal official , the voivode , administered Transylvania , the eastern borderland of the kingdom .
Like Ladislaus I , Coloman proved to be a great legislator , but he prescribed less severe punishments than his uncle had done . He ordered that transactions between Christians and Jews were to be put into writing . His laws concerning his Muslim subjects aimed at their conversion , for instance , by obliging them to marry their daughters to Christians . The presence of Jewish and Muslim merchants in the kingdom was due to its role as a crossroad of trading routes leading towards Constantinople , Regensburg and Kiev . Local trade also existed , which enabled Coloman to collect the marturina , the traditional in @-@ kind tax of Slavonia , in cash .
The kingdom , with its average population density of four or five people per 1 square kilometre ( 0 @.@ 39 sq mi ) , was sparsely populated . The Olaszi streets or districts in Eger , Pécs and Nagyvárad ( Oradea , Romania ) point at the presence of " guests " speaking a Western Romance language , while the Németi and Szászi place names refer to German @-@ speaking colonists throughout the entire kingdom . Most subjects of the early medieval Hungarian monarchs were peasants . They only cultivated the most fertile lands , and moved further when the lands became exhausted . Wheat was the most widely produced crop , but barley , the raw material for home brew , was also grown . Animal husbandry remained an important sector of agriculture , thus millet and oats were produced for fodder . Fishing and hunting also contributed to nourishing , since even peasants were allowed to hunt in the royal forests that covered large territories in the kingdom .
= = = Colonisation and expansion ( 1116 – 1196 ) = = =
Unsuccessful wars with the Republic of Venice , the Byzantine Empire and other neighboring states characterized the reign of Coloman 's son , Stephen II , who succeeded his father in
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of attacks on churches and the statement given by Mr. Kumar during the attacks in 2008 were his personal views and the organisation had clarified this aspect then . However , Uday Kumar Shetty , the president of the district unit of the BJP , approved of the report , believing that the report was correct in its assertion that the Sangh Parivar were not involved in the attacks .
= = 2011 protest = =
On 20 February 2011 , following the publication of Saldanha 's and Somasekhara 's contradictory reports on the attacks on churches , more than 100 @,@ 000 Christians representing some 45 Christian denominations and secular organisations gathered in Mangalore to protest . Present was Bishop Aloysius Paul D 'Souza of Mangalore Diocese , Bishop Emeritus C. L. Furtado and Bishop John S. Sadananda of the CSI Karnataka Southern Diocese , AICC general secretary Oscar Fernandes , Bishop Lawrence Mukkuzhy of the Catholic Syro @-@ Malabar Diocese of Belthangady , Geevarghese Mar Divannasious of the Syro @-@ Malankara Diocese of Puttur , Diocesan Vicar @-@ General Msgr Denis M. Prabhu ; and some 24 new @-@ generation churches united under the Karnataka Missions Network ( KMN ) including the Campus Crusade for Christ ( CCC ) , Operation Mobilization Bookstall ( OMB ) , Good News Book Centre ( GNBC ) , All India Catholic Union ( AICU ) , Catholic Association of South Kanara ( CASK ) , and International Federation of Karnataka Christian Associations ( IFKCA ) . Secular organisations participating in the protest included Udupi Jilla Alpasankhyatara Vedike ( UJAV ) , the People 's Union for Civil Liberties ( PUCL ) , the DK District Committee , the local unit of the Democratic Youth Federation of India ( DYFI ) , and the Muslim Vartakara Sangha ( VS ) and Muslim Okkoota groups . The protest rally was " organised against a backdrop of an apparent whitewash by the B. K. Somasekhara Commission concerning Hindu radicals and government agencies . " The protesters tied black cloths over their mouths and carried black flags as they walked silently for about a kilometre in one of the strongest Christian areas of the city . George Castelino , a Catholic lay leader who guided the march , stated that the black " symbolised that the action of the government and its commission have silenced Christians . " Rev. Alwyn Culaso of the Full Gospel Church said that " This is a sea of Christianity that is wounded by the attacks on the churches by the fundamental groups . The government should look at the faith and patience of these people and give justice . " On 17 February 2011 , Ronald Colaco , Chairman of IFKCA and Higher Education Minister V. S. Acharya submitted a memorandum to Yeddyurappa , demanding that the cases filed against Christian youths be dropped . Following the publications of the reports and subsequent protests , the government of Karnataka announced that it would drop 338 cases against Christians who had protested in the attacks . In December 2011 , 23 cases against Christians were dropped upon request by the Karnataka Christians International and the Mangalore Diocese .
= Minority Treaties =
Minority Treaties refer to the treaties , League of Nations Mandates , and unilateral declarations made by countries applying for membership in the League of Nations and United Nations . Most of the treaties entered into force as a result of the Paris Peace Conference .
The treaties conferred basic rights on all the inhabitants of the country without distinction of birth , nationality , language , race or religion and protected the rights of all nationals of the country who differed in race , religion , or language from the majority of the inhabitants of the country . The country concerned had to acknowledge the clauses of the treaty : as fundamental laws of state ; and as obligations of international concern placed under the guarantee of the League of Nations , or United Nations .
= = Background = =
The protection of religious and minority rights had been a matter of international concern and the subject of protections ever since the days of the Peace of Westphalia . The concept of granting title to a territory on the basis of minority rights treaties started in the 1870s with Serbia , Montenegro , and Romania .
At the Versailles Peace Conference the Supreme Council established ' The Committee on New States and for The Protection of Minorities ' . All the new successor states were compelled to sign minority rights treaties as a precondition of diplomatic recognition . It was agreed that although the new States had been recognized , they had not been ' created ' before the signatures of the final Peace Treaties . Clemenceau noted in an aide @-@ memoire attached to the Polish treaty that the minority protections were consistent with diplomatic precedent :
This treaty does not constitute any fresh departure . It has for long been the established procedure of the public law of Europe that when a State is created , or when large accessions of territory are made to an established State , the joint and formal recognition of the Great Powers should be accompanied by the requirement that such States should , in the form of a binding International convention undertake to comply with certain principles of Government . In this regard I must recall for your consideration the fact that it is to the endeavors and sacrifices of the Powers in whose name I am addressing you that the Polish nation owes the recovery of its independence . It is by their decision that Polish sovereignty is being restored over the territories in question , and that the inhabitants of these territories are being incorporated into the Polish nation .... ... There rests , therefore , upon these Powers an obligation , which they cannot evade , to secure in the most permanent and solemn form guarantees for certain essential rights which will afford to the inhabitants the necessary protection , whatever changes may take place in the internal constitution of the Polish State .
The new treaties gave minorities the right to appeal directly to the League or UN General Assembly . In the case of the Mandates and the UN Partition Plan for Palestine compromissory clauses provide for the International Court 's jurisdiction . The victorious powers attempted to ensure the stable development of the region between defeated Germany and Soviet Russia , a region characterized by the existence of many ethnic groups and the emergence of new nations . The idea behind the Minority Treaties was that by subjecting those countries to the scrutiny of others and to the threat of sanction and intervention from the newly created international body , the League of Nations , the rights of minorities would be safeguarded .
As with most of the principals adopted by the League , the Minorities Treaties were a part of the Wilsonian idealist approach to international relations , and as with the League itself , the Minority Treaties were increasingly ignored by the respective governments , with the entire system mostly collapsing in the late 1930s . Despite the political failure they remained the basis of international law . After World War II the legal principles were incorporated in the UN Charter and a host of international human rights treaties .
Many international law norms and customary practices developed in the inter @-@ war years by the League of Nations are still in use today . The procedures for managing intrastate and inter @-@ ethnic issues include international supervision , regional economic unions , minority protection , plebiscites , and territorial partition . The Palestine and Bosnian Partition Plans and European Union practice are modern examples of conditioning recognition of statehood on human rights , democracy , and minority protection guarantees .
= = Bilateral treaties = =
There were several bilateral Minority Treaties , each signed between one of the countries in question and the League . The treaties were signed between the League and some of the newly established nations : Poland , Yugoslavia ( also known then as the Kingdom of Ser
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
( the Eighth Underworld ) , where recently departed souls aim to make their way to the Land of Eternal Rest ( the Ninth Underworld ) . Good deeds in life are rewarded by access to better travel packages to assist in making the journey of the soul , the best of which is the Number Nine , a train that takes four minutes to reach the gate to the Ninth Underworld . Souls who did not lead a kind life are left to travel through the Land of the Dead on foot , which would take around four years . Such souls often lose faith in the existence of the Ninth Underworld and instead find jobs in the Land of the Dead . The travel agents of the Department of Death act as the Grim Reaper to escort the souls from the mortal world to the Land of the Dead , and then determine which mode of transport the soul has merited . Each year on the Day of the Dead , these souls are allowed to visit their families in the Land of the Living .
The souls in the Land of the Dead appear as skeletal calaca figures . Alongside them are demons that have been summoned to help with the more mundane tasks of day @-@ to @-@ day life , such as vehicle maintenance . The souls themselves can suffer death @-@ within @-@ death by being " sprouted " , the result of being shot with " sproutella " -filled darts that cause flowers to grow out through the bones . Many of the characters are Mexican and occasional Spanish words are interspersed into the English dialog , resulting in Spanglish . Many of the characters smoke , following a film noir tradition ; the manual asks players to consider that every smoker in the game is dead .
= = = Plot = = =
The game is divided into four acts , each taking place on November 2 on four consecutive years . Manuel " Manny " Calavera is a travel agent at the Department of Death in the city of El Marrow , forced into his job to work off a debt " to the powers that be " . Manny is frustrated with being assigned clients that must take the four @-@ year journey and is threatened to be fired by his boss , Don Copal , if he does not come up with better clients . Manny steals a client , Mercedes " Meche " Colomar , from his co @-@ worker Domino Hurley . The Department computers assign Meche to the four @-@ year journey even though Manny believes she should have a guaranteed spot on the " Number Nine " luxury express train due to her pureness of heart in her life . After setting Meche on her way , Manny investigates further and finds that Domino and Don have been rigging the system to deny many clients Double N tickets , hoarding them for the boss of the criminal underworld , Hector LeMans . LeMans then sells the tickets at an exorbitant price to those that can afford it . Manny recognizes that he cannot stop Hector at present and instead , with the help of his driver and speed demon Glottis , he tries to find Meche on her journey in the nearby Petrified Forest . During the trip Manny encounters Salvador " Sal " Limones , the leader of the small underground organization Lost Souls Alliance ( LSA ) , who is aware of Hector 's plans and recruits Manny to help . Manny arrives at the small port city of Rubacava and finds that he has beaten Meche there , and waits for her to show up .
A year passes , and the city of Rubacava has grown . Manny now runs his own nightclub off a converted automat near the edge of the Forest . Manny learns from Olivia Ofrenda that Don has been " sprouted " for letting the scandal be known and that Meche was recently seen with Domino leaving the port . Manny gives chase and a year later tracks them to a coral mining plant on the Edge of the World . Domino has been holding Meche there as a trap to lure Manny . All of Domino 's clients who had their tickets stolen are also being held there and used as slave labor , both to make a profit with the coral mining and as a way to keep Hector 's scandal quiet . Domino tries to convince Manny to take over his position in the plant seeing as he has no alternative and can spend the rest of eternity with Meche but he refuses . After rescuing Meche , Manny defeats Domino by causing him to fall into a rock crusher . Manny , along with Meche , Glottis and all the souls being held at the plant then escape from the Edge of the World .
The three travel for another year until they reach the terminus for the Number Nine train before the Ninth Underworld . Unfortunately , the Gate Keeper to the Ninth Underworld won 't let the souls progress without their tickets , mistakenly believing they have sold them . Meanwhile , Glottis has fallen deathly ill . Manny learns from demons stationed at the terminus that the only way to revive Glottis is to travel at high speeds to restore Glottis ' purpose for being summoned . Manny and the others devise a makeshift fuel source to create a " rocket " train cart , quickly taking Manny and Meche back to Rubacava and saving Glottis ' life . The three return to El Marrow , now found to be fully in Hector 's control and renamed as Nuevo Marrow . Manny regroups with Sal and his expanded LSA and with the help of Olivia , who volunteered to join the gang earlier in Rubacava , and is able to learn about Hector 's current activities . Further investigation reveals that Hector not only has been hoarding the Number Nine tickets , but has created counterfeit versions that he has sold to others . Manny tries to confront Hector but is lured into another trap by Olivia , who has also captured Sal , and is taken to Hector 's greenhouse to be sprouted . Manny is able to defeat Hector after Sal sacrifices himself to prevent Olivia from interfering . Manny and Meche are able to find the real Double N tickets , including the one that Meche should have received . Manny makes sure the rest of the tickets are given to their rightful owners ; in turn , he is granted his own for his good deeds . Together , Manny and Meche board the Number Nine for their happy journey to the Ninth Underworld while Glottis who can 't join them waves tearfully goodbye .
= = Development = =
= = = Background and project inception = = =
Grim Fandango 's development was led by project leader Tim Schafer , co @-@ designer of Day of the Tentacle and creator of Full Throttle and the more recent Psychonauts and Brütal Legend . Schafer had begun work on the game soon after completing Full Throttle in June 1995 , though he conceived the idea of a Day of the Dead @-@ themed adventure before production on the latter began . Grim Fandango was an attempt by LucasArts to rejuvenate the graphic adventure genre , in decline by 1998 . According to Schafer , the game was developed on a $ 3 million budget . It was the first LucasArts adventure since Labyrinth not to use the SCUMM engine , instead using the Sith engine , pioneered by Jedi Knight : Dark Forces II , as the basis of the new GrimE engine . The GrimE engine was built using the scripting language Lua . This design decision was due to LucasArts programmer Bret Mogilefsky 's interest in the language , and is considered one of the first uses of Lua in gaming applications . The game 's success led to the language 's use in many other games and applications , including Escape from Monkey Island and Baldur 's Gate .
= = = 3D design = = =
Grim Fandango mixed static pre @-@ rendered background images with 3D characters and objects . Part of this decision was based on how the calaca figures would appear in three dimensions . There were more than 90 sets and 50 characters in the game to be created and rendered ; Manny 's character alone comprised 250 polygons . The
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
development team found that by utilizing three @-@ dimensional models to pre @-@ render the backgrounds , they could alter the camera shot to achieve more effective or dramatic angles for certain scenes simply by re @-@ rendering the background , instead of having to have an artist redraw the background for a traditional 2D adventure game . The team adapted the engine to allow Manny 's head to move separately from his body to make the player aware of important objects nearby . The 3D engine also aided in the choreography between the spoken dialog and body and arm movements of the characters . Additionally , full @-@ motion video cutscenes were incorporated to advance the plot , using the same in @-@ game style for the characters and backgrounds to make them nearly indistinguishable from the actual game .
= = = Themes and influences = = =
The game combines several Aztec beliefs of the afterlife and underworld with 1930s Art Deco design motifs and a dark plot reminiscent of the film noir genre . The Aztec motifs of the game were influenced by Schafer 's decade @-@ long fascination with folklore , stemming from an anthropology class he took at University of California Berkeley , and talks with folklorist Alan Dundes , with Schafer recognizing that the four @-@ year journey of the soul in the afterlife would set the stage for an adventure game . Schafer stated that once he had set on the Afterlife setting : " Then I thought , what role would a person want to play in a Day of the Dead scenario ? You 'd want to be the grim reaper himself . That 's how Manny got his job . Then I imagined him picking up people in the land of the living and bringing them to the land of the dead , like he 's really just a glorified limo or taxi driver . So the idea came of Manny having this really mundane job that looks glamorous because he has the robe and the scythe , but really , he 's just punching the clock . " Schafer recounted a Mexican folklore about how the dead were buried with two bags of gold to be used in the afterlife , one on their chest and one hidden in their coffin , such that if the spirits in the afterlife stole the one on the chest , they would still have the hidden bag of gold ; this idea of a criminal element in the afterlife led to the idea of a crime @-@ ridden , film noir style to the world , triggered too many ideas that they had to then trim down . The division of the game into four years was a way of breaking the game 's overall puzzle into four discrete sections . Each year was divided into several non @-@ linear branches of puzzles that all had to be solved before the player could progress to the next year .
Schafer opted to give the conversation @-@ heavy game the flavor of film noir set in the 1930s and 1940s , stating that " there 's something that I feel is really honest about the way people talked that 's different than modern movies " . He was partially inspired by novels written by Raymond Chandler and Dashiell Hammett . Several film noir movies were also inspiration for much of the game 's plot and characters . Tim Schafer stated that the true inspiration was drawn from films like Double Indemnity , in which a weak and undistinguished insurance salesman finds himself entangled in a murder plot . The design and early plot are fashioned after films such as Chinatown and Glengarry Glen Ross . Several scenes in Grim Fandango are directly inspired by the genre 's films such as The Maltese Falcon , The Third Man , Key Largo , and most notably Casablanca : two characters in the game 's second act are directly modeled after the roles played by Peter Lorre and Claude Rains in the film . The main villain , Hector LeMans , was designed to resemble Sydney Greenstreet 's character of Signor Ferrari from Casablanca . His voice was also modeled after Greenstreet , complete with his trademark chuckle .
Visually , the game drew inspiration from various sources : the skeletal character designs were based largely on the calaca figures used in Mexican Day of the Dead festivities , while the architecture ranged from Art Deco skyscrapers to an Aztec temple . The team turned to LucasArts artist Peter Chan to create the calaca figures . The art of Ed " Big Daddy " Roth was used as inspiration for the designs of the hot rods and the demon characters like Glottis .
Originally , Schafer had come
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
up with the name " Deeds of the Dead " for the game 's title , as he had originally planned Manny to be a real estate agent in the Land of the Dead . Other potential titles included " The Long Siesta " and " Dirt Nap " , before he came up with the title Grim Fandango .
= = = Dialogue and music = = =
The game featured a large cast for voice acting in the game 's dialog and cutscenes , employing many Latino actors to help with the Spanish slang . Voice actors included Tony Plana as Manny , María Canals as Meche , Alan Blumenfeld as Glottis , and Jim Ward as Hector . Schafer credits Plana for helping to deepen the character of Manny , as the voice actor was a native Spanish speaker and suggested alternate dialog for the game that was more natural for casual Spanish conversations . The game 's music , a mix of an orchestral score , South American folk music , jazz , swing and big band sounds , was composed at LucasArts by Peter McConnell and inspired by the likes of Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman as well as film composers Max Steiner and Adolph Deutsch . The score featured live musicians that McConnell knew or made contact with in San Francisco 's Mission District , including a mariachi band . The soundtrack was released as a CD in 1998 .
= = = Original release = = =
Originally , the game was to be shipped in the first half of 1998 but was delayed ; as a result , the game was released on October 30 , 1998 , the Friday before November 2 , the actual date of the Day of the Dead celebration . Even with the delay , the team had to drop several of the puzzles and characters from the game , including a climactic five @-@ step puzzle against Hector LeMans at the conclusion of the game ; Schafer later noted that they would have needed one to two more years to implement their original designs .
= = = Remastered version = = =
= = = = Acquisition of rights and announcement = = = =
A remastered release of Grim Fandango was announced in June 2014 during Sony Computer Entertainment 's press event of the 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo , with a simultaneous release for the PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , and Linux platforms on January 27 , 2015 . It was later released for Android and iOS on May 5 , 2015 .
The remastered version was predicated on the transition of LucasArts from a developer and publisher into a licensor and publisher in 2013 shortly after its acquisition by Disney . Under new management , LucasArts licensed several of its intellectual properties ( IP ) , including Grim Fandango , to outside developers . Schafer was able to acquire the rights to the game with financial assistance from Sony , and started the process of building out the remaster within Double Fine Productions . Schafer said that the sale of LucasArts to Disney had reminded them of the past efforts of former LucasArts president Darrell Rodrigeuz to release the older LucasArts titles as Legacy Properties , such as the 2009 rerelease of The Secret of Monkey Island . Schafer also noted that they had tried to acquire the property from Lucasarts in the years prior , but the frequent change in management stalled progress . When they began to inquire about the rights with Disney and LucasArts following its acquisition , they found that Sony , through their vice president of publisher and developer relations Adam Boyes , was also looking to acquire the rights . Boyes stated that Sony had been interested in working with a wide array of developers for the PlayStation 4 , and was also inspired to seek Grim Fandango 's after seeing developers like Capcom and Midway Games revive older properties . Boyes ' determination was supported by John Vignocchi , VP of Production for Disney Interactive , who also shared memories of the game , and was able to bring in contacts to track down the game 's assets . After discovering they were vying for the same property , Schafer and Boyes agreed to work together to acquire the IP and subsequent funding , planning to make the re @-@ release a remastered version . Sony did not ask for any of IP rights for the game , instead only asking Double Fine to give the PlayStation platforms console exclusivity in exchange for funding support , similar to their Pub Fund scheme they use to support independent developers .
= = = = Challenges = = = =
A major complication in remastering the original work was having many of the critical game files go missing or on archaic formats . A large number of backup files were made on Digital Linear Tape ( DLT ) which Disney / LucasArts had been able to recover for Double Fine , but the company had no drives to read the tapes . Former LucasArts sound engineer Jory Prum had managed to save a DLT drive and was able to extract all of the game 's audio development data from the tapes .
Schafer noted at the time of Grim Fandango 's original development , retention of code was not as rigorous as present day standards , and in some cases , Schafer believes the only copies of some files were unintentionally taken by employees when they had left LucasArts . As such , Schafer and his team have been going back through past employee records to try to trace down any of them and ask for any files they may have saved . In other cases , they have had difficulty in identifying elements on the low @-@ resolution artwork of the original game , such as an emblem on one character 's hat , and have had to go looking for original concept art to figure out the design .
Once original assets were identified , as to be used to present the " classic " look of the game in the Remastered editor , Double Fine worked to improve the overall look for modern computers . The textures and lighting models for the characters were improved , in particular for Manny . Schafer has likened the remastering approach to The Criterion Collection film releases in providing a high @-@ fidelity version of the game without changing the story or the characters .
In addition to his own developers , Schafer reached out to players who had created unofficial patches and
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
times of adversity , they may swell up to contain thousands or even tens of thousands of birds ; one record from the Kimberley noted a flock of 32 @,@ 000 little corellas . Species that inhabit open country form larger flocks than those of forested areas .
Some species require roosting sites that are located near drinking sites ; other species travel great distances between the roosting and feeding sites . Cockatoos have several characteristic methods of bathing ; they may hang upside down or fly about in the rain or flutter in wet leaves in the canopy . Cockatoos have a preferred " footedness " analogous to human handedness . Most species are left @-@ footed with 87 @-@ 100 % of individuals using their left feet to eat , but a few species favor their right foot .
= = = Diet and feeding = = =
Cockatoos are versatile feeders and consume a range of mainly vegetable food items . Seeds form a large part of the diet of all species ; these are opened with their large and powerful bills . The galahs , corellas and some of the black cockatoos feed primarily on the ground ; others feed mostly in trees . The ground @-@ feeding species tend to forage in flocks , which form tight , squabbling groups where seeds are concentrated and dispersed lines where food is more sparsely distributed ; they also prefer open areas where visibility is good . The western and long @-@ billed corellas have elongated bills to excavate tubers and roots and the Major Mitchell 's cockatoo walks in a circle around the doublegree ( Emex australis ) to twist out and remove the underground parts .
Many species forage for food in the canopy of trees , taking advantage of serotiny ( the storage of a large supply of seed in cones or gumnuts by plant genera such as Eucalyptus , Banksia and Hakea ) , a natural feature of the Australian landscape in dryer regions . These woody fruiting bodies are inaccessible to many species and harvested in the main by parrots , cockatoos and rodents in more tropical regions . The larger cones can be opened by the large bills of cockatoos but are too strong for smaller animals . Many nuts and fruits lie on the end of small branches which are unable to support the weight of the foraging cockatoo , which instead bends the branch towards itself and holds it with its foot .
While some cockatoos are generalists taking a wide range of foods , others are specialists . The glossy black cockatoo specialises in the cones of trees of the genus Allocasuarina , preferring a single species , A. verticillata . It holds the cones in its foot and shreds them with its powerful bill before removing the seeds with its tongue . Some species take large numbers of insects , particularly when breeding ; in fact the bulk of the yellow @-@ tailed black cockatoo 's diet is made up of insects . The large bill is used in order to extract grubs and larvae from rotting wood . The amount of time cockatoos have to spend foraging varies with the season . During times of plenty they may need to feed for only a few hours in the day , in the morning and evening , then spend the rest of the day roosting or preening in trees , but during the winter most of the day may be spent foraging . The birds have increased nutritional requirements during the breeding season , so they spend more time foraging for food during this time . Cockatoos have large crops , which allow them to store and digest food for some time after retiring to a tree . During hard times , the cockatoos also display versatility in their diet , travelling widely in order to find food , feeding on more green plant material and in some species using their large bills to dig up corms .
= = = Breeding = = =
Cockatoos are monogamous breeders , with pair bonds that can last many years . Many birds pair up in flocks before they reach sexual maturity and delay breeding for a year at least . Females breed for the first time anywhere from three to seven years of age and males are often older . Sexual maturity is delayed so birds can develop the skills for raising and parenting young , which is prolonged compared with other birds ; the young of some species remain with their parents for up to a year . Cockatoos may also display site fidelity , returning to the same nesting sites in consecutive years . Courtship is generally simple , particularly for established pairs , with the black cockatoos alone engaging in courtship feeding . Established pairs do engage in preening each other , but all forms of courtship drop off after incubation begins , possibly due to the strength of the pair @-@ bond .
Like most parrots , the cockatoos are cavity nesters , nesting in holes in trees , which they are unable to excavate themselves . These hollows are formed from decay or destruction of wood by branches breaking off , fungi or insects such as termites or even woodpeckers where their ranges overlap . In many places these holes are scarce and the source of competition , both with other members of the same species and with other species and types of animal . In general , cockatoos choose hollows only a little larger than themselves , hence different @-@ sized species nest in holes of corresponding ( and different ) sizes . If given the opportunity , cockatoos prefer nesting over 7 or 8 metres ( 20 – 25 ft ) above the ground and close to water and food .
The nesting hollows are lined with sticks , wood chips and branches with leaves . The eggs of cockatoos are oval and initially white , as their location makes camouflage unnecessary . However , they do become discoloured over the course of incubation . They range in size from 55 mm × 37 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in × 1 @.@ 5 in ) in the palm and red @-@ tailed black cockatoos , to 26 mm × 19 mm ( 1 @.@ 02 in × 0 @.@ 75 in ) in the cockatiel . Clutch size varies within the family , with the palm cockatoo and some other larger cockatoos laying only a single egg and the smaller species laying anywhere between two and eight eggs . Food supply also plays a role in clutch size . Some species can lay a second clutch if the first fails . Around 20 % of eggs laid are infertile . The cockatoos ' incubation and brooding responsibilities may either be undertaken by the female alone in the case of the black cockatoos or shared amongst the sexes as happens in the other species . In the case of the black cockatoos , the female is provisioned by the male several times a day . The young of all species are born covered in yellowish down , bar the palm cockatoo , whose young are born naked . Cockatoo incubation times are dependent on species size , with the smaller cockatiels having a period of around 20 days and the larger Carnaby 's black cockatoo incubating its eggs for up to 29 days .
The nestling period also varies by species size , with larger species having longer nestling periods . It is also affected by season and environmental factors and by competition with siblings in species with clutch sizes greater than one . Much of what is known about the nestling period of some species is dependent on aviary studies – aviary cockatiels can fledge after 5 weeks and the large palm cockatoos after 11 weeks . During this period , the young become covered in juvenile plumage while remaining in the hollow . Wings and tail feathers are slow to grow initially but more rapid as the primary feathers appear
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. Nestlings quickly reach about 80 – 90 % of adult weight about two thirds of the time through this period , plateauing before they leave the hollow ; they fledge at this weight with wing and tail feathers still to grow a little before reaching adult dimensions . Growth rate of the young , as well as numbers fledged , are adversely impacted by reduced food supply and poor weather conditions .
= = = Predators and threats = = =
The peregrine falcon and little eagle have been reported taking galahs and the wedge @-@ tailed eagle has been observed killing a sulphur @-@ crested cockatoo . Eggs and nestlings are vulnerable to many hazards . Various species of monitor lizard ( Varanus ) are able to climb trees and enter hollows . Other predators recorded include the spotted wood owl on Rasa Island in the Philippines ; the amethystine python , black butcherbird and rodents including the giant white @-@ tailed rat in Cape York ; and brushtail possum on Kangaroo Island . Furthermore , galahs and little corellas competing for nesting space with the glossy black cockatoo on Kangaroo Island have been recorded killing nestlings of the latter species there . Severe storms may also flood hollows drowning the young and termite or borer activity may lead to the internal collapse of nests .
Like other parrots , cockatoos can be afflicted by psittacine beak and feather disease ( PBFD ) . The viral infection causes feather loss and beak malformation and reduces the bird 's overall immunity . Particularly prevalent in sulphur @-@ crested cockatoos , little corellas and galahs , it has been recorded in 14 species of cockatoo to date . Although unlikely to significantly impact on large , healthy populations of birds in the wild , PBFD may pose a high risk to smaller stressed populations .
A white cockatoo and a sulphur @-@ crested cockatoo were found to be infected with the protozoon Haemoproteus and another sulphur @-@ crested cockatoo had the malaria parasite Plasmodium on analysis of faecal samples at Almuñecar ornithological garden in Granada in Spain . Like amazon parrots and macaws , cockatoos frequently develop cloacal papillomas . The relationship with malignancy is unknown , as is the cause , although a parrot papilloma virus has been isolated from an African grey parrot with the condition .
= = Relationship with humans = =
Human activities have had positive effects on some species of cockatoo and negative effects on others . Many species of open country have benefited greatly from anthropogenic changes to the landscape , with the great increase in reliable seed food sources , available water and have also adapted well to a diet including foreign foodstuffs . This benefit appears to be restricted to Australian species , as cockatoos favouring open country outside Australia have not become more abundant . Predominantly forest @-@ dwelling species have suffered greatly from habitat destruction ; in the main , they appear to have a more specialised diet and have not been able to incorporate exotic food into their diet . A notable exception is the yellow @-@ tailed black cockatoo in eastern Australia .
= = = Pests = = =
Several species of cockatoo can be serious agricultural pests . They are sometimes controlled by shooting , poisoning or capture followed by gassing . Non @-@ lethal damage mitigation methods used include scaring , habitat manipulation and the provision of decoy food dumps or sacrifice crops to distract them from the main crop . They can be a nuisance in urban areas due to destruction of property . They maintain their bills in the wild by chewing on wood but , in suburbia , they may chew outdoor furniture , door and window frames ; soft decorative timbers such as western red cedar are readily demolished . Birds may also target external wiring and fixtures such as solar water heaters , television antennae and satellite dishes . A business in central Melbourne suffered as sulphur @-@ crested cockatoos repeatedly stripped the silicone sealant from the plate glass windows . Galahs and red @-@ tailed black cockatoos have stripped electrical cabling in rural areas and tarpaulin is targeted elsewhere . Outside Australia , the Tanimbar corella is a pest on Yamdena Island where it raids maize crops .
In 1995 the Government of the state of Victoria published a report on problems caused by long @-@ billed corellas , sulphur @-@ crested cockatoos and galahs , three species which , along with the little corella , have large and growing populations
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Hume reclassified it as a species in the genus Psittacula and called it Thirioux 's grey parrot . Previously , James Greenway speculated that reports of grey Mauritian parrots referred to the broad @-@ billed parrot .
= = = Evolution = = =
The taxonomic affinities of the broad @-@ billed parrot are undetermined . Considering its large jaws and other osteological features , Edward Newton and Hans Gadow thought it to be closely related to the Rodrigues parrot ( Necropsittacus rodricanus ) , but were unable to determine whether they both belonged in the same genus , since a crest was only known from the latter . Graham S. Cowles instead found their skulls too dissimilar for them to be close relatives .
Many endemic Mascarene birds , including the dodo , are derived from South Asian ancestors , and the English palaeontologist Julian Hume has proposed that this may be the case for all the parrots there as well . Sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene , so it was possible for species to colonise some of the then less isolated islands . Although most extinct parrot species of the Mascarenes are poorly known , subfossil remains show that they shared features such as enlarged heads and jaws , reduced pectoral bones , and robust leg bones . Hume has suggested that they have a common origin in the radiation of the tribe Psittaculini , basing this theory on morphological features and the fact that Psittacula parrots have managed to colonise many isolated islands in the Indian Ocean . The Psittaculini may have invaded the area several times , as many of the species were so specialised that they may have evolved significantly on hotspot islands before the Mascarenes emerged from the sea . A 2011 genetic study instead found that the Mascarene parrot ( Mascarinus mascarinus ) of nearby Réunion was most closely related to the lesser vasa parrot ( Coracopsis nigra ) from Madagascar and nearby islands , and therefore unrelated to the Psittacula parrots , undermining the theory of their common origin .
= = Description = =
The broad @-@ billed parrot possessed a distinct frontal crest of feathers . Ridges on the skull indicate that this crest was firmly attached , and that the bird , unlike cockatoos , could not raise or lower it . The 1601 Gelderland sketch was examined in 2003 by Hume , who compared the ink finish with the underlying pencil sketch and found that the latter showed several additional details . The pencil sketch depicts the crest as a tuft of rounded feathers attached to the front of the head at the base of the beak , and shows long primary covert feathers , large secondary feathers , and a slightly bifurcated tail . Measurements of sub @-@ fossils known by 1893 show that the mandible was 65 – 78 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 1 in ) in length , 65 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) in width , the femur was 58 – 63 mm ( 2 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 5 in ) in length , the tibia was 88 – 99 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) , and the metatarsus 35 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) . Unlike other Mascarene parrots , the broad @-@ billed parrot had a flattened skull .
Subfossils show that the males were larger , measuring 55 – 65 centimetres ( 22 – 26 in ) to
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the females ' 45 – 55 cm ( 18 – 22 in ) and that both sexes had disproportionately large heads and beaks . The sexual dimorphism in size between male and female skulls is the largest among parrots . Differences in the bones of the rest of the body and limbs are less pronounced ; nevertheless , it had greater sexual dimorphism in overall size than any living parrot . The size differences between the two birds in the 1601 sketch may be due to this feature . A 1602 account by Reyer Cornelisz has traditionally been interpreted as the only contemporary mention of size differences among broad @-@ billed parrots , listing " large and small Indian crows " among the animals of the island . A full transcript of the original text was only published in 2003 , and showed that a comma had been incorrectly placed in the English translation ; " large and small " instead referred to " field @-@ hens " , possibly the red rail and the smaller Sauzier 's wood rail .
There has been some confusion over the colouration of the broad @-@ billed parrot . The report of van Neck 's 1598 voyage , published in 1601 , contained the first illustration of the parrot , with a caption stating that the bird had " two or three colours " . The last account of the bird , and the only mention of specific colours , was by Johann Christian Hoffman in 1673 – 75 :
There are also geese , flamingos , three species of pigeon of varied colours , mottled and green perroquets , red crows with recurved beaks and with blue heads , which fly with difficulty and have received from the Dutch the name of ' Indian crow ' .
In spite of the mention of several colours , authors such as Walter Rothschild claimed that the Gelderland journal described the bird as entirely blue @-@ grey , and it was restored this way in Rothschild 's 1907 book Extinct Birds . Later examination of the journal by Julian Hume has revealed only a description of the dodo . He suggested that the distinctively drawn facial mask may represent a separate colour . The head was evidently blue , and in 2007 , Hume suggested the beak may have been red , and the rest of the plumage greyish or blackish , which also occurs in other members of Psittaculini .
In 2015 , a translation of the 1660s report of Johannes Pretorius about his stay on Mauritius was published , wherein he described the bird as " very beautifully coloured " . Hume accordingly reinterpreted Hoffman 's account , and suggested the bird may have been brightly coloured with a red body , blue head , and red beak ; the bird was illustrated as such in the paper by Ria Winters . Possible iridescent or glossy feathers that changed appearance according to angle of light may also have given the impression that it had even more colours . It has also been suggested that in addition to size dimorphism , the sexes may have had different colours , which would explain some of the discrepancies in old descriptions .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
Johannes Pretorius ( on Mautirius from 1666 to 1669 ) kept various now @-@ extinct Mauritian birds in captivity , and described the behaviour of the broad @-@ billed parrot as follows :
The Indian ravens are very beautifully coloured . They cannot fly and are not often found . This kind is a very bad tempered bird . When captive it refuses to eat . It would prefer to die rather than to live in captivity .
Though the broad @-@ billed parrot may have fed on the ground and been a weak flier , its tarsometatarsus was short and stout , implying some arboreal characteristics . The Newton brothers and many authors after them inferred that it was flightless , due to the apparent short wings and large size shown in the 1601 Gelderland sketch . According to Hume , the underlying pencil sketch actually shows that the wings are not particularly short . They appear broad , as they commonly are in forest @-@ adapted species , and the alula appears large , a feature of slow @-@ flying birds . Its sternal keel was reduced , but not enough to prevent flight , as the adept flying Cyanoramphus parrots also have reduced keels , and even the flightless kakapo , with its vestigial keel , is capable of gliding . Furthermore , Hoffman 's account states that it could fly , albeit with difficulty , and the first published illustration shows the bird on top of a tree , an improbable position for a flightless bird . The broad @-@ billed parrot may have been behaviourally near @-@ flightless , like the now @-@ extinct Norfolk Island kaka .
Sexual dimorphism in beak size may have affected behaviour . Such dimorphism is common in other parrots , for example in the palm cockatoo and the New Zealand kaka . In species where it occurs , the sexes prefer food of different sizes , the males use their beaks in rituals , or the sexes have specialised roles in nesting and rearing . Similarly , the large difference between male and female head size may have been reflected in the ecology of each sex , though it is impossible to determine how .
Masauji Hachisuka suggested the broad @-@ billed parrot was nocturnal , like the kakapo and the night parrot , two extant ground @-@ dwelling parrots . Contemporary accounts do not corroborate this , and the orbits are of similar size to those of other large diurnal parrots . The broad @-@ billed parrot was recorded on the dry leeward side of Mauritius , which was the most accessible for people , and it was noted that birds were more abundant near the coast , which may indicate that the fauna of such areas was more diverse . It may have nested in tree cavities or rocks , like the Cuban amazon . The terms raven or crow may have been suggested by the bird 's harsh call , its behavioural traits , or just its dark plumage . The following description by Jacob Granaet from 1666 mentions some of the broad @-@ billed parrot 's co @-@ inhabitants of the forests , and might indicate its demeanour :
Within the forest dwell parrots , turtle and other wild doves , mischievous and unusually large ravens [ broad @-@ billed parrots ] , falcons , bats and other birds whose name I do not know , never having seen before .
Many other endemic species of Mauritius were lost after the arrival of man , so the ecosystem of the island is severely damaged and hard to reconstruct . Before humans arrived , Mauritius was entirely covered in forests , almost all of which have since been lost to deforestation . The surviving endemic fauna is still seriously threatened . The broad @-@ billed parrot lived alongside other recently extinct Mauritian birds such as the dodo , the red rail , the Mascarene grey parakeet , the Mauritius blue pigeon , the Mauritius owl , the Mascarene coot , the Mauritian shelduck , the Mauritian duck , and the Mauritius night heron . Extinct Mauritian reptiles include the saddle @-@ backed Mauritius giant tortoise , the domed Mauritius giant tortoise , the Mauritian giant skink , and the Round Island burrowing boa . The small Mauritian flying fox and the snail Tropidophora carinata lived on Mauritius and Réunion but became extinct in both islands . Some plants , such as Casearia tinifolia and the palm orchid , have also become extinct .
= = = Diet = = =
Species that are morphologically similar to the broad @-@ billed parrot , such as the hyacinth macaw and the palm cockatoo , may provide insight into its ecology . Anodorhynchus macaws , which are habitual ground dwellers , eat very hard palm nuts . Carlos Yamashita has suggested that these macaws once depended on now @-@ extinct South American megafauna to eat fruits and excrete the seeds , and that they later relied on domesticated cattle to do this . Similarly , in Australasia the palm cockatoo feeds on undigested seeds from cassowary droppings . Yamashita suggested that the abundant Cylindraspis tortoises and dodos performed the same function on Mauritius , and that the broad @-@ billed parrot , with its macaw @-@ like beak , depended on them to obtain cleaned seeds . Many types of palms and palm @-@ like plants on Mauritius produce hard seeds that the broad @-@ billed parrot may have eaten , including Latania loddigesii , Mimusops maxima , Sideroxylon grandiflorum , Diospyros egrettorium , and Pandanus utilis .
On the basis of radiographs , D. T. Holyoak claimed that the mandible of the broad @-@ billed parrot was weakly constructed and suggested that it would have fed on soft fruits rather than hard seeds . As evidence , he pointed out that the internal trabeculae were widely spaced , that the upper bill was broad whereas the palatines were narrow , and the fact that no preserved upper rostrum had been discovered , which he attributed to its delicateness . G. A. Smith ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
weapons arsenal . As at 23 May , Syria had removed or destroyed 92 @.@ 5 % of its declared chemical stockpile .
On 23 June , the head of OPCW , Ahmet Üzümcü , announced in The Hague that the last of Syria 's declared chemical weapons had been shipped out of the country for destruction . The last 8 % of the chemical stockpile was loaded on to ships at Latakia . The most toxic chemicals , including sarin precursors and sulphur mustard , were destroyed by 18 August aboard the US naval vessel MV Cape Ray . The remaining were destroyed in the US , Great Britain and Finland . On 4 January 2015 , the OPCW confirmed that the destruction was completed .
Despite American criticisms of the delays , the OPCW has described Syria 's cooperation as " satisfactory " .
= = Problems with cargo = =
In a news article published in Norway 's biggest newspaper Verdens Gang in December 2015 , it was revealed that the operation had been far more dramatic than what was expected and reported . There were rocket attacks against Latakia while " Taiko " was docked . There were explosions and strikes around the docks and there were incidents were possible suicide boats would come to close to the ships and had to be warned off . The commander of the Norwegian frigate commanded that the moorings on the freighter " Taiko " was rigged with explosives every time she went to land in Syria . The goal : To get from the country as soon as possible if anything happened . From the get go , the shipments of containers that was transported to the cargo ships was in bad shape and they leaked lethal material and gases . The containers were characterized by having been filled up hastily in a war zone before they were transported to the pier and handed on to the Norwegian forces . When almost half of the cargo gave signal of leakage of lethal material , an emergency meeting was held onboard Taiko with representatives from OPCW , UN , USA , Norway , Denmark , Syria and Finland . The Norwegian soldiers were ordered to deal with the situation . However no country would accept a docking of the ship with the material leaking on board , and Norwegian personnel and ships had to sail back to Syria and deal with and open the sealed containers and move the material to different containers .
= = Alleged violations = =
Chlorine , a common industrial chemical , was allegedly used in poison @-@ gas attacks by the Assad government in 2014 . Chlorine is not on the list of prohibited chemicals covered by the disarmament agreement ; however , its use as a weapon violates the Chemical Weapons Convention .
In July 2014 , Assad disclosed to the OPCW " a facility for the production of ricin " but stated that " the entire quantity of ricin produced was disposed of prior to the entry into force " of the Chemical Weapons Convention . The lateness of this disclosure raised doubts about the completeness of the government 's declaration of its chemical weapons stockpile . The Israeli intelligence community believes the Assad government retains several tons of chemical weapons .
= = Declared sites and chemical weapons = =
Syria declared 23 sites to OPCW , the location of which are not disclosed for confidentiality reasons . On these sites a combined 41 facilities were present containing " 1 @,@ 300 tons of chemical precursors and agents and 1 @,@ 230 unfilled munitions " .
According to U.S. chemical weapons nonproliferation expert Amy Smithson , declared sites are believed to include :
four production facilities near Safira , Khan Abu Shamat , Homs , and Hama
six storage facilities near Safira , Homs , Hama , Furqlus , Latakia , and Palmyra
a research and development site in Damascus
In October 2013 , the OPCW directly inspected 21 of the 23 sites . The OPCW was able to indirectly confirm that the other two , unreachable , sites had been abandoned .
= = = Allegations of undisclosed sites = = =
The Economist reported in early October that Syria had disclosed 19 chemical weapons @-@ related sites , whilst unnamed Western intelligence sources believed 45 sites to exist in total . One U.S. official said it was not clear if the discrepancy is " a deception " or merely a " difference of definition " regarding what constitutes a chemical weapons site . In Science Insider , experts stated that there was a possibility of incomplete record @-@ keeping , citing an incident in 2002 wherein Albania discovered , in a cluster of mountain bunkers , 16 tons of primitive , undocumented chemical weapon agents that Albania had forgotten about . Chemical weapons expert Winfield has commented that the success of the destruction plan depends on Syria revealing all of its chemical arms stockpile , much of which is moveable and may be spread across dozens of sites .
= Nuckelavee =
The nuckelavee ( pronunciation : / nʌklɑːˈviː / ) or nuckalavee is a horse @-@ like demon from Orcadian mythology that combines equine and human elements . It has its origins in Norse mythology , and is the most horrible of all the demons of the Scottish islands . The nuck component of its name may be cognate with Nick in Old Nick , a name for the Christian Devil . The nuckelavee 's breath was thought to wilt crops and sicken livestock , and the creature was held responsible for droughts and epidemics on land despite its being predominantly a sea @-@ dweller .
A graphic description of the nuckelavee as it appears on land was given by an islander who claimed to have had a confrontation with it , but accounts describing the details of the creature 's appearance are inconsistent . In common with many other sea monsters it is unable to tolerate fresh water , therefore those it is pursuing have only to cross a river or stream to be rid of it . The nuckelavee is kept in confinement during the summer months by the Mither o ' the Sea , an ancient Orcadian spirit , and the only one able to control it .
Orcadian folklore had a strong Scandinavian influence , and it may be that the nuckelavee is a composite of a water horse from Celtic mythology and a creature imported by the Norsemen . As with similar malevolent entities such as the kelpie , it possibly offered an explanation for incidents that islanders in ancient times could not otherwise understand .
= = Etymology = =
The late 19th century saw an upsurge of interest in transcribing folklore , but the recorders used inconsistent spelling and frequently anglicised words , thus the same entity could be given different names . The term nuckelavee derives from Orcadian knoggelvi , and according to Orkney resident and 19th @-@ century folklorist Walter Traill Dennison means " Devil of the Sea " . The same demon is called a mukkelevi in Shetland , where it was considered a nasty sea trow or sea devil . Samuel Hibbert , an antiquarian of the early nineteenth century , considered the component nuck of the nuckelavee 's name to be cognate with both the Nick in Old Nick , a name sometimes given to the Devil of Christian belief , and with the Latin necare , to kill .
= = Folk beliefs = =
= = = Description and common attributes = = =
Stories of mythical Orcadian demons are recorded in the 16th @-@ century Latin manuscripts of Jo Ben , who may have been referring to the nuckelavee in his description of the Orkney island of Stronsay . Dennison transcribed much of the information available about traditional tales told on Orkney , but to an extent romanticised and systematically altered certain elements of the stories in the process of transforming them into prose .
The nuckelavee is a mythical sea creature that appears as a horse @-@ like demon when it ventures onto land . Writer and folklorist Ernest Marwick considered it very similar to the Norwegian nøkk , the nuggle of the Shetlands and the kelpie . A unique and solitary creature possessing extensive evil powers , its malevolent behaviour can influence events throughout the islands . Islanders were terrified of the creature and would not speak its name without immediately saying a prayer . It was often found in the vicinity of a beach , but would never come ashore if it was raining .
No tales describe what form the nuckelavee takes when in the sea , but its appearance on land has been recounted in graphic detail . An islander , Tammas , claimed to have survived a confrontation with the beast and , after much cajoling from Dennison , reluctantly gave his description of the monster , the only known first @-@ hand account . According to Tammas , the nuckelavee has a man 's torso attached to a horse 's back as if it were a rider . The male torso has no legs , but its arms can reach the ground from
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
an 83 % fresh rating on review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes . Rachel Saltz of the New York Times said , " Bollywood isn ’ t afraid to be mawkish . “ Barfi ! ” is at times , though not noticeably more so than most Hindi movies , despite its premise of special lovers with a special lesson to teach . " Lisa Tsering The Hollywood Reporter called the movie " a refreshingly non @-@ commercial exercise " and added that " poignant Bollywood romantic comedy " . On the performances of the cast she wrote , " [ ... ] Basu has guided Kapoor and especially Chopra to turn in exceptionally restrained , organic performances . " " Ronnie Scheib of Variety wrote , " Unlike Michel Hazanavicus ’ black @-@ and @-@ white silent homage “ The Artist , ” Basu ’ s film bursts with sound and color ; only the speaking- and hearing @-@ impaired Basu is condemned to silence . " Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times was more critical of the film , despite praising aspect including " the hard @-@ working cast , a lush score , exotic location shooting and scattered warmth " called it as " more endurance test than entertainment . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Barfi ! has received various awards and nominations in categories ranging mostly from recognition of the film itself , to its cinematography , direction , screenplay , and music , to the cast 's performance . The film was selected as India 's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film nomination for the 85th Academy Awards . The film received thirteen nominations at the 58th Filmfare Awards , winning seven , including Best Film , Best Actor for Kapoor and Best Music Director for Pritam . Barfi ! received twenty @-@ three nominations on the 19th Screen Awards , winning nine , including Best Actor for Kapoor , Best Director for Basu and Jodi No. 1 ( Best Pair ) for Kapoor and Chopra . At the 14th Zee Cine Awards , Barfi ! received nine nominations , and swept eight awards , including Best Film , Best Director for Basu and Best Actress for Chopra .
= = Box office = =
Upon its release , Barfi ! started strongly at multiplexes throughout India , with around 80 @-@ 90 % occupancy , but had lower opening takings because of a limited release . The film grossed ₹ 85 @.@ 6 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 3 million ) on its opening day . Its second day saw an increase of around 35 % occupancy and collected ₹ 115 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) . In its opening weekend , the film grossed ₹ 340 million ( US $ 5 @.@ 1 million ) . In its first week , Barfi ! collected ₹ 565 million ( US $ 8 @.@ 4 million ) nett , and by its eighth day had earned ₹ 32 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 480 @,@ 000 ) despite the release of Heroine . Barfi ! earned ₹ 150 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 2 million ) in its second weekend . Barfi ! had a good second week where it has collected ₹ 242 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 6 million ) nett . In the third week , the film 's takings rose to ₹ 158 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 3 million ) nett. and it took ₹ 61 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 910 @,@ 000 ) in its fourth week . During its cinematic release period , Barfi ! earned a gross total of ₹ 1 @.@ 06 billion ( US $ 16 million ) in India . The all @-@ India distributor share of the film was ₹ 500 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 4 million ) . The film became one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of 2012 in India , and was declared a " Super Hit " after its three @-@ week run by Box Office India . The film went on to gross ₹ 1 @.@ 75 billion ( US $ 26 million ) worldwide . Internationally , Barfi earned around ₹ 124 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 8 million ) in its opening weekend , slightly exceeding Raajneeti – which had collected ₹ 116 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) – as Ranbir Kapoor 's biggest opener overseas . By the end of its run , Barfi ! had grossed $ 6 @.@ 25 million outside India , and it became one of the highest overseas grossing Bollywood films of 2012 .
= Manzanar =
Manzanar is most widely known as the site of one of ten camps where over 110 @,@ 000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II . Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in California 's Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, he was appointed as the governor of first Kaffa ( Theodosia ) , then Sarukhan ( Manisa ) with a brief tenure at Adrianople ( now Edirne ) .
= = = Accession = = =
Upon the death of his father , Selim I ( 1465 – 1520 ) , Suleiman entered Constantinople and ascended to the throne as the tenth Ottoman Sultan . An early description of Suleiman , a few weeks following his accession , was provided by the Venetian envoy Bartolomeo Contarini : " He is twenty @-@ six years of age , tall , but wiry , and of a delicate complexion . His neck is a little too long , his face thin , and his nose aquiline . He has a shade of a mustache and a small beard ; nevertheless he has a pleasant mien , though his skin tends to be a light pallor . He is said to be a wise Lord , fond of study , and all men hope for good from his rule . " Some historians claim that in his youth Suleiman had an admiration for Alexander the Great . He was influenced by Alexander 's vision of building a world empire that would encompass the east and the west , and this created a drive for his subsequent military campaigns in Asia and in Africa , as well as in Europe .
= = Military campaigns = =
= = = Conquests in Europe = = =
Upon succeeding his father , Suleiman began a series of military conquests , eventually suppressing a revolt led by the Ottoman @-@ appointed governor of Damascus in 1521 . Suleiman soon made preparations for the conquest of Belgrade from the Kingdom of Hungary — something his great @-@ grandfather Mehmed II had failed to achieve because of John Hunyadi 's strong defense in the region . Its capture was vital in removing the Hungarians and Croats who , following the defeats of the Serbs , Bulgarians , Albanians and the Byzantines , remained the only formidable force who could block further Ottoman gains in Europe . Suleiman encircled Belgrade and began a series of heavy bombardments from an island in the Danube . Belgrade , with a garrison of only 700 men , and receiving no aid from Hungary , fell in August 1521 .
The fall of Christendom 's major strongholds spread fear across Europe . As the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire to Constantinople was to note , " The capture of Belgrade was at the origin of the dramatic events which engulfed Hungary . It led to the death of King Louis , the capture of Buda , the occupation of Transylvania , the ruin of a flourishing kingdom and the fear of neighboring nations that they would suffer the same fate ... "
The road to Hungary and Austria lay open , but Suleiman turned his attention instead to the Eastern Mediterranean island of Rhodes , the home base of the Knights Hospitaller . In the summer of 1522 , taking advantage of the large navy he inherited from his father , Suleiman dispatched an armada of some 400 ships towards Rhodes , while personally leading an army of 100 @,@ 000 across Asia Minor to a point opposite the island itself . Here Suleiman built a large fortification , Marmaris Castle , that served as a base for the Ottoman Navy . Following the brutal five @-@ month Siege of Rhodes ( 1522 ) , Rhodes capitulated and Suleiman allowed the Knights of Rhodes to depart . ( The Knights of Rhodes eventually formed a new base in Malta , becoming known as Knights of Malta , even now . )
As relations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire deteriorated , Suleiman resumed his campaign in Central Europe and on 29 August 1526 , he defeated Louis II of Hungary ( 1506 – 26 ) at the Battle of Mohács . In its wake , Hungarian resistance collapsed and the Ottoman Empire became the preeminent power in Central Europe . Upon encountering the lifeless body of King Louis , Suleiman is said to have lamented : " I came indeed in arms against him ; but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off before he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty . " While Suleiman was campaigning in Hungary , Turkmen tribes in central Anatolia revolted under the leadership of Kalender Çelebi .
Some Hungarian nobles proposed that Ferdinand , who was ruler of neighboring Austria and tied to Louis II 's family by marriage , be King of Hungary , citing previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs . However , other nobles turned to the nobleman John Zápolya , who was being supported by Suleiman . Under Charles V and his brother Ferdinand I , the Habsburgs reoccupied Buda and took possession of Hungary . Reacting in 1529 , Suleiman marched through the valley of the Danube and regained control of Buda ; in the following autumn his forces laid siege to Vienna . This was to be the Ottoman Empire 's most ambitious expedition and the apogee of its drive to the West . With a reinforced garrison of 16 @,@ 000 men , the Austrians inflicted the first defeat on Suleiman , sowing the seeds of a bitter Ottoman @-@ Habsburg rivalry , which lasted until the 20th century . His second attempt to conquer Vienna failed in 1532 , with Ottoman forces delayed by the siege of Güns , failing to reach Vienna . In both cases , the Ottoman army was plagued by bad weather ( forcing them to leave behind essential siege equipment ) and was hobbled by overstretched supply lines .
By the 1540s a renewal of the conflict in Hungary presented Suleiman with the opportunity to avenge the defeat suffered at Vienna .
In 1541 the Habsburgs once again engaged in conflict with the Ottomans , by attempting to lay siege to Buda . With their efforts repulsed and more Habsburg
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
fortresses captured by the Ottomans in two consecutive campaigns in 1541 and in 1544 as a result , Ferdinand and his brother Charles V were forced to conclude a humiliating five @-@ year treaty with Suleiman . Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and was forced to pay a fixed yearly sum to the Sultan for the Hungarian lands he continued to control . Of more symbolic importance , the treaty referred to Charles V not as ' Emperor ' , but as the ' King of Spain ' , leading Suleiman to identify as the true ' Caesar ' .
With his main European rivals subdued , Suleiman ensured that the Ottoman Empire had a powerful role in the political landscape of Europe for some years to come .
= = = Ottoman – Safavid War = = =
As Suleiman stabilized his European frontiers , he now turned his attention to the ever present threat posed by the Shi 'a Safavid dynasty of Persia . Two events in particular were to precipitate a recurrence of tensions . First , Shah Tahmasp had the Baghdad governor loyal to Suleiman killed and replaced with an adherent of the Shah , and second , the governor of Bitlis had defected and sworn allegiance to the Safavids . As a result , in 1533 , Suleiman ordered his Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha to lead an army into eastern Asia Minor where he retook Bitlis and occupied Tabriz without resistance . Having joined Ibrahim in 1534 , Suleiman made a push towards Persia , only to find the Shah sacrificing territory instead of facing a pitched battle , resorting to harassment of the Ottoman army as it proceeded along the harsh interior . When in the following year Suleiman and Ibrahim made a grand entrance into Baghdad , its commander surrendered the city , thereby confirming Suleiman as the leader of the Sunni Islamic world and the legitimate successor to the Sunni Abbasid Caliphs . Moreover , the fact Suleiman restored the grave of Sunni imam Abu Hanifa also strengthened his credentials and claim to the caliphate .
Attempting to defeat the Shah once and for all , Suleiman embarked upon a second campaign in 1548 – 1549 . As in the previous attempt , Tahmasp avoided confrontation with the Ottoman army and instead chose to retreat , using scorched earth tactics in the process and exposing the Ottoman army to the harsh winter of the Caucasus . Suleiman abandoned the campaign with temporary Ottoman gains in Tabriz and the Urmia region , a lasting presence in the province of Van , control of the western half of Azerbaijan and some forts in Georgia .
In 1553 Suleiman began his third and final campaign against the Shah . Having initially lost territories in Erzurum to the Shah 's son , Suleiman retaliated by recapturing Erzurum , crossing the Upper Euphrates and laying waste to parts of Persia . The Shah 's army continued its strategy of avoiding the Ottomans , leading to a stalemate from which neither army made any significant gain . In 1554 , a settlement was signed which was to conclude Suleiman 's Asian campaigns . Part of the treaty included and confirmed the return of Tabriz , but secured Baghdad , lower Mesopotamia , the mouths of the river Euphrates and Tigris , as well as part of the Persian Gulf . The Shah also promised to cease all raids into Ottoman territory .
= = = Campaigns in the Indian Ocean = = =
Ottoman ships had been sailing in the Indian Ocean since the year 1518 . Ottoman Admirals such as Hadim Suleiman Pasha , Seydi Ali Reis and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis are known to have voyaged to the Mughal imperial ports of Thatta , Surat and Janjira . The Mughal Emperor Akbar himself is known to have exchanged six documents with Suleiman the Magnificent .
In the Indian Ocean , Suleiman led several naval campaigns against the Portuguese in an attempt to remove them and reestablish trade with India . Aden in Yemen was captured by the Ottomans in 1538 , in order to provide an Ottoman base for raids against Portuguese possessions on the western coast of modern India and Pakistan . Sailing on to India , the Ottomans failed against the Portuguese at the Siege of Diu in September 1538 , but then returned to Aden , where they fortified the city with 100 pieces of artillery . From this base , Sulayman Pasha managed to take control of the whole country of Yemen , also taking Sana 'a . Aden rose against the Ottomans however and invited the Portuguese instead , so that the Portuguese were in control of the city until its seizure by Piri Reis in the Capture of Aden ( 1548 ) .
With its strong control of the Red Sea , Suleiman successfully managed to dispute control of the Indian trade routes to the Portuguese and maintained a significant level of trade with the Mughal Empire of South Asia throughout the 16th century . His admiral Piri Reis led an Ottoman fleet in the Indian Ocean , achieving the Capture of Muscat in 1552 .
From 1526 till 1543 , Suileman stationed over 900 Turkish soldiers to fight alongside the Somali Adal Sultanate led by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al @-@ Ghazi during the Conquest of Abyssinia . After the first Ajuran @-@ Portuguese war , the Ottoman Empire would in 1559 absorb the weakened Adal Sultanate into its domain . This expansion fathered Ottoman rule in Somalia and the Horn of Africa . This also increased its influence in the Indian Ocean to compete with the Portuguese Empire with its close ally the Ajuran Empire .
In 1564 , Suleiman received an embassy from Aceh ( a sultanate on Sumatra , in modern Indonesia ) , requesting Ottoman support against the Portuguese . As a result , an Ottoman expedition to Aceh was launched , which was able to provide extensive military support to the Acehnese .
The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly . The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman @-@ Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century . The Ajuran Sultanate allied with the Ottomans defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern , thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese .
= = = Mediterranean and North Africa = = =
Having consolidated his conquests on land , Suleiman was greeted with the news that the fortress of Koroni in Morea ( the modern Peloponnese , peninsular Greece ) had been lost to Charles V 's admiral , Andrea Doria . The presence of the Spanish in the Eastern Mediterranean concerned Suleiman , who saw it as an early indication of Charles V 's intention
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Unlike some of the other DC comics I read this week , Batgirl achieves a deft hat trick : a well @-@ shaped reintroduction to a character , an elegant acknowledgement of fundamental history and the establishment of a new status quo . This is a must @-@ buy series . " Earning a B + rating in a review from Entertainment Weekly , Ken Tucker writes that Simone " [ takes ] her Birds of Prey storytelling powers and focuses them on the newly revived Barbara Gordon as Batgirl . The result is a burst of exhilaration , as Barbara / Batgirl revels in her new freedom even as she encounters a so @-@ far not @-@ terribly @-@ chilling villain called Mirror . "
Since the series relaunch in September 2011 , Batgirl has remained within the top 30 of the 300 best @-@ selling monthly comic book publications sold in North America . Monthly estimated sales figures are as follows : Batgirl No. 1 with 81 @,@ 489 copies ( ranked 12th overall ) , Batgirl No. 2 with 75 @,@ 227 ( ranked 14th ) , Batgirl No. 3 with 62 @,@ 974 ( ranked 18th ) , Batgirl No. 4 with 53 @,@ 975 ( raked 23rd ) , Batgirl No. 5 with 51 @,@ 327 ( raked 26th ) , and Batgirl No. 6 with 47 @,@ 836 ( ranked 30th ) . The hardcover edition of volume 1 , Batgirl : The Darkest Reflection , which collects issues # 1 @-@ 6 , made the The New York Times Best Seller list , alongside Animal Man : The Hunt , Batman & Robin : Born to Kill , Batman : Detective Comics , Wonder Woman : Blood , Batwoman : Hydrology , Green Lantern : Sinestro .
Additionally , Barbara Gordon makes an appearance in Birds of Prey No. 1 , where Black Canary offers her a spot on the new Birds of Prey roster . She declines Canary 's invitation , suggesting that Katana take her place instead . Series writer Duane Swierczynski has stated that Batgirl will join the team in issue # 4 . He commented that while she " is an essential part of this team " , she is not the focus of the series , as she is hesitant to be associated with the other characters because of their status as outlaws .
In October 2014 , the monthly Batgirl title underwent a soft reboot with the new creative team Brenden Fletcher ( writer ) Cameron Stewart ( writer , layouts ) , Babs Tarr ( artist ) and Maris Wicks ( colors ) . The first six @-@ issue story explored Barbara Gordon 's attempt to start a new life as a PhD student in the hip Gotham borough of Burnside . While seemingly light and engaging compared to Gail Simone 's darker preceding run , the new arc ultimately dealt with Babs ' inability to fully escape her earlier trauma and the villain was revealed as her own brain scans , an algorithm similar to the pre @-@ New 52 Oracle . While the reboot was highly praised for its fun , energy , innovative use of social media , and particularly for Tarr 's art , issue 37 caused controversy with its depiction of a villain named Dagger Type , which some critics saw as a transphobic caricature . In response , the creative team issued a joint apology and revised the issue for the subsequent collected edition , Batgirl Vol . 1 : The Batgirl of Burnside .
On March 13 , 2015 DC Comics released 25 Joker @-@ themed variant covers for its various monthly series for release that June , in celebration of the character 's 75th anniversary . Among them was a cover to Batgirl # 41 by artist Rafael Albuquerque that took its inspiration from The Killing Joke . The cover depicts the Joker standing next to a tearful Batgirl , who has a red smile painted across her mouth . The Joker has one hand holding a revolver draped over Batgirl 's shoulder and is pointing to her cheek with the other hand , as if gesturing to shoot her . The cover quickly drew criticism for highlighting a dark period in the character 's history , especially when juxtaposed with the youthful , more optimistic direction of the series at the time . The hashtag # changethecover drew dozens of posts on Twitter and Tumblr asking DC to not release the variant . DC ultimately withdrew the cover from publication at the request of Albuquerque , who stated , " My intention was never to hurt or upset anyone through my art ... For that reason , I have recommended to DC that the variant cover be pulled . "
= = = DC Rebirth : Batgirl and Batgirl and the Birds of Prey ( 2016 – present ) = = =
In March 2016 , DC Comics announced it would be relaunching all of its monthly titles under the DC Rebirth event . The relaunch restores elements of the pre @-@ Flashpoint DC continuity while maintaining elements of The New 52 as well . Among the new titles and creative teams announced , Batgirl written by Hope Larson and Batgirl and the Birds of Prey written by Julie Benson and Shawna Benson were included .
= = = Alternative versions = = =
Various alterations of Barbara Gordon as Batgirl have appeared in storylines published in and out of mainstream continuity titles . Variants of the character within continuity often appear in stories which involve time travel , such as the crossover limited series Zero Hour : Crisis in Time , a follow @-@ up story preceded by the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths which altered mainstream continuity . Notable imprints of DC Comics such as Elseworlds and All Star DC Comics have also featured alternate versions of the character . The Elseworlds imprint takes the company 's iconic characters and places them in alternate timelines , places and events making heroes " as familiar as yesterday seem as fresh as tomorrow . " As Batgirl , Barbara Gordon has made several appearances in Elseworlds comics since 1997 . The character is given starring roles in the noir @-@ style storyline Thrillkiller ( 1997 ) , its sequel Thrillkiller ' 62 ( 1
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
through JumbaFund . He recently cited that he would now donate all earnings from this point on to Kenya in order to help finish and pay off the costs of the new secondary school being built there . Wu mentions this in his video and always records himself donating all the profits to the charity in order to show the viewers that his JumbaFund charity is not used for anything but to donate to the needy . On his JumbaFund videos , Wu went to Lenana in Kenya to meet with kids in a campaign by The Supply . In 2011 , a school in Kenya was built called the Jumba Lenana Academy .
In 2011 , Wu was a " sponsor " of Brian Wong of the K & N Pro Series West , who raced a car with Wu 's paint scheme in the Casino Arizona 125 at Phoenix International Raceway .
In June 2012 , Wu began starring in YouTube videos on a new channel called YOMYOMF . He stars in his own series called , Kevjumba Takes All .
= = = The Amazing Race = = =
In May and June 2010 , Wu participated with his father in filming for the 17th season of The Amazing Race , an American reality television game show . Upon this announcement , it was also the first time his dad 's name , Michael , was revealed , which was kept anonymous since his debut . Wu officially announced his participation on Facebook on September 1 , and on YouTube a week later . The season premiered on September 26 , 2010 . Michael and Kevin 's best placement was a third @-@ place finish in Leg 2 and Leg 6 . Their worst placement was a last place finish ( 9th ) in Leg 3 , a non @-@ elimination leg . They ended up in seventh place and were eliminated in Leg 7 after being issued two 30 @-@ minute penalties for using a cab to travel between tasks on the leg when they were instructed to walk ; another team had also issued a similar penalty and checked in after them , but only had one half @-@ hour penalty , resulting in Kevin and Michael 's elimination .
= = = Hang Loose = = =
In December 2012 Wu released Hang Loose , his first full @-@ length feature film . Wu began working on the film in late 2011 with Dante Basco and Kinetic Films LLC . " Hang Loose " is a comedy in which Wu , who stars as himself , goes to Hawaii for his sister 's wedding , but finds himself on a misadventure with his future brother @-@ in @-@ law ( played by Dante Basco ) that changes his life . Other notable actors in the film include Justin Chon as the main antagonist , BJ .
= = Filmography = =
Revenge of the Green Dragons ( 2014 )
Man Up ( 2015 )
= Hillel Slovak =
Hillel Slovak ( Hebrew : הלל סלובק ; April 13 , 1962 – June 25 , 1
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ably with Final Fantasy VII protagonist Cloud Strife , saying that Squall 's angst " didn 't seem to have any context " ( unlike Cloud 's , which developed from one of the pivotal events in Final Fantasy VII ) . His relationship with Rinoa was criticized by Edge : " He [ Squall ] suddenly falls in " love " with [ Rinoa ] at the end [ of Final Fantasy VIII ] . " In GamesRadar 's humorous " RPG Emo @-@ Off " , Squall was defeated in heartbreak by Cloud . Squall was featured in the 1UP.com article " Top 5 Final Fantasy Character Types " in the second category , " The Sullen Asshole " , with Cloud and Cecil from Final Fantasy IV . GameSpy featured him in its comical " Videogame Characters Who Would Suck in Real Life " , saying that in reality he would be a terrible soldier .
= Unknown ( magazine ) =
Unknown ( also known as Unknown Worlds ) was an American pulp fantasy fiction magazine , published from 1939 to 1943 by Street & Smith , and edited by John W. Campbell . Unknown was a companion to Street & Smith 's science fiction pulp , Astounding Science Fiction , which was also edited by Campbell at the time ; many authors and illustrators contributed to both magazines . The leading fantasy magazine in the 1930s was Weird Tales , which focused on shock and horror . Campbell wanted to publish a fantasy magazine with more finesse and humor than Weird Tales , and put his plans into action when Eric Frank Russell sent him the manuscript of his novel Sinister Barrier , about aliens who own the human race . Unknown 's first issue appeared in March 1939 ; in addition to Sinister Barrier , it included H. L. Gold 's " Trouble With Water " , a humorous fantasy about a New Yorker who meets a water gnome . Gold 's story was the first of many in Unknown to combine commonplace reality with the fantastic .
Campbell required his authors to avoid simplistic horror fiction and insisted that the fantasy elements in a story be developed logically : for example , Jack Williamson 's " Darker Than You Think " describes a world in which there is a scientific explanation for the existence of werewolves . Similarly , L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt 's Harold Shea series , about a modern American who finds himself in the worlds of various mythologies , depicts a system of magic based on mathematical logic . Other notable stories included several well @-@ received novels by L. Ron Hubbard and short stories such as Manly Wade Wellman 's " When It Was Moonlight " and Fritz Leiber 's " Two Sought Adventure " , the first in his Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser series .
Unknown was forced to a bimonthly schedule in 1941 by poor sales , and cancelled in 1943 when wartime paper shortages became so acute that Campbell had to choose between turning Astounding into a bimonthly or ending Unknown . The magazine is generally regarded as the finest fantasy fiction magazine ever published , despite the fact that it was not commercially successful , and in the opinion of science fiction historian Mike Ashley it was responsible for the creation of the modern fantasy publishing genre .
= = Background and publication history = =
In May 1923 , the first issue of Weird Tales appeared , from Rural Publications in Chicago . Weird Tales was a pulp magazine that specialized in fantasy stories and material that no other magazine would accept . It was not initially successful , but by the 1930s had established itself and was regularly publishing science fiction ( sf ) as well as fantasy . Weird Tales was the first magazine to focus solely on fantasy , and it remained the pre @-@ eminent magazine in this field for over a decade . In the meantime , science fiction was starting to form a separately marketed genre , with the appearance in 1926 of Amazing Stories , a pulp magazine edited by Hugo Gernsback . In 1930 pulp publisher Clayton Publications launched Astounding Stories of Super Science , but the company 's bankruptcy in 1933 led to the acquisition of the magazine by Street & Smith . The title was shortened to Astounding Stories , and it became the leading magazine in the science fiction field over the next few years under the editorship of F. Orlin Tremaine . At the end of 1937 John W. Campbell took over as editor .
By 1938 , Campbell was planning a fantasy companion to Astounding : Weird Tales was still the leader in the fantasy genre , though competitors such as Strange Stories were also being launched . Campbell began acquiring stories suitable for the new magazine , without a definite launch date in mind . When Eric Frank Russell sent him the manuscript of his novel Sinister Barrier , Campbell decided it was time to put his plans into action . The first issue of Unknown appeared in March 1939 . It was a monthly at first , but poor sales forced a switch to a bimonthly schedule beginning in February 1941 . In December 1940 the subtitle Fantasy Fiction was added , and in October 1941 the main title was changed to Unknown Worlds ; both changes were intended to make the genre of the magazine clearer to potential readers . When wartime paper shortages became severe in late 1943 , Campbell made the choice to keep Astounding monthly and cancel Unknown , rather than switch the former to a bimonthly schedule as well . The last issue was dated October 1943 .
= = Contents and reception = =
Campbell 's plans for Unknown were laid out in the February 193
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
9 issue of Astounding , in the announcement of the new magazine . He argued that " it has been the quality of the fantasy that you have read in the past that has made the very word anathema ... [ Unknown ] will offer fantasy of a quality so far different from that which has appeared in the past as to change your entire understanding of the term " . The first issue , the following month , led with Russell 's Sinister Barrier , the novel that had persuaded Campbell to set his plans for a fantasy magazine into motion : the plot , involving aliens who own the human race , has been described by sf historian Mike Ashley as " a strange mixture of science fiction and occult fantasy " . Campbell asked Russell for revisions to the story to emphasize the fantastic elements , but still demanded that Russell work out the logical implications of his premises . This became a defining characteristic of the fiction published in Unknown ; in Ashley 's words , Campbell " brought the science fiction rationale to fantasy " . The first issue also contained Horace L. Gold 's " Trouble with Water " , a comic fantasy about a modern New Yorker who offends a water gnome ; in its whimsicality and naturalistic merging of a modern background with a classic fantasy trope , " Trouble with Water " was a better indication than Sinister Barrier of the direction Unknown would take . Campbell commented in a letter at the time that Sinister Barrier , " Trouble with Water " , and " ' Where Angels Fear ... ' " by Manly Wade Wellman were the only stories in the first issue that accurately reflected his goals for the magazine .
Under Campbell 's editorial supervision , the fantasy element in Unknown stories had to be treated rigorously . This naturally led to the appearance in Unknown of writers already comfortable with similar rigor in science fiction stories , and Campbell soon established a small group of writers as regular contributors , many of whom were also appearing in the pages of Astounding . L. Ron Hubbard , Theodore Sturgeon , and L. Sprague de Camp were among the most prolific . Hubbard contributed eight lead novels including Typewriter in the Sky , Slaves of Sleep , and Fear , described by Ashley as a " classic psychological thriller " ; sf historian and critic Thomas Clareson describes all eight as " outstanding " . De Camp , in collaboration with Fletcher Pratt , contributed three stories featuring Harold Shea , who finds himself in a world where magic operates by rigorous rules . The title of one of these , " The Mathematics of Magic " , is , according to sf critic John Clute , " perfectly expressive of the terms under which magic found easy mention in Unknown " .
Other Astounding writers who wrote for Unknown included Robert A. Heinlein , whose " The Devil Makes the Law " ( reprinted as " Magic , Inc . " ) depicts a world where magic is a part of normal everyday life . Heinlein also contributed " The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag " and " They " , described by Ashley as " perhaps the ultimate solipsist fantasy " . A.E. van Vogt , a frequent Astounding contributor , appeared in the final issue with " The Book of Ptath " ( later expanded into a novel ) . Isaac Asimov , despite multiple attempts to write for Unknown , never appeared in the magazine . On his sixth attempt , he sold " Author ! Author ! " to Campbell , but the magazine was cancelled before it could appear . It eventually appeared in the anthology The Unknown Five .
In addition to the overlap between the writers of Unknown and Astounding , there was a good deal of overlap between their readerships : Asimov records that during the war , he read only these two magazines . Sf historian Paul Carter has argued that the spectrum of fantastic fiction from Weird Tales through Unknown to Astounding was far less cleanly separated than is sometimes assumed : many stories in the early science fiction magazines such as Wonder Stories were more like the works of Edgar Allan Poe than they were tales of scientific imagination .
Fritz Leiber 's first published story was " Two Sought Adventure " , which appeared in the August 1939 issue of Unknown ; this was the first story in his long @-@ running Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser series about a pair of adventurers in a sword and sorcery setting . Four more Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser stories appeared in Unknown in as many years , and Leiber 's novel Conjure Wife , about a man who discovers that all women are secretly witches , was the lead story in the April 1943 issue . The protagonist , a university professor , " is forced to abandon scepticism and discover the underlying equations of magic , via symbolic logic " , in critic David Langford 's description . Leiber also contributed " Smoke Ghost " in October 1941 , described by Ashley as " arguably the first seriously modern ghost story " . Another writer whose first story appeared in Unknown was James H. Schmitz , whose " Greenface " appeared in the August 1943 issue .
Other notable stories that appeared in Unknown include Jack Williamson 's " Darker Than You Think " ( December 1940 ) , which provides a scientific basis for a race of werewolves living undetected alongside human beings . Expanded into a novel in 1948 , it remains Williamson 's best @-@ known fantasy , and sf historian Malcolm Edwards comments that the two protagonists ' relationship is " depicted with a tortured ( and still haunting ) erotic frankness unusual in genre literature of the 1940s " . In addition to the Harold Shea pieces , de Camp published several other well @-@ received stories , including " The Wheels of If " ( October 1940 ) and " Lest Darkness Fall " ( December 1939 ) , an alternate history story about a time @-@ traveler who attempts to save the Roman Empire from the coming Dark Ages ; Edwards and Clute comment that the story is " the most accomplished early excursion into history in magazine sf , and is regarded as a classic " . Also highly regarded is Wellman 's " When It Was Moonlight " ( December 1940 ) , a story about Poe .
The first sixteen issues of Unknown had cover paintings , but from July 1940 the cover style was changed to a table of contents ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
to be " present in a public place to beg . " The Flagstaff Police Department and City Attorney aggressively enforced this law , which resulted in a First Amendment lawsuit filed on June 25 , 2013 . The American Civil Liberties Union filed the lawsuit on behalf of Food Not Bombs , in addition to three people who were arrested , threatened with arrest , or feared being arrested for " loitering to beg . " On October 4 , 2013 , U.S. District Court Judge Neil Wake overturned the law .
= = Economy = =
In its early days , the city 's economic base comprised the lumber , railroad , and ranching industries . Today , that has largely been replaced by tourism , education , government , and transportation . Some of the larger employers in Flagstaff are Northern Arizona University , the Flagstaff Medical Center , and the Flagstaff Unified School District . Tourism is a large contributor to the economy , as the city receives over 5 million visitors per year .
Scientific and high tech research and development operations are located in the city , including the Lowell Observatory , Northern Arizona University , the United States Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station ( NOFS ) and the United States Geological Survey 's ( USGS ) Flagstaff campus . Lowell Observatory continues to be an active astronomical observatory and a popular visitors center which hosts educational displays and tours . It has a distributed network of small telescopes which together create images of celestial bodies with much higher resolutions than any other single telescope can produce . Current research is involved in observations of near @-@ Earth phenomena such as asteroids and comets . The observatory is also involved in a $ 30 million project with the Discovery Channel to build the Discovery Channel Telescope , a sophisticated , ground @-@ based telescope with advanced optical capabilities for future projects . Lowell Observatory and NOFS are also collaborators on the major project , the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer , on nearby Anderson Mesa . NOFS is heavily involved with the science of star catalogs and astrometry , or the positions and distances of stars and celestial objects .
There are five industrial parks in the city , situated near I @-@ 40 and I @-@ 17 . Major manufacturers in Flagstaff include W. L. Gore & Associates , widely known as the maker of Gore @-@ Tex ; Nestlé Purina PetCare , manufacturer of pet food ; SCA Tissue , a major tissue paper producer ; and Joy Cone , manufacturer of ice cream cones . Walgreens operated a distribution center in the city until 2014 . In July 2014 , Walgreens announced that their Flagstaff distribution center would be closing within 9 months .
With proximity to Grand Canyon National Park , the city also has a thriving travel and tourism industry , with numerous hotel and restaurant chains . The downtown area is home to two historic hotels , the Weatherford Hotel and the Hotel Monte Vista . The first hotel of the Ramada Inn chain opened in 1954 at the intersection of U.S. Route 66 , 89 and 89A adjacent to what was then Arizona State College ( now Northern Arizona University ) . The original building is still intact , operating as a Super 8 Motel .
= = Arts and culture = =
Flagstaff has an active cultural scene . The city is home to the Flagstaff Symphony Orchestra , which plays concerts from September through April at Ardrey Auditorium on the NAU campus . The city also attracts folk and contemporary acoustic musicians , and offers several annual music festivals during the summer months , such as the Flagstaff Friends of Traditional Music Festival , the Flagstaff Music Festival , and Pickin ' in the Pines , a three @-@ day bluegrass and acoustic music festival held at the Pine Mountain Amphitheater at Fort Tuthill Fairgrounds . Popular bands play throughout the year at the Orpheum Theater , and free concerts are held during the summer months at Heritage Square .
Flagstaff is home to an active theater scene , featuring several groups . Northern Arizona University Department of Theatre is an active and successful theatre program that produces quality productions for the community as well as the campus . The department has won many prestigious awards including multiple invitations to the Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival . NAU Theatre performs in two facilities including the Clifford E. White Theatre ( named for long @-@ time Theatre professor Clifford E. White ) and the Studio Theatre . Both facilities are housed in the Fine and Performing Arts Building on campus.The season includes 4 mainstage and numerous second stage productions and a summer collaboration with Theatrikos Theatre Company . Theatrikos Theatre Company , the community theater company , was founded in 1972 in the basement of the Weatherford Hotel , and today puts on five major productions per year . The group recently moved into a new venue in 2002 , the Doris @-@ Harper White Community Playhouse , a downtown building which was built in 1923 as an Elks Lodge and later became the Flagstaff library . Since 1995 , the Flagstaff Light Opera Company has performed a variety of musical theatre and light opera productions throughout the year at the Sinagua High School auditorium . There are several dance companies in Flagstaff , including Coconino Community College Dance Program , Northern Arizona Preparatory Company and Canyon Movement , which present periodic concerts and collaborate with the Flagstaff Symphony for free concerts during the summer and holiday seasons .
A variety of weekend festivals occur throughout the year . The annual Northern Arizona Book Festival , held in the spring , brings together nationally known authors to read and display their works . The Flagstaff Mountain Film Festival is held every October , and features a variety of independent films and documentaries focusing on extreme sports , environmental issues , and global topics . The festival is four days long and consists of several sessions of films . The screenings are held at the Orpheum Theater in the historic downtown area . The summer months feature several festivals , including Hopi and Navajo Festivals of Arts and Crafts , the Arizona Highland Celtic Festival , Pride in the Pines , and the Made in the Shade Beer Tasting Festival . For more than 20 years Flagstaff has hosted the 10 @-@ day Flagstaff Festival of Science in September . It is a family event which features open houses , lectures , informal talks , and hands @-@ on activities at area museums , observatories , other scientific facilities , and the university . In @-@ school programs also are an important part of the festival . The festival begins with the annual Eugene Shoemaker keynote address . Guest speakers have included famous astronauts , arctic explorers , storm chasers , and scientists from many disciplines . The Coconino County Fair is held every September at the Fort Tuthill County Fairgrounds , featuring a demolition derby , livestock auction , carnival rides , and other activities .
On New Year 's Eve , people gather around the Weatherford Hotel as a 70 @-@ pound , 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall , metallic pine cone is dropped from the roof at midnight . The tradition originated in 1999 , when Henry Taylor and Sam Green ( owners of the Weatherford Hotel ) , decorated a garbage can with paint , lights , and pine cones , and dropped it from the roof of their building to mark the new millennium . By 2003 the event had become tradition , and the current metallic pine cone was designed and built by Frank Mayorga of Mayorga Welding in Flagstaff .
The Museum of Northern Arizona includes displays of the biology , archeology , photography , anthropology , and native art of the Colorado Plateau . The Arboret
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
um at Flagstaff is a 200 @-@ acre ( 81 ha ) arboretum featuring 2 @,@ 500 species of drought @-@ tolerant native plants representative of the high @-@ desert region .
Route 66 , which originally ran between Chicago and Los Angeles , greatly increased the accessibility to the area , and enhanced the culture and tourism in Flagstaff . Route 66 remains a historic route , passing through the city between Barstow , California , and Albuquerque , New Mexico . In early September , the city hosts an annual event , Route 66 Days , to highlight its connection to the famous highway .
= = Sports = =
There are no major @-@ league professional sports teams based in Flagstaff . However , from 1988 to 2012 ( with the exception of the 2005 season , due to an outbreak of a flu @-@ like virus ) , the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League held their summer training camp at Northern Arizona University The NAU training camp location has been cited as one of the top five training camps in the NFL by Sports Illustrated .. The Cardinals left Flagstaff beginning in Summer 2013 .
Northern Arizona University sponsors 15 sports at the Division I level , including a football team that competes at the Division I Football Championship Series level . All sports are members of the Big Sky Conference with the exception of the Women 's Swimming & Diving team , which competes in the Western Athletic Conference . The Men 's Cross Country team has featured four straight top ten finishes at the NCAA Division I Cross Country championships , which are held each year in Terre Haute , Indiana . The track and field team is home to several All @-@ Americans including NCAA Champion / Olympian Lopez Lomong , two time NCAA Champion David McNeill and current All @-@ American / future 2012 Olympian Diego Estrada .
= = Parks and outdoor recreation = =
Flagstaff has acquired a reputation as a magnet for outdoor enthusiasts , and the region 's varied terrain , high elevation , and amenable weather attract campers , backpackers , climbers , recreation and elite runners , and mountain bikers from throughout the southwestern United States . There are 679 @.@ 2 acres ( 274 @.@ 9 ha ) of city parks in Flagstaff , the largest of which are Thorpe Park and Buffalo Park . Wheeler Park , located adjacent to city hall , is the location of summer concerts and other events . The city maintains an extensive network of trails , the Flagstaff Urban Trails System , or " FUTS " includes more than 50 miles of paved and unpaved trails for hiking , running , and cycling . The trail network extends throughout the city and is widely used for both recreation and transportation .
The area is a recreational hub for road cycling and mountain biking clubs , organized triathlon events , and annual cross country ski races . Several major river running operators are headquartered in Flagstaff , and the city serves as a base for Grand Canyon and Colorado River expeditions .
Flagstaff 's proximity to Grand Canyon National Park , about 75 miles ( 121 km ) north of the city , has made it a popular tourist destination since the mid @-@ 19th century . Other nearby outdoor attractions include Walnut Canyon National Monument , Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument , Wupatki National Monument , and Barringer Crater . Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Lake Powell are both about 135 mi ( 217 km ) north along U.S. Route 89 .
= = Government = =
The city government is organized under a council @-@ manager form of government . The current mayor of Flagstaff is Jerry Nabours , who was elected in May 2012 , and the current town council consists of the mayor and six councilmembers : Celia Barotz ( vice mayor ) , Karla Brewster , Coral Evans , Jeff Oravits , Scott Overton and Mark Woodson . The city 's current city manager is Kevin Burke . Regular meetings of the city council are held on the first and third Tuesday of every month .
Flagstaff is the county seat of Coconino County .
= = Education = =
There are 19 public schools , with 11 @,@ 500 students and 800 faculty and staff , in the Flagstaff Unified School District . In 1997 , Mount Elden Middle School was named an A + School , citing an outstanding school climate , progressive use of technology and zero @-@ tolerance approach to discipline . The 1999 National Science Teacher of the Year , David Thompson
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, teaches physics at Coconino High School . Three Arizona Teachers of the Year from 2001 through 2003 teach at Flagstaff High School .
In addition to the numerous public schools , there are several charter schools operating in the Flagstaff area including Flagstaff Junior Academy , Northland Preparatory Academy ( ranked No. 52 in USA News 's America 's Top 100 Best High Schools ) , the Flagstaff Arts and Leadership Academy , Pine Forest Charter School , BASIS Flagstaff and the Montessori Schools of Flagstaff .
Flagstaff is home to two institutions of higher education , Northern Arizona University ( one of the three public state universities in Arizona ) and Coconino Community College .
= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Transportation = = =
Flagstaff is at the northern terminus of Interstate 17 , which runs 145 miles ( 233 km ) south to Phoenix . Interstate 40 runs east @-@ west through the city , traveling to Barstow , California in the west and Albuquerque , New Mexico ( and beyond ) in the east . Historic Route 66 also runs east @-@ west through the city , roughly parallel to I @-@ 40 , and is a major thoroughfare for local traffic . Butler Avenue connects I @-@ 40 with downtown Flagstaff , and the major north @-@ south thoroughfare through town is Milton Road . State Route 89A travels through the city ( concurrently as parts of Milton Rd. and Route 66 ) , going south through Oak Creek Canyon to Sedona .
The major rail corridor running through Flagstaff is the Southern Transcon , originally built by the Santa Fe Railway and now owned and operated by the BNSF Railway . Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak at the downtown station , connecting on east @-@ west routes to Los Angeles and Albuquerque via the Southwest Chief line . Amtrak also provides connecting Thruway Motorcoach service via Open Road Tours , which has an office inside the Flagstaff depot . Local bus service is provided throughout the city by the Mountain Line .
Air travel is available through Flagstaff Pulliam Airport ( IATA : FLG , ICAO : KFLG , FAA LID : FLG ) , located just south of the city . The airport is primarily a small , general aviation airport with a single 6 @,@ 999 feet ( 2 @,@ 133 m ) runway . The airport finished a major expansion project to add 1 @,@ 800 feet ( 550 m ) to the north end of the current runway and lengthen the taxiway in 2007 . The primary purpose of the project was to increase its viability for commercial and regional jets . Service to connecting flights at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport ( IATA : PHX , ICAO : KPHX , FAA LID : PHX ) is provided by US Airways Express operated by Mesa Airlines .
Flagstaff is fairly bike @-@ friendly ; there are bike lanes on many major streets , and the Flagstaff Urban Trails System ( FUTS ) includes more than 50 miles of off @-@ street trails that wind throughout the community . In 2006 Flagstaff was designated a Bicycle @-@ Friendly Community by the League of American Bicyclists . About nine percent of trips in Flagstaff are made by bicycle .
= = = Utilities = = =
Electricity generation in Flagstaff is provided by Arizona Public Service , an electric utility subsidiary operated by parent company Pinnacle West . The primary generating station near Flagstaff is the coal @-@ fired , 995 @-@ MW Cholla Power Plant , near Holbrook , Arizona , which uses coal from the McKinley Mine in New Mexico . Located near Page , Arizona is the coal @-@ fired , 750 @-@ MW Navajo Power Plant , supplied by an electric railroad that delivers coal from a mine on the Navajo and Hopi reservations in northern Arizona . Flagstaff is also home to Arizona 's first commercial solar power generating station , which was built in 1997 and provides 87 kW of electricity . Combined with 16 other solar power locations in Arizona , the system provides over 5 MW of electricity statewide .
Drinking water in Flagstaff is produced from conventional surface water treatment at the Lake Mary Water Treatment Plant , located on Upper Lake Mary , as well as from springs at the inner basin of the San Francisco Peaks . Groundwater from several water wells located throughout the city and surrounding area provide additional sources of drinking water . Water and wastewater services are provided by the City of Flagstaff .
Natural gas is provided by UniSource Energy Services . CenturyLink QC is the incumbent local exchange carrier . Cable television service is offered by Suddenlink Communications .
= = = Health care = = =
The city 's primary hospital is the 270 – bed Flagstaff Medical Center , located on the north side of downtown Flagstaff . The hospital was founded in 1936 , and serves as the major regional trauma center for northern Arizona .
= = Media and popular culture = =
The major daily newspaper in Flagstaff is the Arizona Daily Sun . Northern Arizona University 's weekly newspaper The Lumberjack and " FLAGscanner " an online only publication , also cover Flagstaff news , while the other publications that serve the city include weeklies Flagstaff Live and the Navajo Hopi Observer , and monthlies Mountain Living Magazine and The Noise .
Several radio stations operate in the area , some of which operate transmitters in Prescott as well .
Flagstaff is included in the Phoenix Designated market area ( DMA ) , the 13th largest in the U.S. Over @-@ the @-@ air television service is provided mostly by low @-@ powered repeaters of the Phoenix stations . There is one local broadcast television station serving the city , KFPH @-@ 13 ( TeleFutura ) .
In the early 20th century , the city was considered as a site for the film The Squaw Man by Jesse Lasky and Cecil B. DeMille , but was abandoned in favor of Hollywood . Several recent movies have been filmed , at least in part , in Flagstaff . A small scene in Midnight Run was filmed in Flagstaff at the train depot , the city was also referenced in the film . Several of the running scenes in Forrest Gump were filmed in and around the area , including a memorable scene where Forrest is seen jogging in downtown Flagstaff and gives inspiration to a bumper sticker designer ( " Shit happens " ) . Parts of 2007 Academy Award winner Little Miss Sunshine were filmed at the junction of I @-@ 40 and I @-@ 17 in Flagstaff , and Terminal Velocity was partially filmed in the city .
During the 1940s and 1950s , over 100 western movies were filmed in nearby Sedona and Oak Creek Canyon . The Hotel Monte Vista in Flagstaff hosted many film stars during this era , including Jane Russell , Gary Cooper , Spencer Tracy , John Wayne , and Bing Crosby . A scene from the movie Casablanca was filmed in one of the rooms of the hotel . Scenes from downtown Flagstaff and the Santa Fe railroad freight depot are seen in the 1969 movie " Easy Rider " during the opening credits [ 2 ] starring Peter Fonda , Dennis Hopper ( Director ) and Jack Nicholson .
The city has been mentioned in several novels , such as The Monkey Wrench Gang by Edward Abbey , depicting an encounter with a Flagstaff policeman . Frank Poole discusses his childhood growing up in Flagstaff in Arthur C. Clarke 's novel 3001 : The Final Odyssey .
In 2005 , Extreme Makeover : Home Edition built a home just outside Flagstaff for slain soldier Lori Piestewa 's two children and parents . Grizzly Peak Films also filmed Sasquatch Mountain , a feature @-@ length film for the Science Fiction Channel about a Yeti , in Flagstaff and nearby Williams . In December 2007 , talk show hostess Ellen DeGeneres selected Flagstaff as the winner of her show 's , " Wish You Were Here " , contest .
In the comic series Halo : Escalation , it is noted that Flagstaff and Phoenix agreed to become one city , as the populations and boundaries of both cities grew to intersect . The new city became known as " New Phoenix " . New Phoenix 's population became " composed " by the Forerunner known as the " Didact " in Halo 4 .
= = Notable people = =
= = Sister cities = =
Flagstaff has four sister cities :
= Mary I of England =
Mary I ( 18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558 ) was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 155
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
first down . He brought backup quarterback Marcus Outzen into the game as a misdirection move , and instead of running a quarterback sneak as anticipated , Outzen tossed the ball to Minor , who ran for 16 yards and a first down . During the play , Virginia Tech committed a 15 @-@ yard personal foul penalty that advanced the ball further and gave Florida State a first down at the Virginia Tech 23 @-@ yard line . Weinke returned to the game and threw a 10 @-@ yard pass to Chaney for another first down . Weinke threw an incomplete pass , then Tech stopped a rush up the middle for no gain . On third down , Weinke connected on a touchdown pass to Dugans , returning the lead to Florida State . The Seminoles , as had Virginia Tech before them , elected to attempt a two @-@ point conversion . Unlike Virginia Tech 's failed two @-@ point conversions , the Seminoles successfully earned two points with a pass to Warrick , and the scores gave Florida State a 36 – 29 lead with 12 : 59 remaining .
Tech received Florida State 's kickoff at its goal line and returned the ball to the 11 @-@ yard line , where Tech 's offense took over . Kendrick ran for 12 yards and a first down , but then Vick fumbled on a rush to the left . Florida State recovered the ball , and the Seminoles ' offense was given the ball at the Virginia Tech 35 @-@ yard line . On the first play after the fumble , Chaney broke free for a long run that gave State a first down inside the Virginia Tech 10 @-@ yard line . The Seminoles were pushed backward on two consecutive plays and committed a chop block before Bowden was forced to send in Janikowski to kick a 32 @-@ yard field goal . The kick gave Florida State a 39 – 29 lead with 10 : 26 remaining in the game .
Janikowski 's post @-@ score kickoff was downed for a touchback , and Vick and the Tech offense began at their 20 @-@ yard line . On the Hokies ' first play , Davis ran for 16 yards and a first down on an end @-@ around similar to the one he ran in the first quarter . Despite that success , the Hokies were unable to gain another first down . Appearing to punt the ball away , Tech ran a trick play where the punter attempted to rush for a first down . He was stopped short of the needed mark , however , and Florida State 's offense returned to the field , beginning at the Tech 43 @-@ yard line . On the first play after taking over , Weinke completed a 43 @-@ yard pass to Warrick for a touchdown . The score and extra point gave Florida State a 46 – 29 lead with 7 : 42 remaining in the game .
With less than half a quarter remaining and down by three scores , Virginia Tech had a nearly insurmountable deficit to overcome . The Hokies fielded the kickoff for a touchback , and the Tech offense began at its 20 @-@ yard line . On the Hokies ' first and second plays of the drive , Vick was sacked for losses . The third play was an incomplete pass , and the Hokies were forced to punt . After fielding the kick at their 38 @-@ yard line , Florida State began running out the clock by running the ball . After failing to gain a first down on two consecutive rushes and an incomplete pass , Florida State punted . The ball rolled into the end zone , and Tech 's offense began again at its 20 @-@ yard line . Vick threw for short yardage , then Kendrick ran for a first down at the Tech 37 @-@ yard line . Vick completed a 23 @-@ yard first down pass to Emmet Johnson , and the Hokies entered Florida State territory with the clock ticking steadily down . On the first play in Seminoles ' territory , Vick completed another 23 @-@ yard pass , this time to Davis , who picked up a first down at the Florida State 23 @-@ yard line . Thanks to a holding penalty against the Seminoles , Tech was granted a first down at the State eight @-@ yard line . Vick threw an incomplete pass , ran for three yards , and then threw another pass to a player who was stopped short of the goal line . Facing fourth down and needing just two yards for a touchdown , Tech attempted to pass for the touchdown , but Vick was sacked and turned the ball over on downs with 1 : 12 remaining . With almost no time remaining , Florida State continued running down the clock and earned the 46 – 29 victory .
= = Scoring summary = =
1st Quarter
FSU @-@ Peter Warrick 64 yard pass from Chris Weinke ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 3 : 22 FSU 7 VT 0
FSU @-@ Jeff Chaney 6 yard blocked punt return ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 2 : 14 FSU 14 VT 0
VT @-@ Andre Davis 49 yard pass from Michael Vick ( Shayne Graham kick ) 0 : 30 FSU 14 VT 7
2nd Quarter
FSU @-@ Ron Dugans 63 yard pass from Chris Weinke ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 13 : 45 FSU 21 VT 7
FSU @-@ Peter Warrick 59 yard punt return ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 11 : 40 FSU 28 VT 7
VT @-@ Michael Vick 3 yard run ( Shayne Graham kick ) 0 : 37 FSU 28 VT 14
3rd Quarter
VT @-@ Shayne Graham 23 yard field goal 7 : 54 FSU 28 VT 17
VT @-@ Andre Kendrick 29
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
yard run ( 2 @-@ pt pass failed ) 5 : 57 FSU 28 VT 23
VT @-@ Andre Kendrick 6 yard run ( 2 @-@ pt pass failed ) 2 : 13 VT 29 FSU 28
4th Quarter
FSU @-@ Ron Dugans 14 yard pass from Chris Weinke ( Peter Warrick pass from Chris Weinke ) 12 : 59 FSU 36 VT 29
FSU @-@ Sebastian Janikowski 32 yard field goal 10 : 26 FSU 39 VT 29
FSU @-@ Peter Warrick 43 yard pass from Chris Weinke ( Sebastian Janikowski kick ) 7 : 42 FSU 46 VT 29
= = Statistical summary = =
In recognition of his performance during the game , Florida Statewide receiver Peter Warrick was named the game 's most valuable player . Warrick caught six passes for 163 yards and two touchdowns , leading all receivers in yardage and scores . Warrick also had a 59 @-@ yard punt return for a touchdown and a two @-@ point conversion , accounting for 20 of the Seminoles ' 46 points . The 20 points scored by Warrick were a Sugar Bowl record for most points scored by an individual player .
Despite Warrick 's individual performance , Virginia Tech was more successful in a team effort , compiling 503 total yards compared to Florida State 's 359 yards . Virginia Tech quarterback Michael Vick completed 15 of 29 passes for 225 passing yards and one passing touchdown . Vick also ran the ball 23 times for 97 yards in his performance as the game 's leading rusher . Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke was the game 's best passer , completing 20 of his 34 pass attempts for 329 yards , four touchdowns , and one interception .
Weinke 's favorite target was game MVP Peter Warrick , but several other Seminoles also benefited from Weinke 's passing efficiency . Ron Dugans caught five passes for 99 yards and two touchdowns , Minnis caught two passes for 25 yards , and Minor caught two for 23 yards . For Virginia Tech , Davis caught seven passes for 108 yards and a touchdown , Hawkins caught two passes for 49 yards , and Kendrick caught two passes for 27 yards .
In terms of rushing offense , the two teams differed wildly . Virginia Tech , led by Vick , ran for 278 rushing yards . Florida State , meanwhile , ran for just 30 yards . The Seminoles were led on the ground by Chaney , who carried the ball four times for 43 yards , and Minor , who carried the ball nine times for 35 yards . Much of these two players ' rushing total was negated by Chris Weinke , who lost 41 yards on seven carries . Virginia Tech , bolstered by Vick 's 97 rushing yards , also saw André Kendrick accumulate 69 yards and two touchdowns with 12 carries and Shyrone Stith pick up 68 yards on 11 carries .
= = Postgame effects = =
Florida State 's victory earned it the 1999 BCS national championship and brought the Seminoles ' season to an end with an undefeated 12 – 0 record . By beginning the season at No. 1 and ending it in the same position , Florida State became the first college football team to stay ranked No. 1 for every week of the season after being ranked No. 1 in the preseason poll . Virginia Tech 's loss brought it to a final record of 11 – 1 , but the Hokies still completed their first 11 @-@ win season in school history . The 75 total points scored in the 2000 Sugar Bowl were a Sugar Bowl record at that point in the game 's history .
= = = Coaching changes = = =
Both teams made changes to their respective coaching staffs in the weeks that followed the Sugar Bowl . Chuck Amato resigned from his position as linebackers coach for Florida State to take the head coaching position at North Carolina State . His role as linebackers coach was filled by Joe Kines , whom Bobby Bowden hired from the University of Georgia . Amato 's role as assistant head coach was filled by Jim Gladden , who had been a coach at Florida State for more than 25 years at the time he was named the assistant head coach . At Virginia Tech , head coach Frank Beamer also made some changes to his coaching staff , promoting several position coaches to higher positions in the Tech football hierarchy .
= = = Postseason awards = = =
In recognition of their achievements during the regular season and during the 2000 Sugar Bowl , multiple players and coaches from each team earned awards and recognition after the conclusion of the game . Tech quarterback Michael Vick , despite leading the losing team in the Sugar Bowl , won an ESPY for college football player of the year on February 14 , more than a month after the Sugar Bowl . In addition , Virginia Tech head coach Frank Beamer won multiple coach of the year awards , most notably the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award , which was presented to Beamer on March 6 . One of Beamer 's assistant coaches , Bud Foster , was named the top defensive coordinator in Division I @-@ A football by American Football Coach Magazine in its annual award . Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke won the 2000 Heisman Trophy after the conclusion of the 2000 college football season .
= = = 2000 NFL Draft = = =
Several players from each team were picked by professional teams to play in the National Football League during the 2000 NFL Draft , held April 15 and 16 , in New York City . Florida State had three players selected in the first round of the draft and seven players taken overall . Peter Warrick was the first player picked , selected with the fourth overall selection by the Cincinnati Bengals . Defensive tackle Corey Simon was selected two picks later with the sixth overall selection , and placekicker Sebastian Janikowski was taken 17th . Later rounds saw Ron Dugans ( 66th ) , Laveranues Coles ( 78th ) , Jerry Johnson ( 101st ) , and Mario Edwards ( 180th ) taken in the draft from Florida State .
Virginia Tech had no players selected in the first round of the draft but saw five players taken from the second round onward . Defensive end John Engelberger was the first Hokie taken in the 2000 draft , and was picked with the 35th overall selection . He was followed by cornerback Ike Charlton , who was taken with the 52nd pick in the draft . Corey Moore ( 89th ) , Anthony Midget ( 134th ) , and Shyrone Stith ( 243rd ) also were taken .
Some players who participated in the 2000 Sugar Bowl elected to delay their entry into the NFL Draft , either because they hoped to finish their education or because they were not three years removed from their high school graduations and thus were not eligible to enter the draft . Examples of these players included Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke , who returned to Florida State to complete his senior year , and Virginia Tech quarterback Michael Vick , who was not eligible to enter the draft in 2000 , but who was taken with the first overall selection in the 2001 NFL Draft .
= = = Subsequent seasons = = =
Florida State entered the 2000 college football season with hopes of following up its victory in the 2000 Sugar Bowl with another national championship . The Seminoles ' regular @-@ season performance differed slightly from 1999 , as they lost a regular @-@ season game to Miami , yet still appeared in a third consecutive national championship game : the 2001 Orange Bowl . Unlike in 2000 , the Seminoles emerged on the losing side of a 13 – 2 score . Virginia Tech , like Florida State , had hoped to attend the national championship game again , but an injury to star quarterback Michael Vick caused the Hokies to lose a regular @-@ season game at third @-@ ranked Miami , eliminating them from national championship contention .
The following season , neither Florida State nor Virginia Tech competed for a national championship , but both teams played in the 2002 Gator Bowl , their first matchup in two years . Following the Gator Bowl , Florida State next met Virginia Tech in the 2005 ACC Championship Game after the Hokies left the Big East for the Atlantic Coast Conference . Florida State won that contest , 27 – 22 . Not until the 2007 college football season did Virginia Tech finally avenge its losses to the Seminoles with a 40 – 21 win en route to an Atlantic Coast Conference championship . It was the first game in fifteen consecutive matchups between the two teams that Virginia Tech had won .
= Preise , Jerusalem , den Herrn , BWV
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
adic Timbisha ( formerly called Shoshone and also known as Panamint or Koso ) moved into the area and hunted game and gathered mesquite beans along with pinyon pine nuts . Because of the wide altitude differential between the valley bottom and the mountain ridges , especially on the west , the Timbisha practiced a vertical migration pattern . Their winter camps were located near water sources in the valley bottoms . As the spring and summer progressed and the weather warmed , grasses and other plant food sources ripened at progressively higher altitudes . November found them at the very top of the mountain ridges where they harvested pine nuts before moving back to the valley bottom for winter .
The California Gold Rush brought the first people of European descent known to visit the immediate area . In December 1849 two groups of California Gold Country @-@ bound white travelers with perhaps 100 wagons total stumbled into Death Valley after getting lost on what they thought was a shortcut off the Old Spanish Trail . Called the Bennett @-@ Arcane Party , they were unable to find a pass out of the valley for weeks ; they were able to find fresh water at various springs in the area , but were forced to eat several of their oxen to survive . They used the wood of their wagons to cook the meat and make jerky . The place where they did this is today referred to as " Burned Wagons Camp " and is located near the sand dunes .
After abandoning their wagons , they eventually were able to hike out of the valley . Just after leaving the valley , one of the women in the group turned and said , " Goodbye Death Valley , " giving the valley they endured its name . Included in the party was William Lewis Manly whose autobiographical book Death Valley in ' 49 detailed this trek and popularized the area ( geologists later named the prehistoric lake that once filled the valley after him ) .
= = = Boom and bust = = =
The ores that are most famously associated with the area were also the easiest to collect and the most profitable : evaporite deposits such as salts , borate , and talc . Borax was found by Rosie and Aaron Winters near Furnace Creek Ranch ( then called Greenland ) in 1881 . Later that same year , the Eagle Borax Works became Death Valley 's first commercial borax operation . William Tell Coleman built the Harmony Borax Works plant and began to process ore in late 1883 or early 1884 , continuing until 1888 . This mining and smelting company produced borax to make soap and for industrial uses . The end product was shipped out of the valley 165 miles ( 266 km ) to the Mojave railhead in 10 @-@ ton @-@ capacity wagons pulled by " twenty @-@ mule teams " that were actually teams of 18 mules and two horses each .
The teams averaged two miles ( 3 km ) an hour and required about 30 days to complete a round trip . The trade name 20 @-@ Mule Team Borax was established by Francis Marion Smith 's Pacific Coast Borax Company after Smith acquired Coleman 's borax holdings in 1890 . A memorable advertising campaign used the wagon 's image to promote the Boraxo brand of granular hand soap and the Death Valley Days radio and television programs . In 1914 , the Death Valley Railroad was built to serve mining operations on the east side of the valley . Mining continued after the collapse of Coleman 's empire , and by the late 1920s the area was the world 's number one source of borax . Some four to six million years old , the Furnace Creek Formation is the primary source of borate minerals gathered from Death Valley 's playas .
Other visitors stayed to prospect for and mine deposits of copper , gold , lead , and silver . These sporadic mining ventures were hampered by their remote location and the harsh desert environment . In December 1903 , two men from Ballarat were prospecting for silver . One was an out @-@ of @-@ work Irish miner named Jack Keane and the other was a one @-@ eyed Basque butcher named Domingo Etcharren . Quite by accident , Keane discovered an immense ledge of free @-@ milling gold by the duo 's work site and named the claim the Keane Wonder Mine . This started a minor and short @-@ lived gold rush into the area . The Keane Wonder Mine , along with mines at Rhyolite , Skidoo and Harrisburg , were the only ones to extract enough metal ore to make them worthwhile . Outright shams such as Leadfield also occurred , but most ventures quickly ended after a short series of prospecting mines failed to yield evidence of significant ore ( these mines now dot the entire area and are a significant hazard to anyone who enters them ) . The boom towns which sprang up around these mines flourished during the 1900s ( decade ) but soon declined after the Panic of 1907 .
= = = Early tourism = = =
The first documented tourist facilities in Death Valley were a set of tent houses built in the 1920s where Stovepipe Wells is now located . People flocked to resorts built around natural springs thought to have curative and restorative properties . In 1927 , Pacific Coast Borax turned the crew quarters of its Furnace Creek Ranch into a resort , creating the Furnace Creek Inn and resort . The spring at Furnace Creek was harnessed to develop the resort , and as the water was diverted , the surrounding marshes and wetlands started to shrink .
Soon the valley was a popular winter destination . Other facilities started off as private getaways but were later opened to the public . Most notable among these was Death Valley Ranch , better known as Scotty 's Castle . This large ranch home built in the Spanish Revival style became a hotel in the late 1930s and , largely because of the fame of Death Valley Scotty , a tourist attraction . Death Valley Scotty , whose real name was Walter Scott , was a gold miner who pretended to be owner of " his castle " , which he claimed to have built with profits from his gold mine . Neither claim was true , but the real owner , Chicago millionaire Albert Mussey Johnson , encouraged the myth . When asked by reporters what his connection was to Walter Scott 's castle , Johnson replied that he was Mr. Scott 's banker .
= = = Protection and later history = = =
President Herbert Hoover proclaimed a national monument in and around Death Valley on February 11 , 1933 , setting aside almost two million acres ( 8 @,@ 000 km2 ) of southeastern California and small parts of southwesternmost Nevada . Twelve companies worked in Death Valley using Civilian Conservation Corps workers during the Great Depression and on into the early 1940s . They built barracks , graded 500 miles ( 800 km ) of roads , installed water and telephone lines , and erected a total of 76 buildings . Trails in the Panamint Range were built to points of scenic interest , and an adobe village , laundry and trading post were constructed for Shoshone Indians . Five campgrounds , restrooms , an airplane landing field and picnic facilities were also built .
Creation of the monument resulted in a temporary closing of the lands to prospecting and mining . However , Death Valley was quickly reopened to mining by Congressional action in June of the same year . As improvements in mining technology allowed lower grades of ore to be processed , and new heavy equipment allowed greater amounts of rock to be moved , mining in Death Valley changed . Gone were the days of the " single @-@ blanket , jackass prospector " long associated with the romantic west . Open pit and strip mines scarred the landscape as international mining corporations bought claims in highly visible areas of the national monument . The public outcry that ensued led to greater protection for all national park and monument areas in the United States .
In 1976 , Congress passed the Mining in the Parks Act , which closed Death Valley National Monument to the filing of new mining claims , banned open @-@ pit mining and required the National Park Service to examine the validity of tens of thousands of pre @-@ 1976 mining claims . Mining was allowed to resume on a limited basis in 1980 with stricter environmental standards .
The park 's Resources Management Division monitors mining within park boundaries and continues to review the status of 125 unpatented mining claims and 19 patented claim groups , while ensuring that federal guidelines are followed and the park 's
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
players might be offended by the Primal and associate beastribe 's links with the power of earth in this context .
The team could not fully mend the game in its existing form as its engine and server structure were already critically flawed . This meant that , in order to save XIV , the entire game needed to be rebuilt from the ground up . The decision to launch a new version as a reboot instead of a whole new title was driven by the need to regain player trust , which was felt would not be done by just scrapping XIV . The original story planned for XIV was changed to build up towards the end of the original game 's life , with new boss battles being introduced leading up to the final storyline . The " Seventh Umbral Era " storyline was used as a story @-@ based reason for the radical changes coming to the game and its landscape . In the run @-@ up to this , reduced subscription fees were reintroduced with special bonuses included for the eventual reboot of the game , and major server merges were carried out to ease the transition between versions of the game , a move which initially provoked a negative reaction for players . The final revision of the game was put out on November 1 , 2012 . After a final in @-@ game battle where all XIV players were invited , the servers were closed down on November 11 .
= = Legacy = =
The flawed release and poor reception of the game had a heavy impact on Square Enix : citing XIV among other reasons , the company reduced its projected income for the year by 90 % . At the 2011 Tokyo Game Show , Wada issued an official apology for the quality of the game , saying that " the Final Fantasy brand [ had ] been greatly damaged " . The company and development team eventually decided to scrap the current version of XIV , rebuilding it from the ground up . This rebooted version , initially titled Final Fantasy XIV 2 @.@ 0 , began development in April 2011 . The rebooted version was released in 2013 as Final Fantasy XIV : A Realm Reborn , and has been positively received by critics and players . Yoshida , commenting in a later interview , stated that A Realm Reborn was just the first part of regaining player trust after the release of XIV , predicting that the process would take a long time .
= Simpsons Bible Stories =
" Simpsons Bible Stories " is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on Easter Sunday , April 4 , 1999 . It is the first of The Simpsons ' now annual trilogy episodes , and consists of four self @-@ contained segments . In the episode , the Simpson family fall asleep during a sermon in church . Marge dreams that she and Homer are Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden , Lisa dreams that she and her fellow Springfield Elementary School students are Hebrew slaves in Ancient Egypt and guides Moses to lead them to freedom , Homer dreams that he is King Solomon called to resolve a dispute between Lenny and Carl over the ownership of a pie , and Bart dreams he is King David , who has to fight Goliath 's son , Goliath II .
" Simpsons Bible Stories " was written by Matt Selman , Larry Doyle and Tim Long , and was the first episode Nancy Kruse directed for The Simpsons . While executive producer and former showrunner Mike Scully stated that the idea for the episode came after Fox requested an Easter @-@ themed episode , co @-@ writer Selman argued that it was conceived by former staff writers Dan Greaney and Donick Cary while they were pitching ideas for the tenth season . Because the episode mostly takes place outside Springfield , the animators had to design completely new sets . While the episode mostly features references to the Old Testament and Christianity , it also parodies children 's television programs , American politicians and action films by Jerry Bruckheimer .
In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 12 @.@ 2 million viewers , a drop from the previous episode which garnered 15 @.@ 5 million viewers . Following its broadcast , the episode received mixed reviews from critics , but won an Annie award in the category of Best Animated Television Production . In 2007 , the episode was released as part of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season DVD box set , and a promotional poster for the episode was included in an exhibition in Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art in Tulsa , Oklahoma . The episode 's ending scene is one of series creator Matt Groening 's favorite moments on The Simpsons . The episode has been credited with fostering a critical literacy towards religion and the Bible among its viewers .
= = Plot = =
It is an unseasonably hot Easter at church , and no one is interested in Reverend Lovejoy 's sermons . When the collection plate is passed round , Homer puts in a chocolate Easter bunny that he found in the dumpster , enraging Reverend Lovejoy , calling it a wicked idol , and provoking him to read the Bible from the beginning . The Simpsons all fall asleep .
= = = Marge 's Dream = = =
Marge dreams that she and Homer are Adam and Eve . They peacefully live in the Garden of Eden until a snake ( Snake Jailbird ) tempts Adam into eating dozens of apples from the forbidden tree . He persuades Eve to try one when God ( Ned Flanders ) witnesses his sin . Even though Adam ate many apples , God only caught Eve eating an apple , and she is therefore banished from the Garden of Eden . Adam is unwilling to come clean , but misses Eve and thinks of a way of getting her back in by digging a tunnel with the help of some of the animals . God 's unicorn , named Gary , becomes exhausted from the digging and dies just before God catches Adam trying to smuggle Eve back into the Garden . The death of the unicorn enrages him further , and he expels them both from the Garden of Eden .
= = = Lisa 's Dream = = =
Lisa imagines she and all the other Springfield Elementary students are Hebrews in ancient Egypt , with the Pharaoh ( Principal Skinner ) making them build a pyramid . Only Moses ( Milhouse ) can liberate the Hebrews . When Bart defaces the Pharaoh 's sarcophagus , supposedly incited by the burning bush , he gets the other students punished . Lisa
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
available in Marash permitting unbroken communication with Adana .
A few years later , he stated frankly , " Colonel Normand did not bring an order for the evacuation ; he gave it [ emphasis in the original ] . " In his own analysis of the conflict , the American relief worker Stanley E. Kerr attributes the withdrawal inter alia to the untenable position the French military itself had assumed , its failure to provide adequate supplies to its men , and its inability to carry out intelligence work .
In Constantinople , Allied military representatives pushed to threaten the Ottoman government for the affair , while the French simultaneously explored the possibility of reaching a modus vivendi with Kemal . The Allied Supreme Council , which at the time was working out the details to a peace treaty that it would present to the Ottoman government , deliberated on how best to respond . Some of the delegates present , including Prime Minister David Lloyd @-@ George , insisted that strong pressure should be brought to bear against the Ottoman government to prevent new atrocities , but the other diplomats were skeptical of the idea . The officials also agreed that the Ottoman government should dismiss Kemal from office , although they admitted that such a move was impractical , since the Ottoman government held no control over Kemal , who was leading a counter Turkish government in Anatolia . A decision was finally reached on 10 March . British , French and Italian leaders agreed to authorize the formal occupation of Constantinople , which was carried out by the forces under General George F. Milne 's command on the morning of 16 March .
On 7 April 1925 , Marash became one of two cities in Turkey to receive a Turkish Medal of Independence ( the other city being İnebolu ) .
= Greenzo =
" Greenzo " is the fifth episode of NBC 's second season of 30 Rock and twenty @-@ sixth episode overall . It was written by Jon Pollack and directed by series producer Don Scardino . It aired on November 8 , 2007 in the United States . Guest stars in this episode include Kevin Brown , Grizz Chapman , Al Gore , John Lutz , Madison McKinley Garton , Maulik Pancholy , Paula Pell , Dion Sapp , David Schwimmer and Meredith Vieira .
The episode focuses on Jack Donaghy 's ( played by Alec Baldwin ) success , and later disaster , with Greenzo ( David Schwimmer ) , " America 's first non @-@ judgmental , business @-@ friendly environmental advocate . " Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) decides to throw a party , but , knowing that nobody will attend , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) and Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) plot to make the party a success . Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) and Liz suspect that Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) is having
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Colt revolver , which she said Wyatt referred to affectionately as his " baby pony . " However , Ellsworth actually received a .45 @-@ caliber Colt revolver with a 7 ½ " barrel . Its serial number indicates it was originally shipped from the Colt factory on January 30 , 1883 . The shotgun was a 16 gauge double @-@ barreled hunting shotgun and case belonging to Wyatt . Ellsworth 's widow donated this pistol to the Arizona Historical Society in 1988 .
= = = Earp weapons auctioned = = =
On April 17 , 2014 , the family of deceased Earp amateur historian Glenn Boyer put much of his Earp collection and many artifacts up for auction . Among the 32 boxes of documentation , files , pictures and memorabilia for sale was a Colt .45 caliber said by Earp descendants to have been owned by Wyatt Earp . Also included in the auction was a Winchester lever @-@ action shotgun belonging to Wyatt Earp .
Earp was known to carry a .45 caliber pistol , as he did on the night of the Fitzimmons @-@ Sharkey fight in 1896 . Historians have credible evidence that Wyatt used a .44 caliber 1869 American model Smith & Wesson during the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral . This weapon was given by Earp to John Flood , who left it to Earp historian John D. Gilchriese .
Descendants of Wyatt Earp 's cousins assert that Earp carried the pistol featured in the auction and while in Tombstone , although the grips , barrel , and cylinder have been replaced . Only the frame is original , and its serial number has been filed off . But X @-@ ray testing showed an original serial number , 5686 , which matches a batch of revolvers purchased by the U.S. Army in 1874 .
The history of the items is controversial because they belonged to Boyer . John Boessenecker , a respected author of numerous articles on the American Old West and a collector of American Old West guns and memorabilia , said that it would be " impossible to separate the authenticity of the auction items from Boyer 's own troubled history . " This is particularly true because the provenance of the weapons is based on letters written by or given to Boyer . The authenticity of the revolver displayed at the auction is attested to by a typewritten letter dictated by Bill Miller to his daughter LaVonne Griffin . Miller was married to Estelle Edwards , the daughter of Adelia Earp Edwards , Wyatt 's sister . Before his death , Boyer completed a sworn affidavit attesting that the Colt .45 belonged to Earp . The affidavit is included with the revolver along with other expert findings . Critics challenge the authenticity of the letter because Boyer signed an affidavit in 1994 and stated again in 1999 , long after Bill Miller 's death , that he did not have any documentation from Miller . LeRoy Merz , the owner of Merz Antique Firearms , is the nation 's largest dealer in antique Winchesters in the United States . Despite Boyer 's affidavit , he said the missing serial number is a " kiss of death , " he says . " No serious collector will want that . "
The Wyatt revolver from Boyer 's estate was expected to fetch from $ 100 @,@ 000 and $ 150 @,@ 000 . On the day of the auction , more than 6 @,@ 400 online bidders and over 400 collectors from 49 countries took part in the auction . The revolver attributed to Wyatt Earp was sold to an unnamed phone bidder from New Mexico for $ 225 @,@ 000 . The Winchester lever @-@ action shotgun also said to be Wyatt Earp 's sold for $ 50 @,@ 000 , below the high value estimate of $ 125 @,@ 000 .
= = = Gunfight sketch sold at auction = = =
John H. Flood Jr . , Wyatt Earp 's secretary , who he regarded like a son , drew a sketch of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in 1926 under Wyatt 's supervision . The drawing placed participants and selected witnesses on Fremont Street in Tombstone , and Earp annotated it with lines indicating how the participants moved during the 30 @-@ second shootout . It was sold at auction by Alexander Autographs in early October 2010 , for $ 380 @,@ 000 .
= = = First depiction in film = = =
Earp 's good friend William Hart produced and wrote the first movie to depict Wyatt Earp , the seven @-@ reel epic Wild Bill Hickok released by Paramount in 1923 . Hart played Wild Bill Hickok and Bert Lindley played Earp . Earp served as a technical adviser on the film . This was the first movie that depicted Wyatt Earp , and the only movie that included his character before he died in 1929 . The role of Earp 's character in the movie was small . Bert Lindley is not listed on some descriptions of the movie and this portrayal of Earp is often overlooked . Alan Barra , author of Inventing Wyatt Earp : His Life and Many Legends , overlooked this movie in his biography .
In the film , Earp joined Calamity Jane , Bat Masterson , Doc Holliday , Charlie Bassett , Luke Short and Bill Tilghman in cleaning up a wild cowtown . Promotional copy for the film prominently mentioned Earp : " Back in the days when the West was young and wild , ' Wild Bill ' fought and loved and adventured with such famous frontiersmen as Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp . " Earp was described in the promotional copy as " Deputy Sheriff to Bat Masterson of Dodge City , known as one of the three greatest gun @-@ men that ever lived , along with Bat Masterson and ' Wild Bill ' Hickok " . In reality , Earp was a virtually unknown assistant marshal in Dodge City when Wild Bill Hickok was murdered in 1876 .
= = = Depiction of Old West lawmen = = =
Wyatt Earp both directly and indirectly influenced the way movies depict lawmen in the American Old West . While living in Los Angeles , Earp met several well @-@ known and soon @-@ to @-@ be famous actors on the sets of various movies . He became good friends with Western actors William S. Hart , and Tom Mix . Stuart Lake 's book Wyatt Earp : Frontier Marshal was the basis for how Earp has been depicted as a fearless Western hero in a large number of films and books . The book was first adapted into a movie for Frontier Marshal in 1934 . Josephine Earp successfully pressured the producers to remove Wyatt 's name from the film , and the protagonist was renamed " Michael Wyatt " . The film was made again in 1939 . Josephine sued 20th Century
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
near the center , it is estimated that the system became a tropical storm early on September 8 . That day , the system moved west @-@ southwestward , atypical for cyclones in that region during September . On September 9 , the storm turned to the southeast , reaching estimated peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) , based on ship observations . Moving slowly through the northern Azores , the storm produced winds of 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) along Terceira Island . It slowly weakened , and by late on September 10 the system degraded into a tropical depression . By the next day , the system was interacting with an approaching cold front , indicating that the depression had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . Around 20 : 00 UTC , the storm moved ashore the southwestern tip of Portugal with gale @-@ force winds . The storm turned to the northwest through the Iberian Peninsula , dissipating on September 14 over southwestern France .
= = = Hurricane Charlie = = =
On September 22 , a tropical wave moved into the eastern Caribbean Sea , spawning a tropical depression near Hispaniola early on September 24 . As it tracked west @-@ northwestward , the low dropped heavy rainfall , peaking at 4 @.@ 42 in ( 112 mm ) in Christiansted , United States Virgin Islands , as well as 11 @.@ 9 in ( 300 mm ) in Garzas , Puerto Rico . In Puerto Rico , the rains caused and landslides that affected seven towns , notably Ponce , the island 's second @-@ largest city . There , at least 14 buildings were destroyed . The floods left more than 1 @,@ 000 people homeless , 300 of whom took refuge in a Red Cross shelter . Overall , the flooding on the island killed four people and left moderate damage of around $ 1 million ( 1952 USD , $ 8 @.@ 91 million 2016 USD ) .
After affecting Puerto Rico , the low continued to organize , and subsequently struck the Dominican Republic on September 23 . The circulation became disrupted while crossing Hispaniola , although it reorganized near the Turks and Caicos Islands and became Tropical Storm Charlie before reaching those islands . On September 25 , Charlie attained hurricane status , , and due to its continued northwest motion , the Weather Bureau advised small craft to remain at port in the southeastern United States coast . However , the hurricane turned to the north and northeast on September 26 , during which the Hurricane Hunters recorded peak winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) . It briefly threatened Bermuda , prompting the United States Air Force to evacuate its fleet of airplanes from Kindley Air Force Base . Charlie ultimately northwest of Bermuda , and later began weakening . On September 29 it turned eastward , and later that day transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants lasted two more days before dissipating 400 mi ( 640 km ) southeast of Newfoundland .
= = = Tropical Storm Dog = = =
On September 25 , a tropical wave spawned a tropical storm about 700 mi ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . Given the name Dog , the storm moved northwestward for its entire duration . On September 26 , Hurricane Hunters observed winds of 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) , which indicated that Dog strengthened to just below hurricane intensity . The plane also estimated winds of around 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , although they were unable to locate a closed center of circulation . After approaching hurricane status , , Dog began a marked weakening trend , with winds of only 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) by September 27 . Continuing to weaken , the storm dissipated on September 29 . The Weather Bureau advised ships to avoid the storm , but overall Dog did not affect land . As the Hurricane Hunters did not reported a well @-@ defined circulation , there was a possibility Dog was not a tropical cyclone ; the report of the 1952 season assessed that Dog remained a tropical wave .
= = = Tropical Storm Eight = = =
On September 24 , a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa . It is estimated that a closed circulation developed on the next day , suggesting the formation of a tropical depression . On September 26 , Santiago island within Cape Verde recorded winds of 30 mph (
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
midfield , and was voted Player of the Tournament . Spain finished runners @-@ up in the tournament to Brazil . Fàbregas was next involved in the 2004 UEFA U @-@ 17 European Championship , where Spain also finished runners @-@ up . He was named the Golden Player of the tournament by FIFA .
= = = Senior team = = =
After emerging as one of Arsenal 's key players in only his second season at the club , it did not take long for Fàbregas to be called up to the senior squad . Noting his impressive performances in Arsenal 's 2006 Champions League campaign , Spain coach Luis Aragonés named the teenager in the team for a friendly against Ivory Coast . In that game , Fàbregas became the youngest player capped for Spain in 70 years , beating Sergio Ramos ' record . He received favourable reviews for his début , and was involved in the build @-@ up to Spain 's first goal in the 3 – 2 victory over the Ivorians .
= = = = 2006 World Cup = = = =
On 15 May 2006 , Fàbregas was selected for the Spanish 2006 FIFA World Cup squad . During the tournament , he came on as a second @-@ half substitute in Spain 's first two group matches , contributing an assist to striker Fernando Torres in their 3 – 1 victory against Tunisia . He then started alongside Spain 's reserve players ( including then @-@ Arsenal teammate José Antonio Reyes ) in Spain 's third group match against Saudi Arabia . He earned a starting role in Spain 's first knockout @-@ stage match against France , in place of Marcos Senna , but Spain lost 3 – 1 . Fàbregas also became the youngest player in Spanish football history to participate in a World Cup when he came on as a substitute for Luis García after 77 minutes in the 4 – 0 victory against Ukraine on 13 June 2006 ; he was then 19 years and 41 days old . He was later nominated for the Gillette Young Player of the World Cup , but Germany 's Lukas Podolski won the award .
= = = = UEFA Euro 2008 = = = =
In UEFA Euro 2008 , Fàbregas was handed the squad number 10 , rather than 18 which he had previously held . Despite featuring mostly as a substitute , the midfielder made a considerable impact in Spain 's campaign . He scored his first international goal in that competition in Spain 's 4 – 1 win over Russia and also had an assist in that game . Spain won all three of their group games and met Italy in the quarter @-@ finals . In that match , Fàbregas scored the winning penalty in the penalty shoot @-@ out after the teams remained deadlocked 0 – 0 after extra time . In the semi @-@ finals , Spain defeated Russia 3 – 0 with Fàbregas providing two assists . The midfielder made the starting eleven in the Final against Germany where Spain prevailed 1 – 0 ; this was Spain 's first major title since 1964 . For his efforts , Fàbregas was named in the Team of the Tournament , a 23 @-@ man squad selected by the UEFA Technical Team .
= = = = 2009 Confederations Cup = = = =
After missing out for several months due to his injury , Fàbregas regained his place as a regular in Vicente del Bosque 's squad . In June , he was named in the team for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup . He scored his second international goal in a 5 – 0 win against New Zealand in the competition 's group stage . In the semi @-@ finals against the United States ( which Fàbregas started ) , Spain suffered a shock 2 – 0 loss , and its 15 @-@ game winning streak came to an end .
= = = = 2010 World Cup = = = =
Fàbregas was selected as a part of del Bosque 's 23 @-@ man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . With del Bosque preferring a starting midfield of Sergio Busquets , Xabi Alonso , Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , Fàbregas did not start in any of Spain 's games in the competition . He featured as a substitute in four of their seven matches , in which Spain lost their opening game before winning the next six en route to the final . In the Final itself , Fàbregas set up the extra @-@ time winner for Iniesta to win Spain the World Cup for the first time in their history .
= = = = UEFA Euro 2012 = = = =
Fàbregas was selected as a part of del Bosque 's 23 @-@ man squad for UEFA Euro 2012 . Fàbregas started in the front three of a 4 – 3 – 3 formation against Italy in Spain 's opening Group C match . In the 64th minute he scored the equaliser after Italy had taken the lead in the 61st minute ; the game finished in a 1 –
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
1 draw . He then scored his second goal of the tournament in the group stage match against Ireland . When Spain faced Portugal in the semi @-@ finals and the game remained scoreless at the end of extra time , Fàbregas scored the winning penalty of the shootout as Spain prevailed 4 – 2 . In the final against Italy , Fàbregas started and provided the assist to David Silva for the game 's opening goal , en route to a 4 – 0 Spain victory .
= = = = 2013 Confederations Cup = = = =
Fàbregas was named in the provisional squad in the lead up to the 2013 Confederations Cup by del Bosque . He made two starts in the competition and one substitute appearance , all during the group stage of the competition , and assisting a goal in Spain 's opening group match against Uruguay , which Spain won 2 – 1 . Spain won all their group matches , only conceding a goal and scoring 15 . Spain advanced to the final of the competition for the first time , after a lengthy and difficult semi @-@ final clash in a re @-@ match against their opponents of the European Championship Final of the previous year , Italy . The match ended 0 – 0 after extra time and Spain won 7 – 6 in the resulting penalty shoot @-@ out , but were eventually defeated 3 – 0 in the final by hosts and defending champions Brazil .
= = = = 2014 World Cup = = = =
Fàbregas was named in Spain 's 30 @-@ man provisional squad for the World Cup , and was also included in the final list for the tournament . He made his debut in the tournament in the opening 1 – 5 defeat to the Netherlands , replacing David Silva for the last 12 minutes . With Spain already eliminated , he played 22 minutes of 3 – 0 win against Australia in the last group game , this time in place of Santi Cazorla .
= = = = UEFA Euro 2016 = = = =
On 31 March 2015 , Fàbregas captained Spain for the first time , in their 0 – 2 friendly defeat to the Netherlands at the Amsterdam Arena . He earned his 100th cap on 12 October 2015 , becoming the tenth Spaniard to do so , in a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Ukraine with Spain already qualified . In his milestone match at the Olympic Stadium in Kiev , he won a first @-@ half penalty when fouled by Oleksandr Kucher , but his spot kick was saved by Andriy Pyatov .
= = Style of play = =
= = = Arsenal and Chelsea = = =
Originally brought to Arsenal as a youth to slowly develop via the League Cup , Fàbregas was unexpectedly deployed as Arsenal 's starting central midfielder following injuries to fellow midfielders Patrick Vieira , Gilberto Silva and Edu during the 2004 – 05 season . While defensive midfielder Vieira served as his role model and mentor , he styled his game after his childhood hero and compatriot Pep Guardiola , whose shirt number 4 he would inherit in his subsequent move to Barcelona in 2011 . Because he was of a different mould from his Arsenal predecessors who played in the same position , this led to criticisms of his lightweight frame and less aggressive style of play , due to his development in the Barcelona Youth Academy , with former teammate Ashley Cole criticising the Spaniard as " an unproven featherweight " in his autobiography .
However , it did not take long for Fàbregas to become one of the most coveted and celebrated young talents in the game with his success at Arsenal . Functioning mostly as a playmaker and renowned for his passing range , he was described as the general of Arsenal 's first team , bringing vision , creativity , and an innate understanding of timing and space to Arsenal 's intricate passing game , displaying maturity that belied his age . He was the main creative force when he was at Arsenal , as exemplified by his 16 assists in all competitions in the 2006 – 07 season . Between 2006 – 07 and 2010 – 11 , Fàbregas created the most chances in the top @-@ division leagues of England , Spain , Italy , Germany and France .
At Arsenal , Fàbregas also often assumed responsibility for set pieces , taking corners , free kicks and penalties . By his own admission , scoring was a weaker part of his game in his first few seasons at Arsenal ; wasteful finishing also being symptomatic of the larger problem surrounding Arsenal in the 2005 – 06 and 2006 – 07 seasons . This changed initially in the 2007 – 08 season when he scored 11 goals in his first 16 games , and Arsenal manager Wenger claimed that the Spaniard 's previous inability to score was down to a mental state , and even compared the Spaniard to Michel Platini , a French midfielder renowned for scoring . There were also concerns raised over the large number of games Fàbregas was playing for club and country at such a young age , but while he initially avoided long spells on the sidelines , he played significantly fewer games due to injury in his last three seasons with Arsenal .
At Chelsea , Fàbregas played a similar playmaking role in midfield , using his technique , ball control , vision , and passing ability to dictate the tempo of his team 's play , while he was supported by defensive midfielders , in order to give him more space and time on the ball . In this deeper creative role , he excelled in Chelsea 's new style of play under Mourinho , where he proved to be an effective assist @-@ provider .
= = = Barcelona and Spain = = =
At Barcelona , Fàbregas continued to play a prominent midfield and playmaking role , although he was moved into a more offensive position than that which he had occupied at Arsenal . His new role with Barcelona was comparable to that which he had played with the Spanish national team . He effortlessly fit into Pep Guardiola 's 4 – 3 – 3 formation , participating in the midfield 's trademark " tiki @-@ taka " patient , attacking , build @-@ up style of play , also associated with the Spanish national squad under Luis Aragonés and Vicente del Bosque . Fàbregas was used in a variety of different roles under Guardiola , scoring several goals and providing many assists . Due to the presence of Xavi , Sergio Busquets and Andrés Iniesta in the three man midfield , as well as the emerging Thiago , Fàbregas was often employed out of position as a winger , or even as a supporting forward under Guardiola . He regularly performed in the role that Lionel Messi had often occupied during the previous season , functioning as a false @-@ 9 in a 4 – 6 – 0 formation ( a role which he would also play for Spain at Euro 2012 under Del Bosque ) , whilst Messi would play as a right winger or second forward . Fàbregas was , however , still used in deeper roles on occasion , as an attacking , deep @-@ lying or central playmaking midfielder , in particular under Guardiola 's immediate successors , Tito Vilanova and Gerardo Martino .
= = Outside football = =
= = = Personal life = = =
Fàbregas and his partner Daniella Semaan have two daughters , Lia ( born 2013 ) and Capri ( born 2015 ) .
= = = Sponsorship = = =
In 2011 , Fàbregas signed a sponsorship deal with German sportswear and equipment supplier , Puma . He appeared in an advert for the new Puma PowerCat 1 @.@ 12 in September 2011 and was one of the flagship wearers of Puma 's PowerCat range of football boots . When the PowerCat was succeeded by the evoPower , again Fàbregas was the forefront of Puma 's marketing campaign . In January 2014 , the brand launched a C4 evoPower boot , specifically designed for just Fàbregas to wear .
= = = Other projects = = =
Fàbregas starred in his own one @-@ time only television programme , called " The Cesc Fàbregas Show : Nike Live " , that aired on 19 May 2008 . The programme was sponsored by Nike and was shown on Sky Sports . The show featured Fàbregas in several sketches with then Arsenal teammates like Philippe Senderos and Nicklas Bendtner , as well as coach Arsène Wenger , Fàbregas ' parents and Little Britain star Matt Lucas .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club = = =
Statistics accurate as of 2 May 2016
= = = International = = =
Statistics accurate as of 1 June 2016
= = = = International goals = = = =
As of match played 1 June 2016 . Spain score listed first , score column indicates score after each Fábregas goal .
= = Honours = =
= = = Club = = =
Arsenal
FA Cup : 2
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
her tours . Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork Media complimented the song , calling it " personality @-@ driven pop " in which Madonna has never sounded more convincing . Deusner added that the track sounds like " it 's conjuring several of Madonna 's younger selves " in its modest goal to just make people move . Sarah Crompton from The Daily Telegraph said that the song is infinitely forgettable . Popjustice named the song one of the best 100 singles of 2009 . Louis Virtel of The Backlot included the song at number sixty @-@ five on his list of " The 100 Greatest Madonna Songs , " referring to the track as a " rollicking dance jam " that is a " perfect companion piece to [ Madonna 's ] other testament to celebration , Holiday . ” At the 52nd Grammy Awards , the song received a nomination in the Best Dance Recording category .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Celebration " debuted and peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 71 on the issue dated August 22 , 2009 . The song became Madonna 's 55th entry on the chart . It debuted on the Hot Dance Club Songs and Hot Dance Airplay charts at numbers 29 and seven , respectively . On the issue of September 26 , 2009 , " Celebration " became Madonna 's 40th number @-@ one song on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , the most for an artist . The song also debuted on the Adult Pop Songs chart at number 36 . " Celebration " has sold 192 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States as of April 2010 . In Canada , the song debuted at number 56 on the Canadian Hot 100 and reached a peak of five the next week , becoming the week 's airplay gainer .
It also debuted at 48 in Spain and made a top @-@ five debut at three in Finland . The next week , the song reached the top of the chart in Finland , where it remained for six non @-@ consecutive weeks , and was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Other debuts were in Ireland at 33 , and 31 in Sweden where it jumped to number @-@ one the next week . On August 30 , 2009 , " Celebration " debuted at number 40 on the Australian Singles Chart . The song also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number three on the issue dated September 20 , 2009 , becoming her 60th top ten single . It also became the first ever number one in the Scottish singles chart , staying at the top spot for 2 weeks there . In Italy , the song debuted at the top of the chart and was certified platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry ( FIMI ) for shipment of 60 @,@ 000 copies of the single . The song peaked at number four on the Danish Singles Chart and was certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry for shipment of 15 @,@ 000 copies of the single .
= = Music video = =
On Madonna 's official website , it was reported that a music video was filmed in Milan , Italy , where " die @-@ hard fans " showed up on July 18 , 2009 for the filming of segments showcasing fans dancing and " being themselves . " A similar shoot took place later in Barcelona . The video was directed by Jonas Åkerlund , who worked with Madonna in her videos for " Ray of Light " , " Music " , " American Life " and " Jump " . The Guardian reported that Madonna 's daughter Lourdes appeared in the video . Madonna 's official website , announced the premiere of the video to be on September 1 , 2009 . It was released simultaneously on music channels worldwide , and on iTunes . The video was available for free download on iTunes until Thursday , when it then went up to purchase only . It was made as free download , so that buyers are made aware of the pre @-@ order details of the Celebration album .
The music video was filmed in Milan , Italy between the dates of the 2009 leg of her Sticky & Sweet Tour . The concept of the video is in similarity to the title of the song ; celebration of Madonna 's career . According to MTV , the video is a throwback to Madonna 's Erotica era and encompasses a dark music image . The Benny Benassi remix of the song is used in the video . It starts with Madonna asking the line " Haven 't I seen you somewhere before ? " . The music starts and the scenes cut between Madonna and her dancers start dancing to the music of the song . Madonna wears a crystal embossed , shouldered Balmain dress with knee @-@ high Christian Louboutin boots . While she is present in almost every frame of the camera , she does not perform choreographed dance moves . Her dance is mostly confined to casual maneuvers . The dancers on the other hand , perform choreographed moves as a solo act . As the song progresses , more dancers are shown and they ultimately reach a club . The DJ in the club is portrayed by model Jesus Luz . Madonna indulges in sensual poses with him and removes his clothes in an attempt to recognize him , as the line " I guess I don 't recognize you with your clothes on " is played . The two of them brush their lips together , and Madonna moves away to the dance floor again . Lourdes makes an appearance near the end of the video . She appears in an eighties styled , polka @-@ dotted leotard and pants , and does a back arch on the ground . Madonna is then shown on the ground on all fours , or dancing while grabbing her groin . Both Madonna 's and her dancer 's moves are edited to appear in fast forward . Hip hop styled dancing is showcased towards the end of the video . The end shot of the video portrays Madonna sliding down on the ground . Teaser trailers for the video , show Oakenfold dancing to the song , but his scenes are not included in the final version .
Daniel Kreps from Rolling Stone commented that " the Rock and Roll Hall of Famer [ Madonna ] prov [ es ] her dance moves are still razor @-@ sharp as she turns 51 . " James Montogomery from MTV complemented Madonna 's dance moves in the video , and said : " She is 51 , twice divorced , a mother of four and she is ( quite rightfully ) unashamed by any of this . Sexual politics , anyone ? " Olivia Smith of the New York Daily News commented that " Madge has her family – her daughter and her lover – at her latest party , in which she 's still at the hotblooded center of her life . " She also noted that the video exemplifies the fact that Madonna is an artist with a long musical past . However , the tone of the video explains that Madonna is ready to leave that past and move forward . According to Smith , although Madonna has toned down her appearance , " the 51 @-@ year @-@ old is still her pelvis @-@ swirling overtly sexual self in her new video . "
On September 17 , 2009 , an alternate edit of the music video ( " fan version " ) was released via Madonna 's MySpace . The video contains footage filmed in Barcelona , Spain and Milan , Italy and features fans
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
metal , though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish . It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure , with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing , in which each atom has six nearest neighbors ( at 265 @.@ 9 pm ) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290 @.@ 6 pm . The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 ° C. Above 210 ° C , the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating . Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity . For a metal , zinc has relatively low melting ( 419 @.@ 5 ° C ) and boiling points ( 907 ° C ) . The melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium .
Many alloys contain zinc , including brass . Other metals long known to form binary alloys with zinc are aluminium , antimony , bismuth , gold , iron , lead , mercury , silver , tin , magnesium , cobalt , nickel , tellurium and sodium . Although neither zinc nor zirconium are ferromagnetic , their alloy ZrZn
2 exhibits ferromagnetism below 35 K.
A bar of zinc generates a characteristic sound when bent , similar to tin cry .
= = = Occurrence = = =
Zinc makes up about 75 ppm ( 0 @.@ 0075 % ) of Earth 's crust , making it the 24th most abundant element . Soil contains zinc in 5 – 770 ppm with an average 64 ppm . Seawater has only 30 ppb and the atmosphere , 0 @.@ 1 – 4 µg / m3 .
The element is normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead in ores . Zinc is a chalcophile , meaning the element has a low affinity for oxides and prefers to bond with sulfides . Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth 's atmosphere . Sphalerite , which is a form of zinc sulfide , is the most heavily mined zinc @-@ containing ore because its concentrate contains 60 – 62 % zinc .
Other source minerals for zinc include smithsonite ( zinc carbonate ) , hemimorphite ( zinc silicate ) , wurtzite ( another zinc sulfide ) , and sometimes hydrozincite ( basic zinc carbonate ) . With the exception of wurtzite , all these other minerals were formed by weathering of the primordial zinc sulfides .
Identified world zinc resources total about 1 @.@ 9 billion tonnes . Large deposits are in Australia , Canada and the United States , with the largest reserves in Iran . At the current rate of consumption , one source has estimated those reserves could be depleted between 2027 and 2055 . About 346 million tonnes have been extracted throughout history to 2002 , and scholars for the National Academy of Sciences estimate that about 109 million tonnes are in use .
= = = Isotopes = = =
Five isotopes of zinc occur in nature . 64Zn is the most abundant isotope ( 48 @.@ 63 % natural abundance ) . That isotope has such a long half @-@ life , at 4 @.@ 3 × 1018 a , that its radioactivity can be ignored . Similarly , 70Zn ( 0 @.@ 6 % ) , with a half @-@ life of 1 @.@ 3 × 1016 a is not usually considered to be radioactive . The other isotopes found in nature are 66Zn ( 28 % ) , 67Zn ( 4 % ) and 68Zn ( 19 % ) .
Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized . 65Zn , which has a half @-@ life of 243 @.@ 66 days , is the least active radioisotope , followed by 72Zn with a half @-@ life of 46 @.@ 5 hours . Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers . 69mZn has the longest half @-@ life , 13 @.@ 76 h . The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope . The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray . 61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two . The isotopes 65Zn , 71Zn , 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state .
The most common decay mode of a radioisotope of zinc with a mass number lower than 66 is electron capture . The decay product resulting from electron capture is an isotope of copper .
n
30Zn + e − → n
29Cu
The most common decay mode of a radioisotope of zinc with mass number higher than 66 is beta decay ( β − ) , which produces an isotope of gallium .
n
30Zn → n
31Ga + e − + ν
e
= = Compounds and chemistry = =
= = = Reactivity = = =
Zinc has an electron configuration of [ Ar ] 3d104s2 and is a member of the group 12 of the periodic
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
table . It is a moderately reactive metal and strong reducing agent . The surface of the pure metal tarnishes quickly , eventually forming a protective passivating layer of the basic zinc carbonate , Zn
5 ( OH )
6 ( CO3 )
2 , by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide . This layer helps prevent further reaction with air and water .
Zinc burns in air with a bright bluish @-@ green flame , giving off fumes of zinc oxide . Zinc reacts readily with acids , alkalis and other non @-@ metals . Extremely pure zinc reacts only slowly at room temperature with acids . Strong acids , such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid , can remove the passivating layer and subsequent reaction with water releases hydrogen gas .
The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the + 2 oxidation state . When compounds in this oxidation state are formed , the outer shell s electrons are lost , yielding a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [ Ar ] 3d10 . In aqueous solution an octahedral complex , [ Zn ( H
2O ) 6 ] 2 + is the predominant species . The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 ° C indicates the formation of Zn
2Cl
2 , a zinc compound with a + 1 oxidation state . No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than + 1 or + 2 are known . Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of + 4 is unlikely to exist .
Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first @-@ row transition metals , nickel and copper , though it has a filled d @-@ shell and compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless . The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical . Because of this some , of the equivalent salts have the same crystal structure , and in other circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor , the chemistry of zinc has much in common with that of magnesium . In other respects , there is little similarity with the late first @-@ row transition metals . Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors . Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5 @-@ coordinate complexes are known .
= = = Zinc ( I ) compounds = = =
Zinc ( I ) compounds are rare and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state . Most zinc ( I ) compounds contain formally the [ Zn2 ] 2 + core , which is analogous to the [ Hg2 ] 2 + dimeric cation present in mercury ( I ) compounds . The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure . The first zinc ( I ) compound containing the Zn — Zn bond , ( η5 @-@ C5Me5 ) 2Zn2 , is also the first dimetallocene . The [ Zn2 ] 2 + ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc ( II ) , and has been obtained only a yellow glass only by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2 .
= = = Zinc ( II ) compounds = = =
Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases . The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions , but is amphoteric , dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions . The other chalcogenides ( ZnS , ZnSe , and ZnTe ) have varied applications in electronics and optics . Pnictogenides ( Zn
3N
2 , Zn
3P
2 , Zn
3As
2 and Zn
3Sb
2 ) , the peroxide ( ZnO
2 ) , the hydride ( ZnH
2 ) , and the carbide ( ZnC
2 ) are also known . Of the four halides , ZnF
2 has the most ionic character , while the others ( ZnCl
2 , ZnBr
2 , and ZnI
2 ) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character .
In weak basic solutions containing Zn2 + ions , the hydroxide Zn ( OH )
2 forms as a white precipitate . In stronger alkaline solutions , this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ( [ Zn ( OH ) 4 ] 2 − ) . The nitrate Zn ( NO3 )
2 , chlorate Zn ( ClO3 )
2 , sulfate ZnSO
4 , phosphate Zn
3 ( PO4 )
2 , molybdate ZnMoO
4 , cyanide Zn ( CN )
2 , arsenite Zn ( AsO2 )
2 , arsenate Zn ( AsO4 )
2 · 8H
2O and the chromate ZnCrO
4 ( one of the few colored zinc compounds ) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc . One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate ( Zn ( O
2CCH3 )
2 ) .
Organozinc compounds are those that contain zinc – carbon covalent bonds . Diethylzinc ( ( C
2H5 )
2Zn ) is a reagent in synthetic chemistry . It was first reported in 1848 from the reaction of zinc and ethyl iodide , and was the first compound known to contain a metal – carbon sigma bond .
Tests for Zinc
Cobalticyanide paper ( Rinnmann 's test for Zn ) can be used as a chemical indicator for zinc . 4g of K3Co ( CN ) 6 and 1g of KClO3 is dissolved on 100ml of water . Paper is dipped in the solution and dried at 100 * C. One drop of the sample is dropped onto the dry paper and heated . A green disc indicates the presence of zinc .
= = History = =
= = = Ancient use = = =
Various isolated examples of the use of impure zinc in ancient times have been discovered . Zinc ores were used to make the zinc – copper alloy brass thousands of years prior to the discovery of zinc as a separate element . Judean brass from the 14th to 10th centuries BC contains 23 % zinc .
Knowledge of how to produce brass spread to Ancient Greece by the 7th century BC , but few varieties were made . Ornaments made of alloys containing 80 – 90 % zinc , with lead , iron , antimony , and other metals making up the remainder , have been found that are 2 @,@ 500 years old . A possibly prehistoric statuette containing 87 @.@ 5 % zinc was found in a Dacian archaeological site .
The oldest known pills were made of the zinc carbonates hydrozincite and smithsonite . The pills were used for sore eyes and were found aboard the Roman ship Relitto del Pozzino , wrecked in 140 BC .
The manufacture of brass was known to the Romans by about 30 BC . They made brass by heating powdered calamine ( zinc silicate or carbonate ) , charcoal and copper together in a crucible . The resulting calamine brass was then either cast or hammered into shape for use in weaponry . Some coins struck by Romans in the Christian era are made of what is probably calamine brass .
Strabo writing in the 1st century BC ( but quoting a now lost work of the 4th century BC historian Theopompus ) mentions " drops of false silver " which when mixed with copper make brass . This may refer to small quantities of zinc that is a by @-@ product of smelting sulfide ores . Zinc in such remnants in smelting ovens was usually discarded as it was thought to be worthless .
The Berne zinc tablet is a votive plaque dating to Roman Gaul made of an alloy that is mostly zinc .
The Charaka Samhita , thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD , mentions a metal which , when oxidized , produces pushpanjan , thought to be zinc oxide . Zinc mines at Zawar , near Udaipur in India , have been active since the Mauryan period . The smelting of metallic
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
0 – 11 season with Smart Computers becoming the new home kit sponsors and Stalbridge Linen the away sponsors . Despite initially planning to return to the tradition form of sponsorship , the club again ran a sponsorship raffle for the 2011 – 12 season and continues to this day , however , with the plans to move to UWE Stadium , Rovers hope to attract a major sponsor once again in the future .
= = Stadium = =
= = = Grounds = = =
Purdown – 1883 – 1884
Three Acres – 1884 – 1891
Schoolmasters Cricket Ground – 1891 – 1892
Durdham Down – 1892 – 1894
Ridegway – 1894 – 1897
Eastville Stadium – 1897 – 1986
Twerton Park – 1986 – 1996
The Memorial Stadium – 1996 – Present
= = = History = = =
Rovers play their home games at The Memorial Stadium in Horfield , a ground they formerly shared with Bristol Rugby Club . The team moved to The Mem , as it is known informally , at the beginning of the 1996 – 97 season , initially as tenants but purchased it two years later .
When Bristol Rovers were known as Black Arabs F.C. in 1883 , they played their home games at Purdown , Stapleton . The following year they moved to Three Acres , the precise location of which is not known , but is believed to have been in the Ashley Down area of Bristol , where they remained for seven years . This was followed by brief stays at the Schoolmasters Cricket Ground , Durdham Down and Ridgeway .
For the majority of their history , Bristol Rovers have played their home games at the Eastville Stadium , where they remained for a period of 89 years from 1897 – 1986 . Financial problems led to the team being forced to leave Eastville , and they found a temporary home at Twerton Park , the home of Bath City . They stayed in Bath for 10 seasons , before returning to Bristol in 1996 .
Rovers also played five home games at Ashton Gate Stadium , home of rivals Bristol City , following a fire which destroyed the South Stand of the Eastville Stadium on the night of the 16 – 17 August 1980 . Rovers returned to Eastville in October 1980 . During World War II , some friendly matches were played in Kingswood , and in their early history some games were played at Parson Street , Bedminster
In January 2007 planning permission was granted for a new 18 @,@ 500 capacity all @-@ seater stadium to be built on the site of the Memorial Stadium . Building work was originally intended to begin late in 2007 , but a number of delays set the project back first until the summer of 2008 , and then until the summer of 2009 .
Further delays meant that by 2011 , the club had begun exploring different options with regards to the future of the club 's stadium . In June 2011 , the club announced its intention to relocate the club to a new 21 @,@ 700 all seater stadium , to be built on land at the University of the West of England 's Frenchay campus . To fund the project , the current site of the Memorial Stadium will be sold to supermarket Sainsbury 's .
In September 2012 , planning permission for the proposed UWE Stadium was granted by South Gloucestershire Council . In January 2013 , subsequent planning permission was granted by Bristol City Council for the building of a Sainsbury 's supermarket on the site of the Memorial Stadium . Disputes by a local protest group delayed the project and was followed by Sainsbury 's attempting to withdraw support for the project . Rovers therefore submitted a writ against Sainsbury 's , the hearing for which will be heard in May 2015 .
In February 2016 it was announced that a 92 % stake in the club had been bought by the Jordanian Al @-@ Qadi family and that Wael Al @-@ Qadi , a member of the Jordan Football Association , would become the president .
The club is now owned by Dwane Sports Ltd with 92 @.@ 6 % of the shares with Bristol Rovers Supporters Club owning the remaining 7 @.@ 4 % .
= = Supporter culture = =
The team traditionally draws the majority of its support from north and east Bristol and South Gloucestershire . Many towns and villages in the surrounding area are also home to significant pockets of Rovers supporters .
The nickname given to Bristol Rovers supporters is " Gasheads " . " The Gas " was originally coined as a derogatory term by the supporters of Bristol Rovers ' rivals Bristol City , and was in reference to the large gas works adjacent to the old Bristol Rovers stadium , in Eastville , Bristol which wafted the sometimes overpowering odour of town gas across the crowd . " Gasheads " was adopted as a name by a splinter group of Rovers supporters in the mid @-@ 1980s to early 1990s . The chant " Proud to be a Gashead " spread to regular fans , and a fanzine was produced called The Gashead .
The term " Gasheads " is now universally accepted within the English media and football fraternity as referring to Bristol Rovers supporters . After the club 's relegation to Football League Two in 2001 , the club designated the squad number 12 to the Gasheads to signify them as the club 's 12th Man in recognition of their loyal support .
The retired Conservative MP for Hayes and Harlington Terry Dicks is a Bristol Rovers fan . He mentioned the club in parliament on 5 May 1994 when debating with Labour MP and Chelsea fan Tony Banks . Another notable fan is Mercury Prize winning DJ Roni Size .
One Bristol Rovers print fanzine is currently active and is entitled Last Saturday Night . There is also a fan @-@ run podcast and blog called GasCast .
= = = Club song = = =
The song which is synonymous with Rovers is " Goodnight , Irene " , which was written by Lead Belly .
Opinions differ as to how this came about but it is thought to have become popular in the 1950s when a version of the song was in the British charts — the line " sometimes I have a great notion to jump in the river and drown " — seemed to be particularly apt when Rovers lost as the Bristol Frome flows alongside the old Eastville ground . Another theory is that it was sung at a fireworks display at the Stadium the night before a Home game against Plymouth Argyle in the 1950s . During the game the following day , Rovers were winning quite comfortably and the few Argyle supporters present began to leave early prompting a chorus of " Goodnight Argyle " from the Rovers supporters — the tune stuck and Irene became the club song .
Another popular Bristol Rovers song is " Tote End Boys " , which was written and sung by Ben Gunstone . The name " Tote End Boys " derives from the section of Gasheads who stood in the Tote End terrace at Rovers ' old home , Eastville Stadium .
The Rovers fans have good relations with Spanish club CE Sabadell FC , which initially began due to several Rovers fans noticing that the club had the same colours . Plans are being made for a pre @-@ season friendly between the two clubs in July 2016 .
= = Players = =
= = = Current squad = = =
As of 8 May 2016
Where a player has not declared an international allegiance , nation is determined by place of birth .
The shirt number 12 is used by Gasheads to represent the fans as the 12th Man .
For recent transfers , see 2015 – 16 Bristol Rovers F.C. season .
= = = Notable former players = = =
This is a list of the most noted former players at Bristol Rovers Football Club , stating the period that each player spent at the club , their nationality and their reason for being listed . To be included in this list a player must have made
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
building .
= HMS Campania ( 1914 ) =
HMS Campania was a seaplane tender and aircraft carrier , converted from an elderly ocean liner by the Royal Navy early in the First World War . After her conversion was completed in mid @-@ 1915 the ship spent her time conducting trials and exercises with the Grand Fleet . These revealed the need for a longer flight deck to allow larger aircraft to take off , and she was modified accordingly . Campania missed the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 , but made a number of patrols with elements of the Grand Fleet . She never saw combat and was soon relegated to a training role because of her elderly machinery . In November 1918 Campania was anchored with the capital ships of the Grand Fleet when a sudden storm caused her anchors to drag . She hit several of the ships and the collisions punctured her hull ; she slowly sank , with no loss of life .
= = Early career = =
Originally built as a passenger liner for Cunard Line 's service between Liverpool and New York in 1893 , RMS Campania was the holder of the Blue Riband award for speed early in her career . In October 1914 , she was sold to the shipbreakers T. W. Ward as she was wearing out .
= = Purchase and conversion = =
The Royal Navy purchased Campania from the shipbreakers on 27 November 1914 for £ 32 @,@ 500 , initially for conversion to an armed merchant cruiser equipped with eight quick @-@ firing 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) guns . The ship was converted by Cammell Laird to an aircraft carrier instead and the two forward 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch guns were deleted in favour of a 160 @-@ foot ( 48 @.@ 8 m ) flying @-@ off deck . Two derricks were fitted on each side to transfer seaplanes between the water and the two holds . The amidships hold had the capacity for seven large seaplanes . The forward hold , underneath the flight deck , could fit four small seaplanes , but the flight deck had to be lifted off the hold to access the airplanes . HMS Campania was commissioned on 17 April 1915 .
The first takeoff from the flight deck did not occur until 6 August 1915 when a Sopwith Schneider floatplane , mounted on a wheeled trolley , used 130 feet ( 39 @.@ 6 m ) of the flight deck while the ship was steaming into the wind at 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . The Sopwith aircraft was the lightest and highest @-@ powered aircraft in service with the Royal Naval Air Service , and the close call in a favourable wind demonstrated that heavier aircraft could not be launched from the flight deck .
By October 1915 Campania had exercised with the Grand Fleet seven times , but had only flown off aircraft three times as the North Sea was often too rough for her seaplanes to use . Her captain recommended that the flying @-@ off deck be lengthened and given a steeper slope to allow gravity to boost the aircraft 's acceleration and the ship was accordingly modified at Cammell Laird between November 1915 and early April 1916 . The forward funnel was split into two funnels and the flight deck was extended between them and over the bridge to a length of 245 feet ( 74 @.@ 7 m ) , so that aircraft from both holds could use the flight deck . A canvas windscreen was provided to allow the aircraft to unfold their wings out of the wind , and a kite balloon and all of its supporting equipment were added in the aft hold . Campania now carried seven Short
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
to see that sight again , but once was enough . Flames were coming from a human being ; his body was slowly withering and shriveling up , his head blackening and charring . In the air was the smell of burning human flesh ; human beings burn surprisingly quickly . Behind me I could hear the sobbing of the Vietnamese who were now gathering . I was too shocked to cry , too confused to take notes or ask questions , too bewildered to even think ... As he burned he never moved a muscle , never uttered a sound , his outward composure in sharp contrast to the wailing people around him .
The spectators were mostly stunned into silence , but some wailed and several began praying . Many of the monks and nuns , as well as some shocked passersby , prostrated themselves before the burning monk . Even some of the policemen , who had orders to control the gathered crowd , prostrated before him .
In English and Vietnamese , a monk repeated into a microphone , " A Buddhist priest burns himself to death . A Buddhist priest becomes a martyr . " After approximately ten minutes , Đức 's body was fully immolated and it eventually toppled backwards onto its back . Once the fire subsided , a group of monks covered the smoking corpse with yellow robes , picked it up and tried to fit it into a coffin , but the limbs could not be straightened and one of the arms protruded from the wooden box as he was carried to the nearby Xá Lợi Pagoda in central Saigon . Outside the pagoda , students unfurled bilingual banners which read : " A Buddhist priest burns himself for our five requests . "
By 1 : 30 p.m , around one thousand monks had congregated inside to hold a meeting while outside a large crowd of pro @-@ Buddhist students had formed a human barrier around it . The meeting soon ended and all but a hundred monks slowly left the compound . Nearly one thousand monks , accompanied by laypeople , returned to the cremation site . The police lingered nearby . At around 6 : 00 p.m , thirty nuns and six monks were arrested for holding a prayer meeting on the street outside Xá Lợi . The police encircled the pagoda , blocking public passage and giving observers the impression that an armed siege was imminent by donning riot gear .
= = = Funeral and aftermath = = =
After the self @-@ immolation , the U.S. put more pressure on Diệm to re @-@ open negotiations on the faltering agreement . Diệm had scheduled an emergency cabinet meeting at 11 : 30 on 11 June to discuss the Buddhist crisis which he believed to be winding down . Following Quảng Đức 's death , Diệm canceled the meeting and met individually with his ministers . Acting U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam William Trueheart warned Nguyễn Đình Thuận , Diệm 's Secretary of State , of the desperate need for an agreement , saying that the situation was " dangerously near breaking point " and expected Diệm would meet the Buddhists ' five @-@ point manifesto . United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk warned the Saigon embassy that the White House would publicly announce that it would no longer " associate itself " with the regime if this did not occur . The Joint Communiqué and concessions to the Buddhists were signed on 16 June .
15 June was set as the date for the funeral , and on that day 4 @,@ 000 people gathered outside the Xá Lợi pagoda , only for the ceremony to be postponed . On 19 June , his remains were carried out of Xa Loi to a cemetery 16 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) south of the city for a re @-@ cremation and funeral ceremony . Following the signing of the Joint Communiqué , attendance was limited by agreement between Buddhist leaders and police to approximately 500 monks .
= = = Intact heart and symbolism = = =
The body was re @-@ cremated during the funeral , but Đức 's heart remained intact and did not burn . It was considered to be holy and placed in a glass chalice at Xá Lợi Pagoda . The intact heart relic is regarded as a symbol of compassion . Duc has subsequently been revered by Vietnamese Buddhists as a bodhisattva ( Bồ Tát ) , and accordingly is often referred to in Vietnamese as Bồ Tát Thích Quảng Đức . On 21 August , the ARVN Special Forces of Nhu attacked Xá Lợi and other Buddhist pagodas across Vietnam . The secret police intended to confiscate Đức 's ashes , but two monks had escaped with the urn , jumping over the back fence and finding safety at the U.S. Operations Mission next door . Nhu 's men managed to confiscate Đức 's charred heart .
The location chosen for the self @-@ immolation , in front of the Cambodian embassy , raised questions as to whether it was coincidence or a symbolic choice . Trueheart and embassy official Charles Flowerree felt that the location was selected to show solidarity with the Cambodian government of Prince Norodom Sihanouk . South Vietnam and Cambodia had strained relations : in a speech on 22 May , Sihanouk had accused Diệm of mistreating Vietnamese and ethnic minority Khmer Buddhists . The pro @-@ Diem Times of Vietnam published an article on 9 June which claimed that Cambodian monks had been encouraging the Buddhist crisis , asserting it was part of a Cambodian plot to extend its neutralist foreign policy into South Vietnam . Flowerree noted that Diệm was " ready and eager to see a fine Cambodian hand in all the organized Buddhist actions " .
= = = Diệm reaction = = =
Diệm made a radio address at 19 : 00 on the day of Đức 's death , asserting that he was profoundly troubled by the event . He appealed for " serenity and patriotism " , and announced that stalled negotiations would resume with the Buddhists . He claimed that negotiations had been progressing well and in a time of religious tension emphasized the role of the Roman Catholic philosophy of personalism in his rule . He alleged that extremists had twisted the facts and he asserted that the Buddhists can " count on the Constitution , in other words , me . "
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam responded to the appeal , putting on a show of solidarity behind Diệm to isolate dissident officers . Thirty high @-@ ranking officers headed by General Lê Văn Tỵ declared their resolve to carry out all missions entrusted to the army for the defense of the constitution and the Republic . The declaration was a veneer which masked
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the championships , Guerrero then began to portray a villainous character , turning on Mysterio in the process . At WrestleMania , Mysterio defeated Guerrero in a standard match . On the April 21 episode of SmackDown ! , MNM ( Johnny Nitro and Joey Mercury ) defeated Mysterio and Guerrero to win the tag team championship . On the April 28 episode of SmackDown ! , Guerrero and Mysterio faced MNM in a rematch for the title , but MNM retained them after pinning Mysterio for the win . At the Judgment Day event , Mysterio defeated Guerrero by disqualification , and on the June 30 episode of SmackDown ! , the rivalry between Guerrero and Mysterio continued when Guerrero threatened to reveal a secret concerning Mysterio 's son Dominick . Both the Mysterio and Guerrero families continued to beg Guerrero to not reveal the secret . A match was made between Mysterio and Guerrero for The Great American Bash , where if Mysterio won , Guerrero could not reveal the secret , but if Guerrero won , he would be able to reveal the secret on live television .
The third predominant feud prior to the event was between Chris Benoit and Orlando Jordan for the WWE United States Championship . On the July 7 edition of SmackDown ! , Benoit defeated Booker T in a match to become the new Number One contender for the title . As a result of his winning the match and becoming the number @-@ one contender , Long granted Benoit a match against Jordan for The Great American Bash .
= = Event = =
Before the pay @-@ per @-@ view went live , a match took place on the Sunday Night Heat pre @-@ show between Paul London and Nunzio for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship , which London won to retain the title .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The first match on the card was between MNM ( Johnny Nitro and Joey Mercury , managed by Melina ) and The Legion of Doom ( Heidenreich and Road Warrior Animal ) for the WWE Tag Team Championship . During the match , Nitro hit Animal with one of the championship belts , but Animal retaliated by powerslamming him . Animal and Heidenreich then performed the doomsday device on Nitro and got the pin to win the match and capture the titles . This began their reign as WWE Tag Team Champions .
The next match was between Booker T ( managed by Sharmell ) and Christian . Booker T won the match after using his scissor kick . The following match was between Orlando Jordan and Chris Benoit for the WWE United States Championship . During the match , Jordan removed the top turnbuckle pad before Benoit attempted to slam Jordan . Jordan avoided the attack and instead forced Benoit to run into the exposed turnbuckle . Jordan got the pin to win the match and retain the title .
The fourth match was between The Undertaker and Muhammad Hassan ( managed by Daivari ) . During Hassan 's entrance , men in masks accompanied him to the ring to represent his Arabic culture . The masked men proceeded to interfered in the match , but Undertaker retaliated and removed all of the masked men from the ring . Midway through the match , Undertaker attempted to use a Tombstone piledriver on Hassan , but Hassan escaped the move and attempted to hit Undertaker with a clothesline . The Undertaker countered by chokeslamming Hassan . Undertaker scored the pinfall on Hassan to
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
win the match . Following this , Hassan was given the Last Ride powerbomb through the stage floor , writing him out of storylines .
The next match was between The Mexicools and The Blue World Order in a six @-@ man tag team match . At the match 's end , Super Crazy executed a moonsault onto Big Stevie Cool from the top ring rope , and Psicosis performed a leg drop . Psicosis proceeded to pin Big Stevie and win the match for his team .
= = = Main event matches = = =
The following match was between Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero , where the stipulation was that if Guerrero won the match , he would reveal the secret he has been hiding from the public that neither Mysterio 's nor Guerrero 's families wanted revealed . If Mysterio won , however , Guerrero would not reveal the secret . Guerrero suplexed Mysterio three times . Afterward , Guerrero performed a frog splash . Guerrero then tried to score the pinfall , but Mysterio countered by pinning Guerrero to win the match . As a result , Guerrero was not able to reveal the secret .
The seventh match was between Melina and Torrie Wilson ( managed by Candice Michelle , who was also the guest referee ) , in a Bra and Panties match . The only way to win a " Bra and Panties " match is for a wrestler to strip her opponent down to her underwear . At the start of the match , Melina pulled off Wilson 's shirt to reveal her bra , but Wilson retaliated and pulled off Melina 's shirt . Wilson then lifted Melina to her shoulders and dropped her to the mat , while she attempted to pull off her pants , but Melina countered the attack by pulling Wilson 's pants off to win the match . Afterward , Michelle stripped Melina and then removed her own clothes , as well .
The main event was between JBL ( managed by Orlando Jordan ) and Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship . Jordan interfered by attempting to hit Batista with a folding chair , but Batista grabbed the chair from him . Batista then used the chair to hit Jordan and JBL , and JBL was declared the winner , via disqualification . In WWE , a title cannot be won by disqualification , but only by pinfall or submission ( the normal scoring conditions in professional wrestling matches ) . As a result , Batista retained the title .
= = Aftermath = =
The feud between Batista and JBL continued after the Bash . On the July 28 episode of SmackDown ! , JBL defeated The Undertaker after interference from Randy Orton to become the number @-@ one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship at SummerSlam . The following week on SmackDown ! , Batista and JBL held a scripted official contract signing , where it was announced that their match at SummerSlam would be a No Holds Barred match that allowed for no disqualification . At SummerSlam , Batista defeated JBL to retain the World Heavyweight Championship . The feud between the two ended when Batista defeated JBL in a Texas Bullrope match on the September 9 edition of SmackDown ! , a match where the objective is to touch all four ring corners while tied to one 's opponent with a bullrope .
On the edition of SmackDown ! following The Great American Bash , Eddie Guerrero revealed the secret he had been keeping ; he was Dominick 's real father , not Rey Mysterio ( was thought to be ) . At SummerSlam , Mysterio defeated Guerrero in a ladder match , where the goal is to climb a ladder to retrieve an object that is suspended in the air . As per pre @-@ match stipulations , Mysterio gained complete custody of Dominick . On the September 9 edition of SmackDown ! , Guerrero defeated Mysterio in a steel cage match to end the feud . Guerrero then began a feud with Batista when Guerrero was given a title match at No Mercy . Guerrero , however , died unexpectedly of heart failure on November 13 , 2005 . In 2006 Guerrero was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Mysterio , his nephew Chavo Guerrero , and Chris Benoit .
The feud between Chris Benoit and Orlando Jordan continued . At SummerSlam , Benoit defeated Jordan for the WWE United States Championship in a match that lasted 25 @.@ 5 seconds . On the September 1 edition of SmackDown ! , Benoit once again defeated Jordan for the title , but this time the match lasted 23 @.@ 4 seconds . The following week on SmackDown ! , Benoit defeated Jordan in another title match , where the match lasted 22 @.@ 5 seconds .
= = = Reception = = =
The HSBC Arena has a maximum capacity of 18 @,@ 690 , but it was reduced for The Great American Bash . The event grossed over $ 375 @,@ 000 in ticket sales from an attendance of 8 @,@ 000 , the maximum allowed . The event resulted in 233 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , which was the same amount as the following year 's Great American Bash . The promotion 's pay @-@ per @-@ view revenue was $ 21 @.@ 6 million , greater than the previous year 's revenue of $ 16 @.@ 9 million . The event was widely criticized by fans and critics alike . Canadian Online Explorer 's professional wrestling section rated the event a five out of ten . The World Heavyweight Championship main event match was rated three out of ten , and the match between Rey Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero received the highest match rating of eight out of ten .
The event was released on DVD on August 23 , 2005 , by Sony Music Entertainment . The DVD reached seventh on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart for recreational sports during the week of October 8 , 2005 , and it rose to the fourth spot the following week . It remained on the chart 's " top ten " for four consecutive weeks , until the week of December 15 , 2005 , when it ranked thirteenth .
= = Results = =
= Janina San Miguel =
Janina Miller San Miguel ( born November 14 , 1990 ) is a Filipino beauty queen who was crowned Binibining Pilipinas World at the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
The game 's character creator function allowed players to create different kinds of combinations in an avatar . The team ensured that there were many customization options , including allowing players to " dress like a crazy person " . The developers felt that this feature would suit the story , because the game 's city enters a state of anarchy , where social norms no longer exist . The team wanted the character creator to feature diversity , so that players could build an avatar based on their own choices . They found the process of introducing diversity challenging . As a result , a system was developed that broke the character creator down into three different categories : mainstream , street ( emo and goth ) , and costume . The team originally added role @-@ playing games @-@ styled stats to the game 's costumes , but later decided to scrap that so that players " would just choose what they thought looked cool . "
= = = Art and setting = = =
The game is set in a near @-@ future , post @-@ apocalyptic world . The team wanted to try something different , unwilling to return to a setting that was similar to Resistance 3 . Instead of depicting a world with a dark atmosphere and gritty environments , the catastrophe that occurs in the game 's story line is referred to as an " awesomepocalypse ” that transforms the user 's initial view of the game 's world as a " playground " for players to explore and do whatever they want – " emphasizing the fun of free reign [ sic ] during end times . " The goal was to make players feel that the post @-@ apocalyptic world in Sunset Overdrive is fun and limitless , delighting and lively , instead of a place that is dreadful and worrying . To achieve this , vibrant and vivid colors were used to create the game 's world and the team hoped that by tweaking the nature of the setting , the game would be " self @-@ aware , humorous , and fun " . The team also intentionally avoided creating a very serious tone because the final product needed to be entertaining and comparable to games like Crazy Taxi and Jet Grind Radio , instead of something too serious that looked like an interactive movie . The team emphasized " fun trumps realism " and reflected that through the " Next @-@ gen Respawn " system , unrealistic weaponry , and the game 's visual style .
While the game features colorful graphics that appeal to a broad audience , it was intended for a mature audience which is reflected in the game 's story , dialogue , and characters ' portrayals . The story was designed to be casual , but compelling . The game 's setting is inspired by both I Am Legend and imagining Iggy Pop as the last person surviving in a post @-@ apocalyptic world . The team also wanted to create a satirical story , and explore the theme of anti @-@ corporatism . The punk rock style was implemented in the game because the game 's directors thought that it reflected a sense of " aggression " , which suited the gameplay .
When designing the cover art , the team collaborated with the English studio Ilovedust . They wanted it to be easily recognized and stand out from the cover art of other video games in stores . They also wanted it to represent the game 's characteristics : " intensity " , " fun in the end times " in a " dynamic and vibrant world " . There were three different iterations of the cover art , with major changes made to the game 's protagonist throughout its development , as the studio struggled with the protagonist 's portrayal . Insomniac was ultimately satisfied with Ilovedust 's finished art design .
= = = Technology = = =
Price called Sunset Overdrive the biggest game the studio had worked on . As it was the first open world game developed by Insomniac they had to deploy new design and development skills to produce it . The time and resources needed
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ulloden the lightest loss was on Zealous , which had one man killed and seven wounded .
The casualty list included Captain Westcott , five lieutenants and ten junior officers among the dead , and Admiral Nelson , Captains Saumarez , Ball and Darby , and six lieutenants wounded . Other than Culloden , the only British ships seriously damaged in their hulls were Bellerophon , Majestic , and Vanguard . Bellerophon and Majestic were the only ships to lose masts : Majestic the main and mizzen and Bellerophon all three .
French casualties are harder to calculate but were significantly higher . Estimates of French losses range from 2 @,@ 000 to 5 @,@ 000 , with a suggested median point of 3 @,@ 500 , which includes more than 1 @,@ 000 captured wounded and nearly 2 @,@ 000 killed , half of whom died on Orient . In addition to Admiral Brueys killed and Admiral Blanquet wounded , four captains died and seven others were seriously wounded . The French ships suffered severe damage : Two ships of the line and two frigates were destroyed ( as well as a bomb vessel scuttled by its crew ) , and three other captured ships were too battered ever to sail again . Of the remaining prizes , only three were ever sufficiently repaired for frontline service . For weeks after the battle , bodies washed up along the Egyptian coast , decaying slowly in the intense , dry heat .
Nelson , who on surveying the bay on the morning of 2 August said , " Victory is not a name strong enough for such a scene " , remained at anchor in Aboukir Bay for the next two weeks , preoccupied with recovering from his wound , writing dispatches , and assessing the military situation in Egypt using documents captured on board one of the prizes . Nelson 's head wound was recorded as being " three inches long " with " the cranium exposed for one inch " . He suffered pain from the injury for the rest of his life and was badly scarred , styling his hair to disguise it as much as possible . As their commander recovered , his men stripped the wrecks of useful supplies and made repairs to their ships and prizes .
Throughout the week , Aboukir Bay was surrounded by bonfires lit by Bedouin tribesmen in celebration of the British victory . On 5 August , Leander was despatched to Cadiz with messages for Earl St. Vincent carried by Captain Edward Berry . Over the next few days the British landed all but 200 of the captured prisoners on shore under strict terms of parole , although Bonaparte later ordered them to be formed into an infantry unit and added to his army . The wounded officers taken prisoner were held on board Vanguard , where Nelson regularly entertained them at dinner . Historian Joseph Allen recounts that on one occasion Nelson , whose eyesight was still suffering following his wound , offered toothpicks to an officer who had lost his teeth and then passed a snuff @-@ box to an officer whose nose had been torn off , causing much embarrassment . On 8 August the fleet 's boats stormed Aboukir Island , which surrendered without a fight . The landing party removed four of the guns and destroyed the rest along with the fort they were mounted in , renaming the island " Nelson 's Island " .
On 10 August , Nelson sent Lieutenant Thomas Duval from Zealous with messages to the government in India . Duval travelled across the Middle East overland via camel train to Aleppo and took the East India Company ship Fly from Basra to Bombay , acquainting Governor @-@ General of India Viscount Wellesley with the situation in Egypt . On 12 August the frigates HMS Emerald under Captain Thomas Moutray Waller , HMS Alcmene under Captain George Johnstone Hope , and the sloop HMS Bonne Citoyenne under Captain Robert Retalick arrived off Alexandria . Initially the British mistook the frigate squadron for French warships and Swiftsure chased them away . They returned the following day once the error had been realised . The same day as the frigates arrived , Nelson sent Mutine to Britain with dispatches , under the command of Lieutenant Thomas Bladen Capel , who had replaced Hardy after the latter 's promotion to captain of Vanguard . On 14 August , Nelson sent Orion , Majestic , Bellerophon , Minotaur , Defence , Audacious , Theseus , Franklin , Tonnant , Aquilon , Conquérant , Peuple Souverain , and Spartiate to sea under the command of Saumarez . Many ships had only jury masts and it took a full day for the convoy to reach the mouth of the bay , finally sailing into open water on 15 August . On 16 August the British burned and destroyed the grounded prize Heureux as no longer fit for service and on 18 August also burned Guerrier and Mercure . On 19 August , Nelson sailed for Naples with Vanguard , Culloden , and Alexander , leaving Hood in command of Zealous , Goliath , Swiftsure , and the recently joined frigates to watch over French activities at Alexandria .
The first message to reach Bonaparte regarding the disaster that had overtaken his fleet arrived on 14 August at his camp on the road between Salahieh and Cairo . The messenger was a staff officer sent by the Governor of Alexandria General Jean Baptiste Kléber , and the report had been hastily written by Admiral Ganteaume , who had subsequently rejoined Villeneuve 's ships at sea . One account reports that when he was handed the message , Bonaparte read it without emotion before calling the messenger to him and demanding further details . When the messenger had finished , the French general reportedly announced " Nous n 'avons plus de flotte : eh bien . Il faut rester en ces contrées , ou en sort
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ir grands comme les anciens " ( " We no longer have a fleet : well , we must either remain in this country or quit it as great as the ancients " ) . Another story , as told by the general 's secretary , Bourienne , claims that Bonaparte was almost overcome by the news and exclaimed " Unfortunate Brueys , what have you done ! " Bonaparte later placed much of the blame for the defeat on the wounded Admiral Blanquet , falsely accusing him of surrendering Franklin while his ship was undamaged . Protestations from Ganteaume and Minister Étienne Eustache Bruix later reduced the degree of criticism Blanquet faced , but he never again served in a command capacity . Bonaparte 's most immediate concern however was with his own officers , who began to question the wisdom of the entire expedition . Inviting his most senior officers to dinner , Bonaparte asked them how they were . When they replied that they were " marvellous , " Bonaparte responded that it was just as well , since he would have them shot if they continued " fostering mutinies and preaching revolt . " To quell any uprising among the native inhabitants , Egyptians overheard discussing the battle were threatened with having their tongues cut out .
= = = Reaction = = =
Nelson 's first set of dispatches were captured when Leander was intercepted and defeated by Généreux in a fierce engagement off the western shore of Crete on 18 August 1798 . As a result , reports of the battle did not reach Britain until Capel arrived in Mutine on 2 October , entering the Admiralty at 11 : 15 and personally delivering the news to Lord Spencer , who collapsed unconscious when he heard the report . Although Nelson had previously been castigated in the press for failing to intercept the French fleet , rumours of the battle had begun to arrive in Britain from the continent in late September and the news Capel brought was greeted with celebrations right across the country . Within four days Nelson had been elevated to Baron Nelson of the Nile and Burnham Thorpe , a title with which he was privately dissatisfied , believing his actions deserved better reward . King George III addressed the Houses of Parliament on 20 November with the words :
The unexampled series of our naval triumphs has received fresh splendour from the memorable and decisive action , in which a detachment of my fleet , under the command of Rear @-@ Admiral Lord Nelson , attacked , and almost totally destroyed a superior force of the enemy , strengthened by every advantage of situation . By this great and brilliant victory , an enterprise , of which the injustice , perfidy , and extravagance had fixed the attention of the world , and which was peculiarly directed against some of the most valuable interests of the British empire , has , in the first instance , been turned to the confusion of its authors and the blow thus given to the power and influence of France , has afforded an opening , which , if improved by suitable exertions on the part of other powers , may lead to the general deliverance of Europe .
Saumarez 's convoy of prizes stopped first at Malta , where Saumarez provided assistance to a rebellion on the island among the Maltese population . It then sailed to Gibraltar , arriving on 18 October to the cheers of the garrison . Saumarez wrote that , " We can never do justice to the warmth of their applause , and the praises they all bestowed on our squadron . " On 23 October , following the transfer of the wounded to the military hospital and provision of basic supplies , the convoy sailed on towards Lisbon , leaving Bellerophon and Majestic behind for more extensive repairs . Peuple Souverain also remained at Gibraltar : The ship was deemed too badly damaged for the Atlantic voyage to Britain and so was converted to a guardship under the name of HMS Guerrier . The remaining prizes underwent basic repairs and then sailed for Britain , spending some months at the Tagus and joining with the annual merchant convoy from Portugal in June 1799 under the escort of a squadron commanded by Admiral Sir Alan Gardner , before eventually arriving
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
high production costs himself , since he knew the work would solidify his reputation as a master printer . Day 's patent to print Cuningham — his first under Elizabeth — gave him exclusive rights to the work for life ; it also allowed him to retain a monopoly for seven years on any other original works that were not covered by other patents , were " compiled at Day 's expense " , and were " not repugnant to Holy Scripture or the law " . This stipulation would be an important source of income for the rest of his life .
Day took advantage of the monopoly clause , reestablishing his Edwardian patent for The ABC with Little Catechism . In 1559 , he obtained a patent for The Whole Booke of Psalmes , Collected into English Meter , a metrical psalter , compiled mostly by Thomas Sternhold and John Hopkins , that Day first published in 1562 . The Stationers ' Company guaranteed Day the right to print all " psalmes in metre with note " , in other words , psalms with music . Despite the fact that psalmes had usually been learned by rote , the business proved lucrative , reflecting a rise in musical literacy during the period . The Whole Booke of Psalmes became the period 's best @-@ selling book and the standard English psalter of its time . Day 's monopolies on these perennially popular works would be the basis of great wealth over the years and a good deal of conflict between him and his fellow stationers . In legal proceedings towards the end of Day 's life , it was estimated that these particular patents were worth between £ 200 and £ 500 per year .
= = = Actes and Monuments = = =
In 1563 , Day undertook the work for which he is best known , John Foxe 's Actes and Monuments ( also called The Book of Martyrs ) . Day and Foxe probably met through Cecil , and the two became close collaborators . Foxe was among those who seized on the advances in the printing trade as a tool for the spread of the Protestant Reformation . There is a tradition that Foxe , who revised and added material while the book was being set in type , actually lived at Day 's shop at Aldersgate during the production of the book ; he certainly received correspondence there and visited regularly . Day heavily invested time and money in the production of Foxe 's book , the largest publishing project undertaken in England to that time , and he took an active part in the compilation of the material . Day used changes in type sizes or fonts to distinguish Foxe 's editorial insertions from texts of his sources . The resulting lavish folio filled with woodcuts was an expensive luxury item , but it sold well and Day profited from his investment .
Day continued to take on challenging and difficult projects . He had already printed the first English book of church music in 1560 . In 1567 , Matthew Parker , the Archbishop of Canterbury , commissioned Day to print a collection of writings attributed to the tenth @-@ century Aelfric of Eynsham . For this work , Day , known for his fine and varied fonts , had the first @-@ ever font of Anglo @-@ Saxon type cut . The cost was borne by Parker , perhaps Day 's most important patron . The font may have been designed by François Guyot , a French type @-@ founder known to have worked for Day and lived in his household . Day used the same font to print Lambarde 's Archaionomia ( a collection of Anglo @-@ Saxon laws ) in 1568 . In 1570 , he printed Billingsley and Dee 's English Euclid , which included folding and movable diagrams — one of the first printed books ever to do so . In the same year , he printed Ascham 's Scholemaster .
Day and Foxe completed a second edition of the Book of Martyrs in 1570 . It was even larger than the first — a total of 2 @,@ 300 pages in two enormous folio volumes — and at one point , Day ran out of paper ( which he imported ) and had to paste smaller sheets together to make do . This edition received official recognition : William Cecil and the Privy Council directed the church to ensure that copies were available to parishioners , and in 1571 , the Convocation ordered that every cathedral church and the household of every senior member of the clergy should own a copy . The edition has been recorded as costing sixteen shillings , roughly equivalent to two months ' wages for a skilled London clothworker at the time .
= = = Final years = = =
By the late 1570s , there was open discontent among the less wealthy members of the Stationers ' Company about Day 's extensive patents . He was compelled to go to court against printers who pirated works to which he owned the rights . Among those brought to trial was Roger Ward , who admitted to pirating 10 @,@ 000 copies of ABC with Catechisms in a font which imitated Day 's . Day 's former apprentice and sub @-@ contractor John Wolfe admitted in court that he had pirated The Whole Booke of Psalmes but justified his actions on the grounds that Day 's monopolies were a restraint of trade . It was Wolfe who led a group of " poor printers " , as they called themselves , in a campaign against the patents in the late 1570s . As a result of an official investigation , Day was eventually obliged to concede certain titles to the Company for the benefit of the poorer printers , but he kept the titles he printed most .
In 1580 , Day became Master of the Stationers ' Company , and focused vigorously on defending the industry against piracy . His official powers included the right of " search and seizure " , which he did not hesitate to exercise on behalf of the trade or to further his own interests . In 1584 , he sent men to break into Wolfe 's premises and destroy any materials relating to suspected piracy . Four years before , he had even destroyed his son Richard 's printing equipment after Richard had printed the ABC and the Psalmes without his permission . Though Richard was technically co @-@ patentee of these titles , John Day pursued him into the courts and all but destroyed his printing career .
In 1
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ed with 80 % of the proceeds returned to the refuge . In 2010 , 2 @,@ 520 kilograms ( 5 @,@ 560 lb ) of antlers were auctioned , bringing in over $ 46 @,@ 000 .
= Indian National Congress campaign for Indian general election , 2014 =
The Indian National Congress ( INC ) is one of the two major political parties in India . The prominent members of the party are the president Sonia Gandhi , vice @-@ president Rahul Gandhi , former prime minister Manmohan Singh and Priyanka Gandhi . INC took part in the elections alongside other members of the United Progressive Alliance . On the fourth anniversary of the second United Progressive Alliance government , the INC announced that its campaign for the election would be led by incumbent prime minister Manmohan Singh , party chairperson Sonia Gandhi , and general secretary Rahul Gandhi .
Burson @-@ Marsteller , JWT and Dentsu were contracted to provide an image makeover to the party and Rahul Gandhi . In its election manifesto , INC promised " Right to Health " , " Right to homestead " , " Right to social security " and " Right to pension " . During the elections , Congress leaders criticised the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) and its prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi for being involved in low level politics . They accused Modi of favouring businessmen . The party campaigned throughout India , but suffered its worst ever defeat , winning only 44 seats over 543 constituencies ; the BJP won the election and was able to form a government with a majority for the first time since the victory of Rajiv Gandhi in 1984 . After the results were announced both Sonia and Rahul Gandhi offered to resign from their posts in the party but the Congress Working Committee rejected their resignations and criticised the government 's communication strategy for the party 's defeat .
= = Background = =
As the 15th Lok Sabha was due to complete its constitutional term on 31 May 2014 , a general election was called by the Election Commission for the constitution of the 16th Lok Sabha . The election was held in nine phases from 7 April to 12 May 2014 . The Congress party had won the previous two elections in 2004 and 2009 , and so was campaigning to win the election for the third consecutive time . The result of this election were declared on 16 May , before the 15th Lok Sabha completed its constitutional mandate on 31 May 2014 .
Rahul Gandhi was appointed to head a six @-@ member committee to formulate and implement alliances , the party manifesto , and general publicity for the election . On 19 January 2013 , Rahul Gandhi was appointed the vice @-@ president of the Indian National Congress at the Jaipur Declaration of Congress . The resolution to make Rahul the vice @-@ president was moved by A. K. Antony and was unanimously adopted by the Congress Working Committee . Rahul had earlier been the party 's general secretary , the chief of Indian Youth Congress , and National Students Union of India . The party decided not to announce a prime ministerial candidate . The members of the party 's pre @-@ poll alliance committee were M. Veerappa Moily , A. K. Antony , Jitender Singh , and Suresh Pachauri . Ambika Soni , Digvijaya Singh , Jyotiraditya Scindia and Manish Tewari formed the party 's publicity group for the elections .
= = Candidates = =
The United Progressive Alliance ( of which INC is the biggest member ) fielded 541 candidates for the Lok Sabha elections ; 465 belonged to INC and the rest were fielded by the other members of the UPA .
= = Manifesto = =
INC formed a Manifesto Committee in 2013 to prepare its manifesto . The members of the committee were :
The party released its 2014 Lok Sabha election manifesto on 26 March 2014 at the party office in Delhi . In the manifesto the party promised a " Right to Health " , a " Right to homestead " , a " Right to social security " , a " Right to dignity and humane working conditions " , a " Right to entrepreneurship " and a " Right to pension " and highlighted its achievements in bringing in a " Right to Information " , MNREGA and the Food Security Bill . INC said that it would provide jobs to 100 million people in India , take all necessary measures to increase the country 's GDP to 8 % within 100 days of coming to power and provide inclusive growth to India . A.K. Antony said that it was the " lengthiest Manifesto so far that took five months to prepare " and that the " 2014 manifesto must reflect the aspirations of the Indian people and this manifesto must bring out a new vision . " While presenting the manifesto , Rahul Gandhi said " it truly reflects the voice of the people " and maintained that the party has delivered on 90 % of the promises made in the previous election . Manmohan Singh said that the party had pulled 140 million people out of poverty . INC promised to waive all export taxes , return the country to a high rate of economic growth and enact all remaining anti @-@ corruption bills .
The opposition parties accused INC of not learning from mistakes and making the same promises it had in the previous two manifestos . BJP 's Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi accused INC of shirking responsibility for its failure . Brinda Karat of the Communist Party of India blamed Congress for repeatedly making the same promises and called it a " cruel joke " . Aam Admi Party member Ashutosh said that Congress " cannot gain the support which it has already lost " .
On 5 April , the INC mocked BJP for not releasing its manifesto , after BJP released a " charge sheet " against INC . BJP 's manifesto was released on 7 April , the day when the first phase of the elections began , citing " logistical reasons " for the delay .
= = Campaigning = =
The Congress party had established an election committee for all election related decision , campaigning and co @-@ ordination . The members of the committee were :
INC created an Election control room , headed by Randeep Surjewala , to keep track of all the events and information related to campaigning . The war room was located at 15 , Rakabganj Road and kept track of 160 Lok Sabha constituencies where the party needed to boost its preparations . The Congress party initiated its election campaign in January 2014 . It gave extra focus to the new middle class of India which was above the poverty line but not enough rich to be in middle class . This new economic class comprises 700 million people out of the country 's total population of 1 @.@ 2 billion . This class includes railway coolies , servants , rickshaw @-@ pullers , labourers , fishermen , guards and other people who earn their living by doing minor chores .
The party created a social media platform called Khidki.com. It was designed under the supervision of national spokesperson Sandeep Dikshit with the motive of promoting the party during the elections . It was inaugurated by Rahul Gandhi during a media conclave in July 2013 . While addressing a rally in Uttarakhand on 23 February , Gandhi promised that after forming the government , INC will provide free healthcare facilitates . He accused BJP of practising " politics of blood " . On 15 March , he interacted with party workers , block , district and Pradesh Congress Committee presidents on Google Hangout for the first one hour and then with general public afterwards . This step was seen by media as a measure to counter Narendra Modi 's " Chai pe Charcha " where he interacted with people on Internet while sipping tea . The party began its campaign in Uttar Pradesh on 23 March 2014 in Pratapgarh by organising a rally which was addressed by Rahul Gandhi , Madhusudan Mistry , Pramod Tiwari and other senior party leaders . On 29 March , Rahul Gandhi shared stage with Imran Masood 's wife in Saharanpur a few hours after he was arrested for making libelous remarks on Modi . Rahul Gandhi addressed rallies in several places including Delhi , Haryana , Bardoli , Gujarat and Rajasthan . He also addressed rallies in north @-@ eastern states of India including Kohima ( Nagaland ) , Tezpur and Dibrugarh in Assam and Itanagar in Arunachal Pradesh .
INC 's president Sonia Gandhi did rallies in Telangana , Tamil Nadu , and Delhi as part of the party 's election campaigning . Manmohan Singh accused BJP of dividing the country , while addressing a
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
volume of air in the pleural space ) can be determined with a reasonable degree of accuracy by measuring the distance between the chest wall and the lung . This is relevant to treatment , as smaller pneumothoraces may be managed differently . An air rim of 2 cm means that the pneumothorax occupies about 50 % of the hemithorax . British professional guidelines have traditionally stated that the measurement should be performed at the level of the hilum ( where blood vessels and airways enter the lung ) with 2 cm as the cutoff , while American guidelines state that the measurement should be done at the apex ( top ) of the lung with 3 cm differentiating between a " small " and a " large " pneumothorax . The latter method may overestimate the size of a pneumothorax if it is located mainly at the apex , which is a common occurrence . The various methods correlate poorly , but are the best easily available ways of estimating pneumothorax size . CT scanning ( see below ) can provide a more accurate determination of the size of the pneumothorax , but its routine use in this setting is not recommended .
Not all pneumothoraces are uniform ; some only form a pocket of air in a particular place in the chest . Small amounts of fluid may be noted on the chest X @-@ ray ( hydropneumothorax ) ; this may be blood ( hemopneumothorax ) . In some cases , the only significant abnormality may be the " deep sulcus sign " , in which the normally small space between the chest wall and the diaphragm appears enlarged due to the abnormal presence of fluid .
= = = Computed tomography = = =
Computed tomography ( CT , or " CAT scan " ) is not necessary for the diagnosis of pneumothorax , but it can be useful in particular situations . In some lung diseases , especially emphysema , it is possible for abnormal lung areas such as bullae ( large air @-@ filled sacs ) to have the same appearance as a pneumothorax on chest X @-@ ray , and it may not be safe to apply any treatment before the distinction is made and before the exact location and size of the pneumothorax is determined . In trauma , where it may not be possible to perform an upright film , chest radiography may miss up to a third of pneumothoraces , while CT remains very sensitive .
A further use of CT is in the identification of underlying lung lesions . In presumed primary pneumothorax , it may help to identify blebs or cystic lesions ( in anticipation of treatment , see below ) , and in secondary pneumothorax it can help to identify most of the causes listed above .
= = = Ultrasound = = =
Ultrasound is commonly used in the evaluation of people who have sustained physical trauma , for example with the FAST protocol . Ultrasound may be more sensitive than chest X @-@ rays in the identification of pneumothorax after blunt trauma to the chest . Ultrasound may also provide a rapid diagnosis in other emergency situations , and allow the quantification of the size of the pneumothorax . Several particular features on ultrasonography of the chest can be used to confirm or exclude the diagnosis .
= = Management = =
The treatment of pneumothorax depends on a number of factors , and may vary from discharge with early follow @-@ up to immediate needle decompression or insertion of a chest tube . Treatment is determined by the severity of symptoms and indicators of acute illness , the presence of underlying lung disease , the estimated size of the pneumothorax on X @-@ ray , and - in some instances - on the personal preference of the person involved .
In traumatic pneumothorax , chest tubes are usually inserted . If mechanical ventilation is required , the risk of tension pneumothorax is greatly increased and the insertion of a chest tube is mandatory . Any open chest wound should be covered with an airtight seal , as it carries a high risk of leading to tension pneumothorax . Ideally , a dressing called the " Asherman seal " should be utilized , as it appears to be more effective than a standard " three @-@ sided " dressing . The Asherman seal is a specially designed device that adheres to the chest wall and , through a valve @-@ like mechanism , allows air to escape but not to enter the chest .
Tension pneumothorax is usually treated with urgent needle decompression . This may be required before transport to the hospital , and can be performed by an emergency medical technician or other trained professional . The needle or cannula is left in place until a chest tube can be inserted . If tension pneumothorax leads to cardiac arrest , needle decompression is performed as part of resuscitation as it may restore cardiac output .
= = = Conservative = = =
Small spontaneous pneumothoraces do not always require treatment , as they are unlikely to proceed to respiratory failure or tension pneumothorax , and generally resolve spontaneously . This approach is most appropriate if the estimated size of the pneumothorax is small ( defined as < 50 % of the volume of the hemithorax ) , there is no breathlessness , and there is no underlying lung disease . It may be appropriate to treat a larger PSP conservatively if the symptoms are limited . Admission to hospital is often not required , as long as clear instructions are given to return to hospital if there are worsening symptoms . Further investigations may be performed as an outpatient , at which time X @-@ rays are repeated to confirm improvement , and advice given with regard to preventing recurrence ( see below ) . Estimated rates of resorption are between 1 @.@ 25 % and 2 @.@ 2 % the volume of the cavity per day . This would mean that even a complete pneumothorax would spontaneously resolve over a period of about 6 weeks . There ; however , is no high quality evidence comparing conservative to non conservative management .
Secondary pneumothoraces are only treated conservatively if the size is very small ( 1 cm or less air rim ) and there are limited symptoms . Admission to the hospital is usually recommended . Oxygen given at a high flow rate may accelerate resorption as much as fourfold .
= = = Aspiration = = =
In a large PSP ( > 50 % ) , or in a PSP associated with breathlessness , some professional guidelines recommend that reducing the size by aspiration is equally effective as the insertion of a chest tube . This involves the administration of local anesthetic and inserting a needle connected to a three @-@ way tap ; up to 2 @.@ 5 liters of air ( in adults ) are removed . If there has been significant reduction in the size of the pneumothorax on subsequent X @-@ ray , the remainder of the treatment can be conservative . This approach has been shown to be effective in over 50 % of cases . Compared to tube drainage , first @-@ line aspiration in PSP reduces the number of people requiring hospital admission significantly , without increasing the risk of complications .
Aspiration may also be considered in secondary pneumothorax of moderate size ( air rim 1 – 2 cm ) without breathlessness , with the difference that ongoing observation in hospital is required even after a successful procedure . American professional guidelines state that all large pneumothoraces - even those due to PSP - should be treated with a chest tube . Moderately sized iatrogenic traumatic pneumothoraces ( due to medical procedures ) may initially be treated with aspiration .
= = = Chest tube = = =
A chest tube ( or intercostal drain ) is the most definitive initial treatment of a pneumothorax . These are typically inserted in an area under the axilla ( armpit ) called the " safe triangle " , where damage to internal organs can be avoided ; this is delineated by a horizontal line at the level of the nipple and two muscles of the chest wall ( latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major ) . Local anesthetic is applied . Two types of tubes may be used . In spontaneous pneumothorax , small @-@ bore ( smaller than 14 F , 4 @.@ 7 mm diameter ) tubes may be inserted by the Seldinger technique , and larger tubes do not have an advantage . In traumatic pneumothorax , larger tubes ( 28 F , 9 @.@ 3 mm ) are used .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Chest tubes are required in PSPs that have not responded to needle aspiration , in large SSPs ( > 50 % ) , and in cases of tension pneumothorax . They are connected to a one @-@ way valve system that allows air to escape , but not to re @-@ enter , the chest . This may include a bottle with water that functions like a water seal , or a Heimlich valve . They are not normally connected to a negative pressure circuit , as this would result in rapid re @-@ expansion of the lung and a risk of pulmonary edema ( " re @-@ expansion pulmonary edema " ) . The tube is left in place until no air is seen to escape from it for a period of time , and X @-@ rays confirm re @-@ expansion of the lung .
If after 2 – 4 days there is still evidence of an air leak , various options are available . Negative pressure suction ( at low pressures of – 10 to – 20 cmH2O ) at a high flow rate may be attempted , particularly in PSP ; it is thought that this may accelerate the healing of the leak . Failing this , surgery may be required , especially in SSP .
Chest tubes are used first @-@ line when pneumothorax occurs in people with AIDS , usually due to underlying pneumocystis pneumonia ( PCP ) , as this condition is associated with prolonged air leakage . Bilateral pneumothorax ( pneumothorax on both sides ) is relatively common in people with pneumocystis pneumonia , and surgery is often required .
It is possible for a patient with a chest tube to be managed in an ambulatory care setting by using a Heimlich valve , although research to demonstrate the equivalence to hospitalization has been of limited quality .
= = = Pleurodesis and surgery = = =
Pleurodesis is a procedure that permanently eliminates the pleural space and attaches the lung to the chest wall . No long @-@ term study ( 20 years or more ) has been performed on its consequences . Good results in the short term are achieved with a thoracotomy ( surgical opening of the chest ) with identification of any source of air leakage and stapling of blebs followed by pleurectomy ( stripping of the pleural lining ) of the outer pleural layer and pleural abrasion ( scraping of the pleura ) of the inner layer . During the healing process , the lung adheres to the chest wall , effectively obliterating the pleural space . Recurrence rates are approximately 1 % . Post @-@ thoracotomy pain is relatively common .
A less invasive approach is thoracoscopy , usually in the form of a procedure called video @-@ assisted thoracoscopic surgery ( VATS ) . The results from VATS @-@ based pleural abrasion are slightly worse than those achieved using thoracotomy in the short term , but produce smaller scars in the skin . Compared to open thoracotomy , VATS
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, and explained the Catholic position on such matters , but he was nevertheless found guilty and sentenced to death .
= = = Executions = = =
Although Catesby and Percy escaped the executioner , their bodies were exhumed and decapitated , and their heads exhibited on spikes outside the House of Lords . On a cold 30 January , Everard Digby , Robert Wintour , John Grant , and Thomas Bates , were tied to hurdles — wooden panels — and dragged through the crowded streets of London to St Paul 's Churchyard . Digby , the first to mount the scaffold , asked the spectators for forgiveness , and refused the attentions of a Protestant clergyman . He was stripped of his clothing , and wearing only a shirt , climbed the ladder to place his head through the noose . He was quickly cut down , and while still fully conscious was castrated , disembowelled , and then quartered , along with the three other prisoners . The following day , Thomas Wintour , Ambrose Rookwood , Robert Keyes , and Guy Fawkes were hanged , drawn and quartered , opposite the building they had planned to blow up , in the Old Palace Yard at Westminster . Keyes did not wait for the hangman 's command and jumped from the gallows , but he survived the drop and was led to the quartering block . Although weakened by his torture , Fawkes managed to jump from the gallows and break his neck , thus avoiding the agony of the gruesome latter part of his execution .
Steven Littleton was executed at Stafford . His cousin Humphrey , despite his cooperation with the authorities , met his end at Red Hill near Worcester . Henry Garnet 's execution took place on 3 May 1606 .
= = Aftermath = =
Greater freedom for Roman Catholics to worship as they chose seemed unlikely in 1604 , but the discovery of such a wide @-@ ranging conspiracy , the capture of those involved , and the subsequent trials , led Parliament to consider introducing new anti @-@ Catholic legislation . In the summer of 1606 , laws against recusancy were strengthened ; the Popish Recusants Act returned England to the Elizabethan system of fines and restrictions , introduced a sacramental test , and an Oath of Allegiance , requiring Catholics to abjure as a " heresy " the doctrine that " princes excommunicated by the Pope could be deposed or assassinated " . Catholic Emancipation took another 200 years , but many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during King James I 's reign . Although there was no " golden time " of " toleration " of Catholics , which Father Garnet had hoped for , James 's reign was nevertheless a period of relative leniency for Catholics , and few were subject to prosecution .
The playwright William Shakespeare had already used the family history of Northumberland 's family in his Henry IV series of plays , and the events of the Gunpowder Plot seem to have featured alongside the earlier Gowrie conspiracy in Macbeth , written some time between 1603 and 1607 . Interest in the demonic was heightened by the Gunpowder Plot . The King had become engaged in the great debate about other @-@ worldly powers in writing his Daemonology in 1597 , before he became King of England as well as Scotland . Inversions seen in such lines as " fair is foul and foul is fair " are used frequently , and another possible reference to the plot relates to the use of equivocation ; Garnett 's A Treatise of Equivocation was found on one of the plotters . Another writer influenced by the plot was John Milton , who in 1626 wrote what one commentator has called a " critically vexing poem " , In Quintum Novembris . Reflecting " partisan public sentiment on an English @-@ Protestant national holiday " , in the published editions of 1645 and 1673 the poem is preceded by five epigrams on the subject of the Gunpowder Plot , apparently written by Milton in preparation for the larger work . The plot may also have influenced his later work , Paradise Lost .
The Gunpowder Plot was commemorated for years by special sermons and other public acts , such as the ringing of church bells . It added to an increasingly full calendar of Protestant celebrations that contributed to the national and religious life of 17th @-@ century England , and has evolved into the Bonfire Night of today . In What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded ? historian Ronald Hutton considered the events which might have followed a successful implementation of the plot , and the destruction of the House of Lords and all those within it . He concluded that a severe backlash against suspected Catholics would have followed , and that without foreign assistance a successful rebellion would have been unlikely ; despite differing religious convictions , most Englishmen were loyal to the institution of the monarchy . England might have become a more " Puritan absolute monarchy " , as " existed in Sweden , Denmark , Saxony , and Prussia in the seventeenth century " , rather than following the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it did .
= = = Accusations of state conspiracy = = =
Many at the time felt that Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the King and enact more stridently anti @-@ Catholic legislation . Such conspiracy theories alleged that Salisbury had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it , for the purposes of propaganda . The Popish Plot of 1678 sparked renewed interest in the Gunpowder Plot , resulting in a book by Thomas Barlow , Bishop of Lincoln , which refuted " a bold and groundless surmise that all this was a contrivance of Secretary Cecil " .
In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst College , namesake of John Gerard ( who , following the plot 's discovery , had evaded capture ) , wrote an account called What was the Gunpowder Plot ? , alleging Salisbury 's culpability . This prompted a refutation later that year by Samuel Gardiner , who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to " wipe away the reproach " which the plot had exacted on generations of English Catholics . Gardiner portrayed Salisbury as guilty of nothing more than opportunism . Subsequent attempts to prove Salisbury 's involvement , such as Francis Edwards 's 1969 work Guy Fawkes : the real story of the gunpowder plot ? , have similarly foundered on the lack of any clear evidence .
The cellars under the Houses of Parliament continued to be leased out to private individuals until 1678 , when news of the Popish Plot broke . It was then considered prudent to search the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
during the 1990s to review the trial had failed . This had led to Janša 's government changing the law , enabling the religious communities to request a review of trials of their deceased members , something which had previously been reserved only for close relatives . After the Archdiocese of Ljubljana initiated the review , the Supreme Court annulled the 1946 trial on procedural grounds , effectively rehabilitating Rožman , a decision that caused much controversy . This proved harmful for Peterle 's campaign , as he was closely associated with the Catholic Church . When asked about the Rožman case in a TV debate , Peterle confined himself to remarking that he was a supporter of the rule of law , that the war had divided the nation and that Rožman had played some part in that .
The last opinion polls published before the first round predicted a runoff between Peterle , who would win 40 % , and either Türk or Gaspari . The latter were each predicted to receive 20 – 25 % ; most polls predicted a substantially larger share for Türk .
= = First round result and reactions = =
The first round , held on 21 October , brought unexpected results . Contrary to predictions , Peterle won less than 29 % of the vote , with Türk and Gaspari finishing a close second and third , respectively . Jelinčič , who according to opinion polls was expected to win around 12 % of the vote , actually won almost 20 % , finishing first in two of Slovenia 's eight electoral units . Prime Minister Janez Janša blamed Peterle 's poor showing on certain topics that were brought up during the campaign by " hidden centres of power " . This was a reference to the journalists ' petition , the timing of the Supreme Court 's decision on the Rožman case and misinterpretation of Janša 's and Minister of Economy Andrej Vizjak 's remarks on reasons for Slovenia 's high inflation in 2007 .
= = Runoff campaign = =
Following the unexpected results of the first round , new opinion polls showed major changes , giving Türk a large lead over Peterle . Liberal Democracy of Slovenia , which supported Gaspari in the first round , announced it would support Türk in the second .
After the surprise gains of the flamboyant Jelinčič in the first round , the campaigns of both candidates opted for more concrete political statements in public campaigning and debates . Peterle replaced the head of his campaign , and concentrated on questioning Türk 's role in the 1991 secession from Yugoslavia . Peterle alleged that at the time when he , as Prime Minister , struggled for Slovenia 's independence , Türk continued to act as an official representative of Yugoslavia in international institutions . The campaign was backed by the Prime Minister Janša and the Foreign Minister Dimitrij Rupel who went so far as to confirm Peterle 's claims on the Foreign Ministry 's official website . Türk denied the allegations , pointing to his opinion piece in the International Herald Tribune advocating international recognition of Slovenia , and the fact that it was Rupel himself who in 1992 appointed Türk as the Ambassador to the UN and praised him for his service to the country . Peterle 's new strategy appeared to backfire , and the polls before the runoff predicted that Türk would win between 63 % and over 70 % of the vote .
= = Runoff result and reactions = =
The runoff was held on 11 November 2007 . Exit poll results published at the closing of the vote predicted a victory for Türk , with 69 % of the vote . " I 'm very happy with the results as they appear now . I want to be a president who is uniting
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
been more subdued , with no volcanism or mountain formation , but with repeated incursions of the sea , which left behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock .
In more recent times , massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its current terrain . The Wisconsin glaciation left 12 @,@ 000 years ago . These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast , an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock . This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift . Much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet ( 15 m ) or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated . Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13 @,@ 000 years ago . Its bed created the fertile Red River valley , and its outflow , glacial River Warren , carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling . Minnesota is geologically quiet today ; it experiences earthquakes infrequently , and most of them are minor .
The state 's high point is Eagle Mountain at 2 @,@ 301 feet ( 701 m ) , which is only 13 miles ( 21 km ) away from the low of 601 feet ( 183 m ) at the shore of Lake Superior . Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation , much of the state is a gently rolling peneplain .
Two major drainage divides meet in the northeastern part of Minnesota in rural Hibbing , forming a triple watershed . Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico , the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean , or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean .
The state 's nickname , the " Land of 10 @,@ 000 Lakes " , is apt , as there are 11 @,@ 842 Minnesota lakes over 10 acres ( 4 ha ) in size . The Minnesota portion of Lake Superior is the largest at 962 @,@ 700 acres ( 389 @,@ 600 ha ; 3 @,@ 896 km2 ) and deepest ( at 1 @,@ 290 ft ( 390 m ) ) body of water in the state . Minnesota has 6 @,@ 564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for 69 @,@ 000 miles ( 111 @,@ 000 km ) . The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border 680 miles ( 1 @,@ 090 km ) downstream . It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling , by the St. Croix River near Hastings , by the Chippewa River at Wabasha , and by many smaller streams . The Red River , in the bed of glacial Lake Agassiz , drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada 's Hudson Bay . Approximately 10 @.@ 6 million acres ( 4 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 ha ; 43 @,@ 000 km2 ) of wetlands are contained within Minnesota 's borders , the most of any state except Alaska .
= = = Flora and fauna = = =
Minnesota has four ecological provinces : Prairie Parkland , in the southwestern and western parts of the state ; the Eastern Broadleaf Forest ( Big Woods ) in the southeast , extending in a narrowing strip to the northwestern part of the state , where it transitions into Tallgrass Aspen Parkland ; and the northern Laurentian Mixed Forest , a transitional forest between the northern boreal forest and the broadleaf forests to the south . These northern forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar .
Much of Minnesota 's northern forest underwent logging at some time , leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as in the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest , where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400 @,@ 000 acres ( 162 @,@ 000 ha ) of unlogged land . Although logging continues , regrowth and replanting keep about one third of the state forested . Nearly all of Minnesota 's prairies and oak savannas have been fragmented by farming , grazing , logging , and suburban development .
While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten , elk , woodland caribou , and bison , others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive . The state has the nation 's largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska , and supports healthy populations of black bears , moose , and gophers . Located on the Mississippi Flyway , Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks , and game birds such as grouse , pheasants , and turkeys . It is home to birds of prey , including the largest number of breeding pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states as of 2007 , red @-@ tailed hawks , and snowy owls . The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye , bass , muskellunge , and northern pike , and streams in the southeast and northeast are populated by brook , brown , and rainbow trout .
= = = Climate = = =
Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate , with cold winters and hot summers . The record high and low span is 174 ° F ( 97 ° C ) , from − 60 ° F ( − 51 ° C ) at Tower on February 2 , 1996 , to 114 ° F ( 46 ° C ) at Moorhead on July 6 , 1936 . Meteorological events include rain , snow , blizzards , thunderstorms , hail , derechos , tornadoes , and high @-@ velocity straight @-@ line winds . The growing season varies from 90 days per year in the Iron Range to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River , and average temperatures range from 37 to 49 ° F ( 3 to 9 ° C ) . Average summer dew points range from about 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) in the south to about 48 ° F ( 9 ° C ) in the north . Average annual precipitation ranges from 19 to 35 inches ( 48 to 89 cm ) , and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years .
= = = Protected lands = = =
Minnesota 's first state park , Itasca State Park , was established in 1891 , and is the source of the Mississippi River . Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas , 58 state forests covering about four million acres ( 16 @,@ 000 km ² ) , and numerous state wildlife preserves , all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . There are 5 @.@ 5 million acres ( 22 @,@ 000 km2 ) in the Chippewa and Superior national forests . The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness , which encompasses over a million acres ( 4 @,@ 000 km ² ) and a thousand lakes . To its west is Voyageurs National Park . The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area ( MNRRA ) , is a 72 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 116 km ) corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis – St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic , cultural , and geologic interest .
= = History = =
Before European settlement of North America , Minnesota was populated by the Dakota people . As Europeans settled the east coast , Native American movement away from them caused migration of the Anishinaabe and other Native Americans into the Minnesota area .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Nervous Gender , Australia 's JAB , and Germany 's Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft were pioneers of electropunk . The Ex , from the Netherlands , were in the art punk vanguard . Chicago 's Big Black was a major influence on noise rock , math rock , and industrial rock . Garage punk bands from all over — such as Medway 's Thee Mighty Caesars , Chicago 's Dwarves , and Adelaide 's Exploding White Mice — pursued a version of punk rock that was close to its roots in 1960s garage rock . Seattle 's Mudhoney , one of the central bands in the development of grunge , has been described as " garage punk " .
= = Legacy and later developments = =
= = = Alternative rock = = =
The underground punk rock movement inspired countless bands that either evolved from a punk rock sound or brought its outsider spirit to very different kinds of music . The original punk explosion also had a long @-@ term effect on the music industry , spurring the growth of the independent sector . During the early 1980s , British bands like New Order and the Cure that straddled the lines of post @-@ punk and new wave developed both new musical styles and a distinctive industrial niche . Though commercially successful over an extended period , they maintained an underground @-@ style , subcultural identity . In the United States , bands such as Hüsker Dü and their Minneapolis protégés the Replacements bridged the gap between punk rock genres like hardcore and the more melodic , explorative realm of what was then called " college rock " .
A 1985 Rolling Stone feature on the Minneapolis scene and innovative California hardcore acts such as Black Flag and Minutemen declared , " Primal punk is passé . The best of the American punk rockers have moved on . They have learned how to play their instruments . They have discovered melody , guitar solos and lyrics that are more than shouted political slogans . Some of them have even discovered the Grateful Dead . " By the end of the 1980s , these bands , who had largely eclipsed their punk rock forebears in popularity , were classified broadly as alternative rock . Alternative rock encompasses a diverse set of styles — including gothic rock and grunge , among others — unified by their debt to punk rock and their origins outside of the musical mainstream .
As American alternative bands like Sonic Youth , which had grown out of the no wave scene , and Boston 's Pixies started to gain larger audiences , major labels sought to capitalize on the underground market that had been sustained by hardcore punk for years . In 1991 , Nirvana emerged from Washington State 's grunge scene , achieving huge commercial success with its second album , Nevermind . The band 's members cited punk rock as a key influence on their style . " Punk is musical freedom " , wrote singer Kurt Cobain . " It ’ s saying , doing , and playing what you want . " Nirvana 's success opened the door to mainstream popularity for a wide range of other " left @-@ of @-@ the @-@ dial " acts , such as Pearl Jam and Red Hot Chili Peppers , and fueled the alternative rock boom of the early and mid @-@ 1990s .
= = = Emo = = =
In its original , mid @-@ 1980s incarnation , emo was a less musically restrictive style of punk developed by participants in the Washington , D.C. area hardcore scene . It was originally referred to as " emocore " , an abbreviation of " emotive hardcore " . Jimmy Eat World took emo in a radio @-@ ready pop punk direction , and had top ten albums in 2004 and 2007 .
= = = Heavy metal = = =
In the beginning , the Heavy metal created by Judas Priest was music of slow tempos and little aggression , When punk rock exploded in ' 77 in the music scene mainstream , many bands like Motorhead ( pioneer NWOBHM ) combine the dense sound of heavy metal with dirt and speed of punk rock creating a new movement called New wave of British heavy metal where many bands were influenced by many punk bands like Sex Pistols , the Damned and Ramones , among other bands . From this new style of heavy metal , they grew others even more aggressive styles but always influenced by punk rock , like Speed metal ( much influenced by punk rock and NWOBHM ) , Thrash metal ( influenced by hardcore punk and speed metal ) , Death metal ( which combined the thrash metal and D @-@ beat ) and Black metal ( influenced by death metal and Horror punk ) .
= = = Queercore = = =
In the 1990s , the queercore movement developed around a number of punk bands with gay , lesbian , bisexual , or genderqueer members such as Against Me ! , God Is My Co @-@ Pilot , Pansy Division , Team Dresch , and Sister George . Inspired by openly gay punk musicians of an earlier generation such as Jayne County , Phranc , and Randy Turner , and bands like Nervous Gender , the Screamers , and Coil , queercore embraces a variety of punk and other alternative music styles . Queercore lyrics often treat the themes of prejudice , sexual identity , gender identity , and individual rights . The movement has continued into the 21st century , supported by festivals such as Queeruption .
= = = Riot grrrl = = =
The Riot Grrrl movement , a significant aspect in the formation of the Third Wave feminist movement , was organized by taking the values and rhetoric of punk and using it to convey feminist messages . In 1991 , a concert of female @-@ led bands at the International Pop Underground Convention in Olympia , Washington , heralded the emerging riot grrrl phenomenon . Billed as " Love Rock Revolution Girl Style Now " , the concert 's lineup included Bikini Kill , Bratmobile , Heavens to Betsy , L7 , and Mecca Normal . The riot grrrl movement foregrounded feminist concerns and progressive politics in general ; the DIY ethic and fanzines were also central elements of the scene . This movement relied on media and technology to spread their ideas and messages , creating a cultural @-@ technological space for feminism to voice their concerns . They embodied the punk perspective , taking the anger and emotions and creating a separate culture from it . With riot grrrl , they were grounded in girl punk past , but also rooted in modern feminism . Singer @-@ guitarists Corin Tucker of Heavens to Betsy and Carrie Brownstein of Excuse 17 , bands active in both the queercore and riot grrrl scenes , cofounded the indie / punk band Sleater @-@ Kinney in 1994 . Bikini Kill 's lead singer , Kathleen Hanna , the iconic figure of riot grrrl , moved on to form the art punk group Le Tigre in 1998 .
= = Revival = =
By the 1990s , punk rock was sufficiently ingrained in Western culture that punk trappings were often used to market highly commercial bands as " rebels " . Marketers capitalized on the style and hipness of punk rock to such an extent that a 1993 ad campaign for an automobile , the Subaru Impreza , claimed that the car was " like punk rock " . Along with Nirvana , many of the leading alternative rock artists of the early 1990s acknowledged the influence of earlier punk rock acts . With Nirvana 's success , the major record companies once again saw punk bands as potentially profitable .
In 1993 , California 's Green Day and Bad Religion were both signed to major labels . The next year , Green Day put out Dookie , which became a huge hit , selling nine million albums in the United States in just over two years . Bad Religion 's Stranger Than Fiction was certified gold . Other California punk bands on the independent label Epitaph , run by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz , also began achieving mainstream popularity . In 1994 , Epitaph released Let 's Go by Rancid , Punk in Drublic by NOFX , and Smash by the Offspring , each eventually certified gold or better . That June , Green Day 's " Long
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the Smithers " , Mr. Burns orders Smithers to take a vacation and Homer Simpson is hired as a temporary replacement . When Homer loses his temper and punches Mr. Burns in the face , Mr. Burns learns to become self @-@ reliant and this results in Smithers being fired . Smithers decides that he needs to be Mr. Burns ' assistant and eventually gets his job back . In the season 27 episode " The Burns Cage " , Smithers admits his love to Burns , who reaffirms his contempt for his assistant .
Smithers ' official job at the power plant appears to be that of executive assistant , which he says is " actually about 2 @,@ 800 smaller jobs " responsible for monitoring employee attendance , and is often a disciplinarian and has won dozens of employee of the month awards . He has often hinted at wanting to be promoted to the position of executive vice president , but Burns has repeatedly quashed this dream , while whimsically bestowing the vice presidency on a dog . Smithers has the largest collection of Malibu Stacy dolls in Springfield and is the president of the Malibu Stacy fan club .
= = Character = =
= = = Creation = = =
Smithers was partly based on how numerous Fox executives and staff members acted towards Barry Diller . The idea for Smithers ' orientation was pitched by Sam Simon , who proposed that Smithers should be gay , but the writers should never draw too much attention to it and should try to keep it in the back of their heads . Jay Kogen said " Originally he was gay and black ... But we thought it was too much so we just kept him gay . " The script for " Blood Feud " originally featured Smithers saying " Just leave me enough to get home to my wife and kids " , but the line had to be cut for time . Smithers is voiced by Harry Shearer , who is also the voice of Mr. Burns . Shearer is often able to perform dialogue between the two characters in one take . Dan Castellaneta occasionally fills in for Shearer at table reads and voices Smithers . The name Waylon was first used in " I Married Marge " and comes from the puppeteer Wayland Flowers .
Smithers made his first appearance in " Homer 's Odyssey " , which was the third episode of the first season , although he can be heard over a speaker in The Simpsons series premiere " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " . In his first visual appearance in " Homer 's Odyssey " , Smithers was mistakenly animated with the wrong color and was made darker than most characters by Gyorgi Peluci , the color stylist . David Silverman has claimed that Smithers was always intended to be " Mr Burns ' white sycophant " , and the staff thought it " would be a bad idea to have a black subservient character " and so switched him to his intended color for his next episode . Silverman retconned this error by saying that Smithers had a tan from a recent holiday in the Caribbean . The first appearance of a yellow Smithers was " There 's No Disgrace Like Home " , the fourth episode of the first season .
= = = Development = = =
Smithers ' relationship with Mr. Burns has long been a running gag on The Simpsons . Smithers is an obedient and sycophantic assistant to Mr. Burns . There have often been strong hints about Smithers ' true feelings for his boss , with one of the earliest references being in the season one episode " The Telltale Head " . Smithers ' sexual orientation has often come into question , with some fans claiming he is a " Burns @-@ sexual " and only attracted to his boss , while others maintain that he is , without a doubt , gay . During the Bill Oakley / Josh Weinstein era , they still tried to keep his sexuality mysterious and there was debate among the writers about his orientation . Al Jean , who thinks of Smithers as being a " Burns @-@ sexual " , felt that had Mr. Burns been a woman , then Smithers
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
been involved in a number of syringe robberies .
= = = First interview and arrest = = =
At the time of Lyons ' first interview with the gardaí , he was staying at the Salvation Army hostel in Grangegorman . Detective Garda William Mullis and Garda Joseph O ’ Connor approached him as he was leaving the hostel . They reported that Lyons said : “ I think I know what this is about ” . The gardaí brought Lyons to the Bridewell garda station , and interviewed him in the doctor 's room . According to the gardaí , at one point during the interview , Lyons burst out crying and said that he had killed the two women . Lyons claimed that he was suffering withdrawal symptoms at the time and that he made the admission so that he could get more drugs . He said that Garda O ’ Connor had promised that the sooner he confessed , the sooner he would be released from custody and that he " wasn 't thinking straight " . The gardaí say that he was told that he was not under arrest and that he could leave at any time . As a result of his confession , Dean Lyons was arrested on suspicion of murdering the two women at 13 : 46 on 26 July 1997 .
Lyons ' admissions during the first interview were not very detailed , and many of the details provided did not match the evidence . Lyons gave incorrect information about the precise location of the killings and about the number of weapons used . During the interview , he was confused about the number of people that had been killed , and he thought that the women were awake , and moving about the house at the time , which conflicted with the forensic evidence .
= = = Subsequent interviews = = =
While the first interview was videotaped , at the beginning of the second interview , Lyons said that he wanted video recording to be stopped . It has been alleged that the decision to terminate the recording was prompted by the gardaí before the start of the second interview . A number of items discussed during the second interview were not included on the formal interview record , including anecdotes told by Lyons about his former criminal activity which gardaí believed at the time to be untrue . As the interview continued , Lyons was asked if he wanted to make a formal statement , to which he agreed . This statement contains a number of points about the killings that were not known to the public at the time . Some of the more glaring inaccuracies mentioned in the first interview are not included in the statement , although this statement contains some notable omissions and inaccuracies .
Midway through the interview , Lyons was allowed a break , during which he was seen by a doctor , and was given medication . He also met his father during this break . He told his father that he had committed the murder , to which his father replied : “ Dean , you are a terrible liar ” . The gardaí had an informal meeting during the break , during which some gardaí expressed unease about Dean Lyons ; Detective Garda Cox described him as a " Walter Mitty " character during this meeting . There are some significant changes in Lyons ' story after the break . For example : prior to the break , he claimed that he had used only one knife and after the break , he said that he had used four separate weapons , including electric carving knives . The latter description matches closely to Professor Harbison 's report . A number of detailed descriptions were given which matched closely with the physical evidence and with the psychological profile .
= = = Doubts about Dean Lyons ' testimony = = =
As mentioned , some of the gardaí had expressed doubts about Lyons while he was being interviewed . Dr Charles Smith found his confession unconvincing and expressed his concerns to Lyons ' solicitor while Lyons was on remand . Dr Gisli Gudjonsson , a psychologist engaged by Lyons ' solicitors , found that he was very suggestible and susceptible to leading questions . The commission of investigation pointed out the following exchange as an example of Lyons changing his position in response to a question :
Dean Lyons ( DL ) : “ I met two women at the top of the stairs and I went mad because they started screaming and I stabbed them . ”
Detective Garda Cox ( DC ) : “ I have to put it to you that you are not telling the truth at this stage , is that correct . ”
DL : “ It ’ s months ago and it is not easy to remember when you are on gear because it fucks your head up . ”
DC : “ Is it that you don ’ t remember or is it that you don ’ t want to remember . ”
DL : No reply .
DC : “ Can you describe the first woman that you met and what room she came out of . ”
DL : “ It was the second room from the top of the stairs and she was stout about one or two inches smaller than me and she had grey shoulder length hair . She was wearing a very light nightdress . ”
Detective Sergeant McNulty : “ What happened when you met her . ”
DL : “ I stabbed her a few times to stop her screaming . ”
DC : “ I put it to you that this did not happen in the hallway but happened in the bedroom , would you agree . ”
DL : “ Yes . ”
= = Mark Nash 's confession = =
In August 1997 , Carl Doyle and his wife Catherine Doyle were stabbed to death in Ballintubber , Co Roscommon by Mark Nash , a 25 @-@ year @-@ old resident of Drumcondra in North Dublin . During his interview with the gardaí , he said that about three months prior to his arrest , as he was walking to Stoneybatter , he broke into a house through the back , and had stabbed two women in their sleep . In his statement , there were at least two aspects of the crime scene that were not known to the public at the time . Nash later retracted his confession . In 2011 , Nash sought a judicial review to prevent his trial from going ahead on the grounds that a fair trial had been prejudiced by a delay in prosecuting him . In August 2012 , the Irish High Court ruled against him .
Mark Nash 's confession caused some consternation amongst the gardaí , as Dean Lyons had been charged at that point and was on remand awaiting trial . Two camps emerged within the gardaí , one which believed that Nash 's confession threw doubt on Lyons ' guilt , the other which believed that Lyons was the murderer . On 27 August 1997 , the Garda Commissioner appointed Assistant Commissioner James McHugh to carry out a review of the available evidence . He released a preliminary report on 10 September 1997 , and an interim report on 9 January 1998 ; while these reports did not come to a conclusion about Lyons ' guilt , they did raise a number of doubts about his testimony .
= = Lyons exonerated = =
As a result of Assistant Commissioner McHugh 's investigation and due to the defense solicitor 's refusal to release Dr Gudjonsson 's report , the Director of Public Prosecutions ' office appointed a psychologist , Dr Adrian Grounds , to assess Dean Lyons . Dr Grounds concluded that Dean Lyons was highly suggestible and that his admissions were unreliable :
" I am not in a position to corroborate Mr Lyons ’ account of being corrected , prompted and advised by Garda officers and his description of learning from them about the details of the admissions they were seeking . However Mr Lyons ’ account to me in our interview supported and was consistent with the earlier impressions I had gained from reading the case papers . In my earlier report I noted that the materials then available to me raised questions about whether the details of Mr Lyons ’ final admissions could have derived from the content of questions put to him during the day , rather than his knowledge and memory , and about whether he was unusually suggestible . Following my interview with Dean Lyons and his parents , these concerns are substantially strengthened and I now think that it is very likely that his detailed admissions were unreliable . "
As a result of Dr Grounds ' report , the charge of murder against Dean Lyons was dropped on 29 April 1998 ; he had been imprisoned on remand for nine months . Lyons died in 2000 of a heroin overdose . In 2005 , the Garda Síochána published an apology to the Lyons family for Dean Lyons ' arrest and detention in national newspapers .
= = Commission of investigation = =
In February 2006 , a commission of investigation was established to investigate the circumstances surrounding Dean Lyons ' confession and arrest , its sole member was George Birmingham , S.C. The commission 's
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
terms of reference are stated below :
To undertake a thorough investigation and make a report in accordance with the provisions of section 32 of the Commission of Investigation Act 2004 ( No. 23 of 2004 ) on the following specific matters :
1 ) the circumstances surrounding the making of a confession by Dean Lyons ( deceased ) about the deaths of Ms Mary Callinan and Ms Sylvia Sheils in March 1997 in Grangegorman Dublin 7 @,@
2 ) the adequacy of the Garda assessment of the reliability of Mr Lyons ’ confession both before and after he was charged with murder , and
3 ) the adequacy of information provided by the Garda Síochána on the morning of 27 July 1997 to the Director of Public Prosecutions and in particular whether any additional information should have been provided at that time .
= = = Leaking of report = = =
In 2006 , Robert McNulty leaked the draft report of the commission to the Evening Herald newspaper before it was publicly available . McNulty was one of the detectives who interviewed Dean Lyons after he made his initial confession ; he received a suspended jail sentence of twelve months and a € 5000 fine for leaking the report .
= = = Commission findings = = =
The commission found that Lyons acquired the detailed information in his statement from the gardaí : " Dean Lyons acquired the detailed information in relation to the crimes which is a feature of later interviews , and in particular the third interview , from the gardaí who were interviewing him . " The commission found that : " The written record maintained of the non @-@ video @-@ recorded interviews is not comprehensive and matters are excluded that would have assisted in the assessment of the reliability of Dean Lyons . This is not in accordance with section 12 ( 11 ) ( b ) ( i ) of the Criminal Justice Act ( Treatment of Persons in Custody in Garda Síochána Stations ) Regulations 1987 . " The report said that Dean Lyons was not abused or ill treated during his detention and that :
His admissions were not produced by oppression or coercive conduct on the part of the Gardaí . Neither were the admissions produced as a result of anything in the nature of a bribe or inducement . There was no deliberate attempt to frame Dean Lyons . However , Dean Lyons was able to provide accurate details of murders it is now accepted that he did not commit , due to the manner in which he was interviewed by gardaí . He wished to associate himself with the murders and readily agreed to leading questions which were asked by interviewing gardaí .
= = Trial and conviction of Mark Nash = =
In March 2015 Mark Nash was put on trial for the murders . In April 2015 he was found guilty of the murders and sentenced to life imprisonment . The judge refused to backdate the sentence to the direction to charge Nash or his original arrest in 1999 . The jury was excused from jury service for life .
= Paul Kagame =
Paul Kagame ( / kəˈɡɑːmeɪ / ; born 23 October 1957 ) is the sixth and current President of Rwanda having taken office in 2000 when his predecessor , Pasteur Bizimungu , resigned . Kagame previously commanded the rebel force that ended the 1994 Rwandan Genocide . He was considered Rwanda 's de facto leader when he served as Vice President and Minister of Defence from 1994 to 2000 .
Kagame was born to a Tutsi family in southern Rwanda . When he was two years old , the Rwandan Revolution ended centuries of Tutsi political dominance ; his family fled to Uganda , where he spent the rest of his childhood . In the 1980s , Kagame fought in Yoweri Museveni 's rebel army , becoming a senior Ugandan army officer after Museveni 's military victories carried him to the Ugandan presidency . Kagame joined the Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) , which invaded Rwanda in 1990 ; leader Fred Rwigyema died early in the war and Kagame took control . By 1993 , the RPF controlled significant territory in Rwanda and a ceasefire was negotiated . The assassination of Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana was the starting point of the genocide , in which Hutu extremists killed an estimated 500 @,@ 000 to one million Tutsi and moderate Hutu . Kagame resumed the civil war , and ended the genocide with a military victory .
During his vice presidency , Kagame controlled the national army and maintained law and order , while other officials began rebuilding the country . Many RPF soldiers carried out retribution killings ; it is disputed whether Kagame organised these , or was powerless to stop them . Hutu refugee camps formed in Zaire and other countries , which were controlled by the genocidaires ( participants in the genocide ) and threatened Rwanda 's security . The RPF indiscriminately attacked the camps in 1996 , forcing many refugees to return home , but insurgents continued to attack Rwanda . The attack on the refugees camps killed an estimated 200 @,@ 000 people . According to the UN Mapping report the attacks could be tantamount to genocide potentially making Paul Kagame a war criminal . As part of the invasion , Kagame sponsored two controversial rebel wars in Zaire . The Rwandan- and Ugandan @-@ backed rebels won the first war ( 1996 – 97 ) , installing Laurent @-@ Désiré Kabila as president in place of dictator Mobutu and renaming the country as the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . The second war was launched in 1998 against Kabila , and later his son Joseph , following the DRC government 's expulsion of Rwandan and Ugandan military forces from the country . The war escalated into a continent @-@ wide conflict which lasted until a 2003 peace deal and ceasefire .
As president , Kagame has prioritised national development , launching a programme to develop Rwanda as a middle income country by 2020 . As of 2013 , the country is developing strongly on key indicators , including health care and education ; annual growth between 2004 and 2010 averaged 8 % per year . Kagame has had mostly good relations with the East African Community and the United States ; his relations with France were poor until 2009 . Relations with the DRC remain tense despite the 2003 ceasefire ; human rights groups and a leaked United Nations report allege Rwandan support for two insurgencies in the country , a charge Kagame denies . Several countries suspended aid payments in 2012 following these allegations . Kagame is popular in Rwanda and with some foreign observers ; human rights groups accuse him of political repression . He won an election in 2003 , under a new constitution adopted that year , and was elected for a second term in 2010 .
= = Early life = =
Kagame was born on 23 October 1957 , the youngest of six children , in Tambwe , Ruanda @-@ Urundi , a village located in the modern Southern Province of Rwanda . His father , Deogratias , was a member of the Tutsi ethnic group , from which the royal family had been derived since the eighteenth century or earlier . Deogratias had family ties to King Mutara III , but he chose to pursue an independent business career rather than maintain a close connection to the royal court . Kagame 's mother , Asteria Rutagambwa , was also a Tutsi , descended from the family of the last Rwandan queen , Rosalie Gicanda . At the time of Kagame 's birth , Rwanda was a United Nations Trust Territory ; long @-@ time colonial power Belgium still ruled the territory , but with a mandate to oversee
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
athectomy ( surgical ablation of parts of the sympathetic nervous system ) , and pyrogen therapy ( injection of substances that caused a fever , indirectly reducing blood pressure ) .
The first chemical for hypertension , sodium thiocyanate , was used in 1900 but had many side effects and was unpopular . Several other agents were developed after the Second World War , the most popular and reasonably effective of which were tetramethylammonium chloride , hexamethonium , hydralazine and reserpine ( derived from the medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina ) . None of these were well tolerated . A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well @-@ tolerated orally available agents . The first was chlorothiazide , the first thiazide diuretic and developed from the antibiotic sulfanilamide , which became available in 1958 . Subsequently beta blockers , calcium channel blockers , angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors , angiotensin receptor blockers and renin inhibitors were developed as antihypertensive agents .
= = Society and culture = =
= = = Awareness = = =
The World Health Organization has identified hypertension , or high blood pressure , as the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality . The World Hypertension League ( WHL ) , an umbrella organization of 85 national hypertension societies and leagues , recognized that more than 50 % of the hypertensive population worldwide are unaware of their condition . To address this problem , the WHL initiated a global awareness campaign on hypertension in 2005 and dedicated May 17 of each year as World Hypertension Day ( WHD ) . Over the past three years , more national societies have been engaging in WHD and have been innovative in their activities to get the message to the public . In 2007 , there was record participation from 47 member countries of the WHL . During the week of WHD , all these countries – in partnership with their local governments , professional societies , nongovernmental organizations and private industries – promoted hypertension awareness among the public through several media and public rallies . Using mass media such as Internet and television , the message reached more than 250 million people . As the momentum picks up year after year , the WHL is confident that almost all the estimated 1 @.@ 5 billion people affected by elevated blood pressure can be reached .
= = = Economics = = =
High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem prompting visits to primary health care providers in USA . The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $ 76 @.@ 6 billion . In the US 80 % of people with hypertension are aware of their condition , 71 % take some antihypertensive medication , but only 48 % of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it . Adequate management of hypertension can be hampered by inadequacies in the diagnosis , treatment , and / or control of high blood pressure . Health care providers face many obstacles to achieving blood pressure control , including resistance to taking multiple medications to reach blood pressure goals . People also face the challenges of adhering to medicine schedules and making lifestyle changes . Nonetheless , the achievement of blood pressure goals is possible , and most importantly , lowering blood pressure significantly reduces the risk of death due to heart disease and stroke , the development of other debilitating conditions , and the cost associated with advanced medical care .
= Sarah Barnes =
Sarah Barnes is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks , played by Loui Batley . She debuted on @-@ screen during the episode airing on 10 October 2005 . Sarah was created by executive producer David Hanson as part of the Barnes family . In 2009 , Batley quit the serial in order to pursue other projects . Although the character is no longer part of current story lines , she has been central to many key story lines , one of the earliest the high profile gay storyline involving supercouple John Paul McQueen and Craig Dean .
The theme of sexuality was further explored through Sarah , seeing her have relations with Zoe Carpenter and a serious relationship with Lydia Hart , which Batley initially found strange to portray because of Sarah 's many relationships with male characters . Other story lines include her embarkment on a modelling career , competing in swimming competitions and her many relationships . According to Batley , Sarah relies on people too much for support and was " man @-@ crazy " in her early years . Sarah 's final storyline is her death in a skydiving accident , which was a first for a British soap opera . The storyline aired in the second series of Hollyoaks Later and was devised by producer Bryan Kirkwood . Sarah 's death won " Spectacular Scene Of The Year " at the British Soap Awards in 2010 and the scenes have been praised by certain critics .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Suspicious of those soldiers , Nieto had them disarmed and sent as prisoners to the mines of Potosi , under the supervision of Francisco de Paula Sanz . More than a third of the soldiers died within a month of work in the mines .
= = = Campaign in Upper Peru = = =
Castelli was not well received in Córdoba , where Liniers was popular , but he was in San Miguel de Tucumán . In Salta , despite a formal good reception , he had difficulty obtaining troops , mules , food , money , or guns . He took political leadership of the expedition to Upper Peru , displacing Hipólito Vieytes , and replaced Ocampo with Colonel Antonio González Balcarce . He was informed that Cochabamba revolted in support of the Junta , but was threatened by royalist forces from La Paz . Castelli intercepted a letter from Nieto to Gutiérrez de la Concha , governor of Córdoba , who was already executed for his support of Liniers . This letter mentioned a royalist army led by Goyeneche marching to Jujuy . Balcarce , who had advanced to Potosi , was defeated by Nieto in the Battle of Cotagaita , so Castelli sent two hundred men and two cannon to strengthen his forces . With these reinforcements , Balcarce achieved victory at the Battle of Suipacha , which allowed patriots to control all of Upper Peru unopposed . One of the men sent was Martín Miguel de Güemes , who would eventually lead the Guerra Gaucha in Salta years later .
At Villa Imperial , one of the richest cities of Upper Peru , an open cabildo called on Goyeneche to withdraw from their territory . He obeyed , as he did not have the military strength to prevail . The Bishop of La Paz , Remigio La Santa y Ortega , fled with him . Castelli was received in Potosí and requesting that the locals swear allegiance to the Junta . He also requested that the royalist generals Francisco de Paula Sanz and José de Córdoba y Rojas submit to him . He made arrangements that the operation to capture Vicente Nieto should be carried out exclusively by the surviving members of the Regiment of Patricians from the mines of Potosi , who had been incorporated with honors into the Army of the North . Sanz , Nieto , and Córdoba were executed at the Plaza of Potosí . Nieto claimed that he died happy , because it was under the Spanish flag . Goyeneche and Ortega , on the other hand , were safe on royalist land . Bernardo Monteagudo , inmate at the Jail of the Court of Chuquisaca for his participation in the revolution of 1809 , escaped to join the ranks of the army . Castelli , who already knew Monteagudo 's background , appointed him his secretary .
Castelli set up his government in Chuquisaca , where he presided over the change of regime for the entire region . He planned the reorganization of the Mines of Potosi , and a reform at the University of Charcas . He proclaimed the end of native slavery and servitude in Upper Peru , and the natives were granted political rights equal to those of the criollos . Castelli forbade the establishment of new convents and parishes to avoid the common practice that , under the guise of spreading Christian doctrine , the natives were forced into servitude by religious orders . He authorized free trade and redistributed land expropriated from the former workers of the mills . The decree was published in Spanish , Guarani , Quechua , and Aymara ; he established several bilingual schools as well . Several Indian chiefs participated in the first anniversary of the May Revolution , celebrated in Tiahuanaco , where Castelli paid tribute to the ancient Incas and encouraged the people to rise against the Spanish . Despite their welcome , however , Castelli was aware that most of the aristocracy supported the auxiliary army out of fear instead of genuine support .
In November 1810 he requested authorization from the Junta for a military operation : to cross the Desaguadero river , the border between the two viceroyalties , and take control of the Peruvian cities of Puno , Cuzco , and Arequipa . Castelli argued that it was urgent to rise against Lima because its economy depended largely on those districts , and if they lost power over that area , the main royalist stronghold would be threatened . The plan was rejected as too risky , and Castelli complied with the original orders .
In December , fifty @-@ three peninsulars were banished to Salta , and the decision was sent to the Junta for approval . The vocal Domingo Matheu , who had business associations with Tulla and Pedro Salvador Casas , arranged the annulment of the act , arguing that Castelli had been influenced by slander and unfounded accusations . Support for Castelli began to decline , mainly due to the favourable treatment of natives and the determined opposition of the church , which attacked the public atheism of Bernardo Monteagudo , Castelli 's secretary . Both royalists in Lima and Saavedra in Buenos Aires compared them with Maximilien Robespierre , leader of the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution .
Castelli also abolished the mita in Upper Peru , a mandatory form of public service that bordered on slavery . Mariano Moreno has also wished to end the mita , but Moreno had resigned from the Junta by this point . Without Castelli being in Buenos Aires to mediate between them , the disputes between Moreno and Saavedra had worsened . The Junta requested that Castelli should moderate his actions , but he went ahead with the positions he shared with Moreno . Several Saavedrist officers , such as José María Echaurri , José León Domínguez , Matías Balbastro , chaplain Manuel Antonio Azcurra , and sergeant major Toribio de Luzuriaga , planned to kidnap Castelli , deliver him to Buenos Aires for trial , and give command of the Army of the North to Juan Jose Viamonte . However , Viamonte did not accept the plan when he was informed by the conspirators , and did not attempt to carry it out . When Castelli knew about Moreno 's resignation , he wrote a letter to Vieytes , Rodriguez Peña , Larrea , and Azcuénaga , asking them to move to Upper Peru . If they defeated Goyeneche , they planned to march back to Buenos Aires . However , the letter was sent via the common postal service , and the postmaster of Córdoba , Jose de Paz , decided to send it instead to Cornelio Saavedra . The Morenist members of the Junta had already been ousted and exiled by that point .
= = = The Battle of Huaqui = = =
The order of the Junta not to proceed to the Viceroyalty of Peru was a de facto truce that would last while Castelli did not attack Goyeneche 's army . Castelli tried to turn the situation into a formal agreement , which would imply recognition of the Junta as a legitimate interlocutor . Goyeneche agreed to sign an armistice for 40 days to allow time for Lima to ratify the agreement , but he actually used the time to reinforce his army . On 19 June , with the truce still in effect , an advanced royalist troop attacked positions at Juraicoragua . Castelli declared the truce broken and declared war on Peru .
The royalist army crossed the Desaguadero on June 20 , 1811 , starting the Battle of Huaqui . The army waited near Huaqui , between the plains of Azapanal and Lake Titicaca . The patriotic left wing , commanded by Diaz Velez , faced the bulk of the royalist forces , while the center was hit by the soldiers of Pio Tristan . Many patriotic soldiers recruited at Upper Peru surrendered or fled , and many of the recruits from La Paz switched sides during the battle . The Saavedrist Juan José Viamonte helped ensure Castelli 's defeat by refusing to join the conflict .
Although the casualties of the Army of the North were not substantial , it was left demoralized and disbanded . Goyeneche pursued the fleeing patriots , and captured Huaqui after his victory . The inhabitants of Upper Peru welcomed the royalists back , so the army had to quickly leave those provinces . However , the resistance of Cochabamba prevented the royalists from proceeding to Buenos Aires . Castelli moved to the post of Quirbe , and received orders to return to Buenos Aires for trial . However , by the time he was notified , new orders had been issued : Castelli should be confined at Catamarca , while Saavedra himself took charge of the Army of the North . Saavedra was deposed as soon as he left Buenos Aires , and was confined to San Juan . The First Triumvirate , which had commenced governing by then , required Castelli to return .
Once in Buenos Aires , Castelli found himself in political isolation . The triumvirate and the newspaper La Gazeta blamed him for the defeat at Huaqui , and sought punishment as a deterrent . His former supporters were divided between those who supported the ideas of the Triumvirate and those no longer able to help . Castelli suffered from tongue cancer during the long trial , which made it progressively more difficult for him to speak . He died on October 12 , 1812 , while the trial was still underway .
= = Legacy = =
Castelli
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Donald stand to the east , which was completed in 1993 , contains hospitality suites , and is named after former chairman Dick Donald . A quarter of the South Stand is used to accommodate travelling supporters . In 1978 , Pittodrie became the first all covered , all @-@ seater stadium in Britain .
= = = New Aberdeen Stadium = = =
Since 2009 , Aberdeen has been examining a move to a new stadium . Plans for a new stadium began when the club indicated that further development of Pittodrie Stadium was not possible due to the age of the ground and the restrictions from surrounding land . Aberdeen City Council approved an initial project in May 2009 , to be situated near Loirston Loch in the south of the city , subject to planning permission . In August 2010 , a planning application for the new stadium was submitted to the council , which was approved the following February .
The move was delayed by a year in May 2012 due to problems with land ownership , and suffered a serious setback the following August , when the council rejected a joint application by Aberdeen F.C. and Cove Rangers to build a community sports centre at nearby Calder Park . Aberdeen announced in November 2014 new plans to instead build training facilities at Balgownie , on land owned by the University of Aberdeen , but the project was ultimately scrapped in the following July .
Plans to develop a new stadium and training facilities near Westhill , close to the newly developed Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route , were announced in May 2016 . The site 's training facilities are scheduled to be operational by 2018 , while the stadium could be ready ahead of the 2019 – 20 season . The new stadium is expected to have a similar capacity to Pittodrie Stadium .
= = Supporters and nicknames = =
= = = Supporters = = =
Aberdeen 's supporters , known as the Red Army , are listed in the team squad list as wearing the number 12 shirt . In 1999 , a group of supporters founded the Red Ultras group with the express aim of improving the atmosphere at Pittodrie . However , it was decided that this particular group was to disband at the beginning of 2010 . Organised chants and choreography still take place in ' centre block ' of the top tier of the Richard Donald Stand and Aberdeen fans still do choreographies at home and away games .
Aberdeen are the only senior team in the third largest city in Scotland , a city which is relatively remote , geographically , from other large population centres , and as a result have a large catchment area of potential supporters . The average attendance in the 2015 – 16 Scottish Premiership is currently 13 @,@ 530 .
In the 1980s , a minority of the club 's supporters had a reputation as one of Britain 's most prominent casuals groups , the Aberdeen Soccer Casuals . The rise of the Aberdeen Casuals coincided with the most successful period in the club 's history , and has been chronicled in more than one published account . Whilst numbers have steadily declined with the introduction of Football Banning Orders preventing hooligans from travelling to games , the Aberdeen Casuals still appear at big fixtures often away from home and in the UEFA Europa League . There were clashes at both fixtures against FC Groningen in 2014 , as well as 13 arrests after violent clashes with Dundee United fans at a game in December 2015 .
= = = Rivalries = = =
Aberdeen have rarely played in the same division as their geographically closest rivals : Peterhead , Brechin City , Montrose , Arbroath , Elgin City , and Forfar Athletic , so rivalries have tended to come from further afield . Currently , Aberdeen have a minor rivalry with Inverness Caley Thistle , due to the fact both Aberdeen and Inverness are the two largest settlements in the north of Scotland . This is known as the North derby and has arisen since Inverness were first promoted to the SPL in 2004 .
In the early 1980s , owing to the success both domestically and in Europe of Aberdeen and Dundee United , the pair were known as the New Firm . However , Dundee United have their city neighbours Dundee as close rivals , and the antagonism was not always reciprocated to the same degree . The same situation applies to Aberdeen 's rivalry with Rangers , in that Rangers have their own much older and well @-@ known Old Firm rivalry with Celtic . Aberdeen 's rivalry with Rangers arose after a number of incidents in matches between the two clubs in the 1980s , namely Willie Johnston 's stamp on John McMaster 's neck in the Scottish League Cup and Neil Simpson 's tackle on Ian Durrant in 1988 , as well as Aberdeen 's dominance in Scottish football throughout the decade . There are still often violent clashes between both sets of supporters within and outwith the stadium to this day .
Since Aberdeen 's re @-@ emergence as one of the top teams in Scotland , Aberdeen 's rivalry with Celtic has increased both competitively and between supporters . There have been minor incidents at games , mainly relating to political disturbances by Celtic supporters at games between the clubs , including the disruption of minute 's silences and the display of banners showing support for the 1981 Irish hunger strike .
= = = Nicknames = = =
Aberdeen are known as " The Dons " , a name that has been in use since at least 1913 . The origin of this nickname is unclear . One theory is that it derives from the word " don " meaning " teacher " , given Aberdeen 's history as a university town . It may also be a reference to the nearby River Don , or a contraction of " Aberdonians " . Before the popular adoption of " The Dons " , the team were variously known as " The Wasps " or " The Black and Golds " , both names a reference to the yellow and black striped shirts of the time . As with many teams that play in red , Aberdeen may also be called " The Reds " , and are referred to by some supporters as " The Dandy Dons " or " The Dandies " .
Rival clubs occasionally refer to Aberdeen " The Sheep " and their supporters " The Sheep Shaggers " . The term was eventually accepted by the club after Aberdeen fans started singing " the sheep are on fire " at games . The song was originally sung by away fans poking fun at an Aberdeen fan set on fire by on a train in a homemade sheep costume . This in turn led to specialised merchandise being sold by the club and local businesses .
= = Honours = =
= = = Domestic = = =
Scottish League
Champions ( 4 ) : 1954 – 55 , 1979 – 80 , 1983 – 84 , 1984 – 85
Runners @-@ up ( 15 ) : 1910 – 11 , 1936 – 37 , 1955 – 56 , 1970 – 71 , 1971 – 72 , 1977 – 78 , 1980 – 81 , 1981 – 82 , 1988 – 89 , 1989 – 90 , 1990 – 91 , 1992 – 93 , 1993 – 94 , 2014 – 15 , 2015 @-@ 16
Scottish Cup
Winners ( 7 ) : 1946 – 47 , 1969 – 70 , 1981 – 82 , 1982 – 83 , 1983 – 84 , 1985 – 86 , 1989 – 90
Runners @-@ up ( 8 ) : 1936 – 37 , 1952 – 53 , 1953 – 54 , 1958 – 59 , 1966 – 67 , 1977 – 78 , 1992 – 93 , 1999 – 00
Scottish League Cup
Winners ( 6 ) : 1955 – 56 , 1976 – 77 , 1985 – 86 , 1989 – 90 , 1995 – 96 , 2013 – 14
Run
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ners @-@ up ( 7 ) : 1946 – 47 , 1978 – 79 , 1979 – 80 , 1987 – 88 , 1988 – 89 , 1992 – 93 , 1999 – 00
= = = European = = =
UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup
Winners ( 1 ) : 1982 – 83
UEFA Super Cup
Winners ( 1 ) : 1983
= = = UEFA Ranking = = =
As of 28 June 2016
= = Club officials = =
= = Players = =
= = = Current squad = = =
As of 19 July 2016
Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality .
= = = Out on loan = = =
Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality .
= = = Notable players = = =
Hall of Fame
Aberdeen inaugurated a Hall of Fame as part of the club 's centenary celebrations in 2003 . Six players were inducted following the initial dinner in March 2004 , and a further six were included in November 2004 . Ex @-@ manager Alex Ferguson was inducted at a re @-@ launch event in November 2015 .
Greatest ever team
In November 2015 , supporters cast votes to determine the greatest ever Aberdeen team .
Jim Leighton ( 1977 – 88 , 1997 – 2000 )
Stuart Kennedy ( 1976 – 83 )
Willie Miller ( 1972 – 90 )
Alex McLeish ( 1978 – 94 )
Russell Anderson ( 1996 – 2007 , 2012 – 15 )
Gordon Strachan ( 1977 – 84 )
Eoin Jess ( 1987 – 96 , 1997 – 2001 )
Jim Bett ( 1985 – 94 )
Neil Simpson ( 1980 – 90 )
Joe Harper ( 1969 – 72 )
Duncan Shearer ( 1992 – 97 )
= = Records = =
= = = Individual = = =
All players are from Scotland unless otherwise stated .
= = Managers = =
List of full @-@ time managers , as of 16 December 2015 . Only competitive matches are counted . Caretaker managers are not listed .
= Adam Miller ( footballer ) =
Adam Edward Miller ( born 19 February 1982 ) is a retired footballer . He began his career with Ipswich Town but failed to make the first team and played for several non @-@ league teams before joining Queens Park Rangers , where he made his Football League debut in December 2004 . He later joined Stevenage Borough , but followed manager Mark Stimson to Gillingham in late 2007 . He has represented the England National Game XI and played at Wembley Stadium in the final of the FA Trophy .
= = Early life = =
Miller was born in Hemel Hempstead , but grew up in the Monkwick district of Colchester , where his family still lived as of 2004 . He attended The Stanway School in the town . At the age of 17 he joined Ipswich Town as a trainee . At around the same time he was called up to represent Northern Ireland at under @-@ 18 level , qualifying by virtue of the fact that his maternal grandfather was born in the country .
= = Career = =
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
5 January 1918 in Bakos , Alexandria , the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein . Nasser 's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria , and his mother 's family came from Mallawi , el @-@ Minya . His parents married in 1917 , and later had two more boys , Izz al @-@ Arab and al @-@ Leithi . Nasser 's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser 's family believed strongly in the " Arab notion of glory " , since the name of Nasser 's brother , Izz al @-@ Arab , translates to " Glory of the Arabs " — a rare name in Egypt .
Nasser 's family traveled frequently due to his father 's work . In 1921 , they moved to Asyut and , in 1923 , to Khatatba , where Nasser 's father ran a post office . Nasser attended a primary school for the children of railway employees until 1924 , when he was sent to live with his paternal uncle in Cairo , and to attend the Nahhasin elementary school .
Nasser exchanged letters with his mother and visited her on holidays . He stopped receiving messages at the end of April 1926 . Upon returning to Khatatba , he learned that his mother had died after giving birth to his third brother , Shawki , and that his family had kept the news from him . Nasser later stated that " losing her this way was a shock so deep that time failed to remedy " . He adored his mother and the injury of her death deepened when his father remarried before the year 's end .
In 1928 , Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city 's Attarin elementary school . He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan , and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el @-@ Tin secondary school and to join his father , who was working for the city 's postal service . It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism . After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square , he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose . The protest , organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society , called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution 's annulment by Prime Minister Isma 'il Sidqi . Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out .
When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933 , Nasser joined him and attended al @-@ Nahda al @-@ Masria school . He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school 's paper , including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled " Voltaire , the Man of Freedom " . On 13 November 1935 , Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule , protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution 's restoration . Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman 's bullet . The incident garnered his first mention in the press : the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded . On 12 December , the new king , Farouk , issued a decree restoring the constitution .
Nasser 's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years , such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school . Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt 's political forces , Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo @-@ Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country . Nonetheless , political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al @-@ Nahda , where he received his leaving certificate later that year .
= = = Early influences = = =
Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations , which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society 's class divisions . His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite , and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime . Nasser spent most of his spare time reading , particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt . He read the Qur 'an , the sayings of Muhammad , the lives of the Sahaba ( Muhammad 's companions ) , and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon , Ataturk , Otto von Bismarck , and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill .
Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism , as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel , poet Ahmed Shawqi , and his anti @-@ colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy , Aziz al @-@ Masri , to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview . He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al @-@ Hakim 's novel Return of the Spirit , in which al @-@ Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a " man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented , and who will be for them a symbol of their objective " . Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution .
= = Military career = =
In 1937 , Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training , but his police record of anti @-@ government protest initially blocked his entry . Disappointed , he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University , but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy . From his readings , Nasser , who frequently spoke of " dignity , glory , and freedom " in his youth , became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors ; a military career became his chief priority .
Convinced that he needed a wasta , or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others , Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under @-@ Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha , the person responsible for the academy 's selection board , and requested his help . Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser 's second application , which was accepted in late 1937 . Nasser focused on his military career from then on , and had little contact with his family . At the academy , he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat , both of whom became important aides during his presidency . After graduating from the academy in July 1938 , he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry , and posted to Mankabad . It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades , including Sadat and Amer , first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy . Sadat would later write that because of his " energy , clear @-@ thinking , and balanced judgement " , Nasser emerged as the group 's natural leader .
In 1941 , Nasser was posted to Khartoum , Sudan , which was part of Egypt at the time . Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt , then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943 . In 1942 , the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk 's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro @-@ Axis sympathies . Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote , " I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack " , and wished for " calamity " to overtake the British . Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year . He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution . Nasser stayed in touch with the group 's members primarily through Amer , who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force 's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them .
= = = 1948 Arab – Israeli War = = =
Nasser 's first battlefield experience was in Palestine during the 1948 Arab – Israeli War . He initially volunteered to serve with the Arab Higher Committee ( AHC ) led by Mohammad Amin al @-@ Husayni . Nasser met with and impressed al @-@ Husayni , but was ultimately refused entry to the AHC 's forces by the Egyptian government for reasons that were unclear .
In May 1948 , following the British withdrawal , King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine , with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion . During the war , he wrote of the Egyptian army 's unpreparedness , saying " our soldiers were dashed against fortifications " . Nasser was deputy commander of the Egyptian forces that secured the Faluja pocket . On 12 July , he was lightly wounded in the fighting . By August
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
as having a ratio of 2 : 3 , with the colored stripes of equal dimensions . The regular colors were printed in the annex and not expressly named . The coat of arms was placed in the center ; its height was 2 ⁄ 5 the flag ’ s width . As before , it was provided that the flag ’ s proportions could differ for ornamental purposes , but the coat of arms must always be in the center , vertical . Articles 13 @-@ 21 specifically and exhaustively covered flag protocol , describing where it was to be raised permanently and temporarily ( art . 13 ) , the protocol for raising it outside the country ’ s borders ( art . 14 ) and during demonstrations by socialist organizations ( art . 15 ) , the conditions for lowering it to half @-@ staff ( art . 16 , 17 and 18 , with art . 20 describing exceptions to the rule ) , the conditions and manner for draping caskets with the flag ( art . 19 ) , as well as the place of the Romanian flag in case it flew besides one or more foreign flags ( art . 21 ) .
= = = Flags of the President , Prime Minister and Minister of the Armed Forces = = =
The President of the RSR ( until 1974 the President of the Council of State ) and the prime minister had their own standard , a square Romanian tricolor with a white edge and a red border beyond that ; the RSR ’ s coat of arms was in the center , 2 ⁄ 3 the height of the tricolor ’ s width . The standard was decorated with fringes of golden thread and tassels of the same material . The flag of the Minister of the Armed Forces of the RSR consisted of a white pennant in a 1 : 2 ratio . The flag of the RSR was placed in the canton , while two red five @-@ pointed stars occupied the fly .
= = = Military colors and standards = = =
Military colors and standards adopted during the Romanian People ’ s Republic were modified or completely changed by Decree nr . 106 of 24 December 1966 regarding regulations for granting the military colors of units and large units from all military branches , modifying the display protocol for ensigns and pennants of navy and Coast Guard ships , establishing a distinctive emblem and commanders ’ emblems for navy and Coast Guard vessels , a jack for navy ships and a distinctive ensign for Coast Guard ships .
In the attached commentary , it was mentioned that the previous regulations were no longer valid , primarily because :
military colors of naval land units no longer featured the national flag colors , but only white and blue ;
ensigns and pennants of the Navy and Coast Cuard ships no longer featured the national flag colors and thus — even at close distances — Romanian ships could be confused with those of other nations ;
the air force flag was no longer necessary , as it did not correspond to the new organization of the military ’ s aviation branch .
Article 2 of the decree provided that “ the military colors are granted by the Council of State of the Romanian Socialist Republic to units and large units from all military branches from the Armed Forces Ministry , as well as to units from the Internal Affairs Ministry , at their founding . The flag is granted , depending on the case , at the initiative of the armed forces minister or the internal affairs minister . The granting of the flag is done in the name of the Council of State of
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
=
The warm water and temperature contrast along the edge of the Gulf Stream often increase the intensity of cyclones , tropical or otherwise . Tropical cyclone generation normally requires water temperatures in excess of 26 @.@ 5 ° C ( 79 @.@ 7 ° F ) . Tropical cyclone formation is common over the Gulf Stream , especially in the month of July . Storms travel westward through the Caribbean and then either move in a northward direction and curve toward the eastern coast of the United States or stay on a north @-@ westward track and enter the Gulf of Mexico . Such storms have the potential to create strong winds and extensive damage to the United States ' Southeast Coastal Areas .
Strong extratropical cyclones have been shown to deepen significantly along a shallow frontal zone , forced by the Gulf Stream itself during the cold season . Subtropical cyclones also tend to generate near the Gulf Stream . 75 percent of such systems documented between 1951 and 2000 formed near this warm water current , with two annual peaks of activity occurring during the months of May and October . Cyclones within the ocean form under the Gulf Stream , extending as deep as 3 @,@ 500 metres ( 11 @,@ 500 ft ) beneath the ocean 's surface .
= = Possible renewable power source = =
The theoretical maximum energy dissipation from Gulf Stream by turbines is in the range of 20 @-@ 60 GW . One idea , which would supply the equivalent power of several nuclear power plants , would deploy a field of underwater turbines placed 300 meters ( 980 ft ) under the center of the core of the Gulf Stream . Ocean thermal energy could also be harnessed to produce electricity utilizing the temperature difference between cold deep water and warm surface water .
= = In culture = =
Some of the RMS Titanic 's victims , whose bodies were buoyed by lifebelts but were never found by rescue or recovery ships sent to find them , are surmised to have been carried away in the Gulf Stream .
= Black Brunswickers =
The Brunswicker Ducal Corps , in German : Herzoglich Braunschweigisches Korps , commonly known as the Black Brunswickers in English and the Schwarze Schar ( " Black Troop " , also translated as " Black Horde " or " Black Host " ) or Schwarze Legion ( " Black Legion " ) in German were a military unit in the Napoleonic Wars . The corps was raised from volunteers by German @-@ born Frederick William , Duke of Brunswick @-@ Wolfenbüttel ( 1771 – 1815 ) . The Duke was a harsh opponent of Napoleon Bonaparte 's occupation of his native Germany . Formed in 1809 when war broke out between the First French Empire and the Austrian Empire , the corps initially comprised a mixed force , around 2 @,@ 300 strong , of infantry , cavalry and later supporting artillery .
Most units of the corps wore black uniforms , leading to the " black " nicknames of the unit , though some light units ( such as sharpshooters and uhlans ) wore green uniforms . The Brunswickers wore a silvered skull badge on their hats . Their title originated from Duke Frederick William , who claimed the Duchy of Brunswick @-@ Lüneburg , which the French had abolished in order to incorporate its lands into the French satellite Kingdom of Westphalia . The Black Brunswickers earned themselves a fearsome reputation over the following decade , taking part in several significant battles including the pre @-@ Waterloo engagement at Quatre Bras on 16 June 1815 , where the Duke lost his life . However , recruiting , the replacement of casualties , and finance had always been problematic , and the corps was disbanded in the early 1820s .
The exploits of the Brunswickers caught the British Victorian public imagination : an example of this can be found in John Everett Millais 's painting The Black Brunswicker . Completed in 1860 , the painting depicts a Brunswicker in his black uniform bidding goodbye to an unnamed woman .
= = Formation and early years = =
= = = War of the Fifth Coalition = = =
In 1806 the Duke of Brunswick @-@ Lüneburg , Charles William Ferdinand , was fatally wounded during the Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena @-@ Auerstedt . Following Prussia 's defeat and the collapse of the Fourth Coalition against Napoleon , his duchy remained under French control . Rather than permit the Duke 's heir , Frederick William , to succeed to his father 's title , Napoleon seized the duchy and , in 1807 , incorporated it into his newly created model Kingdom of Westphalia ruled by his brother Jérôme . Two years later in 1809 the Fifth Coalition against Napoleon was formed between the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom . The dispossessed Frederick William , who had been a strenuous critic of French domination in Germany , seized this opportunity to seek Austrian help to raise an armed force . To finance this venture he mortgaged his principality in Oels . In its initial incarnation ( dated to 25 July 1809 ) , the 2300 @-@ strong ' free ' corps consisted of two battalions of infantry , one Jäger battalion , a company of sharpshooters , and a mixed cavalry contingent including Hussars and Uhlans .
Despite a successful campaign with their Austrian allies , the defeat of the latter at the Battle of Wagram on 6 July 1809 led to the Armistice of Znaim on 12 July . Frederick William refused to accept this and led his Schwarze Schar ( " Black Host " ) into Germany , succeeding in briefly taking control of the city of Brunswick . Faced with superior Westphalian forces , the Brunswickers conducted a remarkable fighting retreat across Germany , twice holding off the pursuing armies at the Battle of Halberstadt and the Battle of Ölper ; finally being evacuated by the Royal Navy from the mouth of the River Wes
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
for Stevenage a day after joining the club , playing in a 1 – 1 away draw against Exeter City . During his fifth appearance for Stevenage , Slew received a straight red card for " inexplicably raising his arms " to Colchester United midfielder Anthony Wordsworth . Slew returned to Ewood Park having played nine games for Stevenage , but failed to score a goal .
With Blackburn now in the Championship , Slew was still unable to make the break into the first team and was instead loaned to League One side Oldham Athletic for six months in August 2012 . Slew scored on his Oldham debut , netting in a 2 – 4 League Cup loss to Sheffield Wednesday a week after signing . After only four appearances for his temporary club , Slew suffered a stress fracture to his back and was sidelined for over three months , returning to Blackburn Rovers for treatment , and effectively ending his loan spell . Having recovered from his injury , Slew signed a six @-@ week loan deal with League Two side Rotherham United at the end of January 2013 . Slew 's first appearance for Rotherham came just two days later , in a 3 – 1 win against promotion rivals Northampton Town , and he played regularly for the duration of his loan spell , making seven appearances in total . Despite Rotherham hoping to retain Slew 's services until the end of the season , they were unable to agree a deal with Blackburn Rovers , and Slew returned to Ewood Park once more .
The following season , Slew failed to make a first team appearance for Blackburn and on 1 January 2014 he joined Scottish Premiership side Ross County on loan until the end of the season . He made his debut that same day in the Highland derby with Inverness Caledonian Thistle at Caledonian Stadium , helping Derek Adams 's " Staggies " to a 2 – 1 win . He went on to make 20 appearances during his time at Victoria Park , and scored one goal in his final appearance , a 3 – 2 win over Partick Thistle on 10 May .
After being transfer @-@ listed at Blackburn , Slew agreed a loan move to Port Vale in summer 2014 , though manager Micky Adams stated it was " a frustrating chase " as Rovers manager Gary Bowyer refused to sanction the loan agreement until he was sure that a permanent offer would not be made for the player . A loan deal lasting until January 2015 was eventually agreed on 29 August , and Slew scored his first goal for the Valiants on 6 September , netting a late consolation goal in a 3 – 1 defeat at Peterborough United . On 4 October he was sent off in a 1 – 0 defeat at Fleetwood Town after striking an opposition player . He failed to win back his first team spot after returning from suspension , and his loan deal was not extended by manager Rob Page . He had his contract with Blackburn terminated by mutual consent in January 2015 .
= = = Cambridge United = = =
In February 2015 , Slew signed an 18 @-@ month contract with League Two side Cambridge United . He scored one goal in 13 games in the second half of the 2014 – 15 season , and was transfer listed in May by manager Richard Money after Slew admitted he was playing " nowhere near his best " . He failed to score in 12 appearances during the 2015 – 16 season and his contract with the club was cancelled by mutual consent on 1 February .
= = = Chesterfield = = =
Slew joined League One side Chesterfield on a short @-@ term deal in February 2016 , after manager Danny Wilson needed cover for injured strikers Sylvan Ebanks @-@ Blake and Lee Novak . He was released at the end of the 2015 – 16 season having made just seven substitute appearances for the club .
= = = Plymouth Argyle = = =
In July 2016 , Slew signed a contract with League Two club Plymouth Argyle .
= = International career = =
Slew made his international debut for the England U19 side in a 1 – 0 defeat to Germany on 8 February 2011 , replacing Connor Wickham after 60 minutes . He earned his second cap against the Netherlands on 29 March 2011 , coming on as a 72nd @-@ minute substitute in a 3 – 0 defeat .
= = Personal life = =
Born in Sheffield Slew is a lifelong supporter of his first club , Sheffield United . He enjoys classical music and when interviewed by radio station Classic FM , Slew described himself as " ... like an old man in a young man 's body ! " , after admitting to listening to the station while driving his car .
In March 2015 he was caught by police speeding at 156 mph in his BMW M4 on the Cambridgeshire section of the A1 , in what was the fastest recorded speed on a public road in the UK for more than three years ; he was banned from driving for six months and handed a £ 1 @,@ 400 fine .
= = Career statistics = =
As of 1
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
= =
Upon enrollment a new cadet in the Air Cadet Program is known as a " cadet " ( Cdt ) . Appointment ( or promotion ) to higher ranks occurs after the cadet has met certain nationally prescribed standards . The specific criteria for all ranks is established to ensure that all cadets who receive a rank promotion possess the same basic qualifications or similar experience , the successful completion of squadron training serves as the common standard on which all cadets are evaluated , and that every cadet is given the same opportunity to advance .
Because there is a maximum number of established positions for ranks warrant officer first class ( one per squadron ) , promotions are based on the results of a merit review board . The composition of the merit review board includes a minimum of three to a maximum of five members . As appointed by the squadron commanding officer , members include : Commanding officer ( or delegate ) acting as board chairperson ; Air Cadet League or local sponsor representative ; and a minimum of one and maximum of three additional members from the following : representative ( s ) of the RCSU CO ( area Cadet Instructor Cadre officer , regional cadet advisor , area cadet officer , etc . ) , squadron CIC officer ( s ) ( from within own or members of neighbouring squadrons ) , and member ( s ) of the community ( to include : school principal , Legion member , etc . ) . Prior to 1976 the size of the squadron dictated the top rank available and many squadrons were ineligible to carry a WO1 on their establishment effectively capping promotion at WO2 for the squadron 's ranking cadet .
Responsibilities are given to cadets upon reaching corporal ( Cpl ) , the first NCO rank . In September 2007 , the rank of " flight corporal " ( FCpl ) was introduced . The badge is similar to the insignia of a flight sergeant incorporating a crown above two chevrons . The new rank brought the rank progression for the sea , army , and air cadet programs into line . Flight corporals and corporals generally assist a more senior cadet , such as a flight sergeant who leads a flight ( a small , organizational group of air cadets ) . Sergeants are responsible for most of the day @-@ to @-@ day activities of the squadron and assist the flight sergeants as second in command of a flight . Warrant officers work closely with the officer staff of the squadron , assisting with administration , logistical , leadership , and training . In smaller squadrons , these roles may be filled by more junior cadets .
The official phrasing for the ranks uses the word cadet as a preface — as an example , cadet corporal . However , custom omits cadet in casual reference . Thus , corporal is the usual wording . Generally , where there is a need to distinguish between cadets and Canadian Forces members , ranks will be written or spoken as cadet corporal and abbreviated as C / Cpl.
While it is customary within the organization to refer to a cadet receiving a rank as being " promoted , " the official documentation ( Queens Rules and Regulations ( Cadets ) and CATO ) vary : the senior document describing progression as an " appointment " , the other describing progression as " promotion " .
The chart displays the rank structure of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets .
= = Music appointments = =
When a squadron wishes to create a cadet band , the decision to do so must be made in consultation with the sponsoring committee responsible for provision and maintenance of musical instruments . The cadet music program recognizes two types of bands : military bands and pipe bands . Military bands ' instrumentation includes woodwinds , brass , and / or percussion , while pipe bands ' instrumentation includes pipes and drums . The Regional Support Cadet Unit should provide instruments on loan to their squadrons to maximize the use of the instruments held by the region and CSTCs and to better support squadron training . The music proficiency levels are recognized on the cadet uniform using a system of badges based on the music training programs ; the military band badge represents a lyre , while the pipe band badge represents either a pipe or a drum , depending on the instrument played .
The appointment of a Drum Major or Pipe Major is at the discretion of the corps / squadron CO . Requirements considered include : demonstration of skills and knowledge in band drill , commands and formations , qualification of Music Proficiency Level 2 , and holds the minimum rank of Flight Corporal . Only one cadet may be appointed as the squadron Drum Major or Pipe Major at any time .
= = Honours and awards = =
The Canadian Cadet Movement maintains its own Honours and Awards system . Cadets may be awarded these based on criteria including bravery , citizenship , service , outstanding performance on a summer training course , and more . In addition , cadets may also wear , on their uniform , any orders , decorations , and medals of Canada they have been awarded .
Within the system , there are several honours and awards common to all three cadet elements and some that are unique to each . A cadet who transfers from one element to another may continue to wear any medals awarded from their previous service , but in general , air cadets may be eligible for the following eight honours and awards , and are in the order of precedence :
= = Symbols = =
= = = Flags = = =
In some squadrons , the ensign and squadron banner are carried by a flag party with the Flag of Canada ( see image in the Local training section above ) , despite CF custom being for one- or two @-@ flag parties only . Subject to regional regulations , flag party escorts may carry deactivated drill purpose rifles .
The Royal Canadian Air Cadets Banner is flown only on important ceremonial occasions to indicate the presence of a formed body of cadets , and , at the end of useful life , is deposited , after the manner of colours , in some suitable location . The banner was presented in 1991 at the Senior Leaders Course at CFB Cold Lake , and was paraded at the Senior Leaders Course graduation parades each summer until the course was replaced with the Leadership and Ceremonial Instructor Course . Though not consecrated , the flag parallels Air Force Command Colours and is carried in the same manner . Cadets pay compliments to the banner in a similar manner to a consecrated colour . Members of the CF are not required to pay compliments to the banner but may do so as a courtesy .
Originally approved in 1941 , the Royal Canadian Air Cadets Ensign was modified in 1971 to incorporate the National Flag in the canton . The flag parallels a Canadian Forces command flag ( as distinct from a Command Colour ) . The ensign is normally flown at the squadron and often carried as part of a flag party . It is always flown from a mast or pole at air cadet summer training centres .
The squadron banner parallels an Air Force Squadron Standard and is carried by squadrons as their specific unit identifier . Unlike a squadron standard , however , an air cadet squadron banner may not be consecrated nor can they emblazoned with battle honours . Though squadron banners may not be consecrated they may , be dedicated and may be laid up in a manner paralleling similar ceremonies for squadron standards . Compliments are paid to the squadron banner in the same manner as the Air Cadet Banner . The squadron 's name and number are embroidered on the banner . It should be noted , however , that the Air Cadet League did for a brief period allow the acquisition of squadron banners featuring the individual squadron 's badge in place of standard design . It is unclear , should any of these banners require replacement , if anything other than the standard design will be authorized .
= = = Badge = = =
The emblem of the Royal Canadian Air Cadets consists of a circle surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves , superimposed with a flying falcon , the head to the sinister ( left ) . The whole is crowned by the Royal crown — fashioned as a St Edward 's Crown — to symbolise the monarchy of Canada as the Cadets ' source of authority . This all rests on a scroll displaying the words " Royal Canadian Air Cadets / Cadets de l 'aviation royale du Canada " . It is worn as a brass or embroidered badge on the left side of the wedge cap and other formal headdress , and as an embroidered patch on the all @-@ weather jacket . The original hat badge featured an eagle surmounted by single maple leaf with two underlying scrolls reading " Air Cadets Canada " .
= = Cadet Fitness Assessment and Incentive Program = =
The Cadet Fitness Assessment and Incentive Program replaced the old fitness testing program in the 2010 @-@ 2011 training year . It is based on the FITNESSGRAM testing protocol produced by the Cooper Institute .
= = = Fitness assessment = = =
= = = Incentive
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
inferior to encaustic paintings in terms of artistic quality despite their three @-@ dimensionality . In 2008 he continued to view Johnson less seriously as an artist but felt his work had attitude . However , some experts spoke highly of Johnson 's work in the same newspaper during its run . Reviewers in Time Out Chicago spoke of how he transformed a " space associated with white privilege into a sanctuary for black traditions , " although they note the exhibition seems uncoordinated .
Johnson 's work stood out from the 200 @-@ piece 30 Americans at the Rubell Family Collection to be singularly mentioned in The Miami Herald . His work was described as a fusion of " portraits , sculptures and photography bathed in the color black ... [ that ] represent a fictional secret society of African @-@ American intellectuals " . Johnson described his work as a demonstration of the complexity of the black experience .
= = = Rise to prominence = = =
In November 2011 , he was named as one of six finalists for the Hugo Boss Prize .
In January 2012 , Hauser & Wirth presents ' RUMBLE ' , an exhibition of new works by Johnson . Including painting , sculpture , installation and film , ' RUMBLE ’ will be the artist ’ s first show with the gallery and will take place at their New York City location .
In April 2012 , the Museum of Contemporary Art , Chicago , presents Johnson 's first major museum solo exhibition . MCA Pamela Alper Associate Curator Julie Rodrigues Widholm curated the exhibition in close collaboration with the artist . The exhibition is a survey of the past 10 years of the artist 's work . Additionally , a new MCA commission will be shown for the first time .
Johnson is currently represented by Galerie Guido W. Baudach , Berlin ; David Kordansky Gallery , Los Angeles ; and Hauser & Wirth .
= = Techniques and processes = =
Johnson uses " alchemy , divination , astronomy , and other sciences [ sic ] that combine the natural and spiritual worlds " to augment black history . According to a Columbia College Chicago publication , Johnson works in a variety of media with physical and visual materials that have independent artistic significance and symbolism but that are augmented by their connections to black history . According to the culture publication Flavorpill , he challenges his viewers with photography and sculpture that present the creation and dissemination of norms and expectations . However , the Chicago Tribune describes the productions resulting from his processes as lacking complexity or depth . Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer writer Regina Hackett described Johnson as an artist who avoids the struggles of black people and explores their strengths , while inserting himself as subject in his " aesthetic aspirations " through a variety of forums .
Johnson has garnered national attention for both his unusual subject matter and for his process . In addition to portrait photography , Johnson is known for his use of a 19th @-@ century process that uses Van Dyke brown , a transparent organic pigment , and exposure to sunlight . He achieves a painterly feel with his prints with the application of pigment
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
for the nuclear weapons , but this was cut due to time constraints ; so it is unclear if the event occurred or if Sora may still be being held .
= = Release and reception = =
" Rising " was the strongest episode to date gaining a 3 @.@ 2 on the Nielsen ratings . " The Brotherhood " received ratings of 2 @.@ 3 when it initially aired on Sci Fi . The worst rated episode in the season was " Home " , which received an 1 @.@ 7 rating . John Sinnott from DVDTalk called season one a " very good spinoff , " certifying it " highly recommended . " Dan Heaton from Digitally Obsessed was positive to the first season , and said the pilot started " in fashion . " Reviewer Dan Phelps from DVDFanatic gave the series " thumbs up " and gave the series an A- .
" Rising " was nominated for a Leo Award in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Production Design " . " Childhood 's End " was one of only two Stargate franchise episodes ( with " Poisoning the Well " ) directed by Sci @-@ Fi veteran David Winning . It won three international awards for directing ; New York , Chicago and Houston . For " Poisoning The Well " , Paul McGillion and David Nykl were nominated for a Leo Award in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Supporting Performance by a Male " , and Allison Hossack was nominated for a Leo Award in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Supporting Performance by a Female " . " The Storm " was nominated for a Leo Award in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Overall Sound " . " The Eye " was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category " Best Visual Effects " , was nominated for a Leo Award in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Picture Editing " , and won a Leo Award in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Visual Effects " . For " The Defiant One " , director Peter DeLuise was nominated for a Leo Award in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Direction " and in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Screenwriting " . " Before I Sleep " was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category " Best Achievement in Make @-@ Up " . For " The Brotherhood " , writer Martin Gero was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category " Best Writing in a Dramatic Series " .
= = = Cultural references = = =
" The Defiant One " is the first time Rodney McKay refers to John Sheppard as " Captain Kirk " which is a recurring joke in the series . It refers to Sheppard 's protective nature to the puddle jumpers and his tendency to pick up alien women . In the continuing list of references in Stargate to The Wizard of Oz , McKay mentions in " Sanctuary " to " Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain " , a reference to the Emerald Wizard of the story . He also compares Sheppard 's actions with Chaya to Captain Kirk , continuing the links between Stargate and Star Trek .
= The Amazing Jeckel Brothers =
The Amazing
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
5 it returned to a stable monthly schedule .
In July 1966 Roberts & Vinter 's distributor , Thorpe & Porter , went bankrupt , owing Roberts & Vinter a substantial sum . The resulting financial pressure led Roberts & Vinter to focus on their more profitable magazines , and they made plans to close down both Science Fantasy and New Worlds . After hearing of these plans , Moorcock and Warburton began to consider forming a separate company to continue publishing New Worlds , and Brian Aldiss contacted well @-@ known literary figures such as J.B. Priestley , Kingsley Amis , Marghanita Laski , and Angus Wilson to gain support for an application for a grant from the British Arts Council in late 1966 . In early January 1967 Aldiss discovered that the grant application would be successful , and that New Worlds would be awarded £ 150 per issue , though in the event the formal grant certification was delayed until at least May . The grant was enough to enable the magazine to continue , though it would not cover all costs . A publisher still needed to be found , and both Fontana and Panther Books expressed an interest , but the promise of the money and the prestige of an Arts Council grant convinced Warburton to stay involved personally . While these negotiations were going on , two more issues were assembled from backfile material and donated stories . Roberts & Vinter had ceased to exist by this time , so a sister company , Gold Star Publications , became the publisher for both these issues , with Warburton and Aldiss providing Gold Star with personal financial guarantees . These two issues appeared in March and April 1967 , but the latter was mistakenly also dated March in the indicia . Science Fantasy , which by this time had been retitled SF Impulse , was not continued but was merged with New Worlds as of the first Gold Star issue , though nothing of SF Impulse 's design or content was visible in New Worlds .
= = = Arts Council = = =
The partnership Warburton and Moorcock formed to continue New Worlds was named Magnelist Publications . Moorcock and Warburton reviewed the dummy issue Moorcock had put together when he first became editor , and Warburton agreed to switch to the larger format . The first issue from Magnelist appeared in July 1967 , beginning a regular monthly schedule . Moorcock remained as editor with Langdon Jones as his assistant , and Charles Platt became the layout designer . Poor sales led Warburton to cease his involvement after the November issue , but the magazine was again saved , this time by Sylvester Stein of Stonehart Publications .
Delays led to a skipped month , with the December 1967 and January 1968 issues being combined into one , but a monthly schedule returned thereafter . The March 1968 issue contained the third instalment of Norman Spinrad 's novel Bug Jack Barron , which included some fairly explicit sex scenes . A member of parliament complained in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom that the Arts Council was " sponsoring filth " ; and soon W.H. Smith and John Menzies , the two main retail outlets for magazines in the UK , withdrew the magazine from sale . The complaints came at the time when the Arts Council was considering renewing the grant for another year , and it appeared for a while that New Worlds would have to cease publication , but eventually the grant was renewed . Some private donations also came in , and with money from advertising , and a substantial contribution from Moorcock himself , the magazine was able to survive . The loss of revenue caused by the withdrawal from sale of the March 1968 issue was exacerbated by a temporary ban on the magazine in South Africa , New Zealand and Australia , and by John Menzies ' subsequent decision not to stock New Worlds . W.H. Smith left it to their individual branch managers to decide whether or not to carry the magazine . Stonehart were unhappy with developments and refused to pay the printers , who in turn withheld the printed copies . The Arts Council money had been intended for the contributors , but a disagreement over the grant led to Stonehart 's refusal to pay them as well . Some negative coverage appeared in the press as a consequence of the distribution ban . The grant was eventually renewed , but by late that year Stein had had enough and Stonehart ceased their involvement with New Worlds after the July 1968 issue .
Without reliable distribution at the leading newsagents , New Worlds had to rely on subscriptions and donations . The magazine was not profitable , and since Moorcock had not formed a company to publish it , he was personally responsible for its costs . To bring in cash he had been writing fantasy novels at a very rapid rate since early 1968 , and from early 1969 the editorial work was given to various others , primarily Charles Platt and Langdon Jones . A regular monthly schedule was adhered to from January until July 1969 , at which point came another financial blow when it was discovered that half of the print run of 20 @,@ 000 was being held back by the distributors . Moorcock attempted to regroup by reducing the number of pages in each issue , and because he was again forced to write as much as he could to earn enough to pay New Worlds 's bills , he turned over almost all editorial duties to Charles Platt , though others involved with the magazine also took turns at the editorial work over the next few issues . Moorcock was £ 3 @,@ 000 in debt , and in combination with the Arts Council 's decision not to renew their grant he found himself with no option but to cease publication . The April 1970 issue , the 200th , was the last that
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
went out to the distributors ; one more issue was prepared and mailed to subscribers in March of the following year .
= = = Later incarnations = = =
When Moorcock realized that the magazine would have to fold , he made arrangements with Sphere Books to continue New Worlds as a quarterly paperback anthology series . Sphere produced eight issues , although the quarterly schedule was not adhered to after the fourth issue ; the eighth issue appeared in 1975 . Six issues were reprinted in the US . The early issues did well financially , with about 25 @,@ 000 copies sold , not counting US sales . Moorcock turned over the editorship to Charles Platt with the sixth volume , and to Hilary Bailey thereafter , to give himself more time to devote to his own writing : he also commented that by this time " I no longer had my editorial touch ( I couldn 't read sf at all ) " . Sphere cancelled the series after two more issues ; it was briefly taken over by Corgi Books , but sales were weak and Corgi dropped the series with New Worlds 10 in 1976 , although according to Moorcock he and Bailey decided to end the series when they got into disagreements with Corgi . In the US Berkley Books published volumes 1 through 4 , and when they dropped the series Platt , who was a consulting editor at Avon Books , reprinted two further volumes , number 6 and 7 of the UK series .
In 1978 the magazine was revived by Moorcock again , this time in a fanzine format . Four more issues appeared , professionally printed and with various editors , between Spring 1978 and September 1979 . There followed a long gap until 1991 , when New Worlds again reappeared as a paperback anthology series , this time edited by David S. Garnett . Four volumes appeared between 1991 and 1994 , published by Victor Gollancz . Moorcock edited a fiftieth anniversary issue in 1996 , and Garnett subsequently edited one more issue of the anthology . Together with the earlier fanzine , magazine and anthology versions , these took the issue numbering from 212 through to 222 . In 2012 there was a relaunch in the form of a simultaneous print and online magazine , titled Michael Moorcock 's New Worlds - two issues were released before a long period of hiatus , followed by a formal statement in Facebook ( October 8 , 2014 ) that the magazine had ceased due to lack of subscriber income .
= = Contents and reception = =
= = = Carnell = = =
The lead story of the first issue of New Worlds was Maurice Hugi 's " The Mill of the Gods " . John Russell Fearn contributed four stories , under his own name and three pseudonyms , and William Temple provided " The Three Pylons " , a fantasy which turned out to be the most popular story in the issue . Sf historian Mike Ashley regards the next two issues as an improvement on the first ; the second issue contained John Wyndham 's " The Living Lies " , under his " John Beynon " alias , and the third contained " Inheritance " , an early story by Arthur C. Clarke . Wyndham 's story , about hostility and bigotry shown by settlers on Venus to the Venusian natives , was reprinted in Other Worlds in 1950 , while " Inheritance " later appeared in Astounding Science Fiction .
The acquisition of Nova Publications by Maclaren in 1954 gave New Worlds the stability to establish itself as a leading magazine . Ashley describes the period from 1954 to 1960 as a " Golden Age " for New Worlds . Carnell bought J. G. Ballard 's first sale , " Escapement " , which appeared in the December 1956 New Worlds ; Ballard went on to become a significant figure in the genre in the 1960s . Ballard was grateful to Carnell for the support he provided Ballard in the late 1950s . Much of Ballard 's work appeared in New Worlds and Science Fantasy , and Ballard later recalled that Carnell " recognized what I was on about from a very early stage and he encouraged me to go on writing in my own way . " Carnell also published much of Brian Aldiss 's early work in Science Fantasy and New Worlds . John Brunner , later to become one of the most successful British science fiction writers , appeared regularly in the Nova magazines , starting with " Visitors ' Book " in the April 1955 New Worlds . James White began publishing with " Assisted Passage " in the January 1953 New Worlds , and in 1957 began his popular Sector General series , about a hospital for aliens , with " Sector General " in the November 1957 issue . John Wyndham , who was already well known outside the genre for works such as The Day of the Triffids , began a series about the Troons , a space @-@ going family , with " For All the Night " in the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Education Funding Council for England ( HEFCE ) .
The Centre will provide industry with a world @-@ leading real @-@ time experimental facility for testing and optimising advanced technologies , underpinning the development of the new mobile broadband internet products and services . This will give Surrey the opportunity to be a major influence in critical standardisation and radio regulatory bodies in the emerging 5G arena .
Professor Rahim Tafazolli , Director of the 5GIC , said , “ By bringing together leading academics with heavyweight industry partners , I believe we can develop the technologies required for the future .
In addition , the Surrey Research Park is a 28 ha ( 69 @-@ acre ) low density development which is owned and developed by the university , providing large landscaped areas with water features and facilities for over 110 companies engaged in a broad spectrum of research , development and design activities . The university generates the third highest endowment income out of all UK universities " reflecting its commercially @-@ orientated heritage . "
= = = Centre for Communication Systems Research = = =
CCSR at the University of Surrey is the UK 's largest and most well @-@ known academic research centre in Mobile and Satellite Communication Systems . CCSR has a long @-@ standing track record of being a major academic research group in the field of wireless communications within Europe and historically it has a unique research approach on both satellite as well as terrestrial mobile communication systems . The research activities within the group encompass all levels of communication systems , from antennas & propagation , air interfaces , PHY , MAC , networking layer up to the service support platforms and distributed applications and user interfaces . It is a major participant in European Union Information Science and Technology ( IST ) projects . It has major collaborations in India , China , Korea , Japan and USA as well as several links in the communications industry and UK Catapults . It holds a 100 % graduate employment record . CCSR was selected by industry as a core member of the UK Virtual Centre of Excellence in Mobile and Personal Communications .
Surrey ’ s research into the Web of Things has been highlighted as one of the top 10 technology trends for 2014 by the IEEE Computing Society .
= = = Awards = = =
In 1991 the university was granted the Queen 's Award for Export Achievement , and in 1996 it was awarded the Queen 's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education in recognition of the university 's outstanding achievement in satellite engineering and communications , teaching and research by the Centre for Satellite Engineering Research and its associated companies . In 1998 Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd ( SSTL ) was awarded the Queen 's Award for Technological Achievement . This was presented in person by the Queen on her second visit to the university , accompanied by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh and HRH The Duke of Kent , Chancellor of the University .
More recently the university was awarded the 2002 Queen 's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education , this time for its internationally renowned research and development on optoelectronic devices and ion beam applications . The university has a high number of staff who are academicians of the learned societies : 10 Fellows of the Royal Society , 21 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering , one Fellow of the British Academy and 6 Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences .
In July 2007 , the university was awarded Fairtrade University status by the Fairtrade Foundation .
In 2011 , the university won the 2011 Queen 's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education , for its research into the fields of safe water and sanitation .
In 2013 , the Electronic Engineering Department of the university won the 2013 Elektra Award University Department of the Year , marking it the most innovative and successful in Europe .
= = = Rankings = = =
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
The University of Surrey is recognised as one of the leading universities in the United Kingdom and has climbed rapidly in national league tables as of recent years . In the The Sunday Times 10 @-@ year ( 1998 – 2007 ) average ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance , Surrey was ranked 35th overall in the UK , as of 2016 it now places between 4th and 8th in the three main ranking compilations of universities in the United Kingdom . For the most recent domestic university league tables , the university is ranked 4th overall by The Guardian , 8th overall by the Complete University Guide , 8th overall by the Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2016 .
Subjects ranked in the top 10 include Hospitality & Tourism , Law , Electronic Engineering , Food Science , Sociology , Aerospace Engineering , Mechanical Engineering , Civil Engineering , Chemical Engineering , Economics and Psychology . In world rankings , Times Higher Education ranked the university 190th in 2007 .
= = = Educational links = = =
Since its foundation , the university has fostered links with other educational bodies in the local community and region . For example , in recent years it has validated courses at and subsequently accredited Saint Mary 's College ( now an independent institution called St Mary 's University College , Twickenham ) , Wimbledon School of Art , and Farnborough College of Technology . The university currently validates courses at North East Surrey College of Technology ( NESCOT ) , Guildford School of Acting , Guildford College of Further & Higher Education , King Edward VII Hospital Department of Staff Development , The Nuclear Department at HMS Sultan , St John 's Seminary , Southern Theological Education & Training Scheme ( STETS ) , the Pre @-@ Retirement Association and SHL ( UK ) Ltd .
In 1998 , as a result of the continuing development in the relationship between the university and the nearby Roehampton Institute , it was decided to form an academic federation . In November 1999 , the Privy Council approved the necessary changes to the university 's Charter and Statutes and the Roehampton Institute became The University of Surrey Roehampton at the beginning of 2000 . Between 2000 and 2004 , the university and Roehampton worked together as the Federal University of Surrey . In June 2004 , the Privy Council granted Roehampton an independent university title , and it became Roehampton University from 1 August 2004 . This move ended the federal partnership between the two institutions , although collaboration between the two is being maintained .
In 2007 , the university and Dongbei University of Finance and Economics in Dalian , China , launched the Surrey International Institute , DUFE . The SII at DUFE offers Surrey degrees and dual @-@ degree programmes in China . A placement year link with University of North Carolina is currently being initiated in 2009 , where each institution places students from the other with companies located nearby , in the South East of England and the Carolinas , respectively .
= = = International partners = = =
The university holds a number of formal links with institutions from around the world to share teaching and research and facilitate staff and student exchanges .
University of São Paulo , Brazil
Seoul National University , South Korea
University of Central Florida , USA
North Carolina State University , USA
The DUFE — Surrey International Institute ( 东北财经大学萨里国际学院 ) is an academic partnership with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics in Dalian , China
University of Hong Kong
Nanyang Technological University
National Autonomous University of Mexico Head Associate Diego Luiz
MODUL University Vienna , Austria
= = Notable academics and alumni = =
= = = Notable alumni = = =
= = = Notable academics = = =
Academics to work at the university include Alf Adams , pioneer of the strained quantum @-@ well laser ; Jim Al @-@ Khalili , the nuclear physicist , author and broadcaster ; Aleks Krotoski , the technology journalist and broadcaster ; Sir Martin Sweeting , founder of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd ; and Nigel Gilbert , the sociologist pioneer in the use of agent @-@ based models in the social sciences .
On 20 May 2009 , Andreas Mogensen , a researcher at the Surrey Space Centre , was announced as a new member of the European Astronaut Corps , part of the European Space Agency and in doing so , will become the first Danish astronaut .
In February 2011 , terrorism and Northern Ireland expert Marie Breen Smyth , joined the Politics department , as Chair in International Relations . In March 2005 , Breen @-@ Smyth , ( then Smyth ) gave evidence to the House of Commons Northern Ireland Affairs Committee Inquiry into Dealing with Northern Ireland 's past . Another notable academic was the late translation studies scholar Peter Newmark .
One notable academic , who is known for his work in Nanotechnology , is Ravi Silva . Ravi Silva is the current Director of the Advanced Technology Institute at the university . In 2003 , he was awarded the Albert Einstein Silver Medal and the Javed Husain Prize by UNESCO for contributions to electronic devices . The 2011 Clifford Paterson Lecture was given by Silva for his outstanding contributions to basic science and engineering in the field of carbon nanoscience and nanotechnology . The lecture is given annually on any aspect of engineering . The General Electric Company Limited endowed the lecture in 1975 in honour of Clifford Paterson who undertook the creation of the GEC Research Laboratories in 1919 . Other notable academics who have delivered the lecture include Frank Kelly and Richard Friend , both from the University of Cambridge .
Surrey 's Centre for Environmental Strategy ( established by Roland Clift in 1992 ) gained a lot of attention with the publication of Prosperity Without Growth
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
II ( Mountains Beyond Mountains ) " .
In a nod to the Butlers ' maternal grandfather , Alvino Rey , who was an amateur radio operator , the logo used by the band from this time was a variation of that used by the American Radio Relay League . Also , when playing the single " We Used to Wait " live , the background video screen features a radio exchange between Rey and a Canadian operator having Call Sign VE3YV . The video also features many other amateur radio artifacts .
Arcade Fire performed at the 53rd Grammy Awards in February 2011 . The band was nominated for Grammy Awards in three categories : Album of the Year , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , and Best Alternative Music Album ( for The Suburbs ) . Out of the three nominations , they won the award for Album of the Year .
At the 2011 BRIT Awards , The Suburbs won Best International Album , and Arcade Fire won the Award for Best International Group .
In March 2011 , Arcade Fire was honoured at the Juno Awards of 2011 . They won Group of the Year and Songwriter of the Year for " Ready to Start " , " Sprawl II ( Mountains Beyond Mountains ) " , and " We Used to Wait " , all off The Suburbs . The Suburbs also won Album of the Year and Alternative Album of the Year .
On April 19 , 2011 it was announced that Arcade Fire will release a deluxe edition of their album The Suburbs featuring the short film Scenes from the Suburbs , by director Spike Jonze , as well as two new tracks , " Culture War " and " Speaking in Tongues " featuring David Byrne . Scenes from the Suburbs , which debuted at the Berlin International Film Festival 2011 , has a running time of 30 minutes . The film screened at the SXSW Film Festival 2011 and saw its online premiere on MUBI on June 27 , 2011 . Writing for the Canadian Press , Nick Patch called the film " a sci @-@ fi puzzler that seems to blend the paranoia of Terry Gilliam films with the nostalgia of classic Steven Spielberg flicks . "
On June 16 , the album was named as a longlisted nominee ( one of 40 ) for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize . On July 6 , the album was named as a shortlisted ( one of 10 ) nominee for the 2011 award . On September 20 , 2011 , they were awarded the Polaris Prize .
On May 19 , 2012 Arcade Fire ( minus members Will and Tim ) made their third appearance on Saturday Night Live , playing as a backup band for musical guest and host Mick Jagger . The band played " The Last Time " with Jagger , and participated in Kristen Wiig 's farewell skit , playing " She 's a Rainbow " into " Ruby Tuesday " . The band wore carrés rouges ( red squares ) to show support for the 2012 Quebec student protests .
Arcade Fire recorded a song for The Hunger Games soundtrack ( The Hunger Games : Songs from District 12 and Beyond ) , called " Abraham 's Daughter " . The song is featured in the movie 's end credits . The soundtrack was released on March 20 , 2012 , debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 . It sold more than 175 @,@ 000 copies in its first week according to Nielsen SoundScan . It 's the first theatrical film soundtrack to top the chart since Michael Jackson 's " This Is It " debuted at No. 1 on the list . It is also only the 16th soundtrack to debut at No. 1 in the history of the Billboard 200 chart ( those soundtracks include film , television , and straight @-@ to @-@ video efforts ) .
Arcade Fire also contributed to the movie 's original score , The Hunger Games : Original Motion Picture Score . The group composed the grand , fascistic @-@ inspired , ominous Panem national anthem , entitled " Horn of Plenty " , an important and signature leitmotif appearing throughout the film . “ We were interested in making music that would be more integral in the movie , just as a mental exercise , ” Butler , who co @-@ wrote the song with Chassagne , explained . “ And there ’ s an anthem that runs throughout the books , the national anthem of the fascist Capitol . So as a thought experiment , we tried to write what that might sound like . It ’ s like the Capitol ’ s idea of itself , basically . ” He further added that " it 's not a pop song or anything . More of an anthem that could be playing at a big sporting event like the [ Hunger ] Games . So we did a structure for that , and then James Newton Howard made a movie @-@ score version of it that happens in several places in the film . ” Arcade Fire 's Panem national anthem has received strong reviews . According to Spin Mobile , " ' Horn of Plenty ' sounds both exactly like Arcade Fire and exactly like a futuristic anthem . "
= = = 2013 – present : Reflektor and Her Soundtrack = = =
Arcade Fire and Mercury Records confirmed that they would release a fourth album in late 2013 . In December 2012 , the band 's manager Scott Rodger confirmed that Arcade Fire was in the studio working with regular producer of the band Markus Dravs and James Murphy , frontman of LCD Soundsystem . The official Arcade Fire pre @-@ order website sets the release date on October 28 , 2013 . The band announced on January 18 , 2013 that they were selling the church they had been using as a studio due to a collapsed roof . Throughout 2013 , the band worked on the album in several different recording studios - including Murphy 's DFA Records studio in New York . On June 22 , 2013 , Rolling Stone reported that new material from the album would be released on September 9 , 2013 .
On July 12 , the band announced via a reply on Twitter that their new album will be released on October 29 .
Arcade Fire 's 2013 tour generated controversy in some smaller clubs . The band made a mandatory dress code of " formal dress or costume " for a few locations , with negative reactions from fans .
Arcade Fire members William Butler and Owen Pallett received an Oscar nomination for Best Original score for Spike Jonze 's 2013 science @-@ fiction romance film Her . Speculation emerged in August that the album would be named Reflektor after images began circulating of street art using the name . These images were collected on an Instagram account and later uploads noted the date of September 9 and time of 9 P.M. Arcade Fire confirmed their connection to the campaign with a billboard put up in New York City on August 26 , 2013 . A week later , the band released a 15 @-@ second music clip on Spotify titled " 9pm 9 / 9 " under the album name Reflektor .
English rock musician David Bowie contributed to backing vocals on the title song , " Reflektor " after praising the song 's quality in fall 2013 .
Arcade Fire have recorded a version of the 1980 hit single " Games Without Frontiers " for the Peter Gabriel tribute album And I 'll Scratch Yours , which was released in September 2013 .
Arcade Fire were the musical guest on the 39th season premiere of Saturday Night Live on September 28 , 2013 . The episode drew six million viewers . They also appeared in a half hour special on NBC , Arcade Fire in Here Comes the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Night Time , that aired immediately after SNL . The special featured cameo appearances by Ben Stiller , Bono , Bill Hader , Zach Galifianakis , Rainn Wilson , Aziz Ansari , Eric Wareheim , and Michael Cera . The concert footage was filmed at the band 's surprise September 9 appearance at Montreal 's Club Salsathèque .
Arcade Fire performed live at the YouTube Music Awards on November 3 , 2013 . The performance featured an experimental " live video " directed by Her writer and director Spike Jonze , and actress Greta Gerwig . The band was nominated for a Satellite Award for Best Original Score for Her . They were also nominated for a Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Score . The band headlined the 2014 Glastonbury Festival on June 27 .
At the 2014 Juno Awards , Reflektor won Album of the Year and Alternative Album of the Year . The album was also a shortlisted nominee for the 2014 Polaris Music Prize .
A documentary film called The Reflektor Tapes , about the making of the album , was released on September 24 , 2015 and was shown at the 2015 Toronto Film Festival . The following day , a deluxe edition of the album containing original recordings and five unreleased songs was released . The documentary was directed by Kahlil Joseph , winner of the 2013 Sundance Grand Jury Prize for Short Films .
On May 25 , 2016 Win Butler and Régine Chassagne performed a surprise set outside the Louvre which included a new song . The pair were invited by the french street artist JR to DJ at the launch of his new exhibition titled JR Au Louvre , but set up set up drums and keyboards in the Tuleries gardens . The band covered David Bowie 's Oh ! You Pretty Things and Nothing Compares 2 U by Sinéad O 'Connor . On June 17 , Butler hosted a Reddit AMA , where he answered fan questions about the next Arcade Fire album . He stated that the new record maybe released in spring 2017 and that the band had ' no definite schedule though . It 'll be done when it 's done . ' On July 5 , the band played their first complete full @-@ band concert in two years in Barcelona , Spain as a warm up for their upcoming summer festival dates in Canada , Portugal , Spain and USA .
On July 19 , Tim Kingsbury told the CBC that the band 's upcoming fifth album will be out in 2017 .
= = Band members = =
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Funeral ( 2004 )
Neon Bible ( 2007 )
The Suburbs ( 2010 )
Reflektor ( 2013 )
= = Tours = =
Funeral Tour ( 2003 – 2005 )
Neon Bible Tour ( 2007 – 2008 )
The Suburbs Tour ( 2010 – 2011 )
Reflektor Tour ( 2013 – 2014 )
2016 Tour ( 2016 )
= Outer Hebrides =
The Outer Hebrides , also known as the Western Isles ( Scottish Gaelic : Na h @-@ Eileanan Siar [ nə ˈhelanən ˈʃiəɾ ] or Na h @-@ Eileanan an Iar [ nəˈhelanən əˈɲiəɾ ] ) , Innse Gall ( " islands of the strangers " ) or the Long Isle or Long Island ( Gaelic : An t @-@ Eilean Fada ) , is an island chain off the west coast of mainland Scotland . The islands are geographically coextensive with Comhairle nan Eilean Siar , one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland . They form part of the Hebrides , separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch , the Little Minch and the Sea of the Hebrides . Scottish Gaelic is the predominant spoken language , although in a few areas English speakers form a majority .
Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from ancient metamorphic rocks and the climate is mild and oceanic . The 15 inhabited islands have a total population of 27 @,@ 400 and there are more than 50 substantial uninhabited islands . From Barra Head to the Butt of Lewis is roughly 210 kilometres ( 130 mi ) .
There are various important prehistoric structures , many of which pre @-@ date the first written references to the islands by Roman and Greek authors . The Western Isles became part of the Norse kingdom of the Suðreyjar , which lasted for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266 . Control of the islands was then held by clan chiefs , principal of whom were the MacLeods , MacDonalds , Mackenzies and MacNeils . The Highland Clearances of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline . Much of the land is now under local control and commercial activity is based on tourism , crofting , fishing , and weaving .
Sea transport is crucial and a variety of ferry services operate between the islands and to mainland Scotland . Modern navigation systems now minimise the dangers but in the past the stormy seas have claimed many ships . Religion , music and sport are important aspects of local culture , and there are numerous designated conservation areas to protect the natural environment .
= = Geography = =
The main islands form an archipelago of which the major islands include Lewis and Harris , North Uist , Benbecula , South Uist , and Barra . Lewis and Harris has an area of 217 @,@ 898 hectares ( 841 sq mi ) and is the largest island in Scotland and the third largest in the British Isles , after Great Britain and Ireland . It incorporates Lewis in the north and Harris in the south , both of which are frequently referred to as individual islands , although they are joined by a land border . The island does not have a common name in either English or Gaelic and is referred to as " Lewis and Harris " , " Lewis with Harris " , " Harris with Lewis " etc .
The largest islands are deeply indented by arms of the sea such as Loch Ròg , Loch Seaforth and Loch nam Madadh . There are also more than 7 @,@ 500 freshwater lochs in the Outer Hebrides , about 24 % of the total for the whole of Scotland . North and South
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
s Day .
= = Construction = =
Rosecroft was built in 1949 on 125 acres ( 51 ha ) . There are 2 @,@ 500 parking spaces including main parking by the main entrance . It is nicknamed the " Raceway by the Beltway " for being close to Interstate 495 . The track is 5 / 8 @-@ mile long and has a 700 @-@ foot home stretch . The current grandstand has been there since 1993 . It is 53 @,@ 000 square feet and is beside the 96 @,@ 000 square foot , 3 @-@ story club house . Inside the club house is the terrace dining room , which holds up to 1 @,@ 100 people . Each table in the dining room has its own television , which can be used to watch horse racing — either from Rosecroft or other tracks around the world .
= = Prominent visitors = =
Thomas D 'Alesandro , former United States House of Representatives
Zsa Zsa Gabor , Hungarian actress
George Foreman , retired champion boxer
Parris Glendening , former Governor of Maryland
Lyndon B. Johnson , former president of the United States
Nancy Pelosi , former Speaker of the US House of Representatives , current House Minority Leader
Jennings Randolph , former United States Senator
Elizabeth Taylor , British actress
= = Track records = =
= Rainbow ( Mariah Carey album ) =
Rainbow is the seventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released on November 2 , 1999 , by Columbia Records . The album followed the same pattern as Carey 's previous album , Butterfly ( 1997 ) , in which she began her transition into the R & B market . Rainbow contains a mix of hip @-@ hop @-@ influenced R & B jams , as well as a variety of slow ballads . On the album , Carey worked with David Foster and Diane Warren , who , as well as Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis , replaced Walter Afanasieff , the main balladeer Carey worked with throughout the 90s . As a result of her separation from her husband , Tommy Mottola , Carey had more control over the musical style of this album , so she collaborated with several artists such as Jay @-@ Z , Usher , and Snoop Dogg , as well as Missy Elliott , Joe , Da Brat , Master P , Eve , Lil ' Kim , 98 ° , Phil Collins and Mystikal .
On Carey 's previous album , Butterfly , she began incorporating several other genres , including R & B , soul and hip @-@ hop , into her musical repertoire . In order to further push her musical horizons , Carey featured Jay @-@ Z on the album 's lead single , the first time in her career that another artist was featured on one of her lead singles . Carey wrote ballads that were closer to R & B than pop for this album , and worked with Snoop Dogg and Usher on songs such as " Crybaby " and " How Much " , both of which featured strong R & B beats and grooves . Several of the ballads that Carey wrote during this period , including " Thank God I Found You " ( written with Terry Lewis ) and " After Tonight " ( written with Diane Warren ) , mirrored sentiments she experienced in her personal life .
Upon release , Rainbow received mixed to positive reviews from contemporary music critics . While many celebrated Carey 's continued musical departure from her adult contemporary past , some felt the album was not as strong or as distinct as Butterfly . The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , with first week sales of 323 @,@ 000 . It was her first album in years to not reach number one . Rainbow was certified triple @-@ platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of three million copies within the United States . Outside the US , the album debuted atop the charts in France , and within the top five in Australia , Austria , Belgium , the Netherlands , Germany , Japan , and Switzerland . In Europe , Rainbow was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , denoting shipments of one million copies throughout the continent . As of 2004 , the album has sold in excess of seven million copies worldwide .
Five singles were released from the album . The album 's lead single , " Heartbreaker " featuring Jay @-@ Z , became Carey 's fourteenth number @-@ one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , and topped the charts in Canada , New Zealand , France and Spain . " Thank God I Found You " , featuring Joe and 98 Degrees , also topped the Hot 100 , but achieved moderate international charting . The next two singles , " Can 't Take That
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
09 . The Hercules were transferred to No. 84 Wing in 2010 . No. 86 Wing headquarters relocated from Richmond to Amberley in January 2012 .
= = History = =
= = = Attack formation ( 1945 – 46 ) = = =
Established in March 1945 under the command of Group Captain J.M. Whyte , No. 86 ( Attack ) Wing comprised two flying units , No. 1 Squadron operating de Havilland Mosquitos and No. 93 Squadron operating Bristol Beaufighters . The wing was initially based on the island of Morotai in the South West Pacific theatre , as part of the Australian First Tactical Air Force . Its order of battle for Operation Oboe Six , the assault on north @-@ west Borneo commencing in June , included Nos. 1 and 93 Squadrons , No. 84 Operational Base Unit , No. 30 Air Stores Park , No. 29 Medical Clearing Station , and No. 1 Repair and Servicing Unit — a total of over 1 @,@ 400 personnel . Delays getting the aircraft operational at their forward base on Labuan meant that the wing only completed three combat missions before the end of the Pacific War , conducting rocket and machine @-@ gun attacks on targets in Sarawak during August 1945 . No. 1 Squadron took part in one operation and No. 93 Squadron in two ; each unit lost one aircraft in action .
No. 86 Wing was originally to have been augmented by a third combat unit , No. 94 Squadron , flying Mosquitos . Formed in May 1945 , the squadron was still undergoing training when the war ended , and it was disbanded at RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales , in January 1946 . In December 1945 , shortly after the end of the Pacific War , the commanding officer of No. 93 Squadron , Squadron Leader D.K.M. Gulliver , crashed his Beaufighter on takeoff at Labuan , colliding with two P @-@ 51 Mustangs of No. 77 Squadron parked at the airfield ; Gulliver and five people on the ground died in the accident , including the then @-@ Officer Commanding No. 86 Wing , Group Captain L.C.M. Holswich . Between January and March 1946 , the Beaufighters escorted Mustangs of No. 81 Wing to Japan for service as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force . In August that year , Nos. 1 and 93 Squadrons disbanded at Narromine , New South Wales .
= = = Initial transport formation ( 1946 – 64 ) = = =
Re @-@ formed at RAAF Station Scho
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Mexico . It has also been reported from South America , Europe , and Asia .
= Obscene Publications Act 1959 =
The Obscene Publications Act 1959 ( c . 66 ) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament that significantly reformed the law related to obscenity in England and Wales . Prior to the passage of the Act , the law on publishing obscene materials was governed by the common law case of R v Hicklin , which had no exceptions for artistic merit or the public good . During the 1950s , the Society of Authors formed a committee to recommend reform of the existing law , submitting a draft bill to the Home Office in February 1955 . After several failed attempts to push a bill through Parliament , a committee finally succeeded in creating a viable bill , which was introduced to Parliament by Roy Jenkins and given the Royal Assent on 29 July 1959 , coming into force on 29 August 1959 as the Obscene Publications Act 1959 . With the committee consisting of both censors and reformers , the actual reform of the law was limited , with several extensions to police powers included in the final version .
The Act created a new offence for publishing obscene material , repealing the common law offence of obscene libel which was previously used , and also allows Justices of the Peace to issue warrants allowing the police to seize such materials . At the same time it creates two defences ; firstly , the defence of innocent dissemination , and secondly the defence of public good . The Act has been used in several high @-@ profile cases , such as the trials of Penguin Books for publishing Lady Chatterley 's Lover and Oz for the Schoolkids OZ issue .
= = Background and passage = =
Obscene publications were , historically , something for the canon law ; the first prosecution in a court of common law was not until 1727 . Prior to the passing of the 1959 Act , the publication of obscene materials within England and Wales was governed by the common law and the Obscene Publications Act 1857 . The common law , as established in R v Hicklin [ 1868 ] 3 QB 360 , set the test of " obscenity " as " whether the tendency of the letter published is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influence and into whose hands the publication might fall " , while the 1857 Act allowed any stipendiary magistrate or any two Justices of the Peace to issue a warrant authorising the police to search for , seize and destroy any obscene publications . It was generally accepted that the existing law was heavily flawed , for several reasons . Firstly , the so @-@ called " Hicklin test " from R v Hicklin was both unduly narrow and unyielding ; it did not , for example , take into account the intentions of the defendant . Secondly , the test meant that individual sections of a published work could by analysed and the entire work declared obscene , even if the rest of the work was fairly mild . Thirdly , there was no defence based on the public good , and no opportunity to submit evidence showing the artistic merits of the work , and fourthly , works could be destroyed without the author or publisher even being informed and given an opportunity to speak .
During the 1950s , efforts started to attempt reform of the law . Following the prosecution of several notable publishers , the Society of Authors formed a committee ( with Norman St John @-@ Stevas as legal advisor ) to recommend reform of the existing law , submitting their proposals and a draft bill to the Home Office in February 1955 . Instead of the wholesale reform the Society hoped for , the government instead chose limited reform through the Children and Young Persons ( Harmful Publications ) Act 1955 dealing with horror comics , which kept the Hicklin test but required that the work as a whole be examined . The Society and sympathetic Members of Parliament then attempted to introduce a Private Member 's Bill , but this was quashed by the ensuing general election . Another Private Member 's Bill was successfully introduced in March 1957 and sent to a committee . Composed of a mix of censors and reformers , the committee 's recommendations were mixed , consisting of both conservative ( further powers of search and seizure for the police ) and liberal ( the use of expert evidence attesting to the work 's artistic merit ) proposals .
The committee 's proposals were published in March 1958 , and a new bill was introduced under the Ten Minute Rule , failing to gain the requisite support . After A. P. Herbert stood for Parliament on a platform of obscenity reform , the Home Office had a change of heart and introduced a new bill through Roy Jenkins in 1959 , a compromise between the aims of the campaigners and the goals of the Home Office . It was introduced to the House of Lords by Lord Birkett , received the Royal Assent on 29 July
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
4 race and the fourth fastest time in the history of the Boat Race , yet the narrowest winning margin since the 1952 race . It was the Light Blues ' second consecutive win , their third win in four years and took the overall record in the race to 56 – 45 in their favour .
According to the rowing correspondent of The Times , it was " one of the greatest battles in the history of the race " . Cambridge 's boat club president Masser said " I cannot speak too highly Oxford 's magnificent row . We had planned to build up an early lead and then row clean away ... but hard as we tried we could not shake Oxford off our tail . "
= Charles Scherf =
Charles Curnow Scherf , DSO , DFC & Bar ( 17 May 1917 – 13 July 1949 ) was an Australian flying ace of the Second World War . Born in New South Wales , Scherf was working on his father 's grazing property when he enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force in 1941 . On graduating as a pilot , he was sent to the United Kingdom for service in the European theatre . Flying de Havilland Mosquitos with No. 418 Squadron RCAF , Scherf was credited with the destruction of 7 ½ aircraft in the air and on the ground , and awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross . Afterward , he was posted for duties with Headquarters Air Defence Great Britain . He nevertheless returned occasionally to No. 418 Squadron and flew operational sorties with the unit , destroying a further 16 aircraft and earning two more decorations . By the end of the war , Scherf had achieved 14 ½ aerial victories in 38 operational sorties . He was also credited with destroying nine aircraft on the ground , and with damaging seven others .
= = Early life = =
Scherf was born at Emmaville , New South Wales , on 17 May 1917 , the son of Charles Henry Scherf , a grazier , and his Cornish wife Susan Jane ( née Curnow ) . An active sportsman , Scherf attended the local school where he obtained an Intermediate Certificate . In 1934 , he enlisted in the Citizens Military Force and was allotted to the 12th Light Horse Regiment as a private . He rose to the rank of corporal , before taking his discharge in 1939 . On 23 August 1939 , Scherf married Florence Hope O 'Hara in an Anglican ceremony at the Holy Trinity Church , Glen Innes ; the couple would have a son and three daughters . By this time he was working as a grazier on his father 's property .
= = Second World War = =
On 12 September 1941 , Scherf enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force for service during the Second World War . Posted for flight training at No. 10 Empire Flight Training School , Temora , and later No. 6 Service Flying Training School , Mallala , he graduated as a pilot with an " above average " rating on 2 July 1942 . Commissioned as a pilot officer on 17 September , Scherf embarked from Sydney bound for the United Kingdom the following month . Following a six @-@ week voyage , he disembarked on 27 November and was attached to Royal Air Force training units for " advanced flying and operational training " . He was promoted to flying officer during this time . On completion , Scherf was posted to No. 418 Squadron RCAF on 13 July 1943 , flying de Havilland Mosquito light bombers .
In August 1943 , Scherf commenced flying operational sorties against Axis airfields in France . On 15 September , he flew as an escort to a group of eight Lancaster bombers during a low level attack on the Dortmund @-@ Ems Canal , Germany . He was promoted to acting flight lieutenant on 29 December . During this time , Scherf took part in several night operations and was credited with damaging a variety of targets as well as shooting down four German aircraft at night . Praised for his " exceptional keenness and ... courage " , Scherf was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his night time exploits . The announcement and accompanying citation for the award was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 4 April 1944 .
During late February 1944 , Scherf took part in a sortie over Axis occupied territory with Squadron Leader Howie Clevelend ; Scherf flew the leading aircraft of the two . The pair attacked an Axis airfield at St Yan , France , and successfully destroyed three aircraft on the ground . Soon after , the two pilots spotted a Heinkel He 111Z twin @-@ fuselage glider tug towing two Gotha Go 242 gliders . Scherf and Clevelend attacked the party , with Clevelend firing first and destroying one of the gliders . Scherf then destroyed the second glider , before the pair assaulted the Heinkel . In the first pass , Scherf set the starboard engine ablaze while Clevelend hit the starboard side . Scherf made a second firing pass , before the Heinkel spiralled to the ground with three of its five engines on fire . This action was Scherf 's final sortie of his tour . The pair were consequently credited with shooting down three aircraft for their efforts in the operation , with an additional three others damaged or destroyed on the ground .
On 13 March 1944 , Scherf was promoted to acting squadron leader and , with his operation tour at an end , was posted to Headquarters Air Defence Great Britain as a controller of Intruder operations . By the time of this posting , Scherf had destroyed seven airborne or grounded German aircraft , with an additional shared victory . Despite his new position , Scherf 's " impatient spirit was far from satisfied with a staff position " , and he occasionally returned to No. 418 Squadron when he was off duty , taking part in operational sorties with the unit . On 5 April , Scherf joined the squadron in a sortie over Northern France . During the engagement , Scherf shot down two Axis aircraft in the air and damaged three more on the ground . For his actions on the two operations in February and April , Scherf was awarded a Bar to his Distinguished Flying Cross . The citation for the decoration was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 12 May 1944 , reading :
Air Ministry , 12th May , 1944
The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the following awards in recognition of gallantry displayed in flying operations against the enemy —
Bar to Distinguished Flying Cross
Acting Flight Lieutenant Charles Curnow SCHERF , DFC ( Aus 413671 ) , Royal Australian Air Force , No 418 ( RCAF ) Squadron .
Since being awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross , this officer has taken part in numerous sorties and has continued to display the highest qualities of gallantry and skill . Towards the end of February , 1944 , he flew the leading aircraft of two detailed for a sortie far in enemy occupied territory . During the operation three enemy aircraft were shot down , and three others damaged on the ground . During another sortie over Northern France in April , 1944 , Flight Lieutenant Scherf destroyed two enemy aircraft in the air and damaged three others on the ground at an airfield . These 2 sorties were a fitting climax to an outstanding tour . This officer has destroyed at least 9 enemy aircraft , successes which pay an excellent tribute to his great fighting qualities and resolution .
On 2 and 16 May 1944 , Scherf took part in two further daylight sorties with No. 418 Squadron into " well @-@ defended areas far into Germany " . Leading a section of Mosquito aircraft in action against Luftwaffe bases in the Baltic area and over northern Germany , Scherf was ultimately credited with shooting down six aircraft in aerial combat , and damaging an additional three on the ground over the two operations . Commended for his " great skill , enterprise and fearlessness " , Scherf was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Service Order . The notification and accompanying citation for the decoration was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 27 June 1944 .
On 10 July 1944 , Scherf embarked from the United Kingdom to return to Australia . Arriving in Brisbane two months later , he was briefly posted to RAAF Station Sandgate . During October , Scherf was posted to No. 5 Operational Training Unit , Williamtown , as chief flying instructor . He served in this position until late December , when he was posted for duties with RAAF Base Richmond and later RAAF Bradfield Park . On 11 April 1945 , Scherf transferred to Royal Australian Air Force Reserve and returned to his home in Emmaville ; thus ending his wartime service . By this time , Scherf had been officially
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
credited with shooting down 14 ½ Axis aircraft in aerial combat , as well as nine aircraft destroyed on the ground and a further seven damaged from a total of 38 operational sorties .
= = Later life = =
On 16 February 1946 , Scherf attended an investiture ceremony at Government House , Sydney , where he was presented with his Distinguished Service Order , Distinguished Flying Cross and Bar by the Governor @-@ General of Australia , Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester . Scherf was discharged from the Royal Australian Air Force Reserve on 1 July 1947 .
Scherf found it difficult to re @-@ adjust to civilian life , and began to have nightmares about the Germans he had shot down and killed during the war . This consequently led him to drink heavily . On 13 July 1949 , Scherf was driving his car along the Inverell road approximately 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) from Emmaville when he struck a tree and the vehicle overturned ; he died later that day from his injuries sustained during the crash . Survived by his wife , their three daughters and son , Scherf was buried in the local cemetery .
= Madoc ( poem ) =
Madoc is an 1805 epic poem composed by Robert Southey . It is based on the legend of Madoc , a supposed Welsh prince who fled internecine conflict and sailed to America in the 12th century . The origins of the poem can be traced to Southey 's schoolboy days when he completed a prose version of Madoc 's story . By the time Southey was in his twenties , he began to devote himself to working on the poem in hopes that he could sell it to raise money to fulfill his ambitions to start a new life in America , where he hoped to found Utopian commune or " Pantisocracy " . Southey finally completed the poem as a whole in 1799 , at the age of 25 . However , he began to devote his efforts into extensively editing the work , and Madoc was not ready for publication until 1805 . It was finally published in two volumes by the London publisher Longman with extensive footnotes .
The first half of the poem , Madoc in Wales , describes Madoc , a young Welsh nobleman , whose family breaks down into a series of bloody disputes over royal succession . Madoc , unwilling to participate in the struggle , decides to journey to America to start a new life . When he reaches America , he is witness to the bloody human sacrifices that the Aztec nation demands of the surrounding tribes in Aztlan . Madoc , believing it is a defiance against God , leads the Hoamen , a local tribe , into warfare against the Aztecs . Eventually , Madoc conquers them and he is able to convert the Americans to Christianity before returning to Wales to find more recruits for his colony . In the second part , Madoc in Aztlan , Madoc returns to find that the Aztecs have returned to their human sacrifices . After long and bloody warfare , Madoc is able to defeat the Aztecs and force them out of their homeland and into exile .
The poem contains Southey 's bias against superstition , whether Catholic , Protestant , or pagan . He believed that the work itself was more historical than epic , and it contained many of Southey 's political views . Critics gave the work mixed reviews , with many saying that there were beautiful scenes , but many feeling that the language fell short of being adequate for the subject matter . One review went so far to mock Southey 's reliance on Welsh and Aztec names .
= = Background = =
The basis for Southey wishing to write an epic poem came from his private reading of literature while attending Westminster School as a boy . In particular , the subject was suggested by a school friend that claimed to be a descendant of Madoc 's brother , Rhodri , and Southey began to write a prose version of the story in 1789 . In 1794 , the 20 @-@ year @-@ old Southey was attempting to publish works to raise money to support himself and Samuel Taylor Coleridge in an expedition to America to establish a Pantisocracy , a democratic form of government that the two invented . One of the poems he sought to publish was Madoc , which was an epic that he started working on while at school but he never finished . Southey and Coleridge were able to complete the poem Joan of Arc by summer 1795 while Southey worked on Madoc . However , in his notebook he claimed on 22 February 1797 . " This morning I began the study of law , this evening I began Madoc . " During 1797 , Southey had given up his ideas of Pantisocracy and was studying to become a lawyer . He spent the rest of his time working on other publications , such as a translating part of Jacques Necker 's On the French Revolution . Southey continued to work on Madoc through 1798 , and started his mornings by working on the poem .
It was not until mid @-@ 1799 that Southey was able to finish composing Madoc , and soon after began to work on Thalaba . Afterwards he travelled to Portugal , where he continued to work on Madoc for two more years to polish up the language . After Portugal went to war with France and Spain , Southey returned to England . While there , he travelled to Wales to get more information for his epic . He continued to travel in 1801 , and worked on the epic during this time . In May 1804 , Southey took the beginning of the poem to the publisher Longman , and he began to finish the second section in October . It was finished and published in two parts early in 1805 , with footnotes and a preface explaining Southey 's purpose . The work cost a lot of money to publish , which prompted Southey to write " By its high price , one half the edition is condemned to be furniture in expensive libraries , and the other to collect cobwebs in the publisher 's warehouses . I foresee that I shall get no solid pudding by it " .
= = Poem = =
= = = Part one : Madoc in Wales = = =
Southey intended Madoc to be a combination of the Bible , the works of Homer , and James Macpherson 's Ossian poems . The story deals with Madoc , a legendary Welsh prince who supposedly colonised the Americas in the 12th century . The book is divided into two parts , which represent a reversed division between the Iliad and the Odyssey . The work focuses on colonisation , but starts in Wales during King Henry II 's reign of England . This section is loosely based on the historical events following the death of Owain Gwynedd , supposedly Madoc 's father , in the late 12th century . The work begins as " Owen Gwynned " is crowned king of North Wales after removing his nephew Cynetha from power . After Gwynned dies , one of his sons , David , takes the throne after killing or exiling his siblings . The youngest sibling , Madoc , leaves Britain to settle in a new land . He joins with Cadwallon , the son of Cynetha , and other Welshmen to start their journey . After discovering America , they return to recruit people to help form a new colony . Madoc stays long enough to witness fighting between his living siblings and determines that he must leave immediately .
The story follows Madoc
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
process is completed : following the 2013 @-@ 14 drop , the New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 : 00 a.m. , it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from Times Square , using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance .
= = History = =
= = = Beginnings ( 1907 – 19 ) = = =
The first New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31 , 1904 ; The New York Times ' owner , Adolph Ochs , decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper 's new headquarters , One Times Square , with a New Year 's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905 . Close to 200 @,@ 000 people attended the event , displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church . However , following several years of fireworks shows , Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area . The newspaper 's chief electrician , Walter F. Palmer , suggested using a time ball , after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building .
Ochs hired sign designer Artkraft Strauss to construct a ball for the celebration ; it was built from iron and wood , electrically lit with one hundred incandescent light bulbs , weighed 700 pounds ( 320 kg ) , and measured 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in diameter . The ball was hoisted on the building 's flagpole with rope by a team of six men . Once it hit the roof of the building , the ball was designed to complete an electric circuit to light a 5 @-@ foot tall sign indicating the new year , and trigger a fireworks show . The first ever " ball drop " was held on December 31 , 1907 , welcoming the year 1908 .
In 1913 , only eight years after it moved to One Times Square , the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street . The Times still maintained ownership of the tower , however , and Strauss continued to organize future editions of the drop .
= = = The second and third balls ( 1920 – 98 ) = = =
The original ball was retired in 1920 in favor of a new design ; the second ball remained 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in diameter , but was now constructed from iron , weighing 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) . The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year 's Eve 1942 and 1943 due to wartime lighting restrictions during World War II . Instead , a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square , accompanied by the sound of chimes played from sound trucks .
The second ball was retired in favor of a third design in 1955 ; again , it maintained the same diameter of its predecessors , but was now constructed from aluminium , and weighed 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) . In 1981 , the third ball was revamped in honor of the I Love New York campaign , with red lightbulbs and a green stem to give it the appearance of an apple . For 1988 , organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second earlier that day ( leap seconds are appended at midnight UTC , which is five hours before midnight in New York ) by extending the drop to 61 seconds , and by including a special one @-@ second light show during the extra second . The original white lightbulbs returned to the ball for 1989 , but were replaced by red , white , and blue bulbs in 1991 to salute the troops of Operation Desert Shield .
The third ball was revamped again in 1995 for 1996 , adding a computerized lighting system with 180 halogen bulbs and 144 strobe lights , and over 12 @,@ 000 rhinestones . Lighting designer Barry Arnold stated that the changes were " something [ that ] had to be done to make this event more spectacular as we approach the millennium . "
The drop itself also became computerized through the use of an electric winch synced with the National Institute of Standards and Technology 's time signal ; the new system was not without issues , however , as a glitch caused the ball to pause for a short moment halfway through
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
erved for the future .
North of Porthor is Porth Iago , a south @-@ facing narrow inlet and rocky cove , which has a small beach and steep cliffs .
= = = Rhoshirwaun = = =
Rhoshirwaun lies 2 @.@ 1 miles ( 3 @.@ 4 km ) to the north east of Aberdaron , and was formerly a marshy area . It provided fuel from peat cuttings , pasture for animals and accommodated squatters , mainly fishermen , who had encroached on the common with the tacit acceptance of the community . An inclosure act was drawn up in 1802 , designed to remove all squatters who had been there less than 20 years . Resistance to the evictions was fierce and was only suppressed by a contingent of dragoons . The act was finally applied in 1814 ; new roads were built across the moor ; boundaries were established ; allotments allocated ; and wetland reclaimed .
Castell Odo , on Mynydd Ystum , is one of Europe 's earliest Iron Age Settlements , standing 480 feet ( 150 m ) above sea level . The hillfort , 165 feet ( 50 m ) in diameter , has visible traces of eight circular huts ; pottery found on the site dates from 425 BC . Legend has it that a giant , Odo Gawr , is buried under a cairn of stones on the summit ; nearby is a huge rock known as Carreg Samson , supposedly thrown from Uwchmynydd by Samson . The holes in the rock are said to be the imprint of his fingers ; a pot of gold reputedly lies underneath .
To the east of the village , Felin Uchaf is an educational centre exploring ways of living and working in partnership with the environment . Developed on a redundant farm , it provides residential courses in rural skills and sustainable agriculture . A traditional Iron Age roundhouse has been built on the site .
= = = Uwchmynydd = = =
Uwchmynydd , 1 @.@ 8 miles ( 2 @.@ 9 km ) to the south west of Aberdaron , has a long history of human settlement . Mesolithic flints have been found in the area , and a Neolithic stone axe was discovered on Mynydd Mawr . Hut circles are visible on the summits , and part of a Roman anchor was recovered off Trwyn Bychestyn .
At Mynydd Mawr the picnic site has views which , on a fine day , take in Cardigan Bay ( Welsh : Bae Ceredigion ) , Bardsey Island and the Wicklow Mountains ( Irish : Sléibhte Chill Mhantáin ) ; at night , South Stack Lighthouse ( Welsh : Goleudy Ynys Lawd ) is visible in the distance . A road to the summit , owned by the National Trust , was built during the Second World War to provide access to the heights , where men were posted to give early warning to Liverpool of Luftwaffe air raids . The former Coastguard lookout point , manned for almost 80 years before becoming redundant in 1990 , provides views over Bardsey Sound to the island . The hut contains an exhibition to the natural history of the area , and a mural created by local children .
The headland at Braich y Pwll is the only known location on the British mainland of the spotted rock rose , which produces bright yellow petals that last only one day . The coast here has open grass heath land and mountain , giving way to rugged sea cliffs and coves . There is a profusion of wildlife , and it is an ideal vantage point to watch the spring and autumn bird migrations . Choughs , peregrine falcons , kestrels , puffins , stonechats , guillemots and Manx shearwaters can be seen , and dolphins , porpoises and seals can be spotted in the water .
Above the sea cliffs are the remains of Capel Mair ( English : St Mary 's Chapel ) , where it was customary for pilgrims to invoke the protection of the Virgin Mary before making the dangerous crossing to Bardsey Island . At the foot of Mynydd Mawr is Ffynnon Fair ( English : St Mary 's Well ) , the last stop for pilgrims crossing to the island ; the well is a freshwater spring which is covered twice daily by the sea , emerging from the ebbing tide with crystal clear water .
Cwrt ( English : Court ) , now a large farm , was the administrative centre of Bardsey Abbey 's mainland estates , and was known as the " Court of Bardsey " . The steepest cliffs in the Llŷn Peninsula are at Y Parwyd , the scene of a local ghost story . In 1794 a newly married couple moved into a cottage nearby . Within a few years they were disturbed by a phantom , but when they read a verse from the Bible , the phantom would retreat towards Y Parwyd and hover over the cliff edge before disappearing ; the couple finally moved to Bodferin . In 1801 a ship pilot was put ashore on the rocks below the cliffs . Although very drunk , he managed to climb the cliff face and , reaching the top , fell asleep in a sheep pen . In the early morning , he awoke and , still drunk , headed for home ; he walked in the wrong direction , however , and disappeared over the cliff edge into the sea .
The traditional embarkation point for pilgrims crossing to Bardsey Island was at Porth Meudwy ( English : Hermit 's Cove ) , now a lobster fishing cove . Further south is Porth y Pistyll , which has good views of Ynysoedd Gwylanod , home to puffin and guillemot colonies ; and Pen
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Abba . In earlier incarnations , Partridge 's wardrobe includes a blazer , badge and tie , driving gloves , and " too @-@ short " shorts , styles he describes as " sports casual " and " imperial leisure " . According to Iannucci , by the time of Alpha Papa his wardrobe had " evolved to the Top Gear Presenter Circa 2005 stage " , with sports jackets and a " borderline @-@ foppish " fringe . As Coogan aged , the ageing make @-@ up he wore in earlier performances became unnecessary .
Guardian critic Alexis Petridis wrote that " one of the reasons audiences find [ Partridge ] funny is that they recognise at least a bit of themselves in him . " Baynham told the Guardian that " despite the fact that people say he 's awful , a lot of the time we were trying to build empathy : you 're watching a man suffer but also at some level identifying with his pain . " Felicity Montagu , who plays Partridge 's assistant Lynn , felt he was a good person " deep down " and actually " vulnerable and lovable " . Iannucci said that Partridge stays optimistic because he never sees himself as others see him , and that despite his failings was " the perfect broadcaster for these times , when there are 24 hours to fill and dead time is a crime – he has a unique capacity to fill any vacuum with his own verbal vacuum . " Rob and Neil Gibbons felt that by the time of Mid Morning Matters , when Partridge is working for an even smaller radio station , he was more at peace with himself and that his lack of self @-@ awareness saved him from misery .
= = Reception and influence = =
Vanity Fair described Alan Partridge as " a national treasure ... a part of British comedy heritage as John Cleese 's Basil Fawlty and Rowan Atkinson 's Mr. Bean . " According to Variety , in Britain " Alan Partridge is a full @-@ on phenomenon , a multiplatform fictional celebrity whose catchphrases , mangled metaphors and social ineptitude are the stuff of legend and good ratings . " The character is less well known outside the UK , but according to Anchorman director Adam McKay , " every American comic knows who Steve is , whether it 's Stiller or Ferrell or Jack Black or me ... and everyone watching those [ Partridge ] DVDs had the same reaction . How did I not know about this guy ? " Indiewire wrote that " few Americans may know , but Partridge is a something of a comic icon across the pond ... Before there was Ron Burgundy for the Yanks , there was Alan Partridge for the Brits . "
Brian Logan wrote in the Guardian that though Partridge was created as a satire of the " asinine fluency of broadcaster @-@ speak " of the time , his study of character traits gave the character a timeless quality . Guardian writer John Crace wrote : " By rights , Alan Partridge should have been dead as a character years ago , the last drops of humour long since wrung out ... but Steve Coogan keeps finding ways to make him feel fresh . " Reviewing Alpha Papa in 2013 , the Independent wrote that Partridge is a " disarming creation " and that despite his flaws " we always root for him . "
The entertainment news site Mandatory said Partridge was " a fascinatingly layered and fully realized creation of years of storytelling and a fundamentally contemptible prick — he feels like a living , breathing person , but a living , breathing person that you want to strangle . " The Telegraph credited
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Faster Harder More Challenging Q * bert = = = =
Believing that the original game was too easy , Davis initiated development of Faster Harder More Challenging Q * bert ( also known as FHMC Q * bert ) in 1983 , which increases the difficulty , introduces Q * bertha and adds a bonus round . Finally , the project was canceled and the game never entered production . Davis later released FHMC Q * bert 's ROM image onto the web .
= = = = Q * bert 's Quest = = = =
Gottlieb also released a pinball game , Q * bert 's Quest , based on the arcade version . It features two pairs of flippers in an " X " formation and audio from the arcade . Gottlieb produced fewer than 900 units .
= = = = Q * bert 's Qubes = = = =
Several video game sequels were released over the years , but did not reach the same level of success as the original . The first , titled Q * bert 's Qubes , shows a copyright for 1983 on its title screen , whereas the instruction manual cites a 1984 copyright . It was manufactured by Mylstar Electronics , and uses the same hardware as the original . The game features Q * bert , but introduces new enemies : Meltniks , Soobops , and Rat @-@ A @-@ Tat @-@ Tat . The player navigates the protagonist around a plane of cubes while avoiding enemies . Jumping on a cube causes it to rotate , changing the color of the visible sides of the cube . The goal is to match a line of cubes to a target sample ; later levels require multiple rows to match . Despite the popularity of the franchise , the game 's release was hardly noticed . Parker Brothers showcased home versions of Q * bert 's Qubes at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1985 . Q * bert 's Qubes was ported to the Colecovision and Atari 2600 .
= = = = Q * bert ( 1986 ) = = = =
Konami , who had distributed the original Q * bert to Japanese arcades in 1983 , produced a game with the title Q * bert for MSX computers in 1986 , released in Japan and Europe . However , the main character is a little dragon , and the mechanics are based on Q * bert 's Qubes . The player once again turns around colored cubes by jumping from cube to cube , trying to reach the displayed target pattern . Contrary to Mylstar 's arcade game , each of the 50 stages has a different pattern of cubes , in addition to the known rule extensions in later stages . The game also features a competitive 2 @-@ player mode , where each side is assigned a different pattern , and the players can score points either by completing their pattern first , or by pushing the other off the board .
= = = = Q * bert for Game Boy = = = =
In 1992 , this handheld game was developed by Realtime Associates and published by Jaleco in 1992 . It features 64 boards in different shapes .
= = = = Q * bert 3 = = = =
Q * bert 3 for the SNES was also developed by Realtime Associates and released in 1992 . Jeff Lee , creator of the Q * bert character , also worked on the graphics for this game . Q * bert 3 features gameplay similar to the original , but like the Game Boy game , it has larger levels of varying shapes . In addition to enemies from the first game , it introduces several new enemies ( Frogg , Top Hat , and Derby ) . Published by NTVIC . Q * bert is a playable character in the game .
= = = = Q * bert ( 1999 ) = = = =
A remake with three @-@ dimensional ( 3D ) graphics was developed by Artech Studios and released by Hasbro Interactive on the PlayStation in 1999 and on the Dreamcast the following year . It features three modes of play : classic , adventure , and competitive multiplayer . Allgame 's Brett Weiss praised all aspects of the game , while Parish called it a poor adaptation . Kevin Rice of Next Generation Magazine praised the game 's graphics , but criticized the new level designs . He further commented that adventure mode was not enjoyable . The game was the winner of Electronic Gaming Monthly 's " Puzzle Game of the Year " award .
= = = = Q * bert 2004 = = = =
In 2004 , Sony Pictures released a remake / sequel for Adobe Flash titled Q * bert 2004 , containing a faithful rendition of the original arcade game , along with 50 levels that use new board layouts and six new visual themes . Q * Bert Deluxe for iOS devices was initially released as a rendition of the arcade game , but later received updates with the themes and stages from Q * Bert 2004 .
= = = = Q * bert 2005 = = = =
In 2005 , Sony Pictures released Q * bert 2005 as a download for Windows and as a Flash browser applet , featuring 50 different levels .
= = = = Q * bert Rebooted = = = =
On July 2 , 2014 , Gonzo Games and Sideline amusement announced Q * bert Rebooted to be released on Steam , iOS and Android . Versions for PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita were released on February 17 , 2015 in North America and February 18 , 2015 in Europe . It was released on February 12 , 2016 for the Xbox One . According to Mark Caplan , Vice President , Consumer Products , Worldwide Marketing
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
oz by Enrique II . They temporarily lost Barcarrota after a tiff with the Portuguese but soon regained control . Fernán Sánchez 's grandson of the same name , son of Garci Sánchez de Badajoz , was both lord of Barcarrota and Mayor of Badajoz in 1434 . Garci Sánchez de Badajoz , probably his son , was a notable writer , and one of his descendants , Diego Sánchez de Badajoz , was also a notable playwright ; his Recopilación en metro was published posthumously in 1554 .
The first hospital was founded in the town by Bishop Fray Pedro de Silva in 1485 . Those affected by the plague epidemic were treated here in 1506 . During the 16th century the city experienced a cultural renaissance thanks to personalities such as the painter Luis de Morales , the composer Juan Vázquez , the humanist Rodrigo Dosma , the poet Joaquin Romero de Cepeda , the playwright Diego Sánchez de Badajoz , the Dominican mystic Fray Luis de Granada and architect Gaspar Méndez . In 1524 , a board meeting between representatives of Spain and Portugal took place in the Old Town Hall in the city to clarify the status of their territorial arrangements , attended by Hernando Colón , Juan Vespucio , Sebastián Caboto , Juan Sebastián Elcano , Diego Ribeiro and Esteban Gómez . With reason to assert their rights to the Portuguese Crown , Philip II of Spain briefly moved his court to Badajoz in August 1580 . Queen Anne of Austria died in the city two months later , and on 5 December 1580 , Philip moved out of the city . From 1580 until 1640 , as a result of the absence of war , the city flourished once again . According to the historian Vicente Navarro del Castillo , some 428 residents of Badajoz contributed to the Spanish conquest of the Americas , including Pedro de Alvarado , Luis de Moscoso , Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas ( father of Inca Garcilaso ) and Hernán Sánchez de Badajoz . In 1640 the city was attacked during the Portuguese Restoration War .
= = = 1660 – 1811 = = =
The battle for control of the town and its fortress continued with attacks by the Portuguese in 1660 . In 1705 , during the Spanish War of Succession , Badajoz was controlled by the Allies following the death of the heirless King Charles II . It was taken by Spain , prompting Philip V , grandson of Louis XI of France , to take over the reins of Spain itself . In 1715 Portugal signed a peace agreement with Spain and surrendered its claims to Badajoz in lieu of Spain 's cession of Sacramento territory in the La Plata area in South America . The Peace Treaty of Badajoz was signed between Spain and Portugal on 6 June 1801 . The Portuguese , feeling that an attack by French troops stationed in Ciudad Rodrigo was imminent , agreed to cede Olivenza to Spain and declared that it would close its ports to British ships . This agreement was revoked in 1807 as its terms were breached when the Treaty of Fontainbleau was signed between Spain and France
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
's supervising animator Ken Duncan disagreed with Menken 's song because he believed that the character was simply " too tough " and " hardened by life " to perform such a soft ballad . The writers also agreed that Meg " wasn ’ t a ballad kind of girl . " Therefore , Menken was prompted to write " I Won 't Say ( I 'm in Love ) " , the style of which he based on girl group songs he had written for his musical Little Shop of Horrors , with which " I Can 't Believe My Heart " was ultimately replaced . Although she had liked the original song , actress and singer Susan Egan , who voices Meg , agreed that the much slower " I Can 't Believe My Heart " was not a suitable number for her character to perform because it was " too straightforward and literal " , whereas " I Won 't Say ( I 'm in Love ) " expresses a similar meaning , only " the way Meg would — without admitting any of it . "
Egan joked that although " I Won 't Say ( I 'm in Love ) " was " fun " to perform , she felt much more " white " than usual recording alongside the five singers cast as the Muses , who provide the song 's back up vocals . Familiar with singers Cheryl Freeman , Lillias White , Vaneese Y. Thomas , LaChanze and Roz Ryan 's Broadway work , Egan felt intimated by their powerful voices and riffing abilities . Egan recalled , " Alan would say , ' Okay Lillias ( White ) , just do a riff over there and LaChanze , you do a little something over here and Susan , just at the end , get from this note to this note and just do a riff . ' I raise my hand and I 'm like , ' Umm , can you plunk it out on the piano ? ' He looks at me like , ' Are you kidding ? ' " While it took Egan half an hour to solidify only one of her riffs , the other singers recorded multiple takes of theirs within that same time ; Egan was greatly humbled by the experience . On the film 's soundtrack , only Egan and Freeman are credited as vocalists on the track . Menken also produced the song . While Danny Troob arranged the song , Michael Kosarin conducted the orchestration .
Recognized as Meg 's signature song , " I Won 't Say ( I 'm in Love ) " has been identified as the character 's " big moment of romantic realization " in Hercules . Prior to " I Won 't Say ( I 'm in Love ) " , the audience has only been exposed to Meg 's cynicism ; the song finally reveals that Meg 's cynicism is actually a reaction to her romantic side . " I Won 't Say ( I 'm in Love ) " reveals that the character has fallen in love too fast before , and explains that she is afraid of repeating the same mistake once more with Hercules . Despite her best efforts , the character realizes that she has in fact begun to develop feelings for Hercules much to her chagrin , but at first refuses to admit this ; the song allows Meg to " work through her denial " . " I Won 't Say ( I 'm in Love ) " resembles an " admonishing " exchange between Meg and the Muses . Finally , the character 's resistance eventually proves futile and she ultimately relents . Tracy Dye of Bustle described the scene : " Joined by The Muses , Meg attempts to vehemently deny her amour for Hercules " . Writing for film critic Eric D. Snider 's website , Kimber Kay joked that Meg " tries her best to give a top 40 rendition of her solo song , but it gets stolen by the magnificent Muses . " Additionally , the musical number predicts that one of Hercules ' most difficult challenges will be trying to change Meg 's opinion of him . Writing for The Daily Dot , Aja Romano cited the song as Meg 's " I Want " song .
= = Music and lyrics = =
At a length of two minutes and twenty seconds , " I Won 't Say
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Christmas ornaments for little cost within moments . With a few modifications , Corning Glass 's light bulb machine could spit out 2 @,@ 000 blank glass ornaments a minute that were then bought by ornament companies to be decorated , packaged and sold by the dozen .
= = = = = Shiny Brite = = = = =
Max Eckhardt 's Shiny Brite company manufactured colorful glass ornaments in a variety of sizes and shapes through the era . Packed in boxes by the dozen or half dozen , glimpses of the ornaments could be caught through the cellophane windows of the boxes ' covers . The reds and greens of the past were supplemented with turquoise , chartreuse , orange , purple , and other vibrant colors .
Glittery bands of mica decorated some balls while others were silk screened with seasonal motifs such as snowy scenes , sleigh rides , carolers , and poinsettias . Some balls featured silvery indents on their surfaces that reflected the surrounding light . In the early 1950s , clear glass balls appeared decorated with bands of color or glittering sparkles . Molded plastic Santa Clauses , angels , snowmen , and other holiday icons were inexpensive , mass @-@ produced , and readily available .
= = = Outdoor lighting = = =
McAdenville , North Carolina claims the distinction of being the first community to use outdoor Christmas lights . The Library of Congress notes that " the tradition of decorating evergreen trees with Christmas lights dates back to 1956 when the McAdenville Men 's Club conceived of the idea of decorating a few trees around the McAdenville Community Center . "
While the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree has had " lights " since 1931 , the Rockefeller Tree did not have real electric lights until 1956 . Philadelphia 's Christmas Light Show and Disney 's Christmas Tree also began in 1956 . Though GE sponsored community lighting competitions during the 1920s , it was not until the mid @-@ 1950s that outdoor Christmas lighting was adopted by most Americans . Strings of lights gradually began adorning mantles and doorways inside houses , and trimming the rafters , roof lines , and porch railings outside .
= = = National Christmas Tree = = =
The tradition of having a National Christmas Tree in Washington , D.C. began in 1923 when a 48 @-@ foot Balsam Fir from Vermont was placed in the Ellipse outside the White House . On Christmas Eve , President Calvin Coolidge lit the 2 @,@ 500 red , white and green electric bulbs on the tree .
In 1941 , President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had the tree moved from the Ellipse to the White House grounds , where it remained until 1954 when it was returned to the Ellipse . In 1946 , the lighting ceremony became a televised event , though not with widespread telecast . From 1948 to 1951 , President Harry S. Truman signalled the lighting of the tree by remote control from his Independence , Missouri home , but in 1952 , he stayed at the White House for the lighting ceremony . In 1953 , the ceremony was widely telecast and President Dwight David Eisenhower 's address was radio broadcast through the Voice of America in thirty @-@ four languages .
In 1954 , businessmen in the Washington , D.C. area became involved and greatly expanded the program with the Christmas Pageant of Peace . The Pageant centered around the lighting of the Christmas tree , and included various elements such as a life @-@ sized reproduction of the nativity scene . Every year from 1954 to 1972 , a tree was cut and brought to the White House from a different US state and installed at the Ellipse . The ceremony of the tree lighting was then followed by Christmas presentations through the holiday season .
= = Santa Claus = =
Rituals surrounding Santa Claus such as department store visits to the " jolly old elf " , and letter writing to his North Pole workshop remained intact during the post @-@ War era . New to the mix was Santa 's Workshop ( one of the first theme parks in the US ) , and NORAD 's tracking of Santa 's sleigh via radar on Christmas Eve . In Cleveland , Ohio , a costumed character called Mr. Jingeling entertained shoppers annually at Halle 's Department Store during the season .
= = = Santa 's Workshop = = =
In 1949 , one of the first theme parks in the United States , Santa 's Workshop , was constructed near Whiteface Mountain in New York State . The park was designed by Arto Monaco , of Upper Jay , New York , and built by the site 's owner Harold Fortune , of Lake Placid , New York . The idea for the park originated in a story that Lake Placid businessman Julian Reiss told his daughter about a baby bear who visits Santa Claus 's workshop at the North Pole .
The park features tame deer , storybook characters , and similar attractions . Single day attendance at the park peaked at 14 @,@ 000 on September 2 , 1951 . On December 16 , 1953 , the U.S. Postal Service awarded North Pole , New York status as a " Rural Postal Station " . In the same year , the park 's Santa Claus and his reindeer participated in the Pageant of Peace in Washington , D.C. as well as Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City . The Nativity Pageant was introduced at the park in 1954 .
= = = NORAD tracking of Santa 's journey = = =
In 1955 , an advertisement encouraging children to call Santa Claus over a special telephone number was printed in Colorado Springs , Colorado . Due to an error , the phone number that was printed was that of the Continental Air Defense ( CONAD ) . Colonel Harry Shoup was on duty on Christmas Eve 1955 and took many calls from children inquiring about Santa . He told his operators to give a current location for Santa Claus to any child who called in . Three years later , the North American Aerospace Defense Command ( NORAD ) was formed and the NORAD Tracks Santa service continued .
= = = Mr. Jingeling = = =
Mr. Jingeling , the Keeper of the Keys to Santa 's Workshop , was created in 1956 as a radio spokesman to promote the toys sold at Halle 's Department Store in Cleveland , Ohio . Mr. Jingeling was immediately popular and became an annual fixture at Halle 's where he prowled the seventh floor toy department entertaining shoppers . The costumed character was first played by Max Ellis , a Cleveland Play House actor , and then by Earl W. Keyes , a television producer and director , who remained with the role for many years . In addition to his department store duties , Mr. Jingeling appeared on a local children 's television program telling stories , singing songs , and reminding viewers to visit Halle 's .
= = Toys = =
The post @-@ War Christmas toy extravaganza had its seed in Clement Clarke Moore 's A Visit from St. Nicholas . There , Saint Nicholas is depicted not as the thin , somewhat forbidding , charity dispensing character of European lore but as a dimpled , " jolly old elf
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
" whose stomach shakes like " a bowlful of jelly " when he laughs , and who enters a dwelling through the chimney with a pack of toys on his back .
In the nineteenth century , Germany was the toy making capitol of the world , but high importation costs made German toys relatively expensive in America . Toy costs were lowered when German toymakers began mass @-@ producing toys under the direction of Frank Woolworth and shipping their products to Woolworth 's warehouses for packaging and distribution .
With the loss of German toys on the American market during World War I , toy manufacturing in the United States began in earnest . The Great Depression was a temporary setback but WWII proved a catalyst . In the aftermath of the war , American couples were eager to settle down , have kids , and lavish the sumptuous Christmases they never had on their offspring .
The post @-@ War years saw the creation of toys that are still in production today and include Candy Land , Cootie , the hula hoop , Barbie , and Etch A Sketch .
Television cultivated the American Christmas toy extravaganza . Manufacturers sidestepped the parent in selling a toy and went directly to the child . Mr. Potato Head was the first toy advertised on television and retail sales topped $ 4 million in the toy 's first year . Play @-@ Doh 's sales skyrocketed after being advertised on influential children 's television programs such as Ding Dong School and Captain Kangaroo .
= = Christmas cards = =
The first White House Christmas card was sent during the administration of Dwight David Eisenhower in 1953 . President Eisenhower was an amateur artist and personally consulted with the head of Hallmark Cards on the project . Over the course of two terms , the Eisenhower White House issued 38 different cards and prints with many of them bearing the President 's own artwork . The tradition was continued during the Kennedy years with Jacqueline Kennedy 's artwork featured on a 1963 card issued to raise funds for a national performing arts center .
Early in the post @-@ War years , cards exhibited traditional sentiments and art that reassured war weary Americans . As the 1960s neared , however , sophisticated , adult @-@ oriented cards called " Slim Jims " began appearing on the market . The cards displayed Santas driving fin @-@ tailed convertibles and beatniks delivering greetings in hepcat lingo . The highly stylized cards remained popular well into the 1960s , poking fun at fads and world events . Family photo cards and newsletters ( meticulously handwritten or typed by busy moms ) became commonplace during the 1960s as well .
Hallmark brought African American culture to greeting cards in the 1960s as well as contemporary cultural images such as elves sporting Beatle haircuts and psychedelic Christmas trees in Warholesque colors . " Happy Christmas " replaced " Merry Christmas " here and there after clergymen decided the traditional greeting was associated with inebriation . In 1961 , 50 billion Christmas cards were mailed by Americans , and , in 1962 , America 's first Christmas postage stamp was issued — causing a mild firestorm by those who felt the stamp violated separation of church and state .
= = Foods = =
Mamie Eisenhower 's Million @-@ Dollar Fudge Recipe was a favorite holiday treat of the Eisenhower White House years. and first appeared in Who Says We Can 't Cook ? , a spiral @-@ bound collection of recipes published in 1955 by the Women 's National Press Club of Washington , D.C. Mamie 's husband Ike named the recipe .
1955 saw the culinary debut of Green Bean Casserole , a dish that remains a holiday favorite in America . Its ingredients include green beans , cream of mushroom soup , and , as a topping , French 's Fried Onions . The casserole was created by Campbell Soup Company in order to promote its cream soups . French 's reports that 50 % of all French 's Fried Onions consumption occurs over Thanksgiving , Christmas , and Easter .
Cookie cutting and decorating reached its cultural zenith during the boomer years with Christmas cookie cutouts of reindeer , trees , stars , and bells providing sustenance for kids and dads . Moms packed their favorite home baked cookies into Tupperware containers and carried them to cookie swap parties with friends and neighbors . Red plastic cutters replaced tin cutters during the war years when metal was scarce and can be found today at garage sales and flea markets .
A snack hit of the 1955 holiday season was Chex Party Mix , a combination of Wheat Chex , Rice Chex , and Corn Chex , nuts , pretzels and a dressing of melted butter , Worcestershire sauce , and onion and garlic powders . The treat remains a popular holiday snack .
= = Teenagers = =
= = = Gifts = = =
Gifts for teens in the post @-@ War years included face powder , radios , telephones , and cars . In the early 1950s , Angel Face powder was advertised as " the perfect girl @-@ to @-@ girl " Christmas gift . The first transistor radios hit the market just before Christmas 1954 and were a luxury item at US $ 49 @.@ 95 ( $ 322 in 2000 values ) . A leather case and earphone cost an additional $ 11 @.@ 45 ( $
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of tritium , which could only be acquired by diverting the AEC 's nuclear reactors from plutonium production .
Strauss found allies in Lawrence and Edward Teller , who had headed the " Super " group at Los Alamos during the war . When the matter was referred to the GAC , it unanimously voted against a crash program to develop the " Super " . Without a workable design , it seemed foolish to divert resources from atomic bombs . Nor was there an obvious military need . Despite this , Truman authorized the crash program on January 31 , 1950 . Teller , Fermi , John von Neumann , and Stan Ulam struggled to find a working design , and in February 1951 , Ulam and Teller finally devised one . After reviewing the design and data gathered by the Operation Greenhouse tests in May 1951 , Oppenheimer 's attitude completely changed , and he became convinced that the " New Super " was practical . Teller left Los Alamos to help found , with Lawrence , a second weapons laboratory , the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , in 1952 .
Thermonuclear " strategic weapons " ( military targets and city @-@ destroyers ) delivered by long @-@ range jet bombers would necessarily be under control of the relatively new United States Air Force . By contrast , Oppenheimer pushed for smaller " tactical " nuclear weapons which would be more useful in a limited theater against enemy troops , and which would be under control of the Army . These two branches of the service fought for control of nuclear weapons , often allied with different political parties . The Air Force , with Teller pushing its program , gained ascendency in the Republican @-@ controlled government , after the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower as president in 1952 .
= = = Claims made in the Borden letter = = =
In November 1953 , J. Edgar Hoover was sent a letter concerning Oppenheimer by William Liscum Borden , former executive director of Congress ' Joint Atomic Energy Committee . In the letter , Borden stated his opinion " based upon years of study , of the available classified evidence , that more probably than not J. Robert Oppenheimer is an agent of the Soviet Union . " The letter was based upon the government 's massive investigative dossier on Oppenheimer , which had included " eleven years ' minute surveillance of the scientist 's life . " His office and home had been bugged , his telephone tapped and his mail opened .
Borden 's letter stated as follows :
This opinion considers the following factors , among others .
1 . The evidence indicating that as of April 1942 : ( a ) He was contributing substantial monthly sums to the Communist Party ; ( b ) His ties with communism had survived the Nazi @-@ Soviet Pact and the Soviet attack upon Finland ; ( c ) His wife and younger brother were Communists ; ( d ) He had no close friends except Communists ; ( e ) He had at least one Communist mistress ; ( f ) He belonged only to Communist organizations , apart from professional affiliations ; ( g ) The people whom he recruited into the early wartime Berkeley atom project were exclusively Communists ; ( h ) He had been instrumental in securing recruits for the Communist Party , and ( i ) He was in frequent contact with Soviet Espionage agents .
2 . The evidence indicating that : ( a ) In May 1942 , he either stopped contributing funds to the Communist Party or else made his contributions though a new channel not yet discovered ; ( b ) In April 1943 his name was formally submitted for security clearance ; ( c ) He himself was aware at the time that his name had been so submitted and ( d ) He thereafter repeatedly gave false information to General Groves , Manhattan District , and the FBI concerning the 1939 – April 1942 period .
3 . The evidence indicating that : ( a ) He was responsible for employing a number of Communists , some of them not technical , at wartime Los Alamos ; ( b ) He selected one such individual to write the official Los Alamos history ; ( c ) He was a vigorous supporter of the H @-@ bomb program until August 6 , 1945 , ( Hiroshima ) , on which day he personally urged each senior individual working in this field to desist ; and ( d ) He was an enthusiastic sponsor of the A @-@ bomb program until the war ended , when he immediately and outspokenly advocated the Los Alamos Laboratory be disbanded .
4 . The evidence indicating that : ( a ) He was remarkably instrumental in influencing the military authorities and the Atomic Energy Commission essentially to suspend H @-@ bomb development from mid @-@ 1946 through January 31 , 1950 [ the date of President Truman 's public announcement that the United States , in answer to the new Soviet atomic bomb , would seek to build an H @-@ bomb ] ( b ) He has worked tirelessly , from January 31 , 1950 , onward to retard the United States H @-@ bomb program ; ( c ) He has
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
2002 , a year after the Fordham @-@ Columbia game was postponed due to the September 11 attacks .
Former students include Baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins , football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman , Marcellus Wiley , and world champion women 's weightlifter Karyn Marshall . On May 17 , 1939 , fledgling NBC broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers at Columbia 's Baker Field , making it the first televised regular athletic event in history .
= = = World Leaders Forum = = =
Established in 2003 by university president Lee C. Bollinger , the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for undergraduate and graduate students alike to listen to world leaders in government , religion , industry , finance , and academia . The World Leaders Forum is a year @-@ around event series that strives to provide a platform for uninhibited speech among nations and cultures , while educating students about problems and progress around the globe .
All Columbia undergraduates and graduates as well as students of Barnard College and other Columbia affiliated schools can register to participate in the World Leaders Forum using their student IDs . Even for individuals who do not have the privilege to attend the event live , they can watch the forum via online videos on Columbia University 's website .
Past forum speakers include former President of the United States Bill Clinton , the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Former President of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor , President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai , Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin , President of the Republic of Mozambique Joaquim Alberto Chissano , President of the Republic of Bolivia Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert , President of the Republic of Romania Ion Iliescu , President of the Republic of Latvia Vaira Vīķe @-@ Freiberga , the first female President of Finland Tarja Halonen , President Yudhoyono of Indonesia , President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , Iraq President Jalal Talabani , the 14th Dalai Lama , President of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , financier George Soros , Mayor of New York City Michael R. Bloomberg , President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic , President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina , former Secretary @-@ General of the United Nations Kofi Annan , and Al Gore .
= = = Other = = =
The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896 , and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States . Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music , which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia 's schools .
There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater , including the Columbia Players , King 's Crown Shakespeare Troupe ( KCST ) , Columbia Musical Theater Society ( CMTS ) , NOMADS ( New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students ) , LateNite Theatre , Columbia University Performing Arts League ( CUPAL ) , Black Theatre Ensemble ( BTE ) , sketch comedy group Chowdah , and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch . The Columbia University Marching Band tells jokes during the campus tradition of Orgo Night .
The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the lesbian , gay , transgender , and questioning student population . It is the oldest gay student organization in the world , founded as the Student Homophile League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson . Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC . In the 2005 – 06 academic year , the Columbia Military Society , Columbia 's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates , was renamed the Hamilton Society for " students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton " .
The university also houses an independent nonprofit organization , Community Impact , which strives to serve disadvantaged people in the Harlem , Washington Heights , and Morningside Heights communities . From its earliest inception as a single service initiative formed in 1981 by Columbia University undergraduates , Community Impact has grown into Columbia University 's largest student service organization . CI provides food , clothing , shelter , education , job training , and companionship for residents in its surrounding communities . CI consists of a dedicated corps of about 950 Columbia University student volunteers participating in 25 community service programs , which serve more than 8 @,@ 000 people each year .
= = Student activism = =
= = = Protests of 1968 = = =
Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two main issues . The first was Columbia 's proposed gymnasium in neighboring Morningside Park ; this was seen by the protesters to be an act of aggression aimed at the black residents of neighboring Harlem . A second issue was the Columbia administration 's failure to resign its institutional membership in the Pentagon 's weapons research think @-@ tank , the Institute for Defense Analyses ( IDA ) . Students barricaded themselves inside Low Library , Hamilton Hall , and several other university buildings during the protests , and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students .
The protests achieved two of their stated goals . Columbia disaffiliated from the IDA and scrapped the plans for the controversial gym , building a subterranean physical fitness center under the north end of campus instead . A popular myth states that the gym 's plans were eventually used by Princeton University for the expansion of its athletic facilities , but as Jadwin Gymnasium was already 50 % complete by 1966 ( when the Columbia gym was announced ) this was clearly not correct . At least 30 Columbia students were suspended by the administration as a result of the protests . Many of the Class of ' 68 walked out of their graduation and held a countercommencement on Low Plaza with a picnic following at Morningside Park , the place where the protests began . The protests hurt Columbia financially as many potential students chose to attend other universities and some alumni refused to donate money to the school . Allan Bloom , a professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago , believed that the protest efforts at Columbia were responsible for pushing higher education further toward the liberal left . As a result of the protests , Bloom stated , " American universities were no longer places of intellectual and academic debate , but rather places of ' political correctness ' and liberalism . "
= = = Protests against racism and apartheid = = =
Further student protests , including hunger strike and more barricades of Hamilton Hall and the Business School during the late 1970s and early 1980s , were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university 's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the apartheid regime in South Africa . A notable upsurge in the protests occurred in 1978 , when following a celebration of the tenth anniversary of the student uprising in 1968 , students marched and rallied in protest of university investments in South Africa . The Committee Against Investment in South Africa ( CAISA ) and numerous student groups including the Socialist Action Committee , the Black Student Organization and the Gay Students group joined together and succeeded in pressing for the first partial divestment of a U.S. university .
The initial ( and partial ) Columbia divestment , focused largely on bonds and financial institutions directly involved with the South African regime . It followed a year @-@ long campaign first initiated by students who had worked together to block the appointment of former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to an endowed chair at the university in 1977 .
Broadly backed by student groups and many faculty members the Committee Against Investment in South Africa held teach @-@ ins and demonstrations through the year focused on the trustees ties to the corporations doing business with South Africa . Trustee meetings were picketed and interrupted by demonstrations culminating in May 1978 in the takeover of the Graduate School of Business .
= = = Ahmadinejad speech controversy = = =
The School of International and Public Affairs extends invitations to heads of state and heads of government who come to New York City for the opening of the fall session of the United Nations General Assembly . In 2007 , Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was one of those invited to speak on campus . Ahmadinejad accepted his invitation and spoke on September 24 , 2007 , as part of Columbia University 's World Leaders Forum . The invitation proved to be highly controversial . Hundreds of demonstrators swarmed the campus on September 24 and the speech itself was televised worldwide . University President Lee C. Bollinger tried to allay the controversy by letting Ahmadenijad speak , but with a negative introduction ( given personally by Bollinger ) . This did not mollify those who were displeased with the fact that the Iranian leader had been invited onto the campus . Columbia students , though , turned out en masse to listen to the speech on the South Lawn . An estimated 2 @,@ 500 undergraduates and graduates came out for the historic occasion .
During his speech , Ahmadinejad criticized Israel 's policies towards the Palestinians ; called for research on the historical accuracy of the Holocaust ; raised questions as to who initiated the 9 / 11 attacks ; defended Iran '
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.