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. Most of the episode follows the story of this past life , the main characters therein having the appearance of regular Family Guy characters .
In 17th @-@ century England , Griffin Peterson proposes to the love of his life Lady Redbush ( Lois ) upon getting the approval from Carter Redbush . The ruthless King Stewart III ( Stewie ) has the court jester ( Brian ) tell him some jokes after " deleting " How I Met Your Mother from his " TiVo " ( represented as archers killing Josh Radnor , Jason Segel , and Neil Patrick Harris ) . While being carried around in his litter , King Stewart spots Lady Redbush strolling through town with Griffin Peterson and decides that she should marry him instead . While Griffin Peterson is on the way to his wedding , Stewart secretly kidnaps him , exiling him to the New World on one of the outgoing ships . As Lady Redbush waits in growing angst , King Stewart walks into the church . He tells Lady Redbush that Griffin Peterson is dead and proceed to marry her himself .
At sea , Griffin Peterson meets fellow exiles Joe ( exiled for pleasuring himself in front of a carving ) , Quagmire ( exiled for having sex with an underage girl ) , and Seamus . Upon reaching the New World , Griffin Peterson establishes the colony of Quahog , which eventually grows into a thriving settlement . Griffin Peterson moves on with his life , even marrying another woman ( Meg ) .
Back in London , Later Redbush suffers a dull sexless marriage with King Stewart since they 're never available to each other . Lady Redbush continues to lament Griffin 's supposed death until the jester reveals the truth by showing her the newspaper about Quahog 's founding . The jester stated that he was to keep quiet about this under threat of execution . Lady Redbush and the jester immediately depart for Quahog on one of the slave ships . In Quahog , Griffin Peterson has grown irritated with his current wife until Lady Redbush arrives . Griffin Peterson and Lady Rebush are reunited and Griffin " divorces " his current wife by killing her with a musket .
Six months later , King Stewart learns that Redbush is gone and he makes his way to Quahog to reclaim his wife and kill Griffin Peterson . King Stewart 's army arrives in Quahog where they terrorize the colony ( similar to a scene from Blazing Saddles ) . King Stewart orders Cockney First Lieutenant ( Chris ) to search every house for them . Upon being discovered by the First Lieutenant , Griffin Peterson and Lady Redbush are confronted by King Stewart . Griffin Peterson threatens to kill the officer , while King Stewart threatens to kill Redbush . After exchanging threats without getting anywhere , Griffin and Stewart decide to settle their dispute with a talent show , with the winner winning Lady Redbush 's hand in marriage , and ownership of the town of Quahog . For his act , King Stewart steals his jester 's mostly unfunny jokes about his Aunt Frieda . However , Griffin , Quagmire , Joe , Cleveland , Mort , and Seamus effectively steal the show with a techno @-@ rock number from Revenge of the Nerds . This was enough to defeat King Stewart in the talent show . After King Stewart and his army leaves , Griffin and Redbush remain in Quahog to live happily ever after .
After the story is told , Peter , Quagmire , Cleveland , Joe , and Madame Claude see a promo @-@ ad for " Cross @-@ Armed Opposites "
= = Production = =
The episode was written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Brian Iles . The live action sequences used throughout the episode to promote supposed shows on Fox was directed by Bones director Steve Beers . The night the episode aired , the " Animation Domination " block was co @-@ hosted by an animated version of rapper Eminem and Stewie Griffin . Eminem , who provided his own voice , said that it was a " thrill to work with Stewie " and that he is a " big fan of talking babies and their humor " .
In addition to the main cast , Josh Radnor , Jason Segel and Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in the episode as their characters from the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother . Family Guy writer John Viener was the voice of Cleveland 's cousin , Madame Claude . Recurring guest voice actor John G. Brennan and writers Alec Sulkin , Danny Smith , Tom Devanney and Mark Hentemann made minor appearances in the episode . Alexander Siddig , Martin Savage , John Ross Bowie , Brody Hutzler , Derwin Jordan , Keri Lynn Pratt , David Pressman and Erik von Detten guest starred as well .
= = Cultural references = =
The title is a reference to The Pilgrim 's Progress . When Madame Claude tells everyone who they were in a past life , she reveals that Quagmire was Jack the Ripper . Also , when Madame Claude first speaks , Peter says that she sounds like Sebastian the crab from Disney 's The Little Mermaid King Stewart III orders to kill the cast of How I Met Your Mother after he is displeased with their performance . Griffin Peterson 's act in the talent show is a reference to the act the Lambda Lambda Lambdas perform at the homecoming in the 1984 film Revenge of the Nerds . As a running gag throughout the episode , Fox promos appear on the bottom of the screen for made up shows including Shovin ' Buddies , Slowly Rotating Black Man , and Cross @-@ Armed Opposites , parodying stereotypical types of Fox mid @-@ show advertising . Griffin says that he is " the happiest guy in the world because he 's got a girl and is 290 years away from the films of Kevin Smith " . A clip is shown of Madonna celebrating her sixteenth birthday , suggesting she is over 300 years old . During King Stewart 's invasion of the settlement the music and lyrics are identical to that of Mel Brooks ' Blazing Saddles , with Rock Ridge changed to Quahog . A lady says of King Stewart , " I didn 't vote for him , " alluding to Monty Python and the Holy Grail . Harry MacAfee from the film Bye Bye Birdie makes an appearance . Peter 's appearance is similar to Kajagoogoo frontman Limahl .
= = Reception = =
In its original airing in the United States , " Peter 's Progress " was watched by 7 @.@ 33 million homes , which was up from the previous episode , and was the most watched show in the " Animation Domination " block , beating the season finales of The Simpsons , American Dad ! and King of the Hill . It acquired a 3 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , finishing third in its timeslot after the season finales of Survivor : Tocantins and Desperate Housewives .
The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Ahsan Haque of IGN said that " Family Guy has never really done anything particularly special for the last episode of any season [ ... ] and despite the obvious efforts to increase the animation quality and try to tell a complete story in this episode , it didn 't turn out to be the winning effort that will keep fans eagerly awaiting the show 's return next season " . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode a D , and called it an " unfortunate and unfunny flashback [ ... ] with lots of incest gags [ that ] was genuinely queasy @-@ making , but not in a way that made anyone laugh from the shock of recognition or anything like that " , but said that Family Guy can be " damn funny when it wants to be " , referring
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to the Fox promos that take up the bottom quarter of the screen . Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave the episode a positive review , stating : " Good fun story , good fun jokes " , but said that the end " felt flat " because of the Revenge of the Nerds music sequence .
= New York State Route 446 =
New York State Route 446 ( NY 446 ) is a state highway in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States . The highway extends for 6 @.@ 76 miles ( 10 @.@ 88 km ) on a northeast – southwest alignment from an intersection with NY 16 north of the hamlet of Hinsdale to a junction with NY 305 in the village of Cuba . It parallels the Southern Tier Expressway ( NY 17 and Interstate 86 or I @-@ 86 ) very closely for its entire length . NY 446 was originally designated as part of Route 4 , an unsigned legislative route , in 1908 . The Hinsdale – Cuba highway received its first posted designation in 1924 when it was included as part of NY 17 . It was renumbered twice , becoming part of NY 63 in 1930 and NY 408 in the 1940s , before gaining its current designation c . 1975 .
= = Route description = =
NY 446 begins at an intersection with NY 16 in the Hinsdale hamlet of Maplehurst , located a quarter @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) north of exit 27 on the Southern Tier Expressway ( I @-@ 86 and NY 17 ) and roughly one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of the larger community of Hinsdale . The route heads northeast through the town of Hinsdale along the base of a valley surrounding Oil Creek . While NY 446 follows the north bank of the creek , the Southern Tier Expressway and the adjacent Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad ( WNYP ) run along the southern bank .
Near the Cattaraugus – Allegany county line , Route 446 , Oil Creek , and the WNYP all turn east toward Cuba ; however , the expressway continues on a northeasterly alignment to bypass the village to the north . Upon entering Allegany County , NY 446 passes under the Southern Tier Expressway and becomes known as Water Street as it enters Cuba from the west upon traversing Oil Creek . The route continues eastward for three blocks to NY 305 ( Genesee Street ) , where both Water Street and NY 446 terminate approximately a quarter @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) south of exit 28 on the Southern Tier Expressway .
= = History = =
All of modern NY 446 was originally designated as part of Route 4 , a cross @-@ state unsigned legislative route defined by the New York State Legislature in 1908 . Route 4 continued south from Hinsdale on what is now NY 16 and east from the village of Cuba on County Route 20 . The legislative route system was replaced by the modern state route system in 1924 , at which time most of Route 4 was designated NY 17 , including from Hinsdale to Cuba . In the 1930 renumbering of
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306 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2015 , valued at $ 982 million . The club holds many long @-@ standing rivalries , most notably the North West Derby against Manchester United and the Merseyside derby with Everton .
The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies . The first was the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall in the Heysel Stadium , with 39 people — mostly Italians and Juventus fans — losing their lives , after which English clubs were given a five @-@ year ban from European competition . The second was the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters lost their lives in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all @-@ red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . The club 's anthem is " You 'll Never Walk Alone " .
= = History = =
Liverpool F.C. was founded following a dispute between the Everton committee and John Houlding , club president and owner of the land at Anfield . After eight years at the stadium , Everton relocated to Goodison Park in 1892 and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play at Anfield . Originally named " Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd " ( Everton Athletic for short ) , the club became Liverpool F.C. in March 1892 and gained official recognition three months later , after The Football Association refused to recognise the club as Everton . The team won the Lancashire League in its début season , and joined the Football League Second Division at the start of the 1893 – 94 season . After finishing in first place the club was promoted to the First Division , which it won in 1901 and again in 1906 .
Liverpool reached its first FA Cup Final in 1914 , losing 1 – 0 to Burnley . It won consecutive League championships in 1922 and 1923 , but did not win another trophy until the 1946 – 47 season , when the club won the First Division for a fifth time under the control of ex @-@ West Ham Utd centre half George Kay . Liverpool suffered its second Cup Final defeat in 1950 , playing against Arsenal . The club was relegated to the Second Division in the 1953 – 54 season . Soon after Liverpool lost 2 – 1 to non @-@ league Worcester City in the 1958 – 59 FA Cup , Bill Shankly was appointed manager . Upon his arrival he released 24 players and converted a boot storage room at Anfield into a room where the coaches could discuss strategy ; here , Shankly and other " Boot Room " members Joe Fagan , Reuben Bennett , and Bob Paisley began reshaping the team .
The club was promoted back into the First Division in 1962 and won it in 1964 , for the first time in 17 years . In 1965 , the club won its first FA Cup . In 1966 , the club won the First Division but lost to Borussia Dortmund in the European Cup Winners ' Cup final . Liverpool won both the League and the UEFA Cup during the 1972 – 73 season , and the FA Cup again a year later . Shankly retired soon afterwards and was replaced by his assistant , Bob Paisley . In 1976 , Paisley 's second season as manager , the club won another League and UEFA Cup double . The following season , the club retained the League title and won the European Cup for the first time , but it lost in the 1977 FA Cup Final . Liverpool retained the European Cup in 1978 and regained the First Division title in 1979 . During Paisley 's nine seasons as manager Liverpool won 21 trophies , including three European Cups , a UEFA Cup , six League titles and three consecutive League Cups ; the only domestic trophy he did not win was the FA Cup .
Paisley retired in 1983 and was replaced by his assistant , Joe Fagan . Liverpool won the League , League Cup and European Cup in Fagan 's first season , becoming the first English side to win three trophies in a season . Liverpool reached the European Cup final again in 1985 , against Juventus at the Heysel Stadium . Before kick @-@ off , Liverpool fans breached a fence which separated the two groups of supporters , and charged the Juventus fans . The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse , killing 39 fans , mostly Italians . The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster . The match was played in spite of protests by both managers , and Liverpool lost 1 – 0 to Juventus . As a result of the tragedy , English clubs were banned from participating in European competition for five years ; Liverpool received a ten @-@ year ban , which was later reduced to six years . Fourteen Liverpool fans received convictions for involuntary manslaughter .
Fagan had announced his retirement just before the disaster and Kenny Dalglish was appointed as player @-@ manager . During his tenure , the club won another three League Championships and two FA Cups , including a League and Cup " Double " in the 1985 – 86 season . Liverpool 's success was overshadowed by the Hillsborough disaster : in an FA Cup semi @-@ final against Nottingham Forest on 15 April 1989 , hundreds of Liverpool fans were crushed against perimeter fencing . Ninety @-@ four fans died that day ; the 95th victim died in hospital from his injuries four days later and the 96th died nearly four
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was reclassified in post @-@ analysis . Five tropical cyclones reached hurricane status of which three became major hurricanes reaching Category 3 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale .
The most notable cyclone of the season was Hurricane Gilbert , which at the time was the strongest Atlantic hurricane on record . The hurricane tracked through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and caused devastation in Mexico and many island nations , particularly Jamaica . Its passage caused US $ 5 billion in damage ( 1988 USD ; $ 10 billion 2016 USD ) and more than 300 deaths , mostly in Mexico . Hurricane Joan , striking Nicaragua as a Category 4 hurricane , caused about US $ 2 billion in damage ( 1988 USD ; $ 4 billion 2016 USD ) and more than 200 deaths . The hurricane crossed into the eastern Pacific Ocean and was reclassified as Tropical Storm Miriam .
= = Season summary = =
= = = Preseason forecasts = = =
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University . A normal season as defined by NOAA has six to fourteen named storms of which four to eight reach hurricane strength and one to three become major hurricanes . The June 1988 forecast was that eleven storms would form and that seven would reach hurricane status . The forecast did not specify how many hurricanes would reach major hurricane status .
= = = Season activity = = =
The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , but activity in 1988 began two days earlier with the formation of Tropical Depression One on May 30 . It was an above average season in which 19 tropical depressions formed . Twelve depressions attained tropical storm status , and five of these attained hurricane status . For the first time in 27 years three hurricanes reached major hurricane status . Four hurricanes and three tropical storms made landfall during the season and caused 550 deaths and $ 7 billion in damage ( 1988 USD ) . The last storm of the season , Tropical Storm Keith , dissipated on November 24 , only 6 days before the official end of the season on November 30 .
The activity in the first two months of the season was limited because of strong wind shear from an upper tropospheric flow . Although vigorous tropical waves moved off the coast of Africa , most of them quickly diminished in intensity as they crossed the tropical Atlantic Ocean . As a result , no tropical depressions formed in June or July . Decreased wind shear in August allowed tropical waves to develop into tropical cyclones . The official storm track forecast errors were 30 to 40 percent lower than the average for the previous 10 years . The 24- , 48- , and 72 @-@ hour forecasts were the most accurate in more than 18 years and were also more accurate than in each subsequent season until 1996 .
The season 's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 103 , which is classified as " near normal " . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . ACE is calculated for all named storms at 6 @-@ hourly intervials , when a system exceeds 34 knots ( 39 miles per hour ; 63 kilometres per hour ) .
= = Storms = =
Timeline of tropical activity in 1988 Atlantic hurricane season
= = = Tropical Depression One = = =
The first tropical depression of the season formed on May 30 in the northwest Caribbean Sea . The system encountered unfavorable conditions as it moved northward toward Cuba , and a reconnaissance airplane sent to investigate it could not find a well @-@ defined center . The depression remained weak and degenerated on June 2 into an open trough of low pressure in the Florida Straits .
Rainfall from the depression and its precursor peaked at 40 @.@ 35 in ( 1025 mm ) , including a daily peak of 34 @.@ 13 in ( 867 mm ) . The rainfall most affected the province of Cienfuegos , though the provinces of Villa Clara , Sancti Spíritus , Ciego de Ávila , and Camagüey were also impacted . A tornado in the city of Camagüey destroyed five Soviet planes and multiple buildings . Flooding prompted officials to use rescue crews , helicopters , and amphibious vehicles to evacuate 65 @,@ 000 residents in low @-@ lying areas to higher grounds . The storm left many without power and communications , severely damaged the country 's transportation infrastructure , and destroyed six bridges . Flooding from the depression damaged 1 @,@ 000 houses and destroyed 200 homes in Camagüey Province alone . Throughout Cuba , the depression affected about 90 @,@ 000 people , injuring dozens and killing a total of 37 people , including three who died from electrocution . In Florida , the depression produced light rain , including 3 @.@ 18 in ( 81 mm ) at Pompano Beach .
= = = Tropical Storm Alberto = = =
The season 's first named storm originated on August
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moon , the convert to Copernicanism ... says , ' I once took the moon to be ( or saw the moon as ) a planet , but I was mistaken.'
Copernicus obliquely refers to Earth as a planet in De Revolutionibus when he says , " Having thus assumed the motions which I ascribe to the Earth later on in the volume , by long and intense study I finally found that if the motions of the other planets are correlated with the orbiting of the earth ... " Galileo also asserts that Earth is a planet in the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems : " [ T ] he Earth , no less than the moon or any other planet , is to be numbered among the natural bodies that move circularly . "
= = = Modern planets = = =
In 1781 , the astronomer William Herschel was searching the sky for elusive stellar parallaxes , when he observed what he termed a comet in the constellation of Taurus . Unlike stars , which remained mere points of light even under high magnification , this object 's size increased in proportion to the power used . That this strange object might have been a planet simply did not occur to Herschel ; the five planets beyond Earth had been part of humanity 's conception of the universe since antiquity . As the asteroids had yet to be discovered , comets were the only moving objects one expected to find in a telescope . However , unlike a comet , this object 's orbit was nearly circular and within the ecliptic plane . Before Herschel announced his discovery of his " comet " , his colleague , British Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne , wrote to him , saying , " I don 't know what to call it . It is as likely to be a regular planet moving in an orbit nearly circular to the sun as a Comet moving in a very eccentric ellipsis . I have not yet seen any coma or tail to it . " The " comet " was also very far away , too far away for a mere comet to resolve itself . Eventually it was recognised as the seventh planet and named Uranus after the father of Saturn .
Gravitationally induced irregularities in Uranus 's observed orbit led eventually to the discovery of Neptune in 1846 , and presumed irregularities in Neptune 's orbit subsequently led to a search which did not find the perturbing object ( it was later found to be a mathematical artefact caused by an overestimation of Neptune 's mass ) but did find Pluto in 1930 . Initially believed to be roughly the mass of the Earth , observation gradually shrank Pluto 's estimated mass until it was revealed to be a mere five hundredth as large ; far too small to have influenced Neptune 's orbit at all . In 1989 , Voyager 2 determined the irregularities to be due to an overestimation of Neptune 's mass .
= = = Satellites = = =
When Copernicus placed Earth among the planets , he also placed the Moon in orbit around Earth , making the Moon the first natural satellite to be identified . When Galileo discovered his four satellites of Jupiter in 1610 , they lent weight to Copernicus 's argument , because if other planets could have satellites , then Earth could too . However , there remained some confusion as to whether these objects were " planets " ; Galileo referred to them as " four planets flying around the star of Jupiter at unequal intervals and periods with wonderful swiftness . " Similarly , Christiaan Huygens , upon discovering Saturn 's largest moon Titan in 1655 , employed many terms to describe it , including " planeta " ( planet ) , " stella " ( star ) , " luna " ( moon ) , and the more modern " satellite " ( attendant ) . Giovanni Cassini , in announcing his discovery of Saturn 's moons Iapetus and Rhea in 1671 and 1672 , described them as Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne ( " New planets around Saturn " ) . However , when the " Journal de Scavans " reported Cassini 's discovery of two new Saturnian moons in 1686 , it referred to them strictly as " satellites " , though sometimes Saturn as the " primary planet " . When William Herschel announced his discovery of two objects in orbit around Uranus in 1787 , he referred to them as " satellites " and " secondary planets " . All subsequent reports of natural satellite discoveries used the term " satellite " exclusively , though the 1868 book " Smith 's Illustrated Astronomy " referred to satellites as " secondary planets " .
= = = Minor planets = = =
One of the unexpected results of William Herschel 's discovery of Uranus was that it appeared to validate Bode 's law , a mathematical function which generates the size of the semimajor axis of planetary orbits . Astronomers had considered the " law " a meaningless coincidence , but Uranus fell at very nearly the exact distance it predicted . Since Bode 's law also predicted a body between Mars and Jupiter that at that point had not been observed , astronomers turned their attention to that region in the hope that it might be vindicated again . Finally , in 1801 , astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi found a miniature new world , Ceres , lying at just the correct point in space . The object was hailed as a new planet .
Then in 1802 , Heinrich Olbers discovered Pallas , a second " planet " at roughly the same distance from the Sun as Ceres . That two planets could occupy the same orbit was an affront to centuries of thinking ; even Shakespeare had ridiculed the idea ( " Two stars keep not their motion in one sphere " ) . Even so , in 1804 , another world , Juno , was discovered in a similar orbit . In 1807 , Olbers discovered a fourth object , Vesta , at a similar orbital distance .
Herschel suggested that these four worlds be given their own separate classification , asteroids ( meaning " starlike " since they were too small for their disks to resolve and thus resembled stars ) , though most astronomers preferred to refer to them as planets . This conception was entrenched by the fact that , due to the difficulty of distinguishing asteroids from yet @-@ uncharted stars , those four remained the only asteroids known until 1845 . Science textbooks in 1828 , after Herschel 's death , still numbered the asteroids among the planets . With the arrival of more refined star charts , the search for asteroids resumed , and a fifth and sixth were discovered by Karl Ludwig Hencke in 1845 and 1847 . By 1851 the number of asteroids had increased to 15 , and a new method of classifying them , by affixing a number before their names in order of discovery , was adopted , inadvertently placing them in their own distinct category . Ceres became " ( 1 ) Ceres " , Pallas became " ( 2 ) Pallas " , and so on . By the 1860s , the number of known asteroids had increased to over a hundred , and observatories in Europe and the United States began referring to them collectively as " minor planets " , or " small planets " , though it took the first four asteroids longer to be grouped as such . To this day , " minor planet " remains the official designation for all small bodies in orbit around the Sun , and each new discovery is numbered accordingly in the IAU 's Minor Planet Catalogue .
= = = Pluto = = =
The long road from planethood to reconsideration undergone by Ceres is mirrored in the story of Pluto , which was named a planet soon after its discovery by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 . Uranus and Neptune had been declared planets based on their circular orbits , large masses and proximity to the ecliptic plane . None of these applied to Pluto , a tiny and icy world in a region of gas giants with an orbit that carried it high above the ecliptic and even inside that of Neptune . In 1978 , astronomers discovered Pluto 's largest moon , Charon , which allowed them to determine its mass . Pluto was found to be much tinier than anyone had expected : only one sixth the mass of Earth 's Moon . However , as far as anyone could yet tell , it was unique . Then , beginning in 1992 , astronomers began to detect large numbers of icy bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune that were similar to Pluto in composition , size , and orbital characteristics . They concluded that they had discovered the long @-@ hypothesised Kuiper belt ( sometimes called the Edgeworth – Kuiper belt ) , a band of icy debris that is the source for " short @-@ period " comets — those with orbital periods of up to 200 years .
Pluto 's orbit lay within this band and thus its planetary status was thrown into question . Many scientists concluded that tiny Pluto should be reclassified as a minor planet , just as Ceres had been a century earlier . Mike Brown of the California Institute of Technology suggested that a " planet " should be redefined as " any body in the Solar System
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/ / Infection , .hack / / Mutation , .hack / / Outbreak , and .hack / / Quarantine , features a " game within a game " ; a fictional massively multiplayer online role @-@ playing game ( MMORPG ) called The World which does not require the player to connect to the Internet . Players may transfer their characters and data between games in the series . Each game comes with an extra DVD containing an episode of .hack / / Liminality , the accompanying original video animation series which details fictional events that occur concurrently with the games .
The games are part of a multimedia franchise called Project .hack which explores the mysterious origins of The World . Set after the events of the anime series .hack / / Sign , the games focus on a player named Kite and his quest to discover why some users have become comatose as a result of playing The World . The search evolves into a deeper investigation of The World and its effects on the stability of the Internet .
Critics gave the series mixed reviews . It was praised for its unique setting and its commitment to preserve suspension of disbelief , as well as the character designs . However , it was criticized for uneven pacing and a lack of improvement between games . The commercial success of the franchise led to the production of .hack / / frägment — a remake of the series with online capabilities — and .hack / / G.U. , another video game trilogy .
= = Gameplay = =
.hack simulates an MMORPG ; players assume the role of a participant in a fictional game called The World . The player controls the on @-@ screen player character Kite from a third @-@ person perspective but first @-@ person mode is available . The player manually controls the viewing perspective using the game controller . Within the fictional game , players explore monster @-@ infested fields and dungeons , and " Root Towns " that are free of combat . They can also log off from The World and return to a computer desktop interface which includes in @-@ game e @-@ mail , news , message boards , and desktop and background music customization options . The player may save the game to a memory card both from the desktop and within The World at a Save Shop . A Data Flag appears on the save file after the player completes the game , allowing the transfer of all aspects of the player character and party members to the next game in the series .
The series is typical of action role @-@ playing games , in which players attack enemies in real time . The game 's action pauses whenever the menu is opened to select magic to cast , items to use , or skills to perform . The player directly controls Kite and the other characters are controlled by artificial intelligence . The player may either provide the computer @-@ controlled characters with guidelines ( " attack " , " first aid " , " magic " , etc . ) or issue direct commands . Most hostile creatures are contained within magic portals and combat will not begin until the player character approaches the portal and releases the monsters inside . Kite possesses a unique ability called " Data Drain " which allows him to transform these enemies into rare items . Many boss monsters are known as " Data Bugs " — enemies with corrupted data which gives them infinite health . Data Drain is used to repair the damaged monsters ' data and render them vulnerable but its use increases Kite 's level of infection , randomly causing harmful side effects . The infection can be cured by defeating enemies without Data Drain .
Root Towns are non @-@ combat areas of The World where the player may restock items , buy equipment , or chat and trade with other players of The World . In many towns , the player may also raise a sentient , pig @-@ like creature called a Grunty , which can be ridden in fields and in later games raced for prizes . A blue portal called the Chaos Gate is used to travel between towns ( called " servers " ) and to access the fields and dungeons where battles occur . A three @-@ word password system controls the characteristics of each area ; attributes such as the prevalence of monsters or items change depending on the properties of each word in the password phrase . Certain plot @-@ related areas have restricted access , but the player character has an ability called " Gate Hacking " which allows him to access these areas using " Virus Cores " obtained through Data Drain .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
The .hack games are set in an alternate timeline of Earth , in the year 2010 . After a computer virus called " Pluto 's Kiss " crashes nearly every computer in the world , access to the Internet is closed to the general public to address security concerns . After two years without the Internet and online games , a MMORPG called The World is released . It becomes the most popular online game of all time with over 20 million unique players . Shortly before the events portrayed in the .hack games , a number of users become comatose as a result of playing The World . However , the developers blame their condition on cyberterrorism .
The World was developed by a German programmer named Harald Hoerwick ; its backstory is based on the Epitaph of Twilight , an epic poem by Emma Wielant . Her death inspired Hoerwick to create the game . Elements of the poem are coded into the game 's programming . The hidden purpose of Hoerwick 's game is to develop the ultimate artificial intelligence ( AI ) , which is capable of making decisions for itself . To this end , Hoerwick inserted functions into the system which monitor and extract behavioral data from millions of the game 's players to aid in the AI 's learning process . After Hoerwick 's death , these pieces of code became black boxes to the current developers , who cannot fathom their purpose , yet are critical to the proper functioning of the game .
= = = Characters = = =
The main protagonist of .hack is Kite , a new player of The World whose friend Orca becomes comatose under mysterious circumstances . Kite is joined by nearly twenty other players in his quest to solve the mystery of the coma victims . The players who have the greatest impact on the success of Kite 's mission are BlackRose , a fellow newbie to The World whose brother is also in a coma ; Balmung , a legendary player who seeks to eliminate sources of corruption in the game he loves ; and Wiseman , an information broker who becomes a key strategist for Kite 's team . Helba , a professional hacker , and Lios , a reluctant system administrator , also aid in Kite 's efforts to rescue the coma victims .
= = = Story = = =
In .hack / / Infection , Kite 's friend Orca invites him to play The World . In the first dungeon they visit , they encounter a girl in white , Aura , being chased by a humanoid monster . Aura tries to entrust Orca with an item called " the Book of Twilight " , but the monster attacks him , crashing The World 's servers . Kite 's player discovers that Yasuhiko , Orca 's player , has fallen comatose after the attack , and resolves to discover the cause . Kite meets BlackRose , who takes him to a cathedral where they are attacked by a headless swordsman . The legendary player Balmung appears and defeats it , but the monster revives itself as a Data Bug . The Book of Twilight then activates , altering Kite 's character data and giving him the Twilight Bracelet . He uses its Data Drain to correct the swordsman 's code , allowing Balmung to kill it . Balmung accuses Kite of causing the viral infection spreading through the game , and leaves . Kite and BlackRose decide to cooperate to help the coma victims . After investigating a number of leads , Kite and BlackRose track down Skeith , the creature that put Orca into a coma . They defeat Skeith , but it transforms into a larger enemy called Cubia , from which they escape .
In .hack / / Mutation , Kite and BlackRose encounter system administrator Lios , who declares Kite 's bracelet to be an illegal hack . He tries to delete Kite 's character data , but fails due to Kite 's data being encrypted by the Book of Twilight . Helba intervenes , and convinces Lios to observe Kite for the time being . Lios directs them to an area where they find Innis , a monster with powers similar to Skeith 's . Upon defeating Innis , Kite receives an e @-@ mail from Aura , who reveals that she is an AI . They travel to an area to meet her ; but Cubia attacks them , and they repel the monster
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rates skyrocketed . However , as of September 2006 , the unemployment rates have never fallen below national average , indicating improvement . In the second quarters of both 2005 and 2007 , the firms ' wages were increased by 21 % , twice more than national increases , indicating even further improvement , although the gains were varied across the sectors .
There have been some suggestions concerning the usage of natural capital to further aid New Orleans ’ s economy . One such is that , as opposed to rebuilding on flooded lands , restoring acres of wetlands to profit from the economic wealth . The Mississippi delta provides the United States with one of the largest fisheries and the most important flyway terminus , enabling New Orleans to profit from these ecological industries . Furthermore , by increasing the wetlands , it would help create a natural barrier that could aid New Orleans in future storms . It is estimated that if New Orleans were to restore 1 @,@ 700 square miles ( 4 @,@ 400 km2 ) of wetland lost before 2005 , the natural capital would be worth an estimated $ 6 billion / year , or $ 200 billion at the present value . While New Orleans has made numerous efforts in rebuilding their economy , and has been successful with tourist @-@ attracting events such as Mardi Gras , the natural capital provided could further assist the city in returning to its pre @-@ Katrina wealth and economy .
= = Claims of differential racial effects = =
Following Katrina there were widespread claims that the effect of the hurricane was much greater on black and less economically advanced people , and that it had relatively less impact on predominantly white , and wealthier people . " The city ’ s remarkable recovery has , to a troubling degree , left behind the African @-@ Americans who still make up the majority of its population , " according to FiveThirtyEight . This claim is based on statistics showing that black residents of New Orleans are more likely to be unemployed than when the storm hit , and more likely to be living in poverty . Household incomes of blacks have also fallen , and the wage gap between black and whites has grown . All these changes are attributed in some way to Katrina .
About 175 @,@ 000 black residents departed New Orleans over the year following the storm , while only 100 @,@ 000 returned , pushing the African American population to 59 percent , from 66 percent previously . The biggest impact has been on the middle @-@ class blacks , given that most black professionals are older and more advanced in their careers , and the majority of the affluent and middle class are white .
These setbacks to the black population in New Orleans corresponded with a large number of educated white arrivals , contributing to a high rate of business formation in the city . These newcomers have had the effect of driving up housing prices , making rent less affordable for the majority black residents .
The influence of blacks in the city receded politically , too : in 2010 New Orleans elected its first white mayor in 32 years , a white majority ( 5 @-@ 2 ) took control of the City Council , which had previously been black , and a white police chief and district attorney were elected . Lance Hill of Tulane University said : " The perception among most African @-@ Americans is that they are living politically as a defeated group in their own city . "
= Cornelius Gallagher ( Canadian politician ) =
Cornelius Gallagher ( December 31 , 1854 – October 27 , 1932 ) was a meat merchant and politician in Alberta , Canada . He served as a municipal councillor and briefly as the third mayor of Edmonton .
Gallagher was born in New Brunswick in 1854 , the son of an Irish immigrant father . After attending the schools of his birthplace , he moved west to Winnipeg with his family , and became involved in the family meat packing business , established by his father . He would soon move west again to what would later become the province of Saskatchewan , where he would continue his business , providing his product to the local police establishments and soldiers during the North @-@ West Rebellion . After his contracts expired there , Gallagher would move again further west , to Edmonton , where he would permanently settle .
In Edmonton he established the developing town 's largest meat packing business , upon land atop the banks of the North Saskatchewan River , overlooking the river valley . He would also get involved with the city 's local politics , sitting on the Edmonton Town Council in the 1890s and early 1900s . In 1896 , after the incumbent mayor had resigned , the town council selected Gallagher to briefly be the interim mayor until an election was held later that year . He served one more aldermanic term , but retired after defeat in the 1903 and 1907 elections . In 1911 , he would also retire from his meat business . In retirement , Gallagher lived on a lavish estate on land he owned atop the Edmonton River Valley until his death in 1932 .
= = Early life and career = =
Gallagher was born on December 31 , 1854 in Saint John , New Brunswick to Patrick and Katherine ( née Maher ) Gallagher . His father , Patrick came to Canada from Ireland at the age of 14 , and worked in the meat industry , being a wholesale meat merchant and meat packer . His mother was a native of Saint John . Cornelius Gallagher would attend schooling during the 187
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Lowell , the Harvard Extension School grew out of the Lowell Institute , which was created according to the terms of a bequest by John Lowell , Jr . It was designed to serve the educational interests and needs of the greater Boston community , particularly those " who had the ability and desire to attend college , but also had other obligations that kept them from traditional schools . " It has since extended its " academic resources to the public , locally , nationally , and internationally . "
During the 1920s professors from Boston and Harvard Universities left the confines of their campuses and traveled to teach courses offsite . While they were primarily aimed at teachers , courses were offered wherever 40 or more students expressed an interest . Professors traveled on a weekly basis to places around New England and as far away as Yonkers , New York , some 200 miles away .
Despite falling revenue due to the Great Depression , A. Lawrence Lowell insisted in 1931 that the bequest from John Lowell prevented courses from costing more than two bushels of wheat . As a result , a half @-@ year course cost could no more than $ 5 , and a full course no more than $ 10 . Some courses cost as little as $ 2 @.@ 50 .
University Extension courses were to be taught by " the most experienced teachers that can be secured " who all received " excellent pay . " In the early years courses were run by a commission composed of several Boston area schools , though it was largely a Harvard @-@ run program . In 1938 there were 28 professors from Commission faculties , including 11 full professors . Early faculty included Charles Townsend Copeland , William Yandell Elliot , William Langer , Oscar Handlin , Perry Miller , John Kenneth Galbraith , and Frank M. Carpenter . In 1953 there was a similar number of professors .
In his will , John Lowell asked his successors to set up courses " more erudite and particular corresponding to the age and wants of the age . " By the 50th anniversary of the University Extension in 1960 , more than 1 @,@ 400 courses had been offered and there had been more than 85 @,@ 000 enrollments . While the vast majority of classes were held on the Harvard campus , a few in the late 1960s were offered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston University , as well as at the Old South Meeting House . At this time non @-@ credit courses cost between $ 15 and $ 25 , and courses for credit cost between $ 20 and $ 35 .
After 100 years , an estimated 500 @,@ 000 students have taken courses at the Extension School . While there has never been an entrance exam and fees were kept as low as possible to allow as many as possible to enroll , only .18 % have ever earned a degree . Including certificate earners , 2 @.@ 5 % have graduated . Today more degrees are awarded each year than were awarded in the first 50 years combined .
Several years after retiring , President Lowell wrote that the Extension courses " have given a service to the public ... which seems to me of the utmost importance . " In 2013 , more than 100 years after its founding , the Extension School 's classes were described as " surprisingly affordable " and the school itself was said to be a " thriving institution . "
= = = Degree development = = =
Harvard University currently offers two degrees in Extension Studies , the Bachelor of Liberal Arts and the Master of Liberal Arts ( ALM ) . From 1911 to 1933 , the university offered an Associate in Arts , and from 1933 to 1960 they offered an Adjunct in Arts . Both were considered the equivalent of a bachelor 's degree . From 1971 to 2014 , the University offered an Associate of Arts in Extension Studies ( AA ) , the equivalent of a two @-@ year degree . A Master 's in Liberal Arts was added in 1979 .
A proposal before the Faculty of Arts and Science in 2009 and 2010 to rename the school and the degrees offered was not accepted . A committee , led by Professor of Computer Science Harry R. Lewis , proposed renaming the school the " Harvard School of Continuing and Professional Studies , " and to drop the words " in Extension Studies " from degrees , so that the School would offer Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees . Some faculty objected , saying that those degrees were already offered by the College and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences .
In 2016 , a student group calling itself the Harvard Extension Degree Change Initiative rallied in front of University Hall to call for removing “ Extension Studies ” from the degree name and adding a student 's concentration instead . The Harvard Crimson editorialized in favor saying that they " urge [ d ] Harvard to consider changing the title of Extension School degrees to include the field of study rather than the ambiguous ' Extension Studies . ' "
In 2014 , Harvard University conferred four certificates on behalf of the Extension School , as well as the following academic degrees : five Associate in the Arts , 152 Bachelor of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies , and 539 Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies .
= = = Deans = = =
There have been six deans in the School 's history :
James Hardy Ropes , Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses , Dean of University Extension , 1910 – 1922
Arthur F. Whittem , Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses , Director of University Extension , 1922 – 1946
George W. Adams , Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses , Director of University Extension , 1946 – 1949
Reginald H. Phelps , Chairman of Commission on Extension Courses , Director of University Extension , 1949 – 1975
Michael Shinagel , Director of Continuing Education and University Extension , 1975 – 1977 , and Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension , 1977 – 2013
Huntington D. Lambert , Dean of Continuing Education and University Extension , 2013 – present
= = Academics = =
As a part of the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences , the Harvard Extension School offers more than six @-@ hundred on @-@ campus and online courses . Students take courses with Harvard professors , including Nobel laureates , as well as faculty from Boston @-@ area universities , business professionals , and community leaders in various fields .
Most of the courses at the Extension School are " virtually identical " to courses offered to the traditional students at Harvard College , with " the only significant difference " being that the classes are taught at night instead of during the day . This has remained constant over time , as Ropes , the first dean , said that " our aim will be to give the young people of Boston who have heretofore been prevented from securing a college education the same instruction they would receive were they undergraduates at Harvard . " In 1953 , it was said that the " format of the classes is exactly the same . "
Many daytime Harvard College courses are videotaped , and offered to Extension students online . Extension degree candidates who meet required criteria may also apply for " Special Student status " in order to take classes that are offered only to Harvard College students . Students may enroll full or part @-@ time , and classes may be taken on campus , via distance @-@ learning , or both . In order to earn an academic degree , students must complete a minimum number of on @-@ campus @-@ only credits at Harvard .
Non @-@ degree seeking students have access to resources through Harvard 's Grossman Library , electronic resources through the Harvard Libraries Portal and select computer facilities . A professor at both the Extension School and Harvard College has opined that the open enrollment system " ' give [ s ] a lot ' to the institution by permitting an atmosphere of valuable diversity that does not exist at any of Harvard 's other schools . "
= = = Accreditation and partnerships = = =
Harvard Extension School is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges as one of the twelve degree @-@ granting schools of Harvard University .
The Extension School and Harvard Business School have together created the the HBX Credential of Readiness ( CORe ) program . Having begun in 2014 , This program allows undergraduate students at the Extension School to take courses with Business School professors for credit . Students at other institutions may be able to take the courses for transfer credit as well .
The graduate program in Museum Studies has also developed a partnership with the Smithsonian Institution . The new courses include two active learning weekends in Washington , D.C.
= = = Pre @-@ medical program = = =
A pre @-@ med program was established at the Extension School in 1980 . Two years later , in 1982 , five students applied to medical school , and 3 were accepted at the University of Massachusetts , Tufts University , and New York University . Of the 19 students who applied to medical schools in 1985 , 15 were admitted , including two women to Harvard Medical School .
All 27 graduates who applied to medical school in 1989 were accepted , including three to Harvard Medical School and nine to the University of Massachusetts . Five years later , 90 % of students were accepted to medical school , including 5 to Harvard . Only one in three were accepted nationwide . The Health Careers Program
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999 to 2005 , with Connecticut winning five of the six contents . The 2005 game , won by UConn 38 – 0 , was the most recent meeting between the two teams . Overall , the Huskies and Bulls had played each other 16 times since their first meeting in 1939 , with Connecticut holding a 12 – 4 advantage in the all @-@ time series . Prior to the 2008 season , Buffalo and UConn had signed a contract to play a four @-@ game , home @-@ and @-@ home series beginning in 2010 .
= = = Buffalo = = =
Entering 2008 , the Bulls sought to build off of their 2007 season , where they shared the MAC East championship but did not appear in the championship game due to a 31 – 28 loss to fellow division co @-@ champion Miami ( Ohio ) . Their 5 – 7 final record , while not good enough to qualify for a bowl game , was still the best by a Buffalo team since they had moved up to Division I @-@ A in 1999 . With 10 starters returning on offense and eight on defense , the 2008 team was predicted to be perhaps the most talented team in Bulls history ; however , due to their challenging schedule , their final record was predicted to be no better than 3 – 9 .
Buffalo opened the season stronger than expected , with a dominant home win over the University of Texas @-@ El Paso ( UTEP ) , 42 – 17 . This was followed by a closer @-@ than @-@ predicted loss at heavily favored Pittsburgh , 27 – 16 . Buffalo 's third game and conference opener , versus Temple , was a back @-@ and @-@ forth contest that came down to the final play of the game . Keeping the game within seven points for the first three quarters , the Bulls first took the lead with 2 : 27 left in the fourth quarter , on a 25 @-@ yard field goal by A.J. Principe . Temple responded with a nine @-@ play , 74 @-@ yard drive capped by an 11 @-@ yard touchdown catch by wide receiver Bruce Francis , his second score of the game , to take a 28 – 24 lead with only 38 seconds remaining . Taking over at their own 40 @-@ yard line after the kickoff went out of bounds , the Bulls drove down the field , scoring the game @-@ winning touchdown on a 35 @-@ yard desperation heave from Drew Willy to wide receiver Naaman Roosevelt with no time remaining on the clock . Buffalo 's record following the last @-@ second win was 2 – 1 , marking the first time since 1969 that the Bulls had a record over .500 beyond Week 1 as a Division I @-@ A team . The last time the Bulls had started a season 2 – 1 was 1998 , while they were still played in Division I @-@ AA .
The Bulls proceeded to lose their next three games . Buffalo was unable to keep up with No. 5 @-@ ranked Missouri , losing 42 – 21 in a game that Missouri saw as a tuneup for their later season . In the next contest , against MAC opponent Central Michigan , down nine points with under three minutes left Buffalo scored on a 65 @-@ yard pass to James Starks , recovered an onside kick to retain possession , and attempted a game @-@ winning field goal — but A.J. Principe 's 46 @-@ yard kick hit the right goalpost to give Central Michigan the victory . In the next game , against the Western Michigan Broncos , also in the MAC , Buffalo squandered a two @-@ touchdown advantage with just over five minutes left , allowing the Broncos to win the game in overtime . Buffalo 's overall record fell to 2 – 4 , 1 – 2 in the MAC .
Bouncing back , Buffalo won their next five games . Against Army , Buffalo reversed the result of the Western Michigan game , coming back from a two @-@ touchdown deficit to win in overtime . Handling conference opponents Ohio and Miami ( Ohio ) with relative ease , Buffalo continued conference play by beating Akron in a four @-@ hour , four @-@ overtime slugfest , 43 – 40 , in Akron 's final football game at the Rubber Bowl . In their next game , against Bowling Green , the Bulls found themselves down 21
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its action @-@ oriented nature . RPGFan also praised the game stating it was " possibly the best thing that ever happened to Gameboy . " RPGamer praised the game 's plot stating , " The story is one where you can relate to the characters and also the world around them . " Ndojo also gave similar praise to the game however noting it being vastly different from Final Fantasy stating , " If you ’ re expecting Final Fantasy in the traditional sense , you ’ re going to be disappointed . However , if you play the game for a while , you just might find that it ’ s equally entertaining in its own fashion . "
The game has been perceived very positively in the years following its initial release . GameDaily named it alongside the other Game Boy Final Fantasy titles as definitive games for the system , describing it as providing " hours of role @-@ playing excitement , whether you were waiting in a dentist 's office or on the way to Grandma 's house . " The sentiment was shared by gaming magazine Pocket Games , which ranked the titles together 8th out of the Top 50 games for the Game Boy , stating " every game in the series is a sprawling classic with well written scripts and solid characters . " Kotaku praised the original release of the game as a " really great action @-@ RPG " . 1UP.com called the game ambitious for its time , writing that it represented an evolution of the overhead perspective action adventure genre . They also rated the game as " Worth It ! " in terms of buying and enjoying the original game in 2007 , and noted it as the origins of the Mana series ' many unique gameplay features . GamesRadar named it the 13th best Game Boy game ever made , noting that its interesting leveling system and large number of collectible items made up for a poor English translation . Game Informer also praised the game 's leveling system , though it did call it a " simplistic " title in comparison to its sequels .
= Diamond Rio =
Diamond Rio is an American country and Christian country music band . The band was founded in 1982 as an attraction for the Opryland USA theme park in Nashville , Tennessee , and was originally known as the Grizzly River Boys , then the Tennessee River Boys . It was founded by Matt Davenport , Danny Gregg , and Ty Herndon , the last of whom became a solo artist in the mid @-@ 1990s . After undergoing several membership changes in its initial years , the band has consisted of the same six members since 1989 : Marty Roe ( lead vocals , rhythm guitar ) , Gene Johnson ( mandolin , guitar , fiddle , tenor vocals ) , Jimmy Olander ( lead guitar , Dobro , banjo ) , Brian Prout ( drums ) , Dan Truman ( keyboards , organ , synthesizer ) , and Dana Williams ( bass guitar , baritone vocals ) .
After assuming the name Diamond Rio , the band was signed to Arista Nashville and debuted in 1991 with the single " Meet in the Middle " , which made them the first band ever to send a debut single to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts . The band charted 32 more singles between then and 2006 , including four more that reached No. 1 : " How Your Love Makes Me Feel " ( 1997 ) , " One More Day " ( 2001 ) , " Beautiful Mess " ( 2002 ) , and " I Believe " ( 2003 ) .
Diamond Rio has recorded nine studio albums , four Greatest Hits compilations , and an album of Christmas music . Three of the band 's albums have achieved RIAA platinum certification in the United States . In addition , Diamond Rio has received four Group of the Year awards from the Country Music Association , two Top Vocal Group awards from the Academy of Country Music , and one Grammy Award out of thirteen nominations . The band is known for its vocal harmonies , varied instrumentation , and near @-@ exclusive use of only its own membership on recordings instead of session musicians . Their sound was originally defined by mainstream country , bluegrass , and rock influences , but later albums drew more influence from Christian country music and country pop .
= = Beginnings = =
In 1982 , Matt Davenport and Danny Gregg founded a band at Opryland USA , a former country music @-@ based amusement park in Nashville , Tennessee . The band was first named the Grizzly River Boys , after a new river rafting ride at the park , but quickly changed names to the Tennessee River Boys due to its members disliking the original name . Originally intended to promote the park through a one @-@ time television special , the band proved popular enough that it became one of many regular performers there . Davenport , Gregg , and Ty Herndon alternated as lead vocalists , with Davenport also playing bass guitar and Gregg on rhythm guitar ; completing the lineup were Larry Beard ( lead guitar , fiddle , banjo ) , Mel Deal ( steel guitar ) , Al DeLeonibus ( piano ) , and Ed Mummert ( drums ) . The group " swapped lead voices , told jokes , and balanced old @-@ school country concert shtick with a contemporary sound . " Herndon left the group in 1983 to compete on the talent show Star Search ,
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% of the Peak National Park . Natural broad @-@ leaved woodland is found in the steep @-@ sided , narrow dales of the White Peak and the deep cloughs of the Dark Peak , while reservoir margins often have coniferous plantations .
Lead rakes , the spoil heaps of ancient mines , form another distinctive habitat in the White Peak , supporting a range of rare metallophyte plants , including Spring Sandwort ( Minuartia verna ; also known as leadwort ) , Alpine Pennycress ( Thlaspi caerulescens ) and Mountain Pansy ( Viola lutea ) .
= = Climate = =
With the majority of the area being in excess of 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) above sea level , and being situated to the west of the country with a latitude of 53 degrees , the Peak District experiences a relatively high amount of rainfall each year compared to the rest of England and Wales , averaging 40 @.@ 35 inches ( 1 @,@ 025 mm ) in 1999 . The Dark Peak tends to receive more rainfall each year in comparison to the White Peak as it is higher in altitude . This higher rainfall does not seem to affect the area 's temperature , as it averages the same as England and Wales at 10 @.@ 3 ° C ( 50 @.@ 5 ° F ) .
During the 1970s , the Dark Peak regularly recorded over 70 days of snowfall each year . Since then this number has decreased markedly . Frost cover is seen for 20 – 30 % of the winter on the moors of the Dark Peak and for 10 % on the White Peak , and the hills of the National Park still see periods of long continuous snow cover in some winters . For example , a snowfall in mid @-@ December 2009 on the summits of some of the hills created snow patches that lasted in some cases until May 2010 . In that same winter , some of the area 's passes , such as the A635 ( Saddleworth Moor ) and A57 ( Snake Pass ) , were closed because of lying snow for almost a month .
The Moorland Indicators of Climate Change Initiative was set up in 2008 to collect data on climate change in the area . Students investigated the interaction between people and the moorlands , and their overall effect on climate
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change , to discover whether the moorlands are a net carbon sink or source , based on the fact that upland areas of Britain are a significant global carbon store in the form of peat . Human interaction in terms of direct erosion and fire as well as the effects of global warming are the major variables that they considered .
= = Economy = =
Tourism is the major local employment for Park residents ( 24 % ) , with manufacturing industries ( 19 % ) and quarrying ( 12 % ) also being important . 12 % are employed in agriculture . The cement works at Hope is the largest single employer within the Park . Tourism is estimated to provide 500 full @-@ time jobs , 350 part @-@ time jobs and 100 seasonal jobs .
Limestone is the most important mineral quarried , mainly for roads and cement ; shale is extracted for cement at Hope , and several gritstone quarries are worked for housing . Lead mining is no longer economic , but fluorite , baryte and calcite are extracted from lead veins , and small @-@ scale Blue John mining occurs at Castleton .
The springs at Buxton and Ashbourne are exploited to produce bottled mineral water , and many of the plantations are managed for timber . Other manufacturing industries of the area are varied ; they include David Mellor 's cutlery factory in Hathersage , Ferodo brake linings in Chapel @-@ en @-@ le @-@ Frith and electronic equipment in Castleton . There are approximately 2 @,@ 700 farms in the National Park , most of them under 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) in area . 60 % of farms are believed to be run on a part @-@ time basis where the farmer has a second job .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The Peak District has been inhabited from the earliest periods of human activity , as is evidenced by occasional finds of Mesolithic flint artefacts and by palaeoenvironmental evidence from caves in Dovedale and elsewhere . There is also evidence of Neolithic activity , including some monumental earthworks or barrows ( burial mounds ) such as that at Margery Hill . In the Bronze Age the area was well populated and farmed , and evidence of these people survives in henges such as Arbor Low near Youlgreave , or the Nine Ladies Stone Circle at Stanton Moor .
In the same period , and on into the Iron Age , a number of significant hillforts such as that at Mam Tor were created . Roman occupation was sparse but the Romans certainly exploited the rich mineral veins of the area , exporting lead from the Buxton area along well @-@ used routes . There were Roman settlements , including one at Buxton which was known to them as " Aquae Arnemetiae " in recognition of its spring , dedicated to the local goddess .
Theories as to the derivation of the Peak District name include the idea that it came from the Pecsaetan or peaklanders , an Anglo @-@ Saxon tribe who inhabited the central and northern parts of the area from the 6th century AD when it fell within the large Anglian kingdom of Mercia .
= = = Mining and quarrying = = =
In medieval and early modern times the land was mainly agricultural , as it still is today , with sheep farming , rather than arable , the main activity in these upland holdings . However , from the 16th century onwards the mineral and geological wealth of the Peak became increasingly significant . Not only lead , but also coal , fluorite , copper ( at Ecton ) , zinc , iron , manganese and silver have all been mined here . Celia Fiennes , describing her journey through the Peak in 1697 , wrote of
... those craggy hills whose bowells are full of mines of all kinds off black and white and veined marbles , and some have mines of copper , others tinn and leaden mines , in w [ hi ] ch is a great deale of silver .
Coal measures occur on the western and the eastern fringes of the Peak District , and evidence of past workings can be found from Glossop down to The Roaches , and from Stocksbridge to Baslow . Mining started in medieval times and was at its most productive in the 18th and early 19th centuries , in some cases continuing into the early 20th century . The earliest mining took place at and close to outcrops and miners eventually followed the seams deeper underground as the beds dipped beneath hillsides . At Goyt 's Moss and Axe Edge , deep seams were worked and steam engines raised the coal and dewatered the mines . Coal from the eastern mines was used in lead smelting , and coal from the western mines for lime burning .
Lead mining peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries ; high concentrations of lead have been found in the area dating back from this period , as well as discovering peat on Kinder Scout suggesting that lead smelting occurred . Lead mining began to decline from the mid @-@ 19th century , with the last major mine closing in 1939 , though lead remains a by @-@ product of fluorite , baryte and calcite mining . Not all mines were deep underground ; Bell pits were a cheap and easy way at getting at an ore that lay close to the surface of flat land . A shaft was sunk into the ore and enlarged at the bottom for extraction . The pit was then enlarged further until it became unsafe or worked out , then another pit would be sunk adjacent to the existing one .
Fluorite or fluorspar is called Blue John in the Peak District , the name allegedly coming from the French Bleu et Jaune which describes the colour of the bandings . Blue John is now scarce , and only a few hundred kilograms are mined each year for ornamental and lapidary use . The Blue John Cavern in Castleton is a show cave ; mining still takes place in the nearby
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the precision use of explosives , be brought in to help the program . In February 1944 , Kistiakowsky became Parsons ' deputy for implosion .
In April 1944 , tests on the first sample of plutonium that had been produced with neutrons in a nuclear reactor revealed that reactor @-@ bred plutonium contained five times more plutonium @-@ 240 than that hitherto produced in a cyclotrons . This unwanted isotope that spontaneously decayed and produced neutrons promised to cause a predetonation without sufficiently quick critical mass assembly . It now became apparent that only implosion would work for practical plutonium bombs ; a powerful enough gun could not be constructed small enough to be carried in an aircraft , and plutonium @-@ 240 was even more difficult to separate from plutonium @-@ 239 than the isotopes of uranium that were giving the rest of the Manhattan Project such difficulties . Plutonium was unusable unless implosion worked , but only plutonium could be produced in quantities that would allow regular production of atomic bombs . Thus , the implosion technique now suddenly stood as the key to production of nuclear weapons .
In mid @-@ June 1944 , a report from Kistiakowsky to Oppenheimer detailing dysfunctionality within the implosion team led to the ousting of Neddermeyer . He was replaced as the head of the E @-@ 5 Group by Kistiakowsky on June 15 , 1944 , but remained a technical adviser to the implosion program , with group leader status . Neddermeyer was said to have been much embittered by this episode . In Oppenheimer 's August 1944 reorganization of the Los Alamos Laboratory , Neddermeyer 's group was renamed X @-@ 1 , with Norris Bradbury as group leader . The implosion method championed by Neddermeyer was used in the first atom bomb exploded ( in the Trinity test ) , the Fat Man bomb dropped on Nagasaki , and almost all modern nuclear weapons . Kistiakowsky later insisted that " the real invention should be given full credit to [ Seth ] Neddermeyer . "
= = Later years = =
In 1946 , after World War II ended , Neddermeyer left Los Alamos to become an associate professor at the University of Washington , where he would spend the rest of his career . In due course he became a full professor . He resumed his studies of cosmic rays using a cloud chamber and a new device that he invented to measure the speed of charged particles known as a " chronotron " . He was particularly interested in the properties of the muon , and conducted experiments with muons at SLAC . He participated in the DUMAND Project , for which he helped design large @-@ scale underwater neutrino detectors . Neddermeyer became interested in parapsychology , insisting , in spite of the skepticism of many colleagues , that it warranted proper scientific investigation . He retired in 1973 , becoming a professor emeritus , but he continued his research activities for as long as his health permitted . He was afflicted with Parkinson 's disease .
In 1982 , he was presented with the Department of Energy 's Enrico Fermi award . His citation read :
For participating in the discovery of the positron , for his share in the discovery of the muon , the first of the subatomic particles ; for his invention of the implosion technique for assembling nuclear explosives ; and for his ingenuity , foresight , and perseverance in finding solutions for what at first seemed to be unsolvable engineering difficulties .
In later life , Neddermeyer was sometimes troubled by the nuclear weapons he had helped to invent . He told an interviewer in 1983 :
I get so overwhelmed by a feeling of terrible guilt when I think about the history of the bomb . I 'm terribly worried now about the current world situation . What the hell can we do about it ?
Neddermeyer died in Seattle on January 29 , 1988 , from complications of Parkinson 's disease .
= Nashville International Airport =
Nashville International Airport ( IATA : BNA , ICAO : KBNA , FAA LID : BNA ) is a public and military use airport in the southeastern section of Nashville in the U.S. state of Tennessee . It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011 – 2015 , which categorized it as a primary commercial service airport ( more than 10 @,@ 000 daily arriving and departing flights per year ) . Established in 1937 , its original name was Berry Field , from which its ICAO and IATA identifiers are derived . The current terminal was constructed in 1987 , and the airport took its current name in 1988 . Nashville International Airport has four runways , the longest of which is 11 @,@ 030 feet ( 3 @,@ 360 m ) long , a size adequate to handle all aircraft in service in 2014 .
Nashville International Airport ( BNA ) as of 2014 ranks as the 32nd @-@ busiest airport in the United States in terms of passengers . A total of 12 @,@ 293 @,@ 924 passengers traveled into and out of BNA during 2015 , a 9 @.@ 8 percent increase over calendar year 2014 , setting a new all @-@ time passenger record . The month of June 2015 set a new record for passenger traffic at Nashville International , including a monthly record 1 @,@ 071 @,@ 025 total passengers . Nashville International classifies as a medium @-@ sized airport in terms of 2015 passengers , and is the second largest of this category ( behind only St. Louis ) . The airport is currently served by 10 airlines and offers 390 daily arriving and departing flights with nonstop flights to more than 55 markets in the US , Canada , Mexico , Bahamas , Jamaica , Dominican Republic and Cuba .
The airport terminal complex includes an over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 93 @,@ 000 m2 ) passenger terminal with 47 air carrier gates and up to 78 commuter parking positions . BNA serves a trade area of 79 counties in Middle Tennessee , southern Kentucky , and northern Alabama . The airport is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and was previously a hub for American Airlines . Berry Field Air National Guard Base is located at Nashville International Airport . The base is home to the 118th Airlift Wing and is the headquarters of the Tennessee Air National Guard .
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
Nashville 's first airport was Hampton Field , which operated until 1921 . It was replaced by Blackwood Field in the Hermitage community , which operated between 1921 and 1928 . The first airlines to serve Nashville , American Airlines and Eastern Air Lines , flew out of Sky Harbor Airport in nearby Rutherford County .
By 1935 the need for an airport larger and closer to the city than Sky Harbor Airport was realized and a citizens ' committee was organized by mayor Hillary Howse to choose a location . A 340 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 4 km2 ) plot along Dixie Parkway ( now Murfreesboro Road ) composed of four farms was selected , and construction began in 1936 as one of the first major Works Progress Administration projects in the area . The airport was dedicated on November 1 , 1936 , as Berry Field , named after Col. Harry S. Berry , the Tennessee administrator for the Works Progress Administration . It officially opened in June 1937 with much fanfare , including
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of radioactive elements may have led to melting of the ice if an antifreeze like ammonia ( in the form of ammonia hydrate ) or some salt was present . The melting may have led to the separation of ice from rocks and formation of a rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle . A layer of liquid water ( ocean ) rich in dissolved ammonia may have formed at the core – mantle boundary . The eutectic temperature of this mixture is 176 K. The ocean , however , is likely to have frozen long ago . Among Uranian moons Umbriel was least subjected to endogenic resurfacing processes , although it may like other Uranian moons have experienced a very early resurfacing event .
= = Exploration = =
So far the only close @-@ up images of Umbriel have been from the Voyager 2 probe , which photographed the moon during its flyby of Uranus in January 1986 . Since the closest distance between Voyager 2 and Umbriel was 325 @,@ 000 km ( 202 @,@ 000 mi ) , the best images of this moon have a spatial resolution of about 5 @.@ 2 km . The images cover about 40 % of the surface , but only 20 % was photographed with the quality required for geological mapping . At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of Umbriel ( like those of the other moons ) was pointed towards the Sun , so the northern ( dark ) hemisphere could not be studied . No other spacecraft has ever visited Uranus ( and Umbriel ) , and no mission to Uranus and its moons are planned .
= I Got You ( Leona Lewis song ) =
" I Got You " is a song performed by British singer and songwriter Leona Lewis for her second studio album , Echo ( 2009 ) . It was written by Arnthor Birgisson , Max Martin and Savan Kotecha , with production helmed by Birgisson . It was recorded by Birgisson at Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , CA and The Vault , Stockholm , Sweden , who was assisted by Lewis on the songs vocal production . It was released to United States Contemporary hit radio on 8 December 2009 , and throughout Europe to download digitally on 19 February 2010 . " I Got You " is a pop ballad , and instrumentation consists of guitars and synthesizers .
The song garnered a mixed response from music critics . Peter Robinson for The Guardian wrote that " I Got You " " is an impressive distant relative of " Bleeding Love " . Other critics praised Lewis ' vocal performance and likened it to the structure of her cover of Snow Patrol 's " Run " . Despite this , some critics criticised the song for not being memorable . " I Got You " failed to achieve commercial success . It achieved a peak position of number three on the UK R & B Chart , number 14 on the UK Singles Chart , and peaked inside the top 50 singles Austria , Belgium , Germany and New Zealand .
As part of promotion for the songs release as a single , an accompanying music video was shot at Venice Beach , California , and directed by Dave Meyers . The content of the video revolves around couples who try to resolve their differences and arguments . In the video , scenes of Lewis performing in front of a heart engulfed in flames and sitting on an apartment floor barefoot are intercut . In the United States , Lewis performed the song live on the Late Show with David Letterman , whilst in the United Kingdom , she performed on multiple television shows , including So You Think You Can Dance , The Alan Titchmarsh Show and The National Lottery Draws . It was included on the set list of her debut tour , The Labyrinth ( 2010 ) .
= = Recording , production and release = =
" I Got You " was written by Arnthor Birgisson , Max Martin and Savan Kotecha for Lewis 's second studio album , Echo ( 2009 ) . Production of the song was helmed by Birgisson . It was recorded by Birgisson at Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , CA and The Vault , Stockholm , Sweden . Birgisson and Lewis both handled the vocal production . It was mixed by Phil Tan at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta , Georgia , and Damien Lewis served as the assistant engineer . Background vocals were sung by Vicky Sandström and guitar was provided by Esbjörn Öhrwall . " Heartbeat " was co @-@ written by Lewis , Birgisson and Ina Wroldsen , with production of the song once again helmed by Birgisson . It was recorded by Chris Kasych at Chalice Studios , Los Angeles , CA , and The Vault in Stockholm , Sweden . It was mixed by Manny Marroquin , Christian Plata and Erik Madrid at Larrabee Studios , Universal City , CA . Strings were provided by Janson & Janson and the Czech National Symphony Orchestra , which were recorded by Marcus Bergqvist . Guitar was provided by Esbjörn Öhrwall .
In the United States , " I Got You " was released to Contemporary hit radio on 8 December 2009 . In Europe
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season in MLB history , and the live @-@ ball era batting average record . He led the league with 89 walks , producing a .507 on @-@ base percentage . His slugging percentage of .696 again led the league , as did his 121 runs scored , 227 hits , and 43 doubles ; he hit 25 home runs as well . That year , the NL reintroduced its Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award . Although Hornsby was expected to win the award , it went to Dazzy Vance instead . Cincinnati voter Jack Ryder left Hornsby 's name off his ballot altogether because he believed Hornsby was an MVP on the stat sheet , but was not a team player . In 1962 , the Baseball Writers ' Association of America presented Hornsby with an award retroactively recognizing him as the 1924 MVP .
In 1925 , Sam Breadon , the owner of the Cardinals , wished to replace Rickey as manager . Hornsby initially declined the job . After discovering that Rickey planned to sell his stock in the Cardinals if he was replaced as field manager , Hornsby agreed to take the job as long as Breadon would help him purchase the stock . Breadon agreed , and Hornsby became the Cardinals ' manager . Hornsby finished the year with his second Triple Crown , when he combined a .403 batting average with 39 home runs and 143 RBIs . He bested teammate Jim Bottomley in the batting title race by nearly 40 points . That year , he won the MVP Award , receiving 73 out of 80 possible votes . His .756 slugging percentage set an NL record . The Cardinals finished in fourth place in 1925 , finishing one game over .500 , though the team won 64 games and lost 51 under Hornsby . During the year , his wife Jeanette had a son , Billy .
Hornsby had an off @-@ year offensively in 1926 , as he hit only .317 with 11 home runs . Nonetheless , St. Louis won its first NL pennant . In the 1926 World Series , the Cardinals defeated the Yankees in a seven @-@ game series ; Hornsby tagged out Babe Ruth on a stolen base attempt , ending the Series and giving St. Louis its first undisputed world championship . During post @-@ season negotiations for a new contract , Hornsby demanded $ 50 @,@ 000 per year for three years . Breadon agreed to a one @-@ year contract for $ 50 @,@ 000 ( $ 668 @,@ 327 today ) . When Hornsby refused to give way , the Cardinals traded him to the New York Giants for Frankie Frisch and Jimmy Ring on December 20 , 1926 . The trade was briefly postponed as NL president John Heydler stated that Hornsby could not play for the Giants while he held stock in the Cardinals . Hornsby wanted $ 105 per share for his stock , a price Breadon was unwilling to pay . In early 1927 , Hornsby was able to sell his shares at $ 105 each , enabling him to officially become a Giant .
= = New York Giants = =
Hornsby enjoyed a better
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Romancing SaGa 2 Original Sound Version is a soundtrack album for Romancing SaGa 2 . It was composed by Kenji Ito , with the exception of two tracks , " The Legend Begins " and " Heartful Tears " , which were composed by Nobuo Uematsu and arranged by Ito . The album covers 35 tracks and has a duration of 1 : 12 : 29 . It was first published by Square on December 3 , 1993 with the catalog number N25D @-@ 022 , and reprinted by NTT Publishing on November 25 , 1995 with the number PSCN @-@ 5038 and on October 1 , 2004 with the number NTCP @-@ 5038 . The first 30 tracks come from the game , while the next four tracks are bonus dance music tracks and the final track is a different version of the game 's prologue theme .
The soundtrack was warmly received by reviewers such as Patrick Gann , who said that " while no track on here is amazing , [ ... ] they are all at least fairly good " . He also enjoyed the " medieval / renaissance " feeling of the tracks , as well as the relative scarcity of " character themes " compared to the soundtracks of Romancing SaGa 1 and 3 .
= = = Eternal Romance = = =
Romancing SaGa 2 Eternal Romance is an album of arrangements of music from the Romancing SaGa 2 soundtrack . The album 's 10 tracks were arranged by Ryou Fukui , and were originally composed by Kenji Ito . The soundtrack has a length of 58 : 17 and was published by NTT Publishing three times : on February 21 , 1994 with a catalog number of N30D @-@ 025 , on November 25 , 1995 with the number PSCN @-@ 5039 , and on October 1 , 2004 as NTCP @-@ 5039 .
The album was appreciated by reviewers such as Dave of Square Enix Music Online , who called it " definitely worth listening to " and applauded the wide variety of instruments as well as the " thought " that went into the tracks . Patrick Gann , on the other hand , said that he
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Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back " a thousand li " during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕昭王 ; r . 311 – 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present @-@ day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles .
The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 – 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou .
Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 – 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan ( 宣太后 ) acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 – 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1 @,@ 775 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time .
The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) – literally " long walls " , but often translated as " Great Wall " – were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre @-@ existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period .
= = Qin dynasty ( 221 – 206 BC ) = =
In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim
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the college boys blue jerseys " and such colours are mentioned again in a Bell 's Life in London article of 1858 . House sporting colours are mentioned in Rugby football ( rule XXI ) as early as 1845 : " No player may wear cap or jersey without leave from the head of his house " . In 1848 it was noted at Rugby that " considerable improvement has taken place in the last few years , in the appearance of a match ... in the use of peculiar dress consisting of velvet caps and jerseys "
Organised association football was first played in England in the 1860s , and many teams would probably play in whatever clothing they had available , with players of the same team distinguishing themselves by wearing coloured caps or sashes . This came to be problematic though , and an 1867 handbook of the game suggested that teams should attempt " if it can be previously so arranged , to have one side with striped jerseys of one colour , say red , and the other with another , say blue . This prevents confusion and wild attempts to wrest the ball from your neighbour . "
The first standard strips began to emerge in the 1870s , with many clubs opting for colours associated with the schools or other sporting organisations from which the clubs had emerged . Blackburn Rovers , for example , adopted shirts of a halved design based on those of the team for former pupils of Malvern College , one of the schools where the sport had developed . Their original colours of light blue and white were chosen to reflect an association with Cambridge University , where a number of the club 's founders had been educated . Colours and designs often changed dramatically between matches , with Bolton Wanderers turning out in both pink shirts and white shirts with red spots within the same year . Rather than the modern shorts , players wore long knickerbockers or full @-@ length trousers , often with a belt or even braces . Lord Kinnaird , an early star of the game , was noted for always being resplendent in long white trousers . There were no numbers printed on shirts to identify individual players , and the programme for an 1875 match between Queen 's Park and Wanderers in Glasgow identifies the players by the colours of their caps or stockings . The first shin pads were worn in 1874 by the Nottingham Forest player Sam Weller Widdowson , who cut down a pair of cricket pads and wore them outside his stockings . Initially the concept was ridiculed but it soon caught on with other players . By the turn of the century pads had become smaller and were being worn inside the stockings .
As the game gradually moved away from being a pursuit for wealthy amateurs to one dominated by working @-@ class professionals , kits changed accordingly . The clubs themselves , rather than individual players , were now responsible for purchasing kit and financial concerns , along with the need for the growing numbers of spectators to easily identify the players , led to the lurid colours of earlier years being abandoned in favour of simple combinations of primary colours . In 1890 the Football League , which had been formed two years earlier , ruled that no two member teams could register similar colours , so as to avoid clashes . This rule was later abandoned in favour of one stipulating that all teams must have a second set of shirts in a different colour available . Initially the home team was required to change colours in the event of a clash , but in 1921 the rule was amended to require the away team to change .
Specialised football boots began to emerge in the professional era , taking the place of everyday shoes or work boots . Players initially simply nailed strips of leather to their boots to enhance their grip , leading the Football Association to rule in 1863 that no nails could project from boots . By the 1880s these crude attachments had become studs . Boots of this era were made of heavy leather , had hard toecaps , and came high above a player 's ankles .
= = = Early 20th century = = =
As the game began to spread to Europe and beyond , clubs adopted kits similar to those worn in the United Kingdom , and in some cases chose colours directly inspired by British clubs . In 1903 , Juventus of Italy adopted a black and white strip inspired by Notts County . Two years later , Argentina 's Club Atlético Independiente adopted red shirts after watching Nottingham Forest play .
In 1904 the Football Association dropped its rule that players ' knickerbockers must cover their knees and teams began wearing them much shorter . They became known as " knickers " , and were referred to by this term until the 1960s when " shorts " became the preferred term . Initially , almost all teams wore knickers of a contrasting colour to their shirts . In 1909 , in a bid to assist referees in identifying the goalkeeper amongst a ruck of players , the Laws of the Game were amended to state that the goalkeeper must wear a shirt of a different colour to his team @-@ mates . Initially it was specified that goalkeepers ' shirts must be either scarlet or royal blue , but when green was added as a third option in 1912 it caught on the extent that soon almost every goalkeeper was playing in green . In this period goalkeepers generally wore a heavy woollen garment more akin to a jumper than the shirts worn by outfield players .
Sporadic experiments with numbered shirts took place in the 1920s but the idea did not initially catch on . The first major match in which numbers were worn was the 1933 FA Cup Final between Everton and Manchester City . Rather than the numbers being added to the clubs ' existing strips , two special sets , one white and one red , were made for the final and allocated to the two teams by the toss of a coin . The Everton players wore numbers 1 – 11 , while the City players wore 12 – 22 . It was not until around the time of the Second World War that numbering became standard , with teams wearing numbers 1 – 11 . Although there were no regulations on which player should wear which number , specific numbers came to be associated with specific positions on the field of play , a prime example being the number 9 shirt which was usually reserved for the team 's main striker . In contrast to the usual practice , Scottish club Celtic wore numbers on their shorts rather than their shirts until 1975 for international matches , and until 1994 for domestic matches . The 1930s also saw great advancements in boot manufacture , with new synthetic materials and softer leathers becoming available . By 1936 players in Europe were wearing boots which weighed only a third of the weight of the rigid boots of a decade earlier , although British clubs did not adopt the new @-@ style boots , with players such as Billy Wright openly pronouncing their disdain for the new footwear and claiming that it was more suited to ballet than football .
In the period immediately after the war , many teams in Europe were forced to wear unusual kits due to clothing restrictions . England 's Oldham Athletic , who had traditionally worn blue and white , spent two seasons playing in red and white shirts borrowed from a local rugby league club , and Scotland 's Clyde wore khaki . In the 1950s kits worn by players in southern Europe and South America became much more lightweight , with V @-@ necks replacing collars on shirts and synthetic fabrics replacing heavy natural fibres . The first boots to be cut below the ankle rather than high @-@ topped were introduced by Adidas in 1954 . Although they cost twice as much as existing styles the boots were a huge success and cemented the German company 's place in the football market . Around the same time Adidas also developed the first boots with screw @-@ in studs which could be changed according to pitch conditions . Other areas were slower to adopt the new styles –
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John got some very long shots . Then radio stations carried announcements inviting people to take part in ' a John Hughes movie ' . The word got around fast and 10 @,@ 000 people showed up ! For the final shot , I turned around and saw a river of people . I put my hands up at the end of the number and heard this huge roar . I can understand how rock stars feel . That kind of reaction feeds you . "
Broderick 's moves were choreographed by Kenny Ortega ( later , of Dirty Dancing fame ) . Much of it had to be scrapped though as Broderick had injured his knee badly during the scenes of running through neighbors ' backyards . " I was pretty sore " , Broderick said . " I got well enough to do what you see in the parade there , but I couldn 't do most of Kenny Ortega 's knee spins and things like that that we had worked on . When we did shoot it , we had all this choreography and I remember John would yell with a megaphone , ' Okay , do it again , but don 't do any of the choreography , ' because he wanted it to be a total mess . " " Danke Schoen " was somewhat choreographed but for " Twist and Shout " , Broderick said , " we were just making everything up " . Hughes explained that much of the scene was spontaneously filmed . " It just happened that this was an actual parade , which we put our float into — unbeknownst to anybody , all the people on the reviewing stand . Nobody knew what it was , including the governor . "
= = = = Wrigley Field = = = =
Wrigley Field is featured in two interwoven and consecutive scenes . In the first scene , Rooney is looking for Ferris at a pizza joint while the voice of Harry Caray announces the action of a ballgame that is being shown on TV . From the play @-@ by @-@ play descriptions , the uniforms , and the player numbers , this game has been identified as the June 5 , 1985 , game between the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs . A foul ball is ripped into the left field stands , and as Rooney looks away from the TV briefly , there is a close up of Ferris a moment after catching it . The scene in the pizza joint continues as Rooney tries to banter about the game with the guy behind the counter .
In the next scene , Sloane , Cameron , and Ferris are in the left field stands inside Wrigley . Ferris flexes his hand in pain after supposedly catching the foul ball . During this scene , the characters enjoy the game and joke about what they would be doing if they had played by the rules . All these " in the park " shots , including the one from the previous scene where Ferris catches the foul ball on TV , were filmed on September 24 , 1985 at a game between the Montreal Expos and the Cubs . During the 1985 season , the Braves and the Expos both wore powder blue uniforms during their road games . And so , with seamless editing by Hughes , it is difficult to distinguish that the game being seen and described in the pizza joint is not only a different game but also a different Cubs ' opponent than the one filmed inside the stadium .
John Hughes had originally wanted to film the scene at the baseball game at Comiskey Park , as Hughes was a Chicago White Sox fan . However , due to time constraints , the location was moved to Wrigley Field at the last minute .
On October 1 , 2011 , Wrigley Field celebrated the 25th anniversary of the film by showing it on three giant screens on the infield .
= = = Deleted scenes = = =
Several scenes were cut from the final film ; one lost scene entitled " The Isles of Langerhans " has the three teenagers trying to order in the French restaurant , shocked to discover pancreas on the menu ( although in the finished film , Ferris still says , " We ate pancreas " , while recapping the day ) . This is featured on the Bueller , Bueller Edition DVD . Other scenes were never made available on any DVD version . These scenes included additional screen time with Jeanie in a locker room , Ferris ' younger brother and sister ( both of whom were completely removed from the film ) , and additional / alternate lines of dialogue throughout the film , all of which can be seen in the original theatrical trailer . Hughes had also wanted to film a scene where Ferris , Sloane , and Cameron go to a strip club . Paramount executives told him there were only so many shooting days left , so the scene was scrapped .
= = Music = =
= = = Limited edition fan club soundtrack = = =
No official soundtrack was ever released for the film , as director John Hughes felt the songs would not work well together as a continuous album . However , according to an interview with Lollipop Magazine , Hughes noted that he had sent 100 @,@ 000 7 " vinyl singles containing two songs featured in the film to members of his fan mailing list .
Hughes gave further details about his refusal to release a soundtrack in the Lollipop interview :
The only official soundtrack that Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ever had was for the mailing list . A & M was very angry with me over that ; they begged me to put one out , but I thought " who 'd want all of these songs ? " I mean , would kids want " Danke Schoen " and " Oh Yeah " on the same record ? They probably already had " Twist and Shout " , or their parents did , and to put all of those together with the more contemporary stuff , like the ( English ) Beat — I just didn 't think anybody would like it . But I did put together a seven @-@ inch of the two songs I owned the rights to — " Beat City " on one side , and ... I forget , one of the other English bands on the soundtrack ... and sent that to the mailing list . By ' 86 , ' 87 , it was costing us $ 30 a piece to mail out 100 @,@ 000 packages . But it was a labor of love .
= = = Songs
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s singing abilities , Haug replaced himself with Fanning as lead singer and frontman . Haug stated that " It was a big thing to convince the others that we needed a singer . They were like , ' You 're OK , ' and I was like , ' No I 'm not . We can do better than that . ' "
In 1992 , current guitarist Darren Middleton was invited to join Powderfinger by Fanning and Haug , after they were impressed by his work in Brisbane band Pirate . Middleton accepted the offer and became the fifth member , joining Jon Coghill who had replaced Bishop as drummer . The line @-@ up of Fanning , Middleton , Haug , Collins , and Coghill has since remained unchanged .
Throughout the late 1990s , Powderfinger rose to prominence throughout Australia , receiving several accolades and achieving highly successful record and concert ticket sales . As the most vocal and prominent member of the band , the popularity for the group elevated Fanning as a powerful individual in the public view of the Australian music industry . Fanning was called upon by film @-@ maker Gregor Jordan in 2003 to perform the folk song " Moreton Bay " ( named after the bay of the same name in the Brisbane area ) and his own original composition " Shelter for My Soul " in Jordan 's film Ned Kelly . Fanning then enlisted Jordan to film Powderfinger 's first live DVD , These Days : Live in Concert .
= = = Solo venture ( 2004 – 2006 ) = = =
On 31 October 2005 , Fanning released his debut solo album entitled Tea & Sympathy . The album debuted at No. 1 on the Australian ARIA Albums chart , and spent 58 weeks in the top 50 . It peaked at No. 11 during its 18 @-@ week stay on the New Zealand albums chart .
Tea & Sympathy comprised songs Fanning had written in his time with Powderfinger , as well as new content written after the band went on hiatus . Most of the writing was done in what Fanning described as a " creative burst " between March and May 2005 . Much of the inspiration for the work on the album came from Fanning 's reaction to the death of his brother in 2002 , and to the ending of a 12 @-@ year relationship with his girlfriend , Philippa Sison . The majority of the album was recorded at Real World Studios with Tchad Blake in June 2005 , except for " Not Finished Just Yet " , " Believe " , " Wash Me Clean " , and " Hope & Validation " , which were recorded at Fanning 's Brisbane home . Fanning was supported by Brisbane musicians Jerry Marotta , Keith Duffy , and John Bedggood , who also formed part of his live band . The album was developed in a relaxed manner , with Fanning stating , " We had a ball putting the songs together . "
Three singles were released from the album . The most successful of these was the lead single , " Wish You Well " , shortly followed by " Songbird " . These releases were only sold as digital download singles . The third single from the album , " Watch Over Me " , was the only to be released as a CD single and achieved minor success on the Australian singles chart . It entered the chart on 9 July 2006 at No. 16 , and spent eight weeks in the top 50 . On 26 January 2006 , " Wish You Well " was voted No. 1 for the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2005 . Following " Watch Over Me " , Fanning digitally released a fourth single " Weekend of Mystery " , which was not officially on the album , except for those who purchased the album from the iTunes Store . Fanning also took home the award for Best Music Video at the 2006 ARIA Awards for the iconic ' Wish You Well ' clip .
On 2 December 2005 , Fanning announced a nationwide Which Way Home Concert Tour , named after the song on the album of the same name . Fanning played seven shows between 25 February and 10 March 2006 , in all of Australia 's major capital cities . He was supported by Perth band The Panics and Brisbane singer Andrew Morris . He followed this with the " Yesterday 's Gone " tour , announced on 11 August 2006 , and concluding with Powderfinger re @-@ uniting and returning to the recording studio — Fanning later stated that while he enjoyed making Tea & Sympathy , " Powderfinger is my real job " .
= = = Powderfinger return ( 2007 – 2010 ) = = =
Throughout 2006 , Fanning had hinted towards Powderfinger ceasing their hiatus to release a sixth studio album . Recorded in Los Angeles , Dream Days at the Hotel Existence was released on 2 June 2007 . The title of the album came from a chapter of Brooklyn Follies by Paul Auster , a book that Fanning had read during recording . The album debuted at No. 1 on the Australian ARIA Albums chart .
Powderfinger toured around Australia and New Zealand with Silverchair on the Across the Great Divide tour in 2007 . The tour 's aim was to promote the efforts of Reconciliation Australia to reduce the 17 @-@ year life expectancy gap between Indigenous and Non @-@ Indigenous Australians . Fanning said of the tour , " The idea is to show both bands are behind the idea of reconciliation . "
= = = Return to Solo venture ( 2011 – present ) = = =
After the disbanding of Powderfinger , Fanning moved to Spain with his family where he began writing and recording demos for his next solo album . In January 2013 Fanning announced on his website blog that he had been recording the follow up to 2005 's Tea and Sympathy in Los Angeles . In March 2013 he announced via his blog that recording had been completed and he had returned to Australia . The album " Departures " was released on the 7th of June with the first single " Battleships " released on the 22nd of April .
= = Style , technique , and influences = =
Fanning has been described as having a strong vocal range when singing , but has stated that he is not highly confident in his voice . In a 1998 interview , Fanning said , " I don 't think I have the perfect voice or anything " , and stated that delivering the message of the song was more important than " showing off [ his ] chops " . He noted he was not interested in singing for the purpose of singing alone , but rather because he enjoyed getting the purpose of the song across . Fanning has stated : " For me , writing songs comes from anywhere " , drawing inspiration from his experiences .
In his work on Tea & Sympathy , Fanning noted less of a collaborative song style , referring to his inability to play guitar solos as causing different elements to become a focus of the songs . In an interview , he said , " I wasn 't relying on solos to be big features because I simply can 't play them . " Fanning explained that the shorter length of songs was due to him not having " four other people " to back him up when producing independently .
Fanning has stated his favourite band is The Beatles .
= = Political and moral stances = =
Fanning has stated that although political messages may be common throughout his and Powderfinger 's music , it is not the central focus when writing songs : " A balance has to be struck in a lot of ways , in the sense that primarily I 'm a musician . I 'm not a political commentator . So if I write a song that has political content , then hopefully that song is a good enough song to make it onto my record . And if it 's not , then that 's just a song that I 've written . So I don 't think it necessarily needs to be that you 're definitively trying to make a political statement . " He has stated that he
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has no interest in " doing a ' Peter Garrett ' " , who entered politics after a successful Midnight Oil career .
On 8 July 2007 , Fanning wrote a piece for Adelaide 's Sunday Mail , telling of his recent trip to Uluru . In the piece , he criticised those who climbed the rock , stating that he was " appalled that kids were being taught to disrespect the wishes of Aboriginal people on their own land " . Upon returning from Uluru , Fanning wrote " Black Tears " , which intended to " document a relationship gone wrong " . In his piece , Fanning also criticised the 17 @-@ year life expectancy gap between Aboriginal and non @-@ Aboriginal Australians , and encouraged all to join a conversation on reconciliation .
Fanning takes a left @-@ leaning political stance , although he claims he is not fond of discussing the issue . Rather , he attempts to discuss the issues through his songs ; " I approach writing a song about something like [ Aboriginal affairs ] the same way I would approach writing a song about a relationship , because it 's something that I feel strongly about . " However , he has occasionally stated his views on social and political issues , giving The Dominion Post his stance on Aboriginal affairs in light of the Across the Great Divide tour ;
= = Personal life = =
Fanning has performed numerous philanthropic tasks independently and with Powderfinger . The band played at the 2005 WaveAid concert to raise money for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , and the Across the Great Divide tour in 2007 to promote the efforts of Reconciliation Australia . Fanning has contributed to charities including " A Just Australia " and Youngcare Australia , and donates his time to youth detention centres in Brisbane by running songwriting workshops . In an uncharacteristic outburst , Fanning once referred to fellow Australian artist Ben Lee as " a precocious little cunt " , after Lee referred to himself as " the saviour of Australian music " . Fanning later apologised for the comment .
Fanning married Andrea Moreno in February 2007 in Brisbane , Australia . Moreno is from Spain , where the two met while Fanning was writing and recording Tea & Sympathy in Europe . This relationship followed a twelve @-@ year union Fanning had had with his previous girlfriend , and it was this break @-@ up ( along with the then @-@ recent death of his older brother ) which influenced much of the lyrical content and sombre atmospheric mood of Tea & Sympathy . Through Moreno , Fanning has learned to speak some of the Spanish language . Fanning and Moreno have performed together while Powderfinger was on hiatus and Fanning was touring as a
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962 release of Pot Luck and the November 1968 release of the soundtrack to the television special that signaled his comeback , only one LP of new material by Presley was issued : the gospel album How Great Thou Art ( 1967 ) . It won him his first Grammy Award , for Best Sacred Performance . As Marsh described , Presley was " arguably the greatest white gospel singer of his time [ and ] really the last rock & roll artist to make gospel as vital a component of his musical personality as his secular songs . "
Shortly before Christmas 1966 , more than seven years since they first met , Presley proposed to Priscilla Beaulieu . They were married on May 1 , 1967 , in a brief ceremony in their suite at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas . The flow of formulaic films and assembly @-@ line soundtracks rolled on . It was not until October 1967 , when the Clambake soundtrack LP registered record low sales for a new Presley album , that RCA executives recognized a problem . " By then , of course , the damage had been done " , as historians Connie Kirchberg and Marc Hendrickx put it . " Elvis was viewed as a joke by serious music lovers and a has @-@ been to all but his most loyal fans . "
= = = 1968 – 73 : Comeback = = =
= = = = Elvis : the ' 68 Comeback Special = = = =
Presley 's only child , Lisa Marie , was born on February 1 , 1968 , during a period when he had grown deeply unhappy with his career . Of the eight Presley singles released between January 1967 and May 1968 , only two charted in the top 40 , and none higher than number 28 . His forthcoming soundtrack album , Speedway , would die at number 82 on the Billboard chart . Parker had already shifted his plans to television , where Presley had not appeared since the Sinatra Timex show in 1960 . He maneuvered a deal with NBC that committed the network to both finance a theatrical feature and broadcast a Christmas special .
Recorded in late June in Burbank , California , the special , called simply Elvis , aired on December 3 , 1968 . Later known as the ' 68 Comeback Special , the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience — Presley 's first live performances since 1961 . The live segments saw Presley clad in tight black leather , singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style reminiscent of his early rock @-@ and @-@ roll days . Bill Belew , who designed this outfit , gave it a Napoleonic standing collar ( Presley customarily wore high collars because he believed his neck looked too long ) , a design feature that he would later make a major trademark of the outfits Presley wore on stage in his later years . Director and coproducer Steve Binder had worked hard to reassure the nervous singer and to produce a show that was far from the hour of Christmas songs Parker had originally planned . The show , NBC 's highest rated that season , captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience . Jon Landau of Eye magazine remarked , " There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home . He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock ' n ' roll singers . He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy . " Dave Marsh calls the performance one of " emotional grandeur and historical resonance . "
By January 1969 , the single " If I Can Dream " , written for the special , reached number 12 . The soundtrack album broke into the top ten . According to friend Jerry Schilling , the special reminded Presley of what " he had not been able to do for years , being able to choose the people ; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack . ... He was out of prison , man . " Binder said of Presley 's reaction , " I played Elvis the 60 @-@ minute show , and he told me in the screening room , ' Steve , it 's the greatest thing I 've ever done in my life . I give you my word I will never sing a song I don 't believe in . ' "
= = = = From Elvis In Memphis and the International = = = =
Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special , Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio , which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis . Released in June 1969 , it was his first secular , non @-@ soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years . As described by Dave Marsh , it is " a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years . He sings country songs , soul songs and rockers with real conviction , a stunning achievement . "
Presley was keen to resume regular live performing . Following the success of the Comeback Special , offers came in from around the world . The London Palladium offered Parker $ 28 @,@ 000 for a one @-@ week engagement . He responded , " That 's fine for me , now how much can you get for Elvis ? " In May , the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas , boasting the largest showroom in the city , announced that it had booked Presley , scheduling him to perform 57 shows over four weeks beginning July 31 . Moore , Fontana , and the Jordanaires declined to participate , afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville . Presley assembled new , top @-@ notch accompaniment , led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups , The Imperials and The Sweet Inspirations . Nonetheless , he was nervous : his only previous Las Vegas engagement , in 1956 , had been dismal , and he had neither forgotten nor forgiven that failure . To revise his approach to performances , Presley visited Las Vegas hotel showrooms and lounges , at one of which , that of the Flamingo , he encountered Tom Jones , whose aggressive style was similar to his own 1950s approach ; the two became friends . Already studying karate at the time , Presley recruited Bill Belew to design variants of karatekas 's gis for him ; these , in jumpsuit form , would be his " stage uniforms " in his later years . Parker , who intended to make Presley 's return the show business event of the year , oversaw a major promotional push . For his part , hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance .
Presley took to the stage without introduction . The audience of 2200 , including many celebrities , gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance . A third followed his encore , " Can 't Help Falling in Love " ( a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s ) . At a press conference after the show , when a journalist referred to him as " The King " , Presley gestured toward Fats Domino , who was taking in the scene . " No , " Presley said , " that 's the real king of rock and roll . " The next day , Parker 's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five @-@ year contract for Presley to play each February and August , at an annual salary of $ 1 million . Newsweek commented , " There are several unbelievable things about Elvis , but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars . " Rolling Stone called Presley " supernatural , his own resurrection . " In November , Presley 's final non @-@ concert film , Change of Habit , opened . The double album From Memphis To Vegas / From Vegas To Memphis came out the same month ; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International , the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions . " Suspicious Minds " reached the top of the charts — Presley 's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years , and his last .
Cassandra Peterson , later television 's Elvira , met Presley during this period in Las Vegas , where she was working as a showgirl . She recalls of their encounter , " He was so anti @-@ drug when I met him . I mentioned to him that I smoked marijuana , and he was just appalled . He said , ' Don 't ever do that again . ' " Presley was not only deeply opposed to recreational drugs , he also rarely drank . Several of his family members had been alcoholics , a fate he intended to avoid .
= = = = Back on tour and meeting Nixon = = = =
Presley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year 's two month @-@ long engagements , performing two shows a night . Recordings from these shows were issued on the album On Stage . In late February , Presley performed six attendance @-@ record – breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome . In April , the single " The Wonder of You " was issued — a number one hit in the UK , it topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart
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. The moment the idea came to him , Balzac raced to his sister 's apartment and proclaimed : " I am about to become a genius " ! Although he originally called it Etudes des Mœurs ( Study of Mores ) , it eventually became known as La Comédie Humaine , and he included in it all the fiction that he had published in his lifetime under his own name . This was to be Balzac 's life work and his greatest achievement .
After the collapse of his businesses , Balzac traveled to Brittany and stayed with the De Pommereul family outside Fougères . There he drew inspiration for Les Chouans ( 1829 ) , a tale of love gone wrong amid the Chouan royalist forces . Although Balzac was a supporter of the Crown , Balzac paints the counter @-@ revolutionaries in a sympathetic light — even though they are the center of the book 's most brutal scenes . This was the first book Balzac released under his own name , and it gave him what one critic called " passage into the Promised Land " . It established him as an author of note ( even if its historical fiction @-@ genre imitates that of Sir Walter Scott ) and provided him with a name outside his past pseudonyms .
Soon afterwards , around the time of his father 's death , Balzac wrote El Verdugo — about a 30 @-@ year @-@ old man who kills his father ( Balzac was 30 years old at the time ) . This was the first work signed " Honoré de Balzac " . He followed his father in the surname Balzac but added the aristocratic @-@ sounding nobiliary particle to help him fit into respected society , a choice based on skill rather than by right . " The aristocracy and authority of talent are more substantial than the aristocracy of names and material power " , he wrote in 1830 . The timing of the decision was also significant ; as Robb explained : " The disappearance of the father coincides with the adoption of the nobiliary particle . A symbolic inheritance . " Just as his father had worked his way up from poverty into respectable society , Balzac considered toil and effort his real mark of nobility .
When the July Revolution overthrew Charles X in 1830 , Balzac declared himself a Legitimist , supporting King Charles ' Royal House of Bourbon , but not without qualifications . He felt that the new July Monarchy ( which claimed widespread popular support ) was disorganized and unprincipled , in need of a mediator to keep the political peace between the King and insurgent forces . He called for " a young and vigorous man who belongs neither to the Directoire nor to the Empire , but who is 1830 incarnate .... " He planned to be such a candidate , appealing especially to the higher classes in Chinon . But after a near @-@ fatal accident in 1832 ( he slipped and cracked his head on the street ) , Balzac decided not to stand for election .
1831 saw the success of La Peau de chagrin ( The Wild Ass 's Skin or The Magic Skin ) , a fable @-@ like tale about a despondent young man named Raphaël de Valentin who finds an animal skin which promises great power and wealth . He obtains these things , but loses the ability to manage them . In the end , his health fails and he is consumed by his own confusion . Balzac meant the story to bear witness to the treacherous turns of life , its " serpentine motion " .
In 1833 Balzac released Eugénie Grandet , his first best @-@ seller . The tale of a young lady who inherits her father 's miserliness , it also became the most critically acclaimed book of his career . The writing is simple , yet the individuals ( especially the bourgeois title character ) are dynamic and complex .
Le Père Goriot ( Old Father Goriot , 1835 ) was his next success , in which Balzac transposes the story of King Lear to 1820s Paris in order to rage at a society bereft of all love save the love of money . The centrality of a father in this novel matches Balzac 's own position — not only as mentor to his troubled young secretary , Jules Sandeau , but also the fact that he had fathered a child , Marie @-@ Caroline Du Fresnay , with his otherwise @-@ married lover , Maria Du Fresnay , who had been his source of inspiration for Eugénie Grandet .
In 1836 Balzac took the helm of the Chronique de Paris , a weekly magazine of society and politics . He tried to enforce strict impartiality in its pages and a reasoned assessment of various ideologies . As Rogers notes , " Balzac was interested in any social , political , or economic theory , whether from the right or the left . " The magazine failed , but in July 1840 he founded another publication , the Revue Parisienne . It produced three issues .
These dismal business efforts — and his misadventures in Sardinia — provided an appropriate milieu in which to set the two @-@ volume Illusions perdues ( Lost Illusions , 1843 ) . The novel concerns Lucien de Rubempré , a young poet trying to make a name for himself , who becomes trapped in the morass of society 's darkest contradictions . Lucien 's journalistic work is informed by Balzac 's own failed ventures in the field . Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes ( The Harlot High and Low , 1847 ) continues Lucien 's story . He is trapped by the Abbé Herrera ( Vautrin ) in a convoluted and disastrous plan to regain social status . The book undergoes a massive temporal rift ; the first part ( of four ) covers a span of six years , while the final two sections focus on just three days .
Le Cousin Pons ( 1847 ) and La Cousine Bette ( 1848 ) tell the story of Les Parents Pauvres ( The Poor Relations ) . The conniving and wrangling over wills and inheritances reflect the expertise gained by the author as a young law clerk . Balzac 's health was deteriorating by this point , making the completion of this pair of books a significant accomplishment .
Many of his novels were initially serialized , like those of Dickens . Their length was not predetermined . Illusions Perdues extends to a thousand pages after starting inauspiciously in a small @-@ town print shop , whereas La Fille aux yeux d 'or ( The Girl with the Golden Eyes , 1835 ) opens with a broad panorama of Paris but becomes a closely plotted novella of only fifty pages .
= = = Work habits = = =
Balzac 's work habits are legendary — he did not work quickly , but toiled with an incredible focus and dedication . His preferred method was to eat a light meal at five or six in the afternoon , then sleep until midnight . He then rose and wrote for many hours , fueled by innumerable cups of black coffee . He would often work for fifteen hours or more at a stretch ; he claimed to have once worked for 48 hours with only three hours of rest in the middle .
Balzac revised obsessively , covering printer 's proofs with changes and additions to be reset . He sometimes repeated this process during the publication of a book , causing significant expense both for himself and the publisher . As a result , the finished product quite often was different from the original text . Although some of his books never reached completion , some — such as Les employés ( The Government Clerks , 1841 ) — are nonetheless noted by critics .
Although Balzac was " by turns a hermit and a vagrant " , he managed to stay in tune with the social spheres which nourished his writing . He was friends with Théophile Gautier and Pierre @-@ Marie @-@ Charles de Bernard du Grail de la Villette , and he was acquainted with Victor Hugo . Nevertheless , he did not spend as much time in salons and clubs of Paris like many of his characters . " In the first place he
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in 1887 . Everett donated 130 books to St. Cloud , beginning the community 's first library .
= = Film and TV = =
In the 2015 documentary film The Gettysburg Address , Edward Everett is portrayed by actor Ed Asner .
= = Publications = =
Everett , Edward ( 1814 ) . A Defence of Christianity Against the Works of George B. English . Boston : Hilliard and Metcalf . OCLC 2541810 .
Everett , Edward ( 1820 ) . An Account of Some Greek Manuscripts , Procured at Constantinople in 1819 and now Belonging to the Library of the University at Cambridge . Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences .
Everett , Edward ( 1853 ) . Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions , Volume 1 . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 10559911 .
Everett , Edward ( 1850 ) . Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions , Volume 2 . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 457720654 .
Everett , Edward ( 1859 ) . Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions , Volume 3 . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 703424239 .
Everett , Edward ( 1868 ) . Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions , Volume 4 . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 703424868 .
Everett , Edward ( 1860 ) . The Life of George Washington . New York : Sheldon and Company . OCLC 682585 .
= Buckeye chicken =
The Buckeye is a breed of chicken originating in the U.S. state of Ohio . Created in the late 19th century , Buckeyes are the only American Poultry Association ( APA ) standard breed of chicken known to have been created by a woman , and the only one in the American Class to have a pea comb . As of 2014 , Buckeyes are listed as " Threatened " by The Livestock Conservancy . The breed 's name is derived from Ohio 's nickname of " Buckeye state " , and their mahogany color is said ideally to resemble the seeds of the Ohio Buckeye plant ( Aesculus glabra ) . They are a dual @-@ purpose chicken that have a decent laying ability and strong meat production characteristics . Buckeyes are yellow skinned chickens that lay brown eggs .
= = History = =
The Buckeye was first bred and developed in 1896 , by a Warren , Ohio resident named Nettie Metcalf . They are the only American breed of chicken known to have been developed by a woman , despite the fact that women were customarily given charge of the household poultry flock throughout much of U.S. history . Metcalf crossbred Barred Plymouth Rocks , Buff Cochins , and some black breasted red games to produce the Buckeye . Her goal was a functional breed that could produce well in the bitter Midwest winters . Contrary to popular belief the Buckeye breed was created before the Rhode Island Red breed and Metcalf actually sent birds to the RIR breeders for them to improve their breed .
The Buckeye was admitted to the American Poultry Association 's Standard of Perfection in 1904 . Entrance into the Standard of Perfection signifies official certification as a breed by the Association , and thus allows Buckeyes to be entered into poultry shows and judged according to the breed standard ( as outlined in the Standard of Perfection ) .
The recognition of Buckeyes in the Standard has been a significant factor in its survival . In the past , largely due its lack of color variations , the Buckeye has not been an especially popular exhibition breed , but there is growing interest in the exhibition poultry fancy for this dual @-@ purpose variety of bird . Not adopted by commercial operations , the Buckeye has generally been a bird of smaller farm flocks . Today the breed status is listed as threatened by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy , threatened being defined as Threatened : Fewer than 1 @,@ 000 breeding birds in the United States , with seven or fewer primary breeding flocks , and estimated global population less than 5 @,@ 000 . The breed is also included in the Slow Food USA Ark of Taste , a catalog of heritage foods in danger of extinction .
= = Characteristics = =
The Buckeye male weighs an average of 9 lb ( 4 @.@ 1 kg ) , and the hen 6 @.@ 5 lb ( 2 @.@ 9 kg ) . The breed has yellow skin and lays brown eggs . Its primary color is a mahogany red with black tails ; sometimes males have other dark feathering . According to the breed standard , a Buckeye 's plumage should ideally resemble the hue of an Ohio Buckeye 's seeds . Especially in the hen , the breed is very similar in appearance to the Rhode Island Red . The Buckeye can be differentiated by a bar of slate color on the back feathers close to the body ; the body is also much more compact , with a short yet broad back .
The Buckeye is the only purely American breed to sport a pea comb , and this , combined with its stocky build , makes it a supremely cold hardy chicken . Other breeds of fowl developed in the U.S. ( such as the Ameraucana ) may sport pea combs , but these chickens were primarily created from foreign birds . It also bears some traits of Game fowl in frame and disposition , being assertive in character and a very good forager . Generally calm , the cock birds in rare cases may become aggressive . Despite its game heritage , it tolerates confinement well , although it will be much happier and produce better if allowed to range on grass . The Buckeye is said by breeders to be disinclined towards feather picking . A good meat producer and layer of between 150 to 200 eggs per year , the Buckeye is a dual purpose
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The second leg at Kaiserslautern was essentially meaningless as the German team needed to score four goals to stand a chance of reaching the final . It was Alavés who scored four goals , Kaiserslautern scored a consolation goal , but Alavés won the match 4 – 1 to progress to the final in their first season in European courtesy of a 9 – 2 aggregate victory .
= = Match = =
= = = Background = = =
Liverpool went into the match having already won two trophies during the 2000 – 01 season . Their first trophy was the Football League Cup which they had won in February defeating Birmingham City 5 – 4 in a penalty shoot @-@ out after the match had finished 1 – 1 . The second trophy was the FA Cup , which they won 2 – 1 . They entered the match with the opportunity to win an unprecedented Treble .
Liverpool were appearing in their third UEFA Cup final , both their previous appearances in the final in 1973 and 1976 had resulted in victory . They were also making their first appearance in a European final since their ban from European competition following the Heysel Stadium disaster . Alavés on the other hand were appearing in their first European final in their first season in European competition . Remarkably , the club had been in the Fourth Division of the Spanish league system 11 years ago . As it was their first season in Europe , Alavés had commissioned a special shirt that was pink and bore the names of all their ' socios ' ( members ) as a memento of their qualification for Europe .
Liverpool opted for a 4 – 4 – 2 formation , with the only change from their FA Cup winning team four days earlier being the inclusion of Gary McAllister at the expense of Vladimír Šmicer . Robbie Fowler who had been disappointed to be a substitute for the FA Cup final was again on the bench . Emile Heskey and Michael Owen were picked to spearhead Liverpool 's attack . Alavés opted to play a 5 – 3 – 2 formation , with Cosmin Contra , Dan Eggen , Antonio Karmona , Óscar Téllez and Delfí Geli in defence . In attack , Martín Astudillo and Jordi Cruyff were chosen to play behind lone striker Javi Moreno .
= = = First half = = =
Liverpool won the toss and kicked @-@ off . Within the first four minutes Liverpool had scored . Markus Babbel headed in a Gary McAllister free @-@ kick to put Liverpool 1 – 0 up . They nearly added to their lead minutes later when Emile Heskey was put through on goal from a McAllister pass , but Alavés goalkeeper Martín Herrera cleared the ball with his feet . Two minutes later , Martín Astudillo was shown a yellow card for a challenge on Heskey . Liverpool player Gary McAllister also received a yellow card after he confronted the Alavés player over his challenge . Alavés first opportunity to score was in the 12th minute . They were awarded a free @-@ kick on the edge of the Liverpool penalty area following a challenge by Stéphane Henchoz . Oscar Téllez curled a shot towards Liverpool 's goal , however , Liverpool goalkeeper Sander Westerveld pushed the ball away from goal . Three minutes later , Michael Owen collected a Dietmar Hamann pass and played a diagonal pass to Steven Gerrard , whose shot beat the Alavés keeper Herrera to put Liverpool 2 – 0 ahead .
Minutes later Alavés made the first substitution of the match when Iván Alonso replaced defender Dan Eggen . The change had the desired effect as four minutes later , Alavés scored . Right wing @-@ back Cosmin Contra put the ball into the area form the right side of the pitch and Alonso rose above Babbel to head the ball into the net to make the scoreline 2 – 1 . Immediately afterwards , Alavés were almost level when Contra put another ball into the penalty area , however , Henchoz cleared the ball before an Alavés player could reach it . In the 35th minute , Alavés were again nearly level . Alonso 's header fell to Javi Moreno , who went past Henchoz his shot was saved by Westerveld after it his chest . The rebound fell to Ivan Tomić , but Westerveld again saved his shot . Five minutes later , Liverpool were awarded a penalty . Michael Owen had run into the penalty area past the Alavés defence , he was brought down by Herrera was who was booked for the foul . Gary McAllister took the penalty and scored to put Liverpool 3 – 1 ahead .
= = = Second half = = =
In contrast to the first @-@ half , it was Alavés who started the half the better of the two sides . Contra put a cross from the right side of the pitch into the penalty area , which was met by Moreno , whose header beat Westerveld to make the scoreline 3 – 2 . Four minutes later Alavés had equalised . They were awarded a free @-@ kick 25 yards away from goal and Moreno went straight through the Liverpool wall and into the goal past Westerveld . Liverpool reacted to the scoreline being levelled at 3 – 3 by substituting Stéphane Henchoz with Vladimír Šmicer . Steven Gerrard was placed in the right @-@ back position as a result of the change . Three minutes later , Owen was brought down by defender Antonio Karmona , who was subsequently booked . Liverpool were awarded a free @-@ kick , which Gary McAllister hit into the Alavés wall . In the 64th minute , both sides made substitutions . Liverpool replaced Emile Heskey with Robbie Fowler , while Alavés goalscorer Javi Moreno with Pablo .
Eight minutes later , Gary McAllister passed the ball to Fowler who moved towards the centre of the pitch from the left @-@ hand side and hit his shot into the corner of the net to put Liverpool 4 – 3 up with 18 minutes of the match remaining . Two minutes later , Liverpool substituted Michael Owen for Patrik Berger . In the 82nd minute , Alavés had an appeal for a penalty after Hamann was adjudged to have brought Magno down , the Brazilian was subsequently booked for diving . With two minutes remaining , Liverpool goalkeeper Sander Westerveld conceded a corner . The subsequent corner is headed into the goal by Jordi Cruyff to make the scoreline 4 – 4 . Two minutes into injury @-@ time , Contra went down under pressure from Gerrard in the Liverpool penalty area . Again , the referee deemed that there was no penalty . Following this , the referee blew his whistle to signal the end of 90 minutes if play . The match would now go into a 30 @-@ minute extra @-@ time period .
= = = Extra time = = =
The golden goal was used during extra @-@ time , which meant that whatever team scored first would win . Liverpool kicked off the first half of extra @-@ time and within three minutes , Alavés looked like they had scored a golden goal . Ivan Alonso had put the ball in the Liverpool goal , but it was ruled out as Alonso was offside . A minute later , Óscar Téllez was booked for fouling Robbie Fowler . Within four minutes , Alavés had been reduced to 10 men . Magno was shown a second yellow card for a two @-@ footed challenge on Markus Babbel . With a minute of the first half of extra @-@ time
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remaining , Fowler thought he had scored the winning goal , however it was disallowed as he was offside .
Alavés kicked off the second half of extra @-@ time and within seconds , Babbel was booked for bringing down Alavés defender Delfí Geli 30 yards from goal . The resulting free @-@ kick was put wide by Hermes Desio . Three minutes later , Liverpool had a chance to score , but Fowler could not reach Steven Gerrard 's cross and the ball was subsequently cleared from the Alavés penalty area . In the 115th minute of the match , Alavés were reduced to nine men , when Antonio Karmona received a second yellow card for fouling Smicer . McAllister took the resulting free @-@ kick , which was headed into his own goal by Geli . As a result of the golden goal , Liverpool had won the match 5 – 4 to win their third UEFA Cup and complete a Treble .
= = = Details = = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
Liverpool 's victory was their third UEFA Cup success , this put them level with Internazionale and Juventus as the teams with the most success in the competition . Their victory also meant they completed a Treble of cup victories , as they had won the Football League Cup and the FA Cup earlier in the season .
The match was hailed as one of the most exciting finals in modern times , with Alan Hansen declaring : " the best final ever . " Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier hailed his players after the match : " When you play in a European final , you are looking for immortality . People remember who was playing and when you look at programmes from finals you just recall the facts of the game . These boys have produced a game which will be remembered for a long time — and that is thanks to Alavés too . " Houllier hit back at critics that had labelled Liverpool as boring before the match : " Maybe we are a boring side — as I seem to keep reading — but I will put up with that . We must have scored 122 of our 123 goals on the counter attack , but all I know is that our total this season is the third highest in Liverpool 's history . "
The performance of Gary McAllister was lauded after the match with Trevor Brooking stating : " Gary McAllister was outstanding . " Alan Hansen also praised McAllister 's performance : " Gary McAllister was outstanding . At 36 , to keep going the way he did , keep taking those free @-@ kicks and producing it when it counted , was sensational . He fully deserved his man of the match award . "
Alavés manager José Manuel Esnal praised his players despite their loss : " Dortmund has seen a great final , and it was possibly the smallest team in the competition that made it great . " Esnal saluted his players for their character especially for equalising twice in the match : " We played with pride and class to get the score back to 4 – 4 at the end of normal time , the result of that , however , was that we were half dead going into extra @-@ time . But we 're the same team as we were two hours ago . One side always has to lose a final , just as one wins . "
Despite their success , Liverpool were not celebrating immediately after the match , as they had an important match in the Premier League on the Saturday following the final . The match against Charlton Athletic was a must @-
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by the fact that the medieval Scandinavian laws still contained laws concerning voyages to Greece when they were written down after the Viking Age . The older version of the Westrogothic law , which was written down by Eskil Magnusson , the lawspeaker of Västergötland 1219 – 1225 , stated that " no man may receive an inheritance ( in Sweden ) while he dwells in Greece " . The later version , which was written down from 1250 to 1300 , adds that " no one may inherit from such a person as was not a living heir when he went away " . Also the old Norwegian Gulaþingslög contains a similar law : " but if ( a man ) goes to Greece , then he who is next in line to inherit shall hold his property " .
About 3 @,@ 000 runestones from the Viking Age have been discovered in Scandinavia of which c . 2 @,@ 700 were raised within what today is Sweden . As many as 1 @,@ 277 of them were raised in the province of Uppland alone . The Viking Age coincided with the Christianisation of Scandinavia , and in many districts c . 50 % of the stone inscriptions have traces of Christianity . In Uppland , c . 70 % of the inscriptions are explicitly Christian , which is shown by engraved crosses or added Christian prayers , while only a few runestones are explicitly pagan . The runestone tradition probably died out before 1100 , and at the latest by 1125 .
Among the runestones of the Viking Age , 9 @.@ 1 – 10 % report that they were raised in memory of people who went abroad , and the runestones that mention Greece constitute the largest group of them . In addition , there is a group of three or four runestones that commemorate men who died in southern Italy , and who were probably members of the Varangian Guard . The only group of stones comparable in number to the Greece runestones are those that mention England , followed by the c . 26 Ingvar runestones raised in the wake of the fateful Ingvar expedition to Persia .
Blöndal & Benedikz ( 2007 ) note that most of the Greece runestones are from Uppland and relate it to the fact that it was the most common area to start a journey to Greece , and the area from which most Rus ' originated . However , as noted by Jansson ( 1987 ) , the fact that most of these runestones were raised in Uppland and Södermanland does not necessarily mean that their number reflects the composition of the Scandinavians in the Varangian Guard . These two provinces are those that have the greatest concentrations of runic inscriptions .
Not all those who are commemorated on the Greece runestones were necessarily members of the Varangian Guard , and some may have gone to Greece as merchants or died there while passing by on a pilgrimage . The fact that a voyage to Greece was associated with great danger is testified by the fact that a woman had a runestone made in memory of herself before she departed on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem : " Ingirún Harðardóttir had runes graven for herself ; she would go East and out to Jerusalem . Fótr carved the runes . " However , Blöndal and Benedikz ( 2007 ) state that although there were other reasons for going to Greece , it is certain that most of the runestones were made in memory of members of the Varangian Guard who died there . Still , some runestones tell of men who returned with increased wealth , and an inscription on a boulder in Ed was commissioned by a former captain of the Guard , Ragnvaldr .
= = = Purpose = = =
The reasons for the runestone tradition are a matter of debate but they include inheritance issues , status and the honouring of the deceased . Several runestones explicitly commemorate inheritance such as the Ulunda stone and the Hansta stone , but the vast majority of the runestones only tell who raised the stone and in memory of whom .
A common view held by scholars such as Erik Moltke and Sven B. F. Jansson is that the runestones were primarily the result of the many Viking expeditions from Scandinavia , or to cite Jansson ( 1987 ) :
When the great expeditions were over , the old trade routes closed , and the Viking ships no longer made ready each spring for voyages to east and west , then that meant the end of the carving and setting up of rune stones in the proper sense of the term . They may be called the monuments of the Viking voyages , and the sensitive reader may catch in many of their inscriptions the Viking 's love of adventure and exploits of boisterous daring .
Sawyer ( 2000 ) , on the other hand , reacts against this commonly held view and comments that the vast majority of the runestones were raised in memory of people who are not reported to have died abroad . She argues that few men who went abroad were honoured with memorials and the reason is that the runestones were mainly raised because of concerns at home , such as inheritance issues . Such concerns would have arisen when a family knew that a relative would not return from abroad .
= = The runestones = =
Below follows a presentation of the Greece runestones based on information collected from the Rundata project , organised according to location . The transcriptions from runic inscriptions into standardised Old Norse are in Old East Norse ( OEN ) , the Swedish and Danish dialect , to facilitate comparison with the inscriptions , while the English translation provided by Rundata give the names in the standard dialect ,
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00 and 3 @,@ 500 meters ( 5 @,@ 900 and 11 @,@ 500 ft ) , though it can be found at sea level in Chile and up to 4 @,@ 200 meters ( 13 @,@ 800 ft ) in the Andes .
= = Behavior = =
This tit @-@ tyrant appears to be territorial in defending what it regards as its feeding territory , although it only displays territorial behavior against other tufted tit @-@ tyrants . Birds defending their territory , either alone or in a pair , tend to begin their defense by calling rapidly and displaying displacement behavior , such as bill wiping or wing flaring . They then raise their crest and chase the other tit @-@ tyrant through the shrubs , occasionally physically attacking the intruder . The victorious tit @-@ tyrant then returns to its normal foraging behavior . The southern subspecies , A. p. patagonicus , migrates to northern Argentina after the breeding season ; the other populations appear to be non @-@ migratory .
= = = Diet = = =
The tufted tit @-@ tyrant is a generalist feeder that eats insects . It is also known to eat seeds in rare circumstances . It is an active forager that hunts in pairs or , after the breeding season , small family groups . It has also been known to feed with mixed @-@ species foraging flocks , although this behavior is abnormal . When this does occur , it is most frequently seen foraging with the thorn @-@ tailed rayadito ; flocks of thirty tufted tit @-@ tyrants in these mixed @-@ species foraging groups have been reported . Birds in pairs tend to feed leapfrog style and maintain constant visual contact with each other . This species feeds at all strata of its habitat from the understory to the canopy .
When feeding , this flycatcher makes many short flights from perch to perch , preferring to hunt in shrubs with small leaves , particularly those from the genera Adesmia , Baccharis , and Porlieria . A tit @-@ tyrant tends to land near the base of the shrub and make its way upwards while frequently flicking its tail upwards and shuddering its wings . It has also been observed pivoting on its perch throughout this process . While foraging , the tufted tit @-@ tyrant averages three attacks on prey items per minute . Its feeding style has been compared to that of a kinglet .
The tufted tit @-@ tyrant uses three different hunting strategies to catch its prey . Gleaning insects from a perch is its primary hunting strategy ; while gleaning , the bird sits upright with its wings dropped below the tail , which is pointing straight down . From this position the tit @-@ tyrant scans upwards into the vegetation for three to five seconds before attacking , making them surprisingly deliberate hunters for a small flycatcher .
The second most prevalent hunting strategy observed is hover gleaning , in which the tit @-@ tyrant flies upwards from its perch and then hovers midair while grabbing prey from the vegetation . A third and less frequently used strategy is flycatching , in which the bird flies away from its shrub to grab prey in midair . Prey can be grabbed either close to the bird 's perch or at a short distance , which often requires the bird to pursue its prey . When pairs flycatch cooperatively , one bird quietly lurks within the shrub while the other snatches nearby insects ; after about a dozen attacks , the birds switch positions .
= = = Reproduction = = =
This flycatcher typically raises two broods a year . The northern populations nest from January to June , while the southern populations nest from August to January . The male tufted tit @-@ tyrant is aggressive during the breeding season , frequently chasing potential rivals in undulating flights while making a whirring sound .
The tufted tit @-@ tyrant 's nest is built in shrubs or bamboo , often beside a stream , clearings , or path , and is frequently well hidden . The nest is small and compact , and is made in the shape of an open cup . The cup is made of root fibers , lichens , grasses , and the down of thistles , and small feathers line the interior of the cup . The tufted tit @-@ tyrant 's nests are remarkably homogeneous , varying only slightly in composition . Two to three creamy yellow eggs are laid in the nest . The eggs have an average size of 15 @.@ 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) by 11 @.@ 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 46 in ) .
= = Conservation = =
The tufted tit @-@ tyrant is listed as Least Concern because of its large range of 2 @,@ 640 @,@ 000 km2 ( 1 @,@ 020 @,@ 000 sq mi ) and stable population , which , although not officially estimated , is believed to be well above 10 @,@ 000 individuals . It is uncommon to locally common throughout its range . This species is considered to have a low sensitivity towards human disturbances in its habitat .
= Harvie Krumpet =
Harvie Krumpet is a 2003 Australian clay animation comedy @-@ drama short film written , directed and animated by Adam Elliot , and narrated by Geoffrey Rush . It tells the life story of Harvie Krumpet , a Polish @-@ Australian man whose life is plagued by bad luck but who nevertheless remains optimistic .
The film was funded by SBS Independent , the Australian Film Commission and Film Victoria , and it was filmed and animated by Adam Elliot and two assistants over 15 months in 2001 – 2003 , using models made of plasticine and other materials . The production was completed in May 2003 and Harvie Krumpet premiered a month later at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival , followed by over 100 subsequent film festival screenings . It won many accolades , including the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 2004 .
= = Plot = =
The story revolves around the life of Harvek Milos Krumpetzki , born in Poland in 1922 . As a child , he begins to collect pieces of information he calls " fakts " , which are presented throughout the film . At the outbreak of World War II , shortly after his parents ' death in a house fire , he migrates to Australia as a refugee , settling in Spotswood , Victoria , and changing his name to Harvie Krumpet .
Despite a life filled with bad luck — having Tourette syndrome , being struck by lightning , and losing one of his testicles to cancer — Harvie remains optimistic , living out his own eccentric way of life . In one of the pivotal episodes of his life , Harvie sits in the park next to a statue of Horace while he hears the instructional Carpe diem , which inspires him to make many changes in his life , such as embracing nudism and embarking on daring rescue missions for animal rights . He marries Val , a nurse he meets in hospital , and they adopt a daughter , Ruby , who has deformed limbs due to the effects of thalidomide .
After Ruby moves to America and Val dies of a stroke , Harvie develops Alzheimer 's disease and is placed in a nursing home . Although he briefly considers suicide , he decides to continue living his life to the fullest . The final " fakt " presented reads : " Life is like a cigarette . Smoke it to the butt " .
= = Voice cast = =
John Flaus as Harvie Krumpet
Geoffrey Rush as the Narrator . The filmmakers approached Rush with copies of Elliot 's three previous short films to ask him to be involved in Harvie Krumpet . Rush recorded the narration at the beginning of production on the film , so that his dialogue could be used to guide the animators in determining the length of each shot . When the animation was complete , however , Elliot found that " when we put his voice to the images , his voice came out a bit too cold " , so Rush re @-@ recorded his lines with a " more colourful , emotive performance " .
Julie Forsyth as Lilliana Krumpetzki . Forsyth , along with the Elwood Primary School choir , also provided vocals for the song " God Is Better than Football " , composed by Keith Binns .
Kamahl as the Statue of Horace
= = Production = =
Adam Elliot conceived the idea behind Harvie Krumpet over a ten @-@ year period , and wrote fourteen drafts of
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the script over three months . He also created a 300 @-@ panel storyboard to visualise the film before the animation began . He described Harvie 's character as " an amalgamation of many people I know " , in addition to being partly autobiographical . Elliot 's development of the plot began with small character details with which he could " work backwards and then find a rhythm to the piece " . Harvie Krumpet marked the first time that Elliot worked with a producer , Melanie Coombs . Financing for the film 's A $ 377 @,@ 000 production budget was split between three production companies : SBS Independent , the Australian Film Commission and Film Victoria .
Harvie Krumpet was filmed in Melbourne over 15 months between October 2001 and January 2003 . The film was shot in sequence in three @-@ month blocks , interspersed with three @-@ month blocks of building sets and models . Production began in Elliott 's garage and subsequently took place in three separate studios , moving three times in order to accommodate the growing size of the sets . It was shot on Super 16 mm film using a Bolex camera . Each individual frame was animated , meaning that an average of 3 – 5 seconds ' worth of film was produced in each full day of filming .
The film was produced by clay animation using character models each about the size of a wine bottle . The models were first constructed using plasticine before pouring Carbog , a solid material used by mechanics , into moulds to form the bodies . They were then painted to appear like plasticine , and real plasticine around wire was used for the arms . Elliot said he chose to use Carbog since models made from just plasticine would require more maintenance . Some characters had replaceable mouths made of hardened Sculpey clay that were attached magnetically to the faces to reflect different facial expressions ; Harvie 's model had more than 30 separate mouth shapes . The design of the models was influenced by Elliot 's tremor , since he needed them to be relatively large and easy to manipulate . He made the models ' eyes particularly large " to fully express the character 's emotion " . He intentionally left fingerprints in the plasticine when manipulating the models to remind the audience that " what they 're seeing is tangible , tactile and it 's not generated through a computer " . He was assisted by Sophie Raymond and Michael Bazeley in constructing and modelling the characters . The sets were largely constructed from wood .
Harvie Krumpet was edited by Bill Murphy for eight days spread over several weeks . The original cut of 45 – 50 minutes of footage was reduced to a final cut of less than 23 minutes . Over 2000 sound clips were added during the sound design process and the film was converted to 35 mm film in May 2003 .
= = Release and reception = =
Harvie Krumpet premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in June 2003 , where it won three of the festival 's four major prizes , the Prix FIPRESCI , Prix du public and Prix special du jury . Its Australian premiere was at the 2003 Melbourne International Film Festival , where it won the Best Australian Short Award . During 2003 – 2004 , the film was screened at over 100 film festivals around the world , winning 40 awards . At the 76th Academy Awards , the film was awarded Best Animated Short Film , and in Australia it won the Best Short Animation prize at the 45th Australian Film Institute Awards and the Best Animation prize at the 2004 Inside Film Awards .
Rob Mackie awarded Harvie Krumpet 4 out of 5 stars in a review for The Guardian , describing it as " both fondly evocative and uproariously funny " . The Sydney Morning Herald critic Sacha Molitorisz summarised the film as " hilarious , moving and wonderful " , " a melancholy short that doesn 't put a foot wrong " . He praised Elliot 's " meticulous attention to detail and love for his characters " as well as Rush 's narration .
= Geography of Ireland =
Ireland is an island in northwest Europe in the north Atlantic Ocean . The island lies on the European continental shelf , part of the Eurasian Plate . The island 's main geographical features include low central plains surrounded by coastal mountains . The highest peak is Carrauntoohil ( Irish : Corrán Tuathail ) , which is 1 @,@ 041 metres ( 3 @,@ 415 ft ) above sea level . The western coastline is rugged , with many islands , peninsulas , headlands and bays . The island is bisected by the River Shannon , which at 360 @.@ 5 km ( 224 mi ) with a 102 @.@ 1 km ( 63 mi ) estuary is the longest river in Ireland and flows south from County Cavan in Ulster to meet the Atlantic just south of Limerick . There are a number of sizeable lakes along Ireland 's rivers , of which Lough Neagh is the largest .
Politically , the island consists of the Republic of Ireland , with jurisdiction over about five @-@ sixths of the island ; and Northern Ireland , a constituent country ( and an unconfirmed " practical " exclave ) of the United Kingdom , with jurisdiction over the remaining sixth . Located west of the island of Great Britain , it is located at approximately 53 ° N 8 ° W. It has a total area of 84 @,@ 421 km2 ( 32 @,@ 595 sq mi ) . It is separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and from mainland Europe by the Celtic Sea . Ireland and Great Britain , together with nearby islands , are known collectively as the British Isles ; as the term British Isles is controversial in relation to Ireland , the alternative term Britain and Ireland is increasingly preferred .
= = Geological development = =
The geology of Ireland is diverse . Different regions contain rocks belonging to different geologic periods , dating as far back almost 2 billion years . The oldest known Irish rock is about 1 @.@ 7 billion years old and is found on Inishtrahull Island off the north coast of County Donegal and also at Annagh Head on the Mullet Peninsula . The newer formations are the drumlins and glacial valleys as a result of the last ice age , and the sinkholes and cave formations in the limestone regions of Clare .
Ireland 's geographic history covers everything from volcanoes and tropical seas to the ice age . Ireland has been in formed by two distinct parts and slowly joined together , uniting about 440 million years ago . As a result of tectonics and changes in latitude the sea level has risen and fallen . In every area of the country the rocks which formed can be seen as a result . Finally the impact of the glaciers created the views that we see today
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appointment to office , but the more prestigious the degree , the more certain one 's career in higher administrative posts would be . The central government held the exclusive right to appoint or remove officials . The case for removal was always carefully examined , since the central government kept a recorded dossier of reports on each official , stored in the capital for later review .
Ebrey states that meritocracy and a greater sense of social mobility were also prevalent in the civil service examination system , as the government held a list of all examination graduates , showing that only roughly half of those who passed had a father , or grandfather , or great @-@ grandfather who served as a government official . However , Robert Hartwell and Robert P. Hymes state that this fact , first presented by Edward A. Kracke in 1947 and supported by Sudō Yoshiyuki and Ho Ping @-@ ti , emphasizes the role of the nuclear family and only demonstrates three paternal ascendants of the candidates while ignoring the demographic reality of Song China , the significant proportion of males in each generation that had no surviving sons , and the role of the extended family . Male children with fathers who were incumbents in office had the advantage of early education and experience , as they were often appointed by their father to low @-@ level staff positions . Yet with the so @-@ called ' protection ' ( yin or yin @-@ bu 荫补 / 蔭補 ) privilege this arrangement was extended to close relatives , as an elder brother , uncle , father @-@ in @-@ law , and even father @-@ in @-@ law to one 's uncle could help one secure a future in office . The Song era poet Su Shi ( 1037 – 1101 ) wrote a poem called On the Birth of My Son , poking fun at the situation of children from affluent and politically connected backgrounds having the upper edge over bright children of lower status :
Robert Hartwell notes that in the Northern Song dynasty there were two types of elites who dominated the civil service : a founding elite and a professional elite . The founding elite consisted of the North China military governors of the 10th century , their associates , personal staffs , and bureaucrats who had served in the capitals of the administrations of the previous Five Dynasties . The professional bureaucracy consisted of elite families who had established residence in Kaifeng or subordinate capitals , claimed prestigious clan ancestry , had intermarried with other prominent families , had members in higher offices over generations , and periodically dominated Song government until the 12th century . The prominent families of this professional elite accounted for 18 of the 11th century chancellors , the highest official post . From 960 to 986 , the founding military elite from Shanxi , Shaanxi , and Hebei represented 46 % of fiscal offices , people from districts in Songzhou — the military governorship of the founding emperor — represented 22 % of fiscal offices , and those from Kaifeng and Luoyang filled 13 % of fiscal posts . In the same period , the founding elite and professional elite filled over 90 % of policy @-@ making positions . However , after 983 , when the south had been conquered and consolidated into the empire , a semi @-@ hereditary professional elite gradually replaced the founding elite . After 1086 not a single family of the founding elite had a member in either policy @-@ making or financial positions . Between 998 and 1085 , the 35 most important families of the professional elite represented only 5 % of the families that had members in policy @-@ making offices , yet they disproportionately held 23 % of these positions . By the late 11th century the professional elite began to break apart as a distinguishable status group aiming for civil service . They were replaced by a multitude of local gentry lineages who had their children pursue a slew of different professions other than official careers . Hartwell states that this shift of power was the result of the professional elite 's lineage strategies being undermined by the rise of factional partisan politics in the latter half of the 11th century .
Before the 1080s , the majority of officials drafted came from a regionally diverse background ; afterwards , intraregional patterns of drafting officials became more common . Hartwell writes that during the Southern Song , the shift of power from central to regional administrations , the localized interests of the new gentry , the enforcement of prefectural quotas in preliminary examinations , and the uncertainties of a successful political career in the factionally split capital led many civil servants to choose positions that would allow them to remain in specific regions . Hymes demonstrates how this correlated with the decline in long @-@ distance marriage alliances that had perpetuated the professional elite in the Northern Song , as the Southern Song gentry preferred local marriage prospects . It was not until the reign of Emperor Shenzong ( r . 1068 – 1085 ) that the now heavily populated regions of South China began providing a quantity of officials in policy @-@ making posts that were proportionate to their share of China 's total population . From 1125 to 1205 , about 80 % of all those who held office in one of the six ministries of the central government had spent most of their low @-@ grade official careers within the area of modern southern Anhui , southern Jiangsu , Zhejiang , and Fujian provinces . Almost 100 % of these officials were born and buried within this southeastern macroregion .
= = Government and politics = =
= = = Administrative units = = =
Within the largest political divisions of the Song known as circuits ( lu ) there were a number of prefectures ( zhou ) , which in turn were divided into the smallest political units of counties ( xian ) ; there were about 1 @,@ 230 counties during the Song period . The prefect during the early Northern Song was the prime official of local government authority , who was the lowest regional official allowed to memorialize the throne , was primary tax collector , and head magistrate over several magistrates within his jurisdiction that dealt with civil disputes and maintaining order . By the late Northern Song , the growth in the number of counties with different proportions in population under a prefect 's jurisdiction decreased the importance of the latter office , as it became more difficult
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for the prefect to manage the counties . This was part of a larger continuum of administrative trends from the Tang to Ming dynasties , with the gradual decline of importance of intermediate administrative units — the prefectures — alongside a shift of power from central government to large regional administrations ; the latter experienced progressively less influence of central government in their routine affairs . In the Southern Song , four semi @-@ autonomous regional command systems were established based on territorial and military units ; this influenced the model of detached service secretariats which became the provincial administrations ( sheng ) of the Yuan ( 1279 – 1368 ) , Ming ( 1368 – 1644 ) , and Qing ( 1644 – 1912 ) dynasties . The administrative control of the Southern Song central government over the empire became increasingly limited to the circuits located in closer proximity to the capital at Hangzhou , while those farther away practiced greater autonomy .
= = = Official careers = = =
After the tumultuous An Lushan Rebellion ( 755 – 763 ) , the early Tang career path of officials rising in a hierarchy of six ministries — with Works given the lowest status and Personnel the highest — was changed into a system where officials chose specialized careers within one of the six ministries . The commissions of Salt and Iron , Funds , and Census that were created to deal with immediate financial crisis after An Lushan 's insurrection were the influential basis for this change in career paths that became focused within functionally distinct hierarchies . The varied career backgrounds and expertise of early Northern Song officials meant that they were to be given specific assignment to work in only one of the ministries : Personnel , Revenue , Rites , War , Justice , or Works . As China 's population increased and regional economies became more complex the central government could no longer handle the separate parts of the empire efficiently . As a result of this , in 1082 the reorganization of the central bureaucracy scrapped the hierarchies of commissions in favor of the early Tang model of officials advancing through a hierarchy of ministries , each with different levels of prestige .
In observing a multitude of biographies and funerary inscriptions , Hymes states that officials in the Northern Song era displayed a primary preoccupation with national interests , as they did not intervene in local or central government affairs for the benefit of their local prefecture or county . This trend was reversed in the Southern Song . Since the majority of central government officials in the Southern Song came from the macroregion of Anhui , Jiangsu , Zhejiang , and Fujian , Hartwell and Hymes state that there was a great amount of ad hoc local interests represented in central government policies .
Lower @-@ grade officials on the county and prefectural levels performed the necessary duties of administration such as collecting taxes , overseeing criminal cases , implementing efforts to fight famine and natural calamity , and occasionally supervising market affairs or public works . Since the growth of China 's population far outmatched the total number of officials accepted as administrators in the Song government , educated gentry who had not been appointed to an official post were entrusted as supervisors of affairs in rural communities . It was the " upper gentry " of high @-@ grade officials in the capital — comprising mostly those who passed the palace exams — who were in a position to influence and reform society .
= = = Political partisanship and reform = = =
The high echelons of the political scene during the Song dynasty left a notorious legacy of partisanship and strife among factions of state ministers . The careers of low @-@ grade and middle @-@ grade officials were largely secure ; in the high ranks of the central administration , " reverses of fortune were to be feared , " as Sinologist historian Jacques Gernet put it . The Chancellor Fan Zhongyan ( 989 – 1052 ) introduced a series of reforms between 1043 and 1045 that received heated backlash from the conservative element at court . Fan set out to erase corruption from the recruitment system by providing higher salaries for minor officials , in order to persuade them not to become corrupt and take bribes . He also established sponsorship programs that would ensure officials were drafted on their merits , administrative skills , and moral character more than their etiquette and cultured appearance . However , the conservatives at court did not want their career paths and comfortable positions jeopardized by new standards , so they rallied to successfully halt the reforms .
Inspired by Fan , the later Chancellor Wang Anshi ( 1021 – 1086 ) implemented a series of reforms in 1069 upon his ascendance to office . Wang promulgated a community @-@ based law enforcement and civil order known as the Baojia system . Wang Anshi attempted to diminish the importance of landholding and private wealth in favor of mutual @-@ responsibility social groups that shared similar values and could be easily controlled by the government . Just as scholar @-@ officials owed their social prestige to their government degrees , Wang wanted to structure all of society as a mass of dependents loyal to the central government . He used various means , including the prohibition of landlords offering loans to tenants ; this role was assumed by the government . Wang established local militias that could aid the official standing army and lessen the constrained state budget expenses for the military . He set up low @-@ cost loans for the benefit of rural farmers , whom he viewed as the backbone of the Song economy . Since the land tax exacted from rural farmers filled the state treasury 's coffers , Wang implemented a reform to update the land @-@ survey system so that more accurate assessments could be gathered . Wang removed the mandatory poetry requirement in the civil service exams , on the grounds that many otherwise skilled and knowledgeable Confucian students were being denied entry into the administration . Wang also established government monopolies for tea , salt , and wine production . All of these programs received heavy criticism from conservative ministerial peers , who believed his reforms damaged local family wealth which provided the basis for the production of examination candidates , managers , merchants , landlords , and other essential members of society . Historian Paul J. Smith writes that Wang 's reforms — the New Policies — represented the professional bureaucratic elite 's final attempt to bring the thriving economy under state control to remedy the lack of state resources in combating powerful enemies to the north — the Liao and Western Xia .
Winston W. Lo
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of a 66 MW machine associated with a 6 MW house alternator , giving the unit a rating of 72 MW . Combined , these gave the B station a generating capacity of 260 MW , making the site 's generating capacity 503 MW . All of the station 's boilers were made by Babcock & Wilcox , fuelled by pulverised coal from pulverisers also built by Babcock & Wilcox . There were nine boilers in the A station and six in the B station . The B station 's boilers were the largest ever built in the UK at that time . The B station also had the highest thermal efficiency of any power station in the country for the first twelve years of its operation .
= = Operations = =
= = = Coal transportation = = =
The station had an annual coal consumption of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 tonnes . The majority of this coal was delivered to the station from coal ports in South Wales and North East England by coastal collier ships . The ships were " flat @-@ irons " with a low @-@ profile superstructure , fold @-@ down funnel and masts to fit under bridges over the Thames above the Pool of London . The LPC and its nationalised successors owned and operated several of its own " flat @-@ irons " for this service .
The jetty facilities used two cranes to offload coal , with the capacity of unloading two ships at one time , at a rate of 480 tonnes an hour . Coal was also delivered by rail to the east of the station using the Brighton Main Line which passes near the site . Coal was usually delivered to the jetty , rather than by rail . A conveyor belt system was then used to take coal to the coal storage area or directly to the station 's boiler rooms . The conveyor belt system consisted of a series of bridges connected by towers . The coal storage area was a large concrete box capable of holding 75 @,@ 000 tonnes of coal . This had an overhead gantry with a conveyor belt attached to the conveyor belt system , for taking coal from the coal store to the boiler rooms .
= = = Water system = = =
Water is essential to a thermal power station , as it is used to condense steam from the steam turbines before it is returned to the boiler . Water cycled through Battersea Power Station 's systems was taken from the River Thames , upon whose banks it had been built . The station would extract an average of 1 @.@ 5 gigalitres ( 340 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ) of water from the river each day . Once the water had been through the station 's systems , the water was cooled and discharged back into the river .
After the end of World War II , the London Power Company took the opportunity to use the waste heat to supply the Pimlico District Heating Undertaking , which started operating in 1950 .
= = = Scrubbers = = =
The reduction of sulphur emissions had been an important factor since the station was in the design stages , as it was one of the main worries of those who protested the construction of the station . The London Power Company began developing an experimental technique for washing the flue gases in 1925 . It used water and alkaline sprays over scrubbers of steel and timber in the flue ducts . The gases were subject to continuous washing , and with the presence of the catalyst iron oxide , sulphur dioxide was converted into sulphuric acid . Battersea Power Station was
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one of the first commercial applications of this technique in the world . This method of washing was stopped in the B Station in the 1960s , when it was discovered that the discharge of these products into the Thames was more harmful to the river than the gases would be to the atmosphere .
= = Closure and redevelopment = =
= = = Closure = = =
The fact that the station 's output continued to fall , coupled with increased operating costs , such as flue gas cleaning , led to Battersea 's demise . On 17 March 1975 , the A Station was closed after being in operation for 40 years . By this time the A Station was co @-@ firing oil and its generating capacity had declined to 228 MW .
Three years after the closure of the A Station , rumours began to circulate that the B Station would soon follow . A campaign was then launched to try to save the building as part of the national heritage . As a result , the station was declared a heritage site in 1980 , when the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Heseltine , awarded the building Grade II listed status . ( This was upgraded to Grade II * listed in 2007 . ) On 31 October 1983 production of electricity at Station B also ended , after nearly 30 years of operation . By then the B Station 's generating capacity had fallen to 146 MW . The closure of the two stations was put down largely to the generating equipment becoming outdated , and the preferred choice of fuel for electricity generation shifting from coal toward oil , gas and nuclear power . Since the station ceased generating electricity , there have been numerous proposals and attempts to redevelop the site .
= = = Theme park proposal = = =
Following the station 's closure , the Central Electricity Generating Board had planned to demolish the station and sell the land for housing , but because of the building 's then Grade II listed status , they had to pay the high cost of preserving the building . In 1983 they held a competition for ideas on the redevelopment of the site . It was won by a consortium including Alton Towers Ltd , which proposed an indoor theme park , based around Britain 's industrial history . At an estimated cost of £ 35 million , the scheme was risky and would require over 2 million visitors a year to make any profit . The scheme received planning approval in May 1986 and the site was purchased by John Broome for £ 1 @.@ 5 million in 1987 . Work on converting the site began the same year .
The project was halted in March 1989 , for lack of funding , after costs had quickly escalated that January , from £ 35 million to £ 230 million . By this point huge sections of the building 's roof had been removed , so that machinery could be taken out . Without a roof , the building 's steel framework has been left exposed and its foundations have been prone to flooding .
In March 1990 , the proposal was changed to a mixture of offices , shops and a hotel . This proposal was granted planning permission in August 1990 , despite opposition from 14 independent organisations , including English Heritage . Despite permission being granted , no further work took place on the site between 1990 and 1993 .
= = = Parkview proposal = = =
In 1993 , the site and its outstanding debt of £ 70 million were bought from the Bank of America by Hong Kong @-@ based development company , Parkview International , for £ 10 million . Following resolution of creditors ' claims , it acquired the freehold title in May 1996 . In November 1996 plans for the redevelopment of the site were submitted and outline consent was received in May 1997 . Detailed consent for much of the site was granted in August 2000 , and the rest in May 2001 . The company received full possession of the site in 2003 . Having purchased the site , Parkview started work on a £ 1 @.@ 1 billion project to restore the building and to redevelop the site into a retail , housing and leisure complex .
Parkview 's project plan , called simply " The Power Station " , was masterminded by architect Nicholas Grimshaw . The scheme proposed a shopping mall , with 40 to 50 restaurants , cafés and bars , 180 shops , as well as nightclubs , comedy venues and a cinema . Cosmopolitan shops would have been sited in the A Station 's turbine hall , and label name shops in the B Station 's turbine hall . The boiler house would have been glazed over and used as a public space for installations and exhibitions . A riverside walkway would also be created , running continuously along the riverside from Vauxhall to Battersea Park .
Parkview claimed that 3 @,@ 000 jobs would be created during the construction of the project , and 9 @,@ 000 would be employed once completed , with an emphasis on local recruitment . The Battersea Power Station Community Group campaigned against the Parkview plan and argued for an alternative community @-@ based scheme to be drawn up . The group described the plans as " a deeply unattractive project that has no affordable housing anywhere on the 38 @-@ acre ( 150 @,@ 000 m2 ) site , no decent jobs for local people and no credible public transport strategy " . They also criticised how appropriate the project was in its location , and proposal of other large buildings on the site . Keith Garner of the group said " I feel that there ’ s a real problem of appropriateness . They need a completely different kind of scheme , not this airport @-@ lounge treatment . What you see now is a majestic building looming up from the river . If you surround it with buildings 15 storeys high , you don ’ t have a landmark any more . "
In 2005 Parkview , English Heritage and the London Borough of Wandsworth claimed that the reinforcement inside the chimneys was corroded and irreparable . Wandsworth Council granted permission for them to be demolished and rebuilt . However , the Twentieth Century Society , the World Monuments Fund and the Battersea Power Station Company Ltd commissioned an alternative engineers ' report that claimed that the existing chimneys could be repaired . In response , Parkview claimed to have given a legally binding undertaking to the council to provide certainty that the chimneys will be replaced " like for like " , in accordance with the requirements of English Heritage and the planning authorities .
= = = REO proposal = = =
On 30 November 2006 , it was announced that Real Estate Opportunities , led by Irish businessmen Richard Barrett and Johnny Ronan of Treasury Holdings , had purchased Battersea Power Station and the surrounding land for € 532 million ( £ 400 million ) . REO subsequently announced that the previous plan by Parkview had been dropped and that it had appointed the practice of the Uruguayan @-@ born architect Rafael Viñoly , of New York as the new master planner for the site . The engineers Roger Preston & Partners and Buro Happold were retained on the design team . REO announced its £ 4 billion plan in 2008 , later revised . Jersey law firms , Ogier , Carey Olsen and Mourant Oxannes helped REO to raise funds for the new Battersea Power Station redevelopment . On 30 November 2011 , it was officially announced that the REO scheme had collapsed with the debt called in by its lenders and creditors , putting the site in administration .
London Underground extension
A proposed part of the regeneration is an extension of the London Underground to serve the area . Although the site is close to Battersea Park and Queenstown Road stations , it appears to be considered that trains from these stations to Victoria and Waterloo respectively are already heavily loaded . The proposed 2 @-@ mile tunnelled extension would branch from the Northern line at Kennington and travel west to Nine Elms and Battersea . The proposed extension would cost at least £ 500 million in 2008 terms before inflation and optimism bias ( extra contingency amounts ) and would be part funded by REO and , possibly , other significant land owners in the Nine Elms area . The 2010 planning consent for the site includes a phased contribution of approximately £ 200 million to the Underground extension , which adds another financial hurdle to the many difficulties in developing the site .
Biomass power station
They include reusing part
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Smith and Goldblum . Others criticized its storyline and character development . It won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing . A sequel , Independence Day : Resurgence , was released on June 24 , 2016 .
= = Plot = =
On July 2 , 1996 , an enormous alien mothership that has one fourth the mass of the Moon enters orbit around Earth , deploying 36 smaller spacecraft , each 15 miles ( 24 km ) wide , that take positions over some of Earth 's major cities and military bases . David Levinson , an MIT @-@ trained satellite technician , decodes a signal embedded in the global satellite transmissions that he determines is a timer counting down to a coordinated attack . With the help of his former wife , White House Communications Director Constance Spano , Levinson , and his father Julius , gain access to the Oval Office and warn President Thomas J. Whitmore that the aliens are hostile . Whitmore orders large @-@ scale evacuations of New York City , Los Angeles , and Washington D.C. , but it is too late ; the timer reaches zero and the ships activate devastating directed @-@ energy weapons , killing millions . Whitmore , the Levinsons , and a few others , narrowly escape aboard Air Force One as the capital is destroyed , along with other locations over which the ships are positioned .
On July 3 , international military leaders begin ordering individual counterattacks . Their aviation forces attack destroyer ships positioned above the ruins of the cities , but they are protected by force fields . Each destroyer launches a swarm of attack fighters , which wipe out the human fighter squadrons . Captain Steven Hiller of the Los Angeles USMC squadron survives by luring his attacker to the enclosed spaces of the Grand Canyon and sacrificing his plane , forcing the alien to crash @-@ land . He subdues the injured alien pilot and flags down a convoy of refugees , hitching a ride with former combat pilot Russell Casse . They transport the unconscious alien to nearby Area 51 where Whitmore 's group has landed . Through Secretary of Defense Albert Nimzicki , they learn that a faction of the government has been involved in a UFO conspiracy since 1947 , when one of the invaders ' attack fighters crashed in Roswell . Area 51 houses the refurbished attacker ship and three alien corpses recovered from the crash .
When eccentric scientist Brackish Okun examines the alien , it regains consciousness and attacks . It telepathically invades Okun 's mind and uses his vocal cords to communicate
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with Whitmore before launching a psychic attack against him . Whitmore begins seeing visions of the aliens collecting resources by moving from planet to planet and exterminating all life . After Secret Service agents and military officers kill the alien , he reluctantly authorizes a nuclear attack ; a B @-@ 2 Spirit fires a nuclear cruise missile at a destroyer positioned above Houston , but the ship remains intact .
On July 4 , Levinson demonstrates that the key to defeating the aliens is deactivating their force fields , and devises a way to do it by uploading a computer virus into the mothership . He proposes using the refurbished attack ship to gain entry which Hiller volunteers to pilot . The two are able to implant the virus and deploy a nuclear weapon on board . With military pilots in short supply , Whitmore enlists the help of volunteers with flight experience including Casse and leads an attack on a destroyer ship bearing down on Area 51 . Although the fighters are able to inflict damage , their supply of missiles is quickly exhausted . As the destroyer prepares to fire on the base , the last missile jams and Casse decides to sacrifice his own life . He flies his plane kamikaze @-@ style into the directed @-@ energy weapon port , which results in an explosion that destroys the ship . Human resistance forces around the world successfully destroy the other craft using this vulnerability . As humankind is rejoicing in victory , Hiller and Levinson have returned to Area 51 unharmed and reunite with their families . They and military officers nearby accompany Whitmore and his daughter and watching the wreckage from the mothership burns up , resembling a fireworks display , as it enters Earth 's atmosphere .
= = Cast = =
Will Smith as Captain Steven Hiller , United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , an assured F / A @-@ 18 pilot with VMFA @-@ 314 who aspires to be an astronaut , even after being turned down by NASA . Devlin and Emmerich had always envisioned an African @-@ American for the role , and specifically wanted Smith after seeing his performance in Six Degrees of Separation .
Bill Pullman as Thomas J. Whitmore , the 42nd President of the United States and a former Persian Gulf War fighter pilot . To prepare for the role , Pullman read Bob Woodward 's The Commanders and watched the documentary film The War Room .
Jeff Goldblum as David Levinson , an MIT @-@ educated computer expert , chess enthusiast , and environmentalist , working as a satellite technician for a cable television company in New York City .
Mary McDonnell as First Lady of the United States Marilyn Whitmore , President Whitmore 's wife .
Judd Hirsch as Julius Levinson , David 's widowed father , who shares his son 's enthusiasm for chess . The character was based on one of producer Dean Devlin 's uncles .
Robert Loggia as General William Grey , USMC , the head of the United States Space Command . Loggia modeled the character after World War II generals , particularly George S. Patton .
Randy Quaid as Russell Casse , a widowed , alcoholic crop duster and veteran Vietnam War pilot ; he claims he was abducted by aliens ten years prior to the film 's events , shortly after completing his military service .
Margaret Colin as Constance Spano , White House Communications Director and David 's former wife .
Vivica A. Fox as Jasmine Dubrow , a single mother , Steven 's girlfriend ( later wife ) , and exotic dancer .
James Rebhorn as Albert Nimzicki , the United States Secretary of Defense , former Director of the CIA , and a member of UFO conspirators within the government . Rebhorn described the character as being much like Oliver North . The character 's eventual firing lampoons Joe Nimziki , MGM 's head of advertising , who reportedly created unpleasant experiences for Devlin and Emmerich when studio executives forced recuts of Stargate .
Harvey Fierstein as Marty Gilbert , David 's boss .
Adam Baldwin as Major Mitchell , United States Air Force ( USAF ) , Area 51 's commanding officer .
Brent Spiner as Dr. Brackish Okun , the unkempt and highly excitable scientist in charge of research at Area 51 . Dr. Okun appeared to have been killed by an alien but returned in the sequel , where it was revealed that the character had merely been in a
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= = Distribution and habitat = =
The marsh rice rat currently occurs in much of the eastern and southern United States , northeast to southern New Jersey , and south to southeastern Texas and far northeastern Tamaulipas , Mexico . The northernmost records in the interior United States are in eastern Oklahoma , southeastern Kansas , southern Missouri and Illinois , and the southern half of Kentucky , but the species is absent in much of the Appalachians . Fossils of the marsh rice rat are known from Rancholabrean ( late Pleistocene , less than 300 @,@ 000 years ago ) deposits in Florida and Georgia and remains referred to the extinct subspecies O. p. fossilis are from the Wisconsinan and Sangamonian of Texas and Illinoian and Sangamonian of Kansas . In the Florida Keys , rice rats occur on most of the Lower Keys , but are absent from the Upper Keys , which are of a different geological origin and were probably never connected to the mainland . The western and eastern Cytb clades within the marsh rice rat may represent expansions from different glacial refugia which the species was restricted to during a glacial period .
Cave and archeological remains indicate that the range of the marsh rice rat has extended substantially further north and west earlier in the Holocene , into central Texas , eastern Nebraska , southwestern Iowa , central Illinois , southern Indiana , southern Ohio , West Virginia , and southwestern Pennsylvania . Most northern archeological sites date from about 1000 CE and are associated with corn cultivation , but in some older cave sites the rice rat is found with the extinct giant armadillo Dasypus bellus , suggesting warm climatic conditions . Perhaps a warm period during the Quaternary enabled the rice rat to disperse northward and when the climate cooled , relict populations were able to survive in the north as commensals in corn @-@ cultivating Native American communities . Some subfossil animals are slightly larger than living marsh rice rats , possibly because environmental constraints were relaxed in commensal populations .
In Tamaulipas and southern Texas , the ranges of the marsh rice rat and the related Oryzomys couesi meet ; in parts of Kenedy , Willacy and Cameron counties , Texas , and in far northeastern Tamaulipas , the two are sympatric ( occur in the same places ) . In experimental conditions , they fail to interbreed and genetic analysis yields no evidence of gene flow or hybridization in the wild . Compared to O. couesi , the marsh rice rat shows less genetic variability within but more between populations in the contact zone , probably because the species is restricted to isolated populations near the coast .
The marsh rice rat occurs in several habitats , ranging from coastal salt marshes to mountain streams and clearings . It is semiaquatic , spending much time in the water , and usually occurs in wetland habitats . It prefers areas where the ground is covered with grasses and sedges , which protect it from predators . In southern Illinois , marsh rice rats are more likely to occur in wetlands with more herbaceous cover , visual obstruction , and nearby grasslands . The species also occurs in drier uplands , which serve as sinks for young , dispersing animals and as refuges during high tide . Rice rats are adept overwater dispersers ; studies on islands off Virginia 's Delmarva Peninsula show that they readily cross 300 @-@ m ( 1000 ft ) channels between islands .
= = Behavior and ecology = =
Marsh rice rats are active during the night and for this reason are rarely seen , although they may be among the most common small mammals in part of their range . They will build nests of sedge and grass , about 13 cm ( 5 in ) large , which are placed under debris , near shrubs , in short burrows , or high in aquatic vegetation . They may also use old nests of marsh wrens ( Cistothorus palustris ) , red @-@ winged blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) , muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus ) or round @-@ tailed muskrats ( Neofiber alleni ) . Marsh rice rats sometimes make large runways or dig burrows . They are accomplished and willing swimmers , easily swimming for more than 10 m ( 33 ft ) under water , and will often seek safety in the water when alarmed . Rice rats in the Florida Keys occasionally climb in vegetation , but never higher than 90 cm ( 3 @.@ 0 ft ) . Marsh rice rats are very clean and extensively groom themselves , perhaps to keep their fur water @-@ repellent . They are aggressive towards conspecifics and emit high @-@ pitched squeaks while fighting . In dense vegetation , the perceptual range ( the distance from which an animal can detect a patch of suitable habitat ) of marsh rice rats is less than 10 m ( 33 ft ) . When released outside of their natural wetland habitat , marsh rice rats generally move either upwind or downwind ( anemotaxis ) , perhaps in order to move in a straight line , which is an efficient strategy to find suitable habitat .
Many animals prey on marsh rice rats . The barn owl ( Tyto alba ) is among the most important ; one study found that 97 @.@ 5 % of vertebrate remains in barn owl pellets were marsh rice rats . Other predators include birds ( marsh hawks , Circus cyaneus ; and barred owls , Strix varia ) , snakes ( cottonmouth moccasins , Agkistrodon piscivorus ; and others ) , alligators , and carnivorans ( raccoons , Procyon lotor ; red foxes , Vulpes vulpes ; minks , Neovison vison ; weasels of the genus Mustela ; and striped skunks , Mephitis mephitis ) . Many parasites have been recorded on the marsh rice rat , including various ticks and mites , lice , and fleas among external parasites and many nematodes and digeneans , a pentastomid , and several coccidians among internal parasites ( see parasites of the marsh rice rat ) .
Periodontitis , a bacterial disease affecting the jaws , is particularly virulent in
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= Biography = =
= = = Succession and early career = = =
Mundhir was the son of al @-@ Harith ibn Jabalah , ruler of the Ghassanid tribe and supreme phylarch of the Arab foederati in the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire . Situated on the southern flank of the frontier , the Ghassanids faced the Lakhmids , another powerful Arab tribe who were in turn the chief client of Byzantium 's main antagonist , the Sassanid Persian Empire . Harith had been raised to the kingship and to the position of supreme phylarch by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I ( r . 527 – 565 ) , who wished thereby to create a strong counterpart to the Lakhmid rulers . Mundhir had been confirmed as his father 's heir as early as 563 , during the latter 's visit to Constantinople , and succeeded after Harith 's death in 569 . It appears that Mundhir inherited his father 's Byzantine titles one at a time , as they were not hereditary : the rank of patricius , the honorific appellation paneuphemos ( most honorable ) and the prestigious honorific gentilicum " Flavius " , borne by the Byzantine emperors and consuls .
Soon after Harith 's death , Ghassanid territory was attacked by Qabus ibn al @-@ Mundhir , the new Lakhmid ruler , who sought to take advantage of the situation . Qabus 's forces were repulsed and Mundhir invaded Lakhmid territory in turn , seizing much plunder . As he turned back , the Lakhmids again confronted the Ghassanid army , but suffered a heavy defeat . After this success , Mundhir wrote to the Byzantine emperor Justin II ( r . 565 – 578 ) asking for gold for his men . This request reportedly angered Justin , who sent instructions to his local commander to lure the Ghassanid ruler into a trap and have him killed . But the letter fell into Mundhir 's hands , who then severed his relations with the Empire and refused to commit his forces during the war with Persia that began in 572 .
= = = Return to Byzantine allegiance = = =
As the Byzantines relied upon the Ghassanids to cover the approaches to Syria , Mundhir 's withdrawal left a gap in the Byzantine southern flank , which persisted for three years until 575 when Mundhir returned to the Byzantine allegiance through the mediation of the general Justinian , who met Mundhir at Sergiopolis . Immediately after this reconciliation , Mundhir assembled an army in secret and launched an attack against Hirah , the Lakhmid capital , arguably the Arab world 's largest , richest , and most culturally vibrant city at the time . The city was sacked , plundered , and put to the torch , except for the churches . According to John of Ephesus , Mundhir donated much of his booty from this expedition to monasteries and the poor . The same year , Mundhir visited Constantinople , where he was awarded a crown or diadem ( stemma ) , marking the formal renewal of
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and ecology of the Everglades involve the complex elements affecting the natural environment throughout the southern region of the U.S. state of Florida . Before drainage , the Everglades were an interwoven mesh of marshes and prairies covering 4 @,@ 000 square miles ( 10 @,@ 000 km2 ) . The Everglades is simultaneously a vast watershed that has historically extended from Lake Okeechobee 100 miles ( 160 km ) south to Florida Bay ( around one @-@ third of the southern Florida peninsula ) , and many interconnected ecosystems within a geographic boundary . It is such a unique meeting of water , land , and climate that the use of either singular or plural to refer to the Everglades is appropriate . When Marjory Stoneman Douglas wrote her definitive description of the region in 1947 , she used the metaphor " River of Grass " to explain the blending of water and plant life .
Although sawgrass and sloughs are the enduring geographical icons of the Everglades , other ecosystems are just as vital , and the borders marking them are subtle or nonexistent . Pinelands and tropical hardwood hammocks are located throughout the sloughs ; the trees , rooted in soil inches above the peat , marl , or water , support a variety of wildlife . The oldest and tallest trees are cypresses , whose roots are specially adapted to grow underwater for months at a time . The Big Cypress Swamp is well known for its 500 @-@ year @-@ old cypresses , though cypress domes can appear throughout the Everglades . As the fresh water from Lake Okeechobee makes its way to Florida Bay , it meets salt water from the Gulf of Mexico ; mangrove forests grow in this transitional zone , providing nursery and nesting conditions for many species of birds , fish , and invertebrates . The marine environment of Florida Bay is also considered part of the Everglades because its sea grasses and aquatic life are attracted to the constant discharge of fresh water .
These ecological systems are always changing due to environmental factors . Geographic features such as the Western Flatwoods , Eastern Flatwoods , and the Atlantic Coastal Ridge affect drainage patterns . Geologic elements , climate , and the frequency of storms and fire are formative processes for the Everglades . They help to sustain and transform the ecosystems in the Shark River Valley , Big Cypress Swamp , coastal areas and mangrove forests . Ecosystems have been described as both fragile and resilient . Minor fluctuations in water levels have far @-@ reaching consequences for many plant and animal species , and the system cycles and pulses with each change .
= = Shaping processes of ecosystems = =
At only 5 @,@ 000 years of age , the Everglades is a young region in geological terms . Its ecosystems are in constant flux as a result of the interplay of three factors : the type and amount of water present , the geology of the region , and the frequency and severity of fires .
= = = Water = = =
Water is the dominant element in the Everglades , and it shapes the land , vegetation , and animal life of South Florida . The South Florida climate was once arid and semi @-@ arid , interspersed with wet periods . Between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 years ago , sea levels rose , submerging portions of the Florida peninsula and causing the water table to rise . Fresh water saturated the limestone , eroding some of it and creating springs and sinkholes . The abundance of fresh water allowed new vegetation to take root , and through evaporation formed thunderstorms . Limestone was dissolved by the slightly acidic rainwater . The limestone wore away , and groundwater came into contact with the surface , creating a massive wetland ecosystem . Although the region appears flat , the wearing away of the limestone in some areas created slight valleys and plateaus — a difference of inches in elevation — that affected not only the flow of water , but also types of vegetation present .
The Everglades are unique ; no other wetland system in the world is nourished primarilyfkjls from the atmosphere . Before the first attempt at draining the Everglades in 1882 , the entire watershed extended from Orlando to Florida Bay comprising the Kissimmee – Lake Okeechobee – Everglades ( KLOE ) watershed . Kissimmee River outlets flow into Lake Okeechobee , which sits 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) above sea level . Only two seasons exist in the Everglades : wet ( May to November ) and dry ( December to April ) . Average annual rainfall in the Everglades is approximately 62 inches ( 160 cm ) , though fluctuations of precipitation are normal . Droughts , floods , and tropical storms are normal occurrences in the area . When Lake Okeechobee exceeds its water storage capacity during the wet season , it pours slowly over the southern rim and flows for 100 miles ( 160 km ) to Florida Bay . The gradient change is so slight that the river moves only 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) a minute . Sawgrass thrives in this river , dominates freshwater marshes and sloughs , and is the main characteristic of the region .
Severe weather , in the form of tropical storms and hurricanes , also affects the structure of the Everglades . Between 1871 and 2003 , 40 tropical cyclones struck the Everglades , usually every one to three years . These storms alter the coastline , flush decaying vegetation from estuaries , strip weakened branches from trees , and disperse seeds , pollen , and plant material . Hurricane Donna in 1960 affected 120 square miles ( 310 km2 ) of mangrove forests by depositing marl over the roots and depriving the trees of oxygen . It also eradicated orchids , bromeliads , and other epiphytes that once flourished in the mangroves ; their reappearance may take a century or more . Donna also significantly spread buttonwood , saltwort , and glasswort , and epiphytes began to grow in new areas . Although the lasting effects remain to be seen , Hurricane Andrew in 1992 also destroyed mangrove forests and snapped slash pines in half . However , regrowth occurred quickly , and sand deposited by the storm surge improved nesting conditions for crocodiles and sea turtles .
= = = Geology = = =
A vast marshland could only have been formed due to the underlying rock formations in southern Florida . The floor of the Everglades formed between 25 million and 2 million years ago when the Florida peninsula was a shallow sea floor . The peninsula has been covered by sea water at least seven times since the earliest bedrock formation . The rock that makes up the Everglades floor was created as layers of calcium carbonate were compressed by ocean water , making limestone . Fossilized bryozoans and tiny shells , or ooids , make the limestone porous . Water is stored in the rock , sometimes from one year to the next . The length of time that a region in the Everglades remains flooded , called a hydroperiod , determines what particular soils and vegetation are present .
Shorter hydroperiods of three or four months promote the growth of periphyton : algae and other microscopic organisms covered with calcium carbonate crystals . Periphyton is the basic building block of marl , a calcitic mud . In areas with hydroperiods of longer than nine months , peat builds up over hundreds or thousands of years due to many generations of decaying plant matter . Peat and marl are considered nutrient @-@ poor soils that foster the growth of specialized vegetation depending on the length of the regional hydroperiod .
Five types of peat appear in the Everglades system ; each type supports a specific type of vegetation , such as sawgrass , tree islands , or custard apple trees . Peat buildup is possible because water prevents oxygen from quickly decomposing plant matter . Once peat buildup reaches the surface , oxygen reacts with the microorganisms to decay the peat rapidly in a process called subsidence . Initial attempts at developing agriculture near Lake Okeechobee were successful , but the nutrients in the peat quickly deteriorated by drying , and were broken down by bacteria in the soil . The dried peat burned or was degraded into carbon dioxide and water by microorganisms . Some homes built near early farms had to restructure their foundations on stilts as the peat deteriorated ; other areas lost approximately 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) of soil depth . Between the 1880s and 2005 , an estimated 3 @.@ 4 billion metric tons of soil has been lost in the Everglades due to oxidation . Most of that loss occurs in the Everglades Agricultural Area ; the least amount of loss is found in Everglades National Park .
= = = Fire = = =
Fire is another important element in the maintenance of the Everglades . The majority are caused by lightning strikes from thunderstorms during the wet season . Their effects are largely superficial , and serve to foster further plant growth : sawgrass will burn above water , but the roots are preserved . Fire in the sawgrass marshes serves to keep out larger bushes and trees , and releases nutrients from decaying plant matter more efficiently than decomposition . Large burned areas also affect waterflow , since
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wind and water are undeterred by the eradicated sawgrass ; water may flow two to three times faster in recently burned areas . During the wet season only dead plant matter and the tips of plants are burned ; however , the effects of fire are much more significant in the dry season , as fire may be fed by organic peat and burn deeply , destroying root systems . The only impediment to the spread of fire in the Everglades is the presence of water . It takes around 225 years for one foot ( 0 @.@ 3 m ) of peat to develop , but the peat is not as dense as it should be for the 5 @,@ 000 years of the Everglades ' existence . Scientists point to fire as the reason .
Researchers have noted that fires appear in cycles associated with those of the hydroperiods . The first cycle is the annual wet @-@ season fires that occur with rapid frequency during the summer , but are quickly extinguished . Dry @-@ season fires are rarer due to the lack of lightning , but their damage may be more pervasive . A longer fire cycle spanning ten to fourteen years coincides with similar water cycles affected by global climate conditions . Fires in this cycle may be numerous and have little effect , or rare and have catastrophic consequences . The third cycle appears in a 550 @-@ year frequency associated with severe drought . Layers of charcoal have been detected inside peat in parts of the Everglades , indicating the region endured severe fires for years at a time , although this trend seems to have abated since the last occurrence around 940 BCE .
= = Ecosystem characteristics = =
The Everglades are dominated by sawgrass in water ; this is the titular " River of Grass " popularized by Marjory Stoneman Douglas in 1947 . This river contains a wide variety of plant and animal life . An early American environmentalist named Gifford Pinchot said of the Everglades , " It is a region so different that it hardly seems to belong to the United States . It is full of the most vivid and most interesting life on land , in the air , and in the water . It is a land of strangeness , separate and apart from the common things we all know so well . "
The sawgrass grows in prairies or strands , in between channels of water in a shallow river 100 miles ( 160 km ) long and 60 miles ( 97 km ) wide flowing from Lake Okeechobee to Florida Bay . Some authors refer to the sawgrass and water combination as the " true Everglades " or just " the Glades " . Prior to the first drainage attempts in 1905 , the sheetflow , or the wide shallow river starting in Lake Okeechobee , occupied nearly a third of the lower Florida peninsula . Though sawgrass remains the main feature of the Everglades , other ecosystems are scattered among the marshes and prairies , and their borders are sometimes imperceptible .
= = = Sawgrass marsh = = =
Most marshes in the Everglades are dominated by the sedge known as Cladium , or sawgrass in common terminology . The sedge is a three @-@ dimensional v @-@ shaped stalk with upward @-@ pointing teeth . Sawgrass thrives in the slowly moving water , but may die if oxygen is unable to reach its roots and is particularly vulnerable to floods immediately after a fire . Some of the sawgrass can grow up to 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall , and directly south of Lake Okeechobee it has grown to 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) . Farther south , where the peat is not as rich , it typically grows 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) tall in patches , as opposed to the prairies of the upper glades . The hydroperiod for the marsh is usually nine months but can last longer . In shorter hydroperiods , marl may form instead of peat .
Where sawgrass grows densely , few animals or other plants thrive , although alligators often choose these locations for nesting . Where there is more room , periphyton grows , appearing as mats or brown sausage @-@ shaped chunks . Periphyton is predominantly algae , although over 100 different microorganisms help create it . Larval insects and amphibians are supported by periphyton ; these in turn provide food for birds , fish , and reptiles . Periphyton also absorbs calcium from the water , which creates marl where sawgrass takes root .
= = = Freshwater sloughs = = =
Sloughs are channels of free @-@ flowing water in between the sawgrass marshes . Sloughs are deeper than sawgrass marshes , about 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) , and may stay flooded for at least 11 months out of the year if not multiple years in a row . The peat beds that support sawgrass are slightly elevated and may begin abruptly creating ridges of grass . The borders between these systems are called " ridge @-@ and @-@ slough " landscapes . Aquatic animals such as turtles , young alligators , snakes , and fish live in sloughs and they usually feed on aquatic invertebrates , such as the Florida apple snail . Plants grow here , usually submerged or floating like bladderwort ( Utricularia ) , waterlily ( Nymphaeaceae ) , or spatterdock ( Nuphar lutea ) . Major sloughs in the Everglades system include the Shark River Slough draining to Florida Bay , Lostmans Slough bordering The Big Cypress , and Taylor Slough in the eastern Everglades .
= = = Wet prairie = = =
Two kinds of wet prairies thrive in the Everglades : marl and water @-@ marsh community . Wet prairies are slightly elevated like sawgrass marshes , but contain abundant plant diversity . Marl prairies are located where marl covers limestone that may protrude as pinnacles or erode into solution holes : depressions formed by the same processes that create sinkholes . Solution holes , however , do not meet the water table ; they are
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six alpha decays was observed , leading down to an isotope of mendelevium :
278
113Uut → 274
111Rg + α → 270
109Mt + α → 266
107Bh + α → 262
105Db + α → 258
103Lr + α → 254
101Md + α
This decay chain differed from the previous observations at RIKEN mainly in the decay mode of dubnium , which was previously observed to undergo spontaneous fission , but in this case instead alpha decayed ; the alpha decay of 262Db to 258Lr is well @-@ known . The scientists on this team calculated the probability of accidental coincidence to be 10 − 28 , or totally negligible . The resulting 254Md atom than underwent beta plus decay to 254Fm , which itself finally alpha decayed to the long @-@ lived 250Cf , which has a half @-@ life of around thirteen years .
= = Naming = =
In March 2016 , Kosuke Morita , the leader of the RIKEN team , proposed the name " nihonium " to IUPAC , after its place of discovery and referencing Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa 's 1908 discovery of rhenium , which he named " nipponium " . IUPAC is expected to formally decide on the name by the end of 2016 after a period of public comments .
Until the proposed name is confirmed , ununtrium remains the lightest element that has not yet received an official name . Using Mendeleev 's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements , ununtrium should be known as eka @-@ thallium . In 1979 IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ununtrium ( with the corresponding symbol of Uut ) , a systematic element name as a placeholder , until the discovery of the element is confirmed and a name is decided on . Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels , from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks , the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field , who call it " element 113 " , with the symbol of ( 113 ) or even simply 113 .
Claims to the discovery of ununtrium have been put forward by both the Dubna and RIKEN teams . In 2011 , the IUPAC evaluated the 2004 RIKEN experiments and 2004 and 2007 Dubna experiments , and concluded that they did not meet the criteria for discovery .
On August 12 , 2012 , researchers at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator @-@ Based Science
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embley Stadium on the 15th and a friendly against Scotland at Celtic Park three days afterwards . Berahino did not take part in either of the senior England matches for which he was called up .
In March 2015 , Berahino was approached to represent his native Burundi at international level , a decision which can be taken as he has not played for England in a competitive senior international .
Berahino was named in the England under @-@ 21 squad for 2015 UEFA European Under @-@ 21 Championship in the Czech Republic but withdrew through injury on 18 June , to be replaced by Benik Afobe .
= = Style of play = =
In October 2013 , Berahino told The Daily Telegraph that the strikers he aims to emulate are Samuel Eto 'o , Didier Drogba and Jermain Defoe " because of their movement and the way they finish " .
When interviewed by BBC Sport in February 2015 , West Bromwich Albion manager Tony Pulis said that Berahino could be a " top class player " but that he needed " direction " .
Berahino 's England under @-@ 21 manager Gareth Southgate has said that he has an ability to create space on the pitch for his teammates , and has become physically and mentally stronger since he began working with him . West Bromwich Albion goalkeeper Ben Foster stated that Berahino is more committed in training than other players of his age , and follows a healthy diet . His former West Bromwich Albion teammate Steven Reid said that Berahino 's attitude to training improved as a result of dealing with two " turning points " , namely his expulsion from Brentford and knee injury at Peterborough .
= = Personal life = =
Berahino supports Manchester United . He is a Christian and regularly studies the Bible with his mother .
In April 2014 , Berahino apologised to West Bromwich Albion after videos of him inhaling nitrous oxide for recreational purposes were discovered by the media . He confessed that " This was very poor judgement on my part and not the right example to be setting . At the time , I wasn ’ t fully aware of the serious health risks involved but now I know , I won ’ t be doing it again " . However , Berahino denied allegations that he drove 120 miles under the influence of the substance .
On 22 October 2014 , Berahino was arrested on the M6 near Lymm , Cheshire , on suspicion of drink driving . He was charged with the offence in January 2015 , and admitted to it before North Cheshire Magistrates in Runcorn , who gave him a 12 @-@ month driving ban and a fine of £ 3 @,@ 400 .
In April 2015 , Berahino set up his own charity foundation to help WaterAid improve the lives of disadvantaged people in Britain and abroad . He stated " Having grown up in Burundi , I know only too well the devastating impact the lack of access to clean water or sanitation can have on families " . His manager Pulis said that " His story is an inspiring one and this shows what I have been saying for several months now about his attitude and his growing maturity " .
= = Career statistics = =
As of matches played 29 April 2016 .
= = Honours = =
= = = International = = =
England Under @-@ 17
UEFA European Under @-@ 17 Championship : 2010
= = = Individual = = =
England U21 Player of the Year : 2014
= M @-@ 217 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 217 , also known as Michiana Parkway , is a multi @-@ lane state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan . The Michiana Parkway , which extends into Indiana , was constructed as a joint effort of the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , the Cass County Road Commission and the Elkhart County Highway Department . Michigan 's segment of the parkway is 1 @.@ 563 miles ( 2 @.@ 515 km ) long continuing County Road 17 ( CR 17 ) in Elkhart County north into the state .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 217 starts at State Line Road on the Michigan – Indiana state line . It is the continuation of CR 17 that runs due north to an intersection with US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) in Porter Township in Cass County . The highway crosses farmland between the two termini . In 2008 , 4 @,@ 239 vehicles used the highway on a daily basis in MDOT 's average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) survey . The survey calculated how many vehicles used the roadway on average each day . The 2008 counts also showed that 75 trucks were included in the total . For 2009 , the figured dropped to 3 @,@ 738 vehicles and 67 trucks . M @-@ 217 is not listed on the National Highway System , a system of highways important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
The Michiana Parkway was constructed from CR 4 , just south of the " Elkhart East " interchange ( exit 96 ) of the Indiana Toll Road , to US 12 in Porter Township , along the boundary with Mason Township . The Indiana portion was an upgrade and extension of Elkhart County Road 17 to the state line ; Michigan 's portion was entirely new construction built by the Michigan Department of Transportation and numbered M @-@ 217 . With the completion of M @-@ 217 , MDOT and the Cass County Road Commission swapped roads on September 25 , 2002 . MDOT took over jurisdiction of M @-@ 217 and gave M @-@ 205 to the road commission , an action that decommissioned M @-@ 205 as a state trunkline .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is along the Porter – Mason township line , Cass
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instant of release to impart extra thrust " . Writing in 2001 following Ambrose 's retirement , Michael Atherton , whom Ambrose dismissed more often than any other batsman , said : " At his best , there is no doubt that [ Ambrose ] moved beyond the fine line that separates the great from the very good . Quality bowlers essentially need two of three things : pace , movement and accuracy . Ambrose had all three . "
Ambrose 's height , and the accuracy with which he bowled , made it difficult for batsmen to play forward to the ball ; instead they were forced to play with their weight going back . His accuracy meant that he was effective if the pitch favoured batsmen . He bowled an effective yorker , and unlike other fast bowlers , used short @-@ pitched deliveries sparingly , although he could bowl a hostile bouncer , and concentrated on bowling a full length aimed at the wickets . Ambrose rarely engaged in verbal sparring with batsmen , although in later years he occasionally inspected the pitch in an area close to the batsman before an innings began and rubbed his hands to suggest that he would enjoy bowling there . He always aimed to concede as few runs as possible when bowling , and frequently berated himself when he offered an easy delivery from which to score . Following his dismissal of a batsman , Ambrose often celebrated by pumping the air with his fists . With Courtney Walsh , Ambrose developed a reputation for performing at his best when his team seemed likely to lose , and he often took wickets in clusters which devastated the opposition . In addition , he was often most effective against the leading batsmen on a team ; he was also capable of exploiting vulnerabilities in the techniques of other batsmen .
As of 2012 , Ambrose 's 405 Test wickets place him 11th on the list of leading Test wicket @-@ takers . Of those who have taken over 200 Test wickets , Ambrose has the third best bowling average behind Malcolm Marshall and Joel Garner , and has the eighth best economy rate ; he rises to third if only those who have taken over 250 wickets are included . For much of his career , Ambrose was rated the world 's best bowler in the ICC player rankings , first reaching the top in 1991 ; he rarely dropped below second and was ranked in the top 10 from 1989 until the end of his career . His highest rating of 912 in the rankings , which he achieved in 1994 , is the equal sixth best rating of all time . In 2010 , Ambrose was chosen by a panel of writers and experts as a member of ESPNcricinfo 's " All @-@ Time XI " for West Indies . The following year , he was inducted into the International Cricket Council Hall of Fame . During his playing days , Ambrose had a reputation for reticence , and rarely spoke to journalists or the opposition . His response to a request for an interview in 1991 — " Curtly talks to no @-@ one " — became associated with him throughout his career , but he was more willing to talk to journalists after he retired .
= Book embedding =
In graph theory , a book embedding is a generalization of planar embedding of a graph to embeddings into a book , a collection of half @-@ planes all having the same line as their boundary . Usually , the vertices of the graph are required to lie on this boundary line , called the spine , and the edges are required to stay within a single half @-@ plane . The book thickness of a graph is the smallest possible number of half @-@ planes for any book embedding of the graph . Book thickness is also called pagenumber , stacknumber or fixed outerthickness . Book embeddings have also been used to define several other graph invariants including the pagewidth and book crossing number .
Every graph with n vertices has book thickness at most <formula> , and this formula gives the exact book thickness for complete graphs . The graphs with book thickness one are the outerplanar graphs . The graphs with book thickness at most two are the subhamiltonian graphs , which are always planar ; more generally , every planar graph has book thickness at most four . All minor @-@ closed graph families , and in particular the graphs with bounded treewidth or bounded genus , also have bounded book thickness . It is NP @-@ hard to determine the exact book thickness of a given graph , with or without knowing a fixed vertex ordering along the spine of the book .
One of the original motivations for studying book embeddings involved applications in VLSI design , in which the vertices of a book embedding represent components of a circuit and the wires represent connections between them . Book embedding also has applications in graph drawing , where two of the standard visualization styles for graphs , arc diagrams and circular layouts , can be constructed using book embeddings .
In transportation planning , the different sources and destinations of foot and vehicle traffic that meet and interact at a traffic light can be modeled mathematically as the vertices of a graph , with edges connecting different source @-@ destination pairs . A book embedding of this graph can be used to design a schedule that lets all the traffic move across the intersection with as few signal phases as possible . In bioinformatics problems involving the folding structure of RNA , single @-@ page book embeddings represent classical forms of nucleic acid secondary structure , and two @-@ page book embeddings represent pseudoknots . Other applications of book embeddings include abstract algebra and knot theory .
There are several open problems concerning book thickness . It is unknown whether the book thickness of an arbitrary graph can be bounded by a function of the book
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r rebelled against English rule in 1402 and Welsh forces invaded the Goodrich area in 1404 and 1405 . Gilbert Talbot was responsible for fighting back the Welsh advance and securing the castle . As time went on , however , the threat began to diminish . During the 15th century the Talbots considerably expanded the size of the lord 's quarters in the castle and provided additional accommodation for servants and retainers .
The Talbots became the Earls of Shrewsbury in 1442 , shortly before the Wars of the Roses in which they supported the Lancastrian faction . The wars meant that the Talbots were frequently fighting elsewhere in England , and often staying at their castle in Sheffield . John Talbot died in the Lancastrian defeat at Northampton in 1460 , and the castle was forfeited and transferred to the Yorkist William Herbert . John 's son , also called John Talbot , later made his peace with the king , however , and regained control of his lands and Goodrich Castle before his death in 1473 .
By the 16th century the castle was becoming less fashionable as a residence . Goodrich was too distant from London to be a useful power base , and was gradually abandoned in favour of more stylish residences , Goodrich continued to be used as a judicial centre however ; the antiquarian John Leland noted that some of the castle was used to hold prisoners for the local court during the 1530s , and the castle ditch was sometimes used to store confiscated cattle taken from local farmers .
In 1616 , Gilbert Talbot died with no male heir and Goodrich passed into the hands of Henry Grey , Earl of Kent . The Greys chose not to live at Goodrich , but instead rented the castle to a series of tenants .
= = = English Civil War = = =
Goodrich Castle became the scene of one of the most desperate sieges during the English Civil War in the 1640s , which saw the rival factions of Parliament and the king vie for power across England . In the years before the war , there had been a resurgence of building at the castle . Richard Tyler , a local lawyer , became the tenant and constable of the castle , and during the early 1630s there had been considerable renovation work . Shortly after the outbreak of war , the Earl of Stamford , with support from Tyler , garrisoned the castle for Parliament until December 1643 , when increasing Royalist pressure in the region forced his withdrawal to Gloucester . The castle was then occupied by a garrison led by the Royalist Sir Henry Lingen . The occupation was not peaceful , with Royalist troops burning surrounding farm buildings – Tyler himself was imprisoned by Lingen , although not before he had begun to sell off his livestock and other moveable property . Some references to Goodrich Castle during this period refer to it as Guthridge Castle , a variant on the name Goodrich .
As the Royalist situation deteriorated , the south @-@ west became one of the few remaining Royalist strongholds . Lingen , with 200 men and 90 horses at Goodrich Castle , conducted raids on Parliamentary forces in the region , representing a continuing challenge . No action had been taken , however , to strengthen the castle 's defences with more modern 17th @-@ century earthworks , and the castle remained essentially in its medieval condition .
In 1646 , the Parliamentary Colonels John Birch and Robert Kyrle marched south from their successful Siege of Hereford and besieged the castle , with the aim of eliminating one of the few remaining Royalist strongholds . There was some personal animosity between Lingen and Birch , and both were outspoken , impulsive men . Birch 's first move was to prevent further attacks from Lingen , and on 9 March he burned the weakly defended stables in a surprise night attack , driving away the Royalist horses and temporarily denying the Royalist forces ' mobility . Birch was unable to press home his advantage however , and over the next few months Lingen succeeded in replacing some of his horses and resumed his attacks on Parliamentary forces .
In June , Birch returned and besieged the castle itself . He found that it was too strong to be taken by direct attack , and instead began laying down trenches to allow him to bring artillery to bear on the structure . Parliamentary attacks broke the pipe carrying water into the castle , and the cisterns in the courtyard were destroyed by exploding shells , forcing the garrison to depend on the older castle well . With the castle still holding out , Colonel Birch built an enormous mortar called " Roaring Meg " , able to fire a gunpowder @-@ filled shell 85 – 90 kilograms ( 187 – 198 lb ) in weight , in a local forge .
Birch concentrated his efforts on the north @-@ west tower , using his mortar against the masonry and undermining the foundations with his sappers . Lingen responded with a counter @-@ mine dug out under Parliament 's own tunnel . This would probably have succeeded , but Birch brought his mortar forward under the cover of darkness and launched a close @-@ range attack on the tower , which collapsed and buried Lingen 's counter @-@ mine . Down to their last four barrels of gunpowder and thirty barrels of beer , and with a direct assault now imminent , the Royalists surrendered . According to tradition , the garrison left to the tune of " Sir Henry Lingen 's Fancy " .
Despite the damage , Tyler was able to move back into his castle , which was now protected by a small Parliamentary garrison . After investigation by Parliamentary agents Brown and Selden , however , the castle was slighted the following year , which rendered it impossible to defend . The Countess of Kent , the new owner of the castle , was given £ 1 @,@ 000 in damages , but chose not to rebuild the fortification as it was by then virtually uninhabitable .
= = = 18th and 19th @-@ century history = = =
After
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he saw fit . The first release with a movie quote was " Immortal " , where Cudi sampled Adam Sandler in his 1995 film Billy Madison : " That ’ s one of my favorite movies , man . From my childhood , straight up . I love Adam Sandler . Throughout the album I wanted to include clips from some of my favorite movies to kind of narrate the album a bit and liven it up and give it some personality . " He declared that throughout the album , people will hear scenes from several different movies :
" Yeah , different actors will pop up periodically . That ’ s how I felt when I finished the song . ' Oh my God . It 's so good ! ' [ Laughs ] So there had to be a way that I could express myself . So I had to find some of my favorite quotes from my favorite movies . I put on Billy Madison and just watched that . There were so many lines that I picked that were great . But “ I ’ m the smartest man alive ! ” resonated with me . And Adam Sandler is like a god to me . He ’ s so amazing . I just wanted to pay homage through song and let him know , like , ' You ’ re the shit ! ' "
With Indicud , on several tracks Cudi took a backseat in vocals to rather showcase his production skills . " The focus was on producing the record for Kendrick , I wanted to shine as a producer first . I wanted to show that side off more than anything else and that 's why I had my one verse then let Kendrick go ape @-@ sh-- crazy all over the rest of it . " As for the A $ AP Rocky feature on " Brothers , " Cudi explained that he made the decision to go with a minimal hook and let the Harlem rapper dominate the track : " I felt like that was a perfect beat for A $ AP to get on there and speak some truths and talk to the younger generation , because he 's in a place where a lot of kids are up to him and Kendrick . I just wanted to hear him say something a little bit more thoughtful , and he did that — he showed up . I was blown away by his craftsmanship , his professionalism and his overall mojo . "
= = Release and promotion = =
On October 28 , 2012 , after previously announcing hopes of releasing the album in late 2012 , Cudi changed the estimate release date from late 2012 to early 2013 . In late November , Cudi made it known he would be withholding the album 's exact release date , until it was certain , to avoid push backs . On December 18 , 2012 , the same day promotional single " King Wizard " was officially released , Cudi revealed the album would be released in March 2013 . On February 12 , he announced the album 's release date to be April 23 , 2013 . After the album leaked online in its entirety on April 9 , 2013 , Kid Cudi decided to push the album 's release date up to April 16 .
In early January , the album was named the ninth most anticipated album of 2013 by Complex and the 14th most anticipated album by XXL . In early 2013 , Cudi covered Complex 's February / March 2013 issue . In January 2013 , Cudi took to Twitter to express his frustrations with record label , Universal Republic , not supporting and promoting his music . After providing facts about singles " Just What I Am " and " King Wizard " , defending their strong online presence and lamenting about not getting radio play , Cudi tweeted , " if things dont change soon , theres gonna be some problems . "
On March 14 , 2013 Kid Cudi performed at Myspace 's South by Southwest ( SXSW ) secret show in Austin , Texas and after performing his many hits , he previewed a new verse from Indicud . He also revealed that the album would feature 18 tracks , while officially confirming ASAP Rocky and Michael Bolton as featured guests . On March 16 , Cudi announced that he would release the album 's track list and cover art on April 2 . Three days later , Kid Cudi announced via Twitter that the album had officially been completed and turned in to his label , Universal Republic . On March 26 , the album 's cover art and track list was unveiled by Walmart and later Complex . After the album cover 's unveiling , Cudi took to Twitter to explain his decision for the artwork : " The album art represents me . A ball of flames in a rose gold frame . " The cover 's art direction was handled by Cudi himself . In December 2013 , it would be named the sixteenth best album cover of 2013 by Complex . Later that day , Cudi appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and performed the album 's lead singles ; " Just What I Am " and " Immortal " , as well as premiering " Mad Solar " , which he performed a cappella .
During late 2013 , Kid Cudi toured in support of Indicud on The Cud Life Tour 2013 . The tour was announced on July 15 , with tickets going on sale the following day . Supporting acts on the tour include Big Sean , Tyler , The Creator and Logic . The tour took place in the United States beginning on August 22 and ran through October 18 , 2013 .
= = Singles = =
On August 12 , 2012 Kid Cudi released the lead single from Indicud , a song titled " Just What I Am " , featuring his longtime collaborator and friend , fellow Cleveland rapper King Chip . On October 2 , 2012 , " Just What I Am " , was released to iTunes as the first single from the album . The single 's music video , which marked Cudi 's directorial debut , was released November 6 , 2012 , via Kid Cudi 's Vevo . The song has since peaked at number 74 on the US Billboard Hot 100 .
On September 29 , 2012 , Cudi released a podcast where he previewed " King Wizard " , a new song he was " very excited about " . On October 3 , 2012 , one day after " Just What I Am " , the album 's lead single was officially released via iTunes , Cudi liberated " King Wizard " as the second offering from Indicud via
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SoundCloud . Cudi who also produced the track , had teamed up with Samsung Mobile to release the clean version of the newly mastered “ King Wizard ” as a free download . The download was available by heading to Samsung Mobile USA ’ s Facebook page under the “ music ” tab . The explicit version and the music video were officially released via iTunes , on December 18 , 2012 as the album 's second single .
On October 29 , Cudi announced he would be releasing the album 's second official single at the end of November . On November 7 , he revealed the upcoming single 's title to be " Immortal " , and that it again was produced by himself like the two previous releases , " Just What I Am " and " King Wizard " . He claimed the song " will make you feel amazing in the heart and soul . " However , on November 30 , he revealed " Immortal " would not be released until 2013 . " Immortal " would be premiered on March 1 , 2013 via SoundCloud . The song was produced by Cudi , with the main sample being a track from one of his favorite bands MGMT 's , " Congratulations " . He reversed the song , sped it up , and produced over it . The song was officially released via iTunes on March 14 , 2013 as the album 's third single .
On April 2 , 2013 Cudi released " Girls " for digital download via the iTunes Store , as the album 's fourth single . The song features fellow American rapper Too Short , and was produced by Cudi .
= = Commercial performance = =
In its first week of release Indicud debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 139 @,@ 000 copies in the United States and debuted at number 32 on the UK Albums Chart , becoming Cudi 's highest @-@ charting album on the chart , while entering at number 2 on the UK R & B Chart . In its second week the album sold 36 @,@ 000 more copies . In its third week the album sold 15 @,@ 000 more copies , bringing its total sales in the United States to 183 @,@ 000 . As of December 19 , 2013 the album has sold 260 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
The album also earned a level of commercial success internationally . In Canada it peaked at number three on the Canadian Albums Chart and peaked at number 32 on the UK Albums Chart . It also peaked at number 23 in Australia , number 32 in Denmark and number 33 in New Zealand . Indicud also charted on the main albums chart in Belgium , France , Germany , Switzerland and Ireland .
= = Critical response = =
Indicud received generally mixed reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 58 , which indicates " mixed or average reviews " , based on 16 reviews . Chris Dart of Exclaim ! said , " It 's also a smart , fun , eclectic record full of psychedelic influences and great , massive choruses . " Steve Jones of USA Today said , " Scott Mescudi handles the production of his third album , creating moody , surreal soundscapes to bolster rhymes that run the gamut of emotions . But whether he 's feeling invincible or despondent , you get a true sense of where his head 's at . " David Jeffries of AllMusic stated , " It 's an entertaining , vibrant , and artistically filling album , so consider it a " presents " effort and enjoy the show . " Mosi Reeves of Spin said , " None of the guest actors here distract from Cudi 's signature self @-@ mythologizing and inner turmoil . And most of the time , it 's his inner turmoil that beckons you in , rather than merely pushing you out . " Dan Buyanovsky of XXL stated , " As a whole , Cudi ’ s version of 2001 is an original and bold project [ ... ] This ambitious project does not fall flat , and credit is due to Cudi for continuing to challenge himself post @-@ WZRD , taking on a new skill @-@ set and concept rather than throwing together a collection of identically moody anthems . "
Evan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club stated , " For the first time , Cudi is more interested in throwing an actual party than a pity party , and with his bass @-@ engulfed beats and chewy , sing @-@ along hooks , he ’ s well @-@ suited to the task . In spite of its brighter outlook , though , Indicud is still a Kid Cudi record . " Logan Smithson of PopMatters said , " If you 've heard a Kid Cudi album before , you probably know what you ’ re going to get from Indicud , and for those who have been patiently awaiting his latest release , that 's great news . Indicud features some of Kid Cudi ’ s best songs to date , and is an overall enjoyable listen from start to finish . " Chris Coplan of Consequence of Sound stated , " It 's ass @-@ backwards to make other people look the best on your solo album . Still , that might demonstrate the path of Kid Cudi isn 't about being a rapper , a singer , or something in between . The point is , this record just proves that Kid Cudi has a lot of sorting to do , and continuing down the same old path simply won ’ t cut it in the long @-@ run . " Joe Gross of Rolling Stone said , " Someday this Cleveland MC / producer / former weed enthusiast will find the lyrical and vocal charisma to match the scrumptiously dark , quasi @-@ industrial tenor of his moody beats . But Cudi ’ s pitchy @-@ dawg voice remains his own worst enemy . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Closing out the year , the album was named to multiple album of the year lists . Complex ranked the album at number 26 , on their list of the 50 best albums of 2013 . They commented saying , " the album 's cinematic feel puts Cudi in the director 's seat as he compiles a diverse ensemble cast of luminaries , ranging from rap legends like RZA to indie rockers like Haim to West Coast spitters like Kendrick Lamar . The final product is proof Cudi can make a soundscape that
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That was a one @-@ off . Arsenal accumulated most points last season so they won the title fairly enough , but they didn 't display championship form . They had too many draws . I think they came to a point around January where they realised they could go through the season undefeated , and that was a great driving force for them , but they had to stay undefeated to compensate for the number of draws . It was still an incredible achievement , though . "
Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger responded by saying : " Everybody has the freedom to make a judgement . In the last 20 minutes of every game last season , we were never behind . That means we had already done the job before . " He insisted the draws did not reflect on his team 's negative tactics , but " because of other teams coming back into the game " . On the issue of Patrick Vieira 's anticipated move to Real Madrid , Wenger told reporters the player would remain at Arsenal . Wenger acknowledged his team were short on experience as a result of selling players and missing Vieira , Sol Campbell and Thierry Henry , who all were injured . He considered this to be a disadvantage , but argued " ... the younger ones have to be given a chance . They all have to take some responsibility . "
Tickets for the game went on general sale on 28 July 2004 . They were advertised on the FA website at a cost of between £ 15 and £ 40 . Sir Geoff Hurst was named as the event 's chief guest .
= = Match = =
= = = Team selection = = =
For Arsenal , Thierry Henry was declared fit to start and played alongside Dennis Bergkamp up front . 17 @-@ year @-@ old Cesc Fàbregas partnered Gilberto Silva in central midfield , with José Antonio Reyes and Jermaine Pennant providing width on either side . Manchester United were without seven of their first @-@ team players , including Ruud van Nistelrooy , who required surgery on his hernia . Wes Brown and Louis Saha were also ruled out because of injury , so David Bellion and Eric Djemba @-@ Djemba came into the first team .
= = = Summary = = =
Arsenal kicked @-@ off the match and within the first two minutes forced Manchester United defender Gary Neville to concede a throw @-@ in . In the fifth minute , Manchester United won a free kick , but nothing came out of it as José Antonio Reyes blocked Paul Scholes 's shot . Good play by Reyes and Henry fashioned a chance for Bergkamp in the ninth minute , but his strike was off target . Two minutes later a shot by Bergkamp from outside the box was saved by Manchester United goalkeeper Tim Howard . Before Henry was about to take a corner for Arsenal in the 16th minute , a cigarette lighter was thrown at him from the section occupied by Manchester United supporters – this resulted in police making two arrests during the game . Quinton Fortune used his pace to get the better of Lauren , but his cross into the Arsenal penalty area was cleared by Pascal Cygan . Arsenal continued to threaten – Henry 's free kick prompted Howard to make a save and tip the ball over the crossbar , and Bergkamp came close to scoring in the 27th minute after clever play to lose his marker John O 'Shea . The football continued to move from one end to the other , with Giggs and Reyes causing problems for their respective defences . In stoppage time at the end of the first half , Henry had his shot saved by Howard , while Scholes was similarly denied by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann .
Manchester United made a slight change before the second half commenced , with Neville and O 'Shea switching positions , while Arsenal brought Robin van Persie on in place of Henry . Arsenal began the half more strongly – Reyes sprinted past the Manchester United defence and went past Howard in the 48th minute , but his shot hit the side @-@ netting . A minute later Arsenal scored . Bergkamp 's pass put Reyes clear to run down the right @-@ hand side of the pitch . He squared the ball to Gilberto , who side @-@ footed it into the empty goal net . Manchester United responded by making three substitutions – Fortune , Giggs and Roy Keane off for Phil Neville , Diego Forlán and Darren Fletcher . Five minutes after going behind , Alan Smith equalised for Manchester United . A mistake in the Arsenal defence presented him with the chance to hit a half @-@ volley ; the ball dipped over Lehmann in goal . Arsenal retook the lead in the 59th minute – a disjointed move that ended with Reyes shooting the ball low in the bottom left hand corner . Phil Neville was shown the game 's first yellow card in the 62nd minute , after fouling Reyes . Van Persie 's free kick a minute later was deflected for a corner , which came to nothing . Jérémie Aliadière who came on for Bergkamp sustained a knee injury and had to come off after only a few minutes on the field . He was replaced by Gaël Clichy , whose arrival according to journalist Henry Winter " … accelerated Arsenal 's drive further , particularly down the left where he kept combining well with Ashley Cole . " In the 72nd minute , Eric Djemba @-@ Djemba and Cole were each shown a yellow card for clashing with one another . Arsenal scored their third goal of the match 11 minutes before the end . Cole carried the ball into United 's penalty box and his attempted cross hit defender Mikaël Silvestre , who was helpless to prevent the ball going into his own net .
= = = Details = = =
= = = Statistics = = =
= = Post @-@ match and aftermath = =
Wenger clarified Vieira 's future after the match : " My intention is clear : to keep him [ … ] The challenge in front of us is hugely difficult and we need a complete focus . I 'm not resigned to let the story go on . It has all to be sorted out before the season . " He added that if Vieira chose to leave , the club could sufficiently replace him : " We 've worked very hard in the last five years to get good young players in and you saw that today . " Reyes , who was named man of the match , was frustrated at his missed chance early in the second half , but continued : " I set one up and then scored myself so I was much happier . " Bergkamp was impressed with Fàbregas 's performance in the match : " Normally at 17 , you might be a bit unsure when you step out . But with players like Cesc , the way he has developed in one year is quite amazing . "
Ferguson congratulated Arsenal on their win and said of the game : " It was about trying to make sure everyone was fit for Wednesday . I think we have managed to do that . There are no new injuries so far . Hopefully by tomorrow morning it will be a definite . " He believed it was important to substitute Giggs and Keane early in the second half in order for them to recuperate in time for the Dinamo București game . Scholes , however , " … needed a game , which is why I left him on that bit longer . " Ferguson felt Manchester United 's preparations to the new season were hampered because of the injuries : " It 's got a lot to do with summer football . It 's not down to the European Championship , but you do wonder why the Copa América can 't be at the same time . That harmony is never quite right , from Africa to America to Europe . Something should be done about that . " Giggs said Manchester United needed to take the positives out of the match and anticipated Arsenal as their main rivals in the league : " [ They ] know what to do and how to handle the pressure when it comes around . "
The two clubs next faced each other in a league fixture at Old Trafford on 23 October 2004 , where Arsenal 's unbeaten league run of 49 matches came to an end as Manchester United beat them 2 – 0 .
= Radcliffe , Greater Manchester =
Radcliffe is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury , Greater Manchester , England . It lies in the Irwell Valley 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 km ) south @-@ west of Bury and 6 @.@ 5 miles ( 10 @.@ 5 km ) north @-@ northwest of Manchester and is contiguous with Whitefield to the south . The disused Manchester , Bolton & Bury Canal bisects the town .
Historically a part of Lancashire , evidence of Mesolithic , Roman and Norman activity has been found in Radcliffe and its surroundings . A Roman road passes through the area , along the border between Radcliffe and Bury . Radcliffe appears in an entry of the Domesday Book as " Radeclive " and in the High Middle Ages formed a small parish and township centred on the Church of
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by fans , after the unhappy reaction to new characters Nikki ( Kiele Sanchez ) and Paulo ( Rodrigo Santoro ) , introduced in season three . However , following their introduction in " Confirmed Dead " , the four characters were well received , with Paige Albiniak of the New York Post citing them as a reason behind the show 's improved ratings . IGN 's Chris Carabott described Daniel , as well as the other new characters from the freighter , as " great " and " exciting " . James Poniewozik of Time liked the introduction of the new characters from the freighter because " Each got just one flashback and a little time on the island , and yet by the end of the episode , [ he ] felt [ he ] had a true handle on what they were like as individuals " . Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV called it the " perfect introduction " . Michael Ausiello of TV Guide also liked their introduction , and praised the actors ' performances . Jeff Jensen from Entertainment Weekly liked that the " fascinating " new characters brought " mind @-@ blowing new possibilities , and exciting new theory fodder " .
Many critics praised Davies ’ s performance and appearance . Tom Iacuzio of The Daytona Beach News @-@ Journal deemed Jeremy Davies 's performance deserving of a Primetime Emmy Award . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger claimed Davies 's performance to be " outstanding " . Jay Glatfelter of The Huffington Post said that Daniel " more and more becoming one of [ his ] favorite characters " . Chris Carabott wrote that Davies presents Faraday 's awkward mannerisms well . In a later review , Carabott commented , " I 've become a huge fan of Davies over the course of the last couple of years thanks to his performance on this show . " Rachel Dovey of Paste said " The Variable " revealed " a whole different " side of Daniel : " We 've oscillated before about the true nature of the physicist , whether it 's good or evil [ ... ] We decided he 's mostly a decent guy , barring the whole experimenting @-@ on @-@ his @-@ girlfriend @-@ then @-@ running @-@ away @-@ when @-@ her @-@ brain @-@ turned @-@ to @-@ mush thing . In the past , he 's just seemed lost and confused , and , since he has those big , earnest puppy eyes , we decided to forgive him . But the episode showed us the dynamic at the heart of Daniel 's stuttering vulnerability . Like all broken superheroes and Freudian beings , the man has mommy issues . This week we dove inside the dynamic between Daniel and his mother growing up . " Also , Adam Sweeney believed Davies 's acting was the " high point " of the episode . A reviewer for TVoholic claimed he would have " loved any sort of explanation as to why [ Daniel ] changed his mind about changing the past or how he thought this could work . There must have been something that made Daniel think this was possible , but he was in such a rush that he never took care to explain . "
Critics expressed shock regarding Daniel ’ s death . David Oliver of CHUD.com felt " bummed " to see Daniel go . Dan Compora of Airlock Alpha also said the shooting of Daniel at the end was “ stunning . ” Jon Lachonis of TVOvermind claimed that as an internal character piece , " The Variable " was " not so much a great ending for Daniel .
Jeremy Davies submitted the episode " The Constant " on his behalf for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in
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to find salvation is through pursuing the divine by looking inwards and realizing that humanity is interconnected . Only then can people understand the universe .
= = Background = =
In 1939 T.S Eliot thought that he would be unable to continue writing poetry . In an attempt to see if he could still , he started copying aspects of Burnt Norton and substituted another place : East Coker , a place that Eliot visited in 1937 with the St Michael 's Church , where his ashes were later kept . The place held a particular importance to Eliot and his family because Andrew Eliott , Eliot 's ancestor , left the town to travel to America in 1669 . A plaque dedicated to Eliot and his ashes reads " In my beginning is my end . Of your kindness , pray for the soul of Thomas Stearns Eliot , poet . In my end is my beginning . "
He managed to complete two sections by February 1940 , but finished the rest during that month . John Davy Hayward , Herbert Read and others helped review and edit it . East Coker was published in the March 1940 New English Weekly for its Easter edition . It was later reprinted May and June , and it was published on its own by Faber and Faber in September . With the completion of the poem , Eliot began creating the Four Quartets as a series of four poems based on the same theme with Burnt Norton as the first in the series and East Coker as the second .
= = Poem = =
East Coker is described as a poem of late summer , earth , and faith . As in the other poems of the Four Quartets , each of the five sections holds a theme that is common to each of the poems : time , experience , purgation , prayer , and wholeness . The time theme is stated in the first section as ' In my beginning is my end ' which , given proper attention , might prove to lead into the eternal moment .
The second section discusses disorder within nature , which is opposite to the discussion of order within nature found in the second section of Burnt Norton . Also , rational knowledge itself is described as being inadequate for explaining reality . Those who pursue only reason and science are ignorant . Even our progress is not progress as we continue to repeat the same errors as the past .
The third section discusses the rulers of secular society and their flaws . The fourth , which is a formal section , deploys a series of Baroque paradoxes in the context of the Good Friday mass . This past manner is regarded ironically by the poet in the fifth section as he looks back on his period of experimentation in ' the years of l 'entre deux guerres ' as ' largely wasted ' . He welcomes approaching old age as a new opportunity to find renewal , although it might only be a rediscovery of ' what has been lost and found and lost again ' .
Despite the poem 's doubt and darkness , a note of hope is struck by the first line of the fifth section , ' So here I am in the middle way ' . This refers to the first line of Dante 's Inferno , ' Midway in our life 's journey , I went astray ' . Although the descent is predicated on going astray , so also is persevering beyond it into the light .
= = Themes = =
East Coker gives a message of hope that the English communities would survive through World War II . In a letter dated 9 February 1940 , Eliot stated , " We can have very little hope of contributing to any immediate social change ; and we are more disposed to see our hope in modest and local beginnings , than in transforming the whole world at once ... We must keep alive aspirations which can remain valid throughout the longest and darkest period of universal calamity and degradation . " The poem also relied on the war as a way to connect to Eliot 's idea that there was a united humanity . In particular , Stephen Spender claimed that " the war modified [ Eliot 's ] attitude by convincing him that there was a Western cause to be positively defended . And after the war there was a Germany to be brought back within the Western tradition " .
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The poem served as a sort of opposite to the popular idea that The Waste Land served as an expression of disillusionment after World War I , even though Eliot never accepted this interpretation . World War II itself has a direct mention in only a few of Eliot 's writings . However , World War II does affect the poem , especially with the disruption caused by the war being reflected within the poem as a disruption of nature and heaven . The poem describes society in ways similar to The Waste Land , especially with its emphasis on death and dying . The place is connected to where Eliot 's family originates , and , as such , is also the place where his family will symbolically end . In the second part of the poem , nature is experiencing disorder , and it is suggested that humans too may burn , and also that reason , knowledge , and science cannot save people . The errors of our past become the reasons for war and conflict and we need to become humble in order to escape the destruction . However , darkness consumes the rulers of the world and society . This is , in part , due to Adam 's fall , and the resulting concept of original sin . Christ is our savior and we need to seek redemption to overcome our human failings . Eliot states that he has been involved with fighting for humanity and trying to help mankind learn what is important . Only through Christ is man able to be redeemed .
In a twist from expectation , Eliot 's poem suggests that old men should go out and explore . He warns that people should trade wisdom for pointless experience and argues that men should explore human experience itself . This concept is hinted of in The Waste Land and draws from the ideas within Dante 's Convivio . Dante argues that old men are supposed to return to God and describes the process in a way similar to the travels of Odysseus . Unlike Homer 's hero , Dante argues that men should not travel in the material world but in the spiritual world . Both Dante and Eliot put forth a similar view to St. Augustine when they focus on internal travels . Through these travels , mankind is able to have faith in salvation and able to see that there is more to the world than darkness . Eliot explains within the poem that we are all interconnected through time and that we must realize this . Only through this realization is mankind able to understand the truth of the universe . This , in turn , would allow humanity to break free from the burden of time . As Russel Kirk explains : " That end , for those who apprehend a reality superior to ' birth , copulation , and death ' — a reality transcending the rhythms of physical nature — is to know God and enjoy Him forever . "
Family and family history also plays an important role in the poem . Eliot found information on his family from Sketch of the Eliot Family , which described how Eliot 's family lived in East Coker for 200 years . When Andrew Eliott left , he disrupted the family history . Similarly , Eliot broke from his own family when he travelled away from his family , a family that he saw was declining . Within the poem , Eliot emphasizes the need for a journey and the need for inward change .
= = Source = =
According to Eliot the poetic aspects of the poem are grounded in the tradition of John Cleveland , Edward Benlowes , William Blake , and William Butler Yeats 's early work . Additionally , many of the images are connected to the poetry of Stéphane Mallarmé . In terms of theology , Eliot is orthodox in his theory and relies primarily on the writings of St Augustine . There are some additional influences from the works of Thomas Browne and Saint John of the Cross . In applying these views upon society , Eliot was heavily influenced by the writings of Christopher Dawson and Dawson 's reliance on understanding God as the first step to a better society .
Besides the many literary sources , Eliot also draws on his personal feelings and experience , especially on the great stress that he felt while composing the poem . Similarly , Eliot used the image
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of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist . Some Mainland Chinese scholars , such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain , assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet , pointing to the Ming court 's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders , Tibetans ' full acceptance of these titles , and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital . Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire . But most scholars outside China , such as Turrell V. Wylie , Melvin C. Goldstein , and Helmut Hoffman , say that the relationship was one of suzerainty , that Ming titles were only nominal , that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control , and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor ( 1521 – 1566 ) , who ceased relations with Tibet .
Some scholars note that Tibetan leaders during the Ming frequently engaged in civil war and conducted their own foreign diplomacy with neighboring states such as Nepal . Some scholars underscore the commercial aspect of the Ming @-@ Tibetan relationship , noting the Ming dynasty 's shortage of horses for warfare and thus the importance of the horse trade with Tibet . Others argue that the significant religious nature of the relationship of the Ming court with Tibetan lamas is underrepresented in modern scholarship . In hopes of reviving the unique relationship of the earlier Mongol leader Kublai Khan ( r . 1260 – 1294 ) and his spiritual superior Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism , the Yongle Emperor ( r . 1402 – 1424 ) made a concerted effort to build a secular and religious alliance with Deshin Shekpa ( 1384 – 1415 ) , the Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu school . However , the Yongle Emperor 's attempts were unsuccessful .
The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century , but did not garrison permanent troops there . At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays . The Wanli Emperor ( r . 1572 – 1620 ) made attempts to reestablish Sino @-@ Tibetan relations after the Mongol @-@ Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578 , which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty ( 1644 – 1912 ) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school . By the late 16th century , the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama , after increasing their presence in the Amdo region . This culminated in Güshi Khan 's ( 1582 – 1655 ) conquest of Tibet from 1637 – 1642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help .
= = Background on Yuan rule over Tibet = =
= = = Mongol Empire = = =
Tibet was once a strong power contemporaneous with Tang China ( 618 – 907 ) . Until the Tibetan Empire 's collapse in the 9th century , it was the Tang 's major rival in dominating Inner Asia . The Yarlung rulers of Tibet also signed various peace treaties with the Tang , culminating in a treaty in 821 that fixed the borders between Tibet and China .
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China ( 907 – 960 ) , while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray , there was little in the way of Sino @-@ Tibetan relations . Few documents involving Sino @-@ Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) . The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan @-@ ruled Liao dynasty ( 907 – 1125 ) and Jurchen @-@ ruled Jin dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) .
In 1207 , the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan ( r . 1206 – 1227 ) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia ( 1038 – 1227 ) . In the same year , he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there . The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers , who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols . However , when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan 's death , his successor Ögedei Khan ( r . 1229 – 1241 ) launched an invasion into Tibet .
The Mongol prince Godan , a grandson of Genghis Khan , raided as far as Lhasa . During his attack in 1240 , Prince Godan summoned Sakya Pandita ( 1182 – 1251 ) , leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism , to his court in what is now Gansu in Western China . With Sakya Pandita 's submission to Godan in 1247 , Tibet was officially incorporated into the Mongol Empire during the regency of Töregene Khatun ( 1241 – 1246 ) . Michael C. van Walt van Praag writes that Godan granted Sakya Pandita temporal authority over a still politically fragmented Tibet , stating that " this investiture had little real impact " but it was significant in that it established the unique " Priest @-@ Patron " relationship between the Mongols and the Sakya lamas .
Starting in 1236 , the Mongol prince Kublai , who later ruled as Khagan from 1260 – 1294 , was granted a large appanage in North China by his superior , Ögedei Khan . Karma Pakshi , 2nd Karmapa Lama ( 1203 – 1283 ) — the head lama of the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism — rejected Kublai 's invitation , so instead Kublai invited Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ( 1235 – 1280 ) , successor and nephew of Sakya Pandita , who came to his court in 1253 . Kublai instituted a unique relationship with the Phagpa lama , which recognized Kublai as a superior sovereign in political affairs and the Phagpa lama as the senior instructor to Kublai in religious affairs . Kublai also made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa the director of the government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs and the ruling priest @-@ king of Tibet , which comprised thirteen different states ruled by myriarchies .
Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279 , so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty ( 1
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U2 's reputation as remarkable live performers and boosted Red Rocks ' stature as a live venue . A remastered edition of U2 Live at Red Rocks was released on DVD in September 2008 with previously unreleased tracks , coinciding with a remastered edition of Under a Blood Red Sky . Rolling Stone selected the film 's performance of " Sunday Bloody Sunday " as one of the " 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll " .
= = Production = =
= = = Planning and organization = = =
In 1981 , U2 were on their Boy Tour to promote their debut album , Boy . Following their 11 May concert at Rainbow Music Hall in Denver , concert promoter Chuck Morris took the band to the nearby Red Rocks Amphitheatre — a natural amphitheatre located between sandstone cliffs in the Rocky Mountains . Bassist Adam Clayton said , " From the moment we saw it , we were thinking , ' Some day we will play here ' . It was very photogenic . " U2 's manager Paul McGuinness had long wanted to film the group for a concert video to highlight their success as a live act and to promote them to American audiences still unfamiliar with the Irish band . Concert promoter Barry Fey , who presented U2 's shows in the southwestern United States , saw the group 's potential and successfully lobbied for them to perform at Red Rocks .
In early 1983 , McGuinness contacted Malcolm Gerrie , producer of the British television series The Tube , about shooting a video of U2 at Red Rocks and possibly featuring it on The Tube . Gerrie initially assumed McGuinness was interested in creating a video of a single song ; however , McGuinness was hoping to create an hour @-@ long special . Because The Tube was not a " one @-@ band show " , Gerrie said he would have to sell the idea to Channel 4 television , but McGuinness insisted on giving Gerrie the rights to the video and letting Channel 4 broadcast the video without payment .
Filming costs were estimated at US $ 250 @,@ 000 , which included the illumination of the cliffs , a mobile sound recording unit , and a helicopter to film aerial footage . With U2 only able to invest $ 30 @,@ 000 , Fey agreed to help finance the project , along with Island Records . A joint production company called " U2 at Red Rocks Associates " was subsequently established to fund the filming ; the three parties split costs and shared profits from television rights and video sales . The radio rights were sold to American radio network NBC for inclusion in their concert series The Source . Throughout the United States leg of their War Tour , U2 filled venues with capacities similar to that of Red Rocks , leading the band to anticipate that the filming would take place before a sold @-@ out audience and that the concert 's revenues would help to offset production costs .
Fey 's corporation , Feyline Productions , coordinated with his production company , TTS , to manage the videotaping . Director Gavin Taylor and producer Malcolm Gerrie were selected as director and production associate , respectively . It was Taylor 's first visit to the United States , and it was the first time he filmed a major outdoor rock concert . Local producers Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart were also on the staff . Taylor 's and McGuinness ' original plans were to feature the video on The Tube , but trade unions objected to their limited representation on the concert crew . However , a compromise was reached , allowing 15 minutes of the concert to be broadcast on The Tube .
= = = Weather challenges and preparations = = =
The group 's Red Rocks concert was scheduled for 5 June 1983 , but poor weather that day threatened to cancel the show . Torrential rain soaked the area , and flash flood warnings were issued . The weather made it difficult for the crew members to transport the band 's gear and video equipment through the mountains to the amphitheatre . The conditions also caused many technical problems for the filming and concert crews , which hampered stage construction and endangered the safety of those setting up lighting and sound equipment . Crew members used squeegees to keep rain away from the wires . The fans that attended had to hike through the Rocky Mountains in the rain . Between 15 and 20 fans were already camped out in the venue 's front rows early in the morning , and lead vocalist Bono accommodated them by serving coffee and tea . The Alarm and Divinyls cancelled their opening sets for safety reasons , and many fans thought the entire concert had been cancelled . The show was scheduled for 6 : 00 pm , and the band had until 1 : 00 pm to decide whether to move the concert elsewhere or risk the weather worsening , which could have necessitated a cancellation .
U2 , their crew and McGuinness thought that too much money had been invested to abort the concert , and they sympathised with the fans who had travelled to the venue in the poor weather . Accordingly , they decided to proceed with the concert as planned . Bono informed the fans waiting outside the venue that the show would be general admission , and told everyone to get as close to the stage as possible , regardless of the seating assignment on their tickets . Fey wanted to cancel the show but was flying to Denver from the US Festival in California with Morris when the decision to continue was made . After arriving in Denver , Fey called the amphitheatre to ask to where the concert was being moved , unaware that the band had decided to proceed with the show . Guitarist The Edge said that when Fey learned of the group 's decision , he could not believe it . The Edge said , " I don 't think he 'd ever heard anything quite so crazy in his life , going on with an outdoor show in the worst kind of weather , rain and wind in the mountains . He thought we 'd lost our minds completely . " Bono went on the radio that day to confirm that the Red Rocks concert was still taking place , and to promote a concert that the band planned for the following night at the CU Events Center to accommodate fans who were unable to attend the Red Rocks show . Clayton said during the band 's radio interviews , " We know it 's raining now but we 're sure it won 't be when the show starts , so please come . " Two hours before the concert , the downpour subsided and settled into a misty drizzle . The 9 @,@
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owski , meaning ' Lwów Sejm ' . In Ukrainian , it was called Га ́ лицький крайови ́ й сейм , transcribed Hálytsʹkyy krayovýy seym , meaning ' Sejm of Galicia ' .
Landtag is a German word that means ' regional assembly ' , or ' diet ' . In Polish and Ukrainian , the word used was Sejm ( the latter also used version Sojm ) .
= = History = =
Parts of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth Lesser Poland territories were included in the Austrian partition as early as the First Partition of Poland in 1772 . From about 1775 to 1848 , with several gaps , the crown land of Galicia had a relatively powerless parliamentary body , known originally as the Postulate Sejm ( Polish : sejm postulatowy ) , and from 1817 , as Estates of Galicia ( Polish : stany galicyjskie ) . The Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria , which was formed in 1861 following the promulgation of the October Diploma by Emperor Franz Joseph I , had more real power than its predecessors . In Polish parliamentary tradition , it is considered to have continued the history of the general sejm and regional sejmiks on the lands of Lesser Poland and Ruthenia .
The Diet was initially dominated by Polish nobles , but in time , it saw the emergence of a strong peasant faction . Another notable change over time included the emergence of a Ruthenian ( modern Ukrainian ) bloc , changing the balance of power within the body . Overall , the Diet preserved the Polish parliamentary tradition during a time in which it waned in the Prussian Partition and the Russian Partition , and saw the emergence of the major political parties and groupings that were to dominate the political life of the Second Polish Republic after World War I. The leader of the Polish peasant movement in the Second Polish Republic , Wincenty Witos , gained his experience in the Diet , elected for the first time in 1908 . Similarly , the National Democrats , and the Polish socialists , had their political blocs in the diet around that time .
= = Composition and organization = =
As established by the February Patent of 1861 , the Diet was unicameral , and was made up of 150 deputies . All but nine were elected by four different " Curiae " , or assemblies of the social classes . An electoral system based on curiae was also used in the Imperial Council of Cisleithania , until 1907 .
The Curia of the Landowners consisted of fifty @-@ two electors chosen from amongst those people who owned land that had previously been owned by the feudal nobility , and paid at least 100 gulden a year in tax . These electors had the right to elect forty @-@ four deputies to the Diet .
The Curia of the Chambers of Commerce consisted of thirty @-@ nine electors from the chambers of commerce in Lemberg , Kraków , and Brody . These electors had the right to elect three deputies , one from each city 's chamber of commerce .
The Curia of the Cities consisted of 2264 electors from important cities . The position of " elector " was granted based on status : those within the two @-@ thirds highest tax bracket were eligible , and others became eligible on the basis of their education , or because they held an important office . Electors usually were members of the clergy , office workers , doctors , teachers at the high schools , and directors of primary schools . These electors had the right to elect twenty @-@ three ( increased to 26 in 1863 ; 31 in 1900 ) deputies to the Diet .
The Curia of Other Municipalities consisted of 8764 electors from amongst small @-@ scale rural landowners . There were two stages of voting for this curia . In the first stage , the suffrage was determined in the same manner as with the Curia of the Cities : those in the two @-@ thirds highest tax bracket , with a high level of education , or an important office , were eligible . These voters elected the electors , who then elected seventy @-@ four deputies to the Diet , each holding a constituency equivalent to a rural district .
Nine deputies sat ex officio : two chancellors of universities , and seven archbishops and bishops . The initial nine were composed of three Greek Catholic bishops , three Roman Catholic bishops , and one Armenian Catholic bishop , along with representatives of Lemberg University and Kraków University . Three seats were added later : an additional Roman Catholic representative , one for the Lemberg Polytechnical University , and one for the Kraków Academy of Learning .
This system of limited suffrage caused the predominantly Polish landowning class to dominate the Diet . Whilst they only made up about 0 @.@ 4 % of the population , they held 28 @.@ 2 % of the seats in the Diet . Small @-@ scale rural landowners , on the other hand , made up about 95 % of the population , but held only 52 @.@ 3 % of the seats in Diet . This system also skewed representation for different ethnicities in the Diet . Whilst Ruthenians made up about 40 % of the population of Galicia , they only held 15 % of the seats in the Diet , as they lived primarily in rural communities . Reform of the suffrage system in late 1913 added a fifth curia for the upper peasantry , which had the right to elect twenty deputies . Due to the outbreak of the First World War , no further elections to the Diet took place , and hence the fifth curia existed only on paper .
Elections were not held on a regular schedule ; they occurred usually every five to six years , upon Emperor 's decree . Thus the deputies ' term of office lasted about six years . The Diet had ten elections : 1861 , 1867 , 1870 , 1877 , 1883 , 1889 , 1889 , 1895 , 1901 , 1908 , and the final one , in 1913 .
At first , the deputies met in the Skarbek Theatre ( today Maria Zankovetska National Academic Ukrainian Drama Theater ) . From 1881 , the Diet met in a newly constructed building designed by architect Juliusz Hochberger and with a program of architectural sculpture by Teodor Rygier . The building is now owned by the University of Lviv .
= = Competences = =
In the period of 1861 to 1873 , the Diet elected 38 representatives from among its deputies to be sent to the Imperial Council of Cisleithania .
The Diet had legislative powers . The legislative initiative was possessed by the Emperor , along with the Diet executive ( six deputies and the Marshal ) , and all individual deputies . It could debate and pass laws
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of Truth . Browder regretted after season 10 that he had not worked enough with the cast besides Tapping , and that " the fans probably feel that way as well " .
Several episodes hint at Mitchell 's love life . The early episodes of season 9 suggest a relationship between Mitchell and Landry 's daughter , Dr. Carolyn Lam ( Lexa Doig ) ; a scripted romantic subplot in " Avalon " was filmed but was cut for time when the two @-@ parter ran long for over twenty minutes . In season 9 's " Collateral Damage " , Mitchell has a romantic encounter with a female human researcher from another planet , named Reya Varrick but she is killed . At his 20 @-@ year high school reunion in " Bounty " , Mitchell lays the foundation for a relationship with his high school crush , Amy Vanderburg .
= = = SG @-@ 1 leadership = = =
Mitchell was conceived as the leader of SG @-@ 1 who brings the team back together . Following negative fan reactions to Carter 's cancelled leadership within the team ( she commanded SG @-@ 1 throughout season 8 ) , Browder noted the production difficulties that came with Amanda Tapping 's maternity leave , and claimed that new leaders are brought in routinely into units in military reality . Tapping admitted to also have been " kind of put off " upon learning that someone else would lead SG @-@ 1 , and hoped that the producers would make SG @-@ 1 more of an ensemble team in season 10 by removing the patriarchal line of command . The writers decided after an animated discussion after the initial season 9 episodes that Mitchell and Carter should co @-@ command the team , although they left Mitchell in the official leadership position .
Whereas Mitchell can hardly cope with leading the team in season 9 , Mitchell is more comfortable with his leadership position in Stargate : The Ark of Truth . Browder described Mitchell 's early leadership difficulties as " dealing with what are essentially legendary characters within the mythology of the show " ; ordering them around would ring false or as hubris from both an audience- and storytelling perspective . Tapping eventually considered the question of leadership irrelevant ; Mitchell cannot give orders to his team since he and Carter hold the same military rank , and Daniel and Teal 'c are not members of the United States military . Mitchell thus plays more to the strength of the team , choosing a leadership style that is comparable to elite teams like Delta units , where everyone participates to the fullest of their abilities and defers to the specialist quickly when needed .
= = Conceptual history = =
= = = Conception = = =
The producers had discussed casting Ben Browder as a possible Major John Sheppard and Colonel Dillon Everett for the first season of Stargate Atlantis . Browder was still filming Farscape at that time , but had met several Stargate producers on sci @-@ fi conventions . With Richard Dean Anderson 's ( Jack O 'Neill ) departure from Stargate SG @-@ 1 after season 8 ( 2005 ) , Ben Browder and the Stargate producers got together as soon as the introduction of new main characters was discussed . Browder 's character was codenamed " M.M. " until the producers settled on the name " Cameron ' Cam ' Mitchell " , with the aviator call sign " Shaft " , a pun on camshaft .
Also joining the main cast in season 9 was Beau Bridges as General Hank Landry . The alien Vala Mal Doran ( played by Browder 's former Farscape co @-@ star Claudia Black ) was re @-@ introduced for a six @-@ episode story arc to cover for the maternity leave of SG @-@ 1 regular Amanda Tapping ( Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Samantha Carter ) . Since the producers had not realized the physical resemblance between Browder and Michael Shanks ( Daniel Jackson ) when Browder was cast , Shanks grew a beard that he would sport in the first six episodes of season 9 ; the characters would also often wear differently @-@ colored Battle Dress Uniforms . Vala 's line in " Avalon " that Earth seems to have a " limited gene pool " refers to the actors ' similar looks .
Having sporadically watched episodes of SG @-@ 1 over the years , Browder watched the first previous seasons of SG @-@ 1 in two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half weeks to catch up with the show , which the writers would turn into a recurring in @-@ joke that Mitchell had read every SG @-@ 1 mission report before joining the SG @-@ 1 team . Browder relocated to Vancouver , Canada , where Stargate SG @-@ 1 was being filmed . His family , who had been with him in Australia during his Farscape years , stayed in Los Angeles , although Browder 's children would appear as background characters in " The Ties That Bind " during their set visit .
= = = Development = = =
Browder put the character 's direction into the hands of the writers but thought that the audience would define Mitchell through the character 's actions and words and not by his backstory in the end . He wanted to humanize the character without letting him be entirely dictated by military terms , while turning him slowly into as much a hero as the other SG @-@ 1 team members already are . Producer Robert C. Cooper , who wrote Mitchell 's introduction in the first three episodes of season 9 , wanted Mitchell to be enthusiastic about exploring the galaxy from the beginning . Mitchell should be a " super fan " of SG @-@ 1 and a " Stargate geek " , mirroring the Stargate fandom . Browder did not want the character 's first on @-@ screen reaction to be enthusiasm , so the character was written to be stoic and guarded around General Landry in the first scenes . Cooper incorporated Mitchell into a flashback to a memorable SG @-@ 1 scene from season 7 's " Lost City " to avoid a contrived heroic action by Mitchell in the season 9 opener .
Although Mitchell was the leading man , most episodes in the first half of season 9 do not particularly focus on Mitchell . Several writers , who had been used to Anderson 's reduced filming schedule in past seasons , subconsciously diminished Mitchell 's role until Cooper reminded them of Browder 's full @-@ season contract . Although Mitchell had a more prominent role in the season 10 episodes " Uninvited " , " Company of Thieves " , and " Bounty " , Browder noted the lack of Mitchell @-@ centric episodes in season 10 . Producer Joseph Mallozzi explained this as the result of having to service the Ori arc and Vala as the new main character . Mitchell also did not appear in any Stargate Atlantis episodes , which Browder explained with the lack of history between Mitchell and Atlantis ; for instance , Daniel possesses Ancient knowledge , and Carter shares a history with the Atlantis character Rodney McKay ( David Hewlett ) . Having penned two Farscape episodes , Browder did not pitch possible SG @-@ 1 storylines to the producers until season 10 . Browder received story credit for his basic pitch for season 10 's " Bad Guys " , which Stargate Atlantis producer / writer Martin Gero developed into a teleplay .
= = = Stunt work and on @-@ screen violence = = =
Mitchell is often at the center of the action and fight sequences . Browder joked for years that " Mitchell 's super power is getting his ass whipped " , which was the opposite of the powerful warrior Teal 'c . Browder enjoyed the physicality of the role and wanted to do many of his own stunts . Browder had acquired first fight experiences in drama school , and had done much stunt work on Farscape . Browder worked with fight choreographers in seasons 9 and 10 of Stargate SG @-@ 1 . Browder 's first fight sequence on SG @-@ 1 was a sword fight with a knight in " Avalon " , where Browder did not have a stunt double and used real swords because heavy swords look more real in action . This fight was followed by an elaborate fight to the death with a Sodan Jaffa warrior in " Babylon " . Although writer Paul Mullie was concerned that fans might be put off by the violence and darkness of " Collateral Damage " , where Mitchell has memories of beating a love interest to death , the producers did
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School in Kettering and then became a student at Southfield School for Girls , although she received private tutoring while working . She completed her GCSEs in 2011 , and she studied for her A levels , with the intention of going to university afterwards . In 2015 , aged 20 , she started to study music at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London .
While at school , Smith enjoyed playing football ; she played for the Kettering Generals Under @-@ 11s girls ' team when they reached the Weetabix League cup final , as well as for the club 's Under @-@ 13 girls . She attended a theatre club , played the guitar and piano and sang in two choirs , including the Masquerade Youth Choir . Smith 's father , Tony , is a health and safety inspector , and for a time worked full @-@ time overseeing Smith 's activities . Her mother , Linda , is a hairdresser , and she has an older brother , Shea .
= = Discography = =
= = = Studio albums = = =
= Episode 6 ( Twin Peaks ) =
" Episode 6 " , also known as " Realization Time " , is the seventh episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Twin Peaks . The episode was written by Harley Peyton , and directed by Caleb Deschanel . " Episode 6 " features series regulars Kyle MacLachlan , Sherilyn Fenn and Eric Da Re , with guest appearances by Chris Mulkey and David Patrick Kelly .
Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agent Dale Cooper ( MacLachlan ) and Twin Peaks sheriff Harry Truman ( Ontkean ) continue to investigate a murder in the small mountain town of Twin Peaks ; while local businessman Benjamin Horne ( Beymer ) schemes to burn down the town 's sawmill to further his property empire .
Deschanel has noted that the episode , like most in the series , was filmed from a relatively short teleplay ; he feels that this has contributed to its ability to develop characterization and subtextual inferences in addition to advancing its narrative . Peyton has described writing dialogue for MacLachlan 's character Dale Cooper as being particularly tricky , though he found Fenn 's character Audrey Horne to be enjoyable to write for . First airing on May 17 , 1990 , " Episode 6 " was viewed by approximately 17 percent of the available audience during its broadcast . The episode has received positive reviews from critics .
= = Plot = =
= = = Background = = =
The small town of Twin Peaks , Washington , has been shocked by the murder of schoolgirl Laura Palmer ( Sheryl Lee ) and the attempted murder of her friend Ronette Pulaski ( Phoebe Augustine ) . FBI special agent Dale Cooper ( Kyle MacLachlan ) has come to the town to investigate , and initial suspicion has fallen upon Palmer 's boyfriend Bobby Briggs ( Dana Ashbrook ) and the man with whom she was cheating on Briggs , James Hurley ( James Marshall ) . However , other inhabitants of the town have their own suspicions : the violent , drug @-@ dealing truck driver Leo Johnson ( Eric Da Re ) is seen as a possible suspect ; especially to his wife Shelley ( Mädchen Amick ) , who has found a bloodstained shirt among his belongings . Meanwhile , Cooper finds the possible scene of the murder , at the home of drug smuggler Jacques Renault ( Walter Olkewicz ) ; Renault 's myna bird is taken in as evidence .
= = = Events = = =
Cooper returns to his hotel room to find Audrey Horne ( Sherilyn Fenn ) waiting in his bed ; he cautions her about being unable to get involved with her due to his position and goes to the hotel restaurant to get malts and fries for them both . The next morning he and Sheriff Truman ( Michael Ontkean ) plan to pay an undercover visit to One Eyed Jacks , a casino and brothel over the Canadian border , to which Renault is connected . They bring along Ed Hurley ( Everett McGill ) , with Cooper having requisitioned $ 10 @,@ 000 from the FBI to pass as high @-@ stakes gamblers .
Johnson , alive but injured , is spying on his own home , watching Briggs visit Shelley . Shelley is terrified that Johnson will return and kill her ; but Briggs reassures her he will take care of things . Johnson is also listening to a police radio in his truck , and hears that Renault 's myna bird is being considered a witness as its ability to mimic speech might provide a clue ; he drives off immediately . That night , he shoots the bird dead through the sheriff station 's window . However , a voice @-@ activated tape recorder had been left by the bird 's cage ; Cooper is able to find the words " Leo , no ! " among the phrases it had repeated that evening .
James Hurley , Donna Hayward ( Lara Flynn Boyle ) and Madeline Ferguson ( Lee ) listen to cassette tapes found in Laura 's bedroom ; they are all monologues addressed to psychiatrist Laurence Jacoby ( Russ Tamblyn ) . One dated to the night of her death is missing ; the group plan to use Ferguson 's resemblance to Laura to distract Jacoby long enough to steal it from his office . Jacoby falls for the ruse long enough ; however , Hurley and Hayward are watched from afar by Briggs , who is in turn being spied on by an unseen party . Briggs hides a bag of cocaine in the gas tank of Hurley 's motorcycle .
Audrey , meanwhile , has begun working at her father 's department store , in a position both Laura and Pulaski occupied before their abduction . Audrey spies on another coworker being showered with gifts and offered a job in " hospitality " by the store 's manager , and later finds both Laura 's and Pulaski 's names in the manager 's private ledger . Having found an address for One Eyed Jacks , Audrey visits and applies under a false name . The brothel 's madam , Blackie O 'Reilly ( Victoria Catlin ) is hesitant to hire her but is convinced when Audrey ties a cherry stem in a knot with her tongue .
Catherine Martell ( Piper Laurie ) learns that a new life insurance policy has been taken out in her name , by Josie Packard ( Joan Chen ) and Benjamin Horne ( Richard Beymer ) . Martell had been planning with Horne to burn down Packard 's sawmill in order to cheaply purchase the land it occupies . Packard speaks to Horne over the telephone , cooperating with the sawmill arson , but arranging to burn it down with Martell inside . As Packard hangs up , it is seen that the recently paroled killer Hank Jennings ( Chris Mulkey ) has been beside her .
= = Production = =
" Episode 6 " was the second of the series to be written by Harley Peyton , who had previously scripted " Episode 3 " ; Peyton returned to pen a number of other episodes across both seasons . The episode was directed by noted cinematographer Caleb Deschanel , who later helmed two episodes in the second season .
Each episode of Twin Peaks was written sequentially ; this allowed the overall plot to gather momentum as it progressed but allowed for the organic process of adding new elements as the writers thought of them ; a process favored by series co @-@ creator David Lynch . It also allowed Mark Frost , Lynch 's partner in
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arming the bomb in flight with Farrell , who agreed that it might be a good idea . Farrell asked Parsons if he knew how to perform this task . " No sir , I don 't " , Parsons conceded , " but I 've got all afternoon to learn . " The night before the mission , Parsons repeatedly practiced inserting the powder charge and detonator in the bomb in the poor visibility and cramped conditions of the bomb bay .
Parsons participated in the bombing of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 , flying on the Enola Gay as weaponeer and Senior Military Technical Observer . Shortly after takeoff , he clambered into the bomb bay and carefully carried out the procedure that he had rehearsed the night before . It was Parsons and not Tibbetts , the pilot , who was in charge of the mission . He approved the choice of Hiroshima as the target , and gave the final approval for the bomb to be released . For his part in the mission , Parsons was awarded the Silver Star , and was promoted to the wartime rank of commodore on 10 August 1945 . For his work on the Manhattan Project , he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal .
= = Postwar career = =
In November 1945 , King created a new position of Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Special Weapons , which was given to Vice Admiral Blandy . Parsons became Blandy 's assistant . In turn , Parsons had two assistants of his own , Ashworth and Horacio Rivero , Jr . He also brought Greenbacker from Los Alamos to help set up the new office . Parsons was a strong supporter of research into the use of nuclear power for warship propulsion , but disagreed with Rear Admiral Harold G. Bowen , Sr. , the head of the Office of Research and Inventions , who wanted the Navy to initiate its own nuclear project . Parsons felt that the Navy should work with the Manhattan Project , and arranged for Naval officers to be assigned to Oak Ridge . The most senior of them was his former classmate Rickover , who became assistant director there . They immersed themselves in the study of nuclear energy , laying the foundations for a nuclear @-@ powered navy .
On 11 January 1946 , Blandy was appointed to command Joint Task Force One ( JTF @-@ 1 ) , a special force created to conduct a series of nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll , which he named Operation Crossroads , to determine the effect of nuclear weapons on warships . Parsons , who was promoted to the rank of rear admiral on 8 January 1946 , became Blandy 's Deputy Commander for Technical Direction and Commander Task Group 1 @.@ 1 . Parsons worked hard to make a success of the operation , which he described as " the largest laboratory experiment in history " . In addition to the 95 target ships , there was a support fleet of more than 150 ships , 156 aircraft , and over 42 @,@ 000 personnel .
Parsons witnessed the first explosion , Able , from the deck of the task force flagship , the command ship USS Mount McKinley . An airburst like the Hiroshima blast , it was unimpressive , and even Parsons thought that it must have been smaller than the Hiroshima bomb . It failed to sink the target ship , the battleship USS Nevada , mainly because it missed it by a considerable distance . This made it difficult to assess the amount of damage caused , which was the objective of the exercise . Blandy then announced that the next test , Baker , would occur in just three weeks . This meant that Parsons had to carry out the evaluation of Able simultaneously with the preparations for Baker . This time he assisted with the final preparations on USS LSM @-@ 60 before heading back to seaplane tender USS Cumberland Sound for the test . The underwater Baker explosion was no larger than Able , but the dome and water column made it look far more spectacular . The real problem was the radioactive fallout , as Colonel Stafford L. Warren , the Manhattan Project 's medical advisor , had predicted . The target ships proved impossible to decontaminate and , lacking targets , the test series had to be called off . For his part in Operation Crossroads , Parsons was awarded the Legion of Merit .
The Special Weapons Office was abolished in November 1946 , and the Manhattan Project followed suit at the end of the year . A civilian agency , the United States Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) , was created by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 to take over the functions and assets of the Manhattan Project , including development , production and control of nuclear weapons . The law provided for a Military Liaison Committee ( MLC ) to advise the AEC on military matters , and Parsons became a member . A joint Army @-@ Navy organization , the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project ( AFSWP ) , was created to handle the military aspects of nuclear weapons . Groves was appointed to command the AFSWP , with Parsons and Air Force Major General Roscoe C. Wilson as his deputies . In this capacity , Parsons pressed for the development of improved nuclear weapons . During the Operation Sandstone series of nuclear weapon tests at Enewetak Atoll in 1948 , Parsons once again served as deputy commander . Parsons hoped that his next posting would be to sea , but he was instead sent to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group in 1949 . He finally returned to sea duty in 1951 , this time as Commander , Cruiser Division 6 , despite having never commanded a ship . Parsons and his cruisers conducted a tour of the Mediterranean showing the flag . He then became Deputy Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance in March 1952 .
= = Death and legacy = =
Parsons remained in contact with Oppenheimer . The two men and their wives visited each other from time to time , and the Parsons family especially enjoyed visiting its former neighbors at their new home at Olden Manor , a 17th @-@ century estate with a cook and groundskeeper , surrounded by 265 acres ( 107 ha ) of woodlands at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey . Parsons was disturbed by the rise of McCarthyism in the early 1950s . In 1953 he wrote a letter to Oppenheimer expressing his hope that " the anti @-@ intellectualism of recent months may have passed its peak " . On 4 December that year , Parsons heard of President Dwight Eisenhower 's " blank wall " directive , blocking Oppenheimer from access to classified material . Parsons became visibly upset , and that night began experiencing severe chest pains . The next morning , he went to Bethesda Naval Hospital , where he died while the doctors were still examining him . He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery alongside his daughter Hannah . He was survived by his father , brother , half @-@ brother and sister , as well as his wife Martha and daughters Peggy and Clare .
The Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for Scientific and Technical Progress was established by the Navy in his memory . It is awarded " to a Navy or Marine Corps officer , enlisted person , or civilian who has made an
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2013 and February 17 , 2014 , respectively . Italian radio stations began adding the track onto their playlist on February 26 , 2014 .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Young Girls " is a pop song , performed as a " woeful " midtempo ballad . The " pop anthem " is also influenced by a groove from Mars ' debut studio album , noticeable on the backing vocals , and it contains elements of " the shaded earnestness " found in " It Will Rain " . According to the sheet music published at Music Notes by Alfred Music , the song is composed in the key of A major with a time signature in common time , and a moderate groove of 125 beats per minute . Mars 's vocals range spans from the low note of F4 to the high note C6 .
The song opens with " methodical strings " mixed with " quadruplets , floppy and fuzz wind in the opening bars " , along with synths and a piano as Mars ' vocal delivery " soars " . The music progresses with a " thumping martial beat " on the percussion of the " heavy drums " , reminding " Phil Spector – esque tom @-@ toms " , and they " counterpoint to the ascendant melody " with " bits of electro " fading in the background . The chorus would fit in a " 60 's girl group " due to the join forces of Mars ' " retro crooner sensibilities with modern sonic flourishes " . Carl Williot of Idolator noted that the " delicate but dynamic production " on " Young Girls " is reminiscent of Lana Del Rey .
The lyrics to " Young Girls " follow the verse – pre @-@ chorus – chorus pattern . It begins with the singer " dumbly " trying to get noticed by " these bright @-@ eyed honeys " , since he can 't help to fall for their " dubious charms " , despite " recognizing [ the ] sin while indulging in it " . The song 's lyrics are in the same vein as Gary Puckett & The Union Gap 's " Young Girl " and The Knack 's " My Sharona " as pointed out by HitFix 's Melinda Newman . She added , the lyrics are " sweet " and tortuous as he sings " Oh , I still dream of a simple life / Boy meets girl / makes her his wife / But love don ’ t exist when you live like this ... All these roads steer me wrong / But I still drive them all night long / all night long " . There is a sentiment of " lament " in the song , " Oh you young wild girls / You ’ ll be the death of me " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Young Girls " debuted to mixed and positive reviews among critics . After its premiere during Mars ' performance on Saturday Night Live , it became available as a studio version with Chris Martins of Spin labeling it an " epic studio @-@ recorded glory " . On a more thorough review , Idolator 's Carl Williott found the production " dynamic " comparing it to compositions by Lana Del Rey and while " the pre @-@ chorus could be from a 60 's girl group " , the " percussion and electro flitting in the background " is what makes pop music nowadays . He concluded , that it 's " a flipside " to Mars ' lead single . HitFix 's critic Melinda Newman gave the track a B- rating , praising the melody and Mars ' vocal delivery , writing " he makes it all sound so sweet , and as if he really is tortured by these young girls " , but ultimately calling the lyrics " a little skeevy " . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times , while reviewing the album , believed that it " swells something serious . The ambition is undeniable " . He compared it to the works U2 and Daughtry . Jessica Sager , music reviewer , of Pop Crush thought the track was pleasant as " a woeful ballad " giving a positive note to Mars ' vocals , ultimately calling the song " a good choice as
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sacrificed for the funeral of the hero Sigurd , and how their bodies were to be arranged on the pyre , as in the following stanza :
Occasionally in the Viking Age , a widow was sacrificed at her husband ’ s funeral .
= = = Cremation = = =
It was common to burn the corpse and the grave offerings on a pyre , in which the temperature reached 1 @,@ 400 ° C ( 2 @,@ 550 ° F ) — much higher than modern crematorium furnaces attain . Only some incinerated fragments of metal and of animal and human bones would remain . The pyre was constructed to make the pillar of smoke as massive as possible , in order to elevate the deceased to the afterlife . The symbolism is described in the Ynglinga saga :
" Thus he ( Odin ) established by law that all dead men should be burned , and their belongings laid with them upon the pile , and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth . Thus , said he , every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile ; and he would also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth . For men of consequence a mound should be raised to their memory , and for all other warriors who had been distinguished for manhood a standing stone ; which custom remained long after Odin 's time . "
= = = Funeral ale and the passing of inheritance = = =
On the seventh day after the person had died , people celebrated the sjaund ( the word both for the funeral ale and the feast , since it involved a ritual drinking ) . The funeral ale was a way of socially demarcating the case of death . It was only after drinking the funeral ale that the heirs could rightfully claim their inheritance . If the deceased were a widow or the master of the homestead , the rightful heir could assume the high seat and thereby mark the shift in authority .
Several of the large runestones in Scandinavia notify of an inheritance , such as the Hillersjö stone , which explains how a lady came to inherit the property of not only her children but also her grandchildren and the Högby Runestone , which tells that a girl was the sole heir after the death of all her uncles . They are important proprietary documents from a time when legal decisions were not yet put to paper . One interpretation of the Tune Runestone from Østfold suggests that the long runic inscription deals with the funeral ale in honor of the master of a household and that it declares three daughters to be the rightful heirs . It is dated to the 5th century and is , consequently , the oldest legal document from Scandinavia that addresses a female 's right to inheritance .
= Kratos ( God of War ) =
Kratos , the " Ghost of Sparta " , is a video game character from Sony Santa Monica 's God of War series , which is loosely based on Greek mythology . Kratos first appeared in the 2005 video game God of War , which led to the development of six additional games featuring the character as the protagonist . Another installment is in development , which will take the character to Norse mythology . Kratos also appears as the protagonist of the God of War comic series and novels . The character was voiced by Terrence C. Carson from 2005 to 2013 , with Christopher Judge taking over the role in the upcoming God of War . Antony Del Rio voiced the character as a child in God of War : Ghost of Sparta .
In the series , Kratos embarks on a series of often forced adventures in attempts to avert disaster or to change his fate . He is usually portrayed as being oblivious to all else , often engaging in morally ambiguous activities and performing acts of extreme violence . He is a Spartan warrior who becomes the " Ghost of Sparta " after accidentally killing his family on behalf of Ares ' trickery . He becomes the God of War after killing Ares , and is eventually revealed to be a demigod and the son of Zeus , who betrays Kratos . Each adventure forms part of a saga with vengeance as a central theme , providing additional information about Kratos ' origins and his relationships with his family and the gods .
The God of War franchise is a flagship title for the PlayStation brand and Kratos is one of its most popular characters . The character has been well received by critics and has become a video game icon , a relative newcomer among more established franchise characters , such as Mario , Sonic the Hedgehog , and Lara Croft . The character is now associated with other products and has had various cameos in PlayStation games outside of the God of War series .
= = Concept and design = =
God of War creator and game director David Jaffe attempted to create a character that looked brutal , but did not resemble a typical traditional Greek hero . The character would not wear traditional armor as Jaffe wanted him to be individualistic . Although the idea of using a fully masked character was approved , the concept was abandoned as the design seemed soulless and lacked a defined personality . Some models included unconventional elements , such as portraying him carrying an infant on his back , while others had excessive detail , such as hair and other " flowing things " .
Charlie Wen , director of visual development on God of War and God of War II , is responsible for designing Kratos . Wen said that his direction for designing Kratos was as much influenced by similarly themed films as it was by pop culture , which led him to sketch a series of images of Kratos on napkins at a restaurant , introducing the idea of the double @-@ chained blades and eventually Kratos ' iconic design . Double @-@ chained blades were chosen as Kratos ' signature weapon because they emphasized the character 's animal nature while also allowing combat to remain fluid . Jaffe said of the final version of the character , " [ Kratos ] may not totally feel at home in Ancient Greece from a costume standpoint , I think he achieves the greater purpose which is to give players a character who they can play who really does just let them go nuts and unleash the nasty fantasies that they have in their head . "
Kratos ’ most noticeable feature is his ash @-@ white complexion , a story development which earns him the title " Ghost of Sparta . " Other distinctive features include a scar across his right eye , and a large , red tattoo that threads from his left eye , circles his left torso , and ends at his left shoulder . The tattoo was originally blue , but was changed late in production . The scar is eventually revealed to be the result of a childhood encounter with the Olympian God , Ares , while the tattoo is a tribute to his dead brother Deimos , who had similar birth markings . Other changes that occur during the course of the series include the temporary addition of divine armor when Kratos is the God of War , an abdominal scar , ability @-@ enhancing armor such as an epaulet called the Golden Fleece ( all God of War II )
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John Eachard , and John Milton had previously advocated " similar reforms in curriculum and teaching methods , " but they had not succeeded in reaching a wide audience . Curiously , though , Locke proclaims throughout his text that his is a revolutionary work ; as Nathan Tarcov , who has written an entire volume on Some Thoughts , has pointed out , " Locke frequently explicitly opposes his recommendations to the ' usual , ' ' common , ' ' ordinary , ' or ' general ' education . "
As England became increasingly mercantilist and secularist , the humanist educational values of the Renaissance , which had enshrined scholasticism , came to be regarded by many as irrelevant . Following in the intellectual tradition of Francis Bacon , who had challenged the cultural authority of the classics , reformers such as Locke , and later Philip Doddridge , argued against Cambridge and Oxford 's decree that " all Bachelaur and Undergraduats in their Disputations should lay aside their various Authors , such that caused many dissensions and strifes in the Schools , and only follow Aristotle and those that defend him , and take their Questions from him , and that they exclude from the Schools all steril and inane Questions , disagreeing from the antient and true Philosophy [ sic ] . " Instead of demanding that their sons spend all of their time studying Greek and Latin texts , an increasing number of families began to demand a practical education for their sons ; by exposing them to the emerging sciences , mathematics , and the modern languages , these parents hoped to prepare their sons for the changing economy and , indeed , for the new world they saw forming around them .
= = Text = =
In 1684 Edward Clarke asked his friend , John Locke , for advice on raising his son and heir , Edward , Jr . ; Locke responded with a series of letters that eventually served as the basis of Some Thoughts Concerning Education . But it was not until 1693 , encouraged by the Clarkes and another friend , William Molyneux , that Locke actually published the treatise ; Locke , " timid " when it came to public exposure , decided to publish the text anonymously .
Although Locke revised and expanded the text five times before he died , he never substantially altered the " familiar and friendly style of the work . " The " Preface " alerted the reader to its humble origins as a series of letters and , according to Nathan Tarcov , who has written an entire volume on Some Thoughts , advice that otherwise might have appeared " meddlesome " became welcome . Tarcov claims Locke treated his readers as his friends and they responded in kind .
= = Pedagogical theory = =
Of Locke 's major claims in the Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Some Thoughts Concerning Education , two played a defining role in eighteenth @-@ century educational theory . The first is that education makes the man ; as Locke writes at the opening of his treatise , " I think I may say that of all the men we meet with , nine parts of ten are what they are , good or evil , useful or not , by their education . " In making this claim , Locke was arguing against both the Augustinian view of man , which grounds its conception of humanity in original sin , and the Cartesian position , which holds that man innately knows basic logical propositions . In his Essay Locke posits an " empty " mind — a tabula rasa — that is " filled " by experience . In describing the mind in these terms , Locke was drawing on Plato 's Theatetus , which suggests that the mind is like a " wax tablet " . Although Locke argued strenuously for the tabula rasa theory of mind , he nevertheless did believe in innate talents and interests . For example , he advises parents to watch their children carefully to discover their " aptitudes , " and to nurture their children 's own interests rather than force them to participate in activities which they dislike — " he , therefore , that is about children should well study their natures and aptitudes and see , by often trials , what turn they easily take and what becomes them , observe what their native stock is , how it may be improved , and what it is fit for . "
Locke also discusses a theory of the self . He writes : " the little and almost insensible impressions on our tender infancies have very important and lasting consequences . " That is , the " associations of ideas " made when young are more significant than those made when mature because they are the foundation of the self — they mark the tabula rasa . In the Essay , in which he first introduces the theory of the association of ideas , Locke warns against letting " a foolish maid " convince a child that " goblins and sprites " are associated with the darkness , for " darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those frightful ideas , and they shall be so joined , that he can no more bear the one than the other . "
Locke 's emphasis on the role of experience in the formation of the mind and his concern with false associations of ideas has led many to characterise his theory of mind as passive rather than active , but as Nicholas Jolley , in his introduction to Locke 's philosophical theory , points out , this is " one of the most curious misconceptions about Locke . " As both he and Tarcov highlight , Locke 's writings are full of directives to actively seek out knowledge and reflect on received opinion ; in fact , this was the essence of Locke 's challenge to innatism .
= = = Body and mind = = =
Locke advises parents to carefully nurture their children 's physical " habits " before pursuing their academic education . As many scholars have remarked , it is unsurprising that a trained physician , as Locke was , would begin Some Thoughts with a discussion of children 's physical needs , yet this seemingly simple generic innovation has proven to be one of Locke 's most enduring legacies — Western child @-@ rearing manuals are still dominated by the topics of food and sleep . To convince parents that they must attend to the health of their children above all , Locke quotes from Juvenal 's Satires — " a sound mind in a sound body . " Locke firmly believed that children should be exposed to harsh conditions while young to inure them to , for example , cold temperatures when they were older : " Children [ should ] be not too warmly clad or covered , winter or summer " ( Locke 's emphasis ) , he argues , because " bodies will endure anything that from the beginning they are accustomed to . " Furthermore , to prevent a child from catching chills and colds , Locke suggests that " his feet to be washed every day in cold water , and to have his shoes so thin that they might leak and let in water whenever he comes near it " ( Locke 's emphasis ) . Locke posited that if children were accustomed to having sodden feet , a sudden shower that wet their feet would not cause them to catch a cold . Such advice ( whether followed or not ) was quite popular ; it appears throughout John Newbery 's children 's books in the middle of the eighteenth century , for example , the first best @-@ selling children 's books in England . Locke also offers specific advice on topics ranging from bed linens to diet to sleeping regimens .
= = = Virtue and reason = = =
Locke dedicates the bulk of Some Thoughts Concerning Education to explaining how to instill virtue in children . He defines virtue as a combination of self @-@ denial and rationality : " that a man is able to deny himself his own desires , cross his own inclinations , and purely follow what reason directs as best , though the appetite lean the other way " ( Locke 's emphasis ) . Future virtuous adults must be able not only to practice self @-@ denial but also to see the rational path . Locke was convinced that children could reason early in life and that parents should address them as reasoning beings . Moreover , he argues that parents should , above all , attempt to create a " habit " of thinking rationally in their children . Locke continually emphasises habit over rule — children should internalise the habit of reasoning rather than memorise a complex set of prohibitions . This focus on rationality and habit corresponds to two of Locke 's concerns in the Essay Concerning Human Understanding . Throughout the Essay , Locke bemoans the irrationality of the majority and their inability , because of the authority of custom , to change or forfeit long @-@ held beliefs . His attempt to solve this problem is not only to treat children as rational beings but also to create a disciplinary system founded on esteem and disgrace rather than on rewards and punishments . For Locke , rewards such as sweets and punishments such as beatings turn children into sensualists rather than rationalists ; such sensations arouse passions rather than reason . He argues that " such a sort of slavish discipline makes a slavish temper " ( Locke 's emphasis ) .
What is important to understand is what exactly Locke means when he advises parents to treat their children as reasoning beings . Locke first highlights that children " love to be treated as Rational Creatures , " thus parents should treat them as such . Tarcov argues that this suggests children can be considered rational only in that they respond to the desire to be treated as reasoning creatures and that they are " motivated only [ by ] rewards and punishments " to achieve that goal .
Ultimately , Locke wants children to become adults as quickly as possible . As he argues in Some Thoughts ,
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when England toured under Douglas Jardine and targeted the upper bodies of the Australian batsmen with short @-@ pitched bowling , using a close leg side cordon to catch balls fended away from the body . In one of the tour matches before the Tests , Fingleton scored a defiant 119 * , carrying his bat for New South Wales against the bumper barrage of Harold Larwood and Gubby Allen , ensuring his selection for the First Test . Despite his unbending resistance , his state fell to an innings defeat . In a warm @-@ up for the Tests , he scored 29 and 53 not out for an Australian XI against the tourists , while most of his teammates struggled . His earlier experience held him in good stead as he scored 26 and 40 as Australia were crushed by ten wickets in the First Test in Sydney . Fingleton stood his ground and was hit several times . He then made a defiant four @-@ hour innings to top @-@ score with 83 in the first innings of Australia 's only win of the series in the Second Test in Melbourne , although he did run out his batting partner Leo O 'Brien in the process . This helped the Australians to reach 228 and they took a 59 @-@ run first innings lead before winning the match despite Fingleton making only one in the second innings . He appeared as well equipped as any Australian to combat England 's strategy .
= = = Adelaide leak = = =
However , the Third Test at the Adelaide Oval was disastrous for Fingleton , who scored a pair as Australia were hammered by 338 runs . He was blamed for leaking the details of the dressing room exchange between captain Bill Woodfull and English manager Plum Warner , which almost caused the abandonment of the Test series . Warner had visited Woodfull to express sympathies after the Australian captain was struck in the heart by Larwood 's short pitched bowling , to which Woodfull retorted " I do not want to see you Mr. Warner . There are two sides out there . One is playing cricket and the other is not . " The leak caused a sensastion , as Woodfull had publicly remained composed in the face of the body barrage , neither complaining nor retaliating . Fingleton was dropped for the remaining two Tests of the series . New South Wales played England after the Third Test and Fingleton had a chance to show his credentials against Bodyline but made only 19 and 7 in a four @-@ wicket defeat , and was unable to force his way back into the Test team . Fingleton always denied responsibility for the leak , blaming Bradman . This incident was the first in a string of open disagreements between Fingleton and Bradman .
The Bodyline season also marked the beginning of Fingleton 's opening combination with Bill Brown , who made his New South Wales debut in the same season . Fingleton scored four half @-@ centuries for the remainder of the first @-@ class season and ended with 648 runs at 38 @.@ 11 as New South Wales won the Sheffield Shield .
Fingleton had a prolific 1933 – 34 Australian season in which he scored 655 runs at 59 @.@ 54 with two centuries and four fifties . He scored 105 in the Test trial for Richardson 's XI and then struck 145 against arch @-@ rivals Victoria in the last match of the season ; New South Wales were unable to force a victory and thus ceded the Sheffield Shield to their southern neighbours . He had scored 76 in the return match earlier in the season and added 33 and 78 against the Rest of Australia .
Despite this , Fingleton was an overlooked for the Australian side selected to tour England in 1934 . With captain Woodfull and Bill Ponsford the established openers , there was only one place for a spare opener , and Brown won the position over his partner , who had performed to a similar standard during the season . The selectors asked Don Bradman , Australia 's leading batsman and state team @-@ mate to Brown and Fingleton , for advice . Bradman nominated Brown , believing that his style was better suited to English pitches . On the day that the team was selected , Bradman wrote in his newspaper column , criticising Fingleton 's running between the wickets . When the pair next met , Fingleton 's only words were to blame Bradman for his omission ; Bradman claimed that as a result of the selection controversy , Fingleton relentless pursued a vendetta against him from there on . Fingleton also suspected that Woodfull wanted him out of the team because he held the journalist responsible for the leaked exchange with Warner .
Some incidents in Fingleton 's century in the last match of the season were also believed to have reflected badly at the selection table . Having retired hurt on 78 , he returned the next day and was then dropped on 86 in the slips . Fingleton had moved out of his crease to pat out the pitch before the ball had gone dead and Victorian wicket @-@ keeper Ben Barnett broke the stumps . A displeased Fingleton was given out by umpire George Borwick and walked off the ground , only to be called back by captain Woodfull . Fingleton refused Woodfull 's offer and did not return until Woodfull successfully asked Borwick to reverse his decision . The media reported that Fingleton had quarrelled with Woodfull and several teammates told him that his apparent rebuff of the national captain would prejudice his chances of selection , and the NSWCA made an inquiry into the matter ; Fingleton failed to respond . During the same innings , Bradman also wrote in his newspaper report that Fingleton had been responsible for the run out of teammate Ray Rowe , which angered Fingleton for an extended period .
A disappointed Fingleton wrote to Woodfull , saying " You have chosen chaps who do not like fast bowling " . He also questioned what he perceived to be Woodfull 's coldness towards him since the Bodyline series and decried unnamed " fellow pressmen , naturally jealous " . Wisden speculated that Fingleton 's omission may have been due to cricket diplomacy reasons following the incident in Adelaide , while others thought that regionalism was to blame ; this view posited that Ernest Bromley was selected so that seven Victorians and New South Welshmen would be on the tour . Bromley scored only 312 runs in 20 innings in England .
Fingleton was selected for a second string Australian team to tour New Zealand for two months at the end of the season while the Test team departred for England . However , captain Victor Richardson and his deputy Keith Rigg withdrew , dissatisfied with the pay , leaving Fingleton as the most senior member of the team . The tour was then cancelled by New Zealand , who feared that the large number of absentees would result in a large financial loss .
= = Test recall = =
With retirements of both Woodfull and Ponsford following the 1934 tour to England , positions at the top of the Australia 's batting order became available . Fingleton also found state cricket more attractive now that Bradman had decided to move to South Australia to take up stockbroking . Fingleton responded to his omission from the Ashes tour by leading the run @-@ scoring aggregates in the 1934 – 35 season . He scored 880 runs at 58 @.@ 66 with four centuries and four fifties , almost 200 runs more than the second most prolific batsman , Brown . After Fingleton started the summer with a fifty in Woodfull 's testimonial match , the pair started the Shield campaign with a 249 @-@ run stand in New South Wales ' first match of the season against South Australia , both scoring centuries in an innings victory . Fingleton made 134 in just over three hours . Fingleton reached 49 at least once in the remaining five matches , including a 10
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8 against Queensland . Despite the form of the openers , New South Wales failed to win the Sheffield Shield after losing both of their matches against Victoria . Fingleton ended the season with consecutive centuries , 124 and 100 , against Western Australia , and took the first of two first @-@ class wickets in his career in the first of the two matches .
As a result of his performances , Fingleton was recalled to the Test team for the tour of South Africa in 1935 – 36 , where he partnered Brown at the top of the innings . Under normal circumstances , the Australians would have been captained by Fingleton 's rival Bradman , who had been vice @-@ captain to Woodfull . However , Bradman was unable to tour for medical reasons and Vic Richardson led the team instead . With Bradman out of the way , the tour was to be the most prolific and peaceful phase of Fingleton 's international career and included several large opening stands with Brown . During the tour , Fingleton played with an attacking flair that contrasted with his established reputation for doggedness . For Fingleton , it was the happiest tour he had been on , in large part due to Bradman 's absence .
Fingleton nearly failed to make the trip . His newspaper editor Eric Baume ordered to write a column attacking the Australian Board of Control for vetoing players from going on a private tour of India , threatening to sack him if he refused — criticism of the board typically resulted in exclusion from selection . Fingleton was reluctant to comply , and was reprieved when the editor @-@ in @-@ chief overruled Baume .
Fingleton scored 66 for the Australians in an innings victory over Western Australia before sailing for South Africa . It was to be the start of a very productive campaign . In the three matches leading up to the Tests , against Natal , Western Province and Transvaal respectively , Fingleton scored 121 , 53 , 99 and seven not out . Australia won the latter match by ten wickets and the others by an innings . In the match by Natal , Fingleton and Brown both made centuries and combined in a double century stand .
After almost three years in the wilderness , Fingleton returned to the Test arena in the First Test at Durban . After making two in the first innings , he was unbeaten on 36 when Australia reached their second innings target with nine wickets in hand . During the first innings , a 140 km / h gale hit the ground , uprooting trees and forcing balls that were heading into the wind to do U @-@ turns . He followed this with 62 — the innings top @-@ score — and 40 in the Second Test at Johannesburg . After taking a 93 @-@ run first innings lead , Australia needed a Test record of 399 in the second innings to win on a turning wicket , and after the early demise of Brown , Fingleton joined McCabe in a 177 @-@ run partnership that pushed the score to 1 / 194 . Such was the dominance of McCabe that he scored more than 80 % of the runs during this partnership . Australia needed only 125 with half the day remaining and eight wickets in hand when poor visibility ended play . McCabe had flayed the attack and reached 189 not out when the South Africans had the match called off , claiming that the fieldsmen were endangered by the batsman 's vigorous hitting .
Fingleton finished the series with centuries in each of the last three Tests , all in consecutive innings ; 112 at Cape Town , 108 at Johannesburg and 118 in Durban . In the Third Test , Fingleton and Brown set a new Australian Test record opening stand of 233 , which laid the foundation for a total of 8 / 362 declared and an innings victory . It was Australia 's first double @-@ century opening stand in Test cricket , and remains a national record for the first wicket against South Africa . On a rain @-@
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etre ( 4 in ) watertight bulkheads divided the hull into compartments , although they only reached up to the main deck . Friedland did not have a double bottom . The metacentric height of the ship was low , a little above 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Friedland had one Indret 3 @-@ cylinder horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine driving a single propeller . Its engine was powered by eight oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced 4 @,@ 428 indicated horsepower ( 3 @,@ 302 kW ) and Friedland reached 13 @.@ 3 knots ( 24 @.@ 6 km / h ; 15 @.@ 3 mph ) . She carried 630 metric tons ( 620 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for approximately 2 @,@ 666 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 937 km ; 3 @,@ 068 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Friedland was initially ship rigged with three masts , then barque @-@ rigged and finally fore @-@ and @-@ aft rigged after her mainmast was removed .
= = = Armament and Armour = = =
Two 274 @-@ millimetre Modèle 1870 guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , one gun at the forward corner of the battery , with the remaining six 274 @-@ millimetre Modèle 1870 guns on the battery deck below the barbettes . Eight 138 @-@ millimetre Modèle 1870 guns were on the upper deck , fore and aft of the barbettes , and on the battery deck .
The 18 @-@ calibre 274 @-@ millimeter ( 10 @.@ 8 in ) gun fired an armour @-@ piercing , 476 @.@ 2 @-@ pound ( 216 @.@ 0 kg ) shell while the gun itself weighed 22 @.@ 84 long tons ( 23 @.@ 21 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 424 ft / s ( 434 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 14 @.@ 3 inches ( 360 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The 138 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 4 in ) gun was 21 calibres long and weighed 2 @.@ 63 long tons ( 2 @.@ 67 t ) . It fired a 61 @.@ 7 @-@ pound ( 28 @.@ 0 kg ) explosive shell that had a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 529 ft / s ( 466 m / s ) . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells .
At some point the ship received 22 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 @-@ barrel revolving guns . They fired a shell weighing about 500 g ( 1 @.@ 1 lb ) at a muzzle velocity of about 610 m / s ( 2 @,@ 000 ft / s ) to a range of about 3 @,@ 200 meters ( 3 @,@ 500 yd ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute . The hull was not recessed to enable any of the guns on the battery deck to fire forward or aft . However , the guns mounted in the barbettes sponsoned out over the sides of the hull did have some ability to fire fore and aft . In 1884 two above @-@ water 3
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of militia from the Queensland @-@ based Kennedy Regiment — which had been dispatched to garrison Thursday Island — also contributed 500 volunteers . Recruitment began on 11 August , with the very few of the infantry having had previous military experience . Under the overall command of Colonel William Holmes , the force departed Sydney on 19 August aboard HMAS Berrima and halted at Palm Island off Townsville until a New Zealand force , escorted by the battlecruiser HMAS Australia , cruiser HMAS Melbourne and the French cruiser Montcalm , occupied Samoa on 30 August . The AN & MEF then moved to Port Moresby , where it met the Queensland contingent already aboard the transport Kanowna . The force sailed for German New Guinea on 7 September , although Kanowna was left behind when her stokers refused to work . The militia were also left in Port Moresby after Holmes decided they were not sufficiently trained or equipped to be committed to the anticipated fighting .
At the outbreak of war , German New Guinea was only lightly defended ; even after all available reservists had reported for duty and the Melanesian police had been armed , the total strength was only 61 German officers and non @-@ commissioned officers , and about 240 Melanesian police . To compound the defenders ' problems , most of the Germans were reservists with either limited experience or who had served in the military many years earlier . The Bita Paka radio station itself was occupied by eight Germans and 60 Melanesians , under the command of Hauptmann ( Captain ) Hans Wuchert . Wuchert 's force was assigned to defend against any hostile landing at a point near the coast , and was authorised to withdraw halfway between Toma and Bita Paka to Tobera if necessary , but only after demolishing the radio station . A company of 10 Germans and 140 Melanesians was also stationed at Herbertshöhe , commanded by Leutnant ( Lieutenant ) Mayer , while a squad of Melanesians at Toma under Leutnant Robert von Blumenthal ( " Lord Bob " ) was charged with digging in and improving defences . Section outposts were established at various locations and monitored the coast from St. George 's Channel to Rabaul . Despite the limits of manpower , such arrangements proved effective and the reconnaissance of the Australian Squadron on 12 August had been quickly detected , with German forces subsequently directed towards the coast to repel any invasion .
= = Battle = =
= = = Initial landings = = =
Off the eastern tip of New Guinea , Berrima rendezvoused with Australia and the light cruiser HMAS Sydney plus a number of destroyers , while Melbourne was detached to destroy the wireless station on Nauru . Melbourne arrived there on 9 September only to find that the radio station had already been disabled by its staff , with Nauru surrendering without opposition . The task force reached Rabaul on 11 September , where they found the port to be free of German forces . Sydney and the destroyer HMAS Warrego landed small parties of naval reservists at the settlements of Kabakaul and at Herbertshöhe . These parties were reinforced firstly by sailors from Warrego and later by infantry from Berrima . Two parties were subsequently landed , one under Sub @-@ Lieutenant C. Webber and the other commanded by Lieutenant Commander J.F. Finlayson . In accordance with German plans , the Australians encountered no opposition at Herbertshöhe , with the German company stationed there having withdrawn to Takubar — between Herbertshöhe and Kabakaul — in the early morning . At 07 : 00 , the Australians raised the Union Jack over the settlement .
The Australians believed there were probably two radio stations , one under construction 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) directly inland from Herbertshöhe and the other directly inland from Kabakaul , at Bita Paka . Finlayson remained at Herbertshöhe to guard the stores being landed from Sydney , while Webber 's party began an advance from Herbertshöhe inland along the Toma road . Another party under Lieutenant Rowland Bowen would advance towards Bita Paka , 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) to the south . Bowen 's force , consisting of two officers and 25 naval reservists was subsequently landed at Kabakaul . Also included were about 15 other personnel to provide medical support and maintain communications .
= = = Advance inland = = =
The advance inland began along the fringe of the dense jungle @-@ edged road to the radio station , with the Australians attempting to avoid the road wherever possible . By 09 : 00 they had penetrated about 2 @,@ 000 yards ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) and with the scrub becoming denser , the scouts pushed away from the road to work their way around the obstacle . They suddenly surprised a group of about 20 Melanesian soldiers led by three German reservists , who were apparently laying an ambush on the road for the advancing Australians . They opened fire , wounding one German in the hand and capturing him , and scattering the Melanesians . By means of a ruse Wuchert and Mayer were also captured , depriving the defenders of two important commanders , while several significant maps also fell into Australian hands at this time .
Realising that his advance was going to be contested , Bowen requested reinforcements . Consequently , as an interim measure , 59 men from Warrego and Yarra were landed under Lieutenant G.A. Hill , until infantry could arrive from Berrima , which was still steaming towards Kabakaul from Karavia Bay . Meanwhile , Bowen pushed on and the Australians were again fired upon by the well concealed Germans and their Melanesian troops , as well as by snipers in the treetops . By 09 : 30 the situation had become grave , and the Australians suffered their first casualty of the war , with Able Seaman Billy Williams mortally wounded . Also among the casualties was the medical officer , Captain Brian Pockley , who died of his wounds in the afternoon after being evacuated to Berrima .
The reinforcements landed earlier from the destroyers reached Bowen by 10 : 00 however , and the situation was stabilised . The advance was subsequently resumed , but the Australians had not gone more than 500 yards ( 460 m ) when they encountered a strongly held German trench dug across the road . Working together , Hill and Bowen attempted to outflank the Germans , during which Bowen was shot and badly wounded by a sniper , leaving Hill in command . Berrima subsequently landed reinforcements , including a half @-@ battalion commanded by Lieutenant Commander Charles Elwell , as well as a machine @-@ gun section and medical detachment . Among the reinforcements was the battalion commander , Beresford , and the intelligence officer .
= = = Fighting for the wireless station = = =
Elwell advanced inland rapidly and was soon also engaged , losing one killed and two wounded in a brief skirmish . During the advance the Australians had also uncovered and defused a large pipe mine the Germans had buried under a narrow track and set to detonate using a command wire . These mines had been laid beneath the road with wires leading to an electric battery and a firing key at the bottom of a lookout tree . By 13 : 00 however , Hill 's position was reached and the Australians — now under Elwell 's overall command — launched another flanking attack on the main trench blocking the road . Despite suffering heavy casualties they pressed their attack , forcing the defenders to surrender after charging the trench with fixed bayonets . A German officer and 20 Melanesians were captured . Four Australians were killed , including Elwell who died leading the charge with his sword drawn , and another five were wounded .
Now under the command of Hill , and accompanied by two German prisoners acting as interpreters , the Australians proceeded down the road under a flag of truce and persuaded the garrisons of two more trenches to surrender , but not before another skirmish in which the Germans counter @-@ attacked , wounding three more Australians , one fatally . During the firefight one of the unarmed German interpreters was killed by the Australians , as were several of the Melanesians . The advance continued and another group of defenders was encountered and disarmed by nightfall . By 19 : 00 the Australians reached the radio station which was found abandoned ; the mast had been dismantled , although the instruments and machinery remained intact . The surviving defenders had abandoned the defences and withdrawn .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Casualties = = =
During the fighting at Bita Paka , seven Australians were killed and five wounded , while casualties among the defenders included one German and about 30 Melanesians killed , and one German and 10 Melanesians wounded ; 19 Germans and 56 Melanesians were captured . Later it was alleged that the heavy losses among the Melanesian troops were the result of the Australians bayoneting a number that they had captured . While the casualties suffered by the Australians were light in the context of
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junction transistors became available . The Transistor Computer 's design was adopted by the local engineering firm of Metropolitan @-@ Vickers in their Metrovick 950 , in which all the circuitry was modified to make use of junction transistors . Six Metrovick 950s were built , the first completed in 1956 . They were successfully deployed within various departments of the company and were in use for about five years .
= = Muse and Atlas = =
Development of MUSE – a name derived from " microsecond engine " – began at the university in 1956 . The aim was to build a computer that could operate at processing speeds approaching one microsecond per instruction , one million instructions per second . Mu ( or µ ) is a prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting a factor of 10 − 6 ( one millionth ) .
At the end of 1958 Ferranti agreed to collaborate with Manchester University on the project , and the computer was shortly afterwards renamed Atlas , with the joint venture under the control of Tom Kilburn . The first Atlas was officially commissioned on 7 December 1962 , and was considered at that time to be the most powerful computer in the world , equivalent to four IBM 7094s . It was said that whenever Atlas went offline half of the UK 's computer capacity was lost . Its fastest instructions took 1 @.@ 59 microseconds to execute , and the machine 's use of virtual storage and paging allowed each concurrent user to have up to one million words of storage space available . Atlas pioneered many hardware and software concepts still in common use today including the Atlas Supervisor , " considered by many to be the first recognisable modern operating system " .
Two other machines were built : one for a joint British Petroleum / University of London consortium , and the other for the Atlas Computer Laboratory at Chilton near Oxford . A derivative system was built by Ferranti for Cambridge University , called the Titan or Atlas 2 , which had a different memory organisation , and ran a time @-@ sharing operating system developed by Cambridge Computer Laboratory .
The University of Manchester 's Atlas was decommissioned in 1971 , but the last was in service until 1974 . Parts of the Chilton Atlas are preserved by the National Museums of Scotland in Edinburgh .
= = MU5 = =
MU5 was designed to be about 20 times faster than Atlas , and was optimised for running compiled programs rather than hand @-@ written machine code , something that contemporary computers were unable to do efficiently . A major factor in the MU5 's much @-@ improved performance over its predecessors was its incorporation of associative memory , which greatly speeded up access to its main store . .
Work on MU5 started in 1966 . The Science Research Council ( SRC ) awarded Manchester University a five @-@ year grant of £ 630 @,@ 466 in 1968 ( equivalent to about £ 9 @.@ 9 million as of 2016 ) to develop the MU5 , and ICL made its production facilities available to the university . Development began in 1969 , and by 1971 the design team had grown from its initial nucleus of six members of the university 's computer science department to 16 , supported by 25 research students and 19 ICL engineers .
MU5 was fully operational by October 1974 , coinciding with ICL 's announcement that it was working on the development of a new range of computers , the 2900 series . ICL 's 2980 in particular , first delivered in June 1975 , owed a great deal to the design of MU5 , which was in operation at the university until 1982 .
= = MU6 = =
MU5 was the last large @-@ scale machine to be designed and built at Manchester University . The development of its successor , MU6 , was funded by a grant of £ 219 @,@ 300 awarded by the SRC in 1979 ( equivalent to about £ 1 @,@ 001 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) . MU6 was intended to be a range of processors with MU6 @-@ V at the top end and a personal processor , MU6 @-@ P , at the bottom . Only MU6 @-@ P and a mid @-@ range processor , MU6 @-@ G , were ever produced , and ran between 1982 and 1987 . The university did not have the resources to build the remaining machines in @-@ house , and the system was never commercially developed .
= = Summary = =
= Roseanne Barr =
Roseanne Cherrie Barr ( born November 3 , 1952 ) is an American actress , comedian , writer , television producer , director , and 2012 presidential nominee of the California @-@ based Peace and Freedom Party . Barr began her career in stand @-@ up comedy at clubs before gaining fame for her role in the classic sitcom Roseanne . The show was a hit and lasted nine seasons , from 1988 to 1997 . She won both an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work on the show . Barr had crafted a " fierce working @-@ class domestic goddess " persona in the eight years preceding her sitcom and wanted to do a realistic show about a strong mother who was not a victim of patriarchal consumerism .
The granddaughter of immigrants from Europe and Russia , Barr was the oldest of four children in a working @-@ class Jewish Salt Lake City family ; she was also active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) . In 1974 , she married Bill Pentland , with whom she had three children , before divorcing in 1990 and marrying comedian Tom Arnold for four years . Controversy arose when she sang " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " off @-@ key at a 1990 nationally aired baseball game , followed by grabbing her crotch and spitting .
After her sitcom ended , she launched her own talk show , The Roseanne Show , which aired from 1998 to 2000 . In 2005 , she returned to stand @-@ up
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Nonesuch Records , another Time Warner subsidiary , and the album was released in the spring of 2002 . When it was released , Yankee Hotel Foxtrot reached number thirteen on the Billboard 200 , Wilco 's highest chart position to that date . Yankee Hotel Foxtrot sold over 590 @,@ 000 copies , and to date remains Wilco 's best selling album . Yankee Hotel Foxtrot was met with wide critical acclaim : it topped 2002 's Pazz & Jop critics ' poll , was named one of the 100 greatest albums of all time by Q Magazine .
Rolling Stone rated it one of the top 500 albums of all time in May 2012 .
= = = Down with Wilco , A Ghost Is Born , and Kicking Television : Live in Chicago = = =
While waiting for the commercial release of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot , Wilco agreed to support R.E.M. collaborator Scott McCaughey for an album release by The Minus 5 . They scheduled a recording session for September 11 , 2001 , but were distraught about the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks that day . Later that day , Wilco and McCaughey agreed to " create something good in the world right now " and record some material . Influenced by Bill Fay 's Time of the Last Persecution , The Minus 5 's Down with Wilco was released in 2003 . Keyboardist Mikael Jorgensen , who had engineered Down with Wilco , joined Wilco in 2002 as they toured in support of Yankee Hotel Foxtrot .
In November 2003 , Wilco traveled to New York City to record their fifth album . The album was produced by Jim O 'Rourke , who mixed Foxtrot and was a member of Wilco side project Loose Fur . Unlike Summerteeth and Yankee Hotel Foxtrot , A Ghost Is Born featured songs that were created with Pro Tools before ever performing them live . The album featured the song " Less Than You Think " , which included a fifteen @-@ minute track of electronic noises and synthesizers , which Tweedy called " the track that everyone will hate " . Tweedy justified the inclusion of the song :
I know ninety @-@ nine percent of our fans won 't like that song , they 'll say it 's a ridiculous indulgence . Even I don 't want to listen to it every time I play through the album . But the times I do calm myself down and pay attention to it , I think it 's valuable and moving and cathartic . I wouldn 't have put it on the record if I didn 't think it was great ... I wanted to make an album about identity , and within that is the idea of a higher power , the idea of randomness , and that anything can happen , and that we can 't control it .
Leroy Bach left the band immediately after the album 's completion to join a music theatre operation in Chicago . Like Yankee Hotel Foxtrot , Wilco streamed the album online before its commercial release . Instead of using their own web page , the band streamed it in MPEG @-@ 4 form on Apple 's website . Wilco sought to substantially change their lineup after Bach 's departure , and added Pat Sansone of The Autumn Defense , and avant @-@ garde guitarist Nels Cline to the lineup . Just as the band was about to tour to promote the album , Tweedy checked himself into a rehabilitation clinic in Chicago for an addiction to opioids . As a result , tour plans for Europe were canceled , and the release date for the album was set back several weeks . A Ghost Is Born was released on June 22 , 2004 , and became Wilco 's first top ten album in the U.S. The album earned Wilco Grammy Awards for Best Alternative Music Album and Best Recording Package in 2005 . It also placed thirteenth on 2004 's Pazz & Jop Critics Poll .
In 2004 , the band released The Wilco Book , a picture book detailing the creation of A Ghost Is Born . The book also contains writings and drawings from band members , as well as a CD with demos from the A Ghost Is Born recording sessions . Also that year , Chicago Tribune music critic Greg Kot released a biography of the band entitled Wilco : Learning How to Die . The new six @-@ piece Wilco lineup debuted on Kicking Television : Live in Chicago , a two disc live album recorded at The Vic Theater in Chicago . Released on November 15 , 2005 , the album received high accolades from Spin , Billboard , and Entertainment Weekly . As of 2007 , it has sold over 114 @,@ 000 copies .
= = = Sky Blue Sky = = =
Wilco returned to their loft in Chicago to record a sixth studio album in 2006 . Influenced by The Byrds and Fairport Convention , the band considered Sky Blue Sky to be less experimental than previous releases . Also unlike previous albums , the songs were created as collaborations .
Wilco streamed the album online on March 3 , 2007 , and offered the song " What Light " as a free MP3 download . To further publicize the album , Wilco licensed several songs from the Sky Blue Sky recording sessions for use in a Volkswagen advertising campaign . The move was criticized by both critics and fans ; Wilco responded by noting that they had previously done advertising campaigns with Apple Inc. and Telefónica Móviles ( Movistar ) . The album was released on May 15 , 2007 , and was a commercial success : it sold over 87 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and peaked in the top five in the U.S. album charts . It also was a top forty hit in seven other countries .
Reviewer James Brubaker states that Wilco " shine [ s ] on a handful of the songs " on Sky Blue Sky , such as the " light , and straightforward " songs . While he calls the album " great traditional rock and folk album at times " , he states that " once you get past the handful of masterful and lovely performances ... the rest of the record comes off at times as dull , and forced . " The allaboutjazz review also had mixed comments . While praising the album as " deceptively insinuating , almost intoxicating to listen to " and noting its " impeccable sound quality , "
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3 , Maximinus issued one more edict of toleration , hoping to persuade Licinius to stop advancing , and win more public support . For the first time , Maximinus issued a law which offered comprehensive toleration and the means to effectively secure it . As in his earlier letter , Maximinus is apologetic but one @-@ sided . Maximinus absolves himself for all the failings of his policy , locating fault with local judges and enforcers instead . He frames the new universal toleration as a means of removing all ambiguity and extortion . Maximinus then declares full freedom of religious practice , encourages Christians to rebuild their churches , and pledges to restore Christian property lost in the persecution . The edict changed little : Licinius defeated Maximinus at the Battle of Adrianople on April 30 , 313 ; the now @-@ powerless Maximinus committed suicide at Tarsus in the summer of 313 . On June 13 , Licinius published the Edict of Milan in Nicomedia .
= = = Egypt = = =
In Eusebius ' Martyrs of Palestine , Egypt is covered only in passing . When Eusebius remarks on the region , however , he writes of tens , twenties , even hundreds of Christians put to death on a single day , which would seem to make Egypt the region that suffered the most during the persecutions . According to one report that Barnes calls " plausible , if unverifiable " , 660 Christians were killed in Alexandria alone between 303 and 311 . In Egypt , Peter of Alexandria fled his namesake city early on in the persecution , leaving the Church leaderless . Meletius , bishop of Lycopolis ( Asyut ) , took up the job in his place . Meletius performed ordinations without Peter 's permission , which caused some bishops to complain to Peter . Meletius soon refused to treat Peter as any kind of authority , and expanded his operations into Alexandria . According to Epiphanius of Salamis , the Church split into two sections : the " Catholic Church " , under Peter , and , after Peter 's execution , Alexander ; and the " Church of the Martyrs " under Meletius . When the two groups found themselves imprisoned together in Alexandria during the persecution , Peter of Alexandria drew up a curtain in the middle of their cell . He then said : " There are some who are of my view , let them come over on my side , and those of Melitius 's view , stay with Melitius . " Thus divided , the two sects went on with their affairs , purposely ignoring each other 's existence . The schism continued to grow throughout the persecution , even with its leaders in jail , and would persist long after the deaths of both Peter and Meletius . Fifty @-@ one bishoprics are attested for Egypt in 325 ; fifteen are only known otherwise as seats of the schismatic Church .
= = Legacy = =
The Diocletianic persecution was ultimately unsuccessful . As one modern historian has put it , it was simply " too little and too late " . Christians were never purged systematically in any part of the empire , and Christian evasion continually undermined the edicts ' enforcement . Some bribed their way to freedom . The Christian Copres escaped on a technicality : To avoid sacrificing in court , he gave his brother power of attorney , and had him do it instead . Many simply fled . Eusebius , in his Vita Constantini , declared that " once more the fields and woods received the worshippers of God " . To contemporary theologians , there was no sin in this behavior . Lactantius held that Christ himself had encouraged it , and Bishop Peter of Alexandria quoted Matthew 10 : 23 ( " when they persecute you in this city , flee ye into another " ) in support of the tactic .
The pagan crowd was more sympathetic to the Christians ' sufferings than they had been in the past . Lactantius , Eusebius and Constantine write of revulsion at the excesses of the persecutors — Constantine of executioners " wearied out , and disgusted at the cruelties " they had committed . The fortitude of the martyrs in the face of death had earned the faith respectability in the past , though it may have won few converts . The thought of martyrdom , however , sustained Christians under trial and in prison , hardening their faith . Packaged with the promise of eternal life , martyrdom proved attractive for the growing segment of the pagan population which was , to quote Dodds , " in love with death " . To use Tertullian 's famous phrase , the blood of the martyrs was the seed of the Church .
By 324 , Constantine , the Christian convert , ruled the entire empire alone . Christianity became the greatest beneficiary of imperial largesse . The persecutors had been routed . As the historian J. Liebeschuetz has written : " The final result of the Great Persecution provided a testimonial to the truth of Christianity which it could have won in no other way . " After Constantine , the Christianization of the Roman empire would continue apace . Under Theodosius I ( r . 378 – 95 ) , Christianity became the state religion . By the 5th century , Christianity was the empire 's predominant faith , and filled the same role paganism had at the end of the 3rd century . Because of the persecution , however , a number of Christian communities were riven between those who had complied with imperial authorities ( traditores ) and those who had refused . In Africa , the Donatists , who protested the election of the alleged traditor Caecilian to the bishopric of Carthage , continued to resist the authority of the central Church until after 411 . The Melitians in Egypt left the Egyptian Church similarly divided .
In future generations , both Christians and pagans would look back on Diocletian as , in the words of theologian Henry Chadwick , " the embodiment of irrational ferocity " . To medieval Christians , Diocletian was the most loathsome of all Roman emperors . From the 4th century on , Christians would describe the " Great " persecution of Diocletian 's reign as a bloodbath . The Liber Pontificalis , a collection of biographies of the popes , alleges
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however , have been thought to have been originally Scottish .
= = Origins = =
Clan MacAulay , or the family of the MacAulays of Ardincaple , is first recorded within the lands of Dunbartonshire , which was controlled in the Middle Ages by the mormaers ( earls ) of Lennox . Within the kindred of the mormaers , forms of the Gaelic given name Amhlaíbh were used by family members ; and today the patronymic form of this name can be Anglicised as MacAulay . One such Amhlaíbh was a younger son of Ailín II , Earl of Lennox . This Amhlaíbh was the subject of a lay attributed to the poet Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh in which Muireadhach 's Lennox property was named Ard nan Each . The Gaelic àrd means " high " ; and each means " horse " . Amhlaíbh and his descendants were the lords of Faslane and an extensive tract of land along the Gare Loch . The seat of Clan MacAulay was located at Ardincaple , which is situated on the shores of the Gare Loch in what is now the village of Rhu and town of Helensburgh . The place @-@ name Ardincaple has been stated to be derived the Gaelic form of " cape of the horses " and " height of the horses " . According to William Charles Maughan writing at the end of the 19th century , the Ardincaple estate had two main residences , one at Ardincaple , the other to the north at Faslane . Maughan stated that the site of the castle of Faslane could be distinguished , at the time of his writing , " by a small mound near the murmuring burn which flows into the bay " . Geoffrey Stell 's census of mottes in Scotland lists only four in Dunbartonshire ; one of which is Faslane ( grid reference NS249901 ) , another listed as a " possible " is at Shandon ( grid reference NS257878 ) ; Shandon being located between site of Faslane and the town of Helensburgh . Maughan wrote that at Faslane there stood an oak tree at place called in Scottish Gaelic Cnoch @-@ na @-@ Cullah ( English : " knoll of the cock " ) . According to legend , when a cock crowed beneath the branches of the old oak upon the knoll , a member of Clan MacAulay was about to die .
The actual ancestry of Clan MacAulay is uncertain . The recorded chiefs of the clan were the lairds of Ardincaple and styled with the territorial designation : of Ardincaple . The early 18th century Scottish heraldist Alexander Nisbet claimed the clan descended from Morice de Arncappel who was listed in the Ragman Rolls as swearing homage to Edward I in 1296 . According to Nisbet , " Maurice de Arncaple is the ancestor of the Lairds of Ardincaple in Dumbartonshire , who were designed Ardincaples of that Ilk , till King James V. ' s time , that Alexander , then the head of the family , took a fancy and called himself Alexander Macaulay of Ardincaple , from a predecessor of his own of the name of Aulay , to humour a patronymical designation , as being more agreeable to the head of a clan than the designation of Ardincaple of that Ilk " . Later the 18th century antiquary ( and chief of Clan MacFarlane ) Walter MacFarlane stated that the MacAulays of Ardincaple derived their
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ada ( lit Old Kannada ) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription , usually dated c . AD 450 , indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language at that time . The Halmidi inscription provides invaluable information about the history and culture of Karnataka . The 5th century Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga and the Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 AD are further examples . Recent reports indicate that the Old Kannada Nishadi inscription discovered on the Chandragiri hill , Shravanabelagola , is older than Halmidi inscription by about fifty to hundred years and may belong to the period AD 350 – 400 . The noted archaeologist and art historian S. Shettar is of the opinion that an inscription of the Western Ganga King Kongunivarma Madhava ( c . 350 – 370 ) found at Tagarthi ( Tyagarthi ) in Shikaripura taluk of Shimoga district is of 350 CE and is also older than the Halmidi inscription .
Current estimates of the total number of existing epigraphs written in Kannada range from 25 @,@ 000 by the scholar Sheldon Pollock to over 30 @,@ 000 by the Amaresh Datta of the Sahitya Akademi . Prior to the Halmidi inscription , there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words , phrases and sentences , proving its antiquity . The 543 AD Badami cliff inscription of Pulakesi I is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script . Kannada inscriptions are not only discovered in Karnataka but also quite commonly in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu . Some inscriptions were also found in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . The Northern most Kannada inscription of the Rashtrakutas of 964 CE is the Jura record found near Jabalpur in present @-@ day Madhya Pradesh , belonging to the reign of Krishna III . This indicates the spread of the influence of the language over the ages , especially during the rule of large Kannada empires . Pyu sites of Myanmar yielded variety of Indian scripts including those written in a script especially archaic , most resembling the Kadamba ( Kannada @-@ speaking Kadambas of 4th century CE Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh ) form of common Kannada @-@ Telugu script from Andhra Pradesh .
The earliest copper plates inscribed in Old Kannada script and language , dated to the early 8th century AD , are associated with Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu ( the Dakshina Kannada district ) , and display the double crested fish , his
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ized , with the actors mouthing gibberish instead of speaking actual words . A record of Rhapsody in Blue was played constantly during filming , so that the actors would , in Florey 's words , become " saturated " with the rhythm of the " blues " . This was a source of aggravation for Florey 's neighbors and landlord .
Scenes of Hollywood cityscapes , as well as shots of heaven at the end of the film , were achieved through the creation of miniature sets that were filmed in long shots to give the appearance that they were large and expansive . A total of 45 sets were built in total , none larger than about two square feet , with the most expensive costing $ 1 @.@ 67 . It took days to prepare these sets . Florey cut cardboard from laundered shirts and shaped them into squares while Vorkapić painted them impressionistically to resemble buildings . The elevated trains in the cityscape scenes were actually toy trains Florey purchased and mounted on pasteboard runaways . He would pull them along the track on a string with one hand while he shot the scene with the other . Movement on the miniature sets was simulated by moving lamps and casting shadows . To make the miniature sets look more realistic and to conceal defects , prisms and kaleidoscopes were placed in front of the camera lens and moved during filming , and cylinder lens systems were used and rotated during shooting to magnify the image to the desired diameter . Florey said this was useful in " giving the scenes the rhythms which we thought they required " .
Skyscrapers in the sets were oblong cubes that were shot from an angle that exaggerated their height . To create the effect of sunlight glimmering off the buildings , one person would stand on one side of the cubes with a mirror , and another would stand on the opposite side with a light bulb and swing it back and forth , so the mirror could catch reflections of the swinging light and throw it back onto the skyscrapers . To create a sense of hysteria and excitement surrounding an opening night performance , a skyscraper was photographed with the camera swinging quickly up and down from side to side . While scenes from miniature sets were composed of long shots , scenes were actors were shot entirely in close @-@ ups , which make up about 300 feet of the final film reel . Rather than attempting to put the actor into the miniature backgrounds through trick photography , the scenes were cut rapidly and successively , so the viewer first sees the actor and then the set , creating the impression they are in the same place . Sets involving actors were minimalistic , with some consisting of only a few elements like a table , telephone , two chairs , and a cigar .
A film studio set was created by photographing several reel spools with strips of film dangling against a background of blinking lights . The casting office was created by silhouetting strips of cardboard against a white background . To portray the mental anguish of the protagonist , strips of paper were cut into the shape of twisted trees , which were silhouetted against a background of moving shadows and set in motion with an electric fan . To create a scene near the end of the film , when the protagonist starts becoming delirious , the camera moves through a maze of different sized cubes , with geometric designs inside them , all placed on a flat , shiny service . The heaven setting was also a miniature set created from paper cubes , tin cans , cigar boxes , toy trains , and a motorized Erector Set . No still photos were taken for the film , but illustrations showing prism and kaleidoscope effects have been made by enlarging frames of negative . The paper prints were considerably softer than the movie print in order to avoid graininess . The final film was edited to a
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while describing the wider effects of increased CO2 as climate change .
In 1986 and November 1987 , NASA climate scientist James Hansen gave testimony to Congress on global warming . There were increasing heatwaves and drought problems in the summer of 1988 , and when Hansen testified in the Senate on 23 June he sparked worldwide interest . He said : " global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming . " Public attention increased over the summer , and global warming became the dominant popular term , commonly used both by the press and in public discourse .
In a 2008 NASA article on usage , Erik M. Conway defined Global warming as " the increase in Earth ’ s average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases " , while Climate change was " a long @-@ term change in the Earth ’ s climate , or of a region on Earth . " As effects such as changing patterns of rainfall and rising sea levels would probably have more impact than temperatures alone , he considered global climate change a more scientifically accurate term , and like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , the NASA website would emphasise this wider context .
= HD 209458 b =
HD 209458 b ( sometimes unofficially called Osiris ) is an exoplanet that orbits the solar analog HD 209458 in the constellation Pegasus , some 150 light @-@ years from the Solar System . The radius of the planet 's orbit is 7 million kilometres , about 0 @.@ 047 astronomical units , or one eighth the radius of Mercury 's orbit . This small radius results in a year that is 3 @.@ 5 Earth days long and an estimated surface temperature of about 1 @,@ 000 ° C ( about 1 @,@ 800 ° F ) . Its mass is 220 times that of Earth ( 0 @.@ 69 Jupiter masses ) and its volume is some 2 @.@ 5 times greater than that of Jupiter . The high mass and volume of HD 209458 b indicate that it is a gas giant .
HD 209458 b represents a number of milestones in extraplanetary research . It was the first of many categories :
a transiting extrasolar planet
the first planet detected through more than one method
an extrasolar planet known to have an atmosphere
an extrasolar planet observed to have an evaporating hydrogen atmosphere
an extrasolar planet found to have an atmosphere containing oxygen and carbon
one of the first two extrasolar planets to be directly observed spectroscopically
the first extrasolar gas giant to have its superstorm measured
the first planet to have its orbital speed measured , determining its mass directly .
Based on the application of new , theoretical models , as of April 2007 , it is alleged to be the first extrasolar planet found to have water vapor in its atmosphere .
In July , 2014 , NASA announced finding very dry atmospheres on HD 209458 b and two other exoplanets ( HD 189733 b and WASP @-@ 12b ) orbiting Sun @-@ like stars .
= = Detection and discovery = =
= = = Transits = = =
Spectroscopic studies first revealed the presence of a planet around HD 209458 on November 5 , 1999 . Astronomers had made careful photometric measurements of several stars known to be orbited by planets , in the hope that they might observe a dip in brightness caused by the transit of the planet across the star 's face . This would require the planet 's orbit to be inclined such that it would pass between the Earth and the star , and previously no transits had been detected .
Soon after the discovery , separate teams , one led by David Charbonneau including Timothy Brown and others , and the other by Gregory W. Henry , were able to detect a transit of the planet across the surface of the star making it the first known transiting extrasolar planet . On September 9 and 16 , 1999 , Charbonneau 's team measured a 1 @.@ 7 % drop in HD 209458 's brightness , which was attributed to the passage of the planet across the star . On November 8 , Henry 's team observed a partial transit , seeing only the ingress . Initially unsure of their results , the Henry group decided to rush their results to publication after overhearing rumors that Charbonneau had successfully seen an entire transit in September . Papers from both teams were published simultaneously in the same issue of the Astrophysical Journal . Each transit lasts about three hours , during which the planet covers about 1 @.@ 5 % of the star 's face .
The star had been observed many times by the Hipparcos satellite , which allowed astronomers to calculate the orbital period of HD 209458 b very accurately at 3 @.@ 524736 days .
= = = Spectroscopic = = =
Spectroscopic analysis had shown that the planet had a mass about 0 @.@ 69 times that of Jupiter . The occurrence of transits allowed astronomers to calculate the planet 's radius , which had not been possible for any previously known exoplanet , and it turned out to have a radius some 35 % larger than Jupiter 's .
= = = Direct detection = = =
On March 22 , 2005 , NASA released news that infrared light from the planet had been measured by the Spitzer Space Telescope , the first ever direct detection of light from an extrasolar planet . This was done by subtracting the parent star 's constant light and noting the difference as the planet transited in front of the star and was eclipsed behind it , providing a measure of the light from the planet itself . New measurements from this observation determined the planet 's temperature as at least 750 ° C ( 1300 ° F ) . The circular orbit of HD 209458 b was also confirmed .
= = = Spectral observation = = =
On February 21 , 2007 , NASA and Nature released news that HD 209458 b was one of the first two extrasolar planets to have their spectra directly observed , the other one being HD 189733 b . This was long seen as the first mechanism by which extrasolar but non @-@ sentient life forms could be searched for , by way of influence on a planet 's atmosphere . A group of investigators led by Jeremy Richardson of NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center spectrally measured HD 209458 b 's atmosphere in the range of 7 @.@ 5 to 13 @.@ 2 micrometres . The results defied theoretical expectations in several ways . The spectrum had been predicted to have a peak at 10 micrometres which would have indicated water vapor in the atmosphere , but such a peak was absent , indicating no detectable water vapor . Another unpredicted peak was observed at 9 @.@ 65 micrometres , which the investigators attributed to clouds of silicate dust , a phenomenon not previously observed . Another unpredicted peak occurred at 7 @.@ 78 micrometres , which the investigators did not have an explanation for . A separate team led by Mark Swain of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory reanalyzed the Richardson et al. data , and had not yet published their results when the Richardson et al. article came out , but made similar findings .
On 23 June 2010 , astronomers announced they have measured a superstorm ( with windspeeds of up to 7000 km / h ) for the first time in the atmosphere of HD 209458 b . The very high @-@ precision observations done by ESO ’ s Very Large Telescope and its powerful CRIRES spectrograph of carbon monoxide gas show that it is streaming at enormous speed from the extremely hot day side to the cooler night side of the planet . The observations also allow another exciting " first " — measuring the orbital speed of the exoplanet itself , providing a direct determination of its mass .
= = Rotation = =
As of August 2008 , the most recent calculation of HD 209458 b 's Rossiter – McLaughlin effect and hence spin – orbit angle is − 4 @.@ 4 ± 1 @.@ 4 ° .
= = Physical characteristics = =
It had been previously hypothesized that hot Jupiters particularly close to their parent star should exhibit this kind of inflation due to intense heating of their outer atmosphere . Tidal heating due to its orbit 's eccentricity , which may have been more eccentric at formation , may also have played a role over the past billion years .
= = = Stratosphere and upper clouds = = =
The atmosphere is at a pressure of one bar at an altitude of 1 @.@ 29 Jupiter radii above the planet '
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ky described such a meeting :
There was Howlin ' Wolf , Sonny Boy [ Williamson II ] and Willie Dixon , the three of them sitting on this sofa ... Willie was just singing and tapping on the back of the chair and Sonny Boy would play the harmonica and they would do new songs . To a degree , that 's why people know those songs and recorded them later . I remember ' 300 Pounds of Joy ' , ' Little Red Rooster ' , ' You Shook Me ' were all songs Willie passed on at that time ... Jimmy Page came often , the Yardbirds , [ and ] Brian Jones .
Dixon added , " I left lots of tapes when I was over there [ in London ... I told ] them anybody who wanted to could go and make a blues song . That 's how the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds got their songs " . Stones biographer Sean Egan noted , " In many ways , this is Brian Jones ' record . [ He was ] always the biggest blues purist in the band " .
Although they had already recorded several Chess songs , according to Bill Wyman , " Little Red Rooster " was " a slow , intense blues song ... [ that producer Andrew Loog Oldham argued was ] totally uncommercial and wrong for our new @-@ found fame ... the tempo made the track virtually undanceable " . Mick Jagger commented
The reason we recorded ' Little Red Rooster ' isn 't because we want to bring blues to the masses . We 've been going on and on about blues , so we thought it was about time we stopped talking and did something about it . We liked that particular song , so we released it . We 're not on the blues kick as far as recording goes . The next record will be entirely different , just as all the others have been .
= = = Composition and recording = = =
Although Wyman noted some early criticism of their rendition , Janovitz described it as " a fairly faithful version [ of the original ] " . It is performed as a moderately slow ( 74 bpm ) blues in the key of G. Although AllMusic reviewer Matthew Greenwald describes their arrangement as having a straight I @-@ IV @-@ V twelve @-@ bar blues progression , they sometimes vary the changes , but not in the same manner as Howlin ' Wolf . Jagger uses the lyrics from the original ( omitting Cooke 's extra verse ) , but makes one important change — instead of " I got a little red rooster " , he sings " I am the little red rooster " , although the later verse reverts to " If you see my little red rooster " . Instrumentally , Bill Wyman generally follows Dixon 's bass lines . Charlie Watts later admitted that his drum part was inspired by Sam Cooke 's version , which was played by Hal Blaine . Keith Richards adds a second guitar part ; according to Egan , " the juxtaposition of acoustic guitar and electric slide all make for something richer and warmer than any blues they had ever attempted before " .
However , it is Jones ' contributions that are usually singled out . Egan writes " it is his [ Jones ' ] playing that makes the record via both the cawing bottleneck that is its most prominent feature and his closing harmonica " . Biographer Stephen Davis adds , " It was his [ Jones ' ] masterpiece , his inspired guitar howling like a hound , barking like a dog , crowing like a rooster " ( similar to Billy Preston 's " playful organ vocalizing " ) . Wyman wrote " I believe ' Rooster ' provided Brian Jones with one of his finest hours .
Two different dates and recording locations are known . Wyman recalled that the song was recorded September 2 , 1964 , at Regent Sound in London , while the session information for the 1989 Rolling Stones box set Singles Collection : The London Years lists " November 1964 Chess Studios , Chicago " . Biographer Massimo Bonanno commented , " The boys entered the Regent Sound Studios on September 2nd [ 1964 ] to resume work on ... ' Little Red Rooster ' ... [ and later on November 8 , 1964 , at Chess ] some unverified sources [ indicate ] the boys also put the final touches to their next British single ' Little Red Rooster ' " . According to Davis , Jones was left to later record overdubs after the track was recorded without him .
= = = Charts and releases = = =
" Little Red Rooster " was released on Friday , November 13 , 1964 , and reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on December
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including " anachronistic references " and " dark punnery " , were " bang on " . By contrast , Hawksley claimed that the episode had several " inspired moments " , including a " perfectly pitched " joke about selfies , but that the writers had failed to properly exploit the 17th @-@ century setting . Overall , though finding it " occasionally funny " , Hawksley thought the episode " fell some way short of what we have come to expect from Pemberton and Shearsmith " . For the comedy critic Bruce Dessau , the episode was " all the more hauntingly funny because it is played pretty straight " , but he noted that the character of Sir Andrew Pike allowed " some offbeat humour " . Chater called the episode " very , very funny " , and Philip Cunnington , of the Lancashire Evening Post , called it " one of the funniest half @-@ hours of TV so far this year " after the conclusion of the series .
Television critics praised the writing and acting of " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " . Though Owen felt that the ending " held little surprise " , Paddy Shennan , of the Liverpool Echo , said he " loved the fact that , for the third week running , [ he ] couldn 't work out the twist " . For Debnath , " the best was saved till last " , but the whole episode was " tightly written " . Patrick Mulkern ( Radio Times ) , too , said that " this dark tale soon works a devilish spell " . Christine Brandel , writing for entertainment website PopMatters , particularly praised the episode 's " beautifully done " dialogue , saying that " it feels authentic in its phrasing , even during the more bizarre ( and hilarious ) court scenes " . Owen , similarly , said " the dialogue was also frequently hilarious , with Shearsmith and Pemberton having a fine ear for the rhythms of Olde English and how best to have characters deadpan their way through some ridiculous sentences . " Hawksley praised Warner 's " effortlessly batty " performance as Sir Andrew Pike , and claimed that Sheen " brought an unsettling complexity " to the title character . Gerard Gilbert , of The Independent , claimed Warner was clearly " having a ball " as Pike , and Wright ( The Guardian ) said " Warner quite brilliantly makes the most of every line he 's given " . Brandel considered Warner one of the best guest stars of the series .
= = = Cited sources = = =
Pemberton , Steve ; Shearsmith , Reece ( 2015 ) . The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge ( episode commentary ) . Steve & Reece IN9 ( via SoundCloud ) . Retrieved 4 August 2015 .
= History of the Australian Capital Territory =
The history of the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) as an administrative division of Australia began after the Federation of Australia in 1901 , when it was created in law as the site for Canberra , Australia 's capital city . The region has a long prior history of human habitation before the Territory 's creation , with evidence of Indigenous Australian settlement dating back at least 21 @,@ 000 years . The area formed the traditional lands associated with the Ngambri People and several other linguistic groups , an association known through both early European settler accounts and the oral histories of the peoples themselves .
Following the colonisation of Australia by the British , the 19th century saw the initial European exploration and settlement of the area and their encounters with the local indigenous peoples , beginning with the first explorations in 1820 and shortly followed by the first European settlements in 1824 . At the outset the region was dominated by large properties used for sheep and cattle grazing , which had been granted to free settlers that had arrived in Australia from the United Kingdom and other European countries . These large properties were later broken up and subdivided in accordance with changes to land tenure arrangements , smaller farms and urban developments becoming more common .
In 1908 , the region was selected as the site of the nation 's future capital city . In 1909 , New South Wales formally ceded to the federal government the territory and additional land at Jervis Bay for the establishment of a sea port for the capital . The territory officially came under government control as the Federal Capital Territory on 1 January 1911 . The planning and construction of Canberra followed , with the Parliament of Australia moving there in 1927 .
The Territory officially became the Australian Capital Territory in 1938 . Canberra was built to accommodate the government , while the surrounding area was developed to support the city , including the construction of dams , the establishment of plantation forests and the creation of protected areas . An advisory council was established in 1930 , with some elected representation .
Initially , the growth of Canberra and the ACT was slow . The American architect Walter Burley Griffin won the competition to design Australia 's new capital and was appointed to oversee its construction . He was frequently dogged by disputes with Australian authorities and the onset of World War I , which hindered progress . In 1921 , Burley Griffin was fired , and multiple planning bodies were established , but achieved little , in part due to the Great Depression .
In the period after World War II , Prime Minister Robert Menzies regarded the state of Canberra as an embarrassment , and took it upon himself to champion its development . Under his leadership — which lasted more than a decade — the development of the capital was rapid . The National Capital Development Commission was created in 1957 with more power than its predecessors , and ended four decades of disputes over the shape and design of Lake Burley Griffin , the centrepiece of Canberra , and construction was completed in 1964 after four years of work .
This prompted the development of the Parliamentary Triangle , a core part of Griffin 's design , and since then various buildings of national importance were constructed on the lakefront . The Australian National University was built , and sculptures and monuments were built . On average , the population of Canberra increased by more than 50 % every five years
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gill served as the president of this society from 1828 to 1851 , and under her presidency a home for aged women was finally opened in West Baltimore in 1851 after a long planning and construction process . Following her tenure as president , a home for aged men was then established adjacent to the women 's home in 1869 . In 1959 the two homes were combined and moved from west Baltimore to Towson , Maryland , and in 1962 the new facility was named the " Pickersgill Retirement Community " in honor of the woman who had been instrumental in its creation .
Pickersgill died on October 4 , 1857 , and is buried in Loudon Park Cemetery in southwest Baltimore . Her daughter Caroline erected a monument for her , and later the genealogical heritage organization United States Daughters of 1812 and the Star Spangled Banner Flag House Association , which had organized to save and preserve the Flag House in 1927 , placed a bronze plaque at the foot of her grave .
= = Legacy = =
Besides making the flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the words to the United States National Anthem , Pickersgill is also remembered for her humanitarian contributions to society , evident in her decades @-@ long presidency of the Impartial Female Humane Society , which eventually evolved into the Pickersgill Retirement Community of Towson , Maryland . She is also remembered for her house , known as the Star @-@ Spangled Banner Flag House and later renamed the Flag House and Star @-@ Spangled Banner Museum , which stands at the corner of East Pratt Street and Albemarle Street in eastern downtown Baltimore and is a National Historic Landmark .
About the time of the American Bicentennial , noted artist Robert McGill Mackall created a painting depicting Mary Pickersgill and her helpers in the malt house of a brewery , sewing the " Star @-@ Spangled Banner " . A copy of the painting is maintained by the Maryland Historical Society .
Mary Pickersgill was the namesake of a World War II Liberty ship , the SS " Mary Pickersgill " , launched in 1944 . In addition , a type of flower is known as the Mary Pickersgill Rose .
Concerning Pickersgill 's famous flag , In 1998 , I. Michael Heyman , Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution wrote :
= = Family = =
Pickersgill 's uncle , Colonel Benjamin Flower , fought during the American Revolutionary War , and was presented a sword by General George Washington , commander of the Continental Army . The presentation was made for Flower 's masterful evacuation of Philadelphia during the British occupation of that city , the first American capital , in late 1776 .
Of Pickersgill 's five siblings , her oldest brother , William Young , was also a flag maker , and it is likely that his two daughters were Pickersgill 's nieces that assisted in making the Star Spangled Banner flag . Her sister , Hannah Young , married Captain Jesse Fearson , a privateer ship commander during the War of 1812 who was captured by the British , imprisoned in Havana , Cuba , and later escaped .
Pickersgill 's one surviving child , Caroline ( 1800 @-@ 1884 ) , married John Purdy ( 1795 @-@ 1837 ) . The couple apparently had no surviving children , because in a letter written late in her life to the daughter of George Armistead , Purdy called herself " widowed and childless . " She had become somewhat destitute late in life , and in the same letter requested some financial assistance , but also provided some history about her mother and the making of the Star @-@ Spangled Banner flag .
= Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom =
Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom was the first residency show by American singer Lady Gaga . Performed at the Roseland Ballroom in Manhattan , New York , the residency show began on March 28 and concluded on April 7 , 2014 , after completing seven shows . It was the final event hosted by the venue after it was announced that it was being closed down and being replaced with a 42 @-@ story skyscraper . Gaga revealed that Roseland was the only venue in New York City that she had never played , although she had visited there previously to watch shows . A poster announcing the event was released , showing an old image of Gaga taken before the time she became successful as a recording artist .
As an homage to the venue , the stage was decorated with roses . The multi @-@ leveled set @-@ up consisted of New York City fire escape routes . Other parts of the stage had a ladder reaching the mezzanine floors and a replica of an F train carriage . Gaga 's wardrobe was also rose themed , with leotards , hats and jackets , and instruments adorned with red roses . The main set list for the show encompassed songs from The Fame , The Fame Monster , Born This Way , and Artpop . Some tracks were performed in acoustic versions .
The shows received positive reviews from music critics . Reviewers were impressed by Gaga 's vocals , the choreography , and the overall presentation of the show . The shows were sold out with ticket prices being above the average costs of tickets at the venue . Billboard revealed that the seven dates had sold a total of 24 @,@ 532 tickets while grossing a total of $ 1 @.@ 5 million . Two performances from the show were transmitted on the Late Show with David Letterman , while MTV and Logo TV collaborated to show the behind @-@ the @-@ scenes logistics for the residency . The final show on April 7 , 2014 was live @-@ streamed by Verizon Communications .
= = Background and announcement = =
The Roseland Ballroom opened in its first Manhattan location at 51st Street in 1919 , after moving from Philadelphia . It moved to its current location at 52nd Street in 1956 , as a converted skating rink . The venue began as a hall for ballroom dancing and orchestra groups , but later shifted its focus through various eras of popular music , including disco , grunge , and EDM . While the Roseland Ballroom has seen performances from a both up @-@ and @-@ coming bands and established acts , rumors have been circulating since 1996 about the venue 's demise , after Ginsberg filed plans to tear down its low @-@ rise , three @-@ story structure and replace it with a 59 @-@ story high @-@ rise . It was announced on October 19 , 2013 that the Roseland Ballroom would be closing in April 2014 , after over 50 years of operation at its current location .
On November 19 , 2013 , it was revealed that Gaga would perform the final shows at the venue with an intimate , four @-@ night residency on March 28 , March 30 , March 31 , and April 2 , 2014 . Tickets went on sale through Ticketmaster on November 25 ; tickets were priced at $ 50 for the floor and $ 200 for the mezzanine . Members of Gaga 's fan club were able to register for first access to tickets starting on November 19 . Users were selected at random to receive invitations and codes to purchase tickets on November 21 . Citi card members also had access to the pre @-@ sale starting November 22 .
According to Gaga , playing at the Roseland Ballroom was always a dream of hers . She explained to John Seabrook of The New Yorker that " It 's basically the only room in the city I haven 't played . " As a young girl , she could not afford tickets , but she did manage to win free tickets to a Franz Ferdinand show during her senior year of high school . Gaga recalled that she fell down during the show and got her nose broken , making her parents forbid her from visiting Roseland . After the singer 's career took off with the release of debut album , The Fame ( 2008 ) , she bypassed playing at the venue until its closure . Gaga revealed the official poster for the residency show on March 18 , 2014 . The poster features an image of Gaga that was taken in 2008 at the Lower East Side of New York City . According to Gaga : " We found him and used that same photo for my Roseland poster . " The poster also includes a quote from Gaga taken when the photograph was taken , that reads : " I 'm Lady Gaga . A singer / songwriter . You 're going to know me one day . "
= = Development and inspiration = =
Thematically , both the stage set up and the wardrobe consisted of lots of roses and was an homage to the venue and the name " Roseland " . Starting from arriving at Roseland in a nude bodysuit and mask , embellished with red roses , the outfits worn on the stage included characteristic attire worn by Gaga in her previous live performances . One of the dresses consisted of purple colored hot pants , fishnets , and a mask , all covered with purple roses , along with a metallic purple jacket to top
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it off . Photographer Terry Richardson took photos of the backstage activities which revealed that a second purple jacket was also worn by Gaga and it was bejeweled and emblazoned with the word " Gaga " on the rear side . The instruments used by the singer , such as a keyboard , was also decked similarly with red roses . Another dress included shoulder spikes reminiscent of the singer 's attire during her first studio album era , coupled with a hat made of black roses . A green colored wig was also worn by Gaga which she had introduced during the Artpop era . Gaga 's vocal coach Don Lawrence , who began working with her when she was 13 , assisted her before each show , either by being present there or through phone . One hour prior to the start of the show , Gaga practiced her vocal warm @-@ ups .
The stage was created to embody the New York City fire escape routes making it multi @-@ leveled and comparable to the self @-@ titled album cover by rock band Grateful Dead . It had a large red curtain to hide it from the audience and was similarly decked with roses . A rose draped ladder was placed at the left side of the stage which helped Gaga climb the mezzanine floors . A catwalk was constructed behind the stage , which was lined with more roses , and enabled her dancers to perform on them . A piano was placed in front of a window representing Gaga 's old apartment in New York City . The Lower East Side of New York was represented by the replica of a F train carriage on the auxiliary platform of Roseland named as the " Artpop Zone " , decked with neon lights and spelling out " 176 Stanton Street " , Gaga 's old address . A confetti cannon was also kept for the performance of " Applause " and the giant disco ball of the venue was used .
= = Concert synopsis = =
The main set list for the show included songs from The Fame , The Fame Monster , Born This Way , and Artpop . The show began with Gaga appearing on top of the platforms and danced towards her piano to perform an acoustic version of " Born This Way " , before proceeding to dance on the rafters with her backup troupe to " Black Jesus + Amen Fashion " in her purple leotard and jacket . A costume change ensued and Gaga performed " Monster " wearing a crimson leather body suit and roses atop her head . She played the rose @-@ adorned keytar and gradually segued into " Bad Romance " . Middle of the performance , she ran to the left of the stage to climb a ladder to the mezannine floors , where she sang the final chorus and " Sexxx Dreams " followed with energetic dance moves .
Gaga moved towards the F train stage on the right , and sang the piano ballads " Dope " and " You and I " , interspersed with monologues about the venue , her beginnings as a singer in New York and addictions . The third costume change took place with the performance of " Just Dance " , where she wore yellow hot pants and metallic chest plates , while being accompanied by her full troupe of nine dancers . An intermediate break was introduced with Gaga playing another keytar . " Poker Face " followed , being played by Gaga on the piano . The song was rearranged to include lyrics about the venue and New York . " Artpop " was then played as an interlude .
The final song of the set was " Applause " , where Gaga wore another costume , this time the purple bikini and jacket . Towards the end of the performance , confetti rained on the audience and after a brief interlude Gaga appeared in a white jumpsuit for an encore of " G.U.Y. " The singer showed provocative dance moves while straddling her backup performers , and executed choreography similar to the song 's music video . The show ended with Gaga and her troupe taking a bow to the audience and thanking Roseland .
= = Critical reception = =
Andrew Hammp of Billboard called the show " electrifying " though he felt that " If SXSW served as a statement about how brands should fund artists ' creative expression , Gaga 's Roseland residency was about giving the people what they wanted ..... [ The ] night ended rather abruptly after almost exactly 60 minutes " . A writer for The Courier called the show " short but sweet " and praised her for never showing " signs of slowing down " throughout the show . James Montgomery of MTV News praised the overall show , calling it " heavy on the hits , sublimely sexual , suitably sentimental — both for her glory days and the iconic venue she 's closing with this seven @-@ night stand — and ridiculous in all the right ways " . He noted that the abrupt ending of the show was compensated by Gaga 's dancing and singing , which inturn helped counteract the negative press she had been receiving since the release of Artpop . Glenn Gamboa from Newsday called the show " fierce " and " brainy " , saying that the singer " fired up " from the moment she took the stage , displaying an avant @-@ garde artistic sensibility . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times called the show part of the " Supernova " phase of her career and explained ,
Gaga grounds this sort of spectacle with her voice . She is still a fearsome singer when she chooses to be , which is to say rarely on records but often in concert ... What she gave the faithful was easy to digest : largely bulletproof pop , swinging back and forth between brooding , panting torch songs delivered at top volume and grand @-@ scale 1980s @-@ style digital rock with a nightclub twist .
Adam Markovitz from Entertainment Weekly declared that if the " Roseland show is any indication , Gaga 's not going anywhere anytime soon " , in spite of the overall negative reception towards her campaigns for Artpop . He welcomed the absence of any art @-@ related things in the show and commended the focus on music , Gaga 's vocals and abilities as an entertainer . Markovitz also complimented Gaga 's rapport with the audience members and rated the performances of " Just Dance " and " Bad Romance " as highlights . Markos Papadatos from Digital Journal website declared Gaga as a " pop muse " for the performances . He complimented the choice of songs in the set list calling them " eclectic " and felt they " displayed different sides to her craft " . He noticed that the singer 's vocal abilities were particularly prominent during the acoustic performances on piano . Caryn Ganz from Rolling Stone observed that the compact space of Roseland did not allow for much choreography , but felt Gaga 's performance was " magical " , especially during " You and I " .
Hilary Hughes from USA Today also noticed Gaga 's vocal range , especially during the acoustic interpretation of " Dope " and " Just Dance " . Hughes concluded by saying that the simplest moments of the performances were the ones featuring toned down versions of her singles like " Born This Way " and " Poker Face " , rather than the extravagant choreography during " Bad Romance " and " G.U.Y. " Hardeep Phull from New York Post appreciated the stage setup and the homage to old New York industrial setting and gave positive feedback for Gaga 's choice to be an entertainer with the performances of " You and I " , " Just Dance " , and " Applause " . Jordan Runtagh from VH1 applauded Gaga 's camaraderie with her fans , also noting that " the abundance of movie cameras reminded us that this was a special moment , one that will go down in history . And not just because these are the last performances at this storied venue . It 's something more . " Runtagh believed that the performances solidified Gaga as a respectable entertainer and would generate further interest for the upcoming ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tour . Amanda Holpuch from The Guardian complimented Gaga 's vocals and her outfits , but felt that the show lacked " something outrageous " from the singer . She added that the most surprising incident of the night was when Gaga climbed a ladder to reach the mezzanine floors and sing from there .
= = Commercial reception and broadcasts = =
Jesse Lawrence from Forbes reported that the first and last shows at the venue were completely sold out , making it the two most expensive shows for Gaga 's economically secondary market . The average ticket price for the secondary market ( $ 375 @.@ 89 ) as well as the final show ( $ 195 @.@ 80 ) were all above the average cost of $ 186 @.@ 40 , with the price dropping as the shows drew nearer . Since Roseland was an admission only venue , costlier tickets were kept for the " Artpop Zone " since it had better views and seating arrangement , as well as a post @-@ show meet and greet with Gaga . In April 2014 , Jesse Lawrence from Forbes reported that following Gaga 's performance at Roseland Ballroom , the tour ticket prices for her ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tour in the secondary markets went up by 5 @.@ 3 % , with major increase being visible at Philips Arena of Atlanta . Tickets at Madison Square Garden rose up to $ 338 @.@ 81 , which was 42 @.@ 6 % higher than the average price . Other locations were ticket prices saw an increase were MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas , TD Garden Arena in Boston and United Center in Chicago . In June 2014 , Billboard revealed that the seven dates had sold a total of 24 @,@ 532 tickets while grossing a total of $ 1 @.@ 5 million . It ranked at number 41 on the list .
On April
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Pace , Florida . The most severe property damage occurred from Walton County to Wakulla County , where 1 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed . Numerous boats were ripped from the dock and either floated out to sea , or were washed ashore . In McDavid , the tin roof of the recreation center for Ray 's Chapel was ripped off as about 12 people stood in the hallway . Also , several historic sites were damaged or destroyed by Dennis ; Angelo 's on Ochlockonee Bay , a landmark restaurant , was completely washed away . Beach front cottages on St. Teresa were either damaged or destroyed and several beach dunes on St. George Island were washed away by the pounding surf . On Holiday Island , several houses and apartment buildings were severely damaged .
On Santa Rosa Island , the hurricane produced a storm surge of 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) , over washing parts of the low @-@ lying island on the eastern and western shores . In Apalachee Bay , storm surge of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) inundated parts of St. Marks and nearby locations , which was higher than previously anticipated and was thought to be enhanced by an oceanic trapped shelf wave that propagated northward along Florida 's west coast . As a result , sea water washed ashore up to eight blocks inland . The surge , in combination with the high surf , caused moderate beach erosion and wiped out 80 percent of the sea turtle 's nests . Along the coast , severe beach erosion occurred as a result of the storm , mostly in Walton , Bay , Gulf , Franklin and Wakulla counties . As a result of the pounding surf , the Navarre pier was ripped apart in two places .
Milton received 7 @.@ 08 inches ( 180 mm ) of rain , which is the highest reported rainfall total in Florida caused by Dennis . Rainfall across the Florida Panhandle ranged from 3 inches ( 76 mm ) to 7 inches ( 180 mm ) , while rainfall across the central and southern portions of the state ranged from 1 inch ( 25 mm ) to 5 inches ( 130 mm ) near Tampa . In southern Leon County , flooding was reported with several areas under 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) of water . At St. George Island , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) of road and numerous buildings were damaged or destroyed . Parts of U.S. Route 98 were washed out by flood waters .
As a result of the storm , over 236 @,@ 000 customers in the Florida Panhandle were without electric power . An indirect death occurred when a three @-@ year @-@ old boy was accidentally crushed to death when his father ran him over with a car as the family was evacuating . Two more people died from carbon monoxide poisoning in Escambia county . In all , two people were directly killed while several others were killed indirectly , and total damage amounted to $ 1 @.@ 5 billion ( 2005 USD ) . Directly after the storm , Bay , Dixie , Franklin , Gulf , Taylor , Wakulla and Walton counties were declared federal disaster areas .
= = Aftermath = =
In the aftermath of the hurricane , president George W. Bush declared 13 counties – Bay , Calhoun , Escambia , Franklin , Gulf , Holmes , Jackson , Monroe , Okaloosa , Santa Rosa , Wakulla , Walton and Washington – in Florida as federal disaster areas . Applicants , including units of local government , in 19 counties became eligible for Public Assistance funds for emergency services and debris removal and to help restore or rebuild essential public facilities . On July 10 , President Bush ordered the release of federal disaster funds and emergency resources for Florida to aid people effected by Dennis . One day after the storm made landfall , four disaster recovery centers were opened by disaster officials , two in Escambia County , and two in Santa Rosa County . Supplies of food , water and ice were supplied from staging areas to distribution centers throughout the Florida Panhandle . The American Red Cross and other voluntary agencies assisted with food and water distribution as well as emergency needs and housing . Subsequently , an additional disaster relief center was opened in Santa Rosa County . Just days after the storm , six additional counties became eligible for federal disaster aid .
Voluntary agencies such as AmeriCorps , the Christian Contractors Association and the United Way provided assistance to residents who have temporary roofing and repair needs . Shortly after , three additional disaster relief centers opened on July 16 , with one being in Franklin County , one in Okaloosa County , and another in Wakulla County . Within a week , over 2 @,@ 100 individuals visited the Disaster Recovery Centers in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties . Another disaster recovery center opened in Franklin County on July 7 , and by July 18 , over $ 3 million ( 2005 USD ) in individual assistance applications for rental , housing and other needs assistance were approved . On July 23 , Dixie and Levy counties became eligible federal funds under its Public Assistance program for damages . By July 28 , all disaster recovery centers ceased operations on Sundays , although on August 4 , Gadsden County became eligible for Public Assistance funding . Two more disaster recovery centers opened on August 4 , one in Dixie County and one in Taylor County . By August 18 , over $ 24 million ( 2005 USD ) in individual assistance funds were collected for victims of Hurricane Dennis . On October 13 , the last disaster recovery centers ceased operations , although individual assistance funds were still being collected .
= Cho Ki @-@ chon =
Cho Ki @-@ chon ( Korean : 조기천 ; 6 November 1913 – 31 July 1951 ) was a Russian @-@ born North Korean poet . He is regarded as " a founding father of North Korean poetry " whose distinct Soviet @-@ influenced style of lyrical epic poetry in the socialist realist genre became an important feature of North Korean literature . He was nicknamed " Korea 's Mayakovsky " after the writer whose works had had an influence on him and which implied his breaking from the literature of the old society and his commitment to communist values . After a remark made by Kim Jong @-@ il on his 2001 visit to Russia , North Korean media has referred to Cho as the " Pushkin of Korea " .
Cho was dispatched by the Soviet authorities to liberated Korea when the Red Army entered in 1945 . By that time , he had much experience of Soviet literature and literature administration . The Soviets hoped that Cho would shape the cultural institutions of the new state based on the Soviet model . For the Soviets , the move was successful and Cho did not only that but also significantly developed socialist realism as it would become the driving force of North Korean literature and arts .
Cho offered some of the earliest contributions to Kim Il @-@ sung 's cult of personality . His most famous work is Mt . Paektu ( 1947 ) , a lyrical epic praising Kim Il @-@ sung 's guerrilla activities and promoting him as a suitable leader for the new North Korean state . Other notable works by Cho include " Whistle " , a seemingly non @-@ political love poem which was later adapted as a popular song that is known in both North and South Korea .
During the Korean War , Cho wrote wartime propaganda poems . He died during the war in a United Nations force bombing raid . He and his works are still renowned in North Korean society .
= = Life and career = =
Cho Ki @-@ chon was born to poor Korean peasants in the village of Ael 'tugeu in the Vladivostok District of the Russian Far East on 6 November 1913 . The Pacific region of the Soviet Union , where he lived , was a center for Korean independence activists . He particularly drew literary inspiration from Cho Myong @-@ hui , a fellow Korean writer living in the Soviet Union who – in believing in national emancipation by upholding socialist principles – had already written about anti @-@ Japanese guerillas . Thus he acquired a nationalistic and class conscious worldview in his literature .
= = = Before emigrating from the Soviet Union = = =
Cho studied at the Korean Teachers College in Voroshilov @-@ Ussuriysk between 1928 and 1931 . During that time , he was also a member of the communist youth league of the Soviet Union , Komsomol .
Cho was initially supposed to enroll at the Moscow University , but he was robbed at a train station in Omsk .
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promoting himself as the " Mayor of Castro Street . " By 1977 , 25 percent of the population of San Francisco was reported to be gay .
On Labor Day of 1974 , tensions between the gay community and the SFPD came to a head when a man was beaten and arrested while walking down Castro Street . Police reinforcements suddenly appeared on the street , their badge numbers hidden , and beat dozens of gay men . Of these , 14 were arrested and charged with obstructing a sidewalk . Harvey Milk dubbed them the " Castro 14 " , and a $ 1 @.@ 375 million lawsuit was filed against the police .
In 1975 , after George Moscone had been elected Mayor , he appointed Charles Gain as his Chief of Police . Gain , whose conciliatory position towards African Americans had branded him as one of the most liberal law enforcement officers in the country , soon earned the ire of the police force . Gain implemented policies that proved unpopular with his staff , such as painting police cars powder blue , and barring officers from drinking on the job . His lenient policies towards gays also angered the police force . When asked what he would do if a gay police officer came out , Gain replied " I certainly think that a gay policeman could be up front about it under me . If I had a gay policeman who came out , I would support him 100 percent . " This statement sent shockwaves through the police department , and made national headlines . Made during the first week of Gain 's tenure , the remark also made Mayor Moscone extremely unpopular with the police . The two were so intensely disliked by the police that in 1977 rumors circulated about a plan by right @-@ wing police officers to assassinate Gain , and a year later similar plans formed targeting Mayor Moscone . Upon being informed of this threat , Moscone hired a bodyguard .
= = = Assassinations = = =
Dissatisfied with city politics , and in financial difficulty due to his failing restaurant business and low annual salary of $ 9 @,@ 600 , former police officer and Supervisor Dan White resigned from the San Francisco Board of Supervisors on November 10 , 1978 . However , after a meeting with the Police Officers ' association and the Board of Realtors , White announced that he wanted his seat back . Liberal Supervisors saw this as an opportunity to end the 6 @-@ 5 split on the Board that blocked progressive initiatives they wanted to introduce . After intense lobbying by Supervisors Milk and Silver , as well as State Assemblyman Willie Brown , Moscone announced on November 26 , 1978 , that he would not be reappointing Dan White to the seat he had vacated .
The next morning White went to City Hall armed with
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frightened and confused Tucker replies , " Not right now , I 'm not . "
With less than an hour left and still without a confession , the detectives are exhausted , and Tucker turns the table on them . He claims Pembleton has the attitude of a man trying to distance himself from his African American heritage because he is ashamed to be black . Tucker also accuses Bayliss of hiding a " dark side " inside him that he is afraid to embrace . Eventually , Tucker admits he harbored pedophilic feelings for Adena , and feels shame that the " one great love of my life was an 11 @-@ year @-@ old girl " . He breaks down and cries , but still insists he did not kill her . The 12 @-@ hour time limit elapses and the detectives fail to get a confession . Tucker is released and Bayliss is miserable he was unable to close the case . Pembleton , who has a new respect for Bayliss , tries to comfort him by saying he is now convinced Tucker is the killer , but Bayliss is no longer so sure .
= = Production = =
" Three Men and Adena " was directed by Martin Campbell and written by Tom Fontana , executive producer of Homicide : Life on the Street . The interrogation room at the homicide division , colloquially referred to by detectives as " The Box " , is a setting that appears in almost every episode of Homicide : Life on the Street . While filming an interrogation scene there in " Gone for Goode " , the first episode of the first season , director Barry Levinson commented to Fontana that the acting from Andre Braugher and Kyle Secor was so effective , an entire episode could be filmed revolving strictly around an interrogation . The comments partially inspired Fontana to write " Three Men and Adena " . Fontana said , " I only had the courage to write that episode based on the fact that I had seen what ( Braugher and Secor ) could do in the pilot episode " . Almost the entire episode of " Three Men and Adena " takes place within the confines of the police interrogation room with Braugher , Secor and Moses Gunn , the actor who guest starred as Risley Tucker . It was Gunn 's final acting role before his death in December 1993 . Fontana acknowledged a certain amount of risk in producing such an unusual episode in only the fifth week of the show , but he said , " It was important for Barry Levinson and I to establish that we weren 't going to do the same old show every week . "
" Three Men and Adena " marked the conclusion of the Adena Watson murder case , a story arc which began at the start of the first season . The Watson case was based on the real @-@ life 1988 Baltimore slaying of Latonya Kim Wallace , which is chronicled in Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets , the 1991 David Simon non @-@ fiction book that served as the basis of the Homicide series . Elements of the interview in " Three Men and Adena " were incorporated from real @-@ life police interrogations in that case . The Wallace case was never solved , and Fontana insisted that the Watson case in Homicide remain unsolved as well , despite pressure from NBC for a more satisfying conclusion . Fontana said , " We never solved it because we felt that it would be a disservice to the real girl , to have this fake TV solution . Because it 's not O.K. that she died , that no one took responsibility . " The scene when Tucker admits for a moment he is not sure in his own mind that he didn 't commit the murder was inspired by a similar real @-@ life interaction Fontana found in a police interrogation transcript during his research . Fontana said , " It was so chilling ( and ) I was like , ' Oh man , how do you get there ? ' "
Martin Campbell spent three days of preparation on the " Box " set , analyzing it from every angle to learn the feel of the room . Fontana comes from a playwriting background , and " Three Men and Adena " involves long lengths of dialogue in a single setting , much like a play . The actors shot about 14 pages of dialogue each day , and had a very small amount of rehearsal time before shooting . According to Fontana , Campbell never shot a scene from the same angle twice , " So the entire hour keeps changing the point of view of the camera , so that you never get tired of being in that room . " While filming the episode , Campbell would shoot single scenes with multiple pages of long dialogue , then film the scene again from another angle . Braugher said the experience felt more like staging a play than shooting a television episode , and allowed for a feeling of spontaneous human emotion in the performances . Although the dialogue in the final episode did not stray from the original script , Fontana said Campbell and the actors came up with the rhythm and pacing of the performances largely on their own , particularly during the fast @-@ paced questions when Pembleton and Bayliss team up on Tucker .
The fact that Tucker goes free upholds a common theme in Homicide : Life on the Street – that life is not always fair , and that criminals sometimes get away with their crimes , a conviction that often put the show 's producers at odds with NBC executives . Fontana deliberately wrote the script so that it would remain ambiguous whether Tucker committed the murder or not . He wanted the character to have a genuine feeling of love for Adena Watson , but the strong feelings do not specifically mean he killed the girl . Braugher praised Fontana for creating such a three @-@ dimensional character in Tucker , and said , " Fontana 's genius is that we are never quite certain as to what it is that we have on our hands . " Fontana also wanted Pembleton and Bayliss to have different interpretations of the same interrogation ; Bayliss begins the interview convinced of the man 's guilt and becomes uncertain by the end , and Pembleton has the opposite experience . Multiple police departments have requested copies of " Three Men and Adena " for use in training sessions due to its accurate portrayal of the intricacies of the police interrogation process . The interrogation included several police tactics not typically featured in television dramas , including the presentation of false evidence in an attempt to get a confession .
During the opening scene of the episode , Bayliss watches the music video for " Surround " , by the British band Bleach .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original American broadcast on March 3 , 1993 , " Three Men and Adena " was watched by 7 @.@ 08 million households , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode received a 7 @.@ 6 rating / 12 share . It was among the lowest @-@ rated major network shows from that evening , in part due to heavy competition from ABC 's broadcast of the Sixth Annual American Comedy Awards , which was seen by 14 @.@ 7 million households . " Three Men and Adena " was also outperformed by CBS 's two @-@ hour broadcast of In the Heat of the Night , which was seen by 11 @.@ 82 million households and Fox 's Beverly Hills , 90210 , which was seen by 10 @.@ 33 million households . Also on NBC that day , the
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series premiere of the new Crime and Punishment fared better than Homicide , capturing 8 @.@ 47 million viewers . In the Washington , D.C.-based affiliate WRC @-@ TV 's market alone , the episode was watched by 122 @,@ 166 viewers , which locally was also the lowest rating of the evening .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Three Men and Adena " received positive reviews and has been described as one of the " classic episodes " of Homicide : Life on the Street . " Three Men and Adena " ranked number 74 in an Entertainment Weekly list of the 100 greatest television moments , and number 15 among the top television moments from the 1990s . It was also identified by The Baltimore Sun as one of the ten best episodes of the series . Sun writer David Zurawik said Fontana 's playwriting background was deeply infused in the episode , which he called a " landmark hour " that it " put ( three men ) and a few sticks of battle @-@ scarred , municipal @-@ green furniture and somehow managed to show us the human soul and the heart of darkness " . Additionally , " Three Men and Adena " was among a 1999 Court TV marathon of the top 15 Homicide episodes , as voted on by 20 @,@ 000 visitors to the channels website . David Bianculli of the New York Daily News said the episode " remains one of TV 's best drama hours ever " , and he ranked it the second @-@ best television episode ever made , behind the Taxi episode where Reverend Jim gets his driver 's license . Entertainment Weekly writer Bruce Fretts said the episode was " one of the most powerful prime @-@ time hours ever " and called Andre Braugher 's performance a " tour de police force " . Alex Strachan of The Vancouver Sun described " Three Men and Adena " as " one of Homicide 's finest moments " . He called the episode " claustrophobic , cynical and ultimately painful " and particularly praised the performances of Braugher and Secor , and the fact that it was not a happy ending . David P. Kalat , writer of Homicide : Life on the Street : The Unofficial Companion , described the episode as " an astonishing tour de force of writing and acting that demonstrates all of Homicide 's best qualities " . He also praised the chemistry between Braugher and Secor , particularly when they found a common voice during the interrogation .
Rocky Mountain News critic Dusty Saunders said the episode was " as good as dramatic television gets " , and showed how the quality of Homicide is anchored in strong writing and acting rather than action . John Leonard , a literary and television critic , called it " the most extraordinary thing I 've ever seen in a television hour " . Leonard praised the tension , the setting and the writing , particularly when Tucker turned the tables on the detectives . He said the episode was better than such works as Ariel Dorfman 's Death and the Maiden and author Don DeLillo 's books about men in small rooms . Lon Grahnke of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times called it a " relentless masterpiece " . Manuel Mendoza of The Dallas Morning News considered " Three Men and Adena " one of the best Homicide episodes and particularly praised the performance of Moses Gunn . Mendoza also said , " The claustrophobia of The Box contributes to the palpable tension . The Baltimore Sun television critic David Zurawik said the episode established The Box as " the main stage for Pembleton and the moral center of the Homicide universe " . Zurawik also said , " Stark and minimalist , the episode was musical theater as much as television , a celebration and explosion of language ; an angry , urban opera with the voices of Bayliss and Pembleton coming together and then falling back as Tucker sings a final aria of rage and contempt . " Calgary Herald writer Bruce Weir said the episode " is Homicide at its finest : brilliantly written , intensely acted and continuously surprising . " Emily Nussbaum of The New York Times called " Three Men and Adena " the standout episode of the series , and described it as " a potent showcase for the series ' smartly mordant dialogue , and its willingness to explore the cliches of TV detectives instead of merely repeating them " . Los Angeles Times writer Howard Rosenberg described it as a " mesmerizing ( and ) complex character study " , and said Gunn delivered the best guest performance of the television season . Grant Tinker , former CEO of NBC , said of the episode , " I thought it was stunning . "
= = = Awards and DVD release = = =
Tom Fontana won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for his " Three Men and Adena " script . It was one of two Emmys Homicide : Life on the Street received during the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards season , with Barry Levinson also winning an Emmy for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for the episode " Gone for Goode " . " Three Men and Adena " and the rest of the first and second season episodes
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Design and description = =
After the humiliating Russian defeat during the Crimean War of 1854 – 55 , General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich understood that Russia would never be able to outbuild Britain or France , but still needed a maritime strategy that could defend Russia , give the fleet a useful role in peacetime and act as a deterrent . He decided that a guerre de course ( commerce @-@ raiding ) strategy was Russia 's only effective means of attacking the British Empire or France if war broke out and built a series of fast , long @-@ range , armored cruisers like Rossia and Rurik to implement his strategy . The British responded by building the second @-@ class battleships of the Centurion class to defeat the cruisers and the Russians countered with the three ships of the Peresvet class that were designed to support their armored cruisers . This role placed a premium on high speed and long range at the expense of heavy armament and armor .
As was common with Russian ships of the time , changes were made while the ships were under construction . The most important was the revision of the secondary armament from eight 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) and five 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 119 mm ) guns to eleven 6 @-@ inch guns and additional light guns . Only two ships were originally planned , but a third was ordered to keep the Baltic Works shipyard busy until a new design could be prepared . Ironically , it was completed before the second ship , despite having been laid down over three years later .
The Peresvet @-@ class ships were 434 feet 5 inches ( 132 @.@ 4 m ) long overall , with a beam of 71 feet 6 inches ( 21 @.@ 8 m ) and a draft of 26 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 0 m ) . Designed to displace 12 @,@ 674 long tons ( 12 @,@ 877 t ) , they were 500 – 1 @,@ 700 long tons ( 510 – 1 @,@ 730 t ) overweight and actually displaced 13 @,@ 320 – 14 @,@ 408 long tons ( 13 @,@ 534 – 14 @,@ 639 t ) . To reduce biofouling , the hulls of the first two ships were sheathed with wood and copper , but this was eliminated in Pobeda to reduce weight . The vessels had a partial double bottom and the hull was divided by 10 watertight transverse bulkheads ; a centerline bulkhead divided the forward engine rooms . Each crew consisted of 27 officers and 744 enlisted men .
The ships were powered by three vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam generated by 30 Belleville boilers . The engines were rated at 14 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 813 kW ) , using forced draft , and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . All three ships slightly exceeded their specifications and reached top speeds of 18 @.@ 3 – 18 @.@ 5 knots ( 33 @.@ 9 – 34 @.@ 3 km / h ; 21 @.@ 1 – 21 @.@ 3 mph ) from 14 @,@ 532 – 15 @,@ 578 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 837 – 11 @,@ 617 kW ) during their sea trials . They carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 060 long tons ( 2 @,@ 090 t ) of coal which allowed them to steam for 6 @,@ 200 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 500 km ; 7 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Their electrical equipment consisted of four steam @-@ driven dynamos with a total capacity of 555 kilowatts ( 744 hp ) .
= = = Armament = = =
The ships ' main battery consisted of four 45 @-@ caliber , 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) guns mounted in electrically powered twin @-@ gun turrets , one forward and one aft of the superstructure . These guns had major development problems as they proved to be too weak to use a full @-@ strength charge of propellant and had to be reworked and the charge reduced . The guns in Peresvet and Oslyabya were the original model and could be elevated to a maximum of + 35 ° , while the reinforced guns used in Pobeda could only elevate to a maximum of + 25 ° . The guns were designed to fire once every 40 seconds , but in service they fired at half that rate . The ships carried 75 rounds for each gun . The older guns fired a 496 @-@ pound ( 225 @.@ 2 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 270 ft / s ( 692 m / s ) while Pobeda 's newer ones may have reached a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ( 790 m / s ) . At an elevation of + 6 ° , the gun had a range of 8 @,@ 760 yards ( 8 @,@ 010 m ) . The secondary armament of the Peresvet @-@ class ships consisted of eleven 45 @-@ caliber , 6 @-@ inch Canet Model 1891 quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns , 10 mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull and one underneath the forecastle as a bow chaser . Each gun was provided with 220 rounds . They fired shells that weighed 91 pounds ( 41 @.@ 4 kg ) with a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ( 792 @.@ 5 m / s ) . They had a range of 12 @,@ 602 yards ( 11 @,@ 523 m ) when fired at an elevation of + 20 ° .
Smaller guns were carried for close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats . These included 20 quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 75 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) Canet Model 1891 guns . Of these guns , eight were mounted in embrasures in the hull , four on the main deck , four on the battery deck and the last four at the corners of the superstructure on the forecastle deck . The ships carried 300 rounds for each gun . The gun had a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 830 ft / s ( 862 m / s ) with its 10 @.@ 8 @-@ pound ( 4 @.@ 91 kg ) shells . It had a range of about 8 @,@ 606 yards ( 7 @,@ 869 m ) at an elevation of + 20 ° . The smaller guns included twenty QF 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns in hull embrasures and on the superstructure . Each gun had 810 rounds provided . They fired a 3 @.@ 2 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) shell . Eight 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss guns were positioned between the 47 @-@ millimeter guns on the forecastle deck . They fired a 1 @.@ 1 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 50 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 540 ft / s (
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[ beǒɡrad ] ; names in other languages ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia . It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers , where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans . Its name translates to " White city " . The city proper has a population of 1 @.@ 23 million , while over 1 @.@ 65 million people live within the administrative limits .
One of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe , the Vinča culture , evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC . In antiquity , Thraco @-@ Dacians inhabited the region , and after 279 BC Celts conquered the city , naming it Singidūn . It was conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus , and awarded city rights in the mid @-@ 2nd century . It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s , and changed hands several times between the Byzantine Empire , Frankish Empire , Bulgarian Empire and Kingdom of Hungary before it became the capital of Serbian king Stephen Dragutin ( 1282 – 1316 ) . In 1521 , Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo . It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule , which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro @-@ Ottoman wars . Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841 . Northern Belgrade remained the southernmost Habsburg post until 1918 , when the city was reunited . As a strategic location , the city was battled over in 115 wars and razed to the ground 44 times . Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia ( in various forms of governments ) from its creation in 1918 , to its final dissolution in 2006 .
Belgrade has a special administrative status within Serbia and it is one of five statistical regions of Serbia . Its metropolitan territory is divided into 17 municipalities , each with its own local council . It covers 3 @.@ 6 % of Serbia 's territory , and 22 @.@ 5 % of the country 's population lives in the city . Belgrade has been awarded many titles , and is classified as a Beta- global city .
= = Geography = =
Belgrade lies 116 @.@ 75 metres ( 383 @.@ 0 ft ) above sea level and is located at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers . The historical core of Belgrade , Kalemegdan , lies on the right banks of both rivers . Since the 19th century , the city has been expanding to the south and east ; after World War II , Novi Beograd ( New Belgrade ) was built on the left bank of the Sava river , connecting Belgrade with Zemun . Smaller , chiefly residential communities across the Danube , like Krnjača , Kotež and Borča , also merged with the city , while Pančevo , a heavily industrialized satellite city , remains a separate town . The city has an urban area of 360 square kilometres ( 140 sq mi ) , while together with its metropolitan area it covers 3 @,@ 223 km2 ( 1 @,@ 244 sq mi ) . Throughout history , Belgrade has been a crossroads between the West and the Orient .
On the right bank of the Sava , central Belgrade has a hilly terrain , while the highest point of Belgrade proper is Torlak hill at 303 m ( 994 ft ) . The mountains of Avala ( 511 m ( 1 @,@ 677 ft ) ) and Kosmaj ( 628 m ( 2 @,@ 060 ft ) ) lie south of the city . Across the Sava and Danube , the land is mostly flat , consisting of alluvial plains and loessial plateaus .
= = = Climate = = =
Belgrade lies in the humid subtropical ( Cfa ) climate zone , with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation . Monthly averages range from 1 @.@ 4 ° C ( 34 @.@ 5 ° F ) in January to 23 @.@ 0 ° C ( 73 @.@ 4 ° F ) in July , with an annual mean of 12 @.@ 5 ° C ( 54 @.@ 5 ° F ) . There are , on average , 31 days a year when the temperature is above 30 ° C , and 95 days when the temperature is above 25 ° C. Belgrade receives about 690 millimetres ( 27 in ) of precipitation a year , with late spring being wettest . The average annual number of sunny hours is 2 @,@ 112 .
The highest officially recorded temperature in Belgrade was + 43 @.@ 6 ° C ( 110 @.@ 5 ° F ) on 24 July 2007 , while on the other end , the lowest temperature was − 26 @.@ 2 ° C ( − 15 ° F ) on 10 January 1893 .
= = History = =
= = = Prehistory = = =
Chipped stone tools found at Zemun show that the area around Belgrade was inhabited by nomadic foragers in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic eras . Some of these tools belong to the Mousterian industry , which are associated with Neanderthals rather than modern humans . Aurignacian and Gravettian tools have also been discovered there , indicating occupation between 50 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 years ago .
The first farming people to settle in the region are associated with the Neolithic Starčevo culture , which flourished between 6200 and 5200 BC . There are several Starčevo sites in and around Belgrade , including the eponymous site of Starčevo . The Starčevo culture was succeeded by the Vinča culture ( 5500 – 4500 BC ) , a more sophisticated farming culture that grew out of the earlier Starčevo settlements which is also named for a site in the Belgrade region ( Vinča @-@ Belo Brdo ) . The Vinča culture is known for its very large settlements , one of the earliest settlements by continuous habitation and some of the largest in prehistoric Europe ; anthropomorphic figurines such as the Lady of Vinča ; the earliest known copper metallurgy in Europe ; a proto @-@ writing form developed prior to the Sumerians and Minoans , known as the Old European script , dating back to around 5300 BC .
= = = Ancient city = = =
Evidence of early knowledge about Belgrade 's geographical location comes from ancient myths and legends . The rock overlooking the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers has been identified as one of the place in the story of Jason and the Argonauts . The Paleo @-@ Balkan tribes of Thracians and Dacians ruled this area prior to the Roman conquest . Belgrade was inhabited by a Thraco @-@ Dacian tribe Singi ; after the Celtic invasion in 279 BC , the Scordisci took the city , naming it " Singidūn " ( dūn , fortress ) . In 34 – 33 BC the Roman army led by Silanus reached Belgrade . It became the romanized Singidunum in the 1st century AD , and by the mid @-@ 2nd century , the city was proclaimed a municipium by the Roman authorities , evolving into a full @-@ fledged colonia ( highest city class ) by the end of the century . Apart from the first Christian Emperor of Rome who was born in the territory of modern Serbia in Naissus — Constantine I known as Constantine the Great — another early Roman Emperor was born in Singidunum : Flavius Iovianus ( Jovian ) , the restorer of Christianity . Jovian reestablished Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire , ending the brief revival of traditional Roman religions under his predecessor Julian the Apostate . In 395 AD , the site passed to the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire . Across the Sava from Singidunum was the Celtic city of Taurunum ( Zemun ) ; the two were connected with a bridge throughout Roman and Byzantine times .
= = = Middle Ages = = =
In 442 , the area was ravaged by Attila the Hun . In 471 , it was taken by Theodoric the Great ,
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of an online co @-@ op partner for Ada 's campaign simply called " Agent " . Unlike any other character in the game , Agent cannot interact with doors and treasure chests ; he also disappears when cutscenes are triggered .
On 18 December 2012 , a new multiplayer ( DLC ) was released with three new multiplayer modes : " Predator " , " Survivors " and " Onslaught " . Predator mode is a series of quick fire rounds with up to six players who take turns as the fearsome Ustanak and have full access to its weapons . The other players in " Predator " mode must avoid capture and being killed by the Ustanak . Human players score points for successful attacks , but also lose points for being caught and / or taken down . This match type is over once all have played as the Ustanak , with the participant with the most points crowned as the winner . Survivors mode is Resident Evil 's take on the classic solo and team based deathmatch mode . Survivors is available for 2 @-@ 6 players . Onslaught is a two player mode where each must clear waves of oncoming enemies . The twist comes when a player completes a combo chain as this will send enemies over to their opponent ’ s screen .
On 4 April 2013 , a Left 4 Dead 2 crossover DLC was released for the PC version , adding the main characters and two monsters from Left 4 Dead 2 to the PC @-@ exclusive The Mercenaries : No Mercy mode in Resident Evil 6 . Various weapons , characters , and monsters from Resident Evil 6 have also been added as optionally @-@ downloadable replacement skins on the PC version of Left 4 Dead 2 .
= = Reception = =
The game received mixed reviews upon release . The PlayStation 3 version holds an aggregate score 74 % from Metacritic , the PC version hold scores of 69 % , whereas the Xbox 360 version hold a score of 67 % .
The game 's storyline , themes , graphics , and artificial intelligence were praised by critics . A reviewer from Game Informer stated that despite the game did not " hold back " the decadent experience from being an " unhinged flaming rollercoaster ride " . A reviewer from the Official Xbox Magazine concluded stated that the game was an accomplished shooter " on the whole " , and a fittingly " thunderous " send @-@ off for Resident Evil , while also praising the length and variety of the game . GameTrailers noted the shift away from the style and tone of past games in the series , yet still praised the overall direction , stating that despite the " old identity stripped away " , the game presented itself as a " massive " action game . Richard George of IGN was favourable toward the technical and artistic design of the game , stating that the game was among Capcom ’ s greatest successes with an " incredibly strong " world , lighting , and creature designs . Ryan McCaffrey of IGN also noted the new enemies as " some of the best " designs and concepts in the history of the franchise . Hollander Cooper of GamesRadar praised the improvements to the controls over its predecessor , stating that the game had an emphasis placed on fluidity and movement , although noted that the cover system " never seems to work right " . The Escapist also praised the improved AI companion that " does a decent job of backing you up and taking the fight to the enemy rather than just standing by " , however also disliked the cover system , calling it " the most forgettable new feature of the game " .
The game 's four campaigns received criticism from reviewers . Simon Parkin from Eurogamer was divided over the campaigns , citing Leon 's campaign as the strongest and " the closest we get to the series ' survival horror roots " , along with Ada 's as having " diverse flavour " . However , Parkin criticised the other two campaigns , stating that Jake 's campaign " rarely delights " while citing that Chris ' was a " second @-@ rate third @-@ person sprint " with " idiotic " cutscene dialogue . A reviewer from Edge also felt that the campaigns noticeably contrasted in quality more than others . Similarly , Kevin VanOrd from GameSpot concluded that the game 's campaigns is the ultimate test of patience for " even the most dedicated " , while Destructoid cited Resident Evil 6 as not only a " step back " for the series due to the game 's new and unconventional features , but a " step back for commonplace , unassuming action @-@ shooters " .
In an interview with the Official PlayStation Blog , Resident Evil 6 executive producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi responded to fan criticism shortly after release , noting the creative differences with fans . He stated " the fans and us as creators are the two parents [ ... ] and just like real parents , you ’ re not always going to agree on what is best for raising that child , " going on to say , " we want to make sure that what we do pleases them but the initial reaction might not always be positive . We do listen to the fans but we can ’ t be beholden to them at every turn or I don ’ t think we ’ ll ever make progress in terms of the series ’ development " .
While Capcom has dubbed the game as a " dramatic horror " , several critics instead noted the game 's departure from the survival horror genre compared to previous instalments . Reviewers from GameSpot and GamesRadar noted that the game was no longer considered a survival horror . Destructoid asserted that Capcom had " abandoned any pretense " of the survival horror genre . Many reviewers listed the game 's genre simply as a third @-@ person action shooter . After the game 's release , Capcom 's Masachika Kawata considered the possibility of rebooting the franchise back to its " classic horror roots " .
= = = Sales = = =
In May 2012 , Capcom announced they expected the game to sell 7 million copies by the end of the 2012 fiscal year , however the company lowered their expectations to 6 million due to the game 's mixed reception . Upon release , Capcom announced that it had shipped 4 @.@ 5 million copies worldwide , setting a new record for the company . In October 2012 , the game sold 806 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . According to Capcom , sales weakened following the strong start , with the company admitting that the game would not meet their goals , and consequently lowered their financial projections for the fiscal year as a result . The game had sold 4 @.@ 9 million copies by April 2013 , and , by October the same year , had sold 5 @.@ 2 million copies worldwide , becoming one of Capcom 's best @-@ selling video games .
Despite the slow start and mixed reviews , Resident Evil 6 became Capcom 's second best @-@ selling title as of 30 September 2015 , with a lifetime sales of 6 @.@ 3 million copies worldwide . In February 2013 , Capcom issued in a statement that the game suffered from poor sales due to various development challenges and " inadequate organisational collaboration " across the company .
= Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collision =
The Ehime Maru and USS Greeneville collision was a ship collision between the United States Navy ( USN ) Los Angeles @-@ class submarine USS Greeneville ( SSN @-@ 772 ) and the Japanese fishery high school training ship Ehime Maru ( えひめ丸 ) from Ehime Prefecture on 9 February 2001 , about 9 nautical miles ( 17 km ) off the south coast of Oahu , Hawaii , United States . In a demonstration for some VIP civilian visitors , Greeneville performed an emergency ballast blow surfacing maneuver . As the submarine shot to the surface , she struck Ehime Maru . Within 10 minutes of the collision , Ehime Maru sank . Nine of her crewmembers were killed , including four high school students .
Many Japanese , including government officials , were concerned over news that civilians were present in Greeneville 's control room at the time of the accident . Some expressed anger because of a perception that the submarine did not try to assist Ehime Maru 's survivors and that the submarine 's captain , Commander Scott Waddle , did not apologize immediately afterwards . The Navy conducted a public court of inquiry , placed blame on Waddle and other members of Greeneville 's crew , and dealt non @-@ judicial punishment or administrative disciplinary action to the captain and some crew members . After Commander Waddle had faced
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9 season . Depending on the Sounds ' schedule , some of the school 's home games were held at the visiting school 's field ( with Father Ryan designated as the home team ) or at other unused local high school fields . In the football configuration , the field runs along the first base line .
Until the 2011 opening of E. S. Rose Park , the Belmont Bruins baseball team played the majority of its season at Greer . When the Sounds ' home schedule prohibited its use , Belmont 's games were played at Nashville 's Shelby Park .
Greer was the site of the City of Hope Celebrity Softball Challenge from 1991 to 2014 . Two teams of country music stars participated in the game , from which proceeds go toward research and treatment of cancer and other life @-@ threatening diseases . Past participants include Vince Gill , Carrie Underwood , Brad Paisley , Billy Ray Cyrus , Sara Evans , Montgomery Gentry , and Phil Vassar . As of the 2008 event , more than $ 1 @.@ 5 million had been raised . In 2015 , the game relocated to First Tennessee Park .
From 2001 to 2011 , Greer was home to the Jeff Fisher & Friends Charity Softball Game . Tennessee Titans head coach Jeff Fisher and players from the team , past and present , competed in order to benefit local charities . Titans participants included Vince Young , Steve McNair , Eddie George , Frank Wycheck , Rob Bironas , and Keith Bulluck , among others . Tomáš Vokoun and head coach Barry Trotz of the National Hockey League 's Nashville Predators have also taken part .
The Oak Ridge Boys , of which Sounds ' minority shareholder Richard Sterban was a member , were photographed standing in the seats along Greer 's left field line for the cover of their 1989 album , American Dreams .
In 2002 , the music video for Steve Earle 's " Some Dreams " , a song featured in the motion picture The Rookie , was filmed at Greer . The video , intercut with clips from the film , shows Earle and his band performing the song on the empty ballpark 's field .
= = Scoreboard = =
Greer 's distinctive guitar @-@ shaped scoreboard was manufactured by the Fairtron Corporation and installed by the Joslin Sign Company prior to the 1993 season at a cost of $ 400 @,@ 000 . It was originally conceived as the centerpiece for a proposed major league ballpark in Nashville sought after by owner Larry Schmittou as a part of the 1993 Major League Baseball expansion . It is painted black with red , yellow , and white trim , and is located behind the outfield wall in left @-@ center field .
The line score is displayed on the guitar 's neck , while the ball / strike / out count , the batter 's uniform number , and the hit / error indicator are all situated on the headstock . Six small advertising signs represent the tuning keys . The body of the guitar currently features only an LED display board for displaying messages . Initially , the scoreboard featured two matrix message boards : a low @-@ resolution RGB color board on the left which featured advertising and animations , and a white @-@ light monochromatic board on the right , which primarily featured statistical information and other text @-@ based messages . The monochrome board was replaced by an orange @-@ tinted LED display board in 2009 which served
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cast in bronze into two parts , the chase ( the barrel ) and the breech , which combined weighed 18 @.@ 4 tonnes . The two parts were screwed together using levers to facilitate moving it .
Fathullah Shirazi , a Persian @-@ Indian who worked for Akbar the Great in the Mughal Empire , developed a volley gun in the 16th century .
= = = Medieval Europe = = =
In Europe , one of the first mentions of gunpowder use appears in a passage found in Roger Bacon 's Opus Maius and Opus Tertium in what has been interpreted as being firecrackers . In the early 20th century , a British artillery officer proposed that another work tentatively attributed to Bacon , Epistola de Secretis Operibus Artis et Naturae , et de Nullitate Magiae contained an encrypted formula for gunpowder . These claims have been disputed by historians of science . In any case , the formula claimed to have been decrypted is not useful for firearms use or even firecrackers , burning slowly and producing mostly smoke .
The first confirmed use of cannon in Europe was in southern Iberia , by the Moors , in the Siege of Cordoba in 1280 . By this time , hand guns were probably in use , as scopettieri — " gun bearers " — were mentioned in conjunction with crossbowmen , in 1281 . In Iberia , the " first artillery @-@ masters on the Peninsula " were enlisted , at around the same time .
The first metal cannon was the pot @-@ de @-@ fer . Loaded with an arrow @-@ like bolt that was probably wrapped in leather to allow greater thrusting power , it was set off through a touch hole with a heated wire . This weapon , and others similar , were used by both the French and English during the Hundred Years ' War , when cannon saw their first real use on the European battlefield . While still a relatively rarely @-@ used weapon , cannon were employed in increasing numbers during the war . The Battle of Arnemuiden , fought on 23 September 1338 , was the first naval battle using artillery , as the English ship Christofer had three cannon and one hand gun . " Ribaldis " , which shot large arrows and simplistic grapeshot , were first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts during preparations for the Battle of Crécy , between 1345 and 1346 . The Florentine Giovanni Villani recounts their destructiveness , indicating that by the end of the battle , " the whole plain was covered
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the successor to the World War II – era cannon used at the time , and entered service in 1979 . Still in use today , the M198 is , in turn , being slowly replaced by the M777 Ultralightweight howitzer , which weighs nearly half as much and can be more easily moved . Although land @-@ based artillery such as the M198 are powerful , long @-@ ranged , and accurate , naval guns have not been neglected , despite being much smaller than in the past , and , in some cases , having been replaced by cruise missiles . However , the Zumwalt @-@ class destroyer 's planned armament includes the Advanced Gun System ( AGS ) , a pair of 155 mm guns , which fire the Long Range Land @-@ Attack Projectile . The warhead , which weighs 24 pounds ( 11 kg ) , has a circular error of probability of 50 m ( 160 ft ) , and will be mounted on a rocket , to increase the effective range to 100 nmi ( 190 km ) , further than that of the Paris Gun . The AGS 's barrels will be water cooled , and will fire 10 rounds per minute , per gun . The combined firepower from both turrets will give a Zumwalt @-@ class destroyer the firepower equivalent to 18 conventional M198 howitzers . The reason for the re @-@ integration of cannon as a main armament in United States Navy ships is because satellite @-@ guided munitions fired from a gun are less expensive than a cruise missile but have a similar guidance capability .
= = = = Autocannon = = = =
Autocannons have an automatic firing mode , similar to that of a machine gun . They have mechanisms to automatically load their ammunition , and therefore have a higher rate of fire than artillery , often approaching , or , in the case of rotary autocannons , even surpassing the firing rate of a machine gun . While there is no minimum bore for autocannons , they are generally larger than machine guns , typically 20 mm or greater since World War II and are usually capable of using explosive ammunition even if it isn 't always used . Machine guns in contrast are usually too small to use explosive ammunition .
Most nations use rapid @-@ fire cannon on light vehicles , replacing a more powerful , but heavier , tank gun . A typical autocannon is the 25 mm " Bushmaster " chain gun , mounted on the LAV @-@ 25 and M2 Bradley armored vehicles . Autocannons may be capable of a very high rate of fire , but ammunition is heavy and bulky , limiting the amount carried . For this reason
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music was composed by Keiichi Okabe , who also created the score for Nier . Okabe wished to match the work of Nobuyoshi Sano , finding creating it a new experience . He was also requested by Yoko not to follow the musical route of either Drakengard or Nier and was inspired by the games theme of " the sense of contrast " . One of the game 's theme songs , " Kuroi Uta " ( クロイウタ , Black Song ) , was sung by Eir Aoi , a singer native to Hokkaido who was a self @-@ confessed fan of the Drakengard series . Her liking of the series was the reason Shiba selected her to perform the theme song . The lyrics were written by Kikuchi Hana , one of Nier 's scenario writers . The game 's second theme song , " This Silence Is Mine " , used in the game 's Tokyo Game Show trailer , was specially written and sung by Onitsuka Chihiro . Drag @-@ on Dragoon 3 Original Soundtrack was released on January 21 , 2014 under the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10414 ~ 5 . The theme songs were released both as part of the soundtrack and as singles .
= = Release and merchandise = =
Drakengard 3 received few gameplay previews and was promoted in the form of novellas : this was because Shiba wished for the game 's story to be a mystery for players . The game was originally meant to be released in October 2013 in Japan , but was pushed back to December due to Square Enix wanting to improve the overall quality of the game and ensure it met fan expectation . While it received a physical and digital release in Japan and North America , Drakengard 3 was released in digital format only in Europe . It was also localized into Chinese with the assistance of Sony Computer Entertainment Japan Asia , in an attempt to actively tap into the Chinese @-@ speaking market . The collector 's edition released in Japan also included an outfit inspired by Kainé , the female protagonist of Nier . A limited collector 's edition was also released in North America , Europe and Australia through Square Enix . It contained a prequel novel concerning the game 's main characters , a scenario involving One , and DLC for both Japanese voice acting and a costume for Zero inspired by the first game 's protagonist .
Alongside the game , there were also two manga released in Japan written by Emi Nagashima under her pen name Jun Eishima : Drag @-@ On Dragoon : Utahime Five , a prequel focusing on the other Intoners , and Drag @-@ On Dragoon : Shi ni Itaru Aka , which acts as the game 's sequel . Both manga were created and written with Yoko 's supervision . The game was complemented with multiple DLC packs : they included multiple character outfits for Zero inspired by previous series protagonists , cosmetic adornments for Mikhail , and six prequel chapters detailing past events in the lives of both Zero and her sisters . This DLC was later released in the west along with alternate music for Zero 's Intoner Mode sequences . ASCII Media Works also published a complete guide to the game , which included guides to the series history and a novella following on from Shi ni Itaru Aka which retold the events of Drakengard . A novel , Drag @-@ on Dragoon 3 Side Story , was released on 28 August 2014 . The novel detailed a fifth series of events connecting the narratives of Drakengard 3 and Drakengard , as none of the game 's endings did so .
= = Reception = =
During its first week on sale in Japan , Drakengard 3 sold 114 @,@ 024 copies , coming fourth in Japanese sale charts and reached 125 @,@ 500 units by the end of the year . Total physical sales in Japan as of May 2014 have reached 150 @,@ 866 units . It reached 79th place on Famitsu 's list of 100 best @-@ settling titles of the year , while it reached 62nd place Dengeki Online 's list . Drakengard 3 received a 34 / 40 from Famitsu , with the four reviewers giving it scores of 9 , 9 , 8 and 8 . The game received " average " reviews , according to Western video game review aggregator Metacritic . Anime News Network 's Todd Ciolek named Drakengard 3 Game of the Year in 2014 .
The story received mixed reviews . Dengeki PlayStation called it the best story of the Drakengard series , while Famitsu was generally positive about the world and characters , praising the character dialogue . Destructoid 's Chris Carter stated that the story compelled him to " truck forward and figure it all out for [ himself ] " , while he found the dialogue between the characters funny and their relationships entertaining . Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace was less enthusiastic , saying that while there were a few interesting scenes , " the narrative and characters make a lot of missteps . " IGN 's Meghan Sullivan criticized the story for being too slow and too reliant on foreknowledge of the previous games , while calling the main characters " poorly written " . Gamespot 's Heidi Kemps generally praised the story , especially the ways it poked fun at the genre and focus on the many paths the game took players down , while GamesRadar 's Becky Cunningham called the story " the main reason to play [ the game ] , especially as it approaches medieval fantasy with dark comedy instead of straight @-@ laced tropes . " Eurogamer 's Chris Schilling said that the game played out " like a jet @-@ black comedy " , calling its narrative far colder than that of Nier , while praising Zero 's characterization .
In contrast to previous titles in the series , the gameplay received praise . Dengeki praised the redesigned battle system , citing the ability to switch weapons instantly as its best feature . Famitsu was also positive , despite it not having many distinguishing features to separate it from other video games in the genre . Sullivan praised the ground aspect of gameplay , especially Zero 's Intoner Mode , but criticized the dragon gameplay as awkward and exacerbated by the poor control layout . Cunningham said that the combat will " keep [ players ] on [ their ] toes " , praising the balance between character and enemy power and the weapon switching ability , but being more mixed about the dragon gameplay . Carter called the action gameplay his " favorite part " , referring to it as a faster and smoother version of combat from the Dynasty Warriors series , while Kemps found it generally satisfactory despite its simplicity , while citing the dragon sections as " a welcome , if not always particularly well @-@ designed , break from stabbing troops directly . " Wallace was positive about many aspects of the system , but stated that it got bogged down by the level design and predictable enemy movements . Schilling enjoyed the ground @-@ based gameplay despite its simplicity , comparing it to " a cross between [ DmC : Devil May Cry ] and Dynasty Warriors " , but cited the dragon gameplay as far less enjoyable . Poor AI for Zero 's companions and dragon drew criticism .
The graphics and level design were generally criticized . Cunningham called the environments " very bland " when compared to the narrative , while Wallace generally criticized the in @-@ game level and character design , though cited the cinematic cutscenes as an improvement . In contrast , Carter praised the character design and called the other visuals " absolutely beautiful " . Sullivan was generally negative , citing the level design and narrow color palate as part of her critique , and comparing the graphics to a game from the PlayStation 2 era . Schilling generally fault
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blackout of 1965 . Coastal flooding was minimized due to the storm striking at low tide , although were high enough in Narragansett Bay to damage docks and hundreds of boats . Damage in the state was estimated at $ 20 million , including the cost for restoring the power outages . There were two deaths in Rhode Island ; one was related to a fallen tree , and one occurred when a man was trying to secure his boat .
In Massachusetts , the hurricane moved from Connecticut through the Springfield area . There was a small F1 tornado in Middlesex County that damaged trees . High winds knocked over thousands of trees , and about 500 @,@ 000 people statewide lost power . Heavy rainfall caused stream flooding , although the heaviest damage was from the winds . The hurricane destroyed a radio tower in Framingham and damaged hundreds of homes in the eastern portion of the state . Along the coast , the storm tide caused minor coastal flooding and damaged hundreds of boats . Across Massachusetts , damage was estimated at $ 61 million , including $ 6 million from crop damage .
By the time Gloria reached New Hampshire , it had weakened and was becoming extratropical , although hurricane @-@ force wind gusts were reported across the state . On the top of Mount Washington , wind gusts reached 127 mph ( 204 km / h ) . The winds were strong enough to knock down large trees , many over 50 years old and 50 ft ( 15 m ) . Downed trees cut power lines , which left 97 @,@ 116 people without power , mostly along the coast . Fallen trees also damaged 16 homes and several vehicles . High rainfall damaged portions of North Woodstock , although water damage was generally minor . There was one death in the state , when an elderly woman was knocked over by the strong winds and died two weeks later . There was about $ 2 @.@ 5 million in crop damage , mostly to the apple crop . In neighboring Maine , about 600 @,@ 000 people lost power due to the storm , the most since the passage of hurricanes Carol and Edna in 1954 . Winds in Maine reached 86 mph ( 138 km / h ) , and the storm knocked down about 100 power poles in addition to the downed lines . Downed trees blocked roads and damaged houses and cars . The winds damaged roofs , including the 127 ‑ year ‑ old spire of a church in Groveville . Crop damage to the apple crop was estimated at $ 3 million . High waves along the coast damaged lobster traps and dozens of boats , many of which were driven ashore .
Gloria 's high winds downed numerous trees across New England , causing minor to moderate damage . In the region , Connecticut received the worst of the hurricane , where tree and structural damage was greatest . Along the coastline , storm surge and strong waves washed away several fishing piers , and some roadways were underwater during the storm 's passage . New Hampshire was affected only slightly from the hurricane , and was limited to minor wind damage and localized flooding . In Maine , damage was more severe , where strong wind gusts ripped off roofs and uprooted hundreds of trees . High winds across New England resulted in significant power outages , leaving 250 @,@ 000 in Maine . In all , seven deaths occurred in New England , many of which occurred from falling tree limbs .
While the remnants of Gloria were moving through Atlantic Canada , they produced rainfall to the north of the track , reaching as high as 4 @.@ 53 in ( 115 mm ) in Quebec . The highest winds in the country were 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) , peaking in the Bay of Fundy and to the northeast of Newfoundland . The remnants of Gloria caused wind and wave damage in Nova Scotia . Wind gusts of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) in Fredericton , New Brunswick knocked down power lines , affecting more than 1 @,@ 800 people .
= = Aftermath = =
On Long Island , thousands were left without power for over a week , until the last outages were restored two weeks after the storm on October 8 . The long duration without electricity forced hundreds of schools to close , extended train times by six hours due to lack of powered crossings , and price gouging on food , ice , and generators . The lack of power led to a general disdain for the Long Island Lighting Company ( LILCO ) , which increased further when the company left the $ 40 million ( 1985 USD ) repair bill to the ratepayers , citing the company 's lack of hurricane insurance . Citizens quickly protested LILCO 's decision , and within years the publicly owned Long Island Power Authority was formed .
Residents in both Massachusetts and Connecticut were also without power for up to one week , which caused many food products to spoil due to lack of refrigeration . The states brought in workers from other states , although the delay in restoring the widespread outages caused many schools to remain closed . In Connecticut , one man was electrocuted while repairing downed power lines . About 477 @,@ 000 Connecticut Light & Power customers in the state lost power , a record that was surpassed by the 754 @,@ 000 who lost power during Hurricane Irene in 2011 . Later in 2011 , a nor 'easter in October left over 830 @,@ 000 people statewide without power , also breaking the record set by Gloria . In New Hampshire , most power outages were quickly restored , and all were restored within six days . In Maine , all power outages were restored in 11 days .
In Maine , most citizens remained indoors during the passage of the hurricane . One police officer noted that even the criminals stayed home . In the Lewiston area , restaurants experienced a great surge in business . During the power outage after the storm , several businesses stored frozen goods for houses without a generator .
After the storm , President Ronald Reagan declared several counties in New Jersey , Pennsylvania , New York , Rhode Island , Connecticut , and Massachusetts as federal disaster areas . This declaration allowed those counties to apply for disaster assistance .
In Canada , the damage was less than expected , but confusion related to the storm threat prompted Environment Canada to research the need for a dedicated hurricane centre in 1986 . The following year , the Canadian Hurricane Centre was established with offices on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts .
Due to its impact , the name Gloria was retired from the Atlantic tropical storm naming list . It will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane . It was replaced with Grace in the 1991 season .
= Government in early modern Scotland =
Government in early modern Scotland included all forms of administration , from the crown , through national institutions , to systems of local government and the law , between the early sixteenth century and the mid @-@ eighteenth century . It roughly corresponds to the early modern era in Europe , beginning with the Renaissance and Reformation and ending with the last Jacobite risings and the beginnings of the industrial revolution . Monarchs of this period were the Stuarts : James IV , James V , Mary Queen of Scots , James VI , Charles I , Charles II , James VII , William II and Mary II , Anne , and the Hanoverians : George I and George II .
The crown remained the most important element of government throughout the period and , despite the many royal minorities , it saw many of the aspects of aggrandisement associated with " new monarchy " elsewhere in Europe . Theories of limited monarchy and resistance were articulated by Scots , particularly George Buchanan , in the sixteenth century , but James VI advanced the theory of the divine right of kings , and these debates were restated in subsequent reigns and crises . The court remained at the centre of political life , and in the sixteenth century emerged as a major centre of display and artistic patronage . The Privy Council and the great offices of state , remained central to the administration of the government , even after the departure of the Stuart monarchs to rule in England from 1603 , but they were often sidelined and was abolished after the Act of Union of 1707 , with rule direct from London . Parliament was also vital to the running of the country , providing laws and taxation , but it had fluctuating fortunes and never achieved the centrality the national life of its counterpart in England before it was disbanded in 1707 .
Revenue remained a continual problem for Scottish government , even after the introduction of regular taxation from the 1580s , with receipts insufficient for the business of government and , after 1603 , much of the costs being paid out of English revenues . In local government ,
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attempts were made increase its effectiveness , with the creation of Justices of Peace and Commissioners of Supply . The continued existence of courts baron and introduction of kirk sessions helped consolidate the power of local lairds . In law there was an expansion of central institutions and professionalisation of lawyers as a group . Scottish law was maintained as a separate system after the union in 1707 and from 1747 the central courts gained a clear authority over local institutions .
= = Crown = =
James V was the first Scottish monarch to wear the closed imperial crown , in place of the open circlet of medieval kings , suggesting a claim to absolute authority within the kingdom . His diadem was reworked to include arches in 1532 , which were re @-@ added when it was reconstructed in 1540 in what remains the Crown of Scotland . The idea of imperial monarchy emphasised the dignity of the crown and included its role as a unifying national force , defending national borders and interests , royal supremacy over the law and a distinctive national church within the Catholic communion . New monarchy can also be seen in the reliance of the crown on " new men " rather than the great magnates , the use of the clergy as a form of civil service , developing standing armed forces and a navy .
Major intellectual figures in the Reformation included George Buchanan ( 1506 – 82 ) , whose works De Jure Regni apud Scotos ( 1579 ) and Rerum Scoticarum Historia ( 1582 ) were among the major texts outlining the case for resistance to tyrants . Buchanan was one of the young James VI 's tutors and although they succeeded in producing a highly educated Protestant prince , who would publish works on subjects including government , poetry and witchcraft , they failed to intellectually convince him of their ideas about limited monarchy and he would debate with Buchanan and others over the status of the crown and kirk . James asserted the concept of " Divine right " , by which a king was appointed by God and thus gained a degree of sanctity . These ideas he passed on to Charles I , whose ability to compromise may have been undermined by them , helping to lead to his political difficulties . When he was executed in 1649 , the Scottish Covenanters objected , but avoided advancing the sanctity of kings as a reason . In 1689 , when the Scottish Estates had to find a justification for deposing James VII they turned to Buchanan 's argument on the contractual nature of monarchy in the Claim of Right .
= = Court = =
The royal court consisted of leading nobles , office holders , ambassadors and supplicants who surrounded the king or queen . At its centre was the monarch and members of the Privy Chamber . Gentleman of the chamber were usually leading nobles or individuals with kinship links to the leading noble families . They had direct access to the monarch , with the implication of being to exert influence , and were usually resident at the court . Although increasingly based at the royal palace of Holyrood in Edinburgh , the monarch and the court were often itinerant , spending time at one of the royal palaces , such as Linlithgow , Sterling and Falkland , or undertaking a royal progress to a part of the kingdom to ensure that the rule of law , royal authority or smooth government was maintained .
In the sixteenth century , the court was central to the patronage and dissemination of Renaissance works and ideas . It was also central to the staging of lavish display that portrayed the political and religious role of the monarchy . This display was often tied up with ideas of chivalry , which was evolving in this period from a practical military ethos into a more ornamental and honorific cult . Tournaments provided one focus of display and were also pursued enthusiastically by James V , proud of his membership of international orders of knighthood . During her brief personal rule Mary , Queen of Scots brought many of the elaborate court activities that she had grown up with at the French court , with balls , masques and celebrations , designed to illustrate the resurgence of the monarchy and to facilitate national unity . Under James VI the court returned to being a centre of culture and learning and he cultivated the image of a philosopher king , evoking the models of David , Solomon and Constantine . After James VI inherited the English throne in 1603 the Scottish court effectively ceased to exist , ending its role as a centre of artistic patronage , political display and intrigue .
= = Officers of state = =
The Chancellor was effectively the first minister of the kingdom . His department , the chancery , was responsible for the Great Seal , which was needed to process the inheritance of land titles and the confirmation of land transfers . His key responsibility was to preside at meetings of the privy council , and on those rare occasions he attended , at meetings of the court of session . The second most prestigious office was the Secretary , who was responsible for the records of the Privy council and for foreign policy , including the borders , despite which the post retained its importance after the Union of Crowns in 1603 . The Treasurer was the last of the major posts and , with the Comptroller , dealt with the royal finances until the Comptroller 's office was merged into the Treasurer 's from 1610 .
The Lord President of the Court of Session , often known simply as the Lord President , acted as a link between the Privy Council and the Court . The king 's advocate acted as the legal council . The post emerged in the 1490s to deal with the king 's patrimonial land rights and from 1555 there were usually two king 's councillors , indicating the increase in the level of work . From 1579 they increasingly became a public prosecutor . After the union most of the offices remained , but political power was increasingly centred in London . John Ker , 1st Duke of Roxburghe , became the first Secretary of State for Scotland until the post was abolished in 1746 after the Jacobite Rising of 1745 .
= = Privy council = =
The Privy Council developed out of the theoretically larger king 's or queen 's council of leading nobles and office holders in the sixteenth century . " Secret Councils " had been maintained during the many regencies of the later medieval era , but the origins of the Privy Council were in 1543 , during the minority of Mary , Queen of Scots . After her majority it was not disbanded , but continued to sit and became an accepted part of government . Until 1707 , while in session in Edinburgh , the Privy Council met in what is now the West Drawing Room at the Palace of Holyroodhouse . When the monarch was at one of the royal palaces or visiting a region of the kingdom on official business , the council would normally go with them and as a result of being away from its servants , records and members , its output tended to decrease . While the monarch was away on a holiday or hunting trip , the council usually stayed in session in Edinburgh and continued to run the government .
The Privy Council 's primary function was judicial , but it also acted as a body of advisers to the king and as a result its secondary function was as an executive in the absence or minority of the monarchy . Although the monarch might often attend the council , their presence was not necessary for the council to act with royal authority . Like parliament , it had the power to issue acts that could have the force of law . After James VI 's departure to England in 1603 , it functioned as a subservient executive carrying out his instructions from London . Although the theoretical membership of the council was relatively large , at around 30 persons , most of the business was carried out by an informal inner group , consisting mainly of the officers of state . Before 1610 the council was presided over by the Lord Chancellor , but in 1610 James VI decreed that the President of the College of Justice should preside in the Chancellor 's absence , and by 1619 the additional title of President of the Privy Council had been added . The two presidencies were separated in 1626 as part of Charles I 's reorganisation of the Privy Council and Court of Session . The Lord President of the Council was accorded precedence as one of the King 's chief officers in 1661 . After the Restoration , Charles II nominated his own privy councillors and set up a council in London through which he directed affairs in Edinburgh , a situation that continued after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 – 9 . The council was abolished after the Act of Union on 1 May 1708 .
= = Parliament = =
In the sixteenth century , parliament usually met in Stirling Castle or the Old Tolbooth , Edinburgh , which was rebuilt on the orders of Mary Queen of Scots from 1561 . King Charles I ordered the construction of Parliament Hall , at the expense of the Edinburgh burgesses , which was built between 1633 and 1639 and remained the parliament 's home until it was dissolved in 1707 . By the end of the Middle Ages the Parliament had evolved from the King 's Council of Bishops and Earls into a ' colloquium ' with a political and judicial role . The attendance of knights
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and was dropped before the end of 2010 . He returned to the team the following year , but his place in the team was always at risk , and in 2013 he was replaced by Jos Buttler , his team @-@ mate at Somerset .
Kieswetter 's career was cut short due to an injury sustained while batting for Somerset in July 2014 : a ball penetrated the gap between his helmet 's grille and visor and struck him in the face , damaging his vision . There was initially some hope of a full recovery and he was even named in a provisional England squad for the 2015 Cricket World Cup , however he continued to experience difficulties with his vision and , in June 2015 , announced his retirement from professional cricket .
= = Early life and career = =
Kieswetter was born in Johannesburg to an Afrikaner father , Wayne , and Scottish mother , Belinda . He grew up in South Africa , studying at Diocesan College in Cape Town , and played cricket for Western Province junior teams between the ages of 13 to 18 . Kieswetter was disappointed with the way he was treated by the provincial team , who had asked him to play two or three years of club cricket before returning to them , so he decided to pursue his cricket career in England . He studied for a year at Millfield , where he gained his A @-@ levels . Mark Davis , a former Somerset bowler , spotted him at Millfield , and he was quickly signed by the county . He represented South Africa in the 2006 Under @-@ 19s World Cup in Sri Lanka , and won a Man of the Match award in the game against the United States for his innings of 80 off just 66 balls .
Kieswetter made his first appearance for Somerset 's second team in May 2006 , taking over from Sam Spurway as wicket @-@ keeper midway through a match when the latter was injured . He scored 94 not out in his first innings of that match against Glamorgan , and by the end of the season he had scored 245 runs at an average of over 40 . His performances were so strong that Somerset chose to release Spurway at the start of the 2007 season , and named Kieswetter alongside Carl Gazzard as their two wicket @-@ keepers . In early April that year , he made his one @-@ day debut for Somerset against Glamorgan ; he made 69 not out off 58 deliveries and took a catch described as " world class " by Somerset 's director of cricket , Brian Rose . He made his first @-@ class debut the following month , keeping wicket while Derbyshire made 801 for 8 declared and scored 63 in the Somerset reply .
He continued to perform well during 2007 and 2008 , and was awarded the NBC Denis Compton Award , as the " most promising young player " , for Somerset in both seasons , scoring regular fifties in both first @-@ class and one @-@ day cricket . Notable among these innings was the 93 he scored against Glamorgan while batting at number eight . Kieswetter came in after two wickets had been lost in an over , with the score at 250 for 6 . His innings , which included a partnership of 130 with Andrew Caddick , helped Somerset to reach 402 and eventually win the match . Towards the end of the 2008 season , during a 40 @-@ over match against Gloucestershire , Kieswetter scored his first century for Somerset , scoring 121 runs from 107 deliveries , and sharing a competition @-@ record 302 @-@ run partnership with Marcus Trescothick .
In 2009 , Kieswetter passed 1 @,@ 000 first @-@ class runs in a season for the only time during his career . He scored his maiden first @-@ class century early in the year , accumulating an unbeaten 150 in a high @-@ scoring draw against Warwickshire . A few weeks later , he repeated the feat , scoring 106 runs against Durham to help his county avoid defeat . In his report for ESPNcricinfo , Andrew McGlashan described Kieswetter as " another likely South African to make the transition to England colours " . Kieswetter scored two further first @-@ class centuries during the year , both at Taunton , against Sussex and Lancashire ; he averaged just under 60 for his 1 @,@ 242 first @-@ class runs in the year . In one @-@ day cricket , Kieswetter opened the batting alongside Trescothick , and averaged 65 @.@ 83 , scoring an unbeaten 138 off just 131 balls in the opening group match against Warwickshire . In the quarter @-@ final of the 2009 Friends Provident Trophy , Kieswetter scored his second one @-@ day century of the season , but Somerset were defeated by six wickets and knocked out of the competition . His 248 runs in the 2009 Twenty20 Cup helped Somerset reach the final of that competition , where they were again beaten by Sussex . He was awarded his county cap during the final game of the 2009 County Championship against Worcestershire .
= = International cricketer = =
= = = International selection = = =
Following his strong performances for Somerset , Kieswetter was part of the England Performance Programme squad that spent eight weeks of the English winter training in Loughborough and Pretoria . The South African national cricket captain , Graeme Smith , said that he wanted Kieswetter to return to play cricket in South Africa ; rather than directly inviting him to play for the South Africa national cricket team , however , he was careful to state that " the challenge is to get him back into our franchise system first , but he is certainly someone we have seen and would like to get back into the system " . Kieswetter repeated his desire to play international cricket for England and , in January 2010 , he was named as part of the England Lions squad to tour the United Arab Emirates for a series against Pakistan A. The England head coach , Andy Flower , described Kieswetter 's performances during that tour as " a really good start " , and described the Twenty20 warm @-@ up match between the England Lions and the England senior team that followed the tour as " a chance for him to impress " . During that match , which was played on the day that he qualified for England , Kieswetter scored 81 runs to help the Lions beat the senior team . Kieswetter qualified to play for England on the basis of having a British passport , via his Scottish mother , and his residency in England .
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He had to wait until four years after his last appearance for South Africa , which was on 16 February 2006 during the Under @-@ 19s World Cup .
After England 's drawn T20I series with Pakistan , Kieswetter was added to the senior England squad for the ODI series against Bangladesh . He was immediately included in the team , playing as a specialist batsman alongside wicket @-@ keeper Matt Prior , in the first warm @-@ up match on 23 February against the " Bangladesh Cricket Board XI " . He scored 143 , his career @-@ best List A score , from 123 balls . These performances led to Kieswetter 's selection for the first ODI against Bangladesh on 28 February . Opening the innings alongside captain Alastair Cook , Kieswetter struggled in his first over , edging a chance that was missed by wicket @-@ keeper Mushfiqur Rahim , and surviving a leg before wicket appeal two balls later . He made 19 runs in an innings described by ESPNcricinfo 's Andrew Miller as " tinged with nerves " and " chancy " . In the next match , two days later , Kieswetter was dropped by Mushfiqur Rahim off a thick edge that went for four on first ball he faced ; he was then caught at first @-@ slip off a similar thick edge to first @-@ slip on the next delivery . In the third match , however , he scored his first international century – 107 runs – which helped England to 284 for five and a 45 @-@ run victory . England won the series 3 – 0 . In contrast to the " hard @-@ hitting batting " which Geoff Miller , the England selector , had cited as one of the reasons for his inclusion , Kieswetter 's century was patiently built after a nervous start .
When the England squad was announced for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 , Kieswetter was named as the only wicket @-@ keeper in the squad , replacing Prior . Kieswetter opened the innings with Michael Lumb throughout the tournament , and ESPNcricinfo 's Andrew McGlashan identified their performances as one of the reasons that England reached the final . During the final , Kieswetter was England 's top @-@ scorer , hitting 63 runs from 49 deliveries , and was named as the man of the match as England won their first ICC global title . During the tournament , Kieswetter scored 222 runs , the fourth @-@ most of any player , at an average of 31 @.@ 71 and a strike rate of 116 @.@ 84 .
= = = Dropped and recalled by England = = =
After returning to England , Kieswetter 's form dipped , and he scored 121 runs from eight ODIs against Australia and Bangladesh . As a result , when England played five ODIs against Pakistan in September , Kieswetter was omitted and Worcestershire 's Steven Davies was preferred , although Kieswetter was included in the T20I squad . Kieswetter opened the innings alongside Davies , who was playing as wicket @-@ keeper , in the two T20Is , but only made scores of six and sixteen . Although he was named in the T20I squad for the tour of Australia , he was not selected to play , and instead took part in the England Performance Programme XI tour , before joining up with the England Lions to take part in the Regional Four Day Competition in the West Indies . During the competition , Kieswetter scored two centuries , against the Leeward Islands and the Combined Campuses and Colleges .
Kieswetter began the 2011 season strongly for Somerset , scoring 308 runs in his first four one @-@ day matches , including two centuries . Another century , in the County Championship prompted Jeremy James of ESPNcricinfo to ask " whether Craig Kieswetter will regain his place in England 's one @-@ day side before Jos Buttler assumes it ahead of him " . His form earned him a recall to England 's one @-@ day squads for the series against Sri Lanka , with Geoff Miller saying " [ Kieswetter ] will offer some real fire power with the bat along with his ability with the gloves " . In his first match back for England , the
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free Jamaican woman . Her mother was a " doctress " , a healer who used traditional Caribbean and African herbal remedies . She ran Blundell Hall , a boarding house at 7 East Street , considered one of the best hotels in all Kingston . Here Seacole acquired her nursing skills . Seacole 's autobiography states that her early experiments in medicine were based on what she learned from her mother while ministering to a doll , then progressing to pets , before helping her mother treat humans .
Seacole was proud of her Scottish ancestry and called herself a Creole , a term that was commonly used in a racially neutral sense or to refer to the children of white settlers with indigenous women . In her autobiography , The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole , she records her bloodline thus : " I am a Creole , and have good Scots blood coursing through my veins . My father was a soldier of an old Scottish family . " Legally , she was classified as a mulatto , a multiracial person with limited political rights ; Robinson speculates that she may technically have been a quadroon . Seacole emphasises her personal vigour in her autobiography , distancing herself from the contemporary stereotype of the " lazy Creole " , She was proud of her black ancestry , writing , " I have a few shades of deeper brown upon my skin which shows me related - and I am proud of the relationship - to those poor mortals whom you once held enslaved , and whose bodies America still owns . "
The West Indies were an outpost of the British Empire in the late 18th century , and in the 1790s one @-@ third of Britain 's foreign trade was with the British West Indies . Britain 's economic interests were protected by a massive military presence , with 69 line infantry regiments serving there between 1793 and 1801 , and another 24 between 1803 and 1815 .
Seacole spent some years in the household of an elderly woman , whom she called her " kind patroness " , before returning to her mother . She was treated as a member of her patroness 's family and received a good education . As the educated daughter of a Scottish officer and a free black woman with a respectable business , Seacole would have held a high position in Jamaican society .
In about 1821 , Seacole visited London , stayed for a year , and visited relatives , the merchant Henriques family . Although London had a number of black people , she records that a companion , a West Indian with skin darker than her own " dusky " shades , was taunted by children . Seacole herself was " only a little brown " , nearly white according to Ramdin . She returned to London approximately a year later , bringing a " large stock of West Indian pickles and preserves for sale " . Her later travels would be as an " unprotected " woman , without a chaperone or sponsor — an unusual practice . Seacole returned to Jamaica in 1825 .
= = In the Caribbean , 1826 – 51 = =
After returning to Jamaica , Seacole nursed her " old indulgent patroness " through an illness , finally returning to the family home at Blundell Hall after the death of her patroness a few years later . Seacole then worked alongside her mother , occasionally being called to assist at the British Army hospital at Up @-@ Park Camp . Dure Caribbean , visiting the British colony of New Providence in The Bahamas , the Spanish colony of Cuba , and the new republic of Haiti . Seacole records these travels , but omits mention of significant current events , such as the Christmas Rebellion in
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Jamaica of 1831 , the partial abolition of slavery in 1834 , and the full abolition of slavery in 1838 .
She married Edwin Horatio Hamilton Seacole in Kingston on 10 November 1836 . Her marriage , from betrothal to widowhood , is described in just nine lines at the conclusion of the first chapter of her autobiography . His middle names are intriguing : Robinson reports the legend in the Seacole family that Edwin was an illegitimate son of Horatio Nelson , 1st Viscount Nelson and his mistress Emma , Lady Hamilton , who was adopted by Thomas , a local " surgeon , apothecary and man midwife " ( Seacole 's will indicates that Horatio Seacole was Nelson 's godson : she left a diamond ring to her friend , Lord Rokeby , " given to my late husband by his godfather Viscount Nelson " , but there was no mention of this godson in Nelson 's own will or its codicils . ) Edwin was a merchant and seems to have had a poor constitution . The newly married couple moved to Black River and opened a provisions store which failed to prosper . They returned to Blundell Hall in the early 1840s .
During 1843 and 1844 , Seacole suffered a series of personal disasters . She and her family lost much of the boarding house in a fire in Kingston on 29 August 1843 . Blundell Hall burned down , and was replaced by New Blundell Hall , which was described as " better than before " . Then her husband died in October 1844 , followed by her mother . After a period of grief , in which Seacole says she did not stir for days , she composed herself , " turned a bold front to fortune " , and assumed the management of her mother 's hotel . She put her rapid recovery down to her hot Creole blood , blunting the " sharp edge of [ her ] grief " sooner than Europeans who she thought " nurse their woe secretly in their hearts " . She absorbed herself in work , declining many offers of marriage . She later became widely known and respected , particularly among the European military visitors to Jamaica who often stayed at Blundell Hall . She treated patients in the cholera epidemic of 1850 , which killed some 32 @,@ 000 Jamaicans . Seacole attributed the outbreak to infection brought on a steamer from New Orleans , Louisiana , demonstrating knowledge of contagion theory . This first @-@ hand experience would benefit her during the next five years .
= = In Central America , 1851 – 54 = =
In 1850 , Seacole 's half @-@ brother Edward moved
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ballistic missile .
When the CIA failed to receive approval for funding , McDonnell approached the U.S. Air Force with the project ; however the Air Force proved uninterested in adopting the CIA project , despite the support of General Bernard Schriever , chief of the Air Force Systems Command . Therefore , in late 1967 the Isinglass project was terminated , with a brief effort to revive the project in 1968 proving unsuccessful .
= = Engine development = =
Although the development of the Isinglass / Rheinberry aircraft was conducted using McDonnell 's own funding , the United States Air Force 's Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory did fund the development of the aircraft 's intended engine , the Pratt & Whitney XLR @-@ 129 , intended to be a reusable rocket engine . To be powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen and producing 250 @,@ 000 lbf ( 1 @,@ 100 kN ) thrust at full throttle , development of the XLR @-@ 129 continued even after the cancellation of Project Isinglass , and was considered for use by the Space Shuttle , but was cancelled in the early 1970s .
= Hayley Westenra =
Hayley Dee Westenra ( born 10 April 1987 ) is a New Zealand singer , classical crossover artist , songwriter , and UNICEF Ambassador . Her first internationally released album , Pure , reached No. 1 on the UK classical charts in 2003 and has sold more than two million copies worldwide . Pure is the fastest @-@ selling international début classical album to date , having made Westenra an international star at age 16 . In August 2006 , she joined the Irish group Celtic Woman , was featured on their Celtic Woman : A New Journey CD and DVD , toured with them on their 2007 Spring Tour , and was also featured on their DVD , The Greatest Journey : Essential Collection , released in 2008 . Westenra has produced five New Zealand number one studio albums , holding the title for the most number one records for any New Zealand act , a record shared with alternative rock band Shihad since the release of their 2014 album , FVEY .
Across classical music to easy listening , folk and pop style songs , Westenra has performed songs in English , Irish , Spanish , Italian , German , French , Portuguese , Latin , Japanese , Mandarin Chinese , and Catalan .
Westenra has performed for dignitaries all over the world . She is the second youngest UNICEF Ambassador to date and has contributed to charities around the globe .
= = Early life = =
Westenra was born in Christchurch , New Zealand . Her parents , Jill and Gerald Westenra , have two other children , Sophie and Isaac . Westenra 's grandmother Shirley Ireland was a singer , and her grandfather was a pianist who also played the piano accordion . She has Irish , Dutch and English heritage .
She began performing at age six when she was cast in the lead singing role of " Little Star " in the Christmas play at her school , Fendalton Open Air School . After the show , a teacher who had watched the performance approached her parents to tell them that their daughter was " pitch perfect " . The teacher encouraged Westenra to learn how to play a musical instrument ; Hayley soon after learned to read music and play the violin , piano , guitar , and recorder . She then began voice lessons and discovered a passion for musical theatre . By age 11 , she had performed more than 40 times on stage , but was often given male parts : " I got boy parts quite often . In ballet , there were not enough boys . So they ended up choosing half and half . I got chosen to wear the grey suit and the wig , and not the pretty dresses . In A Christmas Carol , I was Tiny Tim , so I got to be quite a sick , sick boy . There was a severe lack of singing boys and , at the time , it was quite disappointing . " Westenra attended Cobham Intermediate School in 1998 and 1999 , where a performing arts building was later named in her honour . She won a talent quest in her first year ( Year 9 ) at Burnside High School , which she attended from 2000 to 2003 .
= = Career = =
At 12 , Westenra entered a professional recording studio to record Walking in the Air , a demo album originally created for friends and family . At first , her parents paid for 70 copies ; soon after , 1 @,@ 000 more were cut for sale , hand @-@ out , and publicity . After finishing her album , Westenra and her sister Sophie busked in Christchurch , giving away a few of the original 70 albums ( at the behest of passersby ) and selling some of the latter 1000 . The pair drew large crowds , and one woman asked the girls if they had ever recorded anything . The woman , a journalist with Canterbury Television , asked Westenra to appear on air . Gray Bartlett , the director of a concert promotion company , saw the show and became interested in working with Westenra . Shortly after , she was offered a recording deal with Universal Records New Zealand . On that label , Westenra , who in the meantime was attending Burnside High School , released a self @-@ titled album of show tunes and light classical songs , as well as My Gift to You , a CD of Christmas music . Following the success of
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2007 . An exclusive sneak peek scene for Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) was included , along with several other bonus features including " Diary of an Apocalypse " and " The Evolution of Resident Evil : Bridge to Extinction " .
In 2013 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a two @-@ disc set containing the first four films in the series . It was called The 4 Movie Resident Evil Collection .
= 2001 ( Dr. Dre album ) =
2001 is the second studio album by American rapper and producer Dr. Dre . It was released on November 16 , 1999 , by Interscope Records as the follow @-@ up to his 1992 debut album The Chronic . The record was produced primarily by Dr. Dre and Mel @-@ Man , as well as Lord Finesse , and features several guest contributions from fellow American rappers such as The D.O.C. , Hittman , Snoop Dogg , Kurupt , Xzibit , Nate Dogg , and Eminem . 2001 exhibits an expansion on his debut 's G @-@ funk sound and contains gangsta rap themes such as violence , promiscuity , drug use , street gangs , and crime .
The album debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart , selling 516 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . It produced three singles that attained chart success and has been certified sextuple platinum in sales by the RIAA ; as of August 2015 the album has sold 7 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . 2001 received mostly positive reviews from critics , many of whom praised the music although some found the lyrics objectionable .
= = Title = =
The title " Chronic 2000 " was the original title for former Death Row Records artist Dr. Dre 's anticipated second album , but Suge Knight took the title and used it for his album which forced Dre to retitle his album to 2001 .
= = Background = =
In an interview with The New York Times , Dr. Dre talked of his motivation to record the album and how he felt that he had to prove himself to fans and media again after doubts arose over his production and rapping ability . These doubts came from the fact that he had not released a solo studio album since The Chronic ( 1992 ) . He stated :
For the last couple of years , there 's been a lot of talk out on the streets about whether or not I can still hold my own , whether or not I 'm still good at producing . That was the ultimate motivation for me . Magazines , word of mouth and rap tabloids were saying I didn 't have it any more . What more do I need to do ? How many platinum records have I made ? O.K. , here 's the album – now what do you have to say ?
The album was intended to be released as a mixtape ; with tracks linked through interludes and turntable effects , but was then changed to be set up like a film . Dr. Dre stated , " Everything you hear is planned . It 's a movie , with different varieties of situations . So you 've got buildups , touching moments , aggressive moments . You 've even got a ' Pause for Porno . ' It 's got everything that a movie needs . " Speaking of how he did not record the album for club or radio play and that he planned the album simply for entertainment with comical aspects throughout , he commented " I 'm not trying to send out any messages or anything with this record . I just basically do hard @-@ core hip @-@ hop and try to add a touch of dark comedy here and there . A lot of times the media just takes this and tries to make it into something else when it 's all entertainment first . You shouldn 't take it too seriously . "
= = Recording = =
Some of the lyrics on the album used by Dre have been noted to be penned by several ghostwriters . Royce da 5 ' 9 " was rumored to be a ghostwriter on the album . He was noted for writing the last track , " The Message " ; however , he is not credited by his legal name or alias in the liner notes . A track he recorded on the album , originally named " The Way I Be Pimpin ' " , was later retouched as " Xxplosive " ; this version has Dr. Dre rapping penned verses by Royce and featured Royce 's vocals on the chorus . Royce wrote several tracks such as " The Throne Is Mine " and " Stay In Your Place " which were later cut from the final track list . The tracks have been leaked later on several mixtapes , including Pretox .
The album 's production expanded on that of The Chronic , with new , sparse beats and reduced
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, particularly in the Far East ; New Zealand was asked to partially subsidise a fleet unit for the China Station .
To this end , the Prime Minister of New Zealand , Sir Joseph Ward , announced on 22 March 1909 that his country would fund a battleship ( later changed to an Indefatigable @-@ class battlecruiser ) as an example to other countries . It is unclear why this design was selected , given that it was known to be inferior to the battlecruisers entering service with the Imperial German Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) . Historian John Roberts has suggested that the request may have been attributable to the Royal Navy 's practice of using small battleships and large cruisers as flagships of stations far from Britain , or it might have reflected the preferences of the First Sea Lord and Admiral of the Fleet John Fisher , preferences not widely shared . The New Zealand Government took out a loan to fund the cost of the ship .
New Zealand 's keel was laid at Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering 's yard on the Clyde on 20 June 1910 . Launched on 1 July 1911 , the battlecruiser was commissioned into the Royal Navy four days before she was completed on 23 November 1912 .
= = Service = =
New Zealand was sent on a ten @-@ month flag @-@ waving tour of New Zealand via South Africa in 1913 . During this tour , the ship was seen by an estimated half @-@ million New Zealanders — almost half the population — and her captain was presented with a Māori piupiu ( a warrior 's skirt made from rolled flax ) and a greenstone hei @-@ tiki ( pendant ) , which were intended to ward off evil .
The Admiralty requested that New Zealand return to the United Kingdom when the tour concluded , rather than remain in the Pacific region as originally planned . The New Zealand Government acceded to the request and , upon her arrival on 8 December 1913 , New Zealand joined the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron ( 1st BCS ) of the Grand Fleet . The squadron visited Brest in February 1914 , and Riga , Reval and Kronstadt in the Russian Empire the following June . On 19 August 1914 , shortly after World War I began , New Zealand was transferred to the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ( 2nd BCS ) .
= = = Battle of Heligoland Bight = = =
New Zealand 's first wartime action was the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914 , as part of the battlecruiser force under the command of Admiral David Beatty . Beatty 's ships were originally intended to provide distant support for the British cruisers and destroyers closer to the German coast , in case large units of the High Seas Fleet sortied in response to the British attacks once the tide rose . When the British light forces failed to disengage on schedule at 11 : 35 a.m. , the battlecruisers , led by Beatty aboard his flagship , HMS Lion , began to head south at full speed to reinforce the smaller British ships ; the rising tide meant that German capital ships would be able to clear the sandbar at the mouth of the Jade estuary .
The brand @-@ new light cruiser HMS Arethusa had been crippled earlier in the battle and was under fire from the German light cruisers SMS Strassburg and SMS Cöln when Beatty 's battlecruisers loomed out of the mist at 12 : 37 p.m. By this time , New Zealand had fallen behind the three newer and faster battlecruisers and was not in position to significantly participate in the battle . Strassburg was able to evade fire by hiding in the mists , but Cöln remained visible and was quickly crippled by the British squadron . Before the German ship could be sunk , Beatty was distracted by the sudden appearance of the elderly light cruiser SMS Ariadne off his starboard bow . He turned to pursue , but Ariadne was set afire after only three salvos fired from under 6 @,@ 000 yards ( 5 @,@ 500 m ) . At 1 : 10 , Beatty turned north and made a general signal to retire . Shortly after turning north , the battlecruisers encountered the crippled Cöln , which was sunk by two salvos from Lion . During the battle , New Zealand 's captain , Lionel Halsey , wore the Māori piupiu over his uniform , setting a tradition followed for the duration of the war . Two days after the battle , New Zealand was transferred back to the 1st BCS , when the battlecruiser Inflexible arrived from the Mediterranean .
= = = Raid on Scarborough = = =
The German Navy had decided on a strategy of bombarding British towns on the North Sea coast in an attempt to draw out the Royal Navy and destroy elements of it in detail . An earlier raid on Yarmouth on 3 November 1914 had been partially successful , but a larger @-@ scale operation was later devised by Admiral Franz von Hipper . The fast battlecruisers would conduct the bombardment , while the rest of the High Seas Fleet stationed itself east of Dogger Bank , so they could cover the battlecruisers ' return and destroy any pursuing British vessels . Having broken the German naval codes , the British were planning to catch the raiding force on its return journey , although they were not aware of the High Seas Fleet 's presence . Admiral Beatty 's 1st BCS ( now reduced to four ships , including New Zealand ) and the 2nd Battle Squadron ( consisting of six dreadnoughts ) were detached from the Grand Fleet in an attempt to intercept the Germans near Dogger Bank .
Admiral Hipper 's raiders set sail on 15 December 1914 , and successfully bombarded several English towns ; British destroyers escorting the 1st BCS had already encountered German destroyers of the High Seas Fleet at 5 : 15 a.m. and fought an inconclusive action with them . Vice Admiral Sir George Warrender , commanding the 2nd Battle Squadron , had received a signal at 5 : 40 that the destroyer HMS Lynx was engaging enemy destroyers , although Beatty had not . The destroyer HMS Shark spotted the German armoured cruiser SMS Roon and her escorts at about 7 : 00 , but could not transmit the message until 7 : 25 . Admiral Warrender received the signal , as did New Zealand , but Beatty , aboard Lion , did not , even though New Zealand had been specifically tasked to relay messages between the destroyers and the flagship . Warrender attempted to pass on Shark 's message to Beatty at 7 : 36 , but did not manage to make contact until 7 : 55 . On receiving the message , Beatty reversed course , and dispatched New Zealand to search for Roon . She was being overhauled by New Zealand when Beatty received messages that Scarborough was being shelled at 9 : 00 . Beatty ordered New Zealand to rejoin the squadron and turned west for Scarborough .
The British forces , heading west to cover the main route through the minefields protecting the coast of England , split up while passing the shallow Southwest Patch of Dogger Bank ; Beatty 's ships headed to the north , while Warrender passed to the south . This left a 15 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 28 km ; 17 mi ) gap between them , through which the German light forces began to move . At 12 : 25 p.m. , the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group began to pass the British forces searching for Hipper . The light cruiser HMS Southampton spotted the light cruiser SMS Stralsund and signalled a report to Beatty . At 12 : 30 , Beatty turned his battlecruisers towards the German ships , which he presumed were the advance screen for Hipper 's ships . However , those were some 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) behind . The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron , which had been screening for Beatty 's ships , detached to pursue the German cruisers , but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions . This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape , and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers . The German battlecruisers wheeled to the north @-@ east of the British forces and also made good their escape .
New Zealand became flagship of the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ( 2nd BCS ) of the Grand Fleet on 15 January 1915 , and saw action the following week in the Battle of Dogger Bank .
= = = Battle of
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The 20 teams that took part in the race were :
= = Pre @-@ race favorites = =
The starting peloton included the 1992 winner , Miguel Indurain , who had not had a successful start to his 1993 campaign according to El Mundo writer Javier de Dalmases . Dalmases went on to name Gianni Bugno , Pavel Tonkov , 1988 winner Andrew Hampsten , and Claudio Chiappucci as contenders for the overall crown , while author Bill McGann dismissed Bugno saying that he was ability to " win at will " had passed .
Famed sprinters Mario Cipollini and Djamolidine Abdoujaparov did not compete in the race , while Dutch sprinter Jean @-@ Paul van Poppel was going to race in the Giro but was left off the roster before it started . With the aforementioned riders ' absence , Dalmases stated that Italian Adriano Baffi would likely win some of the flat stages . In addition , Dalmases believed Maurizio Fondriest was in peak form coming into the race and that he would be the first rider to don the race leader 's maglia rosa ( English : pink jersey ) .
= = Route and stages = =
The route for the 1993 Giro d 'Italia was unveiled by race director Carmine Castellano on 14 November 1992 . It contained three time trial events , all of which were individual . There were nine stages containing high mountains , of which five had summit finishes : stage 3 , to Sella di Corno ; stage 13 , to Passo delle Erbe ; stage 15 , to Lumezzane ; stage 17 , to Chianale ; and stage 20 , to Oropa . Another stage with a mountain @-@ top finish was stage 19 , which consisted of a climbing time trial to village of Sestriere . The organizers chose to include one rest day . When compared to the previous year 's race , the race was 141 km ( 88 mi ) shorter , contained one more rest day , more mountains , and lacked an opening time trial prologue . In addition , this race contained one fewer stage , but two more sets of half stages .
The race began with a split stage on the island of Elba , where Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled briefly in 1814 . The race last visited in 1980 where the race finished in Portoferraio with a sprint finish won by Carmelo Barone . The route contained less time trials than the 1992 route , which Italian rider Claudio Chiappucci had requested . The race 's fourteenth stage , which began and ended in Corvara , was named the queen stage for the amount of difficult mountains contained in the stage . Italian rider Franco Chioccioli liked that there were more points of attack in the race and believed that played into Miguel Indurain 's hands .
= = Race overview = =
This edition of the Giro began with a split stage , with the morning leg consisting of a 85 km ( 53 mi ) undulating course and the afternoon stage being a brief 9 km ( 6 mi ) individual time trial . Moreno Argentin won the morning stage after attacking on the final climb of the day to win the leg by thirty @-@ four seconds over the chasing peloton . The afternoon time trial navigated the streets of Portoferraio and was won by Italian Maurizio Fondriest . The Giro 's second stage was relatively a flat route that culminated with a sprint finish which was won by Adriano Baffi . The next day saw the first uphill finish to the Selle di Corno . General classification hopeful Piotr Ugrumov positioned himself in the day 's breakaway and attacked up the final climb to win the stage and climb to second overall .
The Giro 's fourth stage ended with a sprint finish that was won by Italian Fabio Baldato . Jolly Componibili @-@ Club 88 's Dimitri Konyshev attacked in the closing kilometers of the fifth stage to take the win . The day of racing concluded with a sprint finish in Messina , which was won by Italian Guido Bontempi . Bjarne Riis , Giancarlo Perini , and Michele Coppolillo made up the leading breakaway as the race made its way into the stage seven finish in Agrigento . Riis and Coppolillo pulled away from Perini in the final seconds and Riis subsequently edged out Perini for the victory . The race 's eighth leg came down to a sprint finish in Palermo , where Adriano Baffi bested the likes of Endrio Leoni and Fabio Baldato for the win .
The race 's ninth stage began in Montelibretti after the race necessitated the transfer to the city during the rest day the day before . The riders were preparing for a sprint finish when Giorgio Furlan and Mario Chiesa attacked with about 5 km ( 3 mi ) of racing to go . The two riders successfully fended off the chasing peloton and went on to the finish in Fabriano , where Furlan managed to beat out Chiesa for the victory . The stage 10 individual time trial began and ended in the city of Senigallia . Miguel Indurain dominated the course and gained over a minute on race leader Moreno Argentin , which allowed him to gain the overall lead of the race and don the race leader 's maglia rosa ( English : pink jersey ) .
Stage eleven was marred by rainy weather , which caused many splits in the peloton . Fabio Fontanelli won the stage as a member of the lead group , but tenth @-@ place finisher Bruno Leali gained a six @-@ second race lead by finishing more than three minutes in front of overall leader Miguel Indurain . The Giro 's twelfth stage began with a large climb which led to many attacks . Despite the flurry of attacks , the whole peloton eventually made it to the finish line together for a sprint finish that was won by Russian Dimitri Konyshev .
The thirteenth stage saw the first stage that contained mountains from the Dolomites . On the penultimate climb of the day , the Passo di Eores , a lead group broke away that contained the likes of Andrew Hampsten , Piotr Urgrumov , and Massimiliano Lelli . The riders stayed out in front over the final climb of the Passi delle Erbe , but were eventually caught by the chase group containing the race leader Leoni . Moreno Argentin edged out Lelli for his second stage victory at the 1993 Giro d 'Italia . The
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338 votes . His character has also been used as the mascot for The King of Fighters 's 15th anniversary . He has received praise and criticism from several video game publications and other media . Scott Daylor from CultureCuartel labelled him a " lame " addition to the character roster in The King of Fighters ' 99 . Andres Rojas from Nintendo World Report referred to K ' as " a fighter not to be reckoned with " as well as a comical " Michael Jackson wannabe " . 1UP.com praised K ' as among the most inspired new character designs in The King of Fighters series since Iori Yagami in The King of Fighters ' 95 , noting his unique fighting style : merely " Violence " which contrasted with other known fighting styles . Additionally , 1UP.com noted that anything involving the character 's sunglasses qualified as the best pose from the game . Similarly , Josh Kramer of Thunderbolt praised K ' ' s design alongside Iori . In another review , Jeremy Dunham of IGN noted that Eolith had re @-@ voiced K ' in The King of Fighters 2001 for PlayStation 2 , listing the character among those that provided " plenty of old @-@ school enjoyment " . FileFactory Games commented that K ' appears in a " fun to watch " CG movie in KOF : Maximum Impact 2 , even though " neither of these movies actually make any sense at all " .
Critics have also commented on the character 's role in the printed adaptations of the franchise . A. E. Sparrow , reviewing the graphic novel King of Fighters 2003 : Volume 4 for IGN , commented that K ' is " sufficiently heroic " with the comic allowing the exploration of his motivations . His duel against Kyo 's clone , Kusanagi , was referred by GenjisPress as " fan @-@ only territory " due to the lack of context . His relationship with his partner Maxima is described as : " hard to tell friend from rival in a story like this , especially for one who is unfamiliar with the game . " Reviewing volume five , Mania Entertainment 's Ben Leary said the K ' -heavy storyline makes " one of the wildest transitions I 've seen in a comic yet " with K ' involved in a conflict related to Japanese mythology for no apparent reason . However , he said that the way K ' receives new powers to defeat Mukai is " self @-@ contradictory " and that " nothing really happens as a result " of this event .
On the official SNK Playmore King of Fighters anniversary website , an image of K ' drawn in the style of the other The King of Fighters XII participants appeared , along with a similar image of Mai Shiranui , leading to speculation that they would appear in the game . UTV Ignition Entertainment 's business development director Shane Bettenhausen refused to answer these rumors , but noted fans asked more often about Mai 's absence . None of them made it into the game which caused discontent within gamers . In an official press releases by Atlus regarding The King of Fighters XIII , it was stated that K ' ' s return was because of popular demand . His return along with his two teammates , Maxima and Kula , as well as Mai , has been met with praise by video game publications .
Merchandising based on K ' has been released including action figures and clothing for cosplaying .
= Grand Theft Auto clone =
Grand Theft Auto clone is a subgenre of open world action @-@ adventure video games , characterized by their likeness to the Grand Theft Auto series in either gameplay , or overall design . These types of open world games are games in which players may find and use a variety of vehicles and weapons while roaming freely in an open world setting . The objective of such games is to complete a sequence of core missions involving driving and shooting , but often side @-@ missions and minigames are added to improve replay value . The storylines of games in this subgenre typically have strong themes of crime and violence .
The subgenre has its origins in open @-@ world action adventure games popularized in Europe ( and particularly the United Kingdom ) throughout the 1980s and 1990s . The release of Grand Theft Auto ( 1997 ) marked a major commercial success for open @-@ ended game design in North America , and featured a more marketable crime theme . But it was the popularity of its 3D sequel Grand Theft Auto III in 2001 that led to the widespread propagation of a more specific set of gameplay conventions consistent with a subgenre . The subgenre now includes many games from different developers all over the world where the player can control wide ranges of vehicles and weapons . The subgenre has evolved with greater levels of environmental detail and more realistic behaviors .
Since calling a game a " clone " usually has a negative connotation , reviewers have come up with other names for the subgenre . Names such as " sandbox games " , however , are applied to a wider range of games that do not share key features of the Grand Theft Auto series .
= = Definition = =
A Grand Theft Auto clone is a video game that falls within the genre popularized by the 2001 title Grand Theft Auto III , where players are given the ability to drive any vehicle or fire any weapon as they explore an open world . These games are sometimes treated as a 3D action @-@ adventure game , or third @-@ person shooter . They are noted for frequently bearing strong violent or criminal themes , though exceptions like American McGee Presents : Scrapland have copied its gameplay and structure with a Teen rating .
= = = Other terminology = = =
Calling a game a " Grand Theft Auto clone " is
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realigning election , in which McKinley 's view of a stronger central government building American industry through protective tariffs and a dollar based on gold triumphed . The voting patterns established then displaced the near @-@ deadlock the major parties had seen since the Civil War ; the Republican dominance begun then would continue until 1932 , another realigning election with the ascent of Franklin Roosevelt . Phillips argues that , with the possible exception of Iowa Senator Allison , McKinley was the only Republican who could have defeated Bryan — he theorized that eastern candidates such as Morton or Reed would have done badly against the Illinois @-@ born Bryan in the crucial Midwest . According to the biographer , though Bryan was popular among rural voters , " McKinley appealed to a very different industrialized , urbanized America . "
= = Presidency ( 1897 – 1901 ) = =
= = = Inauguration and appointments = = =
McKinley was sworn in as president on March 4 , 1897 , as his wife and mother looked on . The new President gave a lengthy inaugural address ; he urged tariff reform , and stated that the currency issue would have to await tariff legislation . He warned against foreign interventions , " We want no wars of conquest . We must avoid the temptation of territorial aggression . "
McKinley 's most controversial Cabinet appointment was that of John Sherman as Secretary of State . Sherman was not McKinley 's first choice for the position ; he initially offered it to Senator Allison . One consideration in Senator Sherman 's appointment was to provide a place in the Senate for Hanna ( who had turned down a Cabinet position as Postmaster General ) . As Sherman had served as Secretary of the Treasury under Hayes , only the State position , the leading Cabinet post , was likely to entice him from the Senate . Sherman 's mental faculties were decaying even in 1896 ; this was widely spoken of in political circles , but McKinley did not believe the rumors . Nevertheless , McKinley sent his cousin , William McKinley Osborne , to have dinner with the 73 @-@ year @-@ old senator ; he reported back that Sherman seemed as lucid as ever . McKinley wrote once the appointment was announced , " the stories regarding Senator Sherman 's ' mental decay ' are without foundation ... When I saw him last I was convinced both of his perfect health , physically and mentally , and that the prospects of life were remarkably good . "
After some difficulties , Ohio Governor Bushnell appointed Hanna to the Senate . Once in Cabinet office , Sherman 's mental incapacity became increasingly apparent . He was often bypassed by his first assistant , McKinley 's Canton crony Judge William Day , and by the second secretary , Alvey A. Adee . Day , an Ohio lawyer unfamiliar with diplomacy , was often reticent in meetings ; Adee was somewhat deaf . One diplomat characterized the arrangement , " the head of the department knew nothing , the first assistant said nothing , and the second assistant heard nothing " .
Maine Congressman Nelson Dingley Jr. was McKinley 's choice for Secretary of the Treasury ; he declined it , preferring to remain as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee . Charles Dawes , who had been Hanna 's lieutenant in Chicago during the campaign , was considered for the Treasury post but by some accounts Dawes considered himself too young . Dawes eventually became Comptroller of the Currency ; he recorded in his published diary that he had strongly urged McKinley to appoint as secretary the successful candidate , Lyman J. Gage , president of the First National Bank of Chicago and a Gold Democrat . The Navy Department was offered to former Massachusetts Congressman John Davis Long , an old friend from the House , on January 30 , 1897 . Although McKinley was initially inclined to allow Long to choose his own assistant , there was considerable pressure on the President @-@ elect to appoint Theodore Roosevelt , head of the New York City Police Commission and a former state assemblyman . McKinley was reluctant , stating to one Roosevelt booster , " I want peace and I am told that your friend Theodore is always getting into rows with everybody . " Nevertheless , he made the appointment .
In addition to Sherman , McKinley made one other ill @-@ advised Cabinet appointment , that of Secretary of War , which fell to Russell A. Alger , former general and Michigan governor . Competent enough in peacetime , Alger proved inadequate once the conflict with Spain began . With the War Department plagued by scandal , Alger resigned at McKinley 's request in mid @-@ 1899 . Vice President Hobart , as was customary at the time , was not invited to Cabinet meetings . However , he proved a valuable adviser both for McKinley and for his Cabinet members . The wealthy Vice President leased a residence close to the White House ; the two families visited each other without formality , and the Vice President 's wife , Jennie Tuttle Hobart , sometimes substituted as Executive Mansion hostess when Ida McKinley was unwell . For most of McKinley 's administration , George B. Cortelyou served as his personal secretary . Cortelyou , who served in three Cabinet positions under Theodore Roosevelt ,
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ɾˠɔhəd ̪ ˠ / ( ' bridge ' ) , ndréimire / ˈnʲɾʲeːmʲəɾʲə / ( ' ladder ' ) , ngléasfá / ˈɲlʲeːsˠaː / ( ' you would dress ' ) , ngreadfá / ˈɲɾʲat ̪ ˠaː / ( ' you would leave ' ) , ngníomhófá / ˈɲnʲiːwoːhaː / ( ' you would act ' ) .
In Donegal , Mayo , and Connemara dialects ( but not usually on the Aran Islands ) , the coronal nasals / nˠ , nʲ / can follow only / sˠ , ʃ / respectively in a word @-@ initial cluster . After other consonants , they are replaced by / ɾˠ , ɾʲ / : cnoc / kɾˠʊk / ( ' hill ' ) , mná / mˠɾˠaː / ( ' women ' ) , gnaoi / ɡɾˠiː / ( ' liking ' ) , tnúth / t ̪ ˠɾˠuː / ( ' long for ' ) .
Under lenition , / sˠn ̪ ˠ , ʃnʲ / become / hn ̪ ˠ , hnʲ / as expected in these dialects , but after the definite article an they become / t ̪ ˠɾˠ , tʲɾʲ / : sneachta / ʃnʲaxt ̪ ˠə / ( ' snow ' ) , shneachta / hnʲaxt ̪ ˠə / ( ' snow ' [ lenited form ] ) , an tsneachta / ə tʲɾʲaxt ̪ ˠə / ( ' the snow ' gen . ) .
= = = Post @-@ vocalic consonant clusters and epenthesis = = =
Like word @-@ initial consonant clusters , post @-@ vocalic consonant clusters usually agree in broad or slender quality . The only exception here is that broad / ɾˠ / , not slender / ɾʲ / , appears before the slender coronals / tʲ , dʲ , ʃ , nʲ , lʲ / : beirt / bʲɛɾˠtʲ / ( ' two people ' ) , ceird / ceːɾˠdʲ / ( ' trade ' ) , doirse / ˈd ̪ ˠoːɾˠʃə / ( ' doors ' ) , doirnín / d ̪ ˠuːɾˠˈnʲiːnʲ / ( ' handle ' ) , comhairle / ˈkuːɾˠlʲə / ( ' advice ' ) .
A cluster of / ɾˠ , ɾʲ / , / l ̪ ˠ , lʲ / , or / n ̪ ˠ , nʲ / followed by a labial or dorsal consonant ( except the voiceless stops / pˠ , pʲ / , / k , c / ) is broken up by an epenthetic vowel / ə / : borb / ˈbˠɔɾˠəbˠ / ( ' abrupt ' ) , gorm / ˈɡɔɾˠəmˠ / ( ' blue ' ) , dearmad / ˈdʲaɾˠəmˠəd ̪ ˠ / ( ' mistake ' ) , dearfa / ˈdʲaɾˠəfˠə / ( ' certain ' ) , seirbhís / ˈʃɛɾʲəvʲiːʃ / ( ' service ' ) , fearg / ˈfʲaɾˠəɡ / ( ' anger ' ) , dorcha / ˈd ̪ ˠɔɾˠəxə / ( ' dark ' ) , dalba / ˈd ̪ ˠal ̪ ˠəbˠə / ( ' bold ' ) , colm / ˈkɔl ̪ ˠəmˠ / ( ' dove ' ) , soilbhir / ˈsˠɪlʲəvʲəɾʲ / ( ' pleasant ' ) , gealbhan / ˈɟal ̪ ˠəwən ̪ ˠ / ( ' sparrow ' ) , binb / ˈbʲɪnʲəbʲ / ( ' venom ' ) , Banba , / ˈbˠan ̪ ˠəbə / ( a name for Ireland ) , ainm / ˈanʲəmʲ / ( ' name ' ) , meanma / ˈmʲan ̪ ˠəmˠə / ( ' mind ' ) , ainmhí / ˈanʲəvʲiː / ( ' animal ' ) .
There is no epenthesis , however , if the vowel preceding the cluster is long or a diphthong : fáirbre / ˈfˠaːɾʲbʲɾʲə / ( ' wrinkle ' ) , téarma / ˈtʲeːɾˠmˠə / ( ' term ' ) , léargas / ˈlʲeːɾˠɡəsˠ / ( ' insight ' ) , dualgas / ˈd ̪ ˠuəl ̪ ˠɡəsˠ / ( ' duty ' ) . There is also no epenthesis into words that are at least three syllables long : firmimint / ˈfʲɪɾʲmʲəmʲənʲtʲ / ( ' firmament ' ) , smiolgadán / ˈsˠmʲɔl ̪ ˠɡəd ̪ ˠaːn ̪ ˠ / ( ' throat ' ) , caisearbhán / ˈkaʃəɾˠwaːn ̪ ˠ / ( ' dandelion ' ) , Cairmilíteach / ˈkaɾʲmʲəlʲiːtʲəx / ( ' Carmelite ' ) .
= = Phonological processes = =
= = = Vowel @-@ initial words = = =
Vowel @-@ initial words in Irish exhibit behavior that has led linguists to suggest that the vowel sound they begin with on the surface is not actually the first sound in the word at a more abstract level . Specifically , when a clitic ending in a consonant precedes a word beginning with the vowel , the consonant of the clitic surfaces as either broad or slender , depending on the specific word in question . For example , the n of the definite article an ( ' the ' ) is slender before the word iontais ( ' wonder ' ) but broad before the word aois ( ' age ' ) : an iontais / ənʲ ˈiːn ̪ ˠt ̪ ˠəʃ / ( ' the wonder ' gen . ) vs. an aois / ən ̪ ˠ ˈiːʃ / ( ' the age ' ) .
One analysis of these facts is that vowel @-@ initial words actually begin , at an abstract level of representation , with a kind of " empty " consonant that consists of nothing except the information " broad " or " slender " . Another analysis is that vowel @-@ initial words , again at an abstract level , all begin with one of two semivowels , one triggering palatalization and the other triggering velarization of a preceding consonant .
= = = Lengthening before fortis sonorants = = =
Where reflexes of the Old Irish fortis sonorants appear in syllable @-@ final position ( in some cases , only in word @-@ final position ) , they trigger a lengthening or diphthongization of the preceding vowel in most dialects of Irish . The details vary from dialect to dialect .
In Donegal and Mayo , lengthening is found only before rd , rl , rn , before rr ( except when a vowel follows ) , and in a few words also before word @-@ final ll , for example , barr / bˠaːɾˠ / ( ' top ' ) , ard / aːɾˠd ̪ ˠ / ( ' tall ' ) , orlach / ˈoːɾˠl ̪ ˠax / ( ' inch ' ) , tuirne / ˈt ̪ uːɾˠn ̠ ʲə / (
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' spinning wheel ' ) , thall / haːl ̪ ˠ / ( ' yonder ' ) .
In Connemara , the Aran Islands , and Munster , lengthening is found generally not only in the environments listed above , but also before nn ( unless a vowel follows ) and before m and ng at the end of a word . For example , the word poll ( ' hole ' ) is pronounced / pˠəul ̪ ˠ / in all of these regions , while greim ( ' grip ' ) is pronounced / ɟɾʲiːmʲ / in Connemara and Aran and / ɟɾʲəimʲ / in Munster .
Because vowels behave differently before broad sonorants than before slender ones in many cases , and because there is generally no lengthening ( except by analogy ) when the sonorants are followed by a vowel , there is a variety of vowel alternations between different related word @-@ forms . For example , in Dingle ceann ( ' head ' ) is pronounced / cəun ̪ ˠ / with a diphthong , but cinn ( the genitive singular of the same word ) is pronounced / ciːnʲ / with a long vowel , while ceanna ( the plural , meaning ' heads ' ) is pronounced / ˈcan ̪ ˠə / with a short vowel .
This lengthening has received a number of different explanations within the context of theoretical phonology . All accounts agree that some property of the fortis sonorant is being transferred to the preceding vowel , but the details about what property that is vary from researcher to researcher . Ó Siadhail & Wigger ( 1975 : 89 – 90 ) argue that the fortis sonorant is tense ( a term only vaguely defined phonetically ) and that this tenseness is transferred to the vowel , where it is realized phonetically as vowel length and / or diphthongization . Ní Chiosáin ( 1991 : 188 – 95 ) argues that the triggering consonant is underlyingly associated with a unit of syllable weight called a mora ; this mora then shifts to the vowel , creating a long vowel or a diphthong . Carnie ( 2002 ) expands on that analysis to argue that the fortis sonorants have an advanced tongue root ( that is , the bottom of the tongue is pushed upward during articulation of the consonant ) and that diphthongization is an articulatory effect of this tongue movement .
= = = Devoicing = = =
Where a voiced obstruent or / w / comes into contact with / h / , the / h / is absorbed into the other sound , which then becomes voiceless ( in the case of / w / , devoicing is to / fˠ / ) . Devoicing is found most prominently in the future of first conjugation verbs ( where the / h / sound is represented by the letter f ) and in the formation of verbal adjectives ( where the sound is spelled th ) . For example , the verb scuab / sˠkuəbˠ / ( ' sweep ' ) ends in the voiced consonant / bˠ / , but its future tense scuabfaidh / ˈsˠkuəpˠəɟ / ( ' will sweep ' ) and verbal adjective scuabtha / ˈsˠkuəpˠə / ( ' swept ' ) have the voiceless consonant / pˠ / .
= = = Sandhi = = =
Irish exhibits a number of external sandhi effects , i.e. phonological changes across word boundaries , particularly in rapid speech . The most common type of sandhi in Irish is assimilation , which means that a sound changes its pronunciation in order to become more similar to an adjacent sound . One type of assimilation in Irish is found when a coronal consonant ( one of d , l , n , r , s , t ) changes from being broad to being slender before a word that begins with a slender coronal consonant , or from being slender to being broad before a word that begins with a broad coronal consonant . For example , feall / fʲal ̪ ˠ / ( ' deceive ' ) ends with a broad ll , but in the phrase d 'fheall sé orm [ dʲal ̠ ʲ ʃə ɔɾˠəmˠ ] ( ' it deceived me ' ) , the ll has become slender because the following word , sé , starts with a slender coronal consonant .
The consonant n may also assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant , becoming labial before a labial consonant , palatal before a palatal consonant , and velar before a velar consonant . For example , the nn of ceann / can ̪ ˠ / ( ' one ' ) becomes [ mˠ ] in ceann bacach [ camˠ ˈbˠakəx ] ( ' a lame one ' ) and [ ŋ ] in ceann carrach [ caŋ ˈkaɾˠəx ] ( ' a scabbed one ' ) . A voiced consonant at the end of a word may become voiceless when the next word begins with a voiceless consonant , as in lúb sé [ l ̪ ˠuːpˠ ʃeː ] ( ' he bent ' ) , where the b sound of lúb / l ̪ ˠuːbˠ / ( ' bent ' ) has become a p sound before the voiceless s of sé .
= = Stress = =
= = = General facts of stress placement = = =
An Irish word normally has only one stressed syllable , namely the first syllable of the word . In IPA transcription , a stressed syllable is marked with the symbol [ ˈ ] to the left of the syllable . Examples include d 'imigh / ˈdʲɪmʲiː / ( ' left ' [ past tense of leave ] ) and easonóir / ˈasˠən ̪ ˠoːɾʲ / ( ' dishonor ' ) . However , certain words , especially adverbs and loanwords , have stress on a noninitial syllable , e.g. amháin / əˈwaːnʲ / ( ' only ' ) , tobac / təˈbak / ( ' tobacco ' ) .
In most compound words , primary stress falls on the first member and a secondary stress ( marked with [ ˌ ] ) falls on the second member , e.g. lagphórtach / ˈl ̪ ˠaɡˌfˠɔɾˠt ̪ ˠəx / ( ' spent bog ' ) . Some compounds , however , have primary stress on both the first and the second member , e.g. deargbhréag / ˈdʲaɾˠəɡˌvʲɾʲeːɡ / ( ' a terrible lie ' ) .
In Munster , stress is attracted to a long vowel or diphthong in the second or third syllable of a word , e.g. cailín / kaˈlʲiːnʲ / ( ' girl ' ) , achainí / axəˈnʲiː / ( ' request ' ) . In the now @-@ extinct accent of East Mayo , stress was attracted to a long vowel or diphthong in the same way as in Munster ; in addition , stress was attracted to a short vowel before word @-@ final ll , m , or nn when that word was also final in its utterance . For example , capall ( ' horse ' ) was pronounced [ kaˈpˠɞl ̪ ˠ ] in isolation or as the last word of a sentence , but as [ ˈkapˠəl ̪ ˠ ] in the middle of a sentence .
= = = The nature of unstressed vowels = = =
In general , short vowels are all reduced to schwa ( [ ə ] ) in unstressed syllables , but there are some exceptions . In Munster , if the third syllable of a word is stressed and the preceding two syllables are short , the first of the two unstressed syllables is not reduced to schwa ; instead it receives a secondary stress , e.g. spealadóir / ˌsˠpʲal ̪ ˠəˈd ̪ ˠoːɾʲ / ( ' scythe @-@ man ' ) . Also in Munster , an unstressed short vowel is not reduced to schwa if the following syllable contains a stressed / iː / or / uː / , e.g. ealaí / aˈl ̪ ˠi
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December 2008 to have final test procedures and infrastructure for the championships . As of 14 January 2009 , the main grandstand was complete while the teams worked on proper shaping of the hills for use . The large hill was closed while the normal hill was designated for ski jumper and Nordic combined athlete training . Further construction during the week of 19 January 2009 included spectator stairs on the side of the hill , mobile containers for the athletes and their service teams ; and a spectator catering tent was set up .
= = = Nordic combined = = =
The nordic combined events used both venues listed for cross country skiing and ski jumping . The test event for Nordic combined occurred during the weekend of 15 – 17 February 2008 . Because of the lack of snow and warm weather prior to the test event , the schedule for the test event was adjusted to the sprint event on 15 February , the Gundersen event on 16 February , and the sprint qualification event on 17 February . The sprint event on 15 February was cancelled to changing winds . Meanwhile , the Gundersen event on 16 February was changed to a mass start event won by Norway 's Petter Tande . Two unsuccessful attempts at the ski jumping part of the sprint qualification event to high winds on the 17th resulted in the event 's cancellation . A World Cup event leading up to the championships was to have taken place 13 – 14 December 2008 in the 10 km individual large hill event as a test event , but was cancelled on 6 December 2008 to warm weather and lack of snow . Neumannová stated that they had a second plan in getting snow from the Jizerske mountains higher elevations where there were better conditions for snowing . 10 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 350 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of snow at Bedřichov and Albrechtice were prepared for two nights . The third plan proposed two large parking places in the Krkonoše Mountains with natural snow collected for use in the Vesec area . Neumannová assured everyone " that the entire team is working very hard in order to deliver a successful FIS Nordic World Ski Championships . " and could not wait to " welcome all the teams , the international media , our guest , and of course , thousands of fans to Liberec in February . "
= = = Tipsport arena = = =
The Tipsport Arena in Liberec was used as the operational center for the championships . This included accreditation for the athletes , location of the organizing committee support staff , an international media center , and individual race offices . It also served as the site for the opening ceremonies of the championships .
= = Cross country skiing = =
The main winner in the cross country events was Norway with seven medals , including five golds , all in the men 's events . Petter Northug of Norway won three golds , earning them in the 15 km + 15 km double pursuit , 50 km , and 4 x 10 km relay . His teammate , Ola Vigen Hattestad , won golds in the individual and team sprint events . Estonia 's Andrus Veerpalu became the oldest winner at 38 in the men 's 15 km event . Kristin Størmer Steira was Norway 's only medal in the women 's events with a silver in the 7 @.@ 5 km + 7 @.@ 5 km double pursuit event . For the women 's events , the biggest winner was Finland 's Aino @-@ Kaisa Saarinen with four medals , including three golds ( Team sprint , 10 km , and 4 x 5 km relay ) and one bronze ( 7 @.@ 5 km + 7 @.@ 5 km double pursuit ) . Poland 's Justyna Kowalczyk won three medals at the championships with two golds ( 7 @.@
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5 km + 7 @.@ 5 km double pursuit and 30 km ) and a bronze ( 10 km ) . The only gold not awarded to either Kowalczyk or Saarinen was the women 's individual sprint won by Italy 's Arianna Follis . In that same event , Kikkan Randall became the first American woman to medal in cross country skiing at the world championships with her silver .
Medal table – men 's cross country skiing
Medal table – women 's cross country skiing
= = Men 's Nordic combined = =
The United States was the big winner at these championships with four medals . Todd Lodwick and Bill Demong each won two medals with two golds for Lodwick ( 10 km individual normal hill , 10 km mass start ) , and a gold ( 10 km individual large hill ) and a bronze ( 10 km individual normal hill ) for Demong . Demong 's disqualification in the ski jumping part of the 4 x 5 team event led to the United States withdrawal from the cross country part of the event . This led to a surprise gold medal for the Japanese in the team event , their first at the world championships in this event since 1995 .
Medal table
= = Ski jumping = =
Women 's ski jumping debuted at these championships which was won by American Lindsay Van . She was also the first North American to medal in ski jumping and the first American woman to medal at the championships . One the men 's side , Austria was the big winner with three medals and two each for Wolfgang Loitzl ( golds in men 's individual normal hill and team large hill events ) and Gregor Schlierenzauer ( gold in team large hill and silver in individual normal hill events ) . Both Loitzl and Schlierenzauer , World Cup leaders prior to the championships , joined Switzerland 's Simon Ammann in the podium of the individual normal hill event . Ammann 's teammate Andreas Küttel won gold in the individual large hill event in which only one jump was performed to unstable weather conditions . Norway also won three medals in the championships with a silver in the team large hill and bronzes from Anders Jacobsen ( individual large hill ) and Anette Sagen ( women 's individual normal hill ) .
Medal table – men 's ski jumping
Medal table – women 's ski jumping
= = Closing ceremonies = =
At the closing ceremonies of the championships , FIS President Kasper expressed great satisfaction with the championships , stating that it was the first time that a nation without any successful national favorites ( The Czech won only one medal , a silver by Bauer in the men 's 15 km ) had organized such a successful championship . According to Kasper , attendance reached between 180 @,@ 000 and 200 @,@ 000 in the 12 days of competition . The lack of snowfall concerns prior to the championships were more than made up for with continuous snowfall though that affected spectators and competitors alike . Praise was given by Kasper both to the venue managers and Czech TV for their efforts in their successful championships . 15 different nations reached the podium at the championships noted Kasper . Kasper also state the success of the women 's ski jumping event will hopefully push the International Olympic Committee to include the event for the 2014 Games in Sochi with a possible team event as well . Concerning the Nordic combined 10 km mass start , Kasper stated that the event will be thoroughly analyzed as part of an overall season assessment as part of the discipline 's current overhaul . Finally , Kasper wished everyone the best and looked forward to seeing everyone at Oslo for the next Nordic World Ski Championships .
= = Post @-@ event information = =
The organizing committee for the 2009 championships met in Oslo with the organizing committee of the 2011 championships on 20 April 2009 to discuss lessons learned . In the presentation was a comprehensive and frank analysis of the critical areas of Liberec 's organization . Key success factors were detailed and lessons learned were elaborated , including several recommendations to both the 2011 championships and the organizing committee for the 2013 championships in Val di Fiemme , Italy . Besides the 2009 , 2011 , and 2013 organizing committees in attendance , other attendees included the Norwegian Ski Federation , the European Broadcasting Union television , FIS , and the APF marketing partners .
Of the 73 skiers who won medals at these championships , 34 of them would medal at the Winter Olympics in Vancouver the following year . Three of the skiers who won the world championships in their respective events , Bill Demong in the nordic combined 10 km individual large hill , Justyna Kowalczyk in the cross @-@ country skiing women 's 30 km , and Petter Northug in the cross @-@ country skiing men 's 50 km , would win Olympic gold in those same events .
= = Medal table = =
= This Too Shall Pass ( OK Go song ) =
" This Too Shall Pass " is an alternative rock song by OK Go from the album Of the Blue Colour of the Sky . The single was released in January 2010 . The band took the unorthodox route of creating two official music videos for the song , both of which premiered on YouTube . The first features a live performance of the song in collaboration with the University of Notre Dame Marching Band . The second features a giant Rube Goldberg machine , constructed to operate in time with the song . The popularity of the second music video of the song has been compared to that of the band 's video for " Here It Goes Again " , helping to boost live performances and single song sales for the group but did not significantly improve sales of the Colour album . Difficulties in marketing and distribution of the videos with their corporate label , EMI , led the band to form their own independent label shortly after the videos ' releases .
The song was featured in the films The Joneses , Freakonomics and The Vow . It was also featured in the video game Top Spin 4 . It was also used as the theme song for the U.S. version of The Inbetweeners .
= = Song = =
The lyrics to " This Too Shall Pass " are written to encourage its audience , burdened with some figurative weight , to " let it go , this too shall pass " in the near future instead of continuing to let the weight keep them from enjoying life , akin to the meaning of the original phrase , This too shall pass . The song continues much of the theme of Of the Blue Colour of the Sky , which , according to Damian Kulash , was about " searching for hope in hopeless times " ; " This Too Shall Pass " and other songs from the album were written at the onset of the late @-@ 2000s recession . Billboard considered the song to be a " psych @-@ pop anthem " , similar to MGMT 's " Kids " ; this is in part due to the album 's producer Dave Fridmann who had also worked with MGMT and The Flaming Lips and brought some of the same musical stylings along .
= = First music video : Marching Band = =
The first video for the song was released on YouTube on January 12 , 2010 , to coincide with the release of the album and the single . Directed by Brian L. Perkins , it was filmed
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