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are PG rated they would take extra care to inform viewers of G rated episodes and to include material more suitable for children . Two years after the storyline aired , Gordon was reported to be a regular visitor to strip clubs as a result of her earlier visits whilst filming the storyline .
= = = Pregnancy and breast cancer = = =
In 2008 , viewers saw Martha coming to terms with a second pregnancy . The storyline began after Martha left old boyfriend Roman Harris ( Conrad Coleby ) for Jack . She was unsure of the child 's paternity , but kept it a secret from Jack . Gordon said this is " Because she doesn 't think he ever needs to know . Roman 's said he doesn 't want to be involved and he wants to say it 's Jack 's . And so does Martha ... " After Martha has a miscarriage scare , Roman wanted to know if the baby was his . Gordon explained that " Roman says he needs to know if he is or isn 't the baby 's father and Martha has to agree to do a DNA test . [ ... ] They wait till Jack 's out of the room then quickly arrange it . Martha 's so scared of losing Jack she wants the facts before deciding her next step . " Martha 's relationship with Jack was at its strongest at that time , but Gordon was concerned about Martha 's lies : " Martha and Jack have been through more than most and right now their relationship is as solid as it could be . But she 's taking a big chance not being honest about her pregnancy . " She described Roman being the baby 's father as " Martha 's worst nightmare " .
During the pregnancy storyline , Martha was also diagnosed with breast cancer . The storyline was introduced just over a year after Gordon 's partner , Chris Burkhardt , died from acute myeloid leukemia at the age of 23 . Gordon drew on her experience with Burkhardt to take on the storyline . Home and Away 's producer , Cameron Welsh , approached Gordon about the storyline and asked her if she would be comfortable doing it . Gordon called it an " amazing opportunity to be given " . Gordon said " The producer asked me if I wanted to do this storyline and made sure I was comfortable doing it based on what I had been through , I definitely think this one tops all of them " . Gordon added that anyone going through Martha 's ordeal would find it hard , but " you just look to your friends and family and do your best in that situation and then move on " .
Gordon and the writers researched the condition and made sure that the storyline " was pretty precise when it came to the medical and physical issues " . A couple of months before they started filming , everyone got together to discuss the storyline and map out the journey it would take . Viewers saw the character discovering a lump in her breast , going against doctors ' advice about terminating her pregnancy and subsequently going through with treatment for the cancer . Gordon later admitted that she found it " very tough " .
= = Storylines = =
= = = Backstory = = =
After falling pregnant by Brett Macklin ( Gerry Sont ) , Ruth Stewart ( Justine Clarke ) gave birth to Martha . However , she decided to give Martha up for adoption to a family called the MacKenzies . Martha grew up on her new family 's farm . Her adoptive parents died , leaving Martha with the farm and her adoptive brothers . Martha then went in search of her biological parents . Brett did not want to know her , but she managed to form a relationship with Ruth and went to live with her in New York . Her grandfather , Alf , and her great aunt , Morag ( Cornelia Frances ) , came to visit and Martha chose to return to Australia to live with her relatives .
= = = 2005 – 10 = = =
Martha stays in Summer Bay with Alf and she gets to know him and her cousin Ric Dalby ( Mark Furze ) . She begins dating Jesse McGregor ( Ben Unwin ) , but it does not last . She starts feuding with Jack Holden and they realise they are falling in love with each other .
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Sesame Street 's revenue came from licenses and products such as toys and clothing . By 2008 , the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for between $ 15 million and $ 17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees , split between the Sesame Workshop and The Jim Henson Company .
Jim Henson , the creator of the Muppets , owned the trademarks to those characters , and was reluctant to market them at first . He agreed when the CTW promised that the profits from toys , books , computer games , and other products were to be used exclusively to fund the CTW and its outreach efforts . Even though Cooney and the CTW had very little experience with marketing , they demanded complete control over all products and product decisions . Any product line associated with the show had to be educational and inexpensive , and could not be advertised during the show 's airings . As Davis reported , " Cooney stressed restraint , prudence , and caution " in their marketing and licensing efforts .
Director Jon Stone , talking about the music of Sesame Street , said : " There was no other sound like it on television " . For the first time in children 's television , the show 's songs fulfilled a specific purpose and supported its curriculum . In order to attract the best composers and lyricists , the CTW allowed songwriters like Sesame Street 's first musical director Joe Raposo to retain the rights to the songs they wrote , which earned them lucrative profits and helped the show sustain public interest . By 1991 , Sesame Street and its songwriters had received eight Grammys .
Sesame Street used animations and short films commissioned from outside studios , interspersed throughout each episode , to help teach their viewers basic concepts like numbers and letters . Jim Henson was one of the many producers to create short films for the show . Shortly after Sesame Street debuted in the United States , the CTW was approached independently by producers from several countries to produce versions of the show at home . These versions came to be called " co @-@ productions " . By 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of all international versions of Sesame Street , and in 2006 , there were twenty co @-@ productions around the world . By the show 's 40th anniversary in 2009 , Sesame Street was broadcast in more than 140 countries . In 2005 , Doreen Carvajal of The New York Times reported that income from the co @-@ productions and international licensing accounted for $ 96 million .
= = Cast , crew and characters = =
Shortly after the CTW was created in 1968 , Joan Ganz Cooney was named its first executive director . She was one of the first female executives in American television . Her appointment was called " one of the most important television developments of the decade " . She assembled a team of producers , all of whom had previously worked on Captain Kangaroo . Jon Stone was responsible for writing , casting , and format ; Dave Connell took over animation ; and Sam Gibbon served as the show 's chief liaison between the production staff and the research team . Cameraman Frankie Biondo worked on Sesame Street from its first episode .
Jim Henson and the Muppets ' involvement in Sesame Street began when he and Cooney met at one of the curriculum planning seminars in Boston . Author Christopher Finch reported that Stone , who had worked with Henson previously , felt that if they could not bring him on board , they should " make do without puppets " . Henson was initially reluctant , but he agreed to join Sesame Street to meet his own social goals . He also agreed to waive his performance fee for full ownership of the Sesame Street Muppets and to split any revenue they generated with the CTW . As Morrow stated , Henson 's puppets were a crucial part of the show 's popularity and it brought Henson national attention . Davis reported that Henson was able to take " arcane academic goals " and translate them to " effective and pleasurable viewing " . In early research , the Muppet segments of the show scored high , and more Muppets were added during the first few seasons . Morrow reported that the Muppets were effective teaching tools because children easily recognized them , they were stereotypical and predictable , and they appealed to adults and older siblings .
Although the producers decided against depending upon a single host for Sesame Street , instead casting a group of ethnically diverse actors , they realized that a children 's television program needed to have , as Lesser put it , " a variety of distinctive and reliable personalities " , both human and Muppet . Jon Stone , whose goal was to cast white actors in the minority , was responsible for hiring the show 's first cast . He did not audition actors until Spring 1969 , a few weeks before the five test shows were due to be filmed . Stone videotaped the auditions , and Ed Palmer took them out into the field to test children 's reactions . The actors who received the " most enthusiastic thumbs up " were cast . For example , Loretta Long was chosen to play Susan when the children who saw her audition stood up and sang along with her rendition of " I 'm a Little Teapot " . As Stone said , casting was the only aspect of the show that was " just completely haphazard " . Most of the cast and crew found jobs on Sesame Street through personal relationships with Stone and the other producers .
According to the CTW 's research , children preferred watching and listening to other children more than to puppets and adults , so they included children in many scenes . Dave Connell insisted that no child actors be used , so these children were nonprofession
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swords . A bronze oak and laurel garland runs along the base of the pedestal between bronze eagles on each corner .
Inscriptions on the monument include the following :
( front of the pedestal ) MAJOR GENERAL / GEORGE BRINTON MCCLELLAN / 1826 @-@ 1885
( rear of the pedestal ) ERECTED BY THE / GRAND ARMY OF THE POTOMAC / AND THE / CONGRESS OF THE VNITED STATES / 1907
( relief on proper left side ) MAC MONNIES / E. GRUET JNE FONDEUR
= Chatteris =
Chatteris / ˈtʃætɛrɪs / is a civil parish and one of four market towns in the Fenland district of Cambridgeshire , England , situated in The Fens between Huntingdon , March and Ely . The town is in the North East Cambridgeshire parliamentary constituency .
The parish of Chatteris is large , covering 6 @,@ 099 hectares , and for much of its history was a raised island in the low @-@ lying wetland of the Fens . Mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 , the town has evidence of settlement from the Neolithic period . After several fires in the 18th and 19th centuries , the majority of the town 's housing dates from the late Victorian period onwards , with the tower of the parish church the only medieval building remaining .
Following the draining of the Fens , beginning in the 17th century and completed in the 19th century , the town 's economy has been based on agriculture and related industry . Due to its proximity to Cambridge , Huntingdon and Peterborough , the town has emerged as a commuter town . The town had a population of 10 @,@ 453 at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2011 .
= = History = =
= = = Toponymy and early history = = =
Chatteris 's name probably derives from the Celtic Cedrid - Ced meaning a wood and Rid , a ford , although it may also derive from " cader " , meaning hill fort , suggesting a similar site to the nearby Stonea Camp . The town was mentioned in the Domesday Book as " Cetriz " and " Cateriz " .
Archaeological evidence has been found of Neolithic , Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements in the area , and Chatteris possesses what has been interpreted as the only upstanding Neolithic boundaries in Fenland . Saxon evidence is less well preserved , although in 679 , Hunna , the chaplain to Æthelthryth of Ely built a hermitage on Honey Hill . More apocryphically , Chatteris is reputed to have been the last refuge of Boudica as she fled from the Romans .
= = = Medieval period = = =
The miraculous story of the first known parishioner of the town , Bricstan , is documented in the Historia Ecclesiastica by the Chronicler Orderic Vitalis ( 1075 - c.1142 ) . According to the legend , Bricstan
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was a pious free tenant from the town who had joined the monastery at Ely Cathedral in 1115 to begin training as a monk . However , he was accused of theft and imprisoned in London . The legend recounts that one night he had a vision of Saint Etheldreda coming towards him , and as if by a miracle , his heavy chains fell from him and he was shackled no longer . When he awoke from his dream , he discovered that this was indeed true and he was free of his chains . The wife of Henry I , Matilda of Scotland , heard of the miracle , and she assured herself that he was no rogue or thief , issued a writ of pardon and declared him a free man .
During the Medieval period , the town was dominated by Chatteris Abbey , a small Benedictine nunnery dedicated to St Mary , built in 980 by Alfwen the niece of King Edgar and one of only eight nunneries mentioned in the Domesday Book . Throughout its existence , the abbey was comparatively poor compared to other foundations , due to a lack of royal patronage and a consequent lack of tithe estates . As a result , the abbey survived the first wave of closures during the Dissolution of the Monasteries , but was surrendered to the king 's commissioners in 1538 , by which time there were eleven nuns in residence .
At this date fourteen local families still used the abbey church as parochial but this , unusually , did not save it from demolition , the parishioners being transferred to nearby St Peter and St Paul 's Church in the area . It has been conjectured that due to the short space between them , the parish church may have been the abbey church , although Claire Breay 's Cartulary of Chatteris Abbey discounts this idea , citing that historical documentation clearly defines two separate churches . A range of the cloister buildings survived as part of a mansion known as Park House . This was demolished in 1847 and the site has now completely vanished beneath streets and housing , although the " Park Streets " of Chatteris mark the boundary of its walls and several buildings contain stone originating from the abbey . A large portion of the town was destroyed by a great fire in 1310 , which destroyed the nunnery and a large portion of the church , leaving only sections of the base of the tower .
= = = Early modern and contemporary = = =
Later fires in 1706 and 1864 destroyed most medieval and Georgian architecture , and a large proportion of the town 's listed buildings date from the Victorian period onwards . However , many of the pasture fields on the outskirts of the town have evidence of ridge and furrow farming practices , although these are under threat by current building proposals .
To the north of the town runs the Forty Foot Drain , a large river also called Vermuyden 's Drain , after the Dutch engineer whose name is associated with the fen drainage works of the middle of the 17th century
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, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Danielle early on August 14 . Further intensification occurred and by early on August 15 , Danielle reached hurricane status . The storm deepened significantly over the next 24 hours and became a Category 2 hurricane . Later on August 16 , Danielle peaked as strong Category 2 hurricane with winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 964 mbar ( 28 @.@ 5 inHg ) .
At the time of peak intensity on August 16 , Danielle was heading northward to north @-@ northwestward because of a subtropical ridge . Shortly thereafter , southwesterly vertical shear began increasing , causing the hurricane to weaken . Mid @-@ level flow associated with a diffluent trough caused Danielle to move northeastward on August 18 . Later that day Danielle deteriorated to a Category 1 hurricane , hours before being downgraded to a tropical storm . On August 19 , Danielle became nearly stationary and moved erratically while southwest of the Azores . Eventually , the storm curved west @-@ southwestward and weakened to a tropical depression on August 20 . About 24 hours later , Danielle degenerated into a remnant low pressure area . The remnant low moved westward and then to the north @-@ northwest , before dissipating about 795 mi ( 1 @,@ 280 km ) west @-@ southwest of the westernmost islands of the Azores .
= = = Tropical Storm Earl = = =
By August 13 , a tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Five while located about 1 @,@ 150 mi ( 1 @,@ 850 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . The depression headed westward between 21 and 29 mph ( 34 and 47 km / h ) due to a strong subtropical ridge located to its north . After developing banding features and an increase in Dvorak intensity estimates , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Earl at 18 : 00 UTC on August 14 . The storm strengthened slightly further and on the following day , it reached maximum sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Later on August 15 , Earl crossed the Windward Islands and passed just south of Grenada .
Although Earl appeared well @-@ organized , it unexpectedly degenerated into a tropical wave on August 16 , after a reconnaissance aircraft reported no closed circulation . The remnants eventually reached the Pacific Ocean and developed into Hurricane Frank on August 23 . Tropical storm force winds and heavy rainfall in Grenada damaged at least 34 homes and a nursing home and toppled several trees and electrical poles . Damage on other islands was confined to a few impacted homes , moderate crop losses , and widespread power outages , especially in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Tobago . One fatality occurred and 19 people were listed as missing .
= = = Hurricane Frances = = =
Around 00 : 00 UTC on August 24 , a tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Six , while located about 755 mi ( 1 @,@ 215 km ) west @-@ southwest of the southernmost islands of Cape Verde . Moving west @-@ northwestward , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Frances later that day . Frances reached hurricane status late on August 25 while curving northwestward . By August 28 , the storm reached a primary peak intensity as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph ( 215 km / h ) . Late the following day , Frances weakened to a Category 3 hurricane during an eyewall replacement cycle . However , by August 31 , the storm re @-@ intensified into a Category 4 hurricane and attained its maximum sustained wind speed of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) . While approaching the Bahamas , wind shear and increasing westerly winds aloft caused Frances to weaken to a Category 3 hurricane late on September 2 .
At 19 : 30 UTC on September 2 , the system made landfall on San Salvador Island with winds of 125 mph ( 2
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in one way his translations are inevitably " a little faint . " He explains this is because " Bellman 's colloquialisms which offended his contemporaries still strike Swedish ears as the language of everyday speech . My renderings , therefore , may seem a trifle too antique in flavour ; but to have jumbled up , as Bellman brilliantly does , modern @-@ sounding slang with the graces of Rococo diction , would have produced a horrid effect .
Editions and selections of the Epistles , some with illustrations , some with music , some printed together with Fredman 's Songs , include :
1790 : Fredmans epistlar , Stockholm : Olof Åhlström , by Royal Privilege .
--- facsimile reprint , 1976 : Uddevalla .
1816 : Fredmans epistlar , Stockholm : Rumstedt .
1844 : Fredmans epistlar , Copenhagen : Jaeger . With 24 coloured lithographs .
1858 : Fredmans epistlar , Text och musik , Copenhagen : J. Erslev . ( In Danish )
1869 : Fredmans epistlar och sånger , Stockholm : Elkan and Schildknecht .
1889 : Fredmans epistlar , Stockholm : Bonniers . Arranged for piano solo .
1899 : Fredmans epistlar af Carl Michael Bellman , Stockholm : Ljus . Intro. by Oscar Levertin . Illus. by Alf Wallander .
1909 : Fredmans Episteln , Jena : E. Diederichs . ( In German )
1920 : Fredmans epistlar , Ord och musik , Stockholm : Bonniers .
1927 : Carl Michael Bellmans skrifter . 1 . Fredmans Epistlar , Stockholm : Bellmanssällskapet . ( " Standard Edition " )
1953 : Les Épîtres de Fredman , Stockholm : Norstedt . ( In French ) 28 Epistles trans . Nils Afzelius and Pierre Volboudt . Illus . Elias Martin .
--- reprinted , 1984 : La Ferté @-@ Milon .
1958 : Das trunkene Lied , Munich : Desch . ( In German ) . trans . Hanns von Gumppenberg , Felix Niedner , Georg Schwarz .
1977 : Fredman 's Epistles and songs , Stockholm : Reuter and Reuter . ( In English ) trans . Paul Britten Austin .
1982 : Pesni Fredmana ; Poslaniia Fredmana , Leningrad : Khudozh . ( In Russian )
1991 : Fredmanowe posłania i pieśni , Kraków : Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne . ( In Polish )
1991 : Lauluja ja epistoloita , Helsinki : Yliopistopaino . ( In Finnish )
1994 : Fredmans epistlar , Stockholm : Proprius .
2002 : Ulla , mia Ulla : antologia poetica in italiano cantabile , Rome : Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali . ( In Italian ) . A selection .
2003 : Sterven van liefde
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some to be the biggest potential smash on the album " , and could have established Lavigne as a more mature artist if it was released first . According to Reid , " Some people just really didn 't get that . And with the first video , there was some concern that maybe because it 's so young and so playful , it might alienate more serious music lovers . "
" Losing Grip " was released as the fourth single off the album , " to act as a bridge into her next album " , which Lavigne stated would be " harder @-@ rocking " than her debut . In 2004 , it was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance However , it was the least successful single on the album .
" Mobile " was released in Australia and New Zealand as the final single from the album in those regions . It was later used in 2003 's The Medallion , the 2004 film Wimbledon , and a brief appearance in the film Just Married . In 2011 , a music video for the song leaked onto the internet made from official footage that was never finished .
= = = Other songs = = =
Other songs were released as regional radio @-@ only singles . " Things I 'll Never Say " was released as a radio @-@ only single in Italy . " Unwanted " was released as a promotional single in the United Kingdom . The song " Tomorrow " was played in one episode of the second season of the Warner Bros. series Smallville , while the song " Anything But Ordinary " was played in one episode of the TV series Birds of Prey .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reaction = = =
Let Go has earned mostly positive responses from critics , earning 68 points on Metacritic based on the collated reviews from 7 publications . Rolling Stone magazine 's music critic Pat Blashill wrote that the album " comes fully loaded with another dozen infectious hymns of Total Request angst " . Blashill complimented Lavigne on having a " great voice " , adding she crafted the album with " a qualified staff of hitmakers " . Christina Saraceno of AllMusic noted that Lavigne " handles a variety of styles deftly " , while also complimenting her as " a capable songwriter with vocal chops " . Nonetheless , Saraceno opined that " at her age , one imagines , she is still finding her feet , borrowing from the music she 's grown up listening to " . John Perry of Blender magazine summarized Let Go into an " outstanding guitar @-@ pop debut " . A review in Q magazine praised Lavigne for displaying " a musical guile way beyond her years " . Kaj Roth of Melodic felt that Lavigne " sings lovely and some of the songs goes in the Alanis Morissette [ sic ] vein . " For Jon Caramanica of Entertainment Weekly magazine ( who gave the album a B − ) , " Lavigne 's monochromatic debut set of unimaginative guitar rock is saved only by the earnestness of her songs . "
Some reviewers had similar sentiments toward the quality of the lyrics to some songs in the album . Saraceno said that Lavigne " still has some growing up to do lyrically " , asserting " Sk8er Boi " shows her " lyrical shortcomings " and calling the phrasing in " Too Much to Ask " " awkward and sometimes silly " . Perry noted the lyrics to " Sk8er Boi " as " endearingly naive " .
The album earned Lavigne numerous awards from organizations around the world . The success of the album 's commercial performance led Lavigne to be named Best New Artist at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards as well as winning a World Music Award for Best @-@ Selling Canadian Singer . She won three awards — Favorite Female Artist , Favorite Breakthrough Artist , and the Style Award — the most of any performer at the 2003 MTV Asia Awards . She received five nominations for the album at the 2003 Grammy Awards , including Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album . The album 's singles " Complicated " and " I 'm With You " were nominated Song of the Year at the 2003 and 2004 ceremony , respectively , accumulating eight nominations for the album . Lavigne was nominated for six categories at the 2003 Juno Awards — which were presented in Ottawa — winning four including Best Album and Best New Artist .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
Let Go was commercially successful in the United States , gaining praise from Entertainment Weekly magazine as one of the biggest pop debut albums of 2002 . The album debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 8 on the strength of 62 @,@ 000 unit sales . Its high debut was fueled by the success of " Complicated " , which was in heavy rotation on MTV . Increasing weekly sales allowed the album to stay inside the chart 's top 10 for 37 weeks . The album sold at least 100 @,@ 000 copies every week straight until late 2002 , easily accumulating over two million unit sales . In a December 2002 report by Entertainment Weekly magazine , it was stated that the album had sold 3 @.@ 9 million copies , becoming the third top @-@ selling album of 2002 in the United States . Year @-@ end figures released by Nielsen SoundScan revealed that Let Go had sold over 4 @.@ 1 million copies in the United States , accumulated in 30 weeks of the album 's release . Let Go was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . This earned Let Go the distinction of being the highest @-@ shipped debut of 2002 and best @-@ selling album by a female artist . On 30 April 2003 , the RIAA certified the album six @-@ times platinum , denoting shipments of over six million units . It remains Lavigne 's best @-@ selling album to date , with 6 @.@ 9 million copies sold in the United States as of September 2015 .
Chartwise , the album reached higher peak positions notably during and after the holidays . Following her show @-@ opening performance at the 2002 Billboard Music Awards , Let Go continued to be one of the holiday 's top sellers with sales that week of 272 @,@ 000 . It reached its highest sales week on the issue dated 4 January 2003 with 363 @,@ 000 copies sold . Although it had peaked at number two in September 2002 , Let Go rose from 3 to 2 on the Billboard 200 on the issue dated 1 February 2003 . The increase of sales was the offshoot to Lavigne 's appearance on 11 January in Saturday Night Live as the show 's musical guest . There were accusations of lip @-@ synching but in an interview at the time she tells she has never lip @-@ sung or ever plans to . During this time also , Lavigne received much media coverage due to her nominations at the 2003 Grammy Awards and for embarking on her first North American tour . In the United Kingdom , the album took longer to reach the summit of the UK Albums Chart . In its 18th week of release , reached on the chart year 2003 , the album hit number one , rising to the top spot over the holiday . The album 's international sales upsurge was attributed to the continuing success of " Sk8er Boi " . Let Go is the 12th best @-@ selling album of 2003 in the United Kingdom . The album has been certified five @-@ times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry .
Let Go was also selling well in Canada , surpassing sales of over one million unit sales in less than a year . The Canadian Recording Industry Association certified the album diamond in May 2003 . In Australia , Let Go had been certified seven @-@ times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association in 2003 , based on the sales of over 490 @,@ 000 units from wholesalers to retailers . The album is the tenth best @-@ selling album of 2002 there , and the third in the following year .. ' Let Go ' reached its peak
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21 ⁄ 2 stories high and is L @-@ shaped with a porch . The springhouse is also 21 ⁄ 2 stories .
= = = Gardens = = =
The overall plan of the gardens , based on English formal gardens , can be traced to the original 1800 – 05 construction . Although some flower beds , ornamental urns , and the round fountain in front of the mansion were installed at the time of the 1895 remodeling , the overall plan was not changed , leaving the garden as " a very rare and largely intact example of a documented American formal garden predating 1840 . "
= = Pennsylvania Renaissance Faire = =
In 1980 , a jousting tournament was held in the parking lot of the newly opened winery , followed by a two @-@ day Renaissance fair the following year . This gradually expanded to become the Pennsylvania Renaissance Faire , which is now held over 12 weekends and draws more than 250 @,@ 000 patrons annually . Featuring a recreation of a 16th @-@ century Tudor village , a replica of the Globe Theatre , Shakespearean plays , musical acts , and artisans fashioning period items such as pottery and potpourri . In 1998 , the faire was named one of the top 100 motorcoach @-@ accessible events in America by the American Bus Association .
= = Other events = =
In addition to hosting the Renaissance fair , the grounds are opened to the public for a number of other events . Tours of the mansion and wine tastings are available throughout the year . Each June , the site is used for the Celtic Fling and Highland Games . The Fling features traditional and modern Celtic music , food , crafts , demonstrations and competitions , and a feis is also held . The Highland Games are officially sanctioned by the Mid @-@ Atlantic Scottish Athletics Association , and include standard events such as caber tossing and hammer throwing .
In late fall and early winter , the mansion is host to several theatrical performances . From the end of October to mid @-@ November , Poe Evermore , a storytelling event based on the works of Edgar Allan Poe is held . Between Thanksgiving and Christmas , Victorian Christmas or A Dickens of a Christmas , the telling of the story of A Christmas Carol , is performed .
= 1986 Pacific hurricane season =
The 1986 Pacific hurricane season saw several tropical cyclones bring significant flooding to the Central United States . The hurricane season officially started May 15 , 1986 in the eastern Pacific , and June 1 , 1986 in the central Pacific , and lasted until November 30 , 1986 in both regions . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean . A total of 17 named storms and 9 hurricanes developed during the season ; this is slightly above the averages of 15 named storms and 8 hurricanes , respectively . In addition , 25 tropical depressions formed in the eastern Pacific during 1986 , which , at the time , was the second most ever recorded ; only the 1982 Pacific hurricane season saw a higher total .
Several storms throughout the season affected land . Hurricane Estelle passed south of Hawaii , resulting in $ 2 million in damage and two deaths . Hurricanes Newton , Paine and Roslyn each struck Northwestern Mexico . While damage was minimal from these three systems near their location of landfall , Paine brought considerable flooding to the Great Plains . The overall flooding event resulted in $ 350 million in damage , with the worst effects being recorded in Oklahoma . Hurricane Roslyn was the strongest storm of the season , attaining peak winds of 145 mph ( 230 km / h ) .
= = Seasonal summary = =
Activity in the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center 's ( EPHC ) area of responsibility was above average . There were 25 tropical depressions , one short of the record set in 1982 , which had 26 . Only one storm formed in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's ( CPHC ) area of responsibility , Tropical Depression One @-@ C. Six other cyclones entered the CPHC area of responsibility from the EPHC area of responsibility . In all , 17 systems formed , which is two storms above normal . In addition , 9 hurricanes were reported during the season , one more than average . An average number ( 3 ) of major hurricanes – Category 3 or higher on the Saffir @-@ Simpson hurricane wind scale – was also reported .
The season began with the formation of Hurricane Agatha on May 22 and ended with the dissipation of Tropical Depression Twenty Five on October 25 , spanning 147 days
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. Although it was nearly two weeks shorter than the 1985 Pacific hurricane season , the season was six days longer than average . The EPHC issued 406 tropical cyclone advisories , which were issued four times a day at 0000 , 0600 , 1200 , and 1800 UTC . In 1986 , Hurricane Hunters flew into three storms ; Newton , Roslyn , and Estelle . In Newton , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) conducted environmental research in the cyclone . In addition , the National Weather Service Field Service Station provided the East Pacific with excellent satellite coverage .
During the months of May and June , four named systems developed . In July , one tropical storm and two hurricanes formed . The following month , five tropical systems developed . Towards the end of the season , tropical cyclone activity declined somewhat . While five storms formed in September , only one formed in October and none during the month of November . A moderate El Nino was present throughout the season ; water temperatures across the equatorial Central Pacific were 1 @.@ 3 ° C ( 3 ° F ) above normal . In addition , the Pacific Decadal Oscillation ( PDO ) was in a warm phase during this time period .
Three tropical cyclones made landfall in 1986 . The first , Hurricane Newton made landfall near Cabo San Lucas , bringing minor damage . Another storm , Hurricane Paine brushed Cabo San Lucas , and later moved inland over Sonora . Paine caused minimal impacts at landfall , but its remnants were described as one of the worst floods in Oklahoma history . Flooding affected 52 counties in Oklahoma , which resulted in a total of $ 350 million in damage . The final storm to make landfall during the hurricane season was Hurricane Roslyn . The hurricane produced some flooding , but no serious damage . In addition , Hurricane Estelle came close enough to Hawaii to require a hurricane watch . Two drownings were reported , and the total damage was around $ 2 million .
= = Storms = =
= = = Hurricane Agatha = = =
The 1986 Pacific hurricane season 's first tropical disturbance formed 865 mi ( 1 @,@ 390 km ) from the tip of Baja California Sur on May 20 . By 0000 UTC May 22 , the circulation began to tighten and become more organized , and thus the EPHC upgraded the disturbance into Tropical Depression One @-@ E that morning . Approximately 48 hours after becoming a tropical depression , the system was upgraded into Tropical Storm Agatha , the first storm of the season . After moving southeast , the cyclone made an abrupt change in direction , turning towards the north . Agatha strengthened into a hurricane on May 25 near the coast of Mexico , reaching its peak intensity of 75 mph ( 115 km / h ) . Turning southeast , The system quickly weakened into a tropical depression , but regained tropical storm strength on May 28 , only to dissipate that day . Rainfall spread around both the Atlantic and Pacific Mexican coasts , peaking at 10 @.@ 75 in ( 273 mm ) at Xicotepec de Juarez , Puebla .
= = = Tropical Depression Two = = =
A tropical disturbance formed on May 30 in the eastern Gulf of Tehuantepec . The disturbance was moving very slowly when it was upgraded to Tropical Depression Two on May 31 . The depression began to weaken six hours later and the final advisory by the EPHC was released on June 1 . Most of Mexico received rainfall , with over 3 in ( 76 mm ) falling on Yucatán Peninsula . The worst rain occurred in Central Mexico , where over 15 in ( 380 mm ) of precipitation fell , peaking at 18 @.@ 63 in ( 473 mm ) in Tenosique , Tabasco . The rest of the country was hit by 1 – 3 in ( 25 – 76 mm ) of rainfall .
= = = Tropical Storm Blas = = =
A tropical disturbance originated from the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) on June 16 . The disturbance moved west @-@ northwest at 13 mph ( 21 km / h ) below a weak upper @-@ level high , becoming the third tropical depression of the 1986 season on June 17 . The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Blas the next day . It kept that strength for only six hours , weakening into a depression again as it moved into cooler waters . After Blas 's convection dissipated , the EPHC ceased advisories on June 19 while situated roughly 600 mi ( 970 km ) south of Cabo San Lucas .
= = = Hurricane Celia = = =
On June 24 , five days after Tropical Storm Blas dissipated , a tropical disturbance developed south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec . Later that day , its circulation had become well @-@ defined enough for the EPHC to upgrade the disturbance into Tropical Depression Four . Winds reached 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , enough to upgrade the system into Tropical Storm Celia on June 26 . While located off the coast of Mexico , Celia strengthened into a hurricane at 1800 UTC June 27 . An eye became evident on satellite imagery and the hurricane reached its peak intensity of 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) on June 28 at 1600 UTC . Hurricane Celia then passed by Socorro Island . Meanwhile , Celia moved into much cooler water which enabled the hurricane to weaken rapidly . By June 30 , Celia had become a tropical depression . The EPHC released its final advisory at 1800 UTC that day as the system was dissipating .
= = = Tropical Storm Darby = = =
The fifth tropical cyclone of the season formed as a tropical disturbance on July 2 . Moving northwest at about 13 mph ( 21 km / h ) , the disturbance entered warmer waters and strengthening rapidly . The disturbance was upgraded into Tropical Depression Five at 1800 UTC July 3 . Turning west @-@ northwest , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Darby on July 5 . Darby peaked at 40 mph ( 60 km / h ) . The stormed continued northwest for about six hours , when it reached 77 ° F ( 25 ° C ) waters and began a weakening trend . Clouds spread northward over the US states of Arizona and California on July 6 . The cyclone dissipated on July 7 .
= = = Hurricane Estelle = = =
During the afternoon of July 16 , a tropical depression formed thousands of miles west of Mexico , and within 12 hours it strengthened into a tropical storm . On July 18 , Estelle intensified into a hurricane . Located in a favorable environment , Estelle continued strengthening to become the first major hurricane of the season on July 20 . The hurricane entered the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility near its peak strength of 135 mph ( 215 km / h ) , a Category 4 hurricane . The hurricane veered to the west and passed south of Hawaii . Estelle weakened to a tropical storm on July 23 , and on July 25 , it weakened to a depression . The storm dissipated two days later .
In advance of Hurricane Estelle , the National Weather Service issued a hurricane watch and high @-@ surf advisory for the Island of Hawaii . More than 200 people evacuated from their homes . Huge waves crashed on the shores of the Big Island on the afternoon of July 22 . The high waves washed away five beachfront homes and severely damaged dozens of others on the beach resort of Vacation Land . The total damage was around $ 2 million ( 1986 US $ ; $ 4 @.@ 32 million 2016 USD ) . However , only two deaths reported from the storm , both of whom drowned offshore Oahu .
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= = Hurricane Frank = = =
The EPHC began monitoring a tropical disturbance located 195 mi ( 315 km ) southwest of San Salvador on 1800 UTC July 23 . About 24 hours later , the disturbance was upgraded into a tropical depression . Initially moving towards the west @-@ northwest due to an upper @-@ level low and a ridge over Mexico , the storm then turned to the west as the upper @-@ level low changed direction . By July 28 , the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Frank . After turning back to the west @-@ northwest , Frank reached hurricane intensity early on July 30 . The storm quickly developed a well @-@ defined eye and three hours later , Hurricane Frank reached its peak intensity as a moderate Category 1 hurricane , with winds of 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) . Hurricane Frank maintained this intensity for 18 hours . Subsequently , the hurricane began to rapidly weaken over 76 ° F ( 24 ° C ) sea surface temperatures . Wind shear soon increased , thus accelerating the weakening process . On July 31 , Frank was reduced to tropical storm intensity . Not long after weakening into a depression , the storm entered the CPHC 's area of responsibility . Wind shear increased further , and upon entering the region , Frank moved over slightly cooler water . It transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on August 3 .
= = = Tropical Storm Georgette = = =
On August 3 , a tropical depression developed in the open ocean over 600 mi ( 970 km ) west of the Mexican coastline . Twelve hours later , it strengthened into Tropical Storm Georgette before weakening to a depression on August 4 . It then accelerated to a very rapid speed of 23 – 45 mph ( 37 – 75 km / h ) . Due to its fast speed , Georgette could not maintain a closed circulation , and thus degenerated into a non @-@ cyclonic disturbance on August 4 . The disturbance kept up its rapid forward motion , crossed the dateline and entered the western Pacific , where it reformed and reached its peak intensity as Severe Tropical Storm Georgette . By August 16 , Georgette merged with another system . It is one of only seven tropical cyclones to exist in all three tropical cyclone basins in the Pacific Ocean .
= = = Tropical Storm Howard = = =
A tropical wave crossed Southwestern Mexico and Belize in mid @-@ August . A tropical disturbance developed from this wave 50 mi ( 80 km ) south of Acapulco on August 15 , the same day that the system moved offshore . Moving west @-@ northwest south of an upper @-@ level high , the system was classified as a tropical depression the next day about 125 mi ( 200 km ) south of Manzanillo . Several hours later , the depression reached tropical storm intensity . Turning towards the northwest due to a trough , it failed to intensify beyond minimal tropical
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in his theater in Rome ) , Chris Marker , and Ray Carney . Akira Kurosawa said of Kiarostami 's films : " Words cannot describe my feelings about them ... When Satyajit Ray passed on , I was very depressed . But after seeing Kiarostami 's films , I thanked God for giving us just the right person to take his place . " Critically acclaimed directors such as Martin Scorsese have commented that " Kiarostami represents the highest level of artistry in the cinema . " The Austrian director Michael Haneke has admired the work of Abbas Kiarostami as among the best of any living director . In 2006 , The Guardian 's panel of critics ranked Kiarostami as the best contemporary non @-@ American film director .
Critics such as Jonathan Rosenbaum have argued that " there 's no getting around the fact that the movies of Abbas Kiarostami divide audiences — in this country , in his native Iran , and everywhere else they 're shown . " Rosenbaum argues that disagreements and controversy over Kiarostami 's movies have arisen from his style of film @-@ making because what in Hollywood would count as essential narrative information is frequently missing from Kiarostami 's films . Camera placement , likewise , often defies standard audience expectations : in the closing sequences of Life and Nothing More and Through the Olive Trees , the audience is forced to imagine the dialogue and circumstances of important scenes . In Homework and Close @-@ Up , parts of the soundtrack are masked or silenced . Critics have argued that the subtlety of Kiarostami 's cinematic expression is largely resistant to critical analysis .
While Kiarostami has won significant acclaim in Europe for several of his films , the Iranian government has refused to permit the screening of his films. he responded , " The government has decided not to show any of my films for the past 10 years ... I think they don 't understand my films and so prevent them being shown just in case there is a message they don 't want to get out " .
In the wake of the September 11 attacks , Kiarostami was refused a visa to attend the New York Film Festival . The festival director , Richard Peña , who had invited him said , " It 's a terrible sign of what 's happening in my country today that no one seems to realize or care about the kind of negative signal this sends out to the entire Muslim world " . The Finnish film director Aki Kaurismäki boycotted the festival in protest . Kiarostami had been invited by the New York Film Festival , as well as Ohio University and Harvard University .
In 2005 , London Film School organized a workshop as well as festival of Kiarostami 's work , titled " Abbas Kiarostami : Visions of the Artist " . Ben Gibson , Director of the London Film School , said , " Very few people have the creative and intellectual clarity to invent cinema from its most basic elements , from the ground up . We are very lucky to have the chance to see a master like Kiarostami thinking on his feet . "
In 2007 , the Museum of Modern Art and MoMA PS1 coorganized a festival of the Kiarostami 's work titled Abbas Kiarostami : Image Maker .
Kiarostami and his cinematic style have been the subject of several books and two films , Opening Day of Close @-@ Up ( 1996 ) , directed by Nanni Moretti and Abbas Kiarostami : The Art of Living ( 2003 ) , directed by Fergus Daly .
Kiarostami was a member of the advisory board of World Cinema Foundation . Founded by the director Martin Scorsese , its goal is to find and reconstruct world cinema films that have been long neglected .
= = = Honors and awards = = =
Kiarostami has won the admiration of audiences and critics worldwide and received at least seventy awards up to the year 2000 . Here are some representatives :
Prix Roberto Rossellini ( 1992 )
Prix Cine Decouvertes ( 1992 )
François Truffaut Award ( 1993 )
Pier Paolo Pasolini Award ( 1995 )
Federico Fellini Gold Medal , UNESCO ( 1997 )
Palme d 'Or , Cannes Film Festival ( 1997 )
Honorary Golden Alexander Prize , Thessaloniki International Film Festival ( 1999 )
Silver Lion , Venice Film Festival ( 1999 )
Akira Kurosawa Award ( 2000 )
Honorary doctorate , École Normale Supérieure ( 2003 )
Konrad Wolf Prize ( 2003 )
President of the Jury for Caméra d 'Or Award , Cannes Festival ( 2005 )
Fellowship of the British Film Institute ( 2005 )
Gold Leopard of Honor , Locarno International Film Festival ( 2005 )
Prix Henri @-@ Langlois Prize ( 2006 )
Honorary doctorate , University of Toulouse ( 2007 )
World 's great masters , Kolkata International Film Festival ( 2007 )
Glory to the Filmmaker Award
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, Venice Film Festival ( 2008 )
Honorary doctorate , University of Paris ( 2010 )
Lifetime Achievement Award for Contribution to World Cinematography ( BIAFF - Batumi International Art @-@ house film Festival , 2010 )
Japan 's Medal of Honor ( 2013 )
Austrian Decoration for Science and Art ( 2014 )
Honorary Golden Orange Prize , International Antalya Film Festival ( 2014 )
= = Books by Kiarostami = =
Havres : French translation by Tayebeh Hashemi and Jean @-@ Restom Nasser , ÉRÈS ( PO & PSY ) ; Bilingual edition ( 3 June 2010 ) ISBN 978 @-@ 2 @-@ 7492 @-@ 1223 @-@ 4 .
Abbas Kiarostami : Cahiers du Cinema Livres ( 24 October 1997 ) ISBN 2 @-@ 86642 @-@ 196 @-@ 5 .
Walking with the Wind ( Voices and Visions in Film ) : English translation by Ahmad Karimi @-@ Hakkak and Michael C. Beard , Harvard Film Archive ; Bilingual edition ( 28 February 2002 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 674 @-@ 00844 @-@ 8 .
10 ( ten ) : Cahiers du Cinema Livres ( 5 September 2002 ) ISBN 2 @-@ 86642 @-@ 346 @-@ 1 .
With Nahal Tajadod and Jean @-@ Claude Carrière Avec le vent : P.O.L. ( 5 May 2002 ) ISBN 2 @-@ 86744 @-@ 889 @-@ 1 .
Le vent nous emportera : Cahiers du Cinema Livres ( 5 September 2002 ) ISBN 2 @-@ 86642 @-@ 347 @-@ X.
La Lettre du Cinema : P.O.L. ( 12 December 1997 ) ISBN 2 @-@ 86744 @-@ 589 @-@ 2 .
Kiarostami ,
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to lengthy interrogations and constant political agitation by NKVD officers , such as Vasily Zarubin . The prisoners assumed they would be released soon , but the interviews were in effect a selection process to determine who would live and who would die . According to NKVD reports , if the prisoners could not be induced to adopt a pro @-@ Soviet attitude , they were declared " hardened and uncompromising enemies of Soviet authority " .
On 5 March 1940 , pursuant to a note to Joseph Stalin from Beria , six members of the Soviet Politburo — Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov , Lazar Kaganovich , Kliment Voroshilov , Anastas Mikoyan , and Mikhail Kalinin — signed an order to execute 25 @,@ 700 Polish " nationalists and counterrevolutionaries " kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus . The reason for the massacre , according to historian Gerhard Weinberg , was that Stalin wanted to deprive a potential future Polish military of a large portion of its talent :
It has been suggested that the motive for this terrible step [ the Katyn massacre ] was to reassure the Germans as to the reality of Soviet anti @-@ Polish policy . This explanation is completely unconvincing in view of the care with which the Soviet regime kept the massacre secret from the very German government it was supposed to impress . ... A more likely explanation is that ... [ the massacre ] should be seen as looking forward to a future in which there might again be a Poland on the Soviet Union 's western border . Since he intended to keep the eastern portion of the country in any case , Stalin could be certain that any revived Poland would be unfriendly . Under those circumstances , depriving it of a large proportion of its military and technical elite would make it weaker .
The Soviet leadership , and Stalin in particular , viewed the Polish prisoners as a " problem " as they might resist being under Soviet rule . Therefore the decision was made that the prisoners inside the " special camps " were to be shot as " avowed enemies of Soviet authority " .
= = Executions = =
The number of victims is estimated at about 22 @,@ 000 , with a lower limit of confirmed dead of 21 @,@ 768 . According to Soviet documents declassified in 1990 , 21 @,@ 857 Polish internees and prisoners were executed after 3 April 1940 : 14 @,@ 552 prisoners of war ( most or all of them from the three camps ) and 7 @,@ 305 prisoners in western parts of the Byelorussian and Ukrainian SSRs . Of them 4 @,@ 421 were from Kozelsk , 3 @,@ 820 from Starobelsk , 6 @,@ 311 from Ostashkov , and 7 @,@ 305 from Byelorussian and Ukrainian prisons . The head of the NKVD POW department , Maj. General P. K. Soprunenko , organized " selections " of Polish officers to be massacred at Katyn and elsewhere .
Those who died at Katyn included soldiers ( an admiral , two generals , 24 colonels , 79 lieutenant colonels , 258 majors , 654 captains , 17 naval captains , 85 privates , 3 @,@ 420 non @-@ commissioned officers , and seven chaplains ) , 200 pilots , government representatives and royalty ( a prince , 43 officials ) , and civilians ( three landowners , 131 refugees , 20 university professors , 300 physicians ; several hundred lawyers , engineers , and teachers ; and more than 100 writers and journalists ) . In all , the NKVD executed almost half the Polish officer corps . Altogether , during the massacre , the NKVD executed 14 Polish generals : Leon Billewicz ( ret . ) , Bronisław Bohatyrewicz ( ret . ) , Xawery Czernicki ( admiral ) , Stanisław Haller ( ret . ) , Aleksander Kowalewski ( ret . ) , Henryk Minkiewicz ( ret . ) , Kazimierz Orlik @-@ Łukoski , Konstanty Plisowski ( ret . ) , Rudolf Prich ( murdered in Lviv ) , Franciszek Sikorski ( ret . ) , Leonard Skierski ( ret . ) , Piotr Skuratowicz , Mieczysław Smorawiński , and Alojzy Wir @-@ Konas ( promoted posthumously ) . Not all of the executed were ethnic Poles , because the Second Polish Republic was a multiethnic state , and its officer corps included Belarusians , Ukrainians , and Jews . It is estimated that about 8 % of the Katyn massacre victims were Polish Jews . 395 prisoners were spared from the slaughter , among them Stanisław Swianiewicz and Józef Czapski . They were taken to the Yukhnov camp or Pavlishtchev Bor and then to Gryazovets .
Up to 99 % of the remaining prisoners were subsequently murdered . People from the Kozelsk camp were executed in Katyn Forest ; people from the Starobelsk camp were murdered in the inner NKVD prison of Kharkiv and the bodies were buried near the village of Piatykhatky ; and police officers from the Ostashkov camp were murdered in the internal NKVD prison of Kalinin ( Tver ) and buried in Mednoye .
Detailed information on the executions in the Kalinin NKVD prison was provided during a hearing by Dmitry Tokarev , former head of the Board of the District NKVD in Kalinin . According to Tokarev , the shooting started in the evening and ended at dawn . The first transport , on 4 April 1940 , carried 390 people , and the executioners had difficulty killing so many people in one night . The following transports held no more than 250 people . The executions were usually performed with German @-@ made .25 ACP Walther Model 2 pistols supplied by Moscow , but Soviet @-@ made 7 @.@ 62 × 38mmR Nagant M1895 revolvers were also used . The executioners used German weapons rather than the standard Soviet revolvers , as the latter were said to offer too much
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1 @-@ 11 @-@ 5 record and replacing him with Dave Cameron , the Senators would win 32 of their last 55 games . Goaltender Andrew Hammond would compile a record of 20 @-@ 1 @-@ 2 , a goals against average of 1 @.@ 79 , and a save percentage of .941 to get the team back into playoff position . The Senators later became the first team in modern NHL history to overcome a 14 @-@ point deficit at any juncture of the season to qualify for the playoffs . However , the Senators lost to the Canadiens in six games in the first round of the playoffs .
During the 2014 – 15 season , it was announced that Murray had cancer . Taking regular treatment , Murray chose to stay on as GM through the 2015 – 16 season . Despite posting the best record of any Canadian team in the league , the Senators failed to make the playoffs in what was considered a disappointing season ( all seven Canadian teams missed the playoffs ) . Murray made one ' blockbuster ' 11 @-@ player trade that brought Toronto Maple Leafs ' captain Dion Phaneuf to the Senators before the trade deadline with the Senators outside of a playoff position , but the team could not put together another run and finished with 85 points for fifth in the division .
= = = 2016 – present = = =
On April 10 , 2016 , the day after the final game of the 2015 – 16 season , Murray announced his resignation as manager and that he would continue in an advisory role with the club . Assistant general manager Pierre Dorion was elevated to the general manager position . On April 12 , 2016 , the Senators fired head coach Dave Cameron . On May 8 , 2016 , the Senators hired former Tampa Bay Lightning head coach Guy Boucher as their new head coach . On the following day , Marc Crawford was announced as associate coach . In June , 2016 , the Senators hired Rob Cookson as an assistant coach , who had worked with both Boucher and Crawford in Switzerland , and Pierre Groulx as a goaltending coach .
= = Home rinks = =
= = = Ottawa Civic Centre = = =
The new Senators ' first home arena was the Ottawa Civic Centre , located on Bank Street , where they played from the 1992 @-@ 93 season to January of the 1995 @-@ 96 season . They played their first home game on October 8 , 1992 against the Montreal Canadiens with lots of pre @-@ game spectacle . The Senators would defeat the Canadiens 5 – 3 in one of few highlights that season . Montreal would eventually finish the season as Stanley Cup champions . Following the initial excitement of the opening night victory , the club floundered badly and would eventually tie with the San Jose Sharks for the worst record in the league , finishing with only 10 wins , 70 losses and 4 ties for 24 points , three points better than the NHL record for futility .
= = = Canadian Tire Centre = = =
As part of its bid to land a NHL franchise for Ottawa , Terrace Corporation unveiled the original proposal for the arena development at a press conference in September 1989 . The proposal included a hotel and 20 @,@ 500 seat arena , named The Palladium on 100 acres ( 0 @.@ 40 km2 ) , surrounded by a 500 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 0 km2 ) mini @-@ city , named " West Terrace . " The site itself , 600 acres ( 2 @.@ 4 km2 ) of farmland , on the western border of Kanata , had been acquired in May 1989 by Terrace . Rezoning approval was granted by the Board on August 28 , 1991 , with conditions . The conditions imposed by the board included a scaling down of the arena to 18 @,@ 500 seats , a moratorium on development outside the initial 100 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 40 km2 ) arena site , and that the cost of the highway interchange with highway 417 be paid by Terrace . A two @-@ year period was used seeking financing for the site and interchange by Terrace Corporation . The corporation received a $ 6 million grant from the federal government , but needed to borrow to pay for the rest of the costs of construction .
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A ground @-@ breaking ceremony was held in June 1992 but actual construction did not start until July 7 , 1994 . Actual construction took 18 months , finishing in January 1996 .
The newly built Palladium opened on January 15 , 1996 with a concert by Canadian rocker Bryan Adams . The Senators played their first game in their new arena two days later , falling 3 @-@ 0 to the Montreal Canadiens . On February 17 , 1996 , the name ' Palladium ' was changed to the ' Corel Centre ' when Corel Corporation , an Ottawa software company , signed a 10 @-@ year deal for the naming rights .
When mortgage holder Covanta Energy ( the former Ogden Entertainment ) went into receivership in 2001 , Terrace was expected to pay off the entire debt . The ownership was not able to refinance the arena , eventually leading Terrace itself to declare bankruptcy in 2003 . However , on August 26 , 2003 , billionaire businessman Eugene Melnyk finalized the purchase of the Senators and the arena . The arena and club became solely owned by Melnyk through a new company , Capital Sports Properties .
In 2004 , the ownership applied to expand its seating . In December 2004 , the City of Ottawa amended its by @-@ laws and in 2005 , the venue was allowed to increase its seating capacity to 19 @,@ 153 and total attendance capacity to 20 @,@ 500 when including standing room .
On January 19 , 2006 , the arena became known as ' Scotiabank Place ' after reaching a new 15 @-@ year naming agreement with Canadian bank Scotiabank on January 11 , 2006 . Scotiabank had been an advertising partner with the club for several years and took over the naming after Corel declined to renew its naming agreement with the Senators , but continued as an advertising sponsor .
On June 18 , 2013 , the Ottawa Senators announced a new marketing agreement with Canadian Tire , and as a result , the arena was renamed the Canadian Tire Centre on July 1 , 2013 .
= = Team identity = =
= = = Logo and jersey design = = =
The team colours are red , black and white , with added trim of gold . The team 's away jersey is mostly white with red and black trim , while the home jersey is red , with white and black trim . The club logo is officially the head of a Roman general , a member of the Senate of the Roman Republic , projecting from a gold circle . The original , unveiled on May 23 , 1991 , described the general as a " centurion figure , strong and prominent " according to its designer , Tony Milchard .
The current jersey design was unveiled on August 22 , 2007 , in conjunction with the league @-@ wide adoption of the Rbk EDGE jerseys by Reebok for the 2007 – 08 season . The jersey incorporates the original Senators ' ' O ' logo as a shoulder patch . At the same time , the team updated its logos , and switched their usage . The primary logo , which according to team owner Eugene Melnyk , " represents strength and determination " is an update of the old secondary logo . The old primary logo has become the team 's secondary logo and only
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appears on Senators ' merchandise .
In 2011 , the Senators introduced their current third jersey design . Mostly black , the jersey incorporated horizontal striping intended to be reminiscent of the original Senators ' ' barber @-@ pole ' designs . Shield @-@ type patches were added to the shoulders . The design of the shield @-@ type patches was intended to be similar to the shield patches that the original Senators added to their jerseys after each Stanley Cup championship win . The patches spell the team name , one in English , and one in French . The design was a collaborative effort between the Senators and a fan in Gatineau , Quebec who had been circulating a version of it on the internet since 2009 .
= = = Attendance and revenues = = =
On April 18 , 2008 , the club announced its final attendance figures for 2007 – 08 . The club had 40 sell @-@ outs out of 41 home dates , a total attendance of 812 @,@ 665 during the regular season , placing the club third in attendance in the NHL . The number of sell @-@ outs and the total attendance were both club records . The previous attendance records were set during the 2005 – 06 with a season total of 798 @,@ 453 and 33 sell @-@ outs . In 2006 – 07 regular season attendance was 794 @,@ 271 , with 31 sell @-@ outs out of 41 home dates or an average attendance of 19 @,@ 372 . In the 2007 playoffs , the Senators played 9 games with 9 sell @-@ outs and an attendance of 181 @,@ 272 for an average of 20 @,@ 141 , the highest in team history .
On November 29 , 2011 , a Forbes magazine report valued the Ottawa Senators Hockey Club at $ 201 million , ( 17th highest in NHL ) . The valuation was based on $ 27 million for the sport , $ 70 million for the arena , $ 80 million for the market and $ 25 million for the brand . For 2010 – 11 , the club had an operating income of $ 2 @.@ 8 million on revenues of $ 100 million . The gate receipts for the 2010 – 11 season were $ 46 million and player expenses were $ 57 million . The operating income followed two years where the team posted a loss . Forbes estimates that the organization has a debt / value ratio of 65 % , including arena debt . Eugene Melnyk bought the team for $ 92 million in 2003 . A November 2014 report by Forbes valued the Senators at $ 400 million , 16th highest in the NHL .
= = = Arena entertainment = = =
At many home games the fans are entertained both outside and inside Canadian Tire Centre with a myriad of talent – live music , rock bands , giveaways and promotions . The live music includes the traditional Scottish music of the ' Sons of Scotland Pipe Band ' of Ottawa along with highland dancers . Before and during games , entertainment is provided by Spartacat , the official mascot of the Senators , an anthropomorphic lion . He made his debut on the Senators ' opening night : October 8 , 1992 . Anthems are usually sung by former Ontario Provincial Police Constable Lyndon Slewidge . Slewidge sings the bilingual version of O Canada containing both English and French words . The Senators have their own theme song Ottawa Senators Theme Song which is played as the team comes on the ice and is also used in Sens TV web videos . It was composed locally in Ottawa .
= = = Sens Army = = =
The fans of the Senators are known as the Sens Army . Like most hockey fanatics , they are known to dress up for games ; some in Roman legionary clothing . For the 2006 – 2007 playoff run , more fans than ever before would wear red , and fan activities included ' Red Rallies ' of decorated cars , fan rallies at Ottawa City Hall Plaza and the ' Sens Mile ' along Elgin Street where fans would congregate .
= = = = Sens Mile = = = =
Much like the Red Mile in Calgary during the Flames ' 2004 cup run and the Copper Kilometer in Edmonton during the Oilers ' 2006 cup run , Ottawa Senators fans took to the streets to celebrate their team 's success during the 2006 – 07 playoffs . The idea to have a ' Sens Mile ' on the downtown Elgin Street , a street with numerous restaurants and pubs , began as a grassroots campaign on Facebook by Ottawa residents before Game 4 of the Ottawa @-@ Buffalo Eastern Conference Final series . After the Game 5 win , Ottawa residents closed the street to traffic for a spontaneous celebration . The City of Ottawa then closed Elgin Street for each game of the Final .
= = Broadcasting = =
Ottawa Senators games are broadcast locally in both the French and English languages . As of the 2014 @-@ 15 season , regional television rights to the Senators ' regular season games not broadcast nationally by Sportsnet , TVA Sports , or Hockey Night in Canada are owned by Bell Media under a 12 @-@ year contract , with games airing in English on TSN5 , and in French on RDS . Regional broadcasts are available within the team 's designated region ( shared with the Montreal Canadiens ) , which includes the Ottawa River valley , Eastern Ontario ( portions are shared with the Toronto Maple Leafs , along with Quebec , the Maritime provinces and Newfoundland and Labrador .
On radio , all home and away games are broadcast on a five @-@ station network stretching across Eastern Ontario , and including one American station , WQTK in Ogdensburg , New York . The flagship radio station is CFGO " TSN Radio 1200 " in Ottawa . Radio broadcasts on CFGO began in 1997 – 98 ; the contract has since been extended through the 2025 @-@ 2026 as part of Bell Media 's rights deal with the team . The Senators are broadcast on radio in French through Intersport Production and CJFO Unique FM in Ottawa . Nicolas St. Pierre provides play @-@ by @-@ play , with Alain Sanscartier as colour commentator .
Sportsnet East held English regional rights to the Sens prior to the 2014 @-@ 15 season . In April 2014 , Dean Brown , who had called play @-@ by @-@ play for Senators games the team 's inception , stated that it was " extremely unlikely " that he would move to TSN and continue his role . He noted that the network already had four commentators among its personalities — including Gord Miller , Chris Cuthbert , Rod Black , and Paul Romanuk ( who was , however , picked up by Rogers for its national NHL coverage in June 2014 ) , who were likely candidates to serve as the new voices of the Senators . Brown ultimately moved to the Senators ' radio broadcasts alongside Gord Wilson .
During the 2006 – 07 and 2007 – 08 seasons , several games were only available in video on pay @-@ per @-@ view or at local movie theatres in the Ottawa area . The " Sens TV " service was suspended indefinitely as of September 24 , 2008 . In 2010 , Sportsnet launched a secondary channel for selected Senators games as part of its Sportsnet One servuce . Selected broadcasts of Senators games in the French language were broadcast by RDS and TVA Sports . On the RDS network , Félix Séguin and former Senators goaltender Patrick Lalime were the announcers from the 2011 – 12 season to the 2013 @-@ 14 season , and Michel Y. Lacroix and Norman Flynn starting in the 2014 @-@ 15 season . The TVA Sports broadcast team consisted of Michel Langevin , Yvon Pedneault and Enrico Ciccone .
= = Players and personnel = =
= = = Current roster = = =
Updated July 18 , 2016 . Sources : Ottawa Senators , TSN , CBS Sports
= = = General managers = = =
Source : Ottawa Senators 2009 – 10 Media Guide , p . 206 .
= = = Honoured members
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= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Healthcare and security = = =
The first healthcare structure , the Santa Casa da Misericórdia da Póvoa de Varzim ( Holy House of Mercy ) , opened in 1756 . The hospitals of the city are the São Pedro Pescador Hospital ( state @-@ run ) and Clipóvoa Hospital ( private ) . The public hospital suffers from lack of bed spaces . Due to this , it underwent expansion works and there is an ongoing plan to build a modern hospital , in the border between the cities of Póvoa de Varzim and Vila do Conde , to serve the population of both municipalities . The Centro de Saúde da Póvoa de Varzim ( Health Centre ) is a public primary care building which has extensions in the main suburbs .
The Municipal Police of Póvoa de Varzim , one of the first to be established in the country , is an administrative police force that acts solely within the municipality and reports directly to the mayor . The Polícia de Segurança Pública ( PSP ) does the city policing , while the Guarda Nacional Republicana ( GNR ) is responsible for the countryside . Regarding crime , Póvoa de Varzim is considered by the Polícia de Segurança Pública as a " calm " zone in all categories of offense ; violent crime , in particular , is practically non @-@ existent . Mostly , crime consists of minor robberies to homes , stores , or from cars .
Póvoa is one of the twelve national sea borders controlled by the Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras ( SEF ) . The Escola Prática dos Serviços , just east of the city by the A28 motorway , is the national headquarters for military administration instruction , with the Battalion of Military Administration , and , due to the reorganization of army services , the former Escola Prática de Administração Militar , from 2006 onwards it gained the material and transport services , thus increasing its range of functions and troop numbers .
= = = Transport = = =
Póvoa de Varzim is served by a transportation network that employs maritime , aerial and terrestrial travel . The terrestrial access infrastructure is composed of national motorways ( freeways ) , the national roads system , and light rail metro . These infrastructures and the airport , bus terminal , marina and harbour are daily used by commuters .
Public transportation within the city is provided by private @-@ owned companies . The Central de Camionagem is a terminus for urban and long distance buses that provide mass transit in the surrounding region , namely the city 's countryside , Porto , Minho Region , and Galicia in Spain . Litoral Norte as a wholly urban transportation network with 5 lines , while Linhares has the oldest bus network operating in the city , now owned by Transdev .
The Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport ( LPPR , better known as Porto Airport ) is located 18 km ( 11 mi ) south of the city . It is one of the busiest international airports in Portugal and serves all Greater Porto . Póvoa Aerodrome , officially known as S. Miguel de Laundos , is small @-@ sized , with only 270 meters long for ultralight aviation and other small planes .
Line B of Porto Metro links Póvoa de Varzim to Porto and the airport with two services : a standard and a shuttle ( the Expresso ) ; through Verdes station , Metro trains link the city and the airport . The line operates on a former railway , which opened in 1875 and closed in 2002 to give way for the metro . The railway network was expanded and reached Famalicão in 1881 , it was closed entirely in 1995 and became a rail trail .
The city is connected by road on a north @-@ south axis from Valença , Viana do Castelo , and Esposende to Porto by the A28 motorway . It is also reached by the A7 ( from Guimarães and Vila Nova de Famalicão ) and A11 ( from Braga and Barcelos ) motorways on an east @-@ west axis , through the south and north of the city , in that order , and both cross the A28 . Although it lost usefulness for average and long distances , the National Roads system has acquired municipal interest : EN13 that cuts the city in half , in a north @-@ south direction , is used by commuters originating from the northern suburbs and from the city of Vila do Conde , in the south , to travel downtown . The EN205 and the EN206 are used by commuters starting from the interior of the municipality .
The traditional road system of the city , composed of roads that run parallel in the direction of the sea , can be seen in any of the following avenues : Avenida do Mar , Avenida Vasco da Gama , Avenida Mouzinho de Albuquerque , and Avenida Santos Graça . The Avenida dos Descobrimentos and Avenida dos Banhos , in other hand , run parallel to the coast . The growth of the city inland and northwards made ring roads more important , this can be seen in Avenida 25 de Abril , an urban belt road .
= = Foreign relations and sister cities = =
Within the European Union , Póvoa de Varzim is twinned , since 1986 , with the city of Montgeron in France , with Eschborn in Germany ( since 1998 ) and Żabbar in Malta ( since 2001 ) and it received , due to the partnership with other European cities , the 1995 and 2005 Golden Stars of Town @-@ twinning from the European Commission .
In Brazil , Póvoa de Varzim is twinned with major cities . It is twinned with Rio de Janeiro since November 8th , 1989 it also built town @-@ twinning links with the city of São Paulo . These metropolises hold Casa dos Poveiros , voluntary associations of immigrants from Póvoa de Varzim . The one from Rio was established in 1930 and the one from São Paulo in 1991 . There are also Casa dos Poveiros in Germiston , Johannesburg , South Africa and Toronto , Canada . The partnership with Rio was established by Brazilian actress Neuza Amaral when she was a alderwoman and president of Rio de Janeiro 's chamber of parliament , who since the age of 6 was frequently seen in Rio 's Casa dos Poveiros and visited Póvoa de Varzim for the 21st anniversary commemorations . Mata de São João ( Bahia ) is a sister @-@ community ( Comunidade @-@ irmã ) of Rates parish in Póvoa de Varzim since 2010 . It is not a regular program , it is based on affection due to very strong cultural and historical connections , as Mata de São João was one of the towns in Bahia established by settlers from Rates and the establishment of Brazil itself .
In 2016 , the regional government of Príncipe Island , an autonomous region of São Tomé and Príncipe , and the municipality of Póvoa de Varzim , established a cooperation protocol , which has diverse fields of cooperation using human and technical resources . The protocol was signed after a visit to Póvoa de Varzim by the president of Príncipe Island , José Cardoso Cassandra .
Póvoa de Varzim Sister cities :
= HMS Victorious ( 1895 ) =
HMS Victorious was one of nine Majestic @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of the British Royal Navy . She was armed with a main battery of four 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) guns in two twin turrets , and was capable of a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18
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entire 8th Engineer Combat Battalion was in line as infantry , with the mission of holding a bridge across the Kumho River near its juncture with the Naktong River east of Taegu .
The fighting north of Taegu on September 11 in the vicinity of Hills 660 and 314 was heavy and confused . For a time , the 1st Cavalry Division feared a breakthrough to the blocking position of the 3d Battalion , 7th Cavalry . The rifle companies of the division were now very low in strength . While the 3rd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , again vainly attacked Hill 570 on September 11 , North Korean soldiers seized the crest of Hill 314 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) southeast of it and that much closer to Taegu . The 3rd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , hurried to the scene from its attacks on Hill 570 and tried to retake the position . The 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry , command post had to fight off infiltrating North Koreans on September 12 as it issued its attack order and prepared to attack through the 8th Cavalry lines against Hill 314 . This attack on the 12th was to be part of a larger American and ROK counterattack against the NK 13th and 1st Divisions in an effort to halt them north of Taegu . The 2nd Battalion , 7th Cavalry , relieved the ROK units on Hill 660 , east of Hill 314 , and had the mission of securing that hill . Farther east the ROK 1st Division had the mission of attacking from P 'algong @-@ san toward Ka @-@ san . The point nearest Taegu occupied by North Korean forces at this time was Hill 314 . The NK 13th Division valued its possession and had concentrated about 700 soldiers on it . The North Koreans intended to use Hill 314 in making the next advance on Taegu . From it , observation reached to Taegu and it commanded the lesser hills southward rimming the Taegu bowl . Hill 314 is actually the southern knob of a 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) hill mass which lies close to the east side of Hill 570 and is separated from that hill mass only by a deep gulch . The southern point rises to 314 metres ( 1 @,@ 030 ft ) and the ridge line climbs northward from it in a series of knobs . The ridge line is 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in length , and all sides of the hill mass are very steep .
Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch 's 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry , numbered 535 men on the eve of its attack against Hill 314 , less its rear echelons . The US troops took the hill and fended off a counterattck . Many of the officers in the companies were wounded but refused evacuation and simply continued the attack . The North Korean soldiers on Hill 314 wore American uniforms , helmets , and combat boots . Many of them had M1 rifles and carbines . About 200 North Korean dead were on the hill . Of the other 500 estimated to have been there , most of them had been wounded or were missing . After the capture of Hill 314 on September 12 , the situation north of Taegu improved . On September 14 the 2nd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , attacked and , supported by fire from Hill 314 , gained part of Hill 570 from the NK 19th Regiment , 13th Division .
Across the army boundary on the right , the ROK 1st Division continued its attack northwest and advanced to the edge of Ka @-@ san . The ROK 11th Regiment seized Hill 755 about dark on September 14 , and small elements of the ROK 15th Regiment reached the stone ramparts of the Ka @-@ san area at the same time . The ROK and North Korean troops fought during the night and on into the 15th at many points along the high mountain backbone that extends southeast from Ka @-@ san to Hills 755 and 783 and on to P 'algong @-@ san . The ROK 1st Division later estimated that approximately 3 @,@ 000 North Koreans were inside Ka @-@ san 's walled perimeter and about 1 @,@ 500 or 2 @,@ 000 outside it near the crest . At this time the bulk of the NK 1st Division was gradually withdrawing into Ka @-@ san and its vicinity . Indications were that the NK 13th Division also was withdrawing northward . Aerial observers on the afternoon of September 14 reported that an estimated 500 North Korean troops were moving north from Tabu @-@ dong . While these signs were hopeful , Walker continued to prepare for a final close @-@ in defense of Taegu . As part of this , 14 battalions of South Korean police dug in around the city .
The fighting continued unabated north of Taegu on the 15th . The 2nd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , still fought to gain control of Hill 570 on the east side of the Tabu @-@ dong highway . On the other side , the 3rd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , attacked Hill 401 where a North Korean force
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objected , but the motion to adjourn was passed by a vote of 446 to 308 . After twenty @-@ eight ballots , Grant had 307 votes , Blaine had 279 and Sherman had 91 , and the rest of the votes were split between favorite son candidates like William Windom and George F. Edmunds .
Suggestions for introducing a " dark horse " candidate began to take place . Members backing each candidate were equally determined to win the nomination , but some felt that the deadlock could not be broken if new candidates were not introduced into the balloting . Backers for Sherman and Blaine met after the convention was adjourned . Chandler laid down his terms . Blaine had nearly 300 votes , and could not simply withdraw . As Chandler explained , even " [ i ] f Mr. Blaine permits his column to be broken , [ then ] Iowa , Nebraska , Kansas , Nevada , California , Oregon & twelve votes in the Territories will go to Grant ... [ as would ] Mr. Blaine 's Southern votes . " Both sides argued until two or three in the morning , but no decision had been reached . Grant leaders had also met that night in Roscoe Conkling 's suite in the Grand Pacific Hotel . They discussed the imposing dangers of Grant 's nomination bid , such as the third @-@ term resistors . Many speculated that Grant was not going to receive the nomination . The Grant backers discussed the other two chief candidates , and found them both to be unacceptable . Some of the men called for Conkling himself as a substitute for Grant . They argued that with Grant out of the race , Conkling would face little resistance for the Republican nomination . However , Conkling refused to accept the idea of being nominated for president . He said " [ even ] if I were to receive every other vote in the Convention , my own would still be lacking , and that I would not give . I am here as the agent of New York to support General Grant to the end . Any man who would forsake him under such conditions does not deserve to be elected , and could not be elected .
The first ballot on Tuesday morning , June 8 , saw two major breaks in the voting . Massachusetts switched their twenty @-@ one votes from Senator George Edmunds to John Sherman , spiking his total to 116 , the highest thus far . William Chandler also convinced three Minnesota delegates to switch their support from their " favorite son " candidate , William Windom , to James G. Blaine . By the thirty @-@ second ballot , Blaine had dropped six votes from the night before , and Grant had increased his total to 309 . Despite the relatively small changes in votes totals Roscoe Conkling confidently claimed that the " [ m ] embers of the N.Y. Delegation assert that Grant will be nominated before one o 'clock . " On the thirty @-@ third ballot , nine Wisconsin delegates shifted their support from Grant to Elihu Washburne . On the next ballot , sixteen of twenty Wisconsin delegates changed their vote to James Garfield . Garfield immediately called to chairman Hoar to raise a question of order . Garfield " challenge [ d ] the correctness of the announcement " , claiming that without his consent , he should not be receiving votes . Hoar dismissed Garfield 's question , claiming later that he denied Garfield because he did not want to see a presidency be undone by a simple point of order , meaning he did not want Garfield to stop the momentum for his own candidacy . After the ballot , the vote totals for the major candidates stood at 312 for Grant , 275 for Blaine , 107 for Sherman , and 17 for Garfield . In the thirty @-@ fifth ballot , Benjamin Harrison of Indiana announced that his state would shift all twenty @-@ seven of its votes ( mostly coming from the Blaine column ) to Garfield . Four Maryland delegates and one delegate each from Mississippi and North Carolina also switched their vote to Garfield , bringing his total to 50 .
Blaine saw that his chances for winning the nomination were slipping , commenting to a visitor trying to
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Hospital , a psychiatric hospital near Hailsham , from the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway 's Cuckoo Line at Hellingly railway station .
The railway was constructed in 1899 and opened to passengers on 20 July 1903 , following its electrification in 1902 . After the railway grouping of 1923 , passenger numbers declined so significantly that the hospital authorities no longer considered passenger usage of the line to be economical , and that service was withdrawn . The railway closed to freight in 1959 , following the hospital 's decision to convert its coal boilers to oil , which rendered the railway unnecessary .
The route took a mostly direct path from a junction immediately south of Hellingly Station , past Farm and Park House Sidings , stopping places to load and unload produce and supplies from outbuildings of the hospital . Much of the railway has been converted to footpath , and many of the buildings formerly served by the line are now abandoned .
= = Construction and opening = =
In 1897 , East Sussex County Council purchased 400 acres ( 160 ha ) of land at Park Farm , about three miles ( 5 km ) north of Hailsham , from the Earl of Chichester , to be the site of a new county lunatic asylum that became Hellingly Hospital . Construction work on the hospital began in 1900 , to the design of George Thomas Hine , who had designed the nearby Haywards Heath Asylum . Building materials were transported to the site by a 1 1 ⁄ 4 mile ( 2 km ) standard gauge private siding from the goods yard at Hellingly railway station on the Cuckoo Line . The connection was built by the asylum 's builders , Joseph Howe & Company , and was authorised by the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway ( LBSCR ) on condition that East Sussex Council paid the cost , estimated at £ 1 @,@ 700 .
A small wooden platform was built at Hellingly railway station , opposite the main line platform . This had no connection to the station buildings and was used only for the transfer of passengers between main @-@ line and hospital trains , and kept chained off when not in use . Coal yards and sidings were also built at Hellingly station . The hospital opened to patients , and the railway to passengers , on 20 July 1903 .
= = Route = =
The railway left the Cuckoo Line at Hellingly Station . Although the railway joined the Cuckoo Line at both the northern and southern ends of the platform , virtually no through trains ran . Due to the arrangement of the lines at the junction with the Cuckoo Line , passenger trains to and from the hospital reversed south of Hellingly station .
After leaving the main line immediately south of Hellingly , the railway passed over gated level crossings at Park Road and New Road . Farm Siding , a single siding on the west of the line beyond the crossings , was a collection point for the farm 's agricultural produce in the early years of the railway , but later fell out of use . The line climbed most of the way from here to the hospital at 1 in 50 . About halfway between Hellingly and the hospital the line entered the hospital grounds , passing to the west of Park House Siding , which served the hospital 's Park House annexe .
As it approached the hospital , the line split ; the southern fork led to a siding to the north @-@ west of the hospital , while the other turned sharply east and south through almost 180 ° before splitting again . One fork ran into a large workshop and the other led to a short platform , which was initially used for passengers . Following the suspension of passenger services it was converted into a coal dock .
The line had no signals or automatic points to control the switching between lines at junctions with the main line and with the sidings . On the approach to a level crossing the fireman ran ahead with a red flag , to stop the traffic ; he also manually operated the points .
= = Motive power = =
Joseph Howe & Company used an 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 saddle tank locomotive to transport building materials during the hospital 's construction . The locomotive was purchased new in 1900 , and sold in 1903 following the completion of the hospital and electrification of the line .
In 1902 , the decision was taken to electrify the railway using power generated from the hospital 's own power plant , which was also connected to the National Grid . The line was electrified at 500V DC using a single overhead line .
Engineers Robert W. Blackwell & Co provided a small 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 electric locomotive capable of pulling two loaded coal wagons . It is not known where the locomotive was manufactured , as the company has no record , but the design of the controls suggests that it may have been imported from Germany . A small railcar with space for 12 passengers was also provided . The locomotive and the railcar were each fitted with a single trolley pole to collect electricity from the overhead wire . The passenger car was used for the duration of passenger services on the line , and the locomotive from the electrification of the line until closure in 1959 . At that time , it was the oldest operational electric locomotive in the British Isles .
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L ) and OHL All @-@ Rookie Teams , along with Spitfires teammate Taylor Hall . Ellis was further recognized for his academic performance , maintaining an 81 percent average in university preparation courses at St. Anne Catholic High School in Belle River , earning him the League 's Bobby Smith Trophy as scholastic player of the year . He received the award over fellow nominee Steven Stamkos of the Sting , who had won it the previous year .
Ellis was named OHL Defenceman of the Month for October 2008 the following season . He earned the distinction twice more over the course of the campaign in February and March 2009 . On November 3 , he was chosen as OHL Player of the Week , having scored seven points in the previous two games . Ellis his second such distinction on April 20 , 2009 , registering two goals and five assists in three games . During the season , he represented the OHL in the 2008 ADT Canada @-@ Russia Challenge . He also competed for the Western Conference at the 2009 OHL All @-@ Star Classic iand participated in the 2009 CHL Top Prospects Game .
Improving to 22 goals , 67 assists and 89 points in 57 games in 2008 – 09 , Ellis led all OHL defencemen and finished second in team scoring to Taylor Hall . He ranked first in the League in assists , seventh in points and second in plus @-@ minus rating ( + 52 ) . As a result , Ellis was named to the OHL First All @-@ Star Team and awarded the Max Kaminsky Trophy , beating fellow nominees P. K. Subban and Cameron Gaunce as the League 's top defenceman . The distinction made him a finalist for CHL Defenceman of the Year , but he lost to Jonathon Blum of the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) ' s Vancouver Giants . Ellis was additionally voted the smartest player , hardest shot and best offensive defenceman in the Western Conference in an annual poll of OHL coaches . Ellis later cited the smartest player selection as his most rewarding recognition to that date .
Windsor entered the 2009 OHL playoffs as the top @-@ ranked team in the West . Ellis added 31 points in 20 games , tying for third in post @-@ season scoring while helping the Spitfires to a J. Ross Robertson Cup as OHL champions . Earning a berth in the 2009 Memorial Cup , the Spitfires went on to win the national major junior championship over the Kelowna Rockets . Ellis recorded four points in six games to be named to the Tournament All @-@ Star Team .
Going into the 2009 NHL Entry Draft , he was listed by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau as the 16th best prospect ( fifth among defencemen ) in North America . He was selected in the first round , 11th overall , by the Nashville Predators . Standing at 5 feet and 9 inches ( 1 @.@ 75 metres ) , he was considered small for a defenceman . Addressing this supposed weakness , Hall of Fame defenceman Bobby Orr said of him , " he 's not very big , but you 'll see ... he 's a heck of a hockey player . " Ellis has publicly discredited any size concerns , alluding to his ability to play physically in spite of it . He has been compared to Detroit Red Wings defenceman Brian Rafalski for his success as a small , offensive defenceman .
Ellis subsequently attended his first NHL training camp with Nashville in September 2009 , but was returned to Windsor after suffering a wrist injury . As a result , he missed ten games with the Spitfires , making his season debut in early @-@ November . Struggling offensively upon recovering , he focused on improving his defensive and physical play . Finishing the season with 61 points over 48 games in 2009 – 10 , he ranked fourth among League defencemen in point @-@ scoring and was named to the OHL Second All @-@ Star Team . Windsor defended both their OHL and Memorial Cup championships in the ensuing post @-@ season . Ellis scored 33 points over 19 games in the OHL playoffs , tying with Jeff Skinner for second in OHL scoring , behind Taylor Hall . Windsor beat the Barrie Colts in the OHL Finals before defeating the Brandon Wheat Kings 9 – 1 in the Memorial Cup Final . Ellis recorded three assists in the national championship game .
Attending his second Predators training camp , he was again returned to junior for the 2010 – 11 season . Upon his return to Windsor , he was named team captain . After recording five goals and 17 points in November 2010 , he was named OHL Defenceman of the Month . During the month , he surpassed Joel Quenneville as the Spitfires ' all @-@ time leading scorer among defencemen . He scored the game @-@ winning goal in overtime against the London Knights on November 10 for his record @-@ setting 230th career point with Windsor . Ellis was honoured in a pre @-@ game ceremony on November 26 for the feat ; the game that night against the Oshawa Generals was billed as " Ryan Ellis Night . " Also in November , Ellis served as captain for Team OHL in the 2010 Subway Super Series against Russia . Several months later , he recorded his 300th career OHL point on February 25 , 2011 . Registering three assists in a 4 – 2 win against the Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds , he became the third defenceman in OHL history to reach the mark , following Denis Potvin ( 330 points , 1968 – 73 ) and Rick Corriveau ( 329 points , 1987 – 92 ) . He completed the season with 313 points all @-@ time . His single @-@ season total of 100 points ( 24 goals and 76 assists ) established a career @-@ high while leading all OHL defencemen by a 21 @-@ point margin . It was the first time in over 17 years that an OHL defenceman scored 100 points in a season . Among all OHL skaters , he ranked fifth overall . After winning his second Max Kaminsky Trophy and first Red Tilson Trophy as the OHL 's most outstanding defenceman and player , respectively , he was further distinguished as CHL Defenceman and Player of the Year . Ellis beat out Simon Després and Stefan Elliott for the former recognition , while being voted over Sean Couturier and Darcy Kuemper for the latter . It was the first time a player won both awards since Bryan
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Fogarty did so 22 years prior .
= = = Professional = = =
On January 7 , 2012 , Ellis scored his first NHL goal with the Predators in a game against the Carolina Hurricanes on goaltender Justin Peters .
= = International play = =
Ellis made his debut with Hockey Canada at the 2008 World U17 Hockey Challenge , representing Ontario , the tournament 's host province . He scored his first international goal against Team Pacific on December 29 , 2007 , a game in which he was also chosen as Ontario 's best player . Team Ontario won eight straight games as they won the tournament . With nine points in eight games , Ellis was the tournament 's leading defenceman and was named to the All @-@ Star Team , along with Ontario teammate Matt Duchene .
Later that year , Ellis was named to Canada 's team for the 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships in Russia . Leading his team in shots on goal , he helped Canada to a gold medal , defeating Russia 8 – 0 in the final . He recorded a goal and an assist in the championship victory . Finishing with three goals and seven points , he was the tournament 's leading defenceman . Four months later , he re @-@ joined the national under @-@ 18 team for the 2008 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament , held in Slovakia and the Czech Republic . Ellis led all team defencemen in scoring with five points ( a goal and four assists ) , helping Canada go undefeated in four games . They defeated Russia 6 – 3 in the final to capture the gold medal .
Moving on to the Canada 's under @-@ 20 team , he made his first of three World Junior Championship appearances in 2009 . Named to the team at 17 years old , he was one of three draft @-@ eligible players on the club with John Tavares and Evander Kane . Head Coach Pat Quinn had coached Ellis previously at the World U18 Championships . He selected Ellis to the team as the eighth defencemen , instead of choosing a traditional 13th forward , because of his abilities on the power play . In the semifinal against Russia , Ellis was instrumental in tying the game with five seconds remaining in regulation . Twice , he preventing the puck from being cleared out of the offensive zone , which allowed a play to develop that resulted in Jordan Eberle 's game @-@ tying goal . Canada beat Russia in a shootout before defeating Sweden in the final to win gold . Ellis scored seven points over six games to finish fourth among tournament defencemen in scoring . It also set a Canadian record for most points by a 17 @-@ year @-@ old defenceman .
The following year , Ellis returned for the 2010 World Junior Championships in Saskatchewan . Canada went undefeated in the tournament until the gold medal game , where they lost to the United States in overtime . The defeat ended Canada 's five @-@ year gold medal streak at the World Juniors and marked the first time Ellis competed in an international competition without winning gold . He finished with eight points over six games , ranking second among tournament defencemen behind teammate Alex Pietrangelo .
As a two @-@ time veteran of Canada 's junior team , Ellis opted not to attend their annual summer evaluation camp . In December 2010 , he was named to the squad as one of four returning players for the 2011 World Junior Championships , held in Buffalo , New York . Ellis became the seventh player in Canadian history to play three times in the tournament . He was later chosen as team captain . Ellis began the tournament tied with Pietrangelo as the country 's all @-@ time top @-@ scoring defenceman at the World Juniors . By scoring a goal in the opening game against Russia , a 6 – 3 win for Canada , he broke the tie to take the all @-@ time scoring lead among Canadian defencemen . Later in the tournament , Ellis recorded three assists in a game against Norway , making him the World Juniors ' all @-@ time leading scorer among defencemen , passing Finnish defenceman Reijo Ruotsalainen 's mark of 21 points . In the quarterfinal , he assisted on a goal against Switzerland to break Eric Lindros 's 19 @-@ assist record as Canada 's all @-@ time leader at the tournament . Playing Russia in the gold medal game , Ellis scored the opening goal in a 5 – 3 losing effort , earning silver for the second consecutive year . Finishing the tournament with three goals and ten points to lead all blueliners , he earned Best Defenceman and All @-@ Star Team honours . He was additionally voted by tournament coaches as one of Canada 's best three players . With 25 points over three years at the tournament , he tied Jordan Eberle as Canada 's second @-@ best scorer of all @-@ time , behind Lindros ' 31 points .
Ellis was a late addition to Team Canada at the 2016 world championships , joining the team in mid @-@ tournament after Nashville was knocked out of the NHL playoffs ; the team went on to win the gold medal .
= = Playing style = =
Ellis is an offensive defenceman . A fast skater and skilled stickhandler , he is capable of manoeuvring the puck up the ice from the defensive zone . Known as a power play specialist , he often " quarterbacks " from the blueline — controlling puck distribution between teammates in the offensive zone — and possesses a hard and accurate shot . He is also a physical player , though he is undersized as a defenceman at 5 feet and 9 inches ( 1 @.@ 75 metres ) . He is able to compensate for his lack of overpowering strength with good defensive positioning and active stick @-@ checking .
= = Personal life = =
Ellis was born in Freelton , Ontario , to parents Jim and Mary Lou . He has one sister , Erica . He went to Tall Pines School . Moving away from home for his junior career , he attended St. Anne High School . In February 2010 , Ellis was selected as his hometown Hamilton / Burlington area 's 2009 Golden Horseshoe Athlete of the Year , beating out college quarterback Danny Brannagan and marathon runner Reid Coolsaet .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Awards and honours = =
= = = Junior = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Records = =
Windsor Spitfires ' all @-@ time leading point @-@ scorer , defencemen ( surpassed Joel Quenneville , 229 points ) ;
World Junior Championships ' all @-@ time leading point @-@ scorer , defencemen – 25 ( surpassed Reijo Ruotsalainen , 21 points ) ;
Canadian national junior team 's all @-@ time leading assist @-@ scorer – 20 ( surpassed Eric Lindros , 19 assists ) .
= Psilocybe makarorae =
Psilocybe makarorae is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae . Officially described as new to science in 1995 , it is known only from New Zealand , where it grows on rotting wood and twigs of southern beeches . The fruit body ( mushroom ) has a brownish cap with lighter coloured margins , measuring up to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) wide . The cap shape is either conical , bell @-@ shaped , or flat depending on the age of the mushroom , and it features a prominent umbo . Although the whitish stem does not form a true ring , it
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retains remnants of the partial veil that covers and protects the gills of young fruit bodies . P. makarorae mushrooms can be distinguished from the similar North American species Psilocybe caerulipes by microscopic characteristics such as the presence of cystidia on the gill faces ( pleurocystidia ) , and cheilocystidia ( found on the gill edges ) with more elongated necks . Based on the bluing reaction to injury , P. makarorae is presumed to contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species was first mentioned in the literature in 1981 , when Pierre Margot and Roy Watling described a specimen collected in 1969 by Grace Marie Taylor near the Franz Josef Glacier as an unnamed Psilocybe with affinities to the North American species Psilocybe caerulipes . It was officially described as new to science in 1995 by mycologists Peter R. Johnston and Peter K. Buchanan . In his 1996 book Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World , Paul Stamets noted that the two authors are known to work with law @-@ enforcement officials to assist in prosecuting those who illegally collect psychoactive mushrooms .
The type material was collected in 1990 , near the Haast Pass crossing the Makarora River . The specific epithet makarorae refers to the type locality . P. makarorae is classified in Gastón Guzmán 's section Mexicanae owing to the spore shape and bluing reaction upon injury . It is distinguished from other species in this section by the size of the caps , the presence of pleurocystidia , and the short @-@ necked cheilocystidia .
= = Description = =
The cap is initially conical to bell shaped , but as the mushroom grows , it expands to become convex with a prominent umbo , and attains a diameter of 15 – 55 mm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 2 in ) . The cap surface is dry to slightly tacky . Its colour is yellow @-@ brown to orange @-@ brown , often paler towards the margin , which has fine striations corresponding to the gills on the underside . The flesh is white . Gills have an adnexed attachment to the stem , and are pale greyish @-@ brown . The whitish stem is 30 – 60 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) long by 2 – 4 mm wide . It is cylindrical , with a surface of pressed silky fibrils . The base of the stem is often brownish , with white rhizoids present . The veil of young fruit bodies is cortinate — resembling the cobweb @-@ like partial veil found in Cortinarius species . As the mushroom grows , its remnants often remain visible on the stem , but it never forms a complete ring . Both the cap and the stem stain greenish @-@ blue when damaged .
The spore print is dark purplish @-@ brown . Spores typically measure 7 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 5 by 5 @.@ 5 – 6 @.@ 5 by 4 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 5 μm , averaging 8 @.@ 7 by 6 @.@ 0 by 5 @.@ 3 μm . Its shape in face view is ovate ( egg @-@ shaped ) to roughly rhomboid , while viewed from the side it appears elliptical . The spore wall is brown , smooth , about 0 @.@ 8 – 1 μm thick , and has a germ pore . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored and somewhat club @-@ shaped , tapering slightly to the base ; they are clamped , and measure 25 – 31 by 7 – 8 @.@ 5 μm .
The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) have dimensions of 18 – 26 by 6 – 9 μm , and a shape ranging from ventricose @-@ rostrate ( broad in the middle and tapering to a beaklike neck ) to mucronate ( ending abruptly in a short sharp point ) . They are hyaline ( translucent ) , thin @-@ walled , and clamped , with necks that are 3 – 5 μm long . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are similar in shape to cheilocystidia , but narrower ( 4 – 8 μm wide ) , and usually have a shorter neck measuring 2 @.@ 5 – 4 μm . The cap cuticle is a cutis ( characterised by hyphae that run parallel to the cap surface ) of long @-@ celled , 2 – 3 μm diameter , gelatinised hyphae . The hypodermium ( the tissue layer under the cap cuticle ) is filamentous , comprising 4 – 6 μm diameter cells with pale brown walls . Clamps are common . The subhymenium ( the tissue layer under the hymenium ) is poorly developed , containing 2 – 4 μm diameter cells with pale brown walls . The tissue comprising the hymenophore is made of short cylindric , 3 – 6 μm diameter hyaline cells .
P. makarorae contains the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin . Although the potency is not known definitely , Stamets suggests that , based on the degree of the bluing reaction , they are " probably moderately potent " .
= = = Similar species = = =
Psilocybe makarorae closely resembles the North American species P. caerulipes , but the former can be distinguished microscopically from the latter by the presence of pleurocystidia , and cheilocystidia with longer necks . There are several other psychoactive species of Psilocybe found in New Zealand : P. aucklandii , P. cubensis , P. semilanceata , P. subaeruginosa , P. subcubensis , and P. tasmaniana . P. subaeruginosa is distinguished from P. makarorae by having chocolate brown pleurocystidia . Closely related to P. subaeruginosa is the poorly known P. tasmaniana ; some have considered the two species synonymous . It has been reported growing on dung and dung @-@ enriched woody debris in open areas of Eucalyptus forests . P. cubensis is a common , dung @-@ loving species that can be readily recognized by its larger size ( cap diameter up to 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 1
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is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length . I @-@ 97 is the shortest 2 @-@ digit mainline Interstate and only intracounty 2 @-@ digit Interstate in the contiguous United States .
= = History = =
= = = Predecessor highways = = =
The first modern highway along the path of what is now I @-@ 97 followed the corridor from New Cut Road to south of the intersection of MD 178 and Veterans Highway at Dorrs Corner . This highway was intended as a second route from Glen Burnie to Annapolis to complement the highway along the east side of the Severn River ; this western route later became known as General 's Highway , a name still applied to its MD 178 portion . Construction of this highway was underway by 1919 . The new highway was completed as a gravel road from New Cut Road to north of Benfield and as a concrete road through Benfield and across Severn Run to near Dorrs Corner by 1921 . In 1922 , this highway was designated part of Robert Crain Highway , a new highway to connect the Baltimore area with Southern Maryland . The Glen Burnie – Dorrs Corner portion of the new highway was reconstructed and completed as a concrete road from Glen Burnie south through Millersville by 1923 . Robert Crain Highway became part of MD 3 in 1927 and then US 301 in 1939 when the U.S. Highway was extended from Virginia to Baltimore . MD 3 was reconstructed in 1933 and 1934 . The reconstruction eliminated several dangerous curves , particularly near Severn Run , and expanded the highway from a width of 15 to 20 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 to 6 @.@ 1 m ) . Veterans Highway follows much of that early 1930s course .
The next portion of I @-@ 97 predecessor highway was built as the four @-@ lane Glen Burnie Bypass from Robert Crain Highway and New Cut Road north to the Baltimore Beltway . Construction on the four @-@ lane freeway began in August 1954 with construction of several bridges over or for the highway ; these bridges were completed in 1955 and 1956 . The dual roadways and interchange ramps from the southern end of the bypass to MD 648 were constructed starting in March 1955 ; the concrete @-@ surfaced highway was completed in February 1957 . The northernmost portion of the bypass , including the adjacent portion of the Baltimore Beltway , was constructed between December 1955 and September 1957 . US 301 was moved onto the bypass and the adjacent portion of the Beltway when the projects were completed in 1957 . The small portion of I @-@ 97 north of the Beltway was added to the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel project as a direct connection between the Glen Burnie Bypass and the Harbor Tunnel Thruway 's southern approach from MD 2 in 1955 . This
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September 2012 . Set in present @-@ day Japan , it focuses on teenager Tsubasa Uehara , as she investigates the mystery surrounding her twin sister 's failed suicide attempt . With her sister left comatose , Tsubasa poses as her in the hopes of uncovering the identity of the King , a person who grants wishes to Arisa 's class , often resulting in violence .
Del Rey licensed the series for an English @-@ language translation in North America . It published the first volume in October 2010 , and shortly afterward , Kodansha Comics USA took over publishing , with the final volume published in January 2014 . The series was positively received by English @-@ language readers , with three volumes placing on the New York Times Bestseller List for manga . Arisa generally received positive reviews from English @-@ language reviewers , and the first volume placed on the Young Adult Library Services Association 's list of " Great Graphic Novels for Teens " in 2011 .
= = Plot = =
Set in modern @-@ day Japan , the plot centers on Tsubasa Uehara ( 上原 つばさ , Uehara Tsubasa ) and Arisa Sonoda ( 園田 ありさ , Sonoda Arisa ) , twin sisters separated by their parents ' divorce who keep in contact through letters . Finally meeting again as teenagers three years later , tomboyish Tsubasa is envious , but proud , of her popular sister , in comparison to her own school life where she is often referred to as the " Demon Princess . " When Arisa receives a letter from her school denouncing her as a traitor , she attempts suicide and becomes comatose . Shocked and saddened , Tsubasa poses as her , attending her school to find out why she tried to kill herself . She learns that Arisa 's class sends wishes on their cellphones to a person called King each Friday . The King only grants one wish weekly , resulting mostly in violence . Tsubasa resolves to stop the King and find out the person 's identity to save Arisa , in the hopes of waking her from her coma .
Assisted in her investigations by Akira Manabe ( 真鍋 明良 , Manabe Akira ) , Arisa 's classmate who learns Tsubasa 's identity , she encounters Mariko Takagi ( 高木 毬子 , Takagi Mariko ) , Arisa 's best friend whom the King manipulates ; Midori Yamashita ( 山下 緑 , Yamashita Midori ) , Arisa 's boyfriend ; Rei Kudō ( 玖堂 レイ , Kudō Rei ) , a transfer student whom Arisa had befriended online and who serves as the messenger of the King ; and Shizuka Mochizuki ( 望月 静華 , Mochizuki Shizuka ) , Manabe 's childhood friend who lost the use of her legs after a failed suicide attempt provoked by the King . Arisa awakens from her coma , but pretends to have amnesia and returns to Midori 's side . She reveals that she was the original King : although she granted harmless wishes in the beginning , she eventually stole the answers to an exam for Mariko 's wish , fearing disappointment if she refused . Midori caught her in the act , and she shared the task of granting the class 's wishes with him , until he injured her mother , in an attempt to grant her wish . Midori then replaced her as King , using violence and bullying to grant wishes . Horrified by his cruelty and the perceived similarities between them , she then reached out to her twin , hoping that Tsubasa would be able to uncover the truth . Tsubasa learns that Midori suffered psychological trauma in his childhood after being abandoned by his mother and witnessing his twin , Akari , die of neglect . She later foils his attempt to kill her mother , as he hated his own mother and believed that Arisa hated hers as well . Arisa confesses that she loves him for noticing her loneliness , and he realizes that he loves her too . In the conclusion , Arisa 's mother spends more time with her , and Arisa reconciles with Tsubasa .
= = Development = =
Manga artist Natsumi Ando 's concept art of Arisa had two earlier models of Tsubasa with chin @-@ length and shoulder @-@ length hair , respectively . Ando initially felt worried about the absence of a potential romantic partner for Tsubasa , as Arisa 's target audience is girls ; however , as the manga progressed , she thought of it as " a selling point . " As a result of this , she was able to focus on Tsubasa 's emotions towards her twin . Soon after beginning the manga 's serialization , Ando created " Tsubasa " , a bonus chapter focusing on Ar
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isa 's pretending to be her elder sister ; she continued to delay its publication , because it seemed inappropriate to have a bonus story with Arisa appear when she was comatose in the main storyline . According to Ando , it made a good chapter with which to conclude the series .
= = Release = =
Written and illustrated by Natsumi Ando , the chapters of Arisa appeared as a serial in the monthly manga magazine Nakayoshi from the February 2009 issue to the September 2012 issue . Kodansha collected the chapters into twelve bound volumes , and published them from April 28 , 2009 , to September 6 , 2012 .
In 2009 , Del Rey announced that it had licensed the series for an English @-@ language translation in North America . Del Rey released the first volume on October 26 , 2010 ; Kodansha Comics USA continued publication of the series , with the final volume published on January 21 , 2014 . Digital editions of the series have also been published by Kodansha in the United Kingdom . Arisa has also been translated into German by Carlsen Comics .
= = Reception = =
Arisa was positively received by English @-@ language readers . The second , fifth , and sixth volumes each placed on the New York Times Bestseller List for manga .
Young Adult Library Services Association placed the first volume of Arisa on its list of " Great Graphic Novels for Teens " for 2011 . About.com 's Deb Aoki reviewed the first volume of Arisa positively , praising it as " compelling " and " a much darker tale " than Ando 's previous work Kitchen Princess ; she later placed Arisa on her 2010 list of the " Best New Manga " for the shōjo category . Otaku USA magazine 's Danica Davidson agreed that the plot was darker than Kitchen Princess and described the artwork as " pretty and cutesy " . According to Matthew Warner of Mania Entertainment , the initially cliched @-@ seeming characters and plain premise helped to provide a " strong contrast " to the main storyline and " the depraved and twisted nature of Arisa ’ s class " . While noting the presence of clichés and " plot holes " , Carlo Santos of Anime News Network enjoyed the first volume , describing it as " a shoujo @-@ styled Naoki Urasawa thriller , built upon layers of addictive mystery " ; he had mixed feelings about her artwork , writing that it conveyed the plot well , but did not possess a distinct artistic style . In her review of the third volume , Rebecca Silverman , another reviewer for Anime News Network , wrote that while the middle @-@ school setting felt believable and the mystery was intriguing , some aspects of the plot were trying on the reader 's suspension of disbelief , and the artwork , though usually enjoyable , failed to be convincingly scary during frightening scenes . In her follow @-@ up review of the eleventh and twelfth volumes , Silverman interpreted Arisa as struggling with Stockholm syndrome and wrote that it was unsettling , as by the conclusion , the character still remained in " an emotionally unhealthy ( or even abusive ) relationship . " She enjoyed the suspense and wrote that Midori 's backstory sufficed to explain his actions , concluding " Arisa has been a wild ride , an unexpected horror / mystery shoujo gem . "
= The Ones ( 30 Rock ) =
" The Ones " is the nineteenth episode of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock . It was written by co @-@ executive producer Jack Burditt , and directed by Beth McCarthy . The episode aired in the United States on April 23 , 2009 , on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) . Guest stars in this episode include Josh Casaubon , Salma Hayek , and Brian Williams .
In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) goes shopping with Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) for an engagement ring for Elisa ( Hayek ) . Jack grows worried about whether he and Elisa 's potential marriage could survive in the real world , but Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) counsels him on married life . Meanwhile , Elisa tells Liz that she is keeping a secret from Jack . A prank results in an injury back at TGS and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) falls in love with an attractive emergency medical technician ( Casaubon ) who comes to help .
" The Ones " received generally mixed reception . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 6 @.@ 3 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 6 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . For her performance in this episode , Krakowski received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series .
= = Plot = =
Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) is planning to marry his girlfriend Elisa ( Salma Hayek ) as he believes she is " the one " , but Elisa tells Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) she has a secret . After asking Liz to tell Jack of her reluctance to get married , Elisa kisses Liz and walks away . Liz simply says " I see why he ( Jack ) likes it " . She confesses to Jack and Liz that she killed her first husband in a crime of passion after he cheated on her , and did not go to prison because she could not get an impartial jury due to her consequent notoriety .
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é Primevère Lesson and placed in its own genus , Picathartes , as it did not share characteristics common to members of Corvus such as a feathered head . This generic name comes from a combination of the Latin genera pica for " magpie " and cathartes for " vulture " . Since its initial description , the picathartes have been placed in more than five different families , including those of crows ( Corvidae ) , starlings ( Sturnidae ) , Old World flycatchers ( Muscicapidae ) , babblers ( Timaliidae ) and Old World warblers ( Sylviidae ) . Today the white @-@ necked rockfowl and its close relative the grey @-@ necked rockfowl are believed to comprise a unique family , Picathartidae . It has also been suggested though not generally accepted that the two rockfowl represent the remnants of an ancient bird order . Recent DNA analysis has shown that Picathartidae and its closest relatives , southern Africa 's rockjumpers and southeast Asia 's rail @-@ babbler , form a clade . The analysis suggests that the rockfowl split from the common ancestor of their clade 44 million years ago . It is believed that the ancestor of this clade originated in Australia and spread to Africa . Though the white @-@ necked rockfowl has no subspecies , it is believed to form a superspecies with the grey @-@ necked rockfowl , with plumage and facial pattern being the primary differences between the two species .
Common names used for this species include white @-@ necked rockfowl , white @-@ necked picathartes , yellow @-@ headed picathartes , bare @-@ headed rockfowl , and the less frequently used white @-@ necked bald crow . Rockfowl is a reference to the species ' habit of building mud nests on rock surfaces and caves . Picathartes refers to the species ' scientific name . Bald crow is a reference to its featherless head and somewhat crow @-@ like appearance , especially its beak .
= = Description = =
This rockfowl measures around 38 to 41 cm ( 15 to 16 in ) in length , with its notably long tail contributing about 18 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) . Adult rockfowl show little sexual dimorphism in plumage and the sexes cannot be told apart by appearance . On the adult , the head , excluding the chin and throat , is completely bare of feathers except for a thin layer of fuzz on the forehead . The head 's skin is bright yellow except for two large , circular patches of black skin located just behind the eye and containing the ear ; only a thin , 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 in ) wide patch of yellow skin on the crown prevents the two black patches from connecting . The black patch has a raised edge and appears to be a distinct part of the face . The eyelid and eyering are a thin line of black surrounding the
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southern Africa .
During this time , he was also Minister of Internal Affairs from 1944 to 1946 and briefly Minister of Finance from 7 May 1946 to 26 September 1946 . He acted as Prime Minister at various times in 1947 and 1948 during the absence of Huggins and acted for other ministers on a number of occasions .
Although he had retired from political office , Guest continued to be active in public life , for example in organising the 1953 Rhodes Centenary Exhibition in Southern Rhodesia .
= = Family = =
Ernest Guest married Edith May , daughter of Thomas Jones of Singapore . The couple met in Johannesburg , where she had been brought up by an uncle . They had two daughters and twin sons . Both their sons were killed in action in the Second World War .
His second daughter , Maureen Edith Pilling , enlisted in the Women 's Auxiliary Air Force ( WAAF ) soon after the outbreak of the Second World War and was eventually promoted to Flight Officer in July 1944 . Posted to Cairo and Palestine , she married a Squadron Leader in the RAF and then remained in Cairo until the end of the war .
Ernest Melville Charles Guest ( 1920 – 4 October 1943 ) was commissioned as Pilot Officer in the Royal Air Force on 9 October 1939 and eventually promoted to Flight Lieutenant on 9 October 1941 . He was initially posted to 206 Squadron in England , flying anti @-@ submarine missions , then to 200 Squadron in West Africa before being transferred to 61 Air School at George in the Western Cape as a navigation instructor . He transferred back to England and soon after was killed in action . A fortnight later , his son , Melville Richard John Guest , was born . He received three Mentions in Despatches and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross in 1942 .
John Desmond Thomas Guest ( 1920 – 21 November 1941 ) , Melville 's twin brother , turned down a Rhodes Scholarship at Trinity College , Oxford as the war broke out and enlisted in England instead , commissioned Second Lieutenant in the King 's Royal Rifle Corps in June 1940 . He served in the Abyssinian campaign and then in the Western Desert , where he was killed in a bayonet charge at the Battle of Sidi Rezegh on 21 November
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@ lions , sea @-@ bears and seals of North America . In this publication , he traced the history of names , gave keys to families and genera , described North American species and provided synopses of species in other parts of the world . In 1989 , Annalisa Berta and colleagues proposed the unranked clade Pinnipedimorpha to contain the fossil genus Enaliarctos and modern seals as a sister group . Pinnipeds belong to the order Carnivora and the suborder Caniformia ( known as dog @-@ like carnivorans ) . Pinnipedia was historically considered its own suborder under Carnivora . Of the three extant families , the Otariidae and Odobenidae are grouped in the superfamily Otarioidea , while the Phocidae belong to the superfamily Phocoidea .
Otariids are also known as eared seals due to the presence of pinnae . These animals rely on their well @-@ developed fore @-@ flippers to propel themselves through the water . They can also turn their hind @-@ flippers forward and " walk " on land . The anterior end of an otariid 's frontal bones extends between the nasal bones , and the supraorbital foramen is large and flat horizontally . The supraspinatous fossas are divided by a " secondary spine " and the bronchi are divided anteriorly . Otariids consist of two types : sea lions and fur seals . Sea lions are distinguished by their rounder snouts and shorter , rougher pelage , while fur seals have more pointed snouts , longer fore @-@ flippers and thicker fur coats that include an undercoat and guard hairs . The former also tend to be larger than the latter . Five genera and seven species ( one now extinct ) of sea lion are known to exist , while two genera and nine species of fur seal exist . While sea lions and fur seals have historically been considered separate subfamilies ( Otariinae and Arctocephalinae respectively ) , a 2001 genetic study found that the northern fur seal is more closely related to several sea lion species . This is supported by a 2006 molecular study that also found that the Australian sea lion and New Zealand sea lion are more closely related to Arctocephalus than to other sea lions .
Odobenidae consists of only one living member : the modern walrus . This animal is easily distinguished from other extant pinnipeds by its larger size ( exceeded only by the elephant seals ) , nearly hairless skin and long upper canines , known as tusks . Like otariids , walruses are capable of turning their hind @-@ flippers forward and can walk on land . When moving in water , the walrus relies on its hind @-@ flippers for locomotion , while its fore @-@ flippers are used for steering . In addition , the walrus lacks external ear flaps . Walruses have pterygoid bones that are broad and thick , frontal bones that are V @-@ shaped at the anterior end and calcaneuses with pronounced tuberosity in the middle .
Phocids are known as true or " earless " seals . These animals lack external ear flaps and are incapable of turning their hind @-@ flippers forward , which makes them more cumbersome on land . In water , true seals swim by moving their hind @-@ flippers and lower body from side to side . Phocids have thickened mastoids , enlarged entotympanic bones , everted pelvic bones and massive ankle bones . They also lack supraorbital processes on the frontal and have underdeveloped calcaneal tubers . A 2006 molecular study supports the division of phocids into two monophyletic subfamilies : Monachinae , which consists of Mirounga , Monachini and Lobodontini ; and Phocinae , which includes Pusa , Phoca , Halichoerus , Histriophoca , Pagophilus , Erignathus and Cystophora .
In a 2012 review of pinniped taxonomy , Berta and Morgan Churchill suggested that , based on morphological and genetic criteria , there are 33 extant species and 29 subspecies of pinnipeds , although five of the latter lack sufficient support to be conclusively considered subspecies . They recommend that the genus Arctocephalus be limited to Arctocephalus pusillus , and they resurrected the name Arctophoca for several species and subspecies formerly placed in Arctocephalus . More than
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= =
= = = Video games = = =
= = = = Fighting games = = = =
The original Mortal Kombat game was released for arcade machines during October 1992 , having since been ported to several console and home computer systems by Probe Software and released by Acclaim Entertainment . The sequel , Mortal Kombat II , was released for arcades in 1993 , featuring an increased roster and improved graphics and gameplay , then ported to the numerous home systems in 1993 @-@ 1995 by Probe Entertainment and Sculptured Software , released again by Acclaim ; it was rereleased in 2007 for the PlayStation 3 . Mortal Kombat 3 followed in 1995 in both arcade and home versions . MK3 got two updates which expanded the number of characters and other features from the game : Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 , published that same year , and Mortal Kombat Trilogy the next year . The following game , Mortal Kombat 4 , was released in 1997 , marked the jump of the series to 3D rendered graphics instead of the series ' previously staple digitized 2D graphics . Mortal Kombat 4 was ported to the PlayStation , Nintendo 64 and PC . An update of MK4 titled Mortal Kombat Gold was released exclusively for the Dreamcast in 1999 .
While to this point Mortal Kombat games were only titled with their installment number , starting with Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance in 2002 , the series ' naming scheme changed to favor the use of sub @-@ titles instead . It was also at this point that the series started being targeted at consoles only , with Mortal Kombat 4 being the last game in the series to ever be released for the arcades . Deadly Alliance was released initially for the Xbox , PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) and GameCube . Deadly Alliance was also the first Mortal Kombat game to feature fully 3D gameplay , where up to Mortal Kombat 4 the gameplay had stayed in a 2D plane ; this trend would continue for the following two games . The Game Boy Advance port titled Mortal Kombat : Tournament Edition was released in 2003 . The next sequel was the 2004 Mortal Kombat : Deception , released for the PS2 , Xbox and GameCube . Its port for the PlayStation Portable , Mortal Kombat : Unchained , was developed by Just Games Interactive in 2006 . Mortal Kombat : Armageddon was published in the same year for the PS2 , Xbox , and in 2007 on the Wii . In 2008 , Midway released the Mortal Kombat Kollection , an anthology of the three then @-@ most recent titles to the main franchise : Mortal Kombat : Deception , Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks , and Mortal Kombat : Armageddon . Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe , a crossover between the Mortal Kombat franchise and DC Universe released in 2008 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 .
A ninth game in the series , a reboot titled simply Mortal Kombat , was developed by former Midway Games Chicago , now owned by Warner Bros. Games and renamed as NetherRealm Studios . It was first released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011 , and was ported for the PlayStation Vita in 2012 and for the PC Windows in 2013 . A sequel , Mortal Kombat X was released in April 2015 on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows .
Ed Boon has stated that he would like to do an Mortal Kombat / Killer Instinct crossover game for the Xbox One .
= = = = Action @-@ adventure games = = = =
Besides the fighting games , there are three action titles that work as spin @-@ offs from the Mortal Kombat storyline . Mortal Kombat Mythologies : Sub @-@ Zero was released in 1997 for the PlayStation and Nintendo 64 ; its story is focused on the first incarnation character of Sub @-@ Zero and is focused in the timeline of before the first Mortal Kombat game . The next action game was Mortal Kombat : Special Forces released in 2000 for the PlayStation ; it is an action game starring Major Jackson Briggs in his mission to destroy the Black Dragon . Mortal Kombat : Shaolin Monks was released in 2005 for the PS2 and the Xbox ; starring Liu Kang and Kung Lao and telling an alternate version of the events between the first and second Mortal Kombat games . A similar game titled Mortal Kombat : Fire & Ice , which would star Scorpion and again Sub @-@ Zero , was canceled when Paradox Development ( Midway Studios – Los Angeles ) , the creators of Shaolin Monks , " couldn ’ t do it in time and under budget . "
= = = Other media = = =
= = = = Films = = = =
Mortal Kombat was adapted into two major motion pictures , Mortal Kombat
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collaboratively .
Mother Gothel is voiced by American actress and singer Donna Murphy , a Tony Award @-@ winning Broadway actress who was informed about the casting call for Tangled by her agent . Having never voiced an animated character before , the actress decided to audition for the role of the film 's villain based solely on the expectation that the unfamiliar experience would be " fun " . Almost immediately , Murphy developed a strong liking towards Gothel because of the character 's complexity . Known for her award @-@ winning Broadway performances , Murphy prepared herself for her Tangled audition similar to the way in which the actress would have prepared for a Broadway audition . Refusing to rely solely on her voice , Murphy also provided Gothel with an additional background that " flush [ ed ] out the moments beyond what we see in the film . " Although Greno and Howard had already held Murphy in high regard as " a spectacular singer " , the actress was required to audition a song for the directors nonetheless , performing " Children Will Listen " from the musical Into the Woods . Howard revealed in an interview that Murphy was ultimately chosen out of hundreds of actresses because she possessed " something extra " ; the directors especially enjoyed the charisma and intelligence Murphy brought to the role .
Growing up a fan of Disney films , Murphy had never wanted to play a princess , preferring characters who were adventurous and " drove the action " instead . In the actress ' opinion , villains continue to be the most dynamic characters in Disney films . Describing the opportunity to voice a Disney villain as a " juicy " experience , Murphy explained that this is because these characters are " not bound by ethics or moral codes or concern for what someone thinks or how it might hurt someone else " , providing actors with more freedom . Upon her first session , Murphy appreciated the directors for exposing her to early concepts and ideas about Gothel . However , Murphy was not provided with a complete script because " They ’ re very protective about that . " Murphy was directed to lower the pitch of her voice in favor of demonstrating a rather " flat " sound . Although Murphy did not base her own performance on any one individual in particular , she admitted to Babble that she was somewhat inspired by Betty Lou Gerson 's performance as Cruella de Vil in Disney 's One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) . Comparing voice acting to Broadway , Murphy commented that , in animation , " You ’ re recording and you ’ re discovering it and giving the performance all at the same time . It ’ s not like you have three weeks rehearsal . " Additionally , Murphy never worked with co @-@ star Mandy Moore , voice of Rapunzel ; instead , Murphy revealed that scenes with Gothel and Rapunzel were actually recorded opposite one of the directors impersonating Moore , who also explained to Murphy that Gothel 's design will continue to evolve as the character begins to adapt the actress ' mannerisms . Howard enthused that Murphy " nailed " Gothel , admitting to ultimately using 90 % of the actress ' original material and takes because " The character just came right to life when she came in . "
= = = Characterization , design and analysis = = =
Convinced that " Disney does villains better than anyone , " the directors felt pressured to create a villain who would ultimately " live up to the classic villains of [ Disney 's ] past films . " Greno and Howard wanted Gothel to be both a funny and frightening character , describing her as " a commanding and powerful presence ... who could also have warmth " . Greno believes that Gothel is particularly scary because she is not a witch , explaining , " She 's a real @-@ world @-@ type villain . " Considered " one of the [ film 's ] hardest characters to crack " by Greno , he and Howard wanted Gothel to be depicted as a conniving villain who is likeable and charismatic enough that audiences would be convinced by her and Rapunzel 's unconventional relationship . Greno explained , " if Mother Gothel was a mean villainess , and looked like a villainess and acted scary , you 'd be like , ' Why is Rapunzel staying in the tower ? ' " In early drafts , Gothel was inspired by Ursula from The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , causing the character to become " too dark . " Ultimately , the filmmakers voted in favor of having Gothel be subtle as opposed to having her remain " a one @-@ note , domineering mother , " similar to Lady Tremaine from Disney 's Cinderella ( 1950 ) .
As reported by The Korea Times , the thought of Gothel being a villain who is both a " greedy , selfish woman and a mother figure to Rapunzel " was initially " perplexing " for animator Jin Kim , and it wasn 't until after Kim heard Gothel 's " Mother Knows Best " for the first time that he " came up with the 1940s Hollywood screen siren motif " for the character . The directors also strived to make it obvious that Mother Gothel and Rapunzel are not related . Greno told Animation World Network , " When they 're standing together , it is very clear that this is not a mother and daughter , just by the frames of their bodies , their hair , the pigments of their skin , " as opposed to when Rapunzel is in close proximity with her true parents , the King and Queen . Howard added that , in comparison to Rapunzel , " Gothel is very tall and curvy , she ’ s very voluptuous , she ’ s got this very exotic look to her . Even down to that curly hair , we ’ re trying to say visually that this is not this girl ’ s mother . " The animators studied footage of Murphy in order to get " ideas about facial expressions " and " gestures . " After much speculation , the directors finally admitted that , in addition to Murphy , Gothel 's physical appearance was in fact influenced by American singer Cher . Howard explained that this was "
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Hitler and followed his policies , but they had considerable autonomy . Officials were expected to " work towards the Führer " – to take the initiative in promoting policies and actions in line with his wishes and the goals of the NSDAP , without Hitler having to be involved in the day @-@ to @-@ day running of the country . The government was not a coordinated , co @-@ operating body , but rather a disorganised collection of factions led by members of the party elite who struggled to amass power and gain the Führer 's favour . Hitler 's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them in positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped . In this way he fostered distrust , competition , and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power .
= = = Law = = =
On 20 August 1934 , civil servants were required to swear an oath of unconditional obedience to Hitler ; a similar oath had been required of members of the military several weeks prior . This law became the basis of the Führerprinzip , the concept that Hitler 's word overrode all existing laws . Any acts that were sanctioned by Hitler — even murder — thus became legal . All legislation proposed by cabinet ministers had to be approved by the office of Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess , who also had a veto over top civil service appointments .
Most of the judicial system and legal codes of the Weimar Republic remained in use during and after the Nazi era to deal with non @-@ political crimes . The courts issued and carried out far more death sentences than before the Nazis took power . People who were convicted of three or more offences — even petty ones — could be deemed habitual offenders and jailed indefinitely . People such as prostitutes and pickpockets were judged to be inherently criminal and a threat to the racial community . Thousands were arrested and confined indefinitely without trial .
Although the regular courts handled political cases and even issued death sentences for these cases , a new type of court , the Volksgerichtshof ( People 's Court ) , was established in 1934 to deal with politically important matters . This court handed out over 5 @,@ 000 death sentences until its dissolution in 1945 . The death penalty could be issued for offences such as being a communist , printing seditious leaflets , or even making jokes about Hitler or other top party officials . Nazi Germany employed three types of capital punishment ; hanging , decapitation , and death by shooting . The Gestapo was in charge of investigative policing to enforce National Socialist ideology . They located and confined political offenders , Jews , and others deemed undesirable . Political offenders who were released from prison were often immediately re @-@ arrested by the Gestapo and confined in a concentration camp .
In September 1935 the Nuremberg Laws were enacted . These laws initially prohibited sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include " Gypsies , Negroes or their bastard offspring " . The law also forbade the employment of German women under the age of 45 as domestic servants in Jewish households . The Reich Citizenship Law stated that only those of " German or related blood " were eligible for citizenship . At the same time the Nazis used propaganda to promulgate the concept of Rassenschande ( race defilement ) to justify the need for a restrictive law . Thus Jews and other non @-@ Aryans were stripped of their German citizenship . The wording of the law also potentially allowed the Nazis to deny citizenship to anyone who was not supportive enough of the regime . A supplementary decree issued in November defined as Jewish anyone with three Jewish grandparents , or two grandparents if the Jewish faith was followed .
= = = Military and paramilitary = = =
= = = = Wehrmacht = = = =
The unified armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 were called the Wehrmacht . This included the Heer ( army ) , Kriegsmarine ( navy ) , and the Luftwaffe ( air force ) . From 2 August 1934 , members of the armed forces were required to pledge an oath of unconditional obedience to Hitler personally . In contrast to the previous oath , which required allegiance to the constitution of the country and its lawful establishments , this new oath required members of the military to obey Hitler even if they were being ordered to do something illegal . Hitler decreed that the army would have to tolerate and even offer logistical support to the Einsatzgruppen — the mobile death squads responsible for millions of deaths in Eastern Europe — when it was tactically possible to do so . Members of the Wehrmacht also participated directly in the Holocaust by shooting civilians or undertaking genocide under the guise of anti @-@ partisan operations . The party line was that the Jews were the instigators of the partisan struggle , and therefore needed to be eliminated . On 8 July 1941 , Heydrich announced that all Jews were to be regarded as partisans , and gave the order for all male Jews between the ages of 15 and 45 to be shot .
In spite of efforts to prepare the country militarily , the economy could not sustain a lengthy war of attrition such as had occurred in World War I. A strategy was developed based on the tactic of Blitzkrieg ( lightning war ) , which involved using quick coordinated assaults that avoided enemy strong points . Attacks began with artillery bombardment , followed by bombing and strafing runs . Next the tanks would attack and finally the infantry would move in to secure any ground that had been taken . Victories continued through mid @-@ 1940 , but the failure to defeat Britain was the first major turning point in the war . The decision to attack the Soviet Union and the decisive defeat at Stalingrad led to the retreat of the German armies and the eventual loss of the war . The total number of soldiers who served in the Wehrmacht from 1935 to 1945 was around 18 @.@ 2 million , of whom 5 @.@ 3 million died .
= = = = The SA and SS = = = =
The Sturmabteilung ( SA ; Storm Detachment ; Brownshirts ) , founded in 1921 , was the first paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party . Their initial assignment was to protect Nazi leaders at rallies and assemblies . They also took part in street battles against the forces of rival political parties and violent actions against Jews and others . By 1934 , under Ernst Röhm 's leadership , the SA had grown to over half a million members — 4 @.@ 5 million including reserves — at a time when the regular army was still limited to 100 @,@ 000 men by the Versailles Treaty .
Röhm hoped to assume command of the army and absorb it into the ranks of the SA . Hindenburg and Defence Minister Werner von Blomberg threatened to impose martial law if the alarming activities of the SA were not curtailed . Hitler also suspected that Röhm was plotting to depose him , so he ordered the deaths of Röhm and other political enemies . Up to 200 people were killed from 30 June to 2 July 1934 in an event that became known as the Night of the Long Knives . After this purge the SA was no longer a major force .
Initially a force of a dozen men under the auspices of the SA , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) grew to become one of the largest and most powerful groups in Nazi Germany . Led by
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oldest interment sites as 1792 .
The cemetery 's headstones are oriented both to the east and to the west . The majority are simple in design , inscribed with birth and death dates , and consist of a combination of rounded , arched stones , rectangular stones , and pyramidal @-@ shaped obelisks that appear to be cut from limestone . In the cemetery 's southern section are several small rectangular stones that probably serve as footstones . Beginning around 1950 , the gravestones erected in the cemetery became more intricate with polished granite surfaces lying atop rough @-@ cut stone foundations .
Old Pine Church 's cemetery is surrounded by several mature trees , with a large oak tree overhanging the southwestern area of the cemetery . Outside of the National Register of Historic Places boundary to the northwest of Old Pine Church lies a second parcel of land acquired around 1950 for additional burials . The cemetery is enclosed by a chicken wire fence supported by wooden posts , with a large gate to the north of the church which allows machinery access into the cemetery .
= Winter Olympic Games =
The Winter Olympic Games ( French : Jeux olympiques d 'hiver ) is a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years . Unlike the Summer Olympics , the Winter Olympics feature sports practiced on snow and ice . The first Winter Olympics , the 1924 Winter Olympics , was held in Chamonix , France . The original five sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh , curling , ice hockey , Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol , cross @-@ country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping ) , and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ) . The Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936 , after which they were interrupted by World War II . The Olympics resumed in 1948 and was again held every four years . Until 1992 , the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years , but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four @-@ year cycles in alternating even @-@ numbered years , the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994 .
The Winter Games have evolved since its inception . Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them , such as Alpine skiing , luge , short track speed skating , freestyle skiing , skeleton , and snowboarding , have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic program . Others ( such as curling and bobsleigh ) have been discontinued and later reintroduced , or have been permanently discontinued ( such as military patrol , though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it ) . Still others , such as speed skiing , bandy and skijoring , were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports . The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games . It created an income stream , via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising , which has become lucrative for the IOC . This allowed outside interests , such as television companies and corporate sponsors , to exert influence . The IOC has had to address several criticisms , internal scandals , the use of performance @-@ enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians , as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics . Nations have used the Winter Games to showcase the claimed superiority of their political systems .
The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by eleven different countries . The United States has hosted the Games four times ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) ; France has been the host three times ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) ; Austria ( 1964 , 1976 ) , Canada ( 1988 , 2010 ) , Japan ( 1972 , 1998 ) , Italy ( 1956 , 2006 ) , Norway ( 1952 , 1994 ) , and Switzerland ( 1928 , 1948 ) have hosted the Games twice . Germany ( 1936 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1984 ) , and Russia ( 2014 ) have hosted the Games once . The IOC has selected Pyeongchang , South Korea , to host the 2018 Winter Olympics and Beijing , China , to host the 2022 Winter Olympics . No country in the southern hemisphere has hosted or even been an applicant to host the Winter Olympics ; the major challenge preventing one hosting the games is the dependence on winter weather , and the traditional February timing of the games falls in the middle of the southern hemisphere summer .
Twelve countries – Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States – have sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games . Six of those – Austria , Canada , Finland , Norway , Sweden and the United States – have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games , and only one – the United States – has earned gold at each Games . Germany and Japan have been banned at times from competing in the Games .
= = Sports = =
The Olympic Charter limits winter sports to " those ... which are practised on snow or ice . " Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme ; which include short track speed skating , snowboarding , freestyle and moguls skiing . The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America . While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports , countries such as South Korea , Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports . The results are more parity in the national medal tables , more interest in the Winter Olympics and higher global television ratings .
= = = Current sport disciplines = = =
^ Note 1 . Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 2 . A men 's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 3 . The IOC 's website now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 games as an event within the sport of Biathlon .
= = = Demonstration events = = =
Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals . Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992 . Military patrol , a precursor to the biathlon , was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928 , 1936 and 1948 , becoming an official sport in 1960 . The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics . Bandy ( Russian hockey ) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia . In the latter it 's considered a national sport . It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games . Ice stock sport , a German variant of curling , was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria . The ski ballet event , later known as ski @-@ acro , was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992 . Skijöring , skiing behind dogs , was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928 . A sled @-@ dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932 . Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics . Winter pentathlon , a variant of the modern pentathlon , was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland . It was composed of cross @-@ country skiing , shooting , downhill skiing , fencing and horse riding .
= = History = =
= = = Early years = = =
A predecessor , the Nordic Games , were organized by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926 . Balck was a charter member of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin . He attempted to have winter sports , specifically figure skating , added to the Olympic program but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Four figure skating events were contested , at which Ulrich Salchow ( 10 @
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-@ time world champion ) and Madge Syers won the individual titles .
Three years later , Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d 'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden . The organizers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports . The idea was resurrected for the 1916 Games , which were to be held in Berlin , Germany . A winter sports week with speed skating , figure skating , ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned , but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of World War I.
The first Olympics after the war , the 1920 Summer Olympics , were held in Antwerp , Belgium , and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament . Germany , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the Games . At the IOC Congress held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the 1924 Summer Olympics , France , would host a separate " International Winter Sports Week " under the patronage of the IOC . Chamonix was chosen to host this " week " ( actually 11 days ) of events . The Games proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events . Athletes from Finland and Norway won 28 medals , more than the rest of the participating nations combined . Germany remained banned until 1925 , and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele , starting with the Winter edition of 1922 ( which predated the first Winter Olympics ) . In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate Olympic Winter Games and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics .
St. Moritz , Switzerland , was appointed by the IOC to host the second Olympic Winter Games in 1928 . Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts . The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the Games . Because of the weather the 10 @,@ 000 metre speed @-@ skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled . The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 Games : Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15 . She became the youngest Olympic champion in history , a distinction she would hold for 74 years .
The next Winter Olympics was the first to be hosted outside of Europe . Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated . This was less than in 1928 as the journey to Lake Placid , United States , was a long and expensive one for most competitors who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression . The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports . Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games , and it was not until mid @-@ January that there was enough snow to hold all the events . Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title and Eddie Eagan , who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920 , won the gold in the men 's bobsleigh event to become the first , and so far only , Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics .
The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games , held on 6 – 16 February . This would be the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year . Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut , but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals . Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games .
= = = World War II = = =
World War II interrupted the celebrations of the Winter Olympics . The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo , Japan , but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China . The Games were moved to Garmisch @-@ Partenkirchen , Germany , but the German invasion of Poland in 1939 forced the complete cancellation of the 1940 Games . Due to the ongoing war the 1944 Games , originally scheduled for Cortina D 'Ampezzo , Italy , were cancelled .
= = = 1948 to 1960 = = =
St. Moritz was selected to host the first post @-@ war Games in 1948 . Switzerland 's neutrality had protected the town during World War II and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games , which made St. Moritz a logical choice . It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice . Twenty @-@ eight countries competed in Switzerland , but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited . Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived , both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative . The Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp was stolen , as was its replacement . There was unprecedented parity at these Games , during which 10 countries won gold medals — more than any Games to that point .
The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo , was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis . Bandy , a popular sport in the Nordic countries , was featured as a demonstration sport , though only Norway , Sweden and Finland fielded teams . Norwegian athletes won 17 medals , which outpaced all the other nations . They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition .
After not being able to host the Games in 1944 , Cortina d 'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics . At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer , Guido Caroli , entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates . As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell , nearly extinguishing the flame . He was able to recover and light the cauldron . These were the first Winter Games to be televised and the first Olympics ever broadcast nationwide , though no television rights would be sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events . The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact , winning more medals than any other nation . Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia , when he placed second in the slalom .
The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley , United States . Since the village was underdeveloped , there was a rush to construct infrastructure and sports facilities like an ice arena , speed @-@ skating track , and a ski @-@ jump hill . The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney . The Squaw Valley Olympics had a number of notable firsts : it was the first Olympics to have a dedicated athletes ' village , it was the first to use a computer ( courtesy of IBM ) to tabulate results , and the first to feature female speed skating events . The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time , because the organising committee found it too expensive to build the bobsleigh run .
= = = 1964 to 1980 = = =
The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964 . Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort , warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was asked to transport snow and ice to the sport venues . Soviet speed @-@ skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by sweeping all four speed @-@ skating events . Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes . Luge was first contested in 1964 , although the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre @-@ Olympic training run .
Held in the French town of Grenoble , the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour . There were 37 nations and 1 @,@ 158 athletes competing in 35 events . Frenchman Jean @-@ Claude Killy became only the second person to win all the men 's alpine skiing events . The organising committee sold television rights for $ 2 million , which was more than double the price of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games . Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes ' villages . The organisers claimed this was required to accommodate technological advances . Critics disputed this , alleging that the layout was necessary to
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provide the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the expense of the athletes .
The 1972 Winter Games , held in Sapporo , Japan , were the first to be hosted outside North America or Europe . The issue of professionalism became contentious during the Sapporo Games . Three days before the Games IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to bar a number of alpine skiers from competing because they participated in a ski camp at Mammoth Mountain in the United States . Brundage reasoned that the skiers had financially benefited from their status as athletes and were therefore no longer amateurs . Eventually only Austrian Karl Schranz , who earned more than all the other skiers , was not allowed to compete . Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest of their inability to use players from professional leagues . Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first ( and only ) Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal ; he triumphed in the slalom .
The 1976 Winter Olympics had been awarded in 1970 to Denver , United States , but in November 1972 the voters of the state of Colorado voted against public funding of the games by a 3 to 2 margin . The IOC turned to offer the Games to Vancouver @-@ Garibaldi , British Columbia , which had been a candidate for the 1976 Games . However , a change in provincial government brought in an administration which did not support the Olympic bid , so the offer was rejected . Salt Lake City , a candidate for the 1972 Games , offered itself , but the IOC opted to ask Innsbruck , which had maintained most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games . With half the time to prepare for the Games as intended , Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973 . Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time the Austrian town had hosted the Games . The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track , in neighbouring Igls . The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal .
In 1980 the Olympics returned to Lake Placid , which had hosted the 1932 Games . The first boycott of a Winter Olympics occurred in 1980 when Taiwan refused to participate after an edict by the IOC mandated that they change their name and national anthem . The IOC was attempting to accommodate China , who wished to compete using the same name and anthem that had been used by Taiwan . American speed @-@ skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or world record in each of the five events he competed in . Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country , Liechtenstein , became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist . In the " Miracle on Ice " the American hockey team beat the favoured Soviets , and then went on to win the gold medal .
= = = 1984 to 1998 = = =
Sapporo , Japan , and Gothenburg , Sweden , were front @-@ runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics . It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , was selected as host . The Games were well @-@ organised and displayed no indication of the war that would engulf the country eight years later . A total of 49 nations and 1 @,@ 272 athletes participated in 39 events . Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won a silver in the giant slalom . Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean . Their performance to Ravel 's Boléro earned the pair the gold medal after achieving unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression .
In 1988 , the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span 16 days . New events were added in ski @-@ jumping and speed skating ; while future Olympic sports curling , short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their appearance as demonstration sports . For the first time the speed skating events were held indoors , on the Olympic Oval . Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals and set two world records , beating skaters from the favoured East German team in every race . Her medal total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen , who won all three events in his sport . Alberto Tomba , an Italian skier , made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom . East German Christa Rothenburger won the women 's 1 @,@ 000 metre speed skating event . Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul , to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year .
The 1992 Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games . They were hosted in the French Savoie region in the city of Albertville , though only 18 events were held in the city . The rest of the events were spread out over the Savoie . Political changes of the time were reflected in the Olympic teams appearing in France : this was the first Games to be held after the fall of Communism and the dismantling of the Berlin Wall , and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games ; former Yugoslavian republics Croatia and Slovenia made their debuts as independent nations ; most of the former Soviet republics still competed as a single team known as the Unified Team , but the Baltic States made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II . At 16 years old , Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion . New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women 's slalom .
In 1986 the IOC had voted to separate the Summer and Winter Games and place them in alternating even @-@ numbered years . This change became effective for the 1994 Games , held in Lillehammer , Norway , which became the first Winter Olympics to be held separate from the Summer Games . After the division of Czechoslovakia in 1993 the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts . The women 's figure skating competition garnered media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994 , in an assault planned by the ex @-@ husband of opponent Tonya Harding . Both skaters competed in the Games , but the gold medal was won by Oksana Baiul . She became Ukraine 's first Olympic champion . Johann Olav K
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in the Ashburton at the Annual Schools Meeting held at Bisley .
The school has enjoyed some success in rugby where it has had first and second places at various levels of the Daily Mail Cup .
On 6 February 2016 , Jack Clifford became the first Old Guildfordian to become a full England rugby international when he made his full debut as a replacement for Chris Robshaw during the Calcutta Cup match on 6 February 2016 after 69 minutes .
Since 2003 the six Royal Grammar Schools ( Colchester , High Wycombe , Guildford , Lancaster , Newcastle , Worcester ) have held the " RGS Cricket Festival " , hosted by a different school each year . It is based on a round robin format and held over a period of five days towards the end of the Trinity term .
The school has no playing fields on the town centre site . A 20 acres ( 8 @.@ 1 ha ) ground called Bradstone Brook , located a few miles away in the village of Chilworth , is the location of the rugby and cricket pitches . There is a single AstroTurf located at the main school for hockey and football . The majority of hockey takes place at Guildford Hockey Club , located at Broadwater School in Farncombe or Surrey Sports Park . Athletics and swimming both take place at Guildford Spectrum .
= = = Extra @-@ curricular activities = = =
Music
Music is part of the core curriculum for first to third forms . Pupils take lessons with peripatetic music staff within different disciplines . There is a symphony orchestra composed of students , along with several other smaller classical ensembles . In addition to classical music , there are also a number of jazz and rock bands within the school as well , and to recognise this in addition to the four main music prizes awarded each year , there is an additional contemporary music prize .
Drama
Drama is offered as an academic subject from the first form , but as well as this numerous plays are staged throughout the year for all year groups in association with local girls schools . The department has a state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art auditorium which was converted from the old gymnasium as well as a studio called the Hansford Room sited in the North Building .
Period 8
Period 8 is a specific set of extra @-@ curricular activities which includes a Combined Cadet Force , outdoor pursuits , Scouts , lifesaving and community service . There are five field days in the year , on which these activities especially take place . Before the third form , pupils have the opportunity to decide between the CCF , outdoor pursuits and the scouts . The Duke of Edinburgh 's Award scheme is ' Hors Combat ' for choice , being available to all students , regardless of their other options , so no longer officially constitutes part of period 8 .
Clubs and societies
There are several dozen clubs and societies at the school , many of these are where pupils get together to discuss a topic of particular interest sometimes with a guest speaker . Past speakers include the ex @-@ government drug adviser Professor David Nutt . There are a wide variety of different societies ranging from the normal such as badminton and Amnesty International to the more obscure like " Quirks and Remnants " and the " RumDoodle Society " .
Publications
The Register ( originally Really Good Stuff ) is a termly newsletter documenting significant achievements at the school .
= = Admission and fees = =
Initially tuition at the school was free , funded by various endowments and rents obtained from lands the most significant arising from the Abolition of the Chantries Acts , and the re @-@ appropriation of funds to the school . In 1944 under the Education Act education remained free , however the common entrance exam at eleven was introduced and the school became a selective grammar school . School fees were introduced in 1977 when the school withdrew from the maintained system and became independent . For the year 2013 / 2014 they are £ 14 @,@ 670 ( approximately € 17 @,@ 900 or US $ 24 @,@ 500 as of March 2014 ) per year excluding lunches . All those wishing to be admitted now take the schools own internal 11 + entrance examination which tests English , mathematics and verbal reasoning and attend an interview with two members of staff . If a place is awarded , entry can de deferred for two years so that boys who are at prep school may enter at thirteen . Those entering at thirteen must take the 13 + Common Entrance or the scholarship examination to confirm their place .
Numerous scholarships are available at both 11 + and 13 + for music , academic achievement , and one for art at thirteen . Music and academic scholarships range in value between 5 % – 20 % with one Kings Scholarship available for a 20 % reduction in fees . These scholarships are awarded based on performance in subject specific exams or performances , and an interview with the headmaster for academic or music scholarships , or the presentation of a portfolio of work for the art scholarship . Until the start of the 2009 / 2010 academic year , the value of scholarships was substantially higher with the King 's Scholarships worth 50 % of the fees and a range of lower scholarships between 10 – 30 % .
= = Charitable status and public benefit = =
The school is a registered charity and currently has three charities registered with the Charities Commission : King Edward VI 's Grammar School ( The Royal Grammar School ) , Guildford , The Royal Grammar School Guildford ( representing the governors ) , and The Royal Grammar School Guildford Foundation After the withdrawal of the Assisted Places Scheme in 1997 the social diversity of the school decreased , as a result the school began to offer bursaries to students whose parents could not afford the fees , with the first bursary offered in 2007 .
The school also runs numerous outreach programmes for children from maintained schools in the local area , including a series of master @-@ classes in science , mathematics , technology
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somewhat timid but intimate charm .
Frederikke Federspiel ( 1839 – 1913 ) was one of the very first female photographers in Denmark . At the age of 35 , she received training in photography from her family in Hamburg , Germany , where her uncle , Poul Friedrich Lewitz , her aunt and cousins were all photographers . In 1876 , when registering her business in Aalborg , she became one of the first officially recognized female photographers in Denmark when she gave her profession as " Photographin " , a German word which clearly shows that she was a woman . Specializing in portraits , she also became one of the earliest female members of the Dansk Fotografisk Forening in 1883 . One of the first to experiment with magnesium powder for flash , she installed electric lamps in her studio when electricity came to Aalborg in 1901 .
Kristen Feilberg ( 1839 – 1919 ) stands as another Danish photographer known mainly for his images captured far beyond the borders of Denmark . From the 1860s until the 1890s , Feilberg participated in expeditions to Sumatra , Singapore , and Penang . In 1867 , he exhibited photos at an exhibition in Paris and in 1870 he joined an expedition to the Batak lands of East Sumatra , where he successfully recorded scores of ethnographic images .
Christian Hedemann ( 1852 – 1932 ) counts as among the earliest Danish photographers who emigrated the farthest distance . Though educated in Denmark , he left Copenhagen in 1878 and settled in Hawaii . Primarily occupied as a mechanical engineer at the Hana Sugar Plantation , Island of Maui , and later as a technical manager at the Honolulu Iron Works , as an avid amateur photographer he helped found the Hawaiian Camera Club ( 1889 – 1893 ) . He became an American citizen in 1903 and in 1909 accepted an appointment as Danish Consul . His remarkable photographs of the Hawaiian royal family and native social elites remain as some of the earliest images available of pre @-@ annexed Hawaii .
Mary Steen ( 1856 – 1939 ) was a successful photographer in Copenhagen , pioneering indoor photography with pictures of families inside their own homes . Later , as court photographer , she not only photographed the royal family in Denmark but also spent some time in London where she photographed Queen Victoria . She did much to improve working conditions for women and her example encouraged many women to become professional photographers .
Benedicte Wrensted ( 1859 – 1949 ) was a notable Danish female photographer , who emigrated to the USA in 1894 . Wrensted learned her craft from her maternal aunt , Charlotte Borgen , and for a time in the 1880s operated a studio on Torvet 8 , in Horsens , Denmark . Much of her photographic career is anchored to her studio in Pocatello , a small town in southeastern Idaho , where she took photographs of the local inhabitants and recorded the growth of the town . Perhaps her most famous work remains her documentary photographs of the Shoshone Great Basin Native Americans which are considered of great anthropological importance . Wrensted became a U.S. citizen in 1912 , at age 53 , and in the same year ended her career as a photographer . Many of her Native American images are preserved at the Smithsonian Institution and National Archives .
Ludvig Luplau operated in Copenhagen until he emigrated to the U.S.A ( circa 1870 ) , where he opened a photography studio in Chicago . His CDV backmarks stated " Ludvig Luplau from Copenhagen , " and the Chicago city business directories listed him at a variety of locations in the 1870s @-@ 90s . His stereoview backmark advertising claimed Luplau & Co . , of 80 Fourth Street , specialized in both outdoor photography and stereoscopic interiors . Louis Laplau , his son , continued in photography beginning in the 1890s .
Peter Elfelt ( 1866 – 1931 ) , who served his photography apprenticeship in 1893 in Hillerød with Carl Rathsack , soon opened a studio of his own together with his two brothers . His work was widely recognized with the result that , in 1900 , he was given the title of Photographer to the Royal Danish Court . He took not only a large number of portraits but also landscapes across Denmark . He later became a major name in cinematography too .
= = = Other techniques = = =
A number of other techniques developed in parallel with the use of daguerreotypes . The ambrotype , using collodium to produce a positive image on glass , and the pannotype , also collodium @-@ based , were both used in Denmark from around 1855 . Negative @-@ based paper prints , used from the beginning of the 1850s , were produced on salt paper until around 1857 when salt was replaced by albumen . Collodion emulsion chloride paper was used from 1865 and in 1880 gelatin emulsion paper was introduced .
= = = Growing popularity = = =
Thanks to the increasing availability of simpler techniques , amateur photography gained popularity at the beginning of the 20th century . Sigvart Werner and Julius Møller were among the many who were influenced by the pictorialist trend , concentrating on pictorial landscape and genre photography .
From the 1890s , the Detroit Publishing Company used the Photochrom technique based on chromolithography to produce a large number of colour postcards , many of European cityscapes . In their collection , there are several views of Copenhagen taken between 1890 and 1900 .
Benefitting from the advent of postcards , Mary Willumsen ( 1884 – 1961 ) photographed women in scanty clothing or nude at the Helgoland beach facility in Copenhagen . Between 1916 and 1920 , she took many such photographs which she sold at a nearby kiosk . The operation was discontinued when the police began to take an interest . Many of the compositions are now considered to have considerable artistic merit .
= = Press and documentary photography = =
The Danish Union of Press Photographers ( Pressefotografforbundet ) is claimed to be the world 's first national organization for newspaper photographers . It was founded in 1912 in Copenhagen by six press photographers . Today it has over 800 members .
One of the earliest and most successful press photographers was Danish @-@ American Jacob Riis ( 1849 – 1914 ) who campaigned for social reform in the United States . Essentially a journalist , he took up photography only after he had emigrated to America . A prominent user of flash , he was able to publish indoor scenes of the slums of New York City , contributing to the implementation of " model tenements " . He is now regarded as a pioneer in photography .
While some Danish newspapers started to include photographs in the 1890s , it was only in the 1950s that press photography was introduced throughout the country . Taking the French @-@ based international photographic bureau Magnum as a model , Jesper Høm , Gregers Nielsen and others set up Delta Photos , a group designed to support journalistic photography .
Delta Photos was dissolved in 1972 but other organizations such as Morten Bo 's Ragnarok and Henrik Saxgren 's 2 . Maj sought to promote more clearly defined social and political objectives . Some photographers , such as Viggo Rivad and Krass Clement , chose instead to become freelancers .
In the 1970s , Jacob Holdt ( b . 1947 ) spent a number of years in the United States where he photographed scenes
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eventually became a cornerstone of liberal radicalism . The politically powerless poor crofters embraced the popularly oriented , fervently evangelical Presbyterian revival after 1800 and the breakaway " Free Church " after 1843 . This evangelical movement was led by lay preachers who themselves came from the lower strata , and whose preaching was implicitly critical of the established order . The religious change energised the crofters and separated them from the landlords ; it helped prepare them for their successful and violent challenge to the landlords in the 1880s through the Highland Land League . Violence began on the Isle of Skye when Highland landlords cleared their lands for sheep and deer parks . It was quieted when the government stepped in passing the Crofters ' Holdings ( Scotland ) Act , 1886 to reduce rents , guarantee fixity of tenure , and break up large estates to provide crofts for the homeless . In 1885 three Independent Crofter candidates were elected to Parliament , which listened to their pleas . The results included explicit security for the Scottish smallholders ; the legal right to bequeath tenancies to descendants ; and creating a Crofting Commission . The Crofters as a political movement faded away by 1892 , and the Liberal Party gained most of their votes .
= = = Emigration = = =
The population of Scotland grew steadily in the 19th century , from 1 @,@ 608 @,@ 000 in the census of 1801 to 2 @,@ 889 @,@ 000 in 1851 and 4 @,@ 472 @,@ 000 in 1901 . Even with the growth of industry there were insufficient good jobs , as a result , during the period 1841 – 1931 , about 2 million Scots emigrated to North America and Australia , and another 750 @,@ 000 Scots relocated to England . By the 21st century , there were about as many people who were Scottish Canadians and Scottish Americans as the 5 million remaining in Scotland . Scots born migrants played a leading role in the foundation and principles of the United States ( John Witherspoon , John Paul Jones , Andrew Carnegie ) , Canada ( John A MacDonald , James Murray , Tommy Douglas ) , Australia ( Lachlan Macquarie , Thomas Brisbane , Andrew Fisher ) and New Zealand ( James Mckenzie , Peter Fraser ) .
= = = Education = = =
A legacy of the Reformation in Scotland was the aim of having a school in every parish , which was underlined by an act of the Scottish parliament in 1696 ( reinforced in 1801 ) . In rural communities these obliged local landowners ( heritors ) to provide a schoolhouse and pay a schoolmaster , while ministers and local presbyteries oversaw the quality of the education . In many Scottish towns , burgh schools were operated by local councils . One of the effects of this extensive network of schools was the growth of the " democratic myth " in the 19th century , which created the widespread belief that many a " lad of pairts " had been able to rise up through the system to take high office and that literacy was much more widespread in Scotland than in neighbouring states , particularly England . Historians now accept that very few boys were able to pursue this route to social advancement and that literacy was not noticeably higher than comparable nations , as the education in the parish schools was basic , short and attendance was not compulsory .
Industrialisation , urbanisation and the Disruption of 1843 all undermined the tradition of parish schools . From 1830 the state began to fund buildings with grants , then from 1846 it was funding schools by direct sponsorship , and in 1872 Scotland moved to a system like that in England of state @-@ sponsored largely free schools , run by local school boards . Overall administration was in the hands of the Scotch ( later Scottish ) Education Department in London . Education was now compulsory from five to thirteen and many new board schools were built . Larger urban school boards established " higher grade " ( secondary ) schools as a cheaper alternative to the burgh schools . The Scottish Education Department introduced a Leaving Certificate Examination in 1888 to set national standards for secondary education and in 1890 school fees were abolished , creating a state @-@ funded national system of free basic education and common examinations .
The five Scottish universities had been oriented to clerical and legal training , after the religious and political upheavals of the 17th century they recovered with a lecture @-@ based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science , offering a high quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry . It helped the universities to become major centres of medical education and to put Scotland at the forefront of Enlightenment thinking . In the mid 19th century , the historic University of Glasgow became a leader in British higher education by providing the educational needs of youth from the urban and commercial classes , as well as the upper class . It prepared students for non @-@ commercial careers in government , the law , medicine , education , and the ministry and a smaller group for careers in science and engineering . Scottish universities would admit women from 1892 .
= = = Literature = = =
Although Scotland increasingly adopted the English language and wider cultural norms , its literature developed a distinct national identity and began to enjoy an international reputation . Allan Ramsay ( 1686 – 1758 ) laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish
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She also commented that it " is good on its own , and having the Glee name on it gives it a leg up " . Dave McKay , program director at WPST also echoed Richards ' sentiments that the Glee sales were reason to add them to airplay , adding " Not many artists or songs enjoy the type of exposure that ' Glee ' provides . Plus , the audience that watches the show is the audience we target , so the fit seems perfect [ ... ] since ' Glee ' music sells , there is definitely an appetite for it . "
Responding to the song being an original as opposed to their traditional covers , McKay said , " If ' Loser Like Me ' were a bad song , then it wouldn 't matter whether it was original or a cover : we wouldn 't be playing it . That the song is good , and that it has the ' Glee ' reach , makes it an easy song to play . " Keith Kennedy , program director at WKDD said the single made him ponder why they haven 't played Glee songs prior to " Loser Like Me " . Kennedy said , " How many times have you heard radio programmers claim that they use sales numbers to shape their stations ' playlists ? Look at iTunes every Wednesday : Glee often dominates the top 10 . " Kennedy 's station , WKDD , holds a " Glee O 'clock " segment daily and he said " While some of the remakes have leaned toward show tunes , several probably should have received more airplay . "
= = Composition = =
" Loser Like Me " is a song that features " pop @-@ funk chicken @-@ scratch guitars , " and according to Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone , a hopped @-@ up beat . The song is fronted by Lea Michele singing lead on the chorus and a verse , with Cory Monteith providing an additional verse . Other Glee cast members back the two up the chorus and a rap breakdown . It bears resemblance to then @-@ recent Max Martin @-@ produced singles , particularly " Raise Your Glass " , which contains a similar guitar @-@ intro . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy even called " Loser Like Me " a sequel to " Raise Your Glass " .
After the guitar riffs , Michele sings about becoming a future superstar , " Yeah , you may think that I 'm a zero / But hey , everyone you wanna be / Probably started off like me " . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard said " Loser Like Me " is " a sunny pop track that finds Lea Michele and Cory Monteith railing against conformity and celebrating their individuality in their verses " . Other cast member lyrics include the lyric " You may think I 'm a freak show " , responded to by Naya Rivera with the spoken " I don 't care " . The song features self @-@ empowerment lyrics which revolve around revenge fantasies , such as in Monteith 's lines - " I could be a superstar / I 'll see you when you wash my car " . According to Melinda Newman of HitFix the song is about " being a loser now , but turning in to a winner now who never , ever looks back " . Aly Semigran of MTV News said the lyrics of the " peppy pop ditty " keep " in tune with the themes of the show " .
= = Critical reception = =
Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone gave the song four out of five stars , and called it " predictably fizzy " and " fiendishly catchy " . Rosen also said that the " lyric , belted out with bright @-@ sided earnestness by Lea Michele and Cory Monteith , distills the show 's theme : the mystical power of a good tune and a well @-@ choreographed jazz hands routine to turn geeks into gods " . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy wrote , " Max Martin and Shellback chuck the Pinks , Keshas and Katy Perrys into the kitchen sink and add a generous coat of gloss and shimmer ( and Auto @-@ Tune ) to create what is ultimately an audacious , unabashed and , crucially , authentic pop stomper that remains true to what Glee is all about " . Melinda Newman of HitFix liked the song , but said that it could have had " more of an edge " . Newman also said , " For any kid who ’ s ever been bullied or adult who remembers being bullied , it 's a bulls @-@ eye . " Newman wrote that that Michele , who opens the song , had a " classic voice " but it had no " grit " to it , and recommended that Pink cover it . Becky Bain of Idolator said that the song could have been a track for Pink or Avril Lavigne , two common artists who work with Martin . Bain said the song fit in with " Raise Your Glass " , and better yet , Kesha 's " We R Who We R " . Christopher Rosen of Movieline said the song had " total home run potential " , and that it " sounds like a blend of Pink , Katy Perry , Avril Lavigne , early Mandy Moore , and Kidz Bop . And that ’ s a good thing ! " On the point that the song sounds like a cover itself , Rosen asked , " who wants to listen to an original song on a television show that relies on covers unless it sounds like a cover itself ? "
Upon first listen , Kirsten Coachman of the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer said that she was " semi @-@ horrified " at the song , but since it was a Max Martin @-@ produced track she " gave it another chance " , and commented : " It ’ s definitely a Max Martin song . It has a good beat and cheesy , yet catchy lyrics . " However , Coachman said that the song should have been sung by Mark Salling ( Puck ) and Jenna Ushkowitz ( Tina ) rather than Monteith and Michele . Coachman liked the fact that this song and " Get It Right " fit in with the episode , and wrote , " I think both songs are pretty good anthems , and hopefully they do speak to the audience . She stated , however , that she " probably won ’ t be singing along to them in my car anytime soon " . In an album review giving Glee : The Music , Vol . 5 a total of two out of five stars , Andrew Leahey of Allmusic said that the new Glee songs " aren ’ t good enough to make much of a difference " . Brett Berk of Vanity Fair gave the song four stars for its lyrics , but said that the tune " sucked " .
= = Chart performance = =
On the week ending March 26 , 2011 , " Loser Like Me " debuted at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 selling 210 @,@ 000 downloads in its first week . The debut was the cast 's largest sales frame since their cover of Katy Perry 's " Teenage Dream " , which sold 214 @,@ 000 downloads . The song became their third top @-@ ten US hit , following " Teenage Dream " , which debuted at number eight , and their first cover , " Don 't Stop Believin ' " , which debuted at number four . For the week ending April 9 , 2011 , the song debuted on the US Adult Pop Songs chart at number thirty @-@ seven . " Loser Like Me " became the first entry on the Adult Pop chart , and became their first song to appear on an airplay chart since a string of Christmas songs from Glee : The Music , The Christmas Album charted on the Adult Contemporary Songs chart in 2009 and 2010 . " Loser Like Me " remains the fourth best @-@ selling recording in the history of the show , having sold 617 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . Outside the United States , the song appeared on several other charts worldwide , debuting at number nine on the Canadian Hot 100 , as well as appearing at number fifteen on the Australian Singles Chart , number twenty @-@ five on the Irish Singles Chart , and number twenty @-@ seven on the UK Singles Chart .
= = Glee performance = =
" Original Song " first aired on March 15 , 2011 , and is the sixteenth episode of the second season of the television series . The episode 's plot revolves around McKinley High 's glee club , New Directions , decides to prepare original songs for the Regionals competition . In order to do better in the competition , due to Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) ' s assistance the group decided to sing original songs . " Loser Like Me " falls in line after Rachel performs her solo ballad " Get It Right " . In the performance the Glee club girls donned light @-@ blue dresses tied with black ribbons , and black boots . The guys wore black dress shirts and slacks with black ties . During the performance , the group performs sectional and group choreography . Midway , it is received by a standing ovation led by Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) . The performance ends with the club throwing slushie
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1915 , Dallas joined No. 1 Naval Wing and began flying combat missions in single @-@ seat Nieuport 11 fighters and two @-@ seat Caudrons out of Dunkirk , France . Early in his career there , a practical joker imitating the commanding officer telephoned Dallas , who was the duty officer , and peremptorily ordered him to take off in a propellerless Breguet . Upon learning that he had been tricked , Dallas joined in the laughter . He not only accepted the resulting nickname of " Breguet " , but also used it as a signature on his letters home later in the war . Having made two unconfirmed claims in February 1916 , Dallas scored his first confirmed victory on 23 April . He outmaneuvred a German Aviatik C and shot it out of control , following his victim down to 2 @,@ 000 feet , though heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire holed his plane in several places . He went on to score three more confirmed victories with his Nieuport .
On 23 June 1916 , Dallas took delivery of the newest RNAS fighter , Sopwith Triplane # N500 . This was the original prototype , having undergone Admiralty trials before being shipped to France . Though still only a test plane , it was flown into combat 15 minutes after its arrival . Dallas named it Brown Bread , and it was the first of a series of ' Tripes ' that he would fly and fight in over the next year . He achieved his first victory with Brown Bread on 1 July , the same day he was promoted to flight lieutenant . Three days later , he was recommended for further promotion . He scored his last Nieuport @-@ mounted ' kill ' on 9 July , earning the Croix de guerre and a mention in despatches for coming to the aid of a French Maurice Farman biplane . On 7 September 1916 , Dallas was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross , " for the specially gallant manner in which he has carried out his duties " since first seeing action in December 1915 . By the end of the year he was among the earliest RNAS aces , with eight confirmed and four unconfirmed victories , and had been raised to the rank of flight commander .
Dallas became one of the best @-@ known pilots of Sopwith Triplanes in the RNAS . He opened 1917 by setting an altitude record of 26 @,@ 000 feet in the Triplane while testing a prototype oxygen set ; he endured frostbite and oxygen intoxication in the process . By now No. 1 Wing 's fighter squadron had been renumbered as No. 1 Squadron RNAS , and had totally re @-@ equipped with production Triplanes . It also shifted airfields from Veurne in Belgium to Chipilly in France , leaving behind RNAS control by transferring to No. 14 Wing , 4th Brigade of the RFC . Formation flying became the order of the day , as the practice of fighter pilots soloing into combat dwindled . The last three weeks of March were also filled with Dallas 's responsibilities for flight and gunnery testing . As British losses in the air began to mount during Bloody April , Dallas and his squadron moved airfields once again , to La Bellevue . They were thus positioned to take a prominent part in the subsequent Battle of Arras , where the intense aerial fighting saw Dallas add to his burgeoning score . The combat of 23 April became known as one of the classic air battles of the war . Dallas and his wingman Thomas Culling took on a squadron @-@ sized formation of 14 German aircraft , having gained an altitude edge over their foes . The naval aces exploited this edge by making quick diving attacks from opposite sides , culminating in short bursts of machine @-@ gun fire . Using the Triplane 's superior climbing ability , they would then bob back up to position themselves for the next assault . In contrast to the usual hit @-@ and @-@ run tactics of most dogfights , the RNAS duo launched at least 20 gunnery runs over 45 minutes . The Germans were forced progressively lower , into disarray , and then chased back over their own lines . While they shot down three of the Germans , Dallas and Culling also achieved a more important outcome by blocking and then breaking up a determined enemy effort against the British ground offensive . The action led to the award of a Bar to the Distinguished Service Cross for Dallas , and a Distinguished Service Cross for Culling , which were gazetted on 29 June .
= = = Squadron command = = =
By June 1917 , Dallas had achieved over 20 victories in aerial combat . This experience , and his leadership ability , led to his appointment as commanding officer of No. 1 Naval Squadron on 23 June 1917 . The unit had been forced to cut back its operational strength from 18 aircraft to 15 due to lack of pilot replacements and a shortage of spare parts for the aging Triplanes . It had also moved airfields , to an unprepared site at Bailleul . As a leader , Dallas made a point of shepherding new pilots through their first flights , and even setting them up with their first victories by manoeuvring enemy aircraft into a good position for the rookie to take a shot . On the ground , he proved to be an efficient organiser , designing and directing construction of the new air base . It was also during this time that he wrote a treatise on air combat tactics , extracts of which have survived . Both the air base layout and the treatise displayed his talent as a sketch artist . On 2 November , No. 1 Squadron moved airfields once more , to Middle Aerodrome , which put it back under overall RNAS control . The unit received its first eight new Sopwith Camels on 9 November as replacements for the Triplanes . On 11 November , Dallas was again mentioned in despatches , this time by Field Marshal Haig . After gaining its full complement of Camels , No. 1 Squadron was transferred to England , and took up home defence duties at Dover . On 16 February 1918 , Dallas led his squadron back to France , where it was based at Téteghem , supporting units on operations along the Belgian coast . He commanded it for another six weeks , until 31 March .
As part of the amalgamation of the RFC and RNAS to form the Royal Air Force , on 1 April 1918 Dallas was promoted to major and given command of No. 40 Squadron RAF , flying Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s. The squadron boasted several aces in its ranks , and its former RFC members were suspicious of Dallas 's naval background . He was nevertheless able to overcome their misgivings and established himself as the new CO with his personal demeanour and courage ; the nickname of " Admiral " that they bestowed upon him was an affectionate one . Ten days after taking over , he had adapted well enough to his new mount with its inline engine to score his first victory with his new unit . His men also saw that he would not only look out for his rookie pilots , but would not shirk the dangers of ground attack sorties . His offhand attitude toward two leg wounds he received during a strafing mission on 14 April , after which he made " a perfect landing " , especially impressed his subordinates , as did his appreciation of all ranks for their hard work . His studious bent continued to serve him ; he kept notes on his methods of attacking enemy aircraft , which often exploited their structural weaknesses , and used them to tutor pilots under his command .
Dallas was briefly hospitalised with the wounds to his thigh and heel on 14 April , but sneaked out four days later to rejoin his squadron . His departure may have been spurred by news of the capture of his friend Richard Minifie . As soon as he was able , Dallas was flying again
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. By 26 April , he had increased his official score to 37 , and been awarded the Distinguished Service Order for operations at Dunkirk . He had also several times been recommended for the Victoria Cross , but it was never approved . His casual attitude towards claiming victories was noted by a member of No. 40 Squadron , Cecil Usher , who related that Dallas once remarked of an opponent , " ... he went down belching a lot of black smoke and after he had gone down someways one of his planes came off , but I didn 't see him crash so I shan 't claim him . " On 2 May , during a lull in the fighting at Flanders , Dallas took off in his S.E.5 to taunt his foes . He strafed the German base at La Brayelle to " attract attention " before dropping a package on the aerodrome with a note reading , " If you won 't come up here and fight , herewith a pair of boots for work on the ground , pilots for the use of " . He then circled in mist until troops came to examine the bundle , whereupon he dropped two bombs and again shot up the base , causing " general panic " . News of this singular exploit reportedly provoked laughter from Field Marshal Haig and RAF founder General Sir Hugh Trenchard , two men not known for their sense of humour . While adding to his score and leading his squadron into combat , Dallas had begun thinking beyond the war . He was pleading with his father to quit the dangerous job of mining , with hints that he would support his parents by pioneering aviation in Australia . He also harboured a long @-@ standing ambition of flying from England back to Australia , which would be a record @-@ setting journey .
= = Death and legacy = =
Dallas was raised to lieutenant colonel and appointed to the command of a wing , but would never see the message from headquarters that arrived on 1 June 1918 advising him of the promotion and ordering him to cease flying . He disappeared on a solo mission the same day . It was later learned that he had been killed over Liévin during combat with three Fokker Triplanes from Jagdstaffel 14 , probably by its commander , Leutnant Johannes Werner . There are several theories as to how he died . The common elements are that he was on patrol near the front line when he pounced on a German plane flying at a lower level , that there might have been another unknown British pilot in trouble , and that the Germans who shot Dallas down had dived from a still higher altitude . Medics near his crash site at Absalom Trench ventured into no man 's land and retrieved his body , while a patrol of eight volunteers salvaged his personal effects from the fallen aircraft . News of Dallas 's death was greeted with shock and disbelief by his squadron , one pilot recording :
The world is upside down ... Dallas has been killed ... Too good for this world I suppose .
The British magazine Aeroplane later paid tribute to him in an editorial :
Roderic Dallas had become almost a legendary character in the RNAS . He was a pilot of quite extraordinary skill , a fighting man of astonishing gallantry , a humorist of a high order , and a black @-@ and @-@ white artist of unusual ability . But , above all this , he was a great leader of men . To be in Dallas ' squadron was quite one of the highest honours open to a young fighting pilot of the RNAS and the high reputation held by certain of the RNAS squadrons operating with the RFC during the past year or two has been largely due to the training , example and leadership of Roderic Dallas .
For his record in aerial combat and his leadership skills , Dallas has been compared to the " Red Baron " , Manfred von Richthofen . The former flew combat for 29 months , and the latter for 31 months , if his three months in hospital are deducted . Dallas successfully led two different squadrons during his career , and was killed just before assuming command of a wing . Richthofen led first a squadron , then a wing during his 12 months in command , again excluding hospital time ; he achieved more victories , but had the tactical advantage of fighting over his own lines with the wind in his favour . Dallas flew a score of different types of Allied aircraft , as well as captured German planes ; he was also instrumental in developing the Sopwith Triplane . Richthofen flew the Fokker Dr.1 , and helped develop the Fokker D.VII , but did not live to fly it into battle .
Stan Dallas was buried at the Pernes British Cemetery , France , in Lot 38 , Row E of Plot II . Along with his military decorations , he was honoured with a Gold Medal by the Aéro @-@ Club de France , and a Bronze Medal and Diploma by the Aero Club of America . The town of Toogoolawah , Queensland , commemorated him in the name of its airport , and the national capital of Canberra remembered him with Dallas Place . His home town of Mount Morgan has dedicated a water reservoir in his honour ; its Historical Society Museum holds his medals , uniform , and sword , as well the propeller from one of his planes .
= = List of victories = =
Historians have struggled to develop a definitive list of Dallas 's victories ; Adrian Hellwig , in the bibliography to his 2006 biography , lists over a dozen previous historians that have investigated the subject . He also refers to his difficulties in reconciling previous accounts . While various claim @-@ by @-@ claim analyses ascribe Dallas a score of 32 aircraft shot down , he was officially credited with 39 , and with being second only to Robert Little — who was credited with 47 — among Australian aces . However , Dallas 's unofficial tally has been estimated at over 50 . This list is a compilation of claim @-@ by @-@ claim analyses that follow , as much as possible , the British system of confirming victory : pilot log entries and / or combat reports did not count , unless verified by squadron or higher levels of command . Thus , inclusion of
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= = = Casting = = =
Marcus Bartley was recruited as the film 's director of photography ; G. Kalyana Sundaram and D. G. Jayaram edited the film . Ghantasala composed the soundtrack and score . Madhavapeddi Gokhale and Kaladhar were the film 's art directors . Suryakantam was chosen to play Gundamma and Chakrapani suggested Kameswara Rao not to make any special efforts to make her character look ruthless because Suryakantam had an aggressive body language .
N. T. Rama Rao and Akkineni Nageswara Rao were chosen as the male leads ; the film was Rama Rao 's 100th film as an actor and Nageswara Rao 's 99th as an actor . Savitri and Jamuna were chosen as the female leads , and S. V. Ranga Rao , Ramana Reddy and Rajanala Kaleswara Rao were cast in supporting roles . Haranath and L. Vijayalakshmi were chosen to play Gundamma 's son and daughter @-@ in @-@ law respectively . M. Pithambaram and T. P. Bhaktavatsalam provided the make @-@ up .
= = = Filming = = =
The production phase of Gundamma Katha lasted nearly a year . A house set was erected in Vijaya Vauhini Studios , Madras ( now Chennai ) where scenes featuring Gundamma and other key characters were filmed . C. Kuppuswami Naidu and K. Srinivasan supervised the erection of sets . The film 's shooting was severely affected by scheduling conflicts ; Chakrapani would make telephone calls to all the key artistes , and sequences were filmed based on their availability . The filming of the song " Kolo Koloyanna " was significantly affected by this ; all four lead actors were supposed to take part in the song 's shoot ; the film 's editor took care to ensure a smooth flow in the sequences during the post @-@ production phase . The scene before the song that features Rama Rao and Nageswara Rao communicating with whistles was conceptualised by Narasaraju . Harbans Singh supervised the film 's special effects .
Since Vijayalakshmi was a trained dancer , an elaborate dance sequence with no connection to the film 's story was introduced as a stage performance and Nageswara Rao , Jamuna , and Haranath were made to sit along with the audience . The song " Prema Yatralaku " was filmed in the gardens near the Vijaya Vauhini Studios after abandoning plans to film it in either Ooty or Brindavan Gardens , Srirangapatna . During the film 's shoot , a kickboxing tournament was held in Madras ; this inspired Chakrapani and Kamaleswara Rao to add a fight sequence between Rama Rao and Kaleswara Rao . Pasumarthi Krishnamurthy conducted the choreography for the song sequences . The film was processed at Vijaya Laboratory and was recorded on Western Electric equipment .
= = Themes = =
Gundamma Katha is based partially on William Shakespeare 's play The Taming of the Shrew . It focuses on a widow named Gundamma and her two daughters . The film 's main theme is the step @-@ daughter Lakshmi facing problems because of the widow , and the former 's suitor teaching the latter a lesson . Using the first conversation between Gundamma and Lakshmi , in which the former abuses the latter for disturbing her sleep , Narasaraju introduces Gundamma 's mindset and behaviour . Further incidents include the dismissal of a server fired from a hotel after refusing to work as a servant in Gundamma 's house , and Ghantaiah explaining Gundamma 's character to Ramabhadraiah .
Most of the film 's dialogue , especially that between Ramana Reddy and Allu Ramalingaiah , are satirical and provide references to Indian society during the 1960s . The song " Lechindi Nidra " is about the empowerment of women and their role in areas of the government . In her article " Manifestation of devotion " about the importance of the Krishna Janmashtami festival , Rajeswari Kalyanam of The Hans India said the lyrics and photography of the song " Aligina Velane Choodali " recalls the romantic side of Krishna that every woman sees in her husband or the person she loves . It also recalls the bond Krishna shared with his foster mother Yashoda .
= = Music = =
The official soundtrack of Gundamma Katha was composed by Ghantasala ; it consists of eight songs whose lyrics were written by Pingali
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fun experience . The producers used trained rangers to play the soldiers in the teaser , part of an attempt to keep the show grounded in reality at all times . An 11 @-@ year @-@ old boy was used to play the dead alien on the autopsy table . The boy 's twin sister was used to play the alien on the train car . Both underwent extensive makeup including oversized dark contact lenses to create the effect of the alien eyes .
After watching the video bought by Mulder , Scully criticizes it citing the 1995 alien autopsy video — a hoax made by Ray Santilli , a British video producer . Coincidentally , Fox ended up re @-@ airing the alien autopsy video the night following this episode 's original air date . The episode features the first appearance of Agent Pendrell , who appeared in several other episodes in the third and fourth seasons . Pendrell was named after a street in Vancouver . The title , " Nisei " , refers to the term used , in countries of North and South America , to specify the son or daughter of an Issei couple born outside Japan . The term nisei Japanese American refers to nisei living in the United States .
= = Themes = =
Jan Delasara , in the book PopLit , PopCult and The X @-@ Files argues that episodes like " Nisei " and " 731 , " or the earlier episode " Paper Clip , " show the public 's trust in science " eroding . " Delasara proposes that " arrogated " scientists who are " rework [ ing ] the fabric of life , " are causing the public 's faith in science to fade drastically , " a concern " , she notes , " that is directly addressed by X @-@ Files episodes " . Moreover , she notes that almost all of the scientists portrayed in The X @-@ Files are depicted with a " connection to ancient evil " , with the lone exception being Agent Scully . In " Nisei , " and later in " 731 " , the scientists are former Japanese scientists who worked during WWII for the infamous 731 unit . In their attempts to create a successful human @-@ alien hybrid , they become the archetypical scientists who " [ go ] too far , " a serious factor that Delasara argues " ' alienates ' [ the public ] further from science and its practitioners . "
= = Reception = =
" Nisei " premiered on the Fox network on November 24 , 1995 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on October 23 , 1996 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 8 with a 17 share , meaning that roughly 9 @.@ 8 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 17 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 16 @.@ 36 million viewers watched this episode during its original airing . " Nisei " later won two Emmy Awards : one for " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Editing for a Series " and one for " Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . "
" Nisei " received largely positive reviews . In a retrospective of the third season in Entertainment Weekly , " Nisei " was rated an A. The review noted that the episode contained " lots of excitement for Scully " , though it also described Mulder 's plot thread as " equally gripping " . Writing for The A.V. Club , Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode an A- , calling it " a hell of a lot of fun " . VanDerWerff described the cliffhanger ending as " just phenomenal " , and felt that the episode had " the drive of a big @-@ budget action film " . However , he noted that it was becoming evident by this stage that the series ' mythology was becoming " too big to ever resolve wholly satisfactorily " . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely positive review and awarded it three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . Vitaris noted that , despite the teaser and first act being " promising enough " , the episode " slides downhill rapidly with a storyline that crosses the border into ludicrous . " Vitaris called the scene where soldiers kill prisoners " a scene more disturbing than anything else previously seen on The X @-@ Files . " Furthermore , she wrote that the final scene between Mulder and Scully was " beautifully written and acted . "
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , were slightly more critical and rated the episode three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . The two criticized the plot — despite calling the action sequences " quite breathless " — noting that " it seems rather funny : an entire team of black ops are sent to a small boat , but Mulder is still able to evade them without their noticing . " Shearman and Pearson , called the episode " Planes , Trains , and Automobiles reinvented as an action movie . "
= Best Of ... ( Sia album ) =
Best Of ... , also referred to as Sia : Best Of ... , is the first greatest hits album by Australian singer @-@ songwriter Sia , released in Australia on 30 March 2012 through the Sydney @-@ based independent record label Inertia . The compilation includes tracks from four of her previous studio albums : Healing Is Difficult ( 2001 ) , Colour the Small One ( 2004 ) , Some People Have Real Problems , ( 2008 ) and We Are Born ( 2010 ) . Also included are two tracks featuring Sia as a guest vocalist ( " Destiny " by Zero 7 and " Titanium " by David Guetta ) , " My Love " from The Twilight Saga : Eclipse film soundtrack , plus a remixed version of " Buttons " by Brazilian rock band CSS .
The album was announced in February 2012 , shortly after Sia claimed she would be retiring . Some online music stores offered Sia 's music DVD TV Is My Parent as a bonus . Overall , critical reception of the album was positive , though many reviewers criticized select tracks . Best Of ... debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Albums Chart the week of 15 April and reached a peak position of number 27 the following week .
= = Background and promotion = =
The album was announced in February 2012 , shortly after Sia made a statement claiming she was retiring . Best Of ... received promotion in various forms . IE Music / Inertia released a promotional video on YouTube in March 2012 . One day prior to the album 's release , Oyster magazine commemorated Sia 's career by publishing their list of her top five collaborations . The compilation album and a Sia tote bag , among other prizes , were included in a competition held by Cosmopolitan magazine . In April 2012 , Music Australia Guide ( Mag ) offered copies of the album to readers as part of a " freebie " giveaway .
= = Content = =
Best Of ... contains eighteen tracks spanning fifteen years of music from Sia 's career , including collaborative work with Zero 7 and other artists . Fourteen tracks come from four of Sia 's previous studio albums . " Taken for Granted " , representing the oldest material on the compilation , is the only song from Sia 's 2002 album Healing Is Difficult . " Numb " , " Where I Belong " , " Breathe Me " and , " Sweet Potato " all appeared on Sia 's 2004 album Colour the Small One . Tracks from her 2008 album Some People Have Real Problems include : " The Girl You Lost to Cocaine " , " Day Too Soon " , Ray Davies ' " I Go to Sleep " , " Soon We 'll Be Found " , and " Buttons " . " Clap Your Hands " , " Bring Night " , " You 've Changed " , and " The
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a hundred times " . He believed it had an " effect on her " because " she went into the studio the next day to actually do the recording and just was nailing things left and right and [ Thomas ] was letting her do her thing and I mean it was an incredible thing to watch " .
EMI Records , which had more experience in the pop market , headed the project and allowed Selena to choose one song that she liked . Her sister and drummer of the band , Suzette Quintanilla , said in a 1997 interview that the singer carefully chose a song that represented what " Selena was all about " . She chose " Dreaming of You " , which was written by American songwriters Franne Golde and Tom Snow in 1989 for American R & B group The Jets , who rejected it . According to Snow , Golde " never gave up on the tune and eventually got it to Selena " . When Quintanilla III heard the demonstration recording , he told Selena he did not like the track . Selena told him she was going to record it because she favored its lyrical content and message . In a 2002 interview , Quintanilla III said he was " more judgmental " on his first impression of the demonstration recording than the song itself and cited its medley , content , and song structure for changing his mind .
Selena began recording " Dreaming of You " on March 5 , 1995 at Quintanilla , Jr . ' s recording label Q @-@ Productions in Corpus Christi , Texas . During the recording session , Selena was suffering from bronchitis . Her father asked her to " just try " and sing the song because several producers had arrived from Los Angeles to watch her record the track . After the recording session , the producers liked Selena 's vocal range in the song and decided to use her first take . American producer Guy Roche produced and arranged the piece along with " Captive Heart " . After the arrangement for " Dreaming of You " , Selena wanted Pérez to hear the finish product . He was unable to attend after Quintanilla , Jr. wanted him to work with a band he was interested in managing . In 2012 , Pérez wrote in his book about his and Selena 's relationship that he regretted not going to the recording session .
Selena recorded " God 's Child ( Baila Conmigo ) " , a duet with David Byrne that was included on the soundtrack of the comedy film Blue in the Face ( 1995 ) . Byrne said the song was the last recording Selena made before she was shot to death by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of her Selena Etc. boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . Behar said promotion " will be on the superstar scale " and " [ we ] didn 't put this marketing campaign behind it because there was a tragedy . We put this marketing campaign behind it because we believed that this was going to be a huge album because of the music . This is a record that we 're going to work over the next 10 months . " EMI Records and EMI Latin put aside US $ 500 @,@ 000 ( $ 784 @,@ 000 2015 USD ) to complete Dreaming of You . " Oh No ( I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ) " , a song intended to be recorded for Dreaming of You , was released on the SelenaQRadio ( a free radio operated by Quintanilla , Jr . ) in September 2015 . Quintan
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Gulaal , Soundtrack ( 2011 ) , Trishna ( 2011 ) , Bhoothnath Returns ( 2014 ) , Happy New Year ( 2014 ) and I Am ( 2010 ) , playing a child abuse . The same year , he played a police officer in the short film Encounter ( 2010 ) , co @-@ starring Nimrat Kaur . In 2011 , he made his full @-@ fledged acting debut , playing the antagonist Bunty Bhaiya in Tigmanshu Dhulia 's crime thriller Shagird ( 2011 ) .
Kashyap will next be seen portraying the comic role of a lazy police officer in the Nawazuddin Siddiqui @-@ starrer comedy Ghoomketu . As of June 2015 , he is filming for AR Murugadoss 's Akira , starring Sonakshi Sinha ; where he plays the antagonist .
= = Awards and honours = =
On 20 May 2013 , Kashyap was awarded the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ( Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters ) by the French government at 2013 Cannes Film Festival , when India was the guest country of the festival to commemorate 100 years of Indian cinema .
He has also served as one of the jury members at many film festivals including the 2009 Venice Film Festival , 2013 Sundance Film Festival , 13th Marrakech Film Festival , and the 20th Busan International Film Festival . In 2016 , Kashyap was awarded with Yash Bharti award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for his contribution in the field of cinema .
In 1999 , Kashyap shared the Screen Award for Best Screenplay , along with Saurabh Shukla for Satya . The next year , his short film Last Train to Mahakali won the Special Jury Award at the same awards . His feature film debut Black Friday won the Grand Jury Prize at the 3rd Annual Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles , and was a nominee for the " Golden Leopard " ( Best Film ) at the 57th Locarno International Film Festival .
In 2011 , Kashyap shared the Best Story and Best Screenplay Award at the 56th Filmfare Awards with Vikramaditya Motwane for Udaan . The next year he shared the Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue with Zeishan Quadri , Sachin Ladia and Akhilesh Jaiswal for Gangs of Wasseypur at the 58th Filmfare Awards ; the film also won the Critics Award Best Movie at the same award show . At the 60th Filmfare Awards , Kashyap won the Filmfare Award for Best Editing with Abhijit Kokate for Queen .
= = Style , themes and influences = =
Kashyap is regarded as an auteur and postmodern filmmaker . While promoting Bombay Talkies in Anupama Chopra 's show , Dibakar Banerjee described Kashyap 's aesthetics as " purely new age or purely Indian " ; projecting " modern post independence India " in his films . He prefers shooting on real locations by employing guerrilla @-@ filmmaking techniques with hidden cameras , and often makes his actors improvise their dialogues on set . In Ugly , he did not show the script to any of the lead actors . He frequently uses hand @-@ held camera and experimental soundtracks .
Film maker Zoya Akhtar wrote : " He has a very strong storytelling style and he proved that you could tell a great story with not a lot of money . " Actor Ranbir Kapoor added , " He 's very sensitive to actors , to performances and very attached to his cinema . All his films may not be big money spinners but the impact Anurag has , his contribution to Indian cinema , is immense . "
The protagonists of his films often deal with excessive drug , smoke or alcohol consumption , personal guilt , extreme rage and arrogance which leads them into self @-@ shattering situations . Often portrays small but strong female characters . Most of his films deal with realistic scenarios and take clues from real incidents . Like the 1976 @-@ 77 Joshi @-@ Abhyankar serial murders reference in Paanch , the 1993 Mumbai bombing in Black Friday , the 1999 Delhi hit @-@ and @-@ run case and DPS MMS Scandal in Dev.D and the depiction of real life gang wars in Gangs of Wasseypur . Ugly came from his " personal guilt " of not spending enough time with his daughter and the fear of losing her . With several real @-@ life incidents like IAS officer whose wife filed a case of brutality against him . A song " Sylvia " in Bombay Velvet was named after the Nanavati case , where Sylvia Nanavati was K. M. Nanavati 's wife .
Kashyap 's work inspired British director Danny Boyle , who has cited Black Friday and Satya as the inspirations for his Academy Award @-@ winning film Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) . Boyle stated that a chase in one of the opening scenes of Slumdog Millionaire was based on a " 12 @-@ minute police chase through the crowded Dharavi slum " in Black Friday . He also described Satya 's " slick , often mesmerizing " portrayal of the Mumbai underworld , which included gritty and realistic " brutality and urban violence , " directly influenced the portrayal of the Mumbai underworld in Slumdog Millionaire .
= = Personal life = =
Kashyap serves as the Member of board of the NGO , Aangan , which helps protect vulnerable children around India .
He was first married to film editor Aarti Bajaj with whom he had a daughter . They divorced in 2009 .
He later married actress Kalki Koechlin , whom he first met during the making of Dev D , at her maternal home in Ooty . In 2013 , Kashyap and Kalki announced that : " they are taking time apart from their more than two @-@ year @-@ old marriage . " In May 2015 , they were divorced at the Bandra family court in Mumbai .
When asked about his religious views , Kashyap replied : " I am an atheist . Cinema is the only religion I believe in . "
= = Filmography = =
Directed features :
= Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band =
Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band is the eighth studio album by the English rock band the Beatles . Released on 1 June 1967 , it was an immediate commercial and critical success , spending 27 weeks at the top of the albums chart in the United Kingdom and 15 weeks at number one in the United States . Time magazine declared it " a historic departure in the progress of music " and the New Statesman praised its elevation of pop to the level of fine art . It won four Grammy Awards in 1968 , including Album of the Year , the first rock LP to receive this honour .
In August 1966 , the Beatles permanently retired from touring and began a three @-@ month holiday from recording . During a return flight to London in November , Paul McCartney had an idea for a song involving an Edwardian era military band that would eventually form the impetus of the Sgt. Pepper concept . Sessions for what was to become the Beatles ' eighth studio album began on 24 November in Abbey Road Studio Two with two compositions inspired from their youth , " Strawberry Fields Forever " and " Penny Lane " , but after pressure from EMI , the songs were released as a double A @-@ side single and were not included on the album .
In February 1967 , after recording " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band " , McCartney suggested that the Beatles should release an entire album that would represent a performance by the fictional Sgt. Pepper band . This alter ego group would give them the freedom to experiment musically . During the recording sessions , the band endeavoured to improve upon the production quality of their prior releases . Knowing they would not have to perform the tracks live , they adopted an experimental approach to composition , writing songs such as " With a Little Help from My Friends " , " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " and " A Day in the Life " . Producer George Martin 's innovative recording of the album included the liberal application of sound shaping signal processing and the use of a 40 @-@ piece orchestra performing aleatoric crescendos . Recording was completed on 21 April 1967 . The cover , depicting the band posing in front of a tableau of celebrities and historical figures , was designed by the British pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth .
Sgt. Pepper is regarded by musicologists as an early concept album that advanced the use of extended form in popular music while continuing the artistic maturation seen on the Beatles ' preceding
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wick County Borough which was renamed Warley County Borough . This enlarged county borough would be regarded as part of Worcestershire for " non @-@ administrative purposes " , but not under county council jurisdiction ( see Fig 7 ) . Warley was an amalgamation of Oldbury Urban District , Rowley Regis Urban District , and Smethwick as well as the Oakham area of Dudley and Tividale area of Tipton . Subsequent associated legislation established the West Midlands Constabulary , which policed the area , and the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive .
= = = Amblecote and Redditch New Town = = =
During these reorganisations , the territory of the county council grew only where Stourbridge took in the majority of Amblecote Urban District from Staffordshire ( See Fig 6 ) and the designation of Redditch in April 1964 as a " New town " . Historically , Redditch lies on the county boundary , so any expansion of the newly designated town would either fall under the Green Belt to the north , or the surrounding area of Warwickshire at Matchborough . Therefore , the boundary between the two counties was realigned in favour of Worcestershire , as a consequence of the Warwickshire and Worcestershire ( Boundaries ) Order 1969 legislation ( Fig 7 ) . The Redditch New Town designation coincided with a programme of considerable social housing development , mainly due to enactment of the Town Development Act 1952 . Numerous housing developments took place across the county , especially in Droitwich , Worcester and near to the Birmingham boundary at Frankley , Hawkesley , Kitwell , Rednal , Rubery and Walkers Heath . The majority of these developments were designed to help alleviate the housing and land shortages within Birmingham 's boundaries .
= = = Redcliffe @-@ Maud Report ( 1966 – 1969 ) = = =
The Redcliffe @-@ Maud Report ( Cmnd . 4040 ) recommended the abolition of all the existing county , county borough , borough , urban district and rural district councils and replacement with new authorities . These new unitary ( i.e. single tier ) authorities were largely based on major towns , which acted as regional employment , commercial , social and recreational centres and took into account local transport infrastructure and travel patterns .
The proposals for the county included a considerable loss of territory to a proposed " West Midlands Metropolitan Area " , as per Fig 8 . Stourbridge was including in the planned Metropolitan District of Dudley , whilst West Bromwich @-@ Warley would have included Halesowen , and a district known as North Worcestershire was planned to incorporate Bewdley , Bromsgrove , Kidderminster , Redditch and Stourport @-@ on @-@ Severn . The remaining part of central and southern Worcestershire ( including Worcester ) , would be amalgamated with Herefordshire to form a new county . All of these areas would exist under an overarching " West Midlands Provincial Council " covering the entire region in a devolved capacity . The Conservative party won the 1970 general election and committed to a two @-@ tier system in local government . In 1971 a further White Paper entitled Local Government in England : Government Proposals for Reorganisation ( Cmnd 4584 ) , which ultimately led to the 1974 re @-@ organisation saw a great deal of Redcliffe @-@ Maud 's recommendations discontinued .
= = Halesowen , Stourbridge and Malvernshire ( 1971 – 1974 ) = =
The Local Government in England : Government Proposals for Reorganisation ( Cmnd 4584 ) 1971 White Paper and Bill , which ultimately became the Local Government Act 1972 , did not go as far as the Redcliffe – Maud Report . Plans for the amalgamation of Herefordshire , Worcester and the majority of Worcestershire remained , except for Halesowen , Stourbridge and Warley . These three areas would join a proposed metropolitan county along with Dudley . The West Midlands Order 1965 and associated legislation ( i.e. the formation of the West Midlands Constabulary ) instigated a large degree of local government integration within the West Midlands conurbation , however this was carried out under a county borough system in place since 1889 .
Stourbridge would be incorporated into an enlarged Dudley administrative unit , plus Halesowen would join Warley and West Bromwich . During the debates associated with the Local Government Bill , Terry Davis MP ( Bromsgrove ) tabled Amendment Numbers 73 , 74 and 100 which proposed maintaining Worcestershire and Herefordshire as separate counties . He also stated that the bill " is not welcomed in Halesowen or Stourbridge or the county as a whole " and " The situation has therefore been reluctantly accepted in Worcestershire , and this group of amendments would not change this part of the Bill . " He said that whilst agreement was in place for Worcester to be " included in the County of Worcestershire " , the merger with Herefordshire was " intensely unpopular " , especially from within the neighbouring county . Dr. John Gilbert MP ( Dudley ) said in the amendment debate regarding the future of Seisdon Rural District that whilst Dudley has " no imperialist ambitions . ... We have no wish to engorge Stourbridge or Halesowen . Although the merger is going through smoothly , as a result of the exercise of tact and co @-@ operation on the part of all the local authorities and between and within all the political parties ... " . These amendments were defeated in the subsequent vote paving the way for the future " Hereford & Worcester " , as were with Amendment Numbers 294 and 295 which would have consented to the transfer of Kinver Parish from Seisdon in Staffordshire to the new combined Herefordshire & Worcestershire authority . In the accompanying debates in the House of Lords , Worcestershire Peer Lord Sandys said that Stourbridge and Halesowen 's respective borough council 's " duly elected , are wholly opposed to being joined to the conurbation " . He continued by stating that " a reason for the support of the county council , which is wholeheartedly for the boroughs of Halesowen and Stourbridge in their opposition to joining the conurbation , is the question of the Green Belt . " which could become threatened by future development .
Originally the combined authority was to be called Malvernshire and this term was used in the early Local Government Bill debates and statistics . By the time the Bill became law , the county was renamed Hereford and Worcester .
= = = County of West Midlands = = =
The Local Government Act 1972 legislated for a new metropolitan administrative unit to be known as the County of West Midlands , incorporating the North West Warwickshire , South Staffordshire and North Worcestershire border area . The Act also legislated that the new county would be sub @-@ divided into metropolitan districts , although most districts became metropolitan boroughs after being granted or regranted Royal charters giving them borough status . The West Midlands was to be largely centred on the Birmingham and Black Country county boroughs , but with a boundary roughly matching the conurbation , as per Fig 9 . However the Meriden Gap in Warwickshire was included , enabling Coventry to be incorporated into the new structure . Within this new authority ; Dudley County Borough along with Stourbridge and Halesowen formed Dudley Metropolitan District ( later to become Dudley Metropolitan Borough ) , whilst Warley County Borough merged with West Bromwich to create Sandwell . Most of the rural hinterland proposed by Redcliffe @-@ Maud was discarded ; thus permitting Bewdley , Bromsgrove , Kidderminster , Redditch and Stourport @-@ on @-@ Severn to become part of the new Hereford & Worcester authority . On 1 April 1974 ; ( the day of local government reorganisation ) an article in The Times quoted an unnamed ' Department of the Environment '
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official who said " The new county boundaries are solely for the purpose of defining areas of first @-@ level government of the future : They are administrative areas and will not alter the traditional boundaries of counties , nor is it intended that the loyalties of people living in them will change "
The West Midlands County Council existed for only a short period before abolition in April 1986 via enactment of the Local Government Act 1985 , which abolished the Metropolitan County Councils and Greater London Council . The individual metropolitan boroughs resumed most services which were provided at county level or through joint bodies such as the West Midlands Passenger Transport Authority .
= = Hereford and Worcester ( 1974 – 1998 ) = =
Legislation from the Local Government Act 1972 came into force on 1 April 1974 , which saw most of the county amalgamated with Herefordshire and Worcester City to form a single non @-@ metropolitan county of " Hereford and Worcester " .
The new county was divided into nine districts :
Meanwhile , the Local Government Boundary Commission for England started its periodic structural reviews and looked at all administrative areas on an individual basis . Leominster District Council proposed a boundary change at Burford , near Tenbury Wells to incorporate the area into Hereford & Worcester from Shropshire during 1987 / 1988 . This proposal was rejected by the LGBCE as well as a minor adjustment at Upper Arley . The commission also investigated splitting Hereford & Worcester in 1990 , following submissions by Hereford City Council and the " Herefordshire Action Committee " , although the proposals were rejected at that time . Boundary changes between Hereford & Worcester and Warwickshire at Mappleborough Green , Pebworth , Long Marston and Studley were also proposed , and some were accepted resulting in minor changes to both counties . In 1993 there were more minor adjustments of the county boundary , this time between Bromsgrove and Dudley Metropolitan Borough near to Wollescote and Solihull Metropolitan Borough near Hockley Heath .
= = = Review of the West Midlands ( City of Birmingham ) Boundaries with Bromsgrove ( Hereford and Worcester ) = = =
The most recent transfer of territory between the West Midlands County and Hereford & Worcester or Worcestershire occurred along sections of the Birmingham and Bromsgrove district boundary . The draft proposals and final report of the LBGCE Review of the West Midlands ( City of Birmingham ) Boundaries with Bromsgrove ( Hereford & Worcester ) proposed that Frankley , Kitwell Estate , Rednal , Rubery , Walkers Heath and the remainder of Bartley Reservoir transfer to Birmingham , as per Fig 10 . These changes were intended to unify several housing estates built and maintained by Birmingham City Council under the Town Development Act 1952 , but which fell within the Bromsgrove boundary . Frankley was split into two parts with New Frankley and the area around Bartley Reservoir transferred from Bromsgrove to Birmingham in April 1995 . The small village of Frankley remained in Hereford & Worcester and formed a new Civil Parish under the same name . Hopwood 's surrounding areas were transferred from the city to Bromsgrove . Rubery remained within Hereford & Worcester and also Worcestershire after the county was recreated in 1998 , contrary to the LGBCE final proposal .
These boundary changes were relatively minor in comparison to previous transfers .
= = = Local Government Act 1992 = = =
Following the Local Government Act 1992 legislation ; the LGBCE was once again charged with examining all English non @-@ metropolitan counties , but was given authority to recommend proposals that would significantly alter or abolish administrative areas . Accompanying legislation known as the Local Government Changes for England Regulations 1994 also established a new single @-@ tier form of administrative unit known as a ' Unitary authority ' . These new councils would be responsible for all services carried out by non @-@ metropolitan district and county authorities within their area , thus resembling county boroughs . The county of Hereford & Worcester was to be reviewed again , despite an earlier structural review which recommended no change to the county .
Various options were put to consultation , including :
Other ideas put forward and discounted before the consultation stage included a complete restoration of the pre @-@ 1974 Worcestershire county boundary . This option included Stourbridge and Halesowen , as they were under the jurisdiction of Worcestershire County Council until 1 April 1974 . The LGBCE deemed that this Local Government review did not include metropolitan counties ( except a one @-@ off review of Sefton on Merseyside ) , so there would be no change to the boundaries of Dudley Metropolitan Borough .
The Local Government Boundary Commission recommended that Hereford & Worcester should be split into three unitary authorities centred on Herefordshire , North Worcestershire and South Worcestershire . However , Parliament chose the hybrid unitary and two @-@ tier option instead , resulting in the abolition of the county of Hereford & Worcester .
= = New Worcestershire ( 1998 to present ) = =
Hereford and Worcester County Council ceased to exist on 1 April 1998 and was replaced by the new non @-@ metropolitan and ceremonial county of Worcestershire . The new county regained its historic border with Herefordshire , which became a unitary authority .
The former " Hereford & Worcester " districts of Redditch , Worcester , Bromsgrove , Wychavon and Wyre Forest were retained with little or no change . The Leominster and Malvern Hills districts crossed over the historic border , so a new Malvern Hills district was created from the parts of those two districts within the restored Worcestershire boundaires . The external boundaries of the new county are shown in Fig 11 ; they
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together with Ohrid .
= = Transport = =
= = = Main connections = = =
Skopje is located near three other capital cities , Prishtina ( 87 km away ) , Tirana ( 291 km ) and Sofia ( 245 km ) . Thessaloniki is 233 km south and Belgrade is 433 km north . Skopje is also at the crossroad of two Pan @-@ European corridors : Corridor X , which runs between Austria and Greece , and Corridor VIII , which runs from the Adriatic in Albania to the Black sea in Bulgaria . Corridor X links Skopje to Thessaloniki , Belgrade and Western Europe , while Corridor VIII links it with Tirana and Sofia .
Corridor X locally corresponds to the M @-@ 1 motorway ( E75 ) , which is the longest Macedonian highway . It also corresponds to the Tabanovce @-@ Gevgelija railway . Corridor VIII , less developed , corresponds to the M @-@ 4 motorway and the Kičevo @-@ Beljakovce railway . Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M @-@ 1 does not pass on the city territory . Thus the junction between the M @-@ 1 and M @-@ 4 is located some 20 km east , close to the airport . Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities , movement of people and goods is not optimised , especially with Albania . This is mainly due to poor infrastructure . As a result , 61 @.@ 8 % of Skopjans have never been to Tirana , while only 6 @.@ 7 % have never been to Thessaloniki and 0 % to Sofia . Furthermore , 26 % of Thessalonians , 33 % of Sofians and 37 % of Tiranans have never been to Skopje .
= = = Rail and coach stations = = =
The main station in Skopje is serviced by the Belgrade @-@ Thessaloniki and Skopje @-@ Prishtina international lines . After the completion of the Corridor VIII railway scheduled for 2022 , the city will also be linked to Tirana and Sofia . Daily trains also link Skopje with other Macedonian towns , such as Kumanovo , Kičevo , Štip , Bitola or Veles .
Skopje has several minor train stations but the city does not have its own railway network and they are only serviced by intercity or international lines . On the railway linking the main station to Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Dračevo and Dolno Lisiče stations , and on the railway to Kičevo are Skopje @-@ North , Gjorče Petrov and Saraj stations . Several other stations are freight @-@ only .
Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main train station . It can host 450 coaches in a day . Coach connections to and from Skopje are much more efficient and diverse than train connections . Indeed , it is regularly linked to many Macedonian localities and foreign cities including Istanbul , Sofia , Prague , Hamburg and Stockholm .
= = = Public transport = = =
Skopje has a bus network managed by the City and operated by three companies . The oldest and largest is JSP Skopje , a public company founded in 1948 . JSP lost its monopoly on public transport in 1990 and two new companies , Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres , obtained several lines . However , most of the network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines on 80 . Only 24 lines are urban , the others serving localities around the city . Many of the JSP buses are red double @-@ decker buses designed to look like the British @-@ made buses that were in use in the 1950s and 1960s .
A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s . The project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies . His successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for 2019 .
A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014 , not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city center .
= = = Airport = = =
Skopje has an international airport , Skopje " Alexander the Great " Airport . It is located in Petrovec , some 20 km east of the city . Since 2008 , it has been managed by the Turkish TAV Airports Holding and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year . The annual traffic has constantly risen since 2008 , reaching one million passengers in 2014 .
Skopje airport has connections to several European cities , including Vienna , Zürich , Brussels , Istanbul , London and Rome . It also maintains a direct connection with Dubai .
= = Culture = =
= = = Cultural institutions = = =
Being the capital of the Republic of Macedonia , Skopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country , such as the National and University Library " St. Kliment of Ohrid " , the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts , the National Theatre , the National Philarmonic Orchestra and the Macedonian Opera and Ballet . Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library which has more than a million documents , the Cultural Information Centre which manages festivals , exhibitions and concerts , and the House of Culture Kočo Racin which is dedicated to contemporary art and young talents .
Skopje has also several foreign cultural
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a type of large biological molecules , whose individual building blocks are called nucleotides . The name poly ( A ) tail ( for polyadenylic acid tail ) reflects the way RNA nucleotides are abbreviated , with a letter for the base the nucleotide contains ( A for adenine , C for cytosine , G for guanine and U for uracil ) . RNAs are produced ( transcribed ) from a DNA template . By convention , RNA sequences are written in a 5 ' to 3 ' direction . The 5 ' end is the part of the RNA molecule that is transcribed first , and the 3 ' end is transcribed last . The 3 ' end is also where the poly ( A ) tail is found on polyadenylated RNAs .
Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is RNA that has a coding region that acts as a template for protein synthesis ( translation ) . The rest of the mRNA , the untranslated regions , tune how active the mRNA is . There are also many RNAs that are not translated , called non @-@ coding RNAs . Like the untranslated regions , many of these non @-@ coding RNAs have regulatory roles .
= = Nuclear polyadenylation = =
= = = Function = = =
In nuclear polyadenylation , a poly ( A ) tail is added to an RNA at the end of transcription . On mRNAs , the poly ( A ) tail protects the mRNA molecule from enzymatic degradation in the cytoplasm and aids in transcription termination , export of the mRNA from the nucleus , and translation . Almost all eukaryotic mRNAs are polyadenylated , with the exception of animal replication @-@ dependent histone mRNAs . These are the only mRNAs in eukaryotes that lack a poly ( A ) tail , ending instead in a stem @-@ loop structure followed by a purine @-@ rich sequence , termed histone downstream element , that directs where the RNA is cut so that the 3 ' end of the histone mRNA is formed .
Many eukaryotic non @-@ coding RNAs are always polyadenylated at the end of transcription . There are small RNAs where the poly ( A ) tail is seen only in intermediary forms and not in the mature RNA as the ends are removed during processing , the notable ones being microRNAs . But , for many long noncoding RNAs – a seemingly large group of regulatory RNAs that , for example , includes the RNA Xist , which mediates X chromosome inactivation – a poly ( A ) tail is part of the mature RNA .
= = = Mechanism = = =
The processive polyadenylation complex in the nucleus of eukaryotes works on products of RNA polymerase II , such as precursor mRNA . Here , a multi @-@ protein complex ( see components on the right ) cleaves the 3 ' -most part of a newly produced RNA and polyadenylates the end produced by this cleavage . The cleavage is catalysed by the enzyme CPSF and occurs 10 – 30 nucleotides downstream of its binding site . This site often has the polyadenylation signal sequence AAUAAA on the RNA , but variants of it that bind more weakly to CPSF exist . Two other proteins add specificity to the binding to an RNA : CstF and CFI . CstF binds to a GU @-@ rich region further downstream of CPSF 's site . CFI recognises a third site on the RNA ( a set of UGUAA sequences in mammals ) and can recruit CPSF even if the AAUAAA sequence is missing . The polyadenylation signal – the sequence motif recognised by the RNA cleavage complex – varies between groups of eukaryotes . Most human polyadenylation sites contain the AAUAAA sequence , but this sequence is less common in plants and fungi .
The RNA is typically cleaved before transcription termination , as CstF also binds to RNA polymerase II . Through a poorly understood mechanism ( as of 2002 ) , it signals for RNA polymerase II to slip off of the transcript . Cleavage also involves the protein CFII , though it is unknown how . The cleavage site associated with a polyadenylation signal can vary up to some 50 nucleotides .
When the RNA is cleaved , polyadenylation starts , catalysed by polyadenylate polymerase . Polyadenylate polymerase builds the poly ( A ) tail by adding adenosine monophosphate units from adenosine triphosphate to the RNA , cleaving off pyrophosphate . Another protein , PAB2 , binds to the new , short poly ( A ) tail and increases the affinity of polyadenylate polymerase for the RNA . When the poly ( A ) tail is approximately 250 nucleotides long the enzyme can no longer bind to CPSF and polyadenylation stops , thus determining the length of the poly ( A ) tail . CPSF is in contact with RNA polymerase II , allowing it to signal the polymerase to terminate transcription . When RNA polymerase II reaches a " termination sequence " ( TTATTT on the DNA template and AAUAAA on the primary transcript ) , the end of transcription is signaled . The polyadenylation machinery is also physically linked to the spliceosome , a complex that removes introns from RNAs .
= = = Downstream effects = = =
The poly ( A ) tail acts
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to the manuscript of the Vani Gospels .
The idealization of Tamar was further accentuated by the events that took place under her immediate successors ; within two decades of Tamar 's death , the Khwarezmian and Mongol invasions brought Georgian ascendancy to an abrupt end . Later periods of national revival were too ephemeral to match the achievements of Tamar 's reign . All of these contributed to the cult of Tamar which blurred the distinction between the idealized queen and the real personality .
In popular memory , Tamar 's image has acquired a legendary and romantic façade . A diverse set of folk songs , poems and tales illustrate her as an ideal ruler , a holy woman onto whom certain attributes of pagan deities and Christian saints were sometimes projected . For example , in an old Ossetian legend , Queen Tamar conceives her son of a sunbeam which shines through the window . Another myth , from the Georgian mountains , equates Tamar with the pagan deity of weather , Pirimze , who controls winter . Similarly , in the highland district of Pshavi , Tamar 's image fused with a pagan goddess of healing and female fertility .
While Tamar occasionally accompanied her army and is described as planning some campaigns , she was never directly involved in the fighting . Yet , the memory of the military victories of her reign contributed to Tamar 's other popular image , that of a model warrior @-@ queen . It also echoed in the Tale of Queen Dinara , a popular 16th @-@ century Russian story about a fictional Georgian queen fighting against the Persians . Tsar of All the Russias Ivan the Terrible before the seizure of Kazan encouraged his army by the examples of Tamar 's battles by describing her as :
= = = Modern = = =
Much of the modern perception of Queen Tamar was shaped under the influence of 19th @-@ century Romanticism and growing nationalism among Georgian intellectuals of that time . In the Russian and Western literatures of the 19th century , the image of Queen Tamar reflected the European conceptions of the Orient – of which Georgia was perceived as a part – and the position and characteristics of women in it . The Tyrolean writer Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer described Tamar as a " Caucasian Semiramis " . Fascinated by the " exotic " Caucasus , the Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov wrote the romantic poem Tamara ( Russian : Тамара ; 1841 ) in which he utilized the old Georgian legend about a siren @-@ like mountainous princess whom the poet gave the name of Queen Tamar . Although Lermontov 's depiction of the Georgian queen as a destructive seductress had no apparent historical background , it has been influential enough to raise the issue of Tamar 's sexuality , a question that was given some prominence by the 19th @-@ century European authors . Knut Hamsun 's 1903 play Dronning Tamara ( " Queen Tamara " ) was less successful ; the theatre critics saw in it " a modern woman dressed in a medieval costume " and read the play as " a commentary on the new woman of the 1890s . " Russian conductor Mily Balakirev composed a symphony named " Tamara " .
In Georgian literature , Tamar was also romanticized , but very differently from the Russian and Western European view . The Georgian romanticists followed a medieval tradition in Tamar 's portrayal as a gentle , saintly woman who ruled a country permanently at war . This sentiment was further inspired by the rediscovery of a contemporary , 13th @-@ century wall painting of Tamar in the then @-@ ruined Betania monastery , which was uncovered and restored by Prince Grigory Gagarin in the 1840s . The fresco became a source of numerous engravings circulating in Georgia at that time and inspired the poet Grigol Orbeliani to dedicate a romantic poem to it . Furthermore , the Georgian literati , reacting to Russian rule in Georgia and the suppression of national institutions , contrasted Tamar 's era to their contemporary situation , lamenting the irretrievably lost past in their writings . Hence , Tamar became a personification of the heyday of Georgia , a perception that has persisted down to the present time .
Tamar 's marriage to the Rus ' prince Yuri has become a subject of two resonant prose works in modern Georgia . Shalva Dadiani 's play , originally entitled The Unfortunate Russian ( უბედური რუსი ; 1916 – 1926 ) , was attacked by Soviet critics for distorting the " centuries @-@ long friendship of the Russian and Georgian peoples . " Under Communist Party pressure , Dadiani had to revise both the title and plot in accordance with the official ideology of the Soviet state . In 2002 , a satirical short @-@ story The First Russian ( პირველი რუსი ) penned by the young Georgian writer Lasha Bughadze and focused on a frustrated wedding night of Tamar and Yuri outraged many conservatives and triggered a nationwide controversy , including heated discussions in the media , the Parliament of Georgia and the Patriarchate of the Georgian Orthodox Church .
= = Genealogy = =
The chart below shows the abbreviated genealogy of Tamar and her family , tracing it from Tamar 's grandfather to her grandchildren .
= Richard Lloyd Racing =
Richard Lloyd Racing ( RLR ) , originally named GTi Engineering , was a British auto racing team created in 1977 by driver Richard Lloyd . Originally named for the Volkswagen Golf GTIs that Lloyd raced in the British Saloon Car Championship ( BSCC ) , they went on to become a successful Porsche privateer in the World Sportscar Championship ( WSC ) . Richard Lloyd Racing eventually folded at the end of the 1990 season due to the increased cost of the World Championship .
The team was also known for their extensively modified Porsche 956s and 962Cs , developed to overcome some problems in the original Porsche design and construction . The cars , all named GTi after the team , were able to outperform their standard counterparts . The GTis made some of the first uses of exotic materials and innovative design elements that would later be adopted by Porsche and other manufacturers .
Even after the racing team had moved on to running Porsches , GTi Engineering remained a division of Richard Lloyd Racing and continued to offer car tuning for Volkswagen and Audi products . Parts and full conversions were constructed
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New Scottish Book . It was also most likely Steinhaus who preserved the original Scottish Book from Lwów throughout the war and subsequently sent it to Stanisław Ulam , who translated it into English .
With Steinhaus ' help , Wrocław University became renowned for mathematics , much as the University of Lwów had been .
Later , in the 1960s , Steinhaus served as a visiting professor at the University of Notre Dame ( 1961 – 62 ) and the University of Sussex ( 1966 ) .
= = Mathematical contributions = =
Steinhaus authored over 170 works . Unlike his student , Stefan Banach , who tended to specialize narrowly in the field of functional analysis , Steinhaus made contributions to a wide range of mathematical sub @-@ disciplines , including geometry , probability theory , functional analysis , theory of trigonometric and Fourier series as well as mathematical logic . He also wrote in the area of applied mathematics and enthusiastically collaborated with engineers , geologists , economists , physicians , biologists and , in Kac 's words , " even lawyers " .
Probably his most notable contribution to functional analysis was the 1927 proof of the Banach – Steinhaus theorem , given along with Stefan Banach , which is now one of the fundamental tools in this branch of mathematics .
His interest in games led him to propose an early formal definition of a strategy , anticipating John von Neumann 's more complete treatment of a few years later . Consequently , he is considered an early founder of modern game theory . As a result of his work on infinite games Steinhaus , together with another of his students , Jan Mycielski , proposed the Axiom of determinacy .
Steinhaus was also an early contributor to , and co @-@ founder of , probability theory , which at the time was in its infancy and not even considered an actual part of mathematics . He provided the first axiomatic measure @-@ theoretic description of coin @-@ tossing , which was to influence the full axiomatization of probability by the Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov a decade later . Steinhaus was also the first to offer precise definitions of what it means for two events to be " independent " , as well as for what it means for a random variable to be " uniformly distributed " .
While in hiding during World War II , Steinhaus worked on the fair cake @-@ cutting problem : how to divide a heterogeneous resource among several people with different preferences such that every person believes he received a proportional share . Steinhaus ' work has initiated the modern research of the fair cake @-@ cutting problem .
Steinhaus was also the first person to conjecture the ham @-@ sandwich theorem , and one of the first to propose the method of k @-@ means clustering .
= = Legacy = =
Steinhaus is said to have " discovered " the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach in 1916 , after he overheard someone utter the words " Lebesgue integral " while in a Kraków park ( Steinhaus referred to Banach as his " greatest mathematical discovery " ) . Together with Banach and the other participant of the park discussion , Otto Nikodym , Steinhaus started the Mathematical Society of Kraków , which later evolved into the Polish Mathematical Society . He was a member of PAU ( the Polish Academy of Learning ) and PAN ( the Polish Academy of Sciences ) , PTM ( the Polish Mathematical Society ) , the Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Naukowe ( Wrocław Scientific Society ) as well as many international scientific societies and science academies .
Steinhaus also published one of the first articles in Fundamenta Mathematicae , in 1921 . He also co @-@ founded Studia Mathematica along with Stefan Banach ( 1929 ) , and Zastosowania matematyki ( Applications of Mathematics , 1953 ) , Colloquium Mathematicum , and Monografie Matematyczne ( Mathematical Monographs ) .
He received honorary doctorate degrees from Warsaw University ( 1958 ) , Wrocław Medical Academy ( 1961 ) , Poznań University ( 1963 ) and Wrocław University ( 1965 ) .
Steinhaus had full command of several foreign languages and was interestingly , known , for his aphorisms , to the point that a booklet of his most famous ones in Polish , French and Latin has been published posthumously .
In 2002 , the Polish Academy of Sciences and Wrocław University sponsored " 2002 , The Year of Hugo Steinhaus " , to celebrate his contributions to Polish and world science .
Notable mathematician Mark Kac , Steinhaus 's student , wrote :
" He was one of the architects of the school of mathematics which flowered miraculously in Poland between the two wars and it was he who , perhaps more than any other individual , helped to raise Polish mathematics from the ashes to which it had been reduced by the second World War to the position of new strength and respect which it now occupies . He was a man of great culture and in the best sense of the word a product of Western civilization . "
= = Chief works = =
Czym jest , a czym nie jest matematyka ( What Mathematics Is , and What It Is Not , 1923 ) .
Sur le principe de la condensation de la singularités ( with Banach , 1927 )
Theorie der Orthogonalreihen ( with Stefan Kaczmarz , 1935 ) .
Kalejdoskop matematyczny ( Mathematical Snapshots , 1939 ) .
Taksonomia wrocławska ( A Wroclaw Taxonomy ; with others , 1
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She also battled the Treasury Department at times , and sometimes opposed Clinton himself , who tended to give priority to economic growth over environmental considerations . Nonetheless , Browner was the longest @-@ serving administrator in the history of the agency , staying through both terms of the Clinton presidency – and in the type of position that often sees turnover every three or four years . Robert W. Collin , author of a 2005 text on the agency , assessed her as " one of the ablest administrators ever to lead the EPA , " and wrote that she was " completely fearless in her engagement with controversial environmental issues . " Clinton himself later stated that Browner had accumulated a long list of important achievements .
= = Business career = =
After the Clinton administration , Browner became a founding member of the Albright Group , a " global strategy group " headed by former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright . As a principal , Browner assisted businesses and other organizations with the challenges of operating internationally , including complying with environmental regulations and climate change . Coca @-@ Cola and Merck & Co. have been among the clients for such international assistance . She also became a founding member and principal of Albright Capital Management , an investment advisory company . During 2002 , she taught classes at the study abroad program of her alma mater , now named the Fredric G. Levin College of Law .
Browner is now married to former Congressman Thomas Downey . The marriage , his second , her third , took place on June 21 , 2007 , in Riverhead , New York . Downey heads a lobbying firm representing clients in the energy industry . In 2006 , she and Downey collaborated on behalf of Dubai Ports World , but were unable to persuade Senator Charles Schumer to their viewpoint during the Dubai Ports World controversy .
Browner joined the board of the National Audubon Society in 2001 and became chair in 2003 ; her term expired in 2008 . She also joined the board of the Alliance for Climate Protection , an organization founded by Gore in 2006 . In 2008 , she joined the board of APX , Inc . , which specializes in technology infrastructure for the environmental commodities markets including those for carbon offsets and the CDM Gold Standard . She was also on the founding board of the Center for American Progress as well as the boards of the Alliance for Climate Protection and the League of Conservation Voters . She left all of these boards in late 2008 when she was named to serve in the Obama administration . Until summer 2008 she was a member of Socialist International 's Commission for a Sustainable World Society , although the commission 's web site still had her listed as a member in January 2009 .
Her income in 2008 was between $ 1 million and $ 5 million from lobbying firm Downey McGrath Group , where her husband was a principal . She also reported $ 450 @,@ 000 in " member distribution " income , plus retirement and other benefits from the Albright Group .
Browner retained a political voice during her business career , describing the George W. Bush administration as " the worst environmental administration ever . " She also stated that global warming is " the greatest challenge ever faced " . In the 2008 presidential election , she was a strong supporter of Hillary Rodham Clinton 's bid for the Democratic nomination . After Clinton lost her bid , Browner campaigned for Barack Obama in several battleground states and in League of Conservation Voters events .
= = Director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy = =
On November 5 , 2008 , Browner was named to the advisory board of the Obama @-@ Biden Transition Project .
On December 15 , 2008 , President @-@ elect Barack Obama named Browner as Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change . Officially known as the Director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy , she acted as a coordinator for environmental , energy , climate , transport and related matters for the federal government . Her position was sometimes informally described as the " Energy Czar " or the " Climate Czar " . It did not require Senate confirmation . Her participation on the Commission for a Sustainable World Society drew criticism from some Republican members of Congress , but the Obama transition team said there was nothing wrong with it . In any case , her power and influence relied primarily on persuasion : " I don 't have any independent policymaking authority . It 's not like when I was at EPA and I could depend on regulation . " Browner 's deputy assistant was Heather Zichal , a former legislative director for Senator John Kerry .
The early months of the Obama administration found her working well with the Cabinet members . She was a key negotiator between the administration and automakers in formulating the new United States emission standards in May 2009 , and also was a member of the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry that bailed out American automakers . She successfully urged incorporation of tens of billions of dollars for renewable energy programs into the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . She was a central player in negotiation with Congress of the United States Carbon Cap and Trade Program , seemingly more so than U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu , and continued to stress its importance despite the Obama health care plan being the top legislative priority overall . Environmentalists viewed her as a critical liaison to the White House . By September 2009 , Republican members of Congress expressed concern that her access to the president had usurped power from other agencies . She also became a brief target of fervent anti- " czar " radio and television commentator Glenn Beck , following the Van Jones resignation .
In October 2009 , Browner conceded that congressional passage of the cap @-@ and @-@ trade legislation before the end of year was unlikely , and feared its absence would harm prospects for meaningful international agreement at the Copenhagen United Nations Climate Change Conference in December . By the next month , she moderated her concern , but expressed opposition to any congressional " slicing and dicing " that would separate energy and climate concerns . Attempts to pass any kind of climate legislation collapsed in July 201
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0 due to lack of enough votes in the Senate ; Browner appeared on behalf of the administration and said , " Obviously , everyone is disappointed that we do not yet have an agreement on comprehensive legislation . "
In 2010 , Browner became a key part of the administration team handling , and one of the more visible administration figures in issuing public comments about , the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . In late May 2010 she assessed the spill as " probably the biggest environmental disaster we have ever faced in this country " and said that the administration was " prepared for the worst " . She added that " I think what the American people need to know that it is possible we will have oil leaking from this well until August , when the relief wells will be finished . " Mike Allen of Politico later wrote that " [ Browner 's ] calm , authoritative television presence during the BP oil disaster made her one of the few officials whose stature was enhanced in the aftermath of the Gulf catastrophe . "
With Republicans taking over the House of Representatives following the 2010 midterm elections , chances of climate and energy legislation passing that embodied Browner 's and the administration 's goals were essentially nil , and Obama conceded as much . As the Obama administration neared its two @-@ year mark and a number of personnel changes were underway , there was a possibility that Browner might be named to another position with broader responsibilities , such as White House Deputy Chief of Staff . But that did not come to pass .
Instead , in late January 2011 , White House officials disclosed that Browner would be leaving her position in the fairly near future . Browner said of her unexpected decision , " [ there 's ] no back story – it was just time to go " and that she felt " honored to have a second ... chance to serve . " League of Conservation Voters president Gene Karpinski characterized Browner as a " tenacious advocate on our issues " who would be " sorely missed " , while a member of the law and energy industry lobbying firm Bracewell & Giuliani said Browner 's exit was a good development and that " Her departure may be part of a legitimate effort to pay careful attention to addressing some of the real regulatory obstacles in the way of job creation in the United States . " Browner left the White House during March 2011 . Her general responsibilities were taken over by her second @-@ in @-@ command , Heather Zichal , from a position within the U.S. Domestic Policy Council .
In late February 2011 , while Browner was still in place , the House voted to eliminate the Director of the Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy position altogether . While the move was part of an overall effort to get rid of Obama 's " czars " , Browner was a particular focus of it . Representative Steve Scalise , who led the effort , said of Browner , " Let her leave , and take the funding , too . " In the mid @-@ April 2011 federal spending agreement that averted a possible government shutdown , funding for the position was indeed eliminated ( as were three other " czar " roles , most of which were similarly vacant ) . Obama issued a signing statement protesting the move and saying he would not abide by it , but the point was largely moot as the positions in question , including the Browner one , had already been moved inside the Domestic Policy Council .
= = Return to business and advocacy = =
Browner rejoined the Center for American Progress in April 2011 as a Distinguished Senior Fellow and a member of the organization 's Executive Committee . She also rejoined the Albright firm , now known due to merger as the Albright Stonebridge Group , as a Senior Counselor whose responsibilities included providing strategic services to clients in assorted areas of environmental impact . She continued to speak publicly on environmental issues and indicated she was " disappointed " by the Obama administration 's September 2011 decision to drop toughening of low @-@ altitude ozone levels in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards . In March 2014 , she was elected as Chair of the Board of Directors of the League of Conservation Voters .
In April 2014 she joined the Leadership Council of Nuclear Matters , an industry @-@ backed group that advocates for nuclear power as a means to combat climate change . In that role , she has said that " We can 't take a carbon @-@ free source of energy off the table . " She has acknowledged that looking at herself twenty years earlier , she would " probably not be pro @-@ nuclear " , but said that " I think climate change is the biggest problem the world has ever faced " and it would simply be " irresponsible " not to consider nuclear energy as part of the solution .
= = Awards and honors = =
In April 1997 , Browner received the Outstanding Mother of the Year Award from the National Mother 's Day Committee " for her dedication to providing ' children with a safer , healthier world . ' " Browner also has received Glamour magazine 's Woman of the Year Award , the Ambulatory Pediatric Association 's Advocate for Children Award , the South Florida Chapter of the Audubon Society 's Guy M. Bradley Lifetime Achievement Award , and the Lifetime Environmental Achievement Award from the New York State Bar Association . In 1998 she received Vice President Gore 's Hammer Award for helping to make government cost less and work better . In 2000 , she received the American Lung Association 's President 's Award for leadership towards " the toughest action in a generation to safeguard public health from the threats posed by air pollution . "
= Oh Santa ! =
" Oh Santa ! " is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her second Christmas album / thirteenth studio album , Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) . Carey wrote and produced the song in collaboration with Jermaine Dupri and Bryan @-@ Michael Cox . It was released as the lead single from the album . It is an up @-@ tempo R & B song about Carey making a plea for Santa Claus to bring back her partner in time for the Christmas holidays . Instrumentation of sleigh bells , jingle bells and hand claps . It received a positive response from music critics , with many praising its composition and style . The track set a record on the United States Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart , debuting at number twelve and peaking at number one the following week for four weeks . It became the first song to reach the summit in two weeks . It further became Carey 's seventh number @-@ one song on the chart . Carey filmed a 1960s style music video to accompany the songs release as a single , and performed it on various programs in the lead up to Christmas , including her own TV special called Mariah Carey : Merry Christmas to You .
= = Background and composition = =
" Oh Santa ! " was written and produced by Mariah Carey , Jermaine Dupri and Bryan @-@ Michael Cox for Carey 's second Christmas / thirteenth studio album , Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) ; Rye Songs administered by Songs of Universal ( BMI ) / Shaniah Cymone Music | EMI April Music Inc . ( ASCAP ) / WBM Music Corp Inc . / Pamela & Lorrence 's Publishing LLC ( SESAC ) . Her vocals were recorded by Brian Garten , Marcus Johnson and Thomas Kanarek , Martin Cooke , Nicholas Essif and Peter Mack , and the music by John Horesco at Guardian Angel Studios , Westlake Recording Studios , Henson Studios and Capitol Recording Studios . It was mixed by Phil Tan and Damien Lewis at The Ninja Beat Club . Dupri played the drums and Randy Jackson performed bass . Cox plated the keyboard and percussion . The background vocals were sung by Angie Fisher , Melonie Daniels , Maryann Tatum , Sharlotte Gibson and Toni Scruggs .
" Oh Santa !
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" was one of four original compositions by Carey to be included on the album . It premiered on October 1 , 2010 , in the United States . An EP consisting of six remixes by Jump Smokers and Low Sunday were released on December 7 , while a mix of " Oh Santa ! and one of Carey 's previous Christmas songs " All I Want for Christmas Is You " , titled " Oh Santa ! All I Want for Christmas Is You ( Holiday Mashup ) " , was released on December 17 . " Oh Santa ! " is an up @-@ tempo and festive R & B song , which lasts for a duration of three minutes , thirty @-@ one seconds . It has a 1960s girl @-@ group swing feel . The song , in the key of C ♯ major , has a tempo of 80 beats per minute . Carey 's voice spans more than three octaves , from B ♭ 2 to the high note of F ♯ 6 . Instrumentation consists of sleigh bells , jingle bells , hand claps and a piano melody , backed by a " school @-@ yard chant beat " . Lyrically , Carey makes a plea to Santa Claus asking him to bring back her " baby " in time for Christmas , singing " Santa 's gon ' come and make him mine this Christmas . "
= = Critical reception = =
Mike Diver of the BBC wrote that " Oh Santa ! " is a " boisterous " song which " makes perfect sense " as a lead single . He continued to write that although it fell substandard to " All I Want for Christmas Is You " , it would still " warrant revisiting 12 months down the line " . Rolling Stone writer Caryn Ganz commented on the composition , writing " Mariah bops to a schoolyard @-@ chant beat " . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle described the song as " irresistible " and predicted that it would " dominate ringtones " in the run up to Christmas . A reviewer for Idolator described the track as a Christmas version of a song by Avril Lavigne song , " Presumably , not every track will sound like a North Pole version of Avril Lavigne ’ s ' Girlfriend ' as the boppy ' Oh Santa ! ' does " . Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice was critical of the song , writing " Of the four Mariah @-@ penned new tracks , the Jermaine Dupri / Bryan @-@ Michael Cox collaboration ' Oh Santa ! ' tries the hardest , an antique kitchen @-@ sink replica that manages to invoke a cheerleading squad , the Pointer Sisters , Mariah 's own ' Loverboy ' , and Hey Ya ! ' . Full of mumbling and cattiness , it 's difficult to sing along to , so its prospects of becoming a perennial favorite are dim . "
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Oh Santa ! " became a record @-@ breaking entry on the Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart . It debuted at number twelve for the issue dated December 11 , 2010 . The track soared to number one the following week , marking the quickest ascent to the peak position since Nielsen BDS began tracking airplay in 1993 , in just two weeks . Previously , eight songs had reached number one within three weeks , four of which were Christmas entries due to adult contemporary radio stations playing an increased amount in the holiday season . " Oh Santa ! " became Carey 's seventh number @-@ one hit on the chart , and her first in fifteen years since " One Sweet Day " ( 1995 – 96 ) , a duet with Boyz II Men . The singer also topped the chart with her debut single " Vision of Love " ( her first ) and " Love Takes Time " in 1990 , " I Don 't Wanna Cry " in 1991 , and " Can 't Let Go " and " I 'll Be There " in 1992 . " Oh Santa ! " remained atop the chart for four consecutive weeks altogether . It finished at number 42 on the 2011 Adult Contemporary year @-@ end chart . For the week ending October 30 , 2010 , Carey occupied the top two positions on the Holiday Digital Songs chart : " Oh Santa ! " debuted at number one while " All I Want For Christmas Is You " charted at number two
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tries to kidnap Gumball . Fionna and Cake start to fight her before she mysteriously disappears . Gumball ( who is apparently unharmed ) arranges a date with Fionna . At the Tree Fort , Fionna and Cake argue over whether or not Gumball asked Fionna on a date . Cake decides to come along to help Fionna out . At the Castle Gardens , the two are met by Gumball and his steed Lord Monochromicorn . The group then flies through the air while Gumball serenades Fionna with the song " Oh , Fionna " and eventually asks her to be his girlfriend . When Fionna and Cake get to the ball , Prince Gumball takes Fionna to his room ( decorated with candles and rose petals ) and locks the door . She becomes flustered and backs away when he begins to take his shirt off . A drop of water lands on her shoulder , she looks up to see the real Prince Gumball trapped inside a giant icicle on the ceiling . The fake prince is revealed to be Ice Queen . Fionna is soon incapacitated ; Cake senses trouble and rushes to her rescue .
Enraged by the deception , Fionna takes out the crystal sword to fight . The sword turns out to be another one of Ice Queen ’ s tricks and turns into a ball of ice around Fionna ’ s hands . Cake hears noises from downstairs and senses Fionna is in trouble . Undaunted , Fionna uses the ice to beat Ice Queen over the head . Ice Queen pushes her off with a burst of snow which allows Fionna to get close to enough to break Prince Gumball free and knock out the Ice Queen with a broken icicle . Cake bursts in and sees Gumball standing next to Fionna in her torn dress ; she jumps to the wrong conclusion and lunges at him but Fionna stops Cake and tells her it was the Ice Queen all along . Just then Ice Queen recovers and blasts Cake away from Fionna only to have Fionna knock her magic tiara off which negates her powers . The real Gumball asks Fionna on a date and is turned down ; Fionna notes that she does not need a boyfriend at the moment .
The episode reveals that the entire story was a fanfiction created by the Ice King that he is reading to Finn and Jake ( who are incapacitated in ice ) . The Ice King asks how they enjoyed his story ; Finn hesitates at first but hurriedly placates him when Ice King threatens them with his ice powers .
= = Cast = =
" Fionna and Cake " , taking place in a gender @-@ swapped universe , likewise features gender @-@ swapped versions of the inhabitants of Ooo . A list of the major characters that feature in " Fionna and Cake " follows .
Fionna ( voiced by Madeleine Martin ) – Fionna is the gender @-@ swapped version of Finn . Fionna is a brave and adventurous girl who struggles with issues pertaining to attraction and romance .
Cake ( voiced by Roz Ryan ) – Cake is the gender @-@ swapped version of Jake , and is a cat instead of a dog . Cake is sarcastic and boisterous but is also Fionna 's loyal friend . Much like Jake , she possesses the power to stretch her body into a myriad of convoluted shapes .
Prince Gumball ( voiced by Neil Patrick Harris ) – Gumball is the gender @-@ swapped version of Princess Bubblegum . He is the frequent victim of the Ice Queen 's kidnapping schemes and appears that he harbors some sort of feelings for Fionna .
The Ice Queen ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) – The Ice Queen is the gender @-@ swapped version of the Ice King . Much like her male counterpart , the Ice Queen is constantly scheming to kidnap a mate ( her most frequent target being Prince Gumball ) .
Lord Monochromicorn – The gender @-@ swapped version of Lady Rainicorn . While Lady speaks in Korean , Lord Monochromicorn communicates exclusively via Morse Code . Lord Monochromicorn and Cake are in a relationship together .
= = Production = =
" Fionna and Cake " was written and storyboarded by Rebecca Sugar and Adam Muto from a story developed by Mark Banker , Patrick McHale , Osborne , and series creator Pendleton Ward . The entry was directed by Larry Leichliter . The genesis for the episode were drawings that character designer and storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri posted onto the internet during her free time . Her creations were eventually canonized by the show 's producers . Allegri even re @-@ rerecorded the show 's theme — which had originally been sung by series creator Pendleton Ward — for the episode . Sugar intended " Fionna and Cake " to both be " a jab [ and ] a huge celebration of , [ sic ] the feeling of being fan " and " allowing something completely ridiculous to make your heart tighten " .
Sugar and Muto significantly changed the story from its original outline ; the very first version of the episode did not feature the Ice Queen , the ball , or the crystal sword . The second act of the story featured Gumball and Fionna going on a date in a restaurant , rather than on an adventure . Sugar also wrote several lines for Marshall Lee — Marceline 's male counter @-@ part — but they were cut for time . Sugar " begged " Ward to let her work the character back into the story somehow , but the character only appeared in a non @-@ speaking cameo . Sugar originally wanted the character to be voiced by Dante Basco , although he would later be voiced by Donald Glover in the fifth season episode " Bad Little Boy " .
Neil Patrick Harris was Sugar 's first choice to play Prince Gumball ; she explained that she wanted to impress her brother Steve , who was " obsessed " with the Music Meister ( portrayed by Harris ) from Batman : The Brave and the Bold . The scene which featured the song " Oh Fionna " was designed by Sugar to be a blend of the setting from the song " A Whole New World " from the 1992 film Aladdin , as well as scenes featuring the Romani Ranch aliens from Majora ’ s Mask .
= = Reception = =
" Fionna and Cake " aired on Cartoon Network on September 5 , 2011 . The episode was viewed by 3 @.@ 315 million viewers and saw a dramatic increase in the ratings for all boy demographics . It also marked a 42 percent increase in viewers when compared to a year earlier . At the time , this made " Fionna and Cake " the highest @-@ rated entry of the series . The episode first saw physical release as part of the 2013 Fionna and Cake DVD , which included 16 episodes from the series ' first three seasons .
Tyler Foster of DVD Talk praised the episode for its creativity and complimented the entry 's humor and its message to girls . Furthermore , he applauded the song " Oh Fionna " , calling it " wonderful " . Richard Whittaker of The Austin Chronicle noted that the episode was " an adventure in cross play " . He felt that Fionna 's characterization appealed to the show 's universality and managed to also retain respect for the show 's audience. and that the " strong but emotionally vulnerable " Cake was written in a way that successfully provided a female analog for Jake .
Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club called the " Fionna and Cake " one of " the most fascinating aspects of the Adventure Time craze " in a review of the fifth season episode " Bad Little Boy " . He wrote that " ' Fionna and Cake ' was reminiscent of the series ' earlier episodes , in
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regards to its bright animation , well @-@ paced plot , music , its successful blend of fantasy action and comedy , and its focus on character @-@ based drama . As a result , he felt that the entry was composed of elements that make the series as a whole great . In a separate article , Sava named the entry one of the ten most representative episodes of the series and wrote that it is also " the most aggressively girl @-@ friendly episode of the series " .
After it aired , " Fionna and Cake " was particularly successful with the fans of the series . Sava noted that although the characters had , at the time , appeared in only a single episode , they had quickly become two of the most popular characters from the show . According to the Entertainment Examiner , fans of the series responded positively to the characters , and wanted them to appear in more episodes .
= Long Ashton railway station =
Long Ashton railway station was a railway station on the Bristol to Exeter Line , 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) southwest of Bristol Temple Meads , serving the village of Long Ashton in North Somerset , England . There were two stations on the site , the first , called " Ashton " , opened in either 1841 or 1852 and closed in 1856 . The second station , originally known as " Long Ashton Platform " before being renamed as " Long Ashton " in 1929 , was operational from 1926 to 1941 . The site is now partly under the A370 Long Ashton Bypass . There is local support for the station to be reopened , possibly sited further to the west , and possibly as part of the University of Bristol 's proposed Fenswood Farm development .
= = First station = =
The Bristol and Exeter Railway was opened between Bristol Temple Meads and Bridgwater on 14 June 1841 , engineered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and build originally as 7 ft ( 2 @,@ 134 mm ) broad @-@ gauge . A station named " Ashton " , serving the nearby village of Long Ashton , was located on an embankment 3 miles 52 chains ( 5 @.@ 87 km ) from Bristol Temple Meads and 122 miles 3 chains ( 196 @.@ 40 km ) from the Great Western Railway terminus at London Paddington . Quite when the station opened is uncertain – Butt 's Directory of Railway Stations states that the station opened with the line in June 1841 , but Quick 's Railway Passenger Stations states it only opened in June 1852 . Both sources agree that the station closed in January 1856 , however other sources such as Oakley 's Somerset Railway Stations contain no reference to Ashton at all . If the earlier date is correct , services would have originally been provided by the Great Western Railway on behalf of the Bristol & Exeter . The Bristol & Exeter took over passenger operations on 1 May 1849 .
The line through Ashton remained open after the station closed . In 1871 , the Bristol & Exeter opened another station called Ashton , closer to Bristol , this station was later renamed Bedminster . The line had been reconstructed as mixed @-@ gauge by 1 June 1875 to
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= =
Debut was released on 5 July 1993 on compact disc and cassette on One Little Indian Records in the United Kingdom and 13 July 1993 on Elektra Records in the United States . One Little Indian estimated that Debut would sell a total of 40 @,@ 000 copies worldwide based on a guess of the Sugarcubes fan base at the time . However , within three months of Debut 's release , over 600 @,@ 000 copies had been sold worldwide . On the album 's initial release , it charted in the United States , peaking at number one on the Top Heatseekers chart and at number sixty @-@ one on the Billboard 200 . In the United Kingdom , Debut entered the charts on 17 July 1993 , staying in the charts for sixty @-@ nine weeks and peaking at number three . Debut has been re @-@ issued several times in different formats . In November 1993 , the album was re @-@ issued in the United Kingdom with the bonus track " Play Dead " , a song written for the film The Young Americans , shortly after Debut 's completion . The album was later issued on vinyl and DualDisc formats . The Japanese version of Debut included two bonus tracks : " Play Dead " and " Atlantic " . The DualDisc release featured the full album on the CD side while the DVD side included the album with superior sound quality and the music videos for the singles . On 5 May 1994 , The Canadian Recording Industry Association certified that Debut had sold over 50 @,@ 000 units making it a Gold record in Canada . On 31 August 2001 , the RIAA certified that Debut had sold over one million units making it a Platinum record in the United States . Worldwide sales of the album stand at 4 @.@ 7 million copies .
= = = Singles = = =
In 1993 Björk contacted French director Michel Gondry to create a music video for " Human Behaviour " after seeing a video he made for his own band Oui Oui . " Human Behaviour " was the first single taken from Debut , and was issued a month before the album 's release in June 1993 . Three more singles were released from Debut in 1993 . " Venus as a Boy " was the second single , released in August with a music video directed by Sophie Muller . " Play Dead " was released in August 1993 as a non @-@ album single , that would be included on later releases of the album . " Play Dead " had an accompanying music video directed by Danny Cannon . The final single released in 1993 was " Big Time Sensuality " remixed by Fluke with a music video by Stéphane Sednaoui . A further single , " Violently Happy " , was released in March 1994 with an accompanying video by Jean @-@ Baptiste Mondino . All five singles from Debut charted within the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart while only " Human Behaviour " , " Violently Happy " and " Big Time Sensuality " charted in the American Billboard charts .
= = Reception = =
At the 1994 Grammy Awards , Michel Gondry 's music video for " Human Behavior " was nominated for best Best Short Form Music Video , but lost to Stephen Johnson 's video for the Peter Gabriel song " Steam " . At the 1994 Brit Awards , Björk won awards for " Best Newcomer " and " Best International Female " . Shortly after the Brit Awards , Björk was sued by Simon Fisher , a musician she collaborated with in 1990 . Fisher 's claim stated that he had co @-@ written " Human Behaviour " , " Venus as a Boy " , " Crying " , and " Aeroplane " and sought damages of over ₤ 20 @,@ 000 . Hooper and Björk went to court with Fisher shortly after the release of Björk 's album Post . Judge Robin Jacob found Fisher only seeking credit for one song instead of four and cleared Hooper and Björk of all charges stating that Fisher 's charges rendered him " unreliable , diffuse , and vague " .
Critical reaction to Debut was generally positive . The British music press spoke positively about the album , with Q giving it four out of five stars calling it " a surprising , playful collection " while the NME wrote that Debut was " an album that believes music can be magical and special . " The Independent gave Debut a favorable review noting that Björk had " fashioned an amazing array of contrasting arrangements , whose musical diversity never interferes with their clarity of vision . " American reception was more mixed . Musician magazine praised the vocals of the album , stating " what makes [ Björk 's ] singing memorable isn 't the odd assortment of growls , moans and chirps she relies upon , but the emotions those sounds convey . " The New York Times described Debut as " an enchanting album " . American critic Robert Christgau gave the album a " neither " rating , indicating an album that " may impress once or twice with consistent craft or an arresting track or two . Then it won 't " . A negative review came from Rolling Stone who gave the album two stars out of five calling the album " utterly
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's successor , Gilroy Roberts . The Mint submitted the new designs to the Commission of Fine Arts ( " Commission " ) for its advisory opinion . The Commission disliked the small eagle and felt that depicting the crack in the Liberty Bell would expose the coinage to jokes and ridicule . Despite the Commission 's disapproval , the Mint proceeded with Sinnock 's designs .
After the coins were released in April 1948 , the Mint received accusations that Sinnock 's initials " JRS " on the cutoff at Franklin 's shoulder were a tribute to Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin ( Stalin did not have a middle name that began with an ' R ' ) . No change was made , with the Mint responding that the letters were simply the artist 's initials ( The same accusation was made after the release of the Sinnock designed Roosevelt Dime in 1946 ) . The coin was struck regularly until 1963 ; beginning in 1964 it was replaced by the Kennedy half dollar , issued in honor of the assassinated President , John F. Kennedy . Though the coin is still legal tender , its value to collectors or as silver both greatly exceed its face value .
= = Background and selection = =
Mint Director Nellie Tayloe Ross had long been an admirer of Benjamin Franklin , and wished to see him on a coin . In 1933 , Sinnock had designed a medal featuring Franklin , which may have given her the idea . Franklin had opposed putting portraits on coins ; he advocated proverbs about which the holder could profit through reflection . In a 1948 interview , Ross noted that Franklin only knew of living royalty on coins , and presumably would feel differently about a republic honoring a deceased founder . Indeed , Franklin might have been more upset at the reverse design : as numismatic writer Jonathan Tepper noted , " Had Benjamin Franklin known that he would be appearing on a half dollar with an eagle , he most likely would have been quite upset . He detested the eagle , and numismatic lore has it that he often referred to it as a scavenger . Given the practical man that he was , Franklin proposed the wild turkey as our national bird . "
An 1890 statute forbade the replacement of a coin design without congressional action , unless it had been in service for 25 years , counting the year of first issuance . The Walking Liberty half dollar and Mercury dime had been first issued in 1916 ; they could be replaced without congressional action from and after 1940 . Mint officials considered putting Franklin on the dime in 1941 , but the project was shelved due to heavy demands on the Mint for coins as the United States entered World War II . During the war , the Mint contemplated adding one or more new denominations of coinage ; Sinnock prepared a Franklin design in anticipation of a new issue , which did not occur . The dime was redesigned in 1946 to depict fallen President Franklin Roosevelt , who had been closely associated with the March of Dimes . The Walking Liberty design seemed old @-@ fashioned to Mint officials , and the only other coin being struck which was eligible for replacement was the Lincoln cent . Abraham Lincoln remained a beloved figure , and Ross did not want to be responsible for removing him from the coinage .
In 1947 , Ross asked Sinnock to produce a design for a half dollar featuring Franklin . The chief engraver adapted his earlier work for the obverse . He had designed the medal from a bust of Franklin by Jean @-@ Antoine Houdon . Sinnock based his design for the reverse on the 1926 commemorative half dollar for the sesquicentennial ( 150th anniversary ) of American Independence . Numismatic writer Don Taxay later discovered that Sinnock had based his Liberty Bell ( as depicted on both the Sesquicentennial half dollar and the Franklin half ) on a sketch by John Frederick Lewis . Sinnock died in May 1947 , before finishing the reverse design , which was completed by the new chief engraver , Gilroy Roberts . Similar to Sinnock 's work for the Roosevelt dime , the portrait is designed along simple lines , with Franklin depicted wearing a period suit . The small eagle on the reverse was added as an afterthought , when Mint officials realized that the Coinage Act of 1873 required one to be displayed on all coins of greater value than the dime .
The Mint sought comments on the designs from the Commission of Fine Arts , which was provided with a lead striking of the obverse and a view of the reverse ; Taxay suggests they were shown a plaster model . On December 1 , 1947 , Commission chairman Gilmore Clarke wrote to Ross saying that they had no objection to the obverse , in which they recognized Sinnock 's " good workmanship " . As for the reverse ,
The eagle shown on the model is so small as to be insignificant and hardly discernible when the model is reduced to the size of a coin . The Commission hesitate to approve the Liberty Bell as shown with the crack in the bell visible ; to show this might lead to puns and to statements derogatory to United States coinage .
The Commission disapprove the designs .
Numismatist Paul Green later noted , " Over the years there would probably have been even more puns and derogatory statements if there had been an attempt to depict the bell without a crack . " The Commission suggested a design competition under its auspices . Its recommendations , which were only advisory , were rejected by the Treasury Department and the coin was approved by Treasury Secretary John W. Snyder , which Taxay ascribes to an unwillingness to dishonor Sinnock .
= = Release and production = =
On January 7 , 1948 , the Treasury issued a press release announcing the new half dollar . The Commission 's disapproval went unreported ; instead the release noted that the design had been Ross 's idea and had received Secretary Snyder 's " enthusiastic approval " . The release noted Franklin 's reputation for thrift , and expressed hope that the half dollar would serve as a reminder that spare cash should be used to purchase savings bonds and savings stamps . Franklin became the fifth person and first non @-@ president to be honored by the issuance of a regular @-@ issue US coin , after Lincoln , Roosevelt , George Washington and Thomas Jefferson .
In a speech given when she unveiled the design in January 1948 , Ross indicated that she had been urged to put Franklin on the cent because of his association with the adage " a penny saved is a penny earned " ( in Franklin 's original , " A penny saved is twopence dear " . ) Ross stated , " You will agree , I believe , that the fifty @-@ cent piece , being larger and of silver , lends itself much better to the production of an impressive effect . " On April 29 , 1948 , the day before the coin 's public release , Ross held a dinner party for 200 at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia ; each guest received a Franklin half dollar in a card signed by Ross .
The new half dollars first went on sale at noon on April 30 , 1948 , the anniversary of George Washington 's 1789 inauguration as President . They were sold from a booth on the steps of the Sub @-@ Treasury Building in New York , by employees of the Franklin Savings Bank dressed in Revolutionary @-@ era garb .
The
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strong emotions , fears and desires which are reflected in their music . Thus Poppea 's and Nerone 's scenes are generally lyrical , sung mainly in the forms of arioso and aria , while Ottavia sings only in dramatic recitative . Seneca 's music is bold and compelling , while Ottone 's is hesitant and limited in range , " entirely inappropriate for anyone aspiring to be a man of action " according to Carter . Within this arrangement Monteverdi creates enough melodies to ensure that the opera is musically as well as dramatically memorable .
Monteverdi employs specific musical devices to signify moods and situations . For example , triple metre signifies the language of love for Nerone and Ottone ( unfulfilled in the latter case ) ; forceful arpeggios are used to represent conflict ; and the interlacing of texts , written as separate verses by Busenello , indicates sexual tension in the scenes with Nerone and Poppea , and escalates the discord between Nerone and Seneca . The technique of " concitato genere " — rapid semiquavers sung on one note — is used to represent rage . Secret truths may be hinted at as , for example , when Seneca 's friends plead with him to reconsider his suicide in a chromatic madrigal chorus which Monteverdi scholar Denis Arnold finds reminiscent of Monteverdi 's Mantuan days , carrying a tragic power rarely seen in 17th century opera . This is followed , however , by a cheerful diatonic section by the same singers which , says Rosand , suggests a lack of real sympathy with Seneca 's predicament . The descending tetrachord ostinato on which the final duet of the opera is built has been anticipated in the scene in which Nerone and Lucano celebrate Seneca 's death , hinting at an ambivalence in the relationship between emperor and poet . According to Rosand : " in both cases it is surely the traditional association of that pattern with sexual love that is being evoked . "
Arnold asserts that the music of L 'incoronazione has greater variety than any other opera by Monteverdi , and that the purely solo music is intrinsically more interesting than that of Il ritorno . The musical peaks , according to commentators , include the final duet ( despite its doubtful authorship ) , Ottavia 's act 1 lament , Seneca 's farewell and the ensuing madrigal , and the drunken Nerone – Lucano singing competition , often performed with strong homoerotic overtones . Ringer describes this scene as arguably the most brilliant in the whole opera , with " florid , synchronous coloratura by both men creating thrilling , virtuosic music that seems to compel the listener to share in their joy . " Rosand finds Nerone 's solo aria that closes the scene something of an anticlimax , after such stimulation .
Despite continuing debates about authorship , the work is almost always treated as Monteverdi 's — although Rosand observes that some scholars attribute it to " Monteverdi " ( in quotation marks ) . Ringer calls the opera " Monteverdi 's last and arguably greatest work , " a unified masterpiece of " unprecedented depth and individuality " . Carter observes how Monteverdi 's operas redefined the boundaries of theatrical music , and calls his contribution to 17th @-@ century Venetian opera " remarkable by any standard " . Harnoncourt reflects thus : " What is difficult to understand ... is the mental freshness with which the 74 @-@ year @-@ old composer , two years before his death , was able to surpass his pupils in the most modern style and to set standards which were to apply to the music theatre of the succeeding centuries . "
= = List of musical items = =
The table uses the numberings from the 1656 printed version of Busenello 's libretto , and includes the two act 2 scenes for which no music exists in the surviving scores . Typically , " scenes " comprise recitative , arioso , aria and ensemble elements , with occasional instrumental ( sinfonia ) passages . The boundaries between these elements are often indistinct ; Denis Arnold , commenting on the musical continuity , writes that " with few exceptions it is impossible to extricate the arias and duets from the fabric of the opera . "
= = Recording history = =
The first recording of L 'incoronazione , with Walter Goehr conducting the Tonhalle @-@ Orchester Zürich in a live stage performance , was issued in 1954 . This LP version , which won a Grand Prix du Disque in 1954 , is the only recording of the opera that predates the revival of the piece that began with the 1962 Glyndebourne Festival production . In 1963 Herbert von Karajan and the Vienna Staatsoper issued a version described by Gramophone as " far from authentic " , while the following year John Pritchard and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra recorded an abridged version using Leppard 's Glyndebourne orchestration . Leppard conducted a Sadler 's Wells production , which was broadcast by the BBC and recorded on 27 November 1971 . This is the only recording of the opera in English .
Nikolaus Harnoncourt 's 1974 version , the first recording without cuts , used period instruments in an effort to achieve a more authentic sound , although Denis Arnold has criticised Harnoncourt 's " over @-@ ornamentation " of the score , particularly his use of oboe and trumpet flourishes . Arnold showed more enthusiasm for Alan Curtis 's 1980 recording , live from La Fenice in Venice . Curtis uses a small band of strings , recorders and continuo , with a trumpets reserved for the final coronation scene . Subsequent recordings have tended to follow the path of authenticity , with versions from baroque specialists including Richard Hickox and the City of London Baroque Sinfonia ( 1988 ) , René Jacobs and Concerto Vocale ( 1990 ) , and John Eliot Gardiner with the English Baroque Soloists . Sergio Vartolo 's production of the opera at Pigna , Corsica , was recorded for Brilliant Classics in 2004 . A feature of this recording is the casting of a soprano Nerone in acts I and III , and a tenor Nerone in act II , to allow for the differing vocal requirements of the role in these acts . Vartolo accepts that " a staged performance would almost certainly require a different approach " .
In more recent years , videotape and DVD versions have proliferated . The first was in 1979 , a version directed by Harnoncourt with the Zurich Opera and chorus . Leppard 's second Glyndebourne production , that of 1984 , was released in DVD form in 2004 . Since then , productions directed by Jacobs , Christophe Rousset and Marc Minkowski have all been released on DVD , along with Emmanuelle Haïm 's 2008 Glyndebourne production in which the Festival finally rejects Leppard 's big band version in favour of Haim 's period instruments , to give an experience closer to that of the original audience .
= = Editions = =
Since the beginning of the 20th century the score of L 'incoronazione has been edited frequently . Some editions , prepared for particular performances ( e.g. West
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and Crystal Conquest .
On May 8 , 2012 , Square Enix announced a collaboration with Bigpoint Games to create a free @-@ to @-@ play cloud gaming platform that " throws players into ' limitless game worlds ' directly through their web browser " . The service was launched under the name CoreOnline in August 2012 . Claiming " limited commercial take @-@ up " , the service was cancelled on November 29 , 2013 . Square Enix launched another online game service in Japan called Dive In on October 9 , 2014 that allowed players to stream console games to their iOS or Android devices . The service was monetized by the amount of time players spent playing , with each game offered for free for thirty minutes . The service was cancelled on September 13 , 2015 .
= = = Arcade = = =
With the merger of Taito businesses into Square Enix , the company gained possession of Taito 's arcade infrastructure and facilities , and entered the arcade market in 2005 . In 2010 Taito revealed NESiCAxLive , a cloud @-@ based system of storing games and changing them through the internet instead of acquiring physical copies . This system was added to its many arcade gaming locations . The company continues to cater to the arcade audience in Japan with arcade @-@ only titles , with game producers in 2015 stating that Square Enix as it has a loyal fan base that values the arcade gaming experience .
= = = Film = = =
The company has made two forays into the film industry . The first , Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within ( 2001 ) , was produced by Square subsidiary Square Pictures prior to the merger with Enix ; Square Pictures is now a consolidated subsidiary of Square Enix . Its box @-@ office failure caused Enix to delay the merger , which was already under consideration before the creation of the film , until Square became profitable once again . In 2005 , Square Enix released Final Fantasy VII Advent Children , a CGI @-@ animation movie based on the PlayStation game Final Fantasy VII , set two years after the events of the game . A Deus Ex film is currently in pre @-@ production and as of 2014 is undergoing rewrites . In 2016 Square Enix revealed a new movie called Kingsglaive : Final Fantasy XV based in the world of Final Fantasy XV and a new web series released on YouTube and Crunchyroll entitled Brotherhood : Final Fantasy XV .
= = = Manga = = =
The company has a manga publishing division in Japan ( originally from Enix ) called Gangan Comics , which publishes content for the Japanese market only . However , in 2010 , Square Enix launched a digital manga store for North American audiences via its Members services , which contains several notable series published in Gangan anthologies . Titles published by Gangan Comics include Fullmetal Alchemist , Soul Eater , and many others . Other titles include manga adaptations of various Square Enix games , like Dragon Quest , Kingdom Hearts and Star Ocean . Some of these titles have also been adapted into anime series . Fullmetal Alchemist is the most successful title of Square Enix 's manga branch , with more than 64 million volumes sold worldwide . It is licensed in North America by Viz Media , while its two anime adaptations are licensed by Funimation Entertainment in the United States .
= = = Merchandise = = =
Square Enix has created merchandise for virtually all of their video game franchises , though many items are available only in Japan . Square Enix 's former online gaming portal PlayOnline sold merchandise from game franchises including Parasite Eve , Vagrant Story , Chocobo Racing , Front Mission , Chrono Cross , and Final Fantasy . Mascots from game franchises are a popular focus for merchandise , such as the Chocobo from Final Fantasy which has been seen as a rubber duck , a plush baby Chocobo , and on coffee mugs . Square Enix also designed a Chocobo character costume for the release of Chocobo Tales . The Slime character from Dragon Quest has also been frequently used in Square Enix merchandise , especially in Japan . On the Japanese Square Enix shopping website there is also a Smile @-@ focused section called " Smile Slime " . Slime merchandise includes plush toys , pencil cases , keychains , game controllers , a stylus , and several boardgames including one titled Dragon Quest Slime Racing . In Japan , pork filled steam buns shaped like slimes have been sold . For Dragon Quest 's 25th anniversary , special items were sold including business cards , tote bags , and crystal figurines . Rabites from the Mana series have appeared in several pieces of Square Enix merchandise , including plush dolls , cushions , lighters , mouse pads , straps , telephone cards , and T @-@ shirts . Square Enix has also made merchandise for series they do not own , including figures Mass Effect and Halo .
= = Subsidiaries = =
= English cuisine =
English cuisine encompasses the cooking styles , traditions and recipes associated with England . It has distinctive attributes of its own , but also shares much with wider British cuisine , partly through the importation of ingredients and ideas from North America , China , and India during the time of the British Empire and as a result of post @-@ war immigration .
Traditional meals have ancient origins , such as bread and cheese , roasted and stewed meats , meat and game pies , boiled vegetables and broths , and freshwater and saltwater fish . The 14th @-@ century English cookbook , the Forme of Cury , contains recipes for these , and dates from the royal court of Richard II .
English cooking has been influenced by foreign ingredients and cooking styles since the Middle Ages . Curry was introduced from the Indian subcontinent and adapted to English tastes from the eighteenth century with Hannah Glasse 's recipe for chicken " currey " . French cuisine influenced English recipes throughout the Victorian era . After the rationing of the Second World War , Elizabeth David 's 1950 A Book of Mediterranean Food had wide influence , bringing Italian cuisine to English homes . Her success encouraged other cookery writers to describe other styles , including Chinese and Thai cuisine . England continues to absorb culinary ideas from all over the world .
= = History = =
= = = Middle Ages = = =
English cookery has developed over many centuries since at least the time of The Forme of Cury , written in the Middle Ages around 1390 in the reign of King Richard II . The book offers imaginative and sophisticated recipes , with spicy sweet and sour sauces thickened with bread or
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next race . He also reported that the team had found damage to a suspension wishbone following free practice 3 , and that with no replacement part available , the team had repaired the damage by fusing the wishbone together with carbon , a solution that Kobayashi felt was unsafe . Marussia 's difficult race lasted just nine laps , with Max Chilton reporting an unusual vibration in his front @-@ left suspension , and the team elected to retire the car rather than risk a suspension failure .
= = = = Post @-@ race = = = =
With twenty @-@ five points for first place , Lewis Hamilton extended his World Drivers ' Championship lead over Nico Rosberg by seven points to carry a seventeen @-@ point margin into the United States Grand Prix . By out @-@ scoring title rivals Red Bull Racing , the result also secured the World Constructors ' Championship for Mercedes , their first title as a Formula One constructor . Hamilton dedicated the win to Jules Bianchi .
Valtteri Bottas 's podium finish elevated him from sixth to fourth in the drivers ' standings , overtaking Sebastian Vettel and Fernando Alonso . The result also allowed Williams to consolidate their hold on third place in the constructors ' standings , ahead of Ferrari . Further down the order , fourth and fifth places for McLaren and minor points placings for Force India saw the British team overtake their rivals for fifth place in the standings .
Both Marussia and Caterham went into administration after the race , citing financial difficulties . Although Caterham returned to compete in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix , the team collapsed shortly thereafter . Marussia faced a similar fate before a last @-@ minute deal with an investor rescued the team , and they returned to the Formula One grid in 2015 , albeit registered as a British , rather than Russian competitor .
= = = Accolades = = =
In December 2014 , the race was awarded with the Formula One Promotional Trophy . Dmitry Kozak received the award from Bernie Ecclestone in a special ceremony at the circuit .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
Notes :
^ 1 — Kevin Magnussen , Nico Hülkenberg and Max Chilton all received five @-@ place grid penalties for changing their gearboxes .
^ 2 — Pastor Maldonado received a five @-@ place grid penalty to complete the penalty he received for exceeding his quota of five engine components for the season at the Japanese Grand Prix . He then received a further five @-@ place penalty after qualifying for a gearbox change .
= = = Race = = =
= = = Championship standings after the race = = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Antonín Kinský =
Antonín Kinský ( born 31 May 1975 ) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He played club football in the Czech Republic for nine seasons , winning the national league in 2002 with FC Slovan Liberec . He subsequently moved to Russia , where he played for Saturn Ramenskoye . During his seven years in Russia , he played 200 competitive games and was recognised as the Russian Premier League
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urbia " also became Rihanna 's third longest charting single in the UK , having spent 36 weeks in the top 100 , being passed only by " Don 't Stop the Music " and the worldwide hit single " Umbrella " . " Disturbia " has sold over 430 @,@ 000 copies in the country as of 2010 .
Elsewhere in Europe , " Disturbia " managed to reach the top ten in fifteen other countries . The song debuted on number three in France and stayed there for one week . Disturbia stayed on the French Singles Chart for 36 weeks , becoming Rihanna 's second longest charting single on it , only after " Only Girl ( In the World ) . The single was more successful in Belgium ( Flanders ) where it peaked at number one and managed to peak at number four in Belgium ( Wallonia ) . It was later certified Gold by the Belgian Entertainment Association for selling over 10 @,@ 000 copies . In Spain , " Disturbia " reached a peak of ten and was also certified Gold by the Productores de Música de España . The song managed to reach number two in Finland , number three in Norway , number four in Austria , Denmark , Hungary , the Republic of Ireland , Sweden and Switzerland , number five in Germany , number seven in Slovakia , and number ten in Czech Republic and Netherlands . It also reached number one in New Zealand , becoming Rihanna 's third number one single , and her first since " Umbrella " . On August 23 , 2009 " Disturbia " was certified Platinum , for selling over 15 @,@ 000 copies . In Australia , it managed to reach number six . It was certified Gold on the downloads alone , before the physical release several weeks later , when it was subsequently certified Platinum .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
The music video for " Disturbia " was filmed on July 1 , 2008 in Los Angeles , California . Originally , it was reported that the video was directed by American photographer and director , David LaChapelle , who previously directed Christina Aguilera 's " Dirrty " ( 2002 ) and Gwen Stefani 's " Rich Girl " ( 2004 ) . However , later sources surfaced stating that the video was directed by Rihanna 's long collaborator Anthony Mandler , who previously directed her music videos for " Shut Up and Drive " ( 2007 ) , " Hate That I Love You " ( 2007 ) and " Take a Bow " ( 2008 ) . Rihanna also co @-@ directed the video , becoming her second work after the co @-@ direction for the 2007 single " Don 't Stop the Music " . The " Disturbia " music video , was released exclusively on iTunes on July 22 , 2008 .
= = = Synopsis and reception = = =
The music video for " Disturbia " begins in a surrealistic , circus @-@ like torture chamber where Rihanna is seen dressed in black , wearing dark make @-@ up and having long black nails while she presses the keys of a big dark piano and looks into the camera . As the song starts different images of Rihanna are shown . In one of the scenes she is seen imprisoned wearing lenses that make look as if her eyes have rolled into the back of her head . Rihanna stays in the prison with two men watching on her from the both sides . Other scenes include Rihanna sitting on a throne chair and singing the song , while two strange women are around her . Then , multiple people around her are holding her in front of a gas chamber . As the chorus starts Rihanna is seen tied up in a bed from which she can 't get out . At the bridge of the song Rihanna and her dancers are performing a Thriller @-@ esque dance routine . As the second verse starts , Rihanna is seen holding a column and fire is around her . As the song continues , Rihanna drags a man doll around a metal web . In the second chorus she wears a metal spines corset while one tarantula is upon her arm . In the later scene , Rihanna is in a very tiny room , with her hands and legs been tied up . The video ends with Rihanna turning around on her chair .
According to Tamar Anitai from MTV Buzzworthy , " Disturbia " is " yin to the yang of Chris Brown 's ' Wall to Wall ' which features creepy crawly chicks climbing the walls in latex . " He later , listed the video at number five on the " Buzzworthy 's Top 5 Most Paranoid Music Videos " stating : " In Rihanna 's ' Disturbia ' video , obsession manifests itself in freaky @-@ deaky tarantulas , wigs , wolves , and a creepy dude in an eye patch . And S & M @-@ y corsets . Paranoia never looked so supernaturally sexy ! " . Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson from Entertainment Weekly also reviewed the video commenting : " It looks like she accidentally wandered into Nine Inch Nails ' ' Closer ' video , or else some sort of freaky Victorian mental hospital " . He later continued saying that the video is not what he expected from a dance @-@ pop song , but it 's also cool that Rihanna is trying something new .
= = Live performances = =
Rihanna performed " Disturbia " for first time at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards . The song opened the show , and was performed after Britney Spears ' opening speech . Rihanna performed it while revealing a leather " goth inspired " outfit . Together with the dancer troops , she performed a Thriller inspired dance , with glow sticks and leather props being used through the performance . About the performance , Brian Orloff from People commented that " after Britney left , the stage was ceded to a futuristic @-@ looking Rihanna , who launched into her hit ' Disturbia ' with a goth @-@ theme . " In 2011 , according to poll made by Billboard , the performance was the tenth best ever on the MTV Video Music Awards . On September 19 , 2008 Rihanna went to France , to perform " Disturbia " at Star Academy France . Following the performance of the song , Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded soared from number forty @-@ three to number eleven and peaked at number eight the following week , becoming Rihanna 's first album to reach the top ten in France . Rihanna also performed " Disturbia " at the NFL Pepsi Smash Super Bowl Bash in Tampa , Florida held the Thursday and Friday prior to the 2009 Super Bowl . It was the first song on the set @-@ list that also featured other songs from her latest release Good Girl Gone Bad . The performance of the song featured a sample from White Stripes song " Seven Nation Army " and flames that shot up across the front of the stage .
Following the release of her fourth studio album Rated R ( 2009 ) , Rihanna held a Nokia promotional concert at Brixton Academy in London . Rihanna performed the song as part of a set list , which included some songs from the new release : " Russian Roulette " , " Wait Your Turn " and " Hard " , the latter of which Rihanna was joined on stage by Young Jeezy , to perform the song together . However , during the
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some types of flu shots . While exposure to mercury may result in damage to brain , kidneys , and developing fetus , the current scientific consensus has found no convincing scientific evidence supporting claims that thiomersal has such effects .
Thiomersal is an organomercury compound used as a preservative in vaccines since the 1930s to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination . Following a mandated review of mercury @-@ containing food and drugs in 1999 , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and the American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) asked vaccine makers to remove thiomersal from vaccines as quickly as possible as a precautionary measure , and it was rapidly phased out of most U.S. and European vaccines . It is still used in all multi @-@ dose vials of flu vaccines in the U.S. In the context of perceived increased autism rates and increased number of vaccines in the childhood vaccination schedule , some parents believed the action to remove thiomersal was an indication that the preservative caused autism .
The potential impact of thiomersal on autism has been investigated extensively . Multiple lines of scientific evidence have shown that thiomersal does not cause autism . For example , the clinical symptoms of mercury poisoning differ significantly from those of autism . In addition , multiple population studies have found no association between thiomersal and autism , and rates of autism have continued to increase despite removal of thiomersal from vaccines . Thus , major scientific and medical bodies such as the Institute of Medicine and World Health Organization ( WHO ) as well as governmental agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and the CDC reject any role for thiomersal in autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders . In spite of the consensus of the scientific community , some parents and advocacy groups continue to contend that thiomersal is linked to autism .
This controversy has caused harm due to parents attempting to treat their autistic children with unproven and possibly dangerous treatments , discouraging parents from vaccinating their children due to fears about thiomersal toxicity and diverting resources away from research into more promising areas for the cause of autism . Thousands of lawsuits have been filed in the U.S. to seek damages from alleged toxicity from vaccines , including those purportedly caused by thiomersal . US courts have ruled against multiple representative test cases involving thiomersal , suggesting the majority are unlikely to succeed . A 2011 journal article described the vaccine @-@ autism connection as " the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years " .
Outside of the United States , worries about thiomersal had not gained any significant traction as of 2009 .
= = History = =
Thiomersal was introduced as a preservative in the 1930s to prevent the growth of infectious organisms such as bacteria and fungi , and has been in use in vaccines and other products such as immunoglobulin preparations and ophthalmic and nasal solutions . Vaccine manufacturers have used preservatives to prevent microbial growth during the manufacturing process or when packaged as " multi @-@ dose " products to allow for multiple punctures of the same vial to dispense multiple vaccinations with less fear of contamination . After the FDA Modernization Act of 1997 mandated a review and risk assessment of all mercury @-@ containing food and drugs , vaccine manufacturers responded to FDA requests made in December 1998 and April 1999 to provide detailed information about the thiomersal content of their preparations .
A review of the data showed that while the vaccine schedule for infants did not exceed FDA , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ) , or WHO guidelines on mercury exposure , it could have exceeded Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) standards for the first six months of life , depending on the vaccine formulation and the weight of the infant . The review also highlighted difficulty interpreting toxicity of the ethylmercury in thiomersal because guidelines for mercury toxicity were based primarily on studies of methylmercury , a different mercury compound with different toxicologic properties . Multiple meetings were scheduled among various government officials and scientists from multiple agencies to discuss the appropriate response to this evidence . There was a wide range of opinions on the urgency and significance of the safety of thiomersal , with some toxicologists suggesting there was no clear evidence that thiomersal was harmful and other participants like Neal Halsey , director of the Institute of Vaccine Safety at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health , strongly advocating removal of thiomersal from vaccines due to possible safety risks . In the process of forming the response to this information , the participants attempted to strike a balance between acknowledging possible harm from thiomersal and the risks involved if childhood vaccinations were delayed or stopped .
Upon conclusion of their review , the FDA , in conjunction with the other members of the US Public Health Service ( USPHS ) , the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) , CDC and Health Resources and Services Administration ( HRSA ) , in a joint statement with the AAP in July 1999 concluded that there was " no evidence of harm caused by doses of thimerosal found in vaccines , except for local hypersensitivity reactions
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. "
Despite the lack of convincing evidence of toxicity of thiomersal when used as a vaccine preservative , the USPHS and AAP determined that thiomersal should be removed from vaccines as a purely precautionary measure . This action was based on the precautionary principle , which assumes that there is no harm in exercising caution even if it later turns out to be unnecessary . The CDC and AAP reasoned that despite the lack of evidence of significant harm in the use of thiomersal in vaccines , the removal of this preservative would increase the public confidence in the safety of vaccines . Although thiomersal was largely removed from routine infant vaccines by summer 2001 in the U.S. , some vaccines continue to contain non @-@ trace amounts of thiomersal , mainly in multi @-@ dose vaccines targeted against influenza and tetanus .
In 2004 Quackwatch posted an article saying that chelation therapy has been falsely promoted as effective against autism , and that practitioners falsified diagnoses of metal poisoning to " trick " parents into having their children undergo the process . As of 2008 , between 2 – 8 % of children with autism had had the therapy .
= = = Rationale for concern = = =
Although intended to increase public confidence in vaccinations , the decision to remove thiomersal instead led to some parents suspecting thiomersal as a cause of autism . This concern over a vaccine @-@ autism link grew from a confluence of several underlying factors . First , methylmercury had for decades been the subject of widespread environmental and media concern after two highly publicized episodes of poisonings in the 1950s and 1960s in Minamata Bay , Japan from industrial waste and in the 1970s in Iraq from fungicide contamination of wheat . These incidents led to new research on methylmercury safety and culminated in the publication of an array of confusing recommendations by public health agencies in the 1990s warning against methylmercury exposure in adults and pregnant women , which ensured a continued high public awareness of mercury toxicity . Second , the vaccine schedule for infants expanded in the 1990s to include more vaccines , some of which , including the Hib vaccine , DTaP vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine , could have contained thiomersal . Third , the number of diagnoses of autism grew in the 1990s , leading parents of these children to search for an explanation for the apparent rise in diagnoses , including considering possible environmental factors . The dramatic increase in reported cases of autism during the 1990s and early 2000s is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices , referral patterns , availability of services , age at diagnosis , and public awareness , and it is unknown whether autism 's true prevalence increased during the period . Nevertheless , some parents believed that there was a growing " autism epidemic " and connected these three factors to conclude that the increase in number of vaccines , and specifically the mercury in thiomersal in those vaccines , were causing a dramatic increase in the incidence of autism .
Advocates of a thiomersal @-@ autism link also relied on indirect evidence from the scientific literature , including analogy with neurotoxic effects of other mercury compounds , the reported epidemiologic association between autism and vaccine use , and extrapolation from in vitro experiments and animal studies Studies conducted by Mark Geier and his son David Geier have been the most frequently cited research by parents advocating a link between thiomersal and autism . This research by Geier has received considerable criticism for methodological problems in his research , including not presenting methods and statistical analyses to others for verification , improperly analyzing data taken from Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System , as well as either mislabelling or confusing fundamental statistical terms in his papers , leading to results that were " uninterpretable " .
= = = Publicity of concern = = =
Several months after the recommendation to have thiomersal removed from vaccines was published , a speculative article was published in Medical Hypotheses , a non @-@ peer @-@ reviewed journal , by parents who launched the parental advocacy group SafeMinds to promote the theory that thiomersal caused autism . The controversy began to gain legitimacy in the eyes of the public from this foundation , and gained widening support within certain elements in the autism advocacy community as well as in the political arena , with U.S. Representative Dan Burton openly supporting this movement and holding a number of Congressional hearings on the subject .
Further support for the association between autism and thiomersal appeared in an article by Robert F. Kennedy , Jr. in the magazines Rolling Stone and Salon.com alleging a government conspiracy at a CDC meeting to conceal the dangers of thiomersal to protect the pharmaceutical industry , and a book written by David Kirby , Evidence of Harm , dramatizing the lives of parents of autistic children , with both authors participating in media interviews to promote their work and the controversy . Although the allegations by Kennedy were denied and a US Senate committee investigation later found no evidence to substantiate the most serious allegations , the story had already been well publicized by leveraging Kennedy 's celebrity . Salon magazine subsequently amended Kennedy 's article five times due to factual errors and later retracted it completely on January 16 , 2011 , stating that the works of critics of the article and evidence of the flaws in the science connecting autism and vaccines undermined the value of the article to the editors .
Meanwhile , during this time of increased media publicity of the controversy , public health officials and institutions did little to rebut the concerns and speculative theories being offered . Media attention and polarization of the debate has also been fueled by personal injury lawyers who took out full @-@ page ads in prominent newspapers and offered financial support for expert witnesses who diss
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ented from the scientific consensus that there is no convincing evidence for a link between thiomersal and autism . Paul Offit , a leading vaccine researcher and advocate , has also noted a tendency in the media to provide false balance by perpetually presenting both sides of an issue even when only one side is supported by the evidence and thereby giving a platform for the spread of misinformation .
Despite the consensus from experts that there is no link between thiomersal and autism , many parents continue to hold on to their belief that such a link exists . These parents share the viewpoint that autism is not just treatable , but curable through " biomedical " interventions and have been frustrated by the lack of progress from more " mainline " scientists in finding this cure . Instead , they have supported an alternative community of like @-@ minded parents , physicians and scientists who promote this belief . This mindset has taught these parents to challenge the expertise from the mainstream scientific community . Parents have also been influenced by a large number of online anti @-@ vaccination websites that present themselves as an alternative source for evidence using pseudoscientific claims . These websites use emotional appeals to gather support and frame the controversy as an adversarial dispute between parents and a conspiracy of doctors and scientists . Advocates for a thiomersal @-@ autism link have also relied on celebrities like model Jenny McCarthy and information presented on Don Imus ' Imus in the Morning radio show to persuade the public to their cause , instead of relying only on " dry " scientific papers and scientists . McCarthy has published a book describing her personal experience with her autistic son and appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to promote the hypothesis of vaccines causing autism . Bitterness over this issue has led to numerous threats made against the CDC as well as researchers like Offit , with increased security placed by the CDC in response to these threats .
= = Scientific evaluation = =
= = = Rationale for doubting link = = =
Various lines of evidence undermine a proposed link between thiomersal and autism . For example , although advocates of a thiomersal @-@ autism link consider autism a form of " mercury poisoning , " the typical symptoms of mercury toxicity are significantly different from symptoms seen in autism . Likewise , the neuroanatomic and histopathologic features of the brains of patients who have mercury poisoning , both with methylmercury as well as ethylmercury , have significant differences from the brains of people with autism . Previous episodes of widespread mercury toxicity in a population such as in Minamata Bay , Japan would also be expected to lead to documentation of a significant rise in autism or autism @-@ like behavior in children should autism be caused by mercury poisoning . However , research on several episodes of acute and chronic mercury poisoning have not documented any such rise in autism like behavior . Although some parents cite an association between the timing of onset of autistic symptoms with the timing of vaccinations as evidence of an environmental cause such as thiomersal , this line of reasoning can be misleading . Associations such as these do not establish causation as the two occurring together may be only coincidental in nature . Also , genetic disorders that have no environmental triggers such as Rett syndrome and Huntington 's disease nevertheless have specific ages
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when they begin to show symptoms , suggesting specific ages of onset of symptoms does not necessarily require an environmental cause .
Although the concern for a thiomersal @-@ autism link was originally derived from indirect evidence based on the known potent neurotoxic effects of methylmercury , recent studies show these feared effects were likely overestimated . Ethylmercury , such as in thiomersal , clears much faster from the body after administration than methylmercury , suggesting total mercury exposure over time is much less with ethylmercury . Currently used methods of estimating brain deposition of mercury likely overestimates the amounts deposited due to ethylmercury , and ethylmercury also decomposes quicker in the brain than methylmercury , suggesting a lower risk of brain damage . These findings show that the assumptions that originally led to concern about the toxicity of ethylmercury , which were based on direct comparison to methylmercury , were flawed .
= = = Population studies = = =
Multiple studies have been performed on data from large populations of children to study the relationship between the use of vaccines containing thiomersal , and autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders . Almost all of these studies have found no association between thiomersal @-@ containing vaccines ( TCVs ) and autism , and studies done after the removal of thiomersal from vaccines have nevertheless shown autism rates continuing to increase . The only epidemiologic research that has found a purported link between TCVs and autism has been conducted by Mark Geier , whose flawed research has not been given any weight by independent reviews .
In Europe , a cohort study of 467 @,@ 450 Danish children found no association between TCVs and autism or autism spectrum disorders ( ASDs ) , nor any dose @-@ response relationship between thiomersal and ASDs that would be suggestive of toxic exposure . An ecological analysis that studied 956 Danish children diagnosed with autism likewise did not show an association between autism and thiomersal . A retrospective cohort study on 109 @,@ 863 children in the United Kingdom found no association between TCVs and autism , but a possible increased risk for tics . Analysis in this study also showed a possible protective effect with respect to general developmental disorders , attention @-@ deficit disorder , and otherwise unspecified developmental delay . Another UK study based on a prospective cohort of 13 @,@ 617 children likewise found more associated benefits than risks from thiomersal exposure with respect to developmental disorders . Because the Danish and UK studies involved only diphtheria @-@ tetanus @-@ pertussis ( DTP ) or diphtheria @-@ tetanus ( DT ) vaccines , they are less relevant for the higher thiomersal exposure levels that occurred in the U.S.
In North America , a Canadian study of 27 @,@ 749 children in Quebec showed that thiomersal was unrelated to the increasing trend in pervasive developmental disorders ( PDDs ) . In fact , the study noted that rates of PDDs were higher in the birth cohorts with no thiomersal when compared to those with medium or high levels of exposure . A study performed in the US which analyzed data from 78 @,@ 829 children enrolled in HMOs taken from the Vaccine Safety Datalink ( VSD ) did not show any consistent association between TCVs and neurodevelopmental outcomes , noting different results from data in different HMOs . A study performed in California found that removal of thiomersal from vaccines did not decrease the rates of autism , suggesting that thiomersal could not be the primary cause of autism . A study on children from Denmark , Sweden and California likewise argued against TCVs being causally associated with autism .
= = = Scientific consensus = = =
Due to growing concerns in the public , in 2001 the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institutes of Health asked the U.S. National Academy of Science 's ( NAS ) Institute of Medicine to establish an independent expert committee to review hypotheses about existing and emerging immunization safety concerns . This initial report found that based on indirect and incomplete evidence available at the time , there was inadequate evidence to accept or reject a thiomersal @-@ autism link , though it was biologically plausible .
Since this report was released , several independent reviews have examined the body of published research for a possible thiomersal @-@ autism link by examining the theoretical mechanisms of thiomersal causing harm and by reviewing the in vitro , animal , and population studies that have been published . These reviews determined that no significant evidence exists to establish thiomersal as the cause of autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders .
The scientific consensus on the subject is reflected in a follow up report that was subsequently published in 2004 by the Institute of Medicine , which took into account new data that had been published since the 2001 report . The committee noted , in response to those who cite in vitro or animal models as evidence for the link between autism and thiomersal :
" However , the experiments showing effects of thimerosal on biochemical pathways in cell culture systems and showing abnormalities in the immune system or metal metabolism in people with autism are provocative ; the autism research community should consider the appropriate composition of the autism research portfolio with some of these new findings in mind . However , these experiments do not provide evidence of a relationship between vaccines or thimerosal and autism . In the absence of experimental or human evidence that vaccination ( either the MMR vaccine or the preservative thimerosal ) affects metabolic , developmental , immune , or other physiological or molecular mechanisms that are causally related to the development of autism , the committee concludes that the hypotheses generated to date are theoretical only . "
The committee concludes :
" Thus , based on this body of evidence , the committee concludes that the evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between thimerosal @-@ containing vaccines and autism . " [ bold in original ]
Further evidence of the scientific consensus includes the rejection of a causal link between thiomersal and autism by multiple national and international scientific and medical bodies including the American Medical Association , the American Academy of Pediatrics , the American College of Medical Toxicology , the Canadian Paediatric Society , the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , the Food and Drug Administration , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , the World Health Organization , the Public Health Agency of Canada , and the European Medicines Agency .
A 2011 journal article reflects this point of view and described the vaccine @-@ autism connection as " the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years " .
= = Consequences = =
The suggestion that thiomersal has contributed to autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders has had a number of effects . Public health officials believe fear driven by advocates of a thiomersal @-@ autism link has caused parents to avoid vaccination or adopt " made up " vaccination schedules that expose their children to increased risk from preventable diseases such as measles and pertussis . Advocates of a thiomersal @-@ autism link have also helped enact laws in six states ( California , Delaware , Illinois , Missouri , New York and Washington ) between 2004 and 2006 to limit the use of thiomersal given to pregnant women and
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b resents Geiszler 's arrogance and radical behavior ; the duo echo the film 's theme of incompatible people functioning together when the time comes . Drew Adkins portrays Gottlieb as a child .
Diego Klattenhoff as Yancy Becket :
Raleigh 's older brother and co @-@ pilot . Klattenhoff joined the project to work with del Toro . Describing his character , Klattentoff stated : " This is a guy who is looking out for his very eager , younger brother and they were enabled with this gift that gave them the opportunity to kind of save the world . Or help , at least . " Tyler Stevenson plays Yancy as a child .
Ellen McLain as Gipsy Danger AI :
The voice of Gipsy Danger 's artificial intelligence system . Del Toro secured permission from Valve Corporation to cast McLain in homage to GLaDOS , her homicidal AI character in the Portal video games . The director stated : " It was clear to me that we needed something beautiful in that voice . My daughter is my wingman , we had done co @-@ op on Portal 2 for a long time and I did Portal 1 when it came out . It becomes ingrained in you , that voice . I didn 't want to use her as a negative force of evil . I called Valve and asked ' Can you give us the filter ? ' so we went full GLaDOS for the first commercial , but I thought it was too much . If you 're a gamer , it 's too distracting so we created our own GLaDOS 2 @.@ 0 filter that 's a little less full @-@ on . "
Additional Jaeger pilots include Charles Luu , Lance Luu and Mark Luu as the Wei Tang triplets ( China ) , and Robert Maillet and Heather Doerksen as Sasha and Aleksis Kaidanovsky ( Russia ) . Joe Pingue portrays Captain Merrit , the captain of a fishing boat caught in a battle between Jaeger and Kaiju . Santiago Segura plays an aide to Hannibal Chau . Brad William Henke and Larry Joe Campbell portray members of a construction team Raleigh joins after retiring from the Pan Pacific Defense Corps . Robin Thomas , Julian Barnes , and David Richmond @-@ Peck portray U.N. representatives from the United States , Great Britain , and Canada respectively . Sebastian Pigott appears as a Jaeger engineer and Joshua Peace appears as an officer , Jonathan Foxon appears as a frantic civilian . David Fox plays an old man on a beach , while Jane Watson portrays Raleigh and Yancy 's mother in a flashback sequence . Producer Thomas Tull makes a cameo appearance .
= = Themes = =
In the film , a Jaeger 's neural load is too much for a single pilot to handle alone , meaning they must first be psychically linked to another pilot — a concept called " drifting " . When pilots drift , they quickly gain intimate knowledge of each other 's memories and feelings , and have no choice but to accept them ; del Toro found this concept 's dramatic potential compelling . The director expressed his intention that the empathy metaphors extend to real life :
The pilots ' smaller stories actually make a bigger point , which is that we 're all together in the same robot [ in life ] … Either we get along or we die . I didn 't want this to be a recruitment ad or anything jingoistic . The idea of the movie is just for us to trust each other , to cross over barriers of color , sex , beliefs , whatever , and just stick together .
Del Toro acknowledged this message 's simplicity , but said he would have liked to have seen adventure films with similar morals when he was a child . The film 's ten primary characters all have " little arcs " conducive to this idea ; del Toro stated : " I think that 's a great message to give kids ... ' That guy you were beating the shit out of ten minutes ago ? That 's the guy you have to work with five minutes later . ' That 's life ... We can only be complete when we work together . " The director noted that Hellboy and The Devil 's Backbone told the same message , though the latter conveyed it in a very different way .
The film centers on the relationship between Becket and Mori , but is not a love story in a conventional sense . Both are deeply damaged human beings who have decided to suppress their respective traumas . While learning to pilot their Jaeger , they undergo a process of " opening up " , gaining access to each other 's thoughts , memories and secrets . Their relationship is necessarily one of respect and " perfect trust " . Hunnam commented that the film is " a love story without a love story . It 's about all of the necessary elements of love without arriving at love itself " . Both Becket and Mori have suffered profound personal tragedies ; one of the script 's central ideas is that two damaged people can metaphorically " become one " , with their figurative missing pieces connecting almost like a puzzle . Del Toro emphasized the characters ' emotional intimacy by filming their training fight scene the way he would a sex scene .
Del Toro , a self @-@ described pacifist , avoided what he termed " car commercial aesthetics " or " army recruitment video aesthetics " , and gave the characters Western ranks including " marshal " and " ranger " rather than military ranks such as " captain " , " major " or " general " . The director stated : " I avoided making any kind of message that says war is good . We have enough firepower in the world . " Del Toro wanted to break from the mass death and destruction featured in contemporary blockbuster films , and made a point of showing the streets and buildings being evacuated before Kaiju attacks , ensuring that the destruction depicted is " completely remorseless " . The director stated :
I don 't want people being crushed . I want the joy that I used to get seeing Godzilla toss a tank without having to think there are guys in the tank … What I think is you could do nothing but echo the moment you 're in . There is a global anxiety about how fragile the status quo is and the safety of citizens , but in my mind — honestly — this film is in another realm . There is no correlation to the real world . There is no fear of a copycat Kaiju attack because a Kaiju saw it on the news and said , " I 'm going to destroy Seattle . " In my case , I 'm picking up a tradition . One that started right after World War II and was a coping mechanism , in a way , for Japan to heal the wounds of that war . And it 's integral for a Kaiju to rampage in the city .
Writing for the Los Angeles Review of Books , Wai Chee Dimock connected the film 's central theme of togetherness to its recurring image of missing shoes , stating the " utopian dream " driving the characters is
that puny humans like us could be " together " — not only in the specific neural melding that must take place between the two Jaeger co @-@ pilots but also , more generally speaking , in a fractal web of resemblance , filling the world with copies of ourselves at varying orders of magnitude and with varying degrees of re @-@ expression , beginning with the shoes on our feet .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
In February 2006 , it was reported
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of [ him ] – the curse returns in the form of his own son – he 's everything a father can 't stand . " LaBeouf was Spielberg 's first choice for the role , having been impressed by his performance in Holes . Excited at the prospect of being in an Indiana Jones film , LaBeouf agreed without reading the script and did not know what character he would play . He later gained fifteen pounds of muscle for the role , and also repeatedly watched the other films to acquire character . LaBeouf also watched Blackboard Jungle , Rebel Without a Cause , and The Wild One to develop his character 's personality , copying mannerisms and words including the use of a switchblade as a weapon . Lucas also consulted on the greaser look , joking that LaBeouf was " sent to the American Graffiti school of greaserland . " LaBeouf pulled his rotator cuff when filming Mutt 's duel with Spalko ; an injury that worsened throughout filming . He later pulled his groin .
Ray Winstone plays George " Mac " McHale , a British agent whom Jones worked alongside in World War II , but has now allied with the Russians to resolve financial problems . The character acts as a spin on Sallah and René Belloq – Jones 's friend and nemesis , respectively , in Raiders of the Lost Ark . Spielberg cast Winstone as he found him " one of the most brilliant actors around " , having seen Sexy Beast . Winstone tore his hamstring during filming . " I keep getting these action parts as I ’ m getting older " , he remarked . Like John Hurt , Winstone wished to see the script prior to committing to the film . In interviews on British TV Winstone explained that he was only able to read the script if it was delivered by courier , who waited while he read the script , and returned to the U.S. with the script once Winstone had read it . His reasoning for wanting to read the script was , " If I 'm gonna be in it , I want to be in it . " He gave suggestions to Spielberg , including the idea of Mac pretending to be a double agent . He also stated that once filming was completed he had to return the script , such was the secrecy about the film . He was later presented with a copy of the script to keep .
John Hurt plays Harold " Ox " Oxley , Mutt 's surrogate father and Indiana 's old friend . Frank Darabont had suggested Hurt while writing the screenplay . The character is inspired by Ben Gunn of Treasure Island . Hurt read the script before agreeing to his role , unlike other cast members who came on " because Steven — you know , ' God ' — was doing it . And I said , ' Well , I need to have a little bit of previous knowledge even if God is doing it . ' So they sent a courier over with the script from Los Angeles , gave it to me at three o 'clock in the afternoon in London , collected it again at eight o 'clock in the evening , and he returned the next day to Los Angeles . "
Jim Broadbent plays Charles Stanforth , the dean of Marshall College and friend of Jones . Broadbent 's character stands in for Marcus Brody , whose actor , Denholm Elliott , died in 1992 . As a tribute to Elliott , the filmmakers put a portrait and a statue on the Marshall College location , and a picture on Jones ' desk , saying he died shortly after Indiana 's father .
Igor Jijikine plays Russian Colonel Antonin Dovchenko , Spalko 's second @-@ in @-@ command . His character stands in for the
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heavily built henchmen that Pat Roach played in the three previous films , as Roach died in 2004 from throat cancer .
Joel Stoffer and Neil Flynn have minor roles as FBI agents interrogating Indiana in a scene following the opening sequence . Alan Dale plays General Ross , who protests his innocence . Andrew Divoff and Pasha D. Lychnikoff play Russian soldiers . Spielberg cast Russian @-@ speaking actors as Russian soldiers so their accents would be authentic . Dimitri Diatchenko plays Spalko 's right @-@ hand man who battles Indiana at Marshall College . Diatchenko bulked up to 250 pounds to look menacing , and his role was originally minor with ten days of filming . When shooting the fight , Ford accidentally hit his chin , and Spielberg liked Diatchenko 's humorous looking reaction , so he expanded his role to three months of filming . Ernie Reyes , Jr. plays a cemetery guard .
Sean Connery turned down an offer to cameo as Henry Jones , Sr. , as he found retirement too enjoyable . Lucas stated that in hindsight it was good that Connery did not briefly appear , as it would disappoint the audience when his character would not join the film 's adventure . Ford joked , " I 'm old enough to play my own father in this one . " The film addresses Connery 's absence by Indiana implying that both Henry , Sr. and Marcus Brody died before the film 's events . Connery later stated that he liked the film , describing it as " rather good and rather long . " John Rhys @-@ Davies was asked to reprise his role as Sallah as a guest in the wedding scene . He turned it down as he felt his character deserved a more substantial role .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
During the late 1970s , George Lucas and Steven Spielberg made a deal with Paramount Pictures for five Indiana Jones films . Following the 1989 release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , Lucas let the series end as he felt he could not think of a good plot device to drive the next installment , and chose instead to produce The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles for TV , which explored the character in his early years . Harrison Ford played Indiana in one episode , narrating his adventures in 1920 Chicago . When Lucas shot Ford 's role in December 1992 , he realized the scene opened up the possibility of a film with an older Indiana set in the 1950s . The film could reflect a science fiction 1950s B @-@ movie , with aliens as the plot device . Meanwhile , Spielberg believed he was going to " mature " as a filmmaker after making the trilogy , and felt he would just produce any future installments .
Ford disliked the new angle , telling Lucas , " No way am I being in a Steven Spielberg movie like that . " Spielberg himself , who depicted aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra @-@ Terrestrial , resisted it . Lucas came up with a story , which Jeb Stuart turned into a script from October 1993 to May 1994 . ( Stuart had previously written The Fugitive , which starred Ford . ) Lucas wanted Indiana to get married , which would allow Henry Jones , Sr. to return , expressing concern over whether his son is happy with what he has accomplished . After he learned that Joseph Stalin was interested in psychic warfare , he decided to have Russians as the villains and the aliens to have psychic powers
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than he gave Temple of Doom and Last Crusade , and wrote that " Indy returns with the same brand of high adventure that marked the original Raiders of the Lost Ark . " Empire 's Damon Wise criticised the use of CG but praised Ford 's performance and wrote that " It won 't change your life but , if you 're in the right frame of mind , it will change your mood : you might wince , you might groan , you might beg to differ on the big , silly climax , but you 'll never stop smiling . "
James Berardinelli gave the film 2 stars out of 4 , calling it " the most lifeless of the series " and " simply [ not ] a very good motion picture . " Margaret Pomeranz of At the Movies gave the film 2 1 / 2 stars out of 5 , saying that the filmmakers " had 19 years since the last Indiana Jones movie to come up with something truly exciting and fresh , but I feel there 's a certain laziness and cynicism in this latest adventure . " Associated Press reported that J. Sperling Reich , who writes for FilmStew.com , said : " It really looked like they were going through the motions . It really looked like no one had their heart in it . " USA Today stated reviews were " mixed " and reviewers felt the " movie suffers from predictable plot points and cheesy special effects . "
The film was nominated for Best Action Movie at the 2009 Critics ' Choice Awards . The Visual Effects Society nominated it for Best Single Visual Effect of the Year ( the valley destruction ) , Best Outstanding Matte Paintings , Best Models and Miniatures , and Best Created Environment in a Feature Motion Picture ( the inside of the temple ) . The film ranks 453rd on Empire 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . It was nominated at the Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Supporting Actor , Best Costumes and Best Special Effects . It won Best Costumes . At the 51st Grammy Awards , John Williams won an award for the Mutt Williams theme .
In 2009 , the film won the Razzie Award for Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip @-@ off or Sequel . Comcast voted it the 11th worst film sequel of all time . Paste magazine ranked the movie 10th on its list " The 20 Worst Sequels to Good Movies " . Listverse.com ranked the film 8th on its list of the " Top 10 Worst Movie Sequels " .
= = = International reaction = = =
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation called for a ban on the film , accusing the production team of " demonizing " the Soviet Union . A party official said : " In 1957 the USSR was not sending terrorists to America but sending the Sputnik satellite into space ! " Spielberg responded : " When we decided the fourth installment would take place in 1957 , we had no choice but to make the Russians the enemies . World War II had just ended and the Cold War had begun . The U.S. didn 't have any other enemies at the time . " The film 's depiction of Peru also received criticism from the Peruvian and Spanish @-@ speaking public .
= = = Fan reception and legacy = = =
According to the Associated Press , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull received a " respectful " but " far from glowing " reception from Indiana Jones fans , and that " some viewers at its first press screening loved it , some called it slick and enjoyable though formulaic , some said it was not worth the 19 @-@ year wait . " South Park parodied the film in the episode " The China Probrem " , broadcast five months after the film 's release . The episode parodied the negative fan reaction , with the characters filing a police report against Lucas and Spielberg for " raping Indiana Jones " .
Some disappointed Indiana Jones fans used the term " nuking the fridge " , based on a scene where Jones survives a nuclear blast by hiding in a refrigerator , to denote the point when a franchise passes its peak and crossed into the absurd , similar to " jumping the shark " . This phrase has appeared across the internet , and was chosen as # 5 on Time magazine 's list of " top ten buzzwords " of 2008 . Asked about the scene and phrase , Spielberg said : " Blame me . Don 't blame George . That was my silly idea ... I 'm proud of that . I 'm glad I was able to bring that into popular culture . " Lucas denied this , saying Spielberg was " protecting him " . According to Lucas , he had assembled a dossier of research data to convince Spielberg ; Lucas stated that his research claimed the odds of surviving in the refrigerator are about " 50 @-@ 50 . "
The mixed fanbase reaction did not surprise Lucas , who was familiar with mixed response to the Star Wars prequels , and predicted that " we 're all going to get people throwing tomatoes at us . " David Koepp said : " I knew I was going to get hammered from a number of quarters [ but ] what I liked about the way the movie ended up playing was it was popular with families . I like that families really embraced it . " Although Spielberg said " I 'm very happy with the movie . I always have been " , he also said " I sympathise with people who didn 't like the MacGuffin [ the interdimensional beings ] because I never liked the MacGuffin . "
At the 2010 Cannes Film Festival , LaBeouf told the Los Angeles Times he had " dropped the ball on the legacy that people loved and cherished " and felt that " the movie could have been updated ... we just misinterpreted what we were trying to satiate . " In 2011 , in response to LaBeouf 's comments , Harrison Ford said : " I think I told [ LaBeouf ] he was a fucking idiot ... As an actor , I think it 's my obligation to support the film without making a complete ass of myself . Shia is ambitious , attentive and talented — and he 's learning how to deal with a situation which is very unique and difficult . " LaBeouf later regretted his comments and their effect on his relationship with Spielberg : " He told me there 's a time to be a human being and have an opinion , and there 's a time to sell cars . It brought me freedom , but it also killed my spirits because this was a dude I looked up to like a sensei . "
= = Sequel = =
On March 15 , 2016 , it was announced that Spielberg and Ford are both set to return for a fifth Indiana Jones film , scheduled for release on July 19 , 2019 . Lucas will return as executive producer , while Kennedy and Marshall will serve as producers and Koepp as screenwriter . Williams will also return to compose the score .
= Force Majeure ( Millennium ) =
" Force Majeure " is the thirteenth episode of the first season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on February 7 , 1997 . The episode was written by Chip Johannessen and directed by Winrich Kolbe . " Force Majeure " featured guest appearances by Brad Dourif , Morgan Woodward and C. C. H. Pounder .
Millennium Group consultant Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) investigates a pair of suicides connected to a cult which has been experimenting with human cloning . Black is dogged on his travels by a strange man interested in both the Millennium Group and dooms
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7 to serve as the connector to the state police headquarters . The highway was decommissioned in 1939 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway was in East Lansing , Ingham County .
= New Kidney in Town =
" New Kidney in Town " is the eighth episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on January 9 , 2011 . The episode follows Peter , after he drinks kerosene , causing him to suffer from immediate kidney failure . In need of a replacement kidney , Peter is unable to locate a match , until it is discovered that his anthropomorphic dog Brian is a match , but would require the donation of both his kidneys . Meanwhile , Chris is instructed by his English teacher to write an essay about hope , in preparation of United States President Barack Obama 's appearance at their school . Unable to write anything inspiring , he decides to pick his sister Meg 's brain and use her ideas .
The episode was written by Matt Harrigan and Dave Willis , and directed by Pete Michels . It received mostly positive reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 9 @.@ 29 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Yvette Nicole Brown , Drew Carey , Gary Cole , Christine Lakin and Rachael MacFarlane , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . " New Kidney in Town " was one of five episodes submitted for consideration for an Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Comedy Series " category in 2011 .
= = Plot = =
Peter is introduced to Red Bull by Quagmire at the bar . He ends up becoming highly addicted to it and it makes him operate at high speeds . Peter buys packs of Red Bull and introduces it to his family , though things get out of hand as soon as he starts performing everything too fast . One day , Peter comes home to find that Lois has thrown the Red Bull out in an attempt to make Peter give up his new addiction . This angers Peter , who in retaliation , attempts to make his own . Because of a misreading , Peter decides to put kerosene in his beverage believing that fuel causes the effect Red Bull has on him . Brian tries to warn Peter that kerosene is dangerous , but Peter ignores him and adds it anyway .
Upon drinking it , Peter collapses and is rushed to the hospital , where the family learns that Peter has been diagnosed with Kidney failure due to the damage done and he is in need of a transplant . However , since they must wait a few months before they can get donors , Peter must undergo dialysis . Three weeks later , after undergoing constant dialysis procedures , Peter gets angry that the dialysis treatments have stolen him from the world . Convinced that one skipping would not hurt him , Peter eventually decides to skip an appointment but his assumptions are false and him skipping it causes him to become jaundiced and vomit blood .
At the hospital , the family learns that Peter 's condition has a big chance of suddenly failing and thus killing him . They learn that the only other option besides the daily procedures is that one must give up one of their kidneys to Peter . Lois volunteers to give up one of hers , but is informed that she isn 't a match . Dr Hartman suggests the idea of using their kids as donors but Lois refuses to bring them into it . Brian also volunteers , and they discover that he has the same kidney type as Peter . However , as dog kidneys are smaller than human 's , the donation requires both kidneys . If the procedure was successful , Brian would lose his life . Brian decides to go along with the procedure to save Peter 's life . Reluctant to lose Brian , Stewie kidnaps him and takes him to the local playground , in hopes of staying there the rest of their lives . Brian convinces Stewie to let him go , stating that Stewie needs his father more than he needs his dog . The next day , Brian and Peter prepare to undergo the kidney transfer . However , Dr. Hartman reveals that he is also a match and has decided to donate one of his own kidneys : Brian 's life is spared .
Meanwhile , at the same time during the kidney crisis , United States President Barack Obama has decided to visit Quahog , and Chris ' entire English class is assigned to write an essay about hope . He consults his sister Meg for her opinion and she lists her personal opinion on the subject , which Chris plagiarizes . Meg is angered that he has decided to take her words and call them his own , but she is eventually given credit for co @-@ writing the speech , and she and Chris introduce Obama to the school . President Obama then enters the school 's auditorium , and begins singing and playing the guitar as students swoon over his performance .
= = Production and development = =
" New Kidney in Town " was co @-@ written by Williams Street writers Dave Willis and Matt Harrigan , in their first official episode for the series . The two have also worked for Aqua Teen Hunger Force , Space Ghost Coast to Coast , and Squidbillies , among others . The episode was directed by series regular Pete Michels , shortly after the conclusion of the eighth production season , in his first episode for the season . Series veterans Peter Shin and James Purdum , both of whom having previously served as animation directors , served as supervising directors for the episode , with Alex Carter , Andrew Goldberg , Elaine Ko , Spencer Porter and Aaron Blitzstein serving as staff writers for the episode . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for " New Kidney in Town " .
In addition to the regular cast , actress Yvette Nicole Brown , actor , comedian and game show host Drew Carey , actor Gary Cole , actress Christine Lakin and voice actress Rachael MacFarlane , sister of series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane , guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors John G. Brennan , actor Ralph Garman , writer Danny Smith and writer John Viener made minor appearances in the episode .
= = Cultural references = =
In the opening scene of the episode , after complaining of being exhausted , Peter is introduced to the energy drink Red Bull by his friends , Quagmire and Joe . He then suddenly becomes extremely hyperactive , and begins singing the 1998 single " Ray of Light " by singer @-@ songwriter Madonna in a parody of the high speed time @-@ lapse of its video . Peter also goes on to appear on the American game show The Price Is Right , with actor and comedian Drew Carey appearing as host . He then begins playing the Showcase Showdown game , until the wheel suddenly spins off its axis and into the audience , running over several rows of people . After suffering from Red Bull withdrawal , Peter
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mushroom " . The βωλίτης of Galen , like the boletus of Latin writers like Martial , Seneca and Petronius , is often identified as the much prized Amanita caesarea . The specific epithet edulis in Latin means " eatable " or " edible " .
= = = Common names = = =
Common names for B. edulis vary by region . The standard Italian name , porcino ( pl. porcini ) , means porcine ; fungo porcino , in Italian , echoes the term suilli , literally " hog mushrooms , " a term used by the Ancient Romans and still in use in southern Italian terms for this species . The derivation has been ascribed to the resemblance of young fruit bodies to piglets , or to the fondness pigs have for eating them . It is also known as " king bolete " . The English penny bun refers to its rounded brownish shape . The German name Steinpilz ( stone mushroom ) refers to the species ' firm flesh . In Austria , it is called Herrenpilz , the " noble mushroom " , while in Mexico , the Spanish name is panza , meaning " belly " . Another Spanish name , rodellon , means " small round boulder " , while the Dutch name eekhoorntjesbrood means " squirrel 's bread " . Russian names are : " Belyy grib " ( " white mushroom " as opposed to less valuable " black mushrooms " ) and " borovik " ( from " bor " - " pine forest " ) . The vernacular name cep is derived from the Catalan cep or its French name cèpe , although the latter is a generic term applying to several related species . In France , it is more fully cèpe de Bordeaux , derived from the Gascon cep " trunk " for its fat stalk , ultimately from the Latin cippus " stake " . Ceppatello , ceppatello buono , ceppatello bianco , giallo leonato , ghezzo , and moreccio are names from Italian dialects , and ciurenys or surenys is another term in Catalan . The French @-@ born King Charles XIV John popularised B. edulis in Sweden after 1818 , and is honoured in the local vernacular name Karljohanssvamp as well as the Danish name Karl Johan svamp . The monarch cultivated the fungus about his residence , Rosersberg Palace . It is known as hed tab tao เห ็ ดตับเต ่ า in Thai .
= = Description = =
The cap of this mushroom is 7 – 30 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 – 11 @.@ 8 in ) broad at maturity . Slightly sticky to touch , it is convex in shape when young and flattens with age . The colour is generally reddish @-@ brown fading to white in areas near the margin , and continues to darken as it matures . The stipe , or stem , is 8 – 25 cm ( 3 @.@ 1 – 9 @.@ 8 in ) in height , and up to 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) thick — rather large in comparison to the cap ; it is club @-@ shaped , or bulges out in the middle . It is finely reticulate on the upper portion , but smooth or irregularly ridged on the lower part . The under surface of the cap is made of thin tubes , the site of spore production ; they are 1 to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 0 @.@ 8 in ) deep , and whitish in colour when young , but mature to a greenish @-@ yellow . The angular pores , which do not stain when bruised , are small — roughly 2 to 3 pores per millimetre . In youth , the pores are white and appear as if stuffed with cotton ( which are actually mycelia ) ; as they age , they change colour to yellow and later to brown . The spore print is olive brown . The flesh of the fruit body is white , thick and firm when young , but becomes somewhat spongy with age . When bruised or cut , it either does not change colour , or turns a very light brown or light red . Fully mature specimens can weigh about 1 kg ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) ; a huge specimen collected on the Isle of Skye , Scotland , in 1995 bore a cap of 42 cm ( 16 @.@ 5 in ) , with a stipe 18 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) in height and 14 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) wide , and weighed 3 @.@ 2 kg ( 7 @.@ 1 lb ) . A similarly sized specimen found in Poland in 2013 made international news .
B. edulis is considered one of the safest wild mushrooms to pick for the table , as no poisonous species closely resemble it . The most similar poisonous mushroom may be the devil 's bolete ( Rubroboletus satanas ) , which has a similar shape , but has a red stem and stains blue on bruising . It is often confused with the very bitter and unpalatable Tylopilus felleus , but can be distinguished by the reticulation on the stalk ; in porcini , it is a whitish , net @-@ like pattern on a brownish stalk , whereas it is a dark pattern on white in the latter . Porcini have whitish pores while the other has pink . If in doubt , tasting a tiny bit of flesh will yield a bitter taste . It can also resemble the " bolete @-@ like " Gyroporus castaneus , which is generally smaller , and has a browner stem .
The spores are elliptical to spindle @-@ shaped , with dimensions of 12 – 17 by 5 – 7 µm . The basidia , the spore @-@ bearing cells , are produced in a layer lining the tubes , and arrange themselves so their ends are facing the center of the tube ; this layer of cells is known technically as a hymenium . The basidia are thin @-@ walled , mostly attached to four spores , and measure 25 – 30 by 8 – 10 µm . Another cell type present in the hymenium is the cystidia , larger sterile cells that protrude beyond the basidia into the lumen of the hymenium , and act as air traps , regulating humidity . B. edulis has pleurocystidia ( cystidia located on the face of a pore ) that are thin @-@ w
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alled , roughly spindle @-@ shaped to ventricose , and measure 30 – 45 by 7 – 10 µm ; the " stuffed " feature of the hymenium is caused by cheilocystidia — cells found on the edges of the pores . The hyphae of B. edulis do not have clamp connections .
= = = Related species = = =
Several similar brownish @-@ coloured species are sometimes considered subspecies or forms of this mushroom . In Europe , in addition to B. edulis ( or cèpe de Bordeaux ) , the most popular are :
Tête de nègre ( " negro 's head " ; Boletus aereus ) , much rarer than B. edulis , is more highly regarded by gourmets , and more expensive . Usually smaller than B. edulis , it is also distinctively darker in colour . It is especially suited to drying .
Cèpe des pins ( " pine tree cep " ; Boletus pinophilus or Boletus pinicola ) grows among pine trees . Rarer than B. edulis , it is less appreciated by gourmets than the two other kinds of porcini , but remains a mushroom rated above most others .
Cèpe d 'été ( " summer cep " ; Boletus reticulatus ) , also less common and found earlier .
Molecular phylogenetic analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species ; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies , such as B. betulicola , B. chippewaensis , B. persoonii , B. quercicola and B. venturii , are now known to be part of a B. edulis species complex with a wide morphological , ecological and geographic range , and that the genetic variability in this complex is low . Similar molecular technology has been developed to rapidly and accurately identify B. edulis and other commercially important fungi .
Three divergent lineages found in Yunnan province in China that are commonly marketed and sold as B. edulis ( and are actually more closely related to B. aereus ) were described in 2013 as B. bainiugan , B. meiweiniuganjun and B. shiyong .
Western North America has several species closely related to B. edulis . The white king bolete ( Boletus barrowsii ) , found in parts of Colorado , New Mexico , Arizona , and California ( and possibly elsewhere ) , is named after its discoverer Chuck Barrows . It is lighter in colour than B. edulis , having a cream @-@ coloured cap with pink tones ; often mycorrhizal with Ponderosa pine , it tends to grow in areas where there is less rainfall . Some find its flavour as good as if not better than B. edulis . The California king bolete ( Boletus edulis var. grandedulis ) can reach massive proportions , and is distinguished from B. edulis by a mature pore surface that is brown to slightly reddish . The cap colour appears to be affected by the amount of light received during its development , and may range from white in young specimens grown under thick canopy , to dark @-@ brown , red @-@ brown or yellow brown in those specimens receiving more light . The queen bolete ( Boletus regineus ) , formerly considered a variety of B. aereus , is also a choice edible . It is generally smaller than B. edulis , and unlike that species , is typically found in mixed forests . The spring king bolete ( Boletus rex @-@ veris ) , formerly considered a variety of B. edulis or B. pinophilus , is found throughout western North America . In contrast to B. edulis , B. rex @-@ veris tends to fruit in clusters , and , as its common name suggests , appears in the spring .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
The fruit bodies of Boletus edulis can grow singly or in small clusters of two or three specimens . The mushroom 's habitat consists of areas dominated by pine ( Pinus spp . ) ,
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10 Greatest Coaches in NBA history .
Throughout his coaching tenure in Boston , Auerbach served several other roles including , but not limited to , general manager , head of scouting , personnel director and travel agent . [ < articles.latimes.com / 2006 / oct / 29 / local / me @-@ auerbach29 > ] In the early offseasons , he would take the Celtics on barnstorming tours around New England , promoting the still fledgling NBA . At the end of every season , regardless of their on @-@ court success , he would approach owner Brown and ask , " Walter , are our last paychecks going to clear ? " to which Brown would always positively respond , and they would . Despite Brown 's own close association with the NHL 's Boston Bruins , whose owners also possessed the Boston Garden , the Celtics were fleeced on concessions and profits as tenants . During this era , when most team owners not only thought of , but also treated their players as cattle and / or slaves , athletes from all the four major professional sports leagues were fighting for their rights and economic fairness . As Auerbach represented management of the Celtics , team members frustrated with their salaries had only him to complain to , or about , in their role in the formation of the players ' union . These interpersonal dynamics are construed as follows by journalist David Halberstam :
The hard core of the union came from the Celtics . That was not surprising ; Red Auerbach went after the players of the highest intelligence and character , and then of course paid them horribly . That made the Celtics a mass of contradictions . They had great coherence as a team , great personal loyalty to each other , great respect and love for Auerbach , who had created this unique institution and honored each of them by making him a part of it , and then of course great anger at him for paying them so little .
Pertaining to the above , it should be noted that Walter Brown was not rich ; also that as Auerbach was as tough at the negotiating table as he was on the practice court and in the locker room , it was always for the purpose of getting the most out of his players . In the summer of 1984 , with much trepidation , Auerbach reluctantly signed former finals MVP Cedric Maxwell to a lucrative guaranteed contract to stay with the Celtics . Then , Auerbach 's worst fears came true when Maxwell arrived that fall out of shape , and , suffering from various injuries , provided little contribution as the team lost a playoff for the first time ever to the Lakers in the 1985 Finals . Two subsequent facts are perhaps most relevant in evaluating Auerbach 's legacy : First , he was able to trade Maxwell to San Diego in exchange for former MVP Bill Walton , who was a major contributor to the team winning its 16th title in 1986 , the last of Auerbach 's career . Second , Maxwell continues to be embraced as a beloved member of the Celtics family , including having his number retired alongside the team 's legendary greats .
In Auerbach 's honor , the Celtics have retired a number @-@ 2 jersey with the name " AUERBACH , " memorializing his role as the second most important Celtic ever , behind founder Walter Brown , in whose honor the number @-@ 1 " BROWN " jersey is retired .
His story is documented in The First Basket , the first and most comprehensive documentary on the history of Jews and Basketball . He is also featured as an interviews subject for the film .
= = = Coaching pioneer = = =
From his early days , Auerbach was convinced that the fast break , where a team used a quick outlet pass to fast guards who run downcourt and score before the opponent had re @-@ established position , was a potent tactical weapon . This new strategy proved lethal for the opposition . Further , Auerbach moved emphasis away from individual accolades and instilled the teamwork element into his players . He also invented the concept of the role player and of the sixth man , stating : " Individual honors are nice , but no Celtic has ever gone out of his way to achieve them . We have never had the league 's top scorer . In fact , we won seven league championships without placing even one among the league 's top 10 scorers . Our pride was never rooted in statistics . "
While Auerbach was not known for his tactical bandwidth , famously restricting his teams to just seven plays , he was well known for his psychological warfare , often provoking opposing players and officials with unabashed trash talk . For his fiery temper , he was ejected more often and received more fines than any other coach in NBA history . Age did nothing to diminish his fire ; in 1983 , after star Larry Bird was ejected from a preseason game against Philadelphia at the Garden along with the Sixers ' role player Marc Iavaroni , Auerbach stormed onto the court and after taking the officials to task , screamed nose @-@ to @-@ nose with the 6 ' 10 " 260 @-@ pound Moses Malone . Concerning his own team , Auerbach was softer . Earl Lloyd , the first black player to play in the NBA , said : " Red Auerbach convinced his players that he loved them [ ... ] so all they wanted to do was please him . "
= = = No color barrier = = =
Auerbach was known for choosing players for talent and motivation , with disregard for skin color or ethnicity . In 1950 , he made NBA history by drafting the league 's first African @-@ American player , Chuck Cooper . He constantly added new black players to his squad , including Bill Russell , Tom Sanders , Sam Jones , K.C. Jones , and Willie Naulls . In 1964 , these five players became the first African @-@ American starting five in the NBA . When Auerbach gave up coaching to become the Celtics general manager in 1966 , he appointed Bill Russell as his successor . Russell became the first black NBA coach , and was the first black coach of a professional sports organization since Fritz Pollard in 1925 . Similarly , in the 1980s , as the Celtics GM , Auerbach fielded an earnest , hardworking team that was derided as being " too white . " While the 1980s Celts were , in actuality , neither predominantly white nor black , the NBA at the time was predominately black . White players like Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , Danny Ainge , and Bill Walton played alongside Tiny Archibald , Dennis Johnson , Robert Parish , and Cedric Maxwell to bring three more championships in the ' 80s under coaches Bill Fitch ( white ) and K.C. Jones ( black ) .
Auerbach is prominently featured in the documentary film , " The First Basket " about Jewish basketball history .
= = = Arnold " Red " Auerbach Award = = =
To honor Auerbach , the Celtics created the Arnold " Red " Auerbach award in 2006 . It is an award given annually to the current Celtic player or coach who " best exemplifies the spirit and meaning of what it is to be a Celtic . This award is named in honor of the legendary Coach , General Manager and President of the organization , Arnold ' Red ' Auerbach . "
Winners :
= = = NBA Coach of the Year Award = = =
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The NBA gives out an annual coach of the year award to honor the league 's best coach as voted by a panel of sportswriters . The trophy is named the ' Red Auerbach trophy ' and has a figure of Auerbach sitting on a bench .
= = = NBA = = =
= Agathaeromys =
Agathaeromys is an extinct genus of oryzomyine rodents from the Pleistocene of Bonaire , West Indies . Two species are known , which differ in size and some details of tooth morphology . The larger A. donovani , the type species , is known from hundreds of teeth , found in four localities that are probably 900 @,@ 000 to 540 @,@ 000 years old . A. praeuniversitatis , the smaller species , is known from 35 teeth found in a single fossil site , which is probably 540 @,@ 000 to 230 @,@ 000 years old .
Although material of Agathaeromys was first described in 1959 , the genus was not formally named and diagnosed until 2010 . It probably belongs to " clade D " within the oryzomyine group , together with many other island @-@ dwelling species . The molars of both species possess several accessory crests in addition to the main cusps . In addition to some differences in features of the chewing surface of the molars , A. donovani has more roots on its lower molars than does A. praeuniversitatis .
= = Taxonomy = =
Material of Agathaeromys was first described by Dirk Hooijer in 1959 in the same paper that first named the extinct giant rat of Curaçao , Megalomys curazensis . Hooijer described a few fossil teeth and jaws from Fontein , Bonaire , as an indeterminate species of Thomasomys ( " Thomasomys sp . " ) and considered them to be similar to species now placed in Delomys . In his 1974 monograph on the geology of the ABC islands ( Aruba , Bonaire , and Curaçao — three Dutch islands off northwestern Venezuela ) , Paul Henri de Buisonjé listed Thomasomys sp. from additional fossil sites on Bonaire and additionally mentioned Oryzomys sp. from a different Bonaire site , Seroe Grandi . Although the Bonaire material represented one of the few fossil records of Thomasomys , it was only rarely mentioned in the literature .
In 2010 , Jelle Zijlstra , Anneke Madern , and Lars van den Hoek Ostende reviewed the material . They considered it unlikely that the Bonaire " Thomasomys " would belong to the southern Brazilian genus Delomys or to Thomasomys , which occurs only in the mountains of the Andes . Using a cladistic analysis of the Sigmodontinae , they provided evidence that the Bonaire material belonged to the tribe Oryzomyini , rather than Thomasomyini ( which includes Thomasomys ) . They carried out another cladistic analysis focused on Oryzomyini , which suggested that the Bonaire " Thomasomys " and the material from Seroe Grandi ( De Buisonjé 's " Oryzomys sp . " ) were closely related , but distinct from any recognized oryzomyine genus . Therefore , they named a new oryzomyine genus , Agathaerom
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lineup . Smith intended the album 's lyrics " to be like reading a really good book . You have a couple of beers , sit down and immerse yourself . None of those fuckers Elvis Costello or Spandau Ballet did that " . Hex Enduction Hour was written during an unusually prolific period in his career . Many of the tracks had already been dropped from their live set by the time they visited Australia and New Zealand in the autumn of 1982 . The earlier single , " Look , Know " was recorded during the Icelandic sessions but not included on the album . This was characteristic of Smith 's " never look back " approach .
The opening track " The Classical " acts as a statement of intent similar to " Crap Rap 2 / Like to Blow " on their debut album Live at the Witch Trials . Whereas on that song Smith described himself as " Northern white crap that talks back " , on the opening lines of Hex Enduction Hour he complains that the fact that contemporary music lacks culture is his " brag " , observing that a " taste for bullshit reveals a lust for a home of office " and references " obligatory niggers " , before accusingly shouting " Hey there , fuckface , hey there , fuckface " . Pavement released a less offensive , sanitised cover of the track in the early 1990s , and Smith dismissed them later as mere Fall copyists . " Jawbone and the Air Rifle " depicts a nightmare folklorish tale of a poacher ( described as a " Rabbit Killer " ) bored by a decades @-@ old marriage who escapes by roaming the local countryside at night hunting prey . One night the protagonist " lets out a misplaced shot " which draws the Hex of the ' Broken Brothers Pentacle Church ' . The song 's main focal point is towards the end when the lyrics detail a series of semi @-@ religious , semi @-@ pagan horrific and repeating hallucinations .
" Hip Priest " was recorded in Iceland in a single take , and is one of Smith 's most personal songs , apparently written in bemusement following a recent rise in the band 's popularity . The track has been compared to dub but in its Northern bleakness if " it had been invented in a drizzly motorway rather than in recording studios in Jamaica . " " Hip Priest " was re @-@ recorded in 1988 in a glam rock style as " Big New Prinz " for the album " I Am Kurious Oranj " . An excerpt of " Hip Priest " was used in 1991 in a closing scenes of Jonathan Demme 's film The Silence of the Lambs .
" Fortress / Deer Park " starts with a Casio VL @-@ 1 rhythm preset , same as used by Trio on their 1982 hit single " Da Da Da " . Its lyrics form a broad and jaundiced look at English culture and subcultures in the early 1980s . It mentions [ fucking ] Jimmy Savile while the lines " I took a walk down W11 ; I had to walk through 500 European punks " are a dry put @-@ down of the fashion @-@ oriented .
" Winter " comprises two songs broken by a fade out and fade in ; " Winter ( Hostel @-@ Maxi ) " closes side one of the record , " Winter 2 " opens side two . The tracks were described by Smith in early press releases as " concerning an insane child who is taken over by a spirit from the mind of a cooped @-@ up alcoholic " . During the intro of " Winter ( Hostel @-@ Maxi ) " , the narrator describes waiting , hungover , in the early afternoon for the pubs to open . The remainder of the song consists of descriptions of and encounters with a dry out house , a cleaning lady , a feminist wearing anti @-@ nicotine and anti @-@ nuclear badges , and a " half @-@ wit " child . After this the lyrics move towards magic realism and ad @-@ libbed inscrutability : " The mad kid had four lights : the average is two point @-@ five @-@ lights ; the mediocre is two lights " .
" Who Makes the Nazis " mentions the philosopher Colin Wilson before concluding that Nazis are born of " intellectual halfwits " . The track contains a number of sounds played through a dictaphone , a device that was to feature heavily in later Fall albums , most notably This Nation 's Saving Grace .
" Iceland " was improvised in a single take . Smith was taken by a country which he described in 2008 as still inaccessible and " totally unlike what it is now . Beer was against the law . You could only drink shit like pints of peach schnapps " . It consists of a two note piano figure and a banjo part , over which Smith played a tape recording he had made of the wind howling outside his bedroom window . According to guitarist Marc Riley , " He [ Smith ] just said he needed a tune , something Dylanish , and we knocked around on the piano in the studio and came up with that . But we hadn 't heard the words until he suddenly did them . " The line " Fall down flat in the Cafe Iol without a glance from the clientele " describes an incident that had happened to Smith that morning . He had tripped in a nearby cafe and fallen across several tables . He was surprised by the lack of response from the other customers , who seemed to have dismissed him as just another drunk .
The closing track , " And This Day " originally lasted about 25 minutes ; but was edited down to ten minutes to fit the album 's length , it still remains one of the longest studio songs by The Fall .
= = Cover art = =
Hex Enduction Hour 's all @-@ white cover with scribbles was described by music critic Robertson as " meticulously shoddy " . It consists of a series of biro scribbles laid down by Smith . The markings are mostly random rhetorical phrases and sentence fragments such as " Lie @-@ Dream 80 % of 10 % OR 6 % over no less than 1 / 4 = ? ? ? ? ? ? " , " Hail Sainsbury 's ! " , " CHUMMY LIFESTYLE " , " HAVE A BLEEDIN GUESS " and " CIGS . SMOKED HERE " . In an interview with Sounds that summer , Smith mentioned that he liked art work to reflect the album content and that his graphic choices reflected his attitude to music . He mentioned how he was drawn to cheap and misspelt posters , amateur layouts of local papers and printed cash and carry signs with " inverted commas where you don 't need them " .
The album art was seen by many within the industry as coarse and lacking accepted layout or typographical qualities . HMV would only shelve the sleeve back to front on their racking shelves .
= = Reception = =
Hex Enduction Hour was the first Fall album to make the UK Albums Chart , where it spent three weeks , peaking at no . 71 . By mid @-@ 1983 it had sold twenty thousand copies , reflecting a surge in the band 's popularity , and five years into their career brought them to the attention of record labels . Critics were highly enthusiastic ; according to Simon Ford , they could " have hardly been more supportive " . Reviewing the album in the NME , Richard Cook described the band as tighter and more disciplined than in earlier recordings , " their master piece to date " , while still maintaining their impact . He praised their having utilised recording studio techniques and atmospherics without resorting to glamorisation . Melody Maker 's Colin Irwin said it was " incredibly exciting and utterly compelling " . A dissenter was Neil McCormick of Irish fortnightly Hot Press , who dismissed the album as second hand melodramatic punk , and wondered if the album was " meant to be minimalist or primitive then it fatally ignores the true primitivism of the strong melody and accessible lyrics found in folk music . "
Later , Record Collector described the album as a " taut , twitchy and ominous masterclass in DIY post @-@ punk " , and singled out Smith 's lyrics for praise . The Quietus , in 2009 , wrote of the album as " arguably ... The Fall 's mightiest hour " , while Stylus Magazine wrote that " Hex demonstrates the culmination of ' early ' Fall : a monolithic beast of ragged grooves piloted through the embittering miasma of English society by the verbose acidity / Joycean all @-@ inclusiveness of Mark E. Smith . " Pitchfork listed Hex Enduction Hour as the 33rd best album of the
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you secretly long for a cold @-@ hearted Republican to lower taxes , brutalize criminals , and rule you like a king . That 's why I did this : to protect you from yourselves . "
Matthew Henry writes in the same book that the episode " well illustrates the battle of [ political ] ideologies … and its engagement with the politics of sexuality . " He refers to the scene where Smithers intimates that Bob rigged the election ; his motivation for whistleblowing is Bob 's conservative policies , which disagree with his " choice of lifestyle " , namely his homosexuality . Henry concludes the scene shows that conservative politics and homosexuality " cannot coexist " and that the scene marks the point where Smithers ' sexuality became " public and overtly political . "
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Sideshow Bob Roberts " finished tied for 64th place in the weekly ratings for the week of October 3 to October 9 , 1994 with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 6 . It was the sixth highest rated show on Fox that week .
Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide noted the episode was : " A stunningly outspoken political satire that drew considerable disapproval from the Republican Party when it was aired . " Eric Reinagel , Brian Moritz and John Hill of the Press & Sun @-@ Bulletin named " Sideshow Bob Roberts " as the seventh best episode of the show . Thomas Rozwadowski of Green Bay Press @-@ Gazette placed the episode among his list of the ten best episodes of the show which have lessons : " Corrupt politicians always get their comeuppance . Or not . " He also highlighted Bob 's campaign advert and Kent Brockman 's line : " And the results are in . For Sideshow Bob , 100 percent . For Joe Quimby , 1 percent . And we remind you , there is a 1 percent margin of error . "
The episode has been used in a course at Columbia College Chicago . The course titled " The Simpsons as Satirical Authors " featured " Sideshow Bob Roberts " as one of the episodes used screened for the " What 's ( Not ) Wrong with America ? Critiquing the U.S. Government " topic .
= Last use of capital punishment in Spain =
The last use of capital punishment in Spain took place on 27 September 1975 when two members of the armed Basque nationalist and separatist group ETA political @-@ military and three members of the Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front ( FRAP ) were shot dead by firing squads after having been convicted and sentenced to death by military tribunals for the murder of policemen and civil guards . Spain was Western Europe 's last dictatorship at this time and had been unpopular and internationally isolated in the post @-@ war period due to its relations with Nazi Germany in the 1930s and the fact that the authoritarian Spanish leader , Francisco Franco , had come to power by overthrowing a democratically elected government . As a result , the executions resulted in substantial criticism of the Spanish government , both domestically and abroad . Reactions included street protests , attacks on Spanish embassies , international criticism of the Spanish government and diplomatic measures , such as the withdrawal of the ambassadors of fifteen European countries .
This was the last use of the death penalty in Spain ; following the death of Francisco Franco , two months later , no further executions took place . The 1978 Spanish Constitution largely abolished the death penalty , with the exception of limited cases in times of war , and these exceptions were abolished in 1995 . In 2012 , a Basque Government commission found that the processes used to convict two of those executed had violated their rights and awarded compensation to their families .
= = Background = =
Franco had come to power in 1939 after the Spanish Civil War , during which various factions had committed mass executions of political opponents . Numerous historians , including Helen Graham , Paul Preston , Antony Beevor , Gabriel Jackson , Hugh Thomas , and Ian Gibson believe that the summary executions of political opponents by the Francoist side , which became known as the " White Terror " , was a deliberate policy . In contrast , the executions their opponents perpetrated lacked the approval of the Spanish government which Franco was seeking to overthrow . The death penalty , which had been abolished in 1932 for civil cases , was revived by Franco in 1938 .
= = = Hostility to Spain in the post @-@ war period = = =
While Spain was neutral in World War II , Franco 's sympathies remained with the Axis powers and he considered entering the war on their side . He maintained good relations with Nazi Germany and many Francoists remained sympathetic to Nazism . This led Spain to be shunned by the international community , especially the Western European democracies and the United States , in the immediate post @-@ war period . Europe @-@ wide popular demonstrations against the Franco government occurred in 1946 . In the 1950s , a thawing of relations occurred as Cold War tensions escalated and Franco 's hostility to communism made him a reliable ally . This would result in reluctance on the part of the US government to support measures which could destabilise the Franco government .
Following the fall of the authoritarian government in Portugal in 1974 , the Spanish government was the sole surviving dictatorship in Western Europe , where several countries in 1975 were ruled by socialist parties which had long loathed Franco for coming to power by overthrowing a socialist democracy . Hostility to the use of capital punishment was widespread in Western Europe at this time and most Western European countries had ceased using it .
= = = Declining use of the death penalty in Spain = = =
Although up to 200 @,@ 000 people were executed during the Spanish Civil War and its immediate aftermath 48 people were executed in the period from 1948 to the time of the 1975 executions . Of those , 17 were executed by firing squad and 31 by garrotting . Historically , the garrote had been the preferred execution method in Spain , with firing squads used for political and military prisoners .
No executions took place from 1966 to 1972 . The Burgos trials ( es ) of September 1970 sentenced six ETA members to death , but , following international pressure and criticism , Franco commuted the death sentences .
= = = New legislation = = =
In reaction to left @-@ wing and Basque separatist violence , the government passed a new anti @-@ terrorist law on 26 August 1975 . Sympathising with terrorists would now carry a penalty of up to 12 years imprisonment . The law re @-@ established military tribunals , empowered to order executions of those they found guilty of terrorism against the state . It extended the time that suspects could be held for interrogation from 3 to 5 days , with an option of up to 19 days with judicial approval . In response , the European Parliament debated a motion proposed by the Confederation of the Socialist Parties of the European Community condemning the new law as an infringement of human rights and calling for the suspension of relations between the EEC and Spain .
= = Trials and sentencing = =
The new law was rapidly enforced . The first military tribunal took place on 28 August 1975 in Castrillo del Val when ETA members José Antonio Garmendia and Ángel Otaegui were sentenced to death for killing a civil guard , Gregorio Posadas , on 3 April 1974 in Azpeitia . Garmendia was accused of shooting Posadas and Otaegui of helping him to flee from police . Garmendia was shot during his interrogations and ended in a coma and , due to his physical condition , was unable to sign his confession , instead having to place his fingerprint on a confession previously written which implicated Otaegui . Though witnesses failed to identify Garamendi and doctors testified that he was in no fit state to validate the confession , together with Otaegui , he was found guilty of the charges .
On 11 September 1975 , near Hoyo de Manzanares , the trial of five FRAP members took place , despite attempts by their lawyers to have it postponed . The lawyers also interrupted the prosecutor 's opening statement , claiming that it was wrong and omitted key details . They also believed that their clients could not receive a fair trial due to negative press reports describing them as " assassins
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. "
As a result of the trial , FRAP members VIadimiro Fernández , Manuel Blanco and José Humberto Baena received the death penalty for the killing of Lucio Rodríguez , an armed policeman , in Madrid on 14 July 1975 . Humberto had been an activist in the then @-@ illegal Communist Party of Spain and had been arrested and jailed following a student demonstration in 1970 . His parents claimed that he had been in Portugal at the time of the killing and that one of the main witnesses was not allowed to attend the trial . Though the prosecution had sought the death penalty for all five accused , Pablo Mayoral Ronda and Fernando Siera Marco received sentences of 30 and 25 years respectively . Lawyers of the three sentenced to death appealed the sentences .
The third military tribunal , on 16 September 1975 , also held in Hoyo de Manzanares , sentenced FRAP members Manuel Cañaveras , María Jesús Dasca , Concepción Trisián , José Luis Sánchez @-@ Bravo and Ramón García Sanz to death , for their involvement in the killing of a civil guard , Antonio Pose , in Madrid on 16 August 1975 . The final tribunal took place in Barcelona , on 19 September , and gave the death penalty to ETA member Juan Txiki Paredes Manot , for killing armed policeman , Ovidio Díaz , in Barcelona on 6 June 1975 .
On 26 September , the Council of Ministers , headed by Franco , confirmed the death penalty for five of those sentenced : FRAP members José Humberto Baena , Ramón García Sanz and José Luis Sánchez Bravo and ETA members Ángel Otaegui and Juan Paredes , while commuting the death penalty in the case of the remaining six .
= = Reactions to sentences = =
The sentences provoked international criticism and protests against the Spanish government . Large demonstrations took place in Italy , Stockholm and Oslo , with the Swedish Prime Minister , Olof Palme , heading the Swedish demonstration . The Dutch foreign minister made a formal protest to the Spanish Ambassador . The Spanish Embassy in Lisbon was attacked and set on fire . The Spanish embassy in Switzerland was occupied for 2 hours by protesters . President of Mexico , Luis Echeverría , called for Spanish membership of the United Nations Security Council to be suspended , but this was vetoed by the US , who considered it an internal Spanish matter . Pope Paul VI asked the Spanish government to grant clemency to the condemned at his Sunday blessing in St. Peter 's Square , though he also condemned the crimes that the condemned were convicted of . Franco 's brother , Nicolás Franco , joined calls for clemency , appealing to Franco 's Christianity .
A group of French intellectuals , including the actor Yves Montand , the film director Costa @-@ Gavras and the journalist Régis Debray , attempted to organise a press conference in Madrid to read a prepared statement condemning the sentences , but were detained by police and expelled from Spain .
= = Executions = =
The executions took place on 27 September 1975 . Ángel Otaegui was the first executed , at 08 : 30 in Villalón prison . Juan Paredes was executed at 08 : 35 in Barcelona . Paredes , according to his brother , was led to his execution smiling and singing an anthem of the Basque Army . The remaining three were executed in Hoyo de Manzanares , José Humberto Baena at 09 : 20 , Ramón García Sanz at 09 : 40 and José Luis Sánchez Bravo at 10 : 00 .
= = Burials = =
The three FRAP members were buried the same morning in Hoyo de Manzanares . The executed men 's families claimed they were denied access to their graves in the village graveyard and scuffles with police took place . However , Gustavo Catalán Deus , a photographer who witnessed the burials , said that some family members had been present , together with police , members of the military and lawyers . The families had previously alleged that police had assaulted the mother of one of the condemned in Carabanchel Prison in Madrid during her final meeting with her son . The remains of Sánchez Bravo were later reinterred in Murcia , with those of Ramón García Sanz being reinterred in Madrid . Juan Paredes , who had been buried in Barcelona , was reinterred in Zarautz on 12 January 1977 .
= = Reactions to executions = =
= = = Domestic reactions = = =
In the Basque Country , 3 @,@ 000 people took part in a protest march in Azpeitia , while a larger demonstration in San Sebastián saw 30 @,@ 000 people in attendance . Six people were injured after being shot by police during a demonstration in Algorta . A mass in Madrid in memorial of the executed was followed by protests and arrests . 200 @,@ 000 people took part in a two @-@ day general strike in the Basque country , which began on 30 September 1975 .
= = = International reactions = = =
Demonstrations occurred at Spain 's embassy and consulates in France . The Spanish embassy in Brussels was fire @-@ bombed . A day of national demonstration was organised by the Dutch government and a protest in Utrecht was led by Prime Minister Joop den Uyl . In Britain , the governing Labour Party passed a resolution condemning the executions . Poland and Hungary withdrew their commercial representatives in Spain , and 15 European countries ( West Germany , East Germany , the United Kingdom , Belgium , the Netherlands , France , Switzerland , Portugal , Austria , Sweden , Ireland , Luxembourg and Italy ) withdrew their ambassadors to Spain in protest . In response , Spain withdrew its ambassadors from Norway , East Germany , The Vatican , West Germany and The Netherlands for consultations , with its ambassador to Portugal unconditionally withdrawn in protest at the embassy attack . Spain 's central bank also suspended trade in the Portuguese escudo .
Swedish prime minister Olof Palme denounced the Franco government as " devilish murderers . " In the United Nations , the Swedish government attempted to pass a declaration condemning the Spanish government , but the US government amended this to a general declaration condemning human rights violations , without specific reference to Spain .
= = = Reaction within Spain = = =
The Spanish press , controlled by the Spanish government , was supportive of the executions . La Vanguardia condemned the " vile and intolerable " crimes of the executed and argued that , while any death was regrettable , a " strong state at the service of a truly free society " was necessary against " fanatics who seek to disturb the peace . " ABC criticised foreign security forces for failing to defend Spanish property abroad against attacks from what they identified as " the extreme left " and stated that they hoped that the Spanish people 's desire for " internal peace " would be respected by Western European governments .
On 1 October , a demonstration in support of the government took place in Madrid , with Spanish TV claiming that more than a million people had taken part . Franco addressed the crowds and denounced " the leftist @-@ Masonic conspiracy assisting communist subversion " of Spain . This was the last demonstration that Franco attended before his death .
= = Aftermath = =
In the immediate aftermath of the executions , there was speculation that up to 27 more prisoners could face the death penalty . Ultimately , these predictions proved ill @-@ founded . Franco fell ill in late October 1975 and never recovered , dying on 20 November 1975 . His death resulted in the de facto abolition of the death penalty , as no further executions took place . Capital punishment was abolished for all civil crimes by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 , with sanctioned military executions in war time the sole exceptions . In 1995 , the Spanish parliament abolished the death penalty in all circumstances .
The families of those executed continued to seek the overturning of the sentences and compensation , based on the irregularity of the processes used to convict their relatives . In 2004 , they appealed to the Constitutional Court of Spain , which rejected their application on the grounds that it did not have the power to deal with cases prior to December 1978 , when the Constitution came into effect . In September 2005 , the European Court of Human Rights rejected their petition on similar grounds : that Spain had not been a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights in 1975 . In November 2012 , a Basque Government commission found that the processes used to convict Txiki and Otaegui had violated their right to a fair trial and awarded € 135 @,@ 000 in compensation to their families . Flor Baena , the sister of José Humberto Baena , continued to campaign for her brother , stating that she wanted to clear his name , not financial compensation .
In November 2014 , Spanish police refused an Argentinian request to Interpol , made under the terms of a 1987 treaty , to extradite 20 Francoists , among them those involved in the executions , for crimes against humanity .
= Fay Ripley =
Fay Ripley ( born 26 February 1966 ) is an English actress
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clubs regarding the selection of D.C. United to host it at their home field , RFK Stadium .
As the tournament champions , Sounders FC earned a berth in the preliminary round of the 2010 – 11 CONCACAF Champions League . The club also received a $ 100 @,@ 000 cash prize , while D.C. United received $ 50 @,@ 000 as the runner @-@ up .
= = Road to the final = =
The U.S. Open Cup is an annual American soccer competition open to all United States Soccer Federation affiliated teams , from amateur adult club teams to the professional clubs of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . In 2009 , Major League Soccer , which has teams that play in both the United States and Canada , was allowed to enter eight of its U.S.-based teams in the tournament . The top six MLS teams from the previous season qualified automatically , and the remaining two spots are determined by preliminary qualification matches . The eight MLS entries begin play in the third round of the tournament .
In 2009 , MLS expanded into the Seattle market adding a new team to the league , Seattle Sounders FC . As an expansion team , they had to play through the qualification matches before entering the tournament . Likewise , D.C. United did not finish among the top six 2008 MLS teams , and therefore had to play through qualification rounds before entering the official tournament .
= = = Sounders FC = = =
Prior to their first qualification match against Real Salt Lake , Sounders FC coach Sigi Schmid asserted that the U.S. Open Cup was important to the club and that they were playing to win . Sounders FC played U.S. Open Cup home games at the Starfire Sports Complex in Tukwila , Washington . The facility is smaller than the club 's home stadium for league matches , Qwest Field , but Sounders FC representatives preferred the atmosphere at Starfire for smaller cup matches .
On April 28 , 2009 , Sounders FC defeated Real Salt Lake 4 – 1 in their first qualification match . Sebastian Le Toux scored two goals , and Roger Levesque had three assists in front of a sold @-@ out crowd at Starfire . Sounders FC hosted their second qualification match on May 26 , 2009 , also at Starfire , this time against the Colorado Rapids . Reserve player Kevin Forrest scored the only goal in the match as Seattle defeated the Rapids 1 – 0 , securing their entry into the third round of the official cup competition as one of the eight teams representing MLS .
On July 1 , 2009 , Sounders FC traveled to Portland and defeated the Timbers of the USL First Division 2 – 1 in front of a sold @-@ out crowd . Roger Levesque and Nate Jaqua both scored for Seattle . The following week , in a quarterfinal match at Starfire , Sounders FC defeated visiting Kansas City 1 – 0 on a penalty kick in the 89th minute scored by Sebastien Le Toux . Three weeks later , on July 21 , Sounders FC won their semifinal match 2 – 1 over the Houston Dynamo at Starfire . Seattle took the lead for good when Stephen King scored a goal five minutes into extra time , sending Sounders FC to the cup final .
= = = D.C. United = = =
MLS clubs were first included in the U.S. Open Cup tournament in 1996 . D.C. United won the tournament that year , and repeated their success in 2008 . In 2009 , the club began its title defense in the MLS qualification rounds . This meant that they had to win six games instead of the four needed to obtain the cup in 2008 .
In their first qualifying match on March 28 , 2009 , they hosted FC Dallas at RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. They defeated Dallas 2 – 0 , with Fred and Brandon Barklage scoring in the 21st and 66th minutes , respectively . D.C. United 's second qualification match was also played at RFK Stadium , on May 20 , 2009 . In a high @-@ scoring match against the New York Red Bulls , D.C. won 5 – 3 . Chris Pontius scored two of United 's five goals , qualifying D.C. for the third round of the official tournament .
On June 30 , 2009 , D.C. United began official cup competition against the Ocean City Barons of the USL Premier Development League . The match , hosted by United at Maryland SoccerPlex in Boyds , Maryland , ended with D.C. on top 2 – 0 . As a fourth @-@ tier club , the Barons lineup had featured amateur players while United 's included only three regular starters . The match remained scoreless for 74 minutes before D.C. took the lead on a penalty kick by late substitution Christian Gomez . One week later , on July 7 , D.C. United hosted their quarterfinal match at the SoccerPlex again and defeated the Harrisburg City Islanders of
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Sujatha Rangarajan had the distinction of being the first film of Rajinikanth to be shot mostly outside India , mainly in Southeast Asia .
By 1980 , he became a popular actor in the South Indian cinema . During this phase of his career , Rajinikanth abruptly chose to quit acting , but was coaxed back . He made a comeback with the Tamil film Billa , which was a remake of the Bollywood film Don ( 1978 ) . It had Rajinikanth playing dual roles and eventually became his first ever commercial success . His pairing with Sridevi continued in Johnny where he was once again cast in a double role . He also starred in Murattu Kaalai which was a commercial success . In 1981 , he appeared in Garjanai which was shot simultaneously in Kannada and Malayalam , making it his last film in those two languages till date . In K. Balachander 's first home production , Netrikan , he performed dual roles as a womanising father and a responsible son . He acted in Thillu Mullu directed by K. Balachander , which was Rajinikanth 's first full @-@ length comedy . He agreed to it solely due to the strong suggestion by his mentor that he should do non @-@ commercial roles , to break the stereotyped action @-@ hero mould by which he was getting famous at the time . 1981 also saw the release of Thee , the remake of Amitabh Bachchan 's 1975 blockbuster Deewar , in which Rajinikanth reprised the role of Bachchan in the original . In 1982 , he starred in Pokkiri Raja , Moondru Mugam , Thanikattu Raja , Puthukavithai and Enkeyo Ketta Kural . Moondru Mugam had Rajinikanth playing three roles for the first time .
In 1983 , he starred in his first Bollywood film , Andha Kanoon , alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Hema Malini . The film went on to become one of the highest @-@ grossing films of that time . His 1984 film , Naan Mahaan Alla , was directed by Muturaman and produced by K. Balachander . He acted in his first cameo role in the film Anbulla Rajinikanth . He played a triple role in John Jani Janardhan . His performance in Nallavanuku Nallavan earned him a Filmfare Best Tamil Actor Award . In his 100th film , Sri Raghavendra ( 1985 ) , he played the Hindu saint Raghavendra Swami . His major success in Hindi films was his 101st film Bewafai . In 1985 , the film Bewafai , with Rajesh Khanna as the lead hero and Rajnikanth in negative role , released and became a success and grossed Rs 11 @.@ 95 crore at the box office that year .
In the second half of the 1980s , Rajinikanth acted in commercially successful films like Naan Sigappu Manithan ( 1985 ) , Padikkathavan ( 1985 ) , Mr. Bharath ( 1986 ) , Velaikaran ( 1987 ) , Guru Sishyan ( 1
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limited their operations . The torpedoes they used also often malfunctioned . During their return to Wilhelmshaven in December , the Spanish Republican submarine C @-@ 3 was sunk ; the Germans claimed this was due to a torpedo fired from U @-@ 34 , although the Republicans ' enquiry claimed its loss was due to an internal explosion . Their return marked the official end of Operation Ursula . However , it does seem that further submarines were sent in mid @-@ 1937 , but details of the operation are not known ; six ( U @-@ 25 , U @-@ 26 , U @-@ 27 , U @-@ 28 , U @-@ 31 and U @-@ 35 ) are believed to have been involved . Five submarine commanders received the Spanish Cross in Bronze without Swords in 1939 .
= = Outcome = =
Early intervention helped to ensure that the Nationalist faction survived the initial stages of the war ; German involvement then steadily expanded . The training they provided to Nationalist force proved as valuable , if not more so , than direct actions . Approximately 56 @,@ 000 Nationalist soldiers were trained by various German detachments in Spain , who were technically proficient ; these covered infantry , tanks and anti @-@ tank units , air and anti @-@ aircraft forces , and those trained in naval warfare .
The Condor Legion spearheaded many Nationalist victories , particularly providing air dominance from 1937 onwards ; 300 air @-@ to @-@ air victories were claimed , although this was dwarfed by some 900 claimed by Italian forces . Spain provided a proving ground for German tank tactics , as well as aircraft tactics , the latter being only moderately successful . The air superiority which allowed certain parts of the Legion to excel would be replicated in the first year of World War II , until ultimately failing to prevail in the Battle of Britain .
A total of approximately 16 @,@ 000 German citizens fought in the Civil War , mostly as pilots , ground crew , artillery men , tank crew , and as military advisers and instructors . About 10 @,@ 000 Germans was the maximum strength at any one time . Approximately 300 Germans were killed . During the course of the war , Germany sent 732 combat aircraft and 110 trainer aircraft to Spain . German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £ 43 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( $ 215 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ) in 1939 prices . This was broken down in expenditure to : 15 @.@ 5 % used for salaries and expenses , 21 @.@ 9 % used for direct delivery of supplies to Spain , and 62 @.@ 6 % expended on the Condor Legion . No detailed list of German supplies furnished to Spain has been found . Franco had also agreed to sign over the output of six mines to help pay for German aid .
= HMS Resistance ( 1861 ) =
HMS Resistance was the second of two Defence @-@ class ironclads built for the Royal Navy in the 1860s . She was the first capital ship in the Royal Navy to be fitted with a ram and was given the nickname of Old Rammo . Resistance was initially assigned to the Channel Fleet upon commissioning , but was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1864 , the first ironclad to be assigned to that fleet . She was rearmed in 1867 and became a guardship when recommissioned in 1869 . The ship was reassigned to the Channel Fleet in 1873 before reverting to her former duties in 1877 . Resistance was decommissioned in 1880 and was used for gunnery and torpedo trials beginning in 1885 . The ship was sold for scrap in 1898 and foundered in 1899 en route to the breaker 's yard . She was salvaged and later scrapped .
= = Design and description = =
The Defence @-@ class ironclads were designed as smaller and cheaper versions of the Warrior @-@ class armoured frigates . This meant that they could not fit the same powerful engines of the Warrior @-@ class ships and were therefore 2 knots ( 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 2 @.@ 3 mph ) slower and had far fewer guns . The naval architect Sir Nathaniel Barnaby , a future Constructor of the Navy , considered that , in terms of combat , a Defence @-@ class ship was worth one quarter of a Warrior .
HMS Resistance was 280 feet ( 85 @.@ 3 m ) long between perpendiculars and 291 feet 4 inches ( 88 @.@ 80 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 54 feet 2 inches ( 16 @.@ 51 m ) and a draft of 26 feet 2 inches ( 8 @.@ 0 m ) . The ship displaced 6 @,@ 070 long tons ( 6 @,@ 170 t ) and had a ram in the shape of a plough , the first capital ship in the Royal Navy to be fitted with one . The hull was subdivided by watertight transverse bulkheads into 92 compartments and had a double bottom underneath the engine and boiler rooms . Resistance was 128 feet 8 inches ( 39 @.@ 2 m ) shorter overall and displaced over 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 000 t ) less than the Warrior @-@ class ironclads .
= = = Propulsion = = =
The Defence @-@ class ships had a single two @-@ cylinder trunk steam engine made by John Penn and Sons driving a single 21 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) propeller . Four rectangular boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of 20 psi ( 138 kPa ; 1 kgf / cm2 ) . The engine produced a total of 2 @,@ 329 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 737 kW ) . During sea trials on 25 August 1873 , Resistance had a maximum speed of 11 @.@ 4 knots ( 21 @.@ 1 km / h ; 13 @.@ 1 mph ) . The ship carried 450 long tons ( 460 t ) of coal , enough to steam 1 @,@ 670 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 090 km ; 1 @,@ 920 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The ironclad was ship rigged and had a sail area of 24 @,@ 500 square feet ( 2 @,@ 276 m2 ) . The lower masts and bowsprit were made of iron to withstand the shock of ramming . Resistance could make about 10 @.@ 5 knots ( 19 @.@ 4 km / h ; 12 @.@ 1 mph ) under sail and the funnel was semi @-@ retractable to reduce wind resistance while under sail alone . The ship 's propeller could be hoisted up into the stern of the ship to reduce drag while under sail . She was re @-@ rigged as a barque from September 1864 to April 1866 before returning to her original ship rig .
= = = Armament = = =
The armament of the Defence @-@ class ships was intended to be 18 smoothbore , muzzle @-@ loading 68 @-@ pounder guns , eight on each side on the main deck and one each fore and aft as chase guns on the upper deck , plus four rifled breech @-@ loading 40 @-@ pounder guns as saluting guns . This was modified during construction to six rifled 110 @-@ pounder breech @-@ loading guns , ten 68 @-@ pounders and two 32 @-@ pounder smoothbore guns , the only such weapons ever mounted in a British ironclad . Both breech @-@ loading guns were new designs from Armstrong and much was hoped of them . Four of the 110 @-@ pounder guns were installed on the main deck amidships and the other two became chase guns ; all of the
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, the game was re @-@ released as part of the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Ultimate Box Japanese package . On February 10 , 2016 , ports for iOS and Android were released . A port for Microsoft Windows was released on April 14 , 2016 .
= = Reception = =
Final Fantasy IX sold over 2 @.@ 65 million copies in Japan by the end of 2000 , making it the second @-@ highest selling game of the year there . Although it was a top @-@ seller in Japan and America , Final Fantasy IX did not sell as well as Final Fantasy VII or Final Fantasy VIII in either Japan or the United States . As of March 31 , 2003 , the game had sold 5 @.@ 30 million copies worldwide . The game was voted the 24th @-@ best game of all time by readers of the Japanese magazine Famitsu .
= = = Critical response = = =
Final Fantasy IX was released to critical acclaim both in Japan and the US . On the review aggregator Metacritic it has achieved a score of 94 % , the highest score for a Final Fantasy game on the site . On GameRankings it has received a score of 93 % , the second highest of any Final Fantasy title , behind Final Fantasy VI for the Super NES .
Across the reviews , praise was given to the graphics and nostalgic elements . Critics pointed out the strength of the game within its gameplay , character development , and visual representation . GameSpot noted that the learning curve is easily grasped , and that the ability system is not as complex as in Final Fantasy VII or Final Fantasy VIII . Each player character possesses unique abilities , which hinders the development of an over @-@ powered character . GameSpot describes the battle system as having a tactical nature and notes that the expanded party allows for more interaction between players and between enemies . Nevertheless , IGN disliked the lengthy combat pace and the repeated battles , describing it as " aggravating " , and RPGFan felt the Trance system to be ineffective as the meter buildup is slow and unpredictable , with characters Trancing just before the enemy is killed .
The characters and graphics received positive reviews . Although IGN felt that the in @-@ depth character traits in Final Fantasy IX could be generally found in other Final Fantasy games , it still found the characters to be engaging and sympathetic . GameSpot found the characters , up to their dialogue and traits , amusing and full of humor . IGN also noted that the Active Time Event system helps to expand the player 's understanding of the characters ' personalities as they question many ideas and emotions . Their semi @-@ deformed appearance , which also covers monsters of every size , contain detailed animation and design . They gave praise to the pre @-@ rendered backgrounds , noting the careful attention given to the artwork , movement in animations and character interactivity . The movies are seen as emotive and compelling , and the seamless transition and incorporation to the in @-@ game graphics helped to move the plot well .
Critics acknowledged that the overall storyline was mainly built upon elements found in previous Final Fantasy installments , such as evil empires and enigmatic villains . The main villain , although considered by GameSpot to be the least threatening in the series , was seen by IGN as an impeccable combination of " Kefka 's cackling villainy " and " plenty of the bishonenosity that made Sephiroth such a hit with the ladies " . Mixed reactions were given to the audio aspects of the game . Some reviewers , such as RPGFan felt that the music was " uninspired and dull " whilst GamePro praised the audio for evoking " emotions throughout the story , from battles to heartbreak to comedy " . Some criticism was leveled on composer Nobuo Uematsu who reused some tracks from past iterations of the series . Still , reviewers have come to agree that this and many other elements are part of the overall effort to create a nostalgic title for fans of the older Final Fantasy titles .
The strategy guide also received criticism ; it urged buyers to log onto an online site to gain the information , instead of providing it within the actual guide . The book 's given links are no longer accessible on the PlayOnline website . Tetra Master was seen by GameSpot as inferior and confusing compared to Final Fantasy VIII 's minigame Triple Triad , as the rules for it were only vaguely explained in the game and there were very few rewards earned from playing it despite its expansive nature .
= = = Game quotes = = =
= Boogie Chillen ' =
" Boogie Chillen ' " or " Boogie Chillun " is a blues song first recorded by John Lee Hooker in 1948 . It is a solo performance featuring Hooker 's vocal , electric guitar , and rhythmic foot stomps . The lyrics are partly autobiographical and alternate between spoken and sung verses . The song was his debut record release and in 1949 , it became the first " down @-@ home " electric blues song to reach number one in the R & B records chart .
Hooker 's song was part of a trend in the late 1940s to a new style of urban electric blues based on earlier Delta blues idioms . Although it is called a boogie , it resembles early North Mississippi Hill country blues rather than the boogie @-@ woogie piano @-@ derived style of the 1930s and 1940s . Hooker gave credit to his stepfather , Will Moore , who taught him the rhythm of " Boogie Chillen ' " ( " chillen ' " is a phonetical approximation of Hooker 's pronunciation of " children " ) when he was a teenager . Some of the song 's lyrics are derived from earlier blues songs .
Hooker 's guitar work on the song inspired several well @-@ known guitarists to take up the instrument . With its driving style and focus on rhythm , it is also considered a forerunner of rock and roll . Music critic Cub Koda calls the guitar figure from " Boogie Chillen ' " " the riff that launched a million songs " . Several rock musicians have patterned successful songs either directly or indirectly on Hooker 's many versions of " Boogie Chillen ' " . These include songs by boogie rock band Canned Heat , who also recorded a well @-@ received version with Hooker . One of ZZ Top 's best @-@ known hits , " La Grange " , uses elements of the song , which led to legal action by the song 's publisher and resulted in changes to American copyright law .
= = Background
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= =
In 1943 , Hooker moved to Detroit , Michigan , for employment opportunities in the city 's wartime vehicle manufacturing factories . There he was attracted to the music clubs along Hastings Street in Black Bottom / Paradise Valley , the cultural center of the city 's black community . He recounts his experience in the narrative to " Boogie Chillen ' " :
By 1948 , Hooker came to the attention of Elmer Barbee , a local record shop owner . Barbee arranged to have several demos recorded . He or Hooker later presented them to Bernie Besman , who ran the Detroit area 's only professional record company . Although Hooker had played mostly with an ensemble at that time , Besman decided to record him solo . This put the attention solely on the singer / guitarist , in contrast to the prevailing jump blues style , which emphasized ensemble instrumentation . Recent hit singles by Muddy Waters and Lightnin ' Hopkins had also used this stripped @-@ down , electrified Delta blues @-@ inspired approach .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Boogie Chillen ' " is described by music critic Bill Dahl as " blues as primitive as anything then on the market ; Hooker 's dark , ruminative vocals were backed only by his own ringing , heavily amplified guitar and insistently pounding foot " . In an interview , Hooker how he came up with " Boogie Chillen ' " :
I wrote that song in Detroit when I was sittin ' around strummin ' my guitar . The thing come into me , you know ? I heard [ my stepfather ] Will Moore done [ sic ] it years and years before . I was a little kid from down South , and I heard him do a song like that , but he didn 't call it ' Boogie Chillen . ' But it had that beat , and I just kept that beat up and I called it ' Boogie Chillen.'
He performed the song in clubs before recording it and called it " Boogie Woogie " before settling on " Boogie Chillen ' " . According to musicologist Robert Palmer , " The closest thing to it on records is ' Cottonfield Blues ' , recorded by Garfield Akers and Joe Callicott , two guitarists from the hill country of northern Mississippi , in 1929 . Essentially , it was a backcountry , pre @-@ blues sort of music — a droning , open @-@ ended stomp without a fixed verse form that lent itself to building up to a cumulative , trancelike effect " .
Hooker 's vocal alternates between sung and spoken sections . Commenting on Hooker 's vocal sections , music historian Ted Gioia notes , " The song has almost no melody . Even less harmony . In fact , it is hard to call it a song . It 's more like a bit of jive steam of consciousness in 4 / 4 time . " Some of the lyrics are borrowed from earlier songs that date back to the beginning of the blues . The opening line " My mama she didn 't allow me to stay out all night long " has origins in " Mama Don 't Allow " , an old dance song . Several songs were recorded in the 1920s with similar titles . " Boogie No. 3 " by boogie @-@ woogie pianist Cow Cow Davenport has sung and spoken sections and includes the lines , " I don 't care what Grandma don 't allow , play my music anyhow , Grandma 's don 't ' llow no music playin ' in here " . Hooker 's first and second takes of the song include similar verses and the narrative about Henry 's Swing Club , but do not include the crucial mid @-@ song hook " Boogie , chillen ' ! " before the guitar break , which gives the song its lyrical identity .
A key feature of the song is the driving guitar rhythmic figure centered on one chord , with " accents that fell fractionally ahead of the beat " . Music journalist Charles Shaar Murray describes it as a " rocking dance piece ... its structure is utterly free @-@ form , its basic beat is the jumping , polyrhythmic groove which he [ Hooker ] learned in the Delta " . In an interview with B.B. King , Hooker confirmed that he used an open G guitar tuning technique for his guitar , although he usually used a capo , raising the pitch to B ( 1948 ) , A ♭ ( 1959 ) , or A ( 1970 ) . He also employed hammer @-@ on and pull @-@ off techniques , which are described as " a slurred ascending bass line played on the fifth string [ tonic ] " by music writer Lenny Carlson . Although it is titled a " boogie " , it does not resemble the earlier boogie @-@ woogie style . Boogie @-@ woogie is based on a left @-@ hand piano ostinato or walking @-@ bass line and , as performed on guitar , forms the popular 1940s instrumental " Guitar Boogie " . Rather than being derivative , Hooker 's boogie becomes " as overwhelmingly personal a piece as anything ever done in the blues " .
= = Recording and release = =
In September 1948 , Besman arranged recording sessions for Hooker at United Sound studios in Detroit . Several songs were recorded with Hooker 's vocals and amplified guitar . To make the sound fuller , a microphone was set up in a pallet that was placed under Hooker 's foot . According to Besman 's account , a primitive echo @-@ chamber effect was created by feeding Hooker 's foot @-@ stomp rhythm into a speaker in a toilet bowl , which in turn was miked and returned to a speaker in the studio in front of Hooker 's guitar , thus giving it a " big " or more ambient sound . Three takes of Hooker 's performance were recorded , the last providing the master for " Boogie Chillen ' " .
Even though Besman had his own record label , Sensation Records , he licensed " Boogie Chillen ' " to Los Angeles @-@ based Modern Records . On November 3 , 1948 , it was released nationally and Hooker commented on its immediate appeal : " The thing caught afire . It was ringin ' all around the country . When it come out , every juke box you went to , every place you went to ... they were playing it there " . Because of the response , Nashville , Tennessee , radio station WLAC , a 50 @,@ 000 watt clear @-@ channel station that reached fifteen states and Canada , played the song ten times in a row during one broadcast night . It entered the Billboard Race Records chart on January 8 , 1949 , where it remained for eighteen weeks , and reached number one on February 19 , 1949 . It became the most popular race record of 1949 and reportedly sold " several hundred thousand " to one million copies . In an experience similar to Muddy Waters ' 1950 hit " Rollin ' Stone " , the song 's popularity allowed Hooker to give up his factory job and concentrate on music .
= = Early influence = =
Besides its commercial success , " Boogie Chillen ' " had a big impact on blues and R & B musicians . B.B. King , who was a disc jockey at Memphis , Tennessee , radio station WDIA at the time , regularly featured Hooker 's song . He recalled :
[ There was ] hardly anybody around who was playing at that time didn 't play ' Boogie Chillen . ' That 's just how heavy it was ... I , for one , and many others [ musicians ] who would go out and play — if you didn 't play ' Boogie Chillen ' at that time , people probably look at you and wonder what was wrong with you . It was such a big record .
Murray likens the song to " the R & B equivalent of punk rock " or superficially simple enough not to intimidate beginners . It interested the eleven @-@ year @-@ old Bo Diddley : " I think the first record I paid attention to was John Lee Hooker 's ' Boogie Chillen , ' ... When I found John Lee Hooker on the radio , I said , ' If that guy can play , I know I can . ' I mean John Lee 's got a hell of a style " . In an interview , Buddy Guy described learning to play " Boogie Chillen ' " at age thirteen : " that was the first thing I thought I learned how to play that I knew sounded right when someone would listen . " Guy later recorded a version with Junior Wells for their 1981 album Alone & Acoustic . Albert Collins also recalled that it was the first song he learned to play .
The success of " Boogie Chillen ' " brought numerous offers
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for John Lee Hooker to record for other record companies . Because he received little remuneration from the sales of his record , Hooker readily accepted the opportunities to generate income . This led to his recording using a variety of pseudonyms , including Texas Slim , Little Pork Chops , Delta John , Birmingham Sam , the Boogie Man , Johnny Williams , John Lee Booker , John Lee Cooker , and others for such labels as King , Danceland , Regent , Savoy , Acorn , Prize , Staff , Gotham , Gone , Chess , and Swing Time .
= = Later Hooker versions = =
The demand for " Boogie Chillen ' " remained high enough for Hooker to re @-@ record the song several times . In 1950 , he recorded a faster version with different lyrics as " Boogie Chillen ' # 2 " for Bernie Besman 's Sensation label ( also issued by Regal ) . Modern Records released an edited version in 1952 titled " New Boogie Chillun " . After Hooker began his association with Vee @-@ Jay Records , he recorded " Boogie Chillun " in 1959 , which closely follows the original single . Because of the similarity , the 1959 version is sometimes misidentified as the 1948 version and vice versa ( at 2 : 36 , the Vee @-@ Jay version is about a half a minute shorter than the original ) .
The first two takes from the September 1948 Detroit recording session began appearing on various compilation albums in the 1970s , sometimes with the titles " John Lee 's Original Boogie " and " Henry 's Swing Club " . Meanwhile , Modern and its associated labels including Kent and Crown reissued the song several times .
From the 1960s onwards , Hooker recorded several studio and live renditions of " Boogie Chillen ' " , with guest musicians such as Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones . In 1970 , he recorded an updated version of the song , titled " Boogie Chillen ' No. 2 " , with the blues rock group Canned Heat for their joint album , Hooker ' n Heat . Blues historian Gerard Herzhaft describes the performance as a " memorable one " . It combines Hooker 's vocal and Canned Heat 's signature boogie rock backing , as heard in the group 's jam song " Fried Hockey Boogie " ( itself an adaptation of " Boogie Chillen ' " ) . Despite being over eleven minutes long with extended guitar and harmonica solos , it remains as " full of the same swagger as the original " .
= = Recognition and legacy = =
In 1985 , Hooker 's 1948 recording of " Boogie Chillen ' " was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame . Writing for the Foundation , blues historian Jim O 'Neal noted it was " the first down @-@ home electric blues record to achieve No. 1 chart status and its success , together with that of the Hooker hits that followed , inspired record companies to search out the new electric generation of country bluesmen " . In 1999 , it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award and is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame list of the " 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll " . " Boogie Chillen ' " was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry in 2008 , which noted that " the driving rhythm and confessional lyrics have guaranteed its place as an influential and enduring blues classic " . Authors Jim Dawson and Steve Propes included it in their 1992 book What Was the First Rock ' n ' Roll Record ? , identifying it among the precursors of rock and roll .
" Boogie Chillen ' " has inspired several songs , beginning in 1953 , when Junior Parker recorded his interpretation titled " Feelin ' Good " . It became Parker 's first hit for Sun Records and was subsequently recorded by James Cotton in 1967 and by Magic Sam as " I Feel So Good ( I Wanna Boogie ) " for his influential 1967 album West Side Soul . A version by Slim Harpo , titled " Boogie Chillun " , appeared on his 1970 album Slim Harpo Knew the Blues using a similar arrangement to his 1966 hit " Shake Your Hips " .
Other songs that borrow from " Boogie Chillen ' " or " Boogie Chillen ' No. 2 " , either directly or indirectly , include the radio hits " On the Road Again " by Canned Heat in 1968 , " Spirit in the Sky " by Norman Greenbaum in 1970 , and " La Grange " by ZZ Top in 197
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could elevate to 30 degrees , which enabled a maximum range of 16 @,@ 300 metres ( 17 @,@ 800 yd ) . The single turrets could only elevate to 16 degrees , and so their range was correspondingly lower at 12 @,@ 400 metres ( 13 @,@ 600 yd ) . The twin turrets could train to approximately 150 degrees in either direction from the centerline .
Secondary armament included six 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) SK L / 40 guns in MPL casemates . These guns had a fired armor @-@ piercing shells at a rate of 4 – 5 per minute . The ships carried 170 shells per gun , for a total of 1 @,@ 020 rounds total . The guns could depress to − 7 degrees and elevate to 20 degrees , for a maximum range of 13 @,@ 700 metres ( 15 @,@ 000 yd ) . They were manually elevated and trained .
The ships were also armed with eighteen 8 @.@ 8 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) guns mounted in casemates . They fired 10 kg ( 22 lb ) shells at a muzzle velocity of approximately 620 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 000 ft / s ) . The ship carried 150 shells per gun , for a total of 2 @,@ 700 rounds . They were capable of engaging targets out to 11 @,@ 000 m ( 12 @,@ 000 yd ) . As with the larger 15 cm guns , the 8 @.@ 8 cm weapons were manually elevated and trained .
As was customary for warships of the period , the Scharnhorst @-@ class ships were equipped with four 45 cm ( 18 in ) submerged torpedo tubes . One was mounted in the bow , one on each broadside , and the fourth was placed in the stern . The ships were supplied with a total of 11 torpedoes . The weapons were the C / 03 type , which weighed 662 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 459 lb ) and carried a 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) high @-@ explosive warhead . At a speed of 31 knots ( 57 km / h ; 36 mph ) , the torpedoes had an effective range of 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 yd ) ; when set at a slower speed of 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) , the weapons could hit targets out to twice the distance , at 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 3 @,@ 300 yd ) .
= = = Armor = = =
As was the standard for German warships , the ships of the Scharnhorst class were protected by Krupp armor . They had an armor belt that was 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick in the central portion of the ship , where the most important areas were located . The belt decreased to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) on either end of the central citadel , and down to nothing at the bow and stern . The entire belt was backed with teak planking . The main armored deck ranged in thickness from 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) over critical areas and down to 35 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) elsewhere . The deck sloped down to the belt ; this portion was between 40 – 55 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 2 in ) thick . The forward conning tower had 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides and a 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick roof . The rear conning tower was less well @-@ armored , with sides that were only 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick and a roof that was 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) thick . The main battery gun turrets had 170 mm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) thick sides and 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick roofs , while the amidships guns were protected with 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick gun shields and 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick roofs . The 15 cm guns were armored with 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick shields .
= = Ships = =
= = Service history = =
Upon commissioning , both ships of the class were assigned to the German East Asia Squadron , with Scharnhorst serving as Admiral Maximilian von Spee 's flagship . Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were regarded as well @-@ trained vessels ; both ships won awards for their excellence at gunnery . At the start of World War I , the two ships were in the Caroline Islands on a routine cruise ; the rest of von Spee 's squadron was dispersed around the Pacific . The declaration of war by Japan on Germany convinced von Spee to consolidate his force with the cruisers Leipzig and Dresden from the American
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other burger outlets at the time . Since its inception , the Whopper has become synonymous with Burger King , and has become the focus of much of its advertising . The company even named its new kiosk @-@ style restaurants Whopper Bars .
The menu component of Donald Smith 's Operation Phoenix was initiated in 1978 and led to the addition of the Burger King Specialty Sandwich line in 1979 . The new product line significantly expanded the breadth of the BK menu with many non @-@ hamburger sandwiches , including new chicken and fish offerings . The new Specialty Sandwich line was one of the first attempts to target a specific demographic , in this case adults 18 – 34 , members of which would be willing to spend more on a higher quality product . One of Smith 's other significant contributions to the menu was the addition of a breakfast product line , which until this time was not a market Burger King had entered . Besides the addition of the Croissan 'Wich in 1983 , the breakfast menu remained almost identical to the McDonald 's offerings until a menu revamp in 1985 . This expansion introduced BK 's " Am Express " product line , which added new products such as French toast sticks and mini @-@ muffins .
As the company expanded both inside and outside the US , it introduced localized versions of its products that conform to regional tastes and cultural or religious beliefs . International variations add ingredients such as teriyaki or beetroot and fried egg to the Whopper ; beer in Germany , Italy and Spain ; and halal or kosher products in the Middle East and Israel . To generate additional sales , BK will occasionally introduce limited time offers ( LTOs ) that are versions of its core products , or new products intended for either long or short term sales . Items such as the Texas Double Whopper and various sandwiches made with mushrooms and Swiss cheese have been rotated in and out of its menu for several years , while products such as its 1993 Meatloaf Specialty Sandwich offering and accompanying limited table service , along with special dinner platters , failed to generate interest and were discontinued .
In order to appeal to as many demographic groups as possible and better compete with its competitor Wendy 's , Burger King added a multi @-@ tiered value menu in 1993 with items priced at 99 ¢ , US $ 1 @.@ 99 and $ 2 @.@ 99 . The additions , part of then CEO James Adamson 's back to basics program also called Operation Phoenix , were an attempt to add not only a value menu , but also a line of value meals . The tiered menu was replaced with a more standard value menu in 1998 , while the value meals were separated into their own menu segment . This value menu featured seven products : Whopper Jr . , five @-@ piece Chicken Tenders , a bacon cheeseburger , medium @-@ sized French fries , medium soft drink , medium onion rings , and small shake . In 2002 and 2006 , BK revamped its value menu , adding and removing several different products such as chili and its Rodeo Cheeseburger . Many of these items have since been discontinued , modified or relegated to a regional menu option . To better appeal to a more adult palate and demographic , BK introduced several new products to its menu in 2003 , including several new or revamped chicken products , a new salad line and its BK Joe brand of coffee . Some of the new products , including its Enormous Omelet Sandwich line and the BK Stacker line , brought negative attention due to the large portion size , and amounts of unhealthy fats and trans @-@ fats . Many of these products featured higher quality ingredients like whole chicken breast , Angus beef , and natural cheeses such as cheddar and pepper jack . Again , not all these products , such as the BK Baguette line , have met corporate sales expectations .
With the purchase of the company in 2010 , 3G began a program to restructure its menu designed to move away from the male @-@ oriented menu that had dominated under the previous ownership . The first major item to be introduced was a reformulation of its BK Chicken Tenders product in March 2011 . Over the next few months , approximately 20 new products were researched and developed while others were reformulated , including its Chef 's Choice Burger . Eventually pruned down to 10 items , Burger King began deploying the items in the United States throughout 2011 – 2012 with the official roll out beginning April 2012 . The changes included new ice cream products , smoothies , frappés and chicken strips . The Whopper was the most prominently reformulated product in this round of introductions with a new type of cheese and packaging .
= = = Equipment = = =
Like its menu , the equipment the company cooks its hamburgers with has also evolved as the company expanded . The burgers have always been broiled mechanically ; the original unit , called
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èlbey 's income from this source declined , the period was also marked by a rise in the popularity of the radio and gramophones and his new compositions were successful with audiences at home . By the early 1930s over 1 @,@ 500 broadcasts of his work were made on BBC Radio in a year , and more than 700 on continental radio stations , including a weekly Sunday programme of his music , sponsored by Decca Records on Radio Luxembourg . For this programme he wrote the theme music , " Sunday Afternoon Reverie " , with the melody based on the musical notes D E C C A.
Ketèlbey wrote an intermezzo — A Birthday Greeting — in 1932 , on the sixth birthday of Princess Elizabeth ( later Queen Elizabeth II ) . His connection to royalty continued in 1934 , when his march A State Procession was played to accompany the arrival of King George V at a Royal Command Performance ; the king requested that the march should be played again during the interval , and he and the queen stayed in the royal box to listen to the piece . In the following year Ketèlbey wrote the march With Honour Crowned for the King 's silver jubilee ; the work was played for the royal family at Windsor Castle before Ketèlbey conducted its first public performance at Kingsway Hall . The work was played at that year 's Trooping the Colour and at the Jubilee Thanksgiving Service at St Paul 's Cathedral .
Ketèlbey continued to conduct on his annual tours during the Second World War , but these were on a smaller scale because of travel restrictions . He also continued with his annual concerts at Kingsway Hall , and introduced a new march , Fighting for Freedom , which he had written in a supportive response to Winston Churchill 's " We shall fight on the beaches " speech . Apart from composing and conducting , he also acted as a Special Constable during the war .
= = = Post war ; retirement and death , 1946 – 59 = = =
The winter of 1946 – 47 was harsh , and in February the sub @-@ zero temperatures burst the water main outside Ketèlbey 's Hampstead home . With his house partially flooded , he lost most of his correspondence , manuscripts and papers and he and his wife both contracted pneumonia . The couple were taken to the Regent 's Park Nursing Home , where Lottie died two days later . He sold his house and moved temporarily to the Hendon Hall Hotel , where he had a nervous breakdown . He spent the remainder of the year staying in hotels in southern England ; in Bournemouth he began a relationship with Mabel Maud Pritchett , a hotel manageress , and the couple married in October in the following year .
In 1949 Ketèlbey and his new wife moved to the Isle of Wight , and purchased Rookstone , Egypt Hill , in Cowes , where he partly retired , although he still
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a supernatural drama titled Moe 's World that was never aired . She received guest roles in television shows such as Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1991 ) and 21 Jump Street ( 1991 ) . She earned a role on comedian Bill Cosby 's NBC television sitcom A Different World in 1991 , as college freshman Lena James .
In 1994 , Pinkett Smith acted with Keenen Ivory Wayans in the action and comedy film A Low Down Dirty Shame . She described her character , Peaches , as " raw " with " major attitude " , and her acting garnered positive reviews . The New York Times noted , " Ms. Pinkett , whose performance is as sassy and sizzling as a Salt @-@ n @-@ Pepa recording , walks away with the movie . "
= = = 1996 – 2000 = = =
Following a role in Demon Knight ( 1995 ) , Pinkett Smith co @-@ starred with actor and comedian Eddie Murphy in the 1996 remake of The Nutty Professor . The film opened in 2 @,@ 000 theaters and earned $ 25 million in its first weekend .
Next , Pinkett Smith had a role in Set It Off ( 1996 ) , a crime drama about four women who rob banks to escape from poverty . With Queen Latifah , Vivica A. Fox , and Kimberly Elise , her acting in the film was noted in the San Francisco Chronicle where they named her as " the one to watch " .
In 1997 , Pinkett Smith had a cameo role in Scream 2 as Maureen Evans , a college student who is brutally murdered in front of hundreds of cinemagoers . The film made over $ 100 million at the US box office . In 2000 , Pinkett Smith was cast in Spike Lee 's film Bamboozled ( 2000 ) , as Sloan Hopkins , a personal assistant to the main character portrayed by Damon Wayans . Although the film met with mediocre reviews , it won the Freedom of Expression Award by the National Board of Review .
= = = 2001 – present = = =
Perhaps her best @-@ known role to date is the part of human rebel Niobe in the films The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) and The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 ) , and video game Enter The Matrix ( 2003 ) sequels to 1999 's The Matrix . The character was eventually written , specifically , with Pinkett Smith in mind . Directly after she filmed her scenes for Ali , Pinkett Smith flew to Australia to work on the Matrix sequels . The sequels earned over $ 91 million and $ 48 million during opening weekends , respectively .
In 2008 , Pinkett Smith portrayed Alex Fisher , a lesbian author , in The Women . Pinkett Smith 's directorial debut was The Human Contract ; she also wrote and acted in the movie . Starring Paz Vega and Idris Elba , it debuted at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2008 . In January 2009 , she started working on the TNT medical drama Hawthorne , in which she was executive producer and a starring cast member . In September 2011 , the show was cancelled by TNT , after three seasons . In spring 2012 , Pinkett Smith launched a web series entitled Red Table Talks , with the first episode featuring her daughter and her mother , in order to encourage dialogue within families . Beginning in 2014 , she starred in the first season of the Fox 's crime drama Gotham as the notorious gangster Fish Mooney . In 2016 she reprised her role as Mooney in many episodes of Gotham`s second season .
= = Musical career = =
Under the stage name Jada Koren , Pinkett Smith formed the metal band Wicked Wisdom in 2002 . The band consists of Pinkett Smith performing lead vocals , Pocket Honore ( guitar , vocals ) , Cameron " Wirm " Graves ( guitar , keyboard , vocals ) , and Rio ( bass , vocals ) . The band is managed by James Lassiter and Miguel Melendez of Overbrook Entertainment , a company co @-@ founded by Pinkett Smith 's husband Will Smith .
The band 's self @-@ titled debut album was released on February 21 , 2006 , by Pinkett Smith 's production company 100 % Womon and Suburban Noize Records . Will Smith served as the project 's executive producer . The album made it to Billboard 's Top Heatseekers chart , and peaked at number 44 during the week of March 11 , 2006 . AllMusic reviewer Alex Henderson said of the album , " [ Pinkett Smith ] shows herself to be an expressive , commanding singer " and that " [ Wicked Wisdom ] shows considerable promise " . The band promoted the album in 2006 , touring with heavy metal band Sevendust .
= = = Onyx Hotel Tour = = =
Wicked Wisdom landed a slot on Britney Spears ' Onyx Hotel Tour in 2004 , one of the year 's highest @-@ profile tours . The band opened for Spears for eight dates in April and May 2004 , during the European leg of the tour .
= = = Ozzfest 2005 = = =
In 2005 , Sharon Osbourne went to see Wicked Wisdom perform at a small nightclub in Los Angeles . She said , " I was blown away . When you see and hear Jada with her band it 's apparent that she has nothing but love and respect for this genre of music " . In May 2005 organizers announced Wicked Wisdom would perform on the second stage of 2005 's Ozzfest . Fans of the festival were outraged , claiming the band did not have the credibility to perform at the music festival . Aware of the questions about the band 's addition to Ozzfest , Pinkett Smith said , " I 'm not here asking for any favors . You 've got to show and prove . And not every audience is going to go for it . " Wicked Wisdom 's guitarist Pocket Honore said while early dates of the tour were rocky , " once word got out that we weren 't a joke , people started coming out and by the sixth or seventh gig we were on fire " . Pinkett Smith agreed , saying , " After seven dates within the Ozzfest tour , the whole attitude of it started to turn around once the word of mouth started getting out . "
= = Personal life = =
Jada met Will Smith in 1994 on the set of Smith 's television show The Fresh Prince of Bel @-@ Air , when she auditioned for the role of his character 's girlfriend , Lisa Wilkes . She was considered too short and the role went to actress Nia Long . Jada and Will became friends , and began dating in 1995 . On December 31 , 1997 , about 100 guests attended their wedding at The Cloisters , near her hometown of Baltimore , Maryland . Regarding her marriage , Jada said that they are " private people " and told one interviewer , " I will throw my career away before I let it break up our marriage . I made it clear to Will . I 'd throw it away completely " .
Jada and Will have two children , Jaden ( b . 1998 ) , and Willow ( b . 2000 ) . She is also the stepmother of Trey Smith , Will 's son from a previous marriage .
Will commented in 2008 on their parenting styles : " We 're not strict but we definitely believe it 's a very important component for rearing children . It creates safety for them . They understand that they need guidance . " Jaden and Willow are attending public school once again . The family resides in a 27 @,@ 000 square foot ( 2 @,@ 500 m2 ) home , on 100 acres ( 40 ha ) , in Malibu .
= = Business ventures = =
After opening her music company 100 % Womon Productions , Pinkett Smith created her own fashion label , Maja , in 1994 . The clothing line features women 's T @-@ shirts and dresses embellished with the slogan " Sister Power " , sold primarily through small catalogs .
In 2003 , Pinkett Smith and Smith helped to create the television series All of Us , which originally aired on UPN . Pinkett Smith published her first children 's book , Girls Hold Up This World , in 2004 . " I wrote the book for Willow and for her friends and for all the little girls in the world who need affirmation about being female in this pretty much masculine world . I really tried to capture different sides of femininity . I want girls in the world to feel powerful , to know they have the power to change the world in any way they wish . "
In 2005 , Pinkett Smith became one of
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1954
= = Description = =
The biggest females are more than four times as heavy as the biggest males , which rarely exceed 160 kg ( 350 lb ) in weight . The longest females can reach a length of 5 m ( 16 ft ) with the bill , from eye to tip , constituting about 20 % of the total body length .
Body mass in the largest female specimens has been reported from 540 to 820 kg ( 1 @,@ 190 to 1 @,@ 810 lb ) , depending on the source ( few large specimens are scientifically verified ) . The largest blue marlin caught by IGFA angling rules is from Vitoria , Brazil , which weighed 1 @,@ 402 lb ( 636 kg ) . ; fishermen often refer to individual marlins that reach or exceed 1 @,@ 000 pounds as " granders " .
Both sexes have 24 vertebrae , of which 11 are precaudal and 13 are caudal .
The marlin has two dorsal fins and two anal fins . The fins are supported by bony spines known as rays . Its first dorsal fin has 39 to 43 rays from front to back . Its second dorsal fin has six or seven rays . Its first anal fin , which is similar in shape and size to the second dorsal fin , has 13 to 16 rays , and the second anal fin has six or seven rays . The pectoral fins , which have 19 to 22 rays , are long and narrow and can be drawn in to the sides of the body . The pelvic fins are shorter than the pectorals , have a poorly developed membrane , and are depressible into ventral grooves . Its first anal fin , along with its pectoral and caudal fins , can be folded into grooves . This streamlines the fish and thereby reduces drag .
Blue marlin , like other billfish , can rapidly change color , an effect created by pigment @-@ containing iridophores and light @-@ reflecting skin cells .
Most often , however , the body is blue @-@ black on top with a silvery white underside . It has about 15 rows of pale , cobalt @-@ colored stripes , each of which has round dots and / or thin bars , located on both sides of the fish . The first dorsal fin membrane is dark blue or almost black and has no dots or marks . Other fins are normally brownish @-@ black , sometimes with a hint of dark blue . The bases of the first and second anal fins have a hint of silvery white .
The body is covered with thick , bony , elongated scales that have one , two , or three posterior points , with one being the most common form .
The bill is long and stout . Both the jaws and the palatines ( the roof of the mouth ) are covered with small , file @-@ like teeth . The lateral line system is a group of neuromasts rooted in lateral line canals that can sense weak water motions and large changes in pressure . It has the appearance of a net . It is obvious in immature specimens but unclear in adults , becoming progressively embedded in the skin . The anus is just in front of the origin of the first anal fin .
= = Range and migration = =
Blue marlin are found year @-@ round in tropical oceanic waters of the Atlantic and Indo @-@ Pacific . The range expands into temperate waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres during the warmer months and contracts towards the Equator during colder months . Warm currents such as the Gulf Stream in the western Atlantic and the Agulhas Current in the western Indian Ocean have a major influence on their seasonal distribution .
In the Atlantic , the blue marlin 's latitudinal range extends from about 45 ° N to about 35 ° S. It is less abundant in the eastern Atlantic , where it mostly occurs off Africa between the latitudes of 25 ° N and 25 ° S. The largest numbers are usually found in waters warmer than 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) , but blue marlin have been found at surface water temperatures as high as 30 @.@ 5 ° C ( 86 @.@ 9 ° F ) and as low as 21 @.@ 7 ° C ( 71 @.@ 1 ° F ) .
Tagging studies , using conventional " spaghetti " tags , and more recently pop @-@ up satellite tags , have given researchers a glimpse into blue marlin migration patterns and habits . Recaptures of tagged fish have shown multiple movements between the Caribbean Islands and Venezuela and the Bahamas , as well as between the Caribbean Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands and West Africa , as well interocean travel . Most notably , a blue marlin tagged off the coast of Delaware was recovered near the island of Mauritius off the southeast coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean – a voyage of 9 @,@ 254 miles . Blue marlin tagged in the Pacific have also been recovered in the Indian Ocean . Several fish have been recaptured in the same general area where they were tagged , implying reverse migration after / over several years , but the data are insufficient to accurately determine seasonality .
= = Predators and parasites = =
Once blue marlin reach maturity , they have few predators , with the most important probably being large pelagic sharks such as the shortfin mako and great white shark .
Blue marlin have many parasites . They include parasites from these groups : Digenea ( flukes ) , Didymozoidea (
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tissue flukes ) , Monogenea ( gillworms ) , Cestoda ( tapeworms ) , Nematoda ( roundworms ) , Acanthocephala ( spiny @-@ headed worms ) , copepods , barnacles , and cookiecutter sharks .
Remoras are commonly found attached to blue marlin , often inside the opercula .
= = Lifecycle = =
Growth and maturity
Atlantic blue marlin reach sexual maturity at the age of two to four years . Males reach sexual maturity at a weight of 35 – 44 kg ( 77 – 97 lb ) and females at 47 – 61 kg ( 104 – 134 lb ) . Blue marlin breed in late summer and fall . Females may spawn as many as four times in one season . They often release over seven million eggs at once , each about 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 039 in ) in diameter . Few reach sexual maturity . The planktonic young drift freely in the ocean 's pelagic zone . Larvae inhabit the west central Atlantic off Georgia , North Carolina , Florida , Jamaica , Bahamas , the Dominican Republic , and Puerto Rico , and also the southwest Atlantic off Brazil . The larvae may grow as much as 16 mm ( 0 @.@ 63 in ) in a day . On their sides and dorsal surfaces they are blue @-@ black in color , while ventrally they are white . Both the caudal fin and the caudal peduncle ( the narrow part of the fish 's body to which the caudal or tail fin is attached ) are clear . Two iridescent blue patches occur on the head , and some individuals have darker spots on their backs . In adolescents , the first dorsal fin is large and concave , gradually reducing in proportion to body size with continued growth . Males may live for 18 years , and females up to 27 .
Diet and feeding
The larvae feed upon a variety of zooplankton along with drifting fish eggs and other larvae . They progress to feeding on a wide range of fishes , particularly scombrids , such as mackerel and tuna , squid , and especially near oceanic islands and coral reefs , on juvenile inshore fish . Studies of stomach contents in both the Atlantic and Pacific have found that smaller schooling scombrids such as frigate mackerel , bullet tuna , and skipjack tuna make up a substantial proportion of their diet . Squid and deep @-@ sea fishes such as pomfret and snake mackerel are also important prey items in certain areas . Blue marlin have been recorded to take prey as large as white marlin , as
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Simon Winder believes that because Fleming was writing about Jamaica , the result was " perhaps the most attractive of all the Bond books — the most relaxed , the most fiendish , the most confident " . According to the literary analyst LeRoy L. Panek , in his examination of 20th century British spy novels , Fleming knew his outdated view of Jamaica would soon be overtaken by events — as evidenced by the novel 's description of how the Queen 's Club would be lost during independence struggles . According to the cultural historian Michael Denning , this acknowledgement of the end @-@ of @-@ empire leads to a " sense of doom " that is the result of " a shadow of real history hanging over the stories " .
= = Adaptations = =
Dr. No was serialised in The Daily Express from 19 March to 1 April 1958 . In 1960 the novel was adapted as a daily comic strip in the paper and was syndicated worldwide . The strip , which ran from May to October , was written by Peter O 'Donnell and illustrated by John McLusky . It was reprinted in 2005 by Titan Books as part of the Dr. No anthology that also includes Diamonds Are Forever and From Russia , with Love . In 1962 the American men 's magazine Stag serialised the story , renaming it as " Nude Girl of Nightmare Key " .
The film Dr. No was released in 1962 , produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , and directed by Terence Young . It was the first Bond film in the Eon Productions series ; Sean Connery portrayed Bond , with Joseph Wiseman as Doctor No and Ursula Andress as Honeychile Rider . Although the story follows the same general storyline , there are some changes : the film shows No to be an operative of the fictional crime organisation SPECTRE and his island fortress is nuclear @-@ powered ; No is killed not by the mountain of guano , but by drowning in reactor coolant . The novel was dramatised for BBC Radio 4 in May 2008 . The actor Toby Stephens played Bond , while No was played by David Suchet .
= Bobby Gibbes =
Robert Henry Maxwell ( Bobby ) Gibbes , DSO , DFC and Bar , OAM ( 6 May 1916 – 11 April 2007 ) was a leading Australian fighter ace of World War II , and the longest @-@ serving wartime commanding officer of No. 3 Squadron RAAF . He was officially credited with 10 ¼ aerial victories , although his score is often reported as 12 , including two shared . Gibbes was also credited with five aircraft probably destroyed , and a further 16 damaged . He commanded No. 3 Squadron in North Africa from February 1942 to April 1943 , apart from a brief period when he was injured .
Born in rural New South Wales , Gibbes worked as a jackaroo and salesman before joining the Royal Australian Air Force in February 1940 . Posted to the Middle East in April 1941 , he flew with No. 3 Squadron in the Syria – Lebanon Campaign , and became commanding officer during the Western Desert Campaign , where his leadership and fighting skills earned him the Distinguished Service Order and the Distinguished Flying Cross and Bar . Subsequently posted to the South West Pacific , he served with No. 80 Wing of the Australian First Tactical Air Force , and took part in the " Morotai Mutiny " of April 1945 . After the war he spent many years in New Guinea developing local industry , for which he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2004 . He continued to fly until the age of 85 , and died five years later in 2007 .
= = Family and early career = =
The only son of Henry and Cora Gibbes , Robert Henry Maxwell ( Bobby ) Gibbes was born on 6 May 1916 in Young , New South Wales . He came from a family that had long been active in the government and military . His great @-@ grandfather , Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes , built his residence " Wotonga " at Kirribilli ; the property was later refurbished to become Sydney 's Admiralty House . Gibbes ' grandfather , Augustus Onslow Manby Gibbes , owned Yarralumla station , subsequently the official residence of Australia 's Governor @-@ General . His father was a grazier and his uncle Fred a Sopwith Camel pilot in World War I who was killed in action . Gibbes attended All Saints College in Bathurst , and various schools in Manly , before earning a living as a jackaroo .
Gibbes was working as a salesman when he joined the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) on 2 February 1940 . He exaggerated his height , which was below the minimum requirement , to gain entrance . In a 1990 interview , he related that he had undertaken flying lessons at his own expense prior to enlisting , but " when war was declared , I thought I 'd wait for King George to pay for the rest " . He further recalled that he applied to join the Royal Australian Navy at the same time , but was still waiting for a response . After completing flying training at Mascot and Richmond , New South Wales , and Point Cook , Victoria , Gibbes was commissioned a pilot officer on 28 June 1940 . His initial posting was to No. 23 Squadron , which operated CAC Wirraways and Lockheed Hudsons out of Archerfield , Queensland . He was promoted to flying officer on 26 December 1940 .
Two of Gibbes ' cousins — both born in 1915 and , like Bobby , only sons — were also pilots in the RAAF . Rodney Gibbes joined the Air Force in July 1936 . Peter Gibbes , an airline pilot before the war , enlisted in December 1940 . Each earned the Distinguished Flying Cross , Rodney in 1940 for his part in a Wellington bomber raid in Europe while serving with the Royal Air Force , and Peter in 1942 for his actions flying a Hudson bomber with No. 1 Squadron RAAF during the Malayan Campaign . Rodney died in action over Italy on 16 May 1943 .
= = Combat service = =
= = = Middle East = = =
In April 1941 , Gibbes was posted to the Middle East as adjutant of No. 450 Squadron . The following month he transferred to No. 3 Squadron , which was flying Hawker Hurricanes . In June , after converting to P @-@ 40 Tomahawks , the squadron commenced operations in the Syria – Lebanon Campaign . Gibbes was credited with a probable victory over a Junkers Ju 88 near Bierut on 13 June . On 11 July he claimed his first " kill " , a Dewoitine D.520 fighter
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Force ( IATF ) of the Tenth Air Force under General Clayton Bissell . In Bissell 's re @-@ organization , five commanders reported to him : Haynes ran the IATF , Chennault ran the CATF , Robert F. Tate ran the India – China Ferry Command , Robert C. Oliver ran the Tenth 's service arm and Francis M. Brady operated the large air base at Karachi . Haynes 's task force assembled three bomber groups : the 7th BG Heavy , the 51st Fighter Group and the 341st BG ( Medium ) . On paper were more squadrons not yet prepared for war — some had no aircraft , some had too little training and some were bare cadres . Haynes used what few aircraft were available , mostly war @-@ weary medium bombers . The bombing missions often included in their payloads some of the " Compliments of " leaflets as a continuation of the defiant response to Tokyo Rose . Men under Haynes noted that the general was never flown by others — he always did his own flying . He emphasized operational preparedness and self @-@ motivation , yet his personal style put people at their ease . Sergeant John Boyd observed that Haynes was " not a desk general but a field and operations commander who believed in getting things done . " One of the earliest offensive efforts made by the new task force was a multi @-@ stage 5 @,@ 500 @-@ mile ( 8 @,@ 900 km ) voyage from the main base at Karachi , through various Chinese airfields with the ultimate goal of attacking the docks of Hong Kong and returning . During this attack , Life journalist Theodore H. White rode in one of the bombers , and wrote a story about the experience for the magazine . On October 25 , ten B @-@ 25 Mitchells led by Haynes took off on the final leg from an advance airfield at Kunming , accompanied by seven P @-@ 40s commanded by Scott . The small force destroyed a transport ship , bombed Hong Kong 's vital Kowloon Harbor and claimed 27 enemy aircraft for the loss of one bomber and one fighter . Haynes asked Bissell for more Norden bombsights — the Mitchell mediums shared only two between all the squadrons , and their supplied D @-@ 8 bombsights were ones Haynes considered to be of no value .
He sent a small force of eight B @-@ 24s to bomb Mandalay on November 8 followed in two days with a repeat visit by six of the heavy bombers . Further B @-@ 24 missions continued with slowly increasing numbers of sorties flown . In January 1943 , IATF moved to Barrackpore , more than 1 @,@ 300 miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km ) nearer its targets in Burma . The combat strength of IATF , though not yet 100 % , was strong enough
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, however , it will also reduce metal ions that generate free radicals through the Fenton reaction .
2 Fe3 + + Ascorbate → 2 Fe2 + + Dehydroascorbate
2 Fe2 + + 2 H2O2 → 2 Fe3 + + 2 OH · + 2 OH −
The relative importance of the antioxidant and pro @-@ oxidant activities of antioxidants is an area of current research , but vitamin C , which exerts its effects as a vitamin by oxidizing polypeptides , appears to have a mostly antioxidant action in the human body . However , less data is available for other dietary antioxidants , such as vitamin E , or the polyphenols . Likewise , the pathogenesis of diseases involving hyperuricemia likely involve uric acid 's direct and indirect pro @-@ oxidant properties .
That is , paradoxically , agents which are normally considered antioxidants can act as conditional pro @-@ oxidants and actually increase oxidative stress . Besides ascorbate , medically important conditional pro @-@ oxidants include uric acid and sulfhydryl amino acids such as homocysteine . Typically , this involves some transition @-@ series metal such as copper or iron as catalyst . The potential role of the pro @-@ oxidant role of uric acid in ( e.g. ) atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke is considered above . Another example is the postulated role of homocysteine in atherosclerosis .
= = = Negative health effects = = =
Some antioxidant supplements may promote disease and increase mortality in humans under certain conditions . Hypothetically , free radicals induce an endogenous response that protects against exogenous radicals ( and possibly other toxic compounds ) . Free radicals may increase life span . This increase may be prevented by antioxidants , providing direct evidence that toxic radicals may mitohormetically exert life extending and health promoting effects .
= = Enzyme systems = =
As with the chemical antioxidants , cells are protected against oxidative stress by an interacting network of antioxidant enzymes . Here , the superoxide released by processes such as oxidative phosphorylation is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and then further reduced to give water . This detoxification pathway is the result of multiple enzymes , with superoxide dismutases catalysing the first step and then catalases and various peroxidases removing hydrogen peroxide . As with antioxidant metabolites , the contributions of these enzymes to antioxidant defenses can be hard to separate from one another , but the generation of transgenic mice lacking just one antioxidant enzyme can be informative .
= = = Superoxide dismutase , catalase and peroxiredoxins = = =
Superoxide dismutases ( SODs ) are a class of closely related enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of the superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide . SOD enzymes are present in almost all aerobic cells and in extracellular fluids . Superoxide dismutase enzymes contain metal ion cofactors that , depending on the isozyme , can be copper , zinc , manganese or iron . In humans , the copper / zinc SOD is present in the cytosol , while manganese SOD is present in the mitochondrion . There also exists a third form of SOD in extracellular fluids , which contains copper and zinc in its active sites . The mitochondrial isozyme seems to be the most biologically important of these three , since mice lacking this enzyme die soon after birth . In contrast , the mice lacking copper / zinc SOD ( Sod1 ) are viable but have numerous pathologies and a reduced lifespan ( see article on superoxide ) , while mice without the extracellular SOD have minimal defects ( sensitive to hyperoxia ) . In plants , SOD isozymes are present in the cytosol and mitochondria , with an iron SOD found in chloroplasts that is absent from vertebrates and yeast .
Catalases are enzymes that catalyse the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen , using either an iron or manganese cofactor . This protein is localized to peroxisomes in most eukaryotic cells . Catalase is an unusual enzyme since , although hydrogen peroxide is its only substrate , it follows a ping @-@ pong mechanism . Here , its cofactor is oxidised by one molecule of hydrogen peroxide and then regenerated by transferring the bound oxygen to a second molecule of substrate . Despite its apparent importance in hydrogen peroxide removal , humans with genetic deficiency of catalase — " acatalasemia " — or mice genetically engineered to lack catalase completely , suffer few ill effects .
Peroxiredoxins are peroxidases that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide , organic hydroperoxides , as well as peroxynitrite . They are divided into three classes : typical 2 @-@ cysteine peroxiredoxins ; atypical 2 @-@ cysteine peroxiredoxins ; and 1 @-@ cysteine peroxiredoxins . These enzymes share the same basic catalytic mechanism , in which a redox @-@ active cysteine ( the peroxidatic cysteine ) in the active site is oxidized to a sulfenic acid by the peroxide substrate . Over @-@ oxidation of this cysteine residue in peroxiredoxins inactivates these enzymes , but this can be reversed by the action of sulfiredoxin . Peroxiredoxins seem to be important in antioxidant metabolism , as mice lacking peroxiredoxin 1 or 2 have shortened lifespan and suffer from hemolytic anaemia , while plants use peroxiredoxins to remove hydrogen peroxide generated in chloroplasts .
= = = Thioredoxin and glutathione systems = = =
The thioredoxin system contains the 12 @-@ kDa protein thioredoxin and its companion thioredoxin reductase . Proteins related to thioredoxin are present in all sequenced organisms . Plants , such as Arabidopsis thaliana , have a particularly great diversity of isoforms . The active site of thioredoxin consists of two neighboring cysteines , as part of a highly conserved CXXC motif , that can cycle between an active dithiol form ( reduced ) and an oxidized disulfide form . In its active state , thioredoxin acts as an efficient reducing agent , scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintaining other proteins in their reduced state . After being oxidized , the active thioredoxin is regenerated by the action of thioredoxin reductase , using NADPH as an electron donor .
The glutathione system includes glutathione , glutathione reductase , glutathione peroxidases and glutathione S @-@ transferases . This system is found in animals , plants and microorganisms . Glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme containing four selenium @-@ cofactors that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides . There are at least four different glutathione peroxidase isozymes in animals . Glutathione peroxidase 1 is the most abundant and is a very efficient scavenger of hydrogen peroxide , while glutathione peroxidase 4 is most active with lipid hydroperoxides . Surprisingly , glutathione peroxidase 1 is dispensable , as mice lacking this enzyme have normal lifespans , but they are hypersensitive to induced oxidative stress . In addition , the glutathione S @-@ transferases show high activity with lipid peroxides . These enzymes are at particularly high levels in the liver and also serve in detoxification metabolism .
= = Oxidative stress in disease = =
Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to the development of a wide range of diseases including Alzheimer 's disease , Parkinson 's disease , the pathologies caused by diabetes , rheumatoid arthritis , and neurodegeneration in motor neuron diseases . In many of these cases , it is unclear if oxidants trigger the disease , or if they are produced as a secondary consequence of the disease and from general tissue damage ; One case in which this link is particularly well @-@ understood is the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease . Here , low density lipoprotein ( LDL ) oxidation appears to trigger the process of atherogenesis , which results in atherosclerosis , and finally cardiovascular disease .
Oxidative damage in DNA can cause cancer . Several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase , catalase , glutathione peroxidase , glutathione reductase , glutathione S @-@ transferase etc. protect DNA from oxidative stress . It has been proposed that polymorphisms in these enzymes are associated with DNA damage and subsequently the individual 's risk of cancer susceptibility .
A low calorie diet extends median and maximum lifespan in many animals . This effect may involve a reduction in oxidative stress . While there is some evidence to support the role of oxidative stress in aging in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans , the evidence in mammals is less clear . Indeed , a
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CST , Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self / nonself distinction : " self " constituents ( constituents of the body ) do not trigger destructive immune responses , while " nonself " entities ( pathogens , an allograft ) trigger a destructive immune response . The theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex " two @-@ signal " activation of T cells . The self / nonself theory of immunity and the self / nonself vocabulary have been criticized , but remain very influential .
More recently , several theoretical frameworks have been suggested in immunology , including " autopoietic " views , " cognitive immune " views , the " danger model " ( or " danger theory " , and the " discontinuity " theory . The danger model , suggested by Polly Matzinger and colleagues , has been very influential , arousing many comments and discussions .
= = Predicting immunogenicity = =
Larger drugs ( > 500 Da ) can provoke a neutralizing immune response , particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly , or in larger doses . This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins ( which are typically larger than 6000 Da ) . In some cases , the drug itself is not immunogenic , but may be co @-@ administered with an immunogenic compound , as is sometimes the case for Taxol . Computational methods have been developed to predict the immunogenicity of peptides and proteins , which are particularly useful in designing therapeutic antibodies , assessing likely virulence of mutations in viral coat particles , and validation of proposed peptide @-@ based drug treatments . Early techniques relied mainly on the observation that hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids ; however , more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes , usually on well @-@ studied virus proteins , as a training set . A publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells . The emerging field of bioinformatics @-@ based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as immunoinformatics . Immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins ( proteomics ) involved in the immune response .
= = Manipulation by pathogens = =
The success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses . Therefore , pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host , while evading detection or destruction by the immune system . Bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier , for example , by using a type II secretion system . Alternatively , using a type III secretion system , they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell , providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host . These proteins are often used to shut down host defenses .
An evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host ( also called intracellular pathogenesis ) . Here , a pathogen spends most of its life @-@ cycle inside host cells , where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells , antibodies and complement . Some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses , the food poisoning bacterium Salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria ( Plasmodium falciparum ) and leishmaniasis ( Leishmania spp . ) . Other bacteria , such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis , live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement . Many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host 's immune response . Some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system . Such biofilms are present in many successful infections , e.g. , the chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis . Other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies , rendering them ineffective
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does feature 4 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) sidewalks raised 10 inches ( 25 cm ) above the roadway surface .
The bridge , as well as the remainder of SR 225 are considered a major collector road by the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) , which the Federal Highway Administration defines as linking towns to larger arterials . Every year , WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2012 , WSDOT calculated that 9 @,@ 500 vehicles traveled on SR @-@ 225 along the bridge .
= = History = =
= = = Earlier spans = = =
The first span recorded was built by 1901 . That bridge was destroyed during a flood along the Yakima River in late 1917 . This bridge was recorded on the Pasco quadrangle produced by the United States Geological Survey in 1914 . The letters " US " were inscribed in one of the approach spans of the bridge as a way marker for travelers through the region . Major flooding happened along the Yakima River near Benton City in 1894 , 1917 , 1922 , 1933 , and 1948 . A new bridge was built after the original span collapsed in the flood . By 1954 the second bridge was considered no longer sufficient for the traveling public with a roadway less than 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) wide . The second bridge was torn down in 1964 , seven years after the opening of the current bridge .
= = = Current span = = =
The first proposals for the current bridge were submitted in November 1955 , with a cost estimate of $ 140 thousand ( equivalent to $ 3 million in 2015 ) . The bridge was designed so that there was a clearance of 2 feet 9 inches ( 0 @.@ 84 m ) higher than the 1933 Yakima River flood level . The new bridge was to be built 600 feet ( 180 m ) downstream from the previous bridge , but was built 300 feet ( 91 m ) upstream instead . The second bridge had been in place for 40 years and was seeing an average of 1 @,@ 700 cars @-@ per @-@ day over the bridge . By comparison 9 @,@ 500 cars on an average 2012 day travel over the current bridge .
Everett McKellar of Chelan won the contract to build the bridge , designed by Homer M. Hadley in 1956 . Hadley designed the Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge across Lake Washington and the Third Lake Washington Bridge was named after him . The cost of the bridge came out at just over $ 196 thousand ( equivalent to $ 4 @.@ 1 million in 2015 ) , and was opened to traffic on July 4 , 1957 .
The bridge is believed to be the first steel box girder bridge built in the United States , and is considered a prototype of the cable @-@ stayed bridge of which a very similar design by the Germans was completed , the Stroemsund Bridge in Sweden . Similar bridges include a timber @-@ stayed bridge designed in Germany in 1784 , the wrought @-@ iron stayed Albert Bridge in London designed in 1873 , and the Chow Chow Bridge in Grays Harbor County . The bridge was listed on the Washington Heritage Register on January 25 , 2002 .
= Fortifications of Valletta =
The fortifications of Valletta ( Maltese : Is @-@ Swar tal @-@ Belt Valletta ) are a series of defensive walls and other fortifications which surround the capital city of Valletta , Malta . The first fortification to be built was Fort Saint Elmo in 1552 , but the fortifications of the city proper began to be built in 1566 when it was founded by Grand Master Jean de Valette . Modifications were made throughout the following centuries , with the last major addition being Fort Lascaris which was completed in 1856 . Most of the fortifications remain largely intact today .
The city of Valletta , along with Nicosia in Cyprus , was considered to be a practical example of an ideal city of the Renaissance , and this was due to its fortifications as well as the urban life within the city . The fortifications were well known throughout Europe by the 17th century , and might have influenced the designs of part of the Fortress of Luxembourg . In an 1878 book , Valletta was described as " one of the best fortified [ cities ] in the world . " Today , Valletta 's fortifications are regarded as the most important of the fortifications of Malta , and they form part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
The construction of a fortified city on the Sciberras Peninsula was first proposed in 1524 , when the Order of St. John sent a commission to inspect the Maltese Islands . Back then , the only fortification on the peninsula was a militia watchtower built by the Aragonese in 1488 . The tower was strengthened in 1533 , but the proposed city was not built since the Order focused on building the fortifications of Birgu , which had become their base .
In 1551 , an Ottoman force briefly attacked Malta , and then sacked Gozo and captured Tripoli , and as a result , the Order set up a commission to improve the island 's fortifications . In 1552 , the Aragonese watchtower was demolished and Fort Saint Elmo was built in its place . The fort played a significant role in the Great Siege of Malta of 1565 . It eventually fell after a month of fierce fighting ( in which the Ottoman general Dragut was killed ) . The knights held out in Birgu and Senglea until a relief force arrived , and the siege was lifted .
= = = Construction = = =
After the Order emerged victorious from the siege , it received financial support from Europe , which was used to construct the new capital city on the Sciberras Peninsula . The Italian engineer Francesco Laparelli was sent by the Pope to design the city 's fortifications , which were designed along the Italian bastioned system . Laparelli 's original design consisted of a bastioned enceinte , with nine cavaliers and a ditch . The city was to be designed along a grid plan , and was to include a naval arsenal and a Manderaggio ( a harbour for small ships ) .
The city 's first stone was laid by Grand Master Jean de Valette on 28 March 1566 , and the new city was called Valletta in his honour . The city walls were among the first structures to be built within the city , and were largely complete by the 1570s . Some changes were made to the design while the city was being constructed , and only two cavaliers were constructed , while the arsenal and Manderaggio were never built . Fort St. Elmo , which had been severely damaged in the 1565 siege , was also rebuilt and integrated in the city walls .
The city of Valletta officially became the capital city of Malta and the seat of the Order on 18 March 1571 , although it was still unfinished . By the end of the 16th century , Valletta was the largest settlement in Malta .
= = = Improvements and modifications = = =
In the 17th and 18th centuries , Valletta 's fortifications were strengthened with the construction of various outworks , consisting of four counterguards along the land front , as well as a covertway and a glacis . The northern end of the peninsula , including Fort St. Elmo , was also enclosed in a bastioned enceinte ( known as the Carafa Enceinte ) in the late 1680s to prevent a landing from the sea .
Despite the modifications , it was realized that the walls of Valletta were not strong enough to withstand a long siege . In 1635 , construction of the Floriana Lines commenced , enclosing Valletta 's land front . The Floriana Lines were also modified until the 18th century . Later on , the suburb of Floriana developed in the area between the Floriana Lines and the Valletta Land Front , and it is now a town in its own right .
The flanks of the city were further protected in the 17th and 18th century , with the construction of the Santa Margherita Lines , Cottonera Lines and Fort Ricasoli on the Grand Harbour side , and Fort Manoel and Fort Tigné on the Marsamxett side . Further proposals , including construction of fortifications on Corradino and Ta ' Xbiex , were also made but were never implemented .
= = = French occupation and British rule = = =
The fortifications of Valletta first saw use during the French invasion of Malta on 9 June 1798 . The Order capitulated only three days later on 12 June , and Val
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letta and its fortifications were handed over to the French . Upon viewing the fortifications , Napoleon reportedly remarked " I am very glad that they opened the gate for us . "
A couple of months after the beginning of the French occupation , the Maltese people rebelled against the French and blockaded them in the Harbour area with British , Neapolitan and Portuguese support . The French managed to hold out in Valletta until September 1800 , when General Vaubois capitulated to the British , who took control of the islands .
Various modifications were made to Valletta 's fortifications during British rule . The most significant of these was the construction of Fort Lascaris between 1854 and 1856 . Other alterations included the addition of batteries and concrete gun emplacements , changes to parapets and their embrasures , and the construction of gunpowder magazines . All three original Hospitaller gateways to Valletta were demolished , and two of them were replaced by larger gates .
The British proposed the demolition of the fortifications a number of times in the 19th century . The first proposal was made by Major @-@ General Henry Pigot at the beginning of the century . In 1853 , a proposal was made to demolish Saint James Cavalier to make way for a military hospital . In 1855 , Sir John Lysaght Pennefather proposed the construction of a citadel on the high ground of the Sciberras peninsula , on the site of the Valletta Land Front and the surrounding area . In 1872 , the demolition of the city 's outworks was proposed , while the demolition of the entire land front was suggested in 1882 . Eventually , the fortifications were left largely intact , and the only part that was demolished was St. Madeleine 's Lunette , which was located near the entrance to the city ( on the site now occupied by the Triton Fountain ) .
The fortifications were eventually decommissioned between the late 19th or early 20th centuries . Some parts , such as Fort St. Elmo , Fort Lascaris and the Saluting Battery , remained in use until after World War II , with Fort St. Elmo being decommissioned in 1972 . The fortifications were included on the Antiquities List of 1925 .
In the 1960s , the 19th century Porta Reale was demolished to make way for a modern City Gate .
= = = Present day = = =
The first plans to restore the fortifications of Valletta , along with those of Birgu , Mdina and the Cittadella , were made in 2006 . Restoration started in 2010 , with the project being described as " the biggest in a century " . Squatters were evicted from public lands around the fortifications . The upper part of Fort Saint Elmo has been restored , while its lower parts have been cleaned up . The Chapel of St. Roche on St. Michael 's Counterguard , which was bombed in World War II , was rebuilt in 2014 as part of the restoration .
In 2011 , the City Gate which had been built in the 1960s was demolished , and a new City Gate was completed in 2014 .
= = Layout = =
= = = Land front = = =
The Valletta Land Front is the large bastioned enceinte enclosing the landward approach to the city . It consists of the following :
St. Michael 's Bastion , also known as Spencer 's Bastion – a demi @-@ bastion on the western extremity of the land front . Two windmills were built on it in 1674 , but they were demolished in the 19th century . The bastion now forms part of Hastings Gardens .
St. John 's Curtain – the curtain wall linking St. Michael 's and St. John 's Bastions . It now forms part of Hastings Gardens .
St. John 's Bastion – a large obtuse @-@ angled bastion with a reconstructed echaugette at its salient angle . It now forms part of Hastings Gardens.St. John 's Cavalier – a pentagonal cavalier overlooking St. John 's Bastion . It is now the embassy of the SMOM to Malta .
Porta Reale Curtain , also known as St. James Curtain – the curtain wall linking St. John 's and St. James Bastions . The city 's main gate is located within the curtain wall . The gate was rebuilt five times , with the present one being constructed between 2011 and 2014 to a design by Renzo Piano .
St. James Bastion – a large obtuse @-@ angled bastion with an echaugette at its salient angle . Its thick parapets with embrasures have been dismantled . The bastion is occupied by the Central Bank of Malta and a car park.St. James Cavalier – a pentagonal cavalier overlooking St. James Bastion . It is now a cultural centre .
Castile Curtain – the curtain wall linking St. James and St. Peter & Paul Bastions . Its parapet has been largely dismantled to make way for the road leading from Floriana to Valletta .
St. Peter and St. Paul Bastion – a two @-@ tiered corner bastion on the eastern extremity of the land front . The upper part is now the Upper Barrakka Gardens , while the lower part contains the Saluting Battery . The 19th @-@ century Fort Lascaris is located below the bastion .
The entire land front is surrounded by a deep ditch . Remains of a flanking battery within the ditch were unearthed in 2012 .
The bastions are further protected by the following outworks :
St. Michael 's Counterguard – a three @-@ tiered counterguard built in 1640 near St. Michael 's Bastion . Its lower tier contains an echaugette at its salient angle , and a small chapel dedicated to St. Roche . The chapel was destroyed in World War II , but was rebuilt in 2014 .
St. John 's Counterguard – a pentagonal counterguard built in 1640 near St. John 's Bastion . Its salient angle contains an echaugette , and it also contains a gunpowder magazine . It is currently used as a football ground .
St. Madeleine 's Lunette – a lunette that protected Porta Reale Curtain and the entrance to the city . It was dismantled in the 19th century , and its site is now occupied by the Triton Fountain .
St. James Counterguard – a pentagonal counterguard built in 1640 near St. James Bastion . Its salient angle contains an echaugette , and it also contains a gunpowder magazine . Its central platform houses the Central Bank of Malta annex .
St. Peter and St. Paul Counterguard – a two @-@ tiered counterguard built in 1640 near St. Peter and St. Paul Bastion . Its salient angle contains an echaugette , and it also contains a gunpowder magazine and a concrete observation
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Plankton , who then drops a mind @-@ control bucket on Neptune , enslaving him . SpongeBob performs the song " Goofy Goober Rock " ( performed by Jim Wise ) and , after transforming into an electric guitar @-@ wielding wizard for the duration of the song , he frees Bikini Bottom 's residents . Plankton is arrested , and King Neptune thanks SpongeBob for his bravery and thaws Mr. Krabs , who makes SpongeBob manager of the Krusty Krab 2 in gratitude .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie was long @-@ planned ; Nickelodeon and Paramount Pictures had approached series creator Stephen Hillenburg for a film based on the show , but he refused for more than a year . Hillenburg was concerned , after watching The Iron Giant and Toy Story with his sons , about the challenge of SpongeBob and Patrick doing something more cinematically @-@ consequential and inspiring without losing what he calls the SpongeBob " cadence . " He said , on a break from season @-@ four post @-@ production , " To do a 75 @-@ minute movie about SpongeBob wanting to make some jellyfish jelly would be a mistake , I think [ ... ] This had to be SpongeBob in a great adventure . That 's where the comedy 's coming from , having these two naïve characters , SpongeBob and Patrick , a doofus and an idiot , on this incredibly dangerous heroic odyssey with all the odds against them . "
In 2002 , Hillenburg and the show 's staff stopped making episodes to work on the film after the show 's third season . The film 's plot originally had SpongeBob rescue Patrick from a fisherman in Florida ; an obvious reference to the 2003 film , Finding Nemo , this was later said by Tom Kenny ( the voice of SpongeBob ) to be a " joke " plot to keep fans busy . Hillenburg wrote the film with five other writer @-@ animators from the show ( Paul Tibbitt , Derek Drymon , Aaron Springer , Kent Osborne and Tim Hill ) over a three @-@ month period in a room of a former Glendale , California bank . Osborne said , " It was hugely fun [ ... ] although it did get kind of gamy in there . " At the beginning of the series , Hillenburg screened a number of silent shorts ( from Laurel and Hardy , Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton ) and work by two modern comic actors : Jerry Lewis and Pee @-@ wee Herman , both obvious inspirations for SpongeBob . For the film , the writers created a mythical hero 's quest : the search for a stolen crown , which brings SpongeBob and Patrick to the surface . Bill Fagerbakke ( the voice of Patrick ) said about the plot , " It 's just nuts . I 'm continually dazzled and delighted with what these guys came up with . "
When the film was completed , Hillenburg wanted to end the series " so [ it ] wouldn 't jump the shark " . However , Nickelodeon desired more episodes ; Hillenburg stated : " Well , there was concern when we did the movie [ in 2004 ] that the show had peaked . There were concerns among executives at Nickelodeon . " As a result , Hillenburg resigned as the series ' showrunner , appointing supervising producer , writer , director , and storyboard artist Paul Tibbitt to succeed him . Tibbitt was one of Hillenburg 's favorite crew members : " [ I ] totally trusted him . " Tibbitt is still showrunner , and acts as an executive producer since 2008 . Hillenburg no longer writes or runs the show on a day @-@ to @-@ day basis , but reviews each episode and submits suggestions : " I figure when I 'm pretty old I can still paint [ ... ] I don 't know about running shows . " Tom Kenny , Bill Fagerbakke and the crew confirmed that they had completed four episodes for broadcast on Nickelodeon in early 2005 , and planned to finish a total of about 20 for the fourth season .
In September 2003 , Jules Engel , Hillenburg 's mentor when he studied experimental animation at the California Institute of the Arts , died . Hillenburg dedicated the film to him : " He truly was the most influential artistic person in my life . I consider him my ' Art Dad . ' "
= = = Animation = = =
There were a number of stages involved in the making of the film , beginning with a rough animation process of ideas drawn on Post @-@ it notes . The writers drew , working from rough outlines rather than scripts ( which made the humor more visual than verbal ) . Hillenburg said , " It 's in the characters ' extreme body language , in how they slither capriciously around the deadpan frames . " The storyboard artists , including Sherm Cohen , then illustrated ideas conceived by the writers . In the series Tom Yasumi and Andrew Overtoom do the animatics , but director Hillenburg and writer Derek Drymon did the animatics for the film . Yasumi and Overtoom were the film 's animation @-@ timing directors , concentrating on the sheets . The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie was animated at Rough Draft Studios in South Korea . The animators worked semi @-@ digitally ; pencil @-@ drawn poses would be composited into layouts in Photoshop .
Series writer and storyboard artist Erik Wiese left the show for a year to work on Samurai Jack and Danny Phantom , but returned to do storyboards and character layout for the film . He " always wanted to be a feature animator , and the movie felt like I was on the character animation end " , describing the experience as " a blast — it felt like coming home . "
Hillenburg enjoyed the process of making the film : " The TV schedule is tight , and you don 't always have a lot of time to work on your drawings . " He appreciated the film 's hand @-@ drawn animation : " I think the movie 's drawings are much superior than the TV show " , although CGI animation was flourishing at the time of the film 's release . " There 's a lot of talk about 2 @-@ D being dead , and I hope people don 't think that . Even Brad Bird is a proponent of 2 @-@ D. He would agree with me that it 's all about what you 're trying to say . There are many ways to tell a story , and what 's unique about animation is that there are many styles with which to tell a story . " The clay animation scenes were shot by Mark Caballero , Seamus Walsh and Chris Finnegan at Screen Novelties in Los Angeles .
= = = Filming = = =
The film features live @-@ action scenes directed by Mark Osborne in Santa Monica , California . The ship used during the 30 @-@ second opening featuring the pirates singing the theme was the Bounty , a 180 @-@ foot ( 55 m ) -long , enlarged reconstruction of the 1787 Royal Navy sailing ship HMS Bounty built for 1962 's Mutiny on the Bounty . The ship has appeared in a number of other films , including Treasure Island ( 1999 ) , Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) . In film trailers , live @-@ action scenes were taken from Das Boot ( 1981 ) , The Hunt for Red October ( 1990 ) and U @-@ 571 ( 2000 ) .
Baywatch and Knight Rider actor David Hasselhoff made a cameo in the live @-@ action scenes , offering SpongeBob and Patrick a ride to Bikini Bottom . The scene was originally written before consulting Hasselhoff . Hillenburg was pleased with the storyboards ; Lead storyboard artist Sherm Cohen said , " He had been wrestling with the ending for quite a while , and finally he was ready to pitch his ideas to some of the other board artists . " Hillenburg was counting on casting Hasselhoff , and the first question asked him was " So , do we have Hasselhoff ? " He replied " No " , with a grin . Hasselhoff eventually agreed , before seeing the script . Hillenburg said about the actor , " He 's a great guy [ ... ] He was great at making fun of himself . "
The crew built a 750 @-@ pound ( 340 kg ) , 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) replica of Hasselhoff . The $ 100 @,@ 000 replica was kept at Hasselhoff 's home ; he has said , " It freaked me out because it was so lifelike , with teeth , when you touch it [ it ] feels like real skin . It 's soft , like your skin . " At the completion of filming , Hasselhoff said , " That 's ridiculously awesome . What are you gonna do with it ? " Asked by the crew if he wanted to keep it , he answered , " Uh , yeah . Okay . " Hasselhoff filmed in cold water , where he was pulled by a sled nine yards across the sea ; he described the experience as " cold but [ a ] lot of fun . "
In late March 2014 , Hasselhoff auctioned off
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the replica with other memorabilia collected during his career . Julien 's Auctions handled the item 's sale , which were expected to bring in between $ 20 @,@ 000 and $ 30 @,@ 000 . The auction was scheduled to begin on April 11 .
= = = Cast = = =
The film stars the series ' main cast members , Tom Kenny as SpongeBob SquarePants , Bill Fagerbakke as Patrick Star , Rodger Bumpass as Squidward Tentacles , Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs , Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks and Mr. Lawrence as Plankton . It also features Jill Talley as Karen , Mary Jo Catlett as Mrs. Puff , Lori Alan as Pearl , Dee Bradley Baker as Perch Perkins , Carlos Alazraqui as King Neptune 's squire , Aaron Hendry as the Cyclops and Neil Ross as the voice of the Cyclops . In addition to the series ' cast , it was reported on March 23 , 2004 that Scarlett Johansson , Jeffrey Tambor and Alec Baldwin would play new characters Mindy , King Neptune and Dennis , respectively , and David Hasselhoff would appear as himself .
Johansson accepted the role because she likes cartoons and was a fan of The Ren & Stimpy Show . When Jeffrey Tambor signed for his voice cameo , he saw his character ( King Neptune ) and joked , " This is me . " He remembered the first cartoon he saw , Bambi : " My first cartoon , I had to be carried out crying [ ... ] It was Bambi . It 's like the great American wound : the death of Bambi 's mother . ' Run , Bambi , run ! ' " Another guest voice was Alec Baldwin ; Stephen Hillenburg said that the actor recorded his character Dennis on a " phone " : " I wouldn 't say that about his performance . He might be mad if we said that . Technically , it was like he was in another booth in the studio . "
Baywatch and Knight Rider star David Hasselhoff accepted the role when his daughters , Taylor @-@ Ann and Hayley , urged him : " I got an offer to do a cameo in the SpongeBob Movie and I turned to my girls , who were like 16 and 14 , and I said , ' Who 's SpongeBob ? ' and they said , ' Oh my God , Dad , it 's the number one cartoon in the world , you gotta do it . ' " Hasselhoff enjoyed his cameo : " It was great fun and to this day around the world kids stop me and say , ' Are you David Hasselhoff ? ' because I was the only human in the picture . " Hasselhoff said that the film gained him new fans : " It 's amazing - so many of the kids were so young and didn 't see Baywatch and Knight Rider so I got a whole new legion of fans . "
= = = Music = = =
Gregor Narholz composed the score for the film , conducting the recording sessions ( in 5 @.@ 1 surround sound ) with the London Metropolitan Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London . Narholz was signed when series music editor Nick Carr recommended him to Hillenburg after they worked together at the Associated Production Music library . Narholz was honored at the 2005 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards for his work on the film , and received a nomination for Music in an Animated Feature Production at the 32nd Annie Awards .
American rock band The Flaming Lips recorded " SpongeBob & Patrick Confront the Psychic Wall of Energy " . They shot the song 's music video , directed by band member Wayne Coyne and filmmaker Bradley Beesley , in Austin , Texas . Coyne said , " Stephen [ Hillenburg ] seems to be a fan of the weirder music of the late ' 80s and early ' 90s [ ... ] He wanted to evoke the music he got turned onto back then . " Coyne suggested a duet with Justin Timberlake , but Hillenburg refused ; according to Coyle , " ... but [ Stephen Hillenburg ] said , ' I don 't want any of those sort of commercial weirdos on there . I don 't like those commercial people . I like you guys , and Wilco and Ween . ' " American band Wilco wrote and recorded " Just a Kid " . One of the film 's producers contacted frontman Jeff Tweedy after seeing a SpongeBob air freshener hanging from Tweedy 's rearview mirror in I Am Trying to Break Your Heart : A Film About Wilco . Tweedy said , " I fell in love with SpongeBob when I heard him describe the darkness at the bottom of the sea as ' advanced darkness ' [ ... ] How could I not write a song for this film ? It automatically makes me the coolest dad on the block . " Avril Lavigne recorded the series ' theme for the soundtrack . Other artists contributing to the soundtrack were Motörhead , singing " You Better Swim " ( a derivative of their 1992 song " You 'd Better Run " ) ; Prince Paul ( " Prince Paul 's Bubble Party " ) ; Ween ( " Ocean Man " ) , and the Shins ( " They 'll Soon Discover " , partially written in 2001 ) .
" The Best Day Ever " , written by Tom Kenny ( SpongeBob 's voice actor ) and Andy Paley , was featured in the film and on its soundtrack . Kenny and Paley were working on what would become the album The Best Day Ever , writing " The Best Day Ever " and " Under My Rock " . The film 's production team needed two more tracks for the soundtrack ; Hillenburg heard the songs , and decided to include them . " The Best Day Ever " ended up being played during the film 's closing credits .
= = = Deleted scenes = = =
The DVD and Blu @-@ ray releases include animatics of deleted scenes from the film , including SpongeBob and Patrick 's meeting with Sandy Cheeks ( a squirrel ) on the surface after their escape from Shell City . Patrick repeatedly vomits , upset by Sandy 's unusual appearance . The squirrel is pursued by black @-@ suited exterminators , and defends herself with acorns . She informs SpongeBob and Patrick that they can return to Bikini Bottom by taking a bus at the beach .
When SpongeBob awakens with a hangover on the Goofy Goober party boat , he asks a waiter for a " Double @-@ Fudge Spinny " ; the rejected line was used in a tie @-@ in book , Ice @-@ Cream Dreams , which was based on the film . In 2013 the film 's lead storyboard artist , Sherm Cohen , released a storyboard panel of a deleted scene from the film with SpongeBob awakening from his dream saying " WEEEEE ! " and Mr. Krabs holding a manager 's hat .
= = Release = =
The film 's trailer was released on May 19 , 2004 , and was attached to Shrek 2 . The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie opened in theaters on November 19 , 2004 ; its yellow @-@ carpet world premiere was at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on November 14 , 2004 . Among celebrities who saw the premiere with their children were Ray Romano , Larry King , Ice Cube , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation 's Gary Dourdan and Friends ' Lisa Kudrow . The carpet was a disturbing reminder of home for Tom Kenny , SpongeBob 's voice actor ; he said , " I have a 15 @-@ month @-@ old daughter , so I 'm no stranger to yellow carpets . "
= = = Marketing = = =
Julia Pistor , the film 's co @-@ producer , said that although Nickelodeon ( which owns the SpongeBob trademark ) wanted to sell character @-@ themed backpacks , lunch boxes and wristwatches it respected Hillenburg 's integrity and gave him control of merchandising . Hillenburg had no problem with candy and ice cream tie @-@ ins , Pistor said ( because of the treats ' simplicity ) , but he had issues with fast food tie @-@ ins ; according to him , the latter was " full of hidden additives . " Pistor said , " The trouble is that you can 't go out with animated films without a fast @-@ food tie @-@ in [ ... ] People don 't take you seriously . " Hillenburg replied , " Yeah , well , my take on that is that we shouldn 't do that [ ... ] We didn 't want to suddenly become the people serving up food that 's not that good for you - especially kids . We work with Burger King , and they make toys and watches . But to actually take the step of pushing the food , that 's crossing the line . I don 't want to be the Pied Piper of fast food . "
The film was promoted across the United States . Nickelodeon joined Burger King for a 12 @-@ figure toy line based on the film , and about 4 @,@ 700 Burger King stores perched 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) , inflatable SpongeBob figures on their roofs as part of the promotion ( one of the largest in fast @-@ food history ) . Customers could also purchase one of five different SpongeBob @-@ themed watches for $ 1 @.@ 99 with the purchase of a value meal .
On November 11 , 2004 , it was reported
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yar , was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911 . At World War II 's end in 1945 , Libya was occupied by British and French forces . Although Britain and France intended on dividing the nation between their empires , the General Assembly of the United Nations ( UN ) declared that the country be granted political independence . In 1951 , the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya , a federal state under the leadership of a pro @-@ western monarch , Idris , who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy .
= = = Education and political activism : 1950 – 63 = = =
Gaddafi 's earliest education was of a religious nature , imparted by a local Islamic teacher . Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school , he progressed through six grades in four years . Education in Libya was not free , but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain . During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque , and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents . Bullied for being a Bedouin , he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children . From Sirte , he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan , south @-@ central Libya , where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school , something neither parent had done . Gaddafi was popular at school ; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration , most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud .
Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian , and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan @-@ Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts , most notably the Cairo @-@ based Voice of the Arabs . Growing up , Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world , including the 1948 Arab – Israeli War , the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 , the Suez Crisis of 1956 , and the short @-@ lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961 . Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero , President Gamal Abdel Nasser . Nasser argued for Arab nationalism ; the rejection of Western colonialism , neo @-@ colonialism , and Zionism ; and a transition from capitalism to socialism . Nasser 's book , Philosophy of the Revolution , was a key influence on Gaddafi ; outlining how to initiate a coup , it has been described as " the inspiration and blueprint of [ Gaddafi 's ] revolution . "
Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy . In October 1961 , he led a demonstration protesting Syria 's secession from the United Arab Republic . During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol . Catching the authorities ' attention , they expelled his family from Sabha . Gaddafi moved to Misrata , there attending Misrata Secondary School . Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism , he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city – including the Arab Nationalist Movement , the Arab Socialist Ba 'ath Party , and the Muslim Brotherhood – claiming he rejected factionalism . He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789 , as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln , Sun Yat @-@ sen , and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk .
= = = Military training : 1963 – 66 = = =
Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi , before dropping out to join the military . Despite his police record , in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi , alongside several like @-@ minded friends from Misrata . The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans , and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change . Under Idris , Libya 's armed forces were trained by the British military ; this angered Gaddafi , who viewed the British as imperialists , and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers , ultimately failing his exams . British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour , stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy 's commander in 1963 . Such reports were ignored and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course .
With a group of loyal cadres , in 1964 Gaddafi founded the Central Committee of the Free Officers Movement , a revolutionary group named after Nasser 's Egyptian predecessor . Led by Gaddafi , they met clandestinely and were organised into a clandestine cell system , offering their salaries into a single fund . Gaddafi travelled around Libya gathering intelligence and developing connections with sympathisers , but the government 's intelligence services ignored him , considering him little threat .
Graduating in August 1965 , Gaddafi became a communications officer in the army 's signal corps . In April 1966 , he was assigned to the United Kingdom for further training ; over 9 months he underwent an English @-@ language course at Beaconsfield , Buckinghamshire , an Army Air Corps signal instructors course in Bovington Camp , Dorset , and an infantry signal instructors course at Hythe , Kent . Despite later rumours to the contrary , he did not attend the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst .
The Bovington signal course 's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English , displaying a firm command of voice procedure . Noting that Gaddafi 's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football , he thought him an " amusing officer , always cheerful , hard @-@ working , and conscientious . " Gaddafi disliked England , claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country 's culture ; asserting his Arab identity in London , he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes . He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya , he returned home " more confident and proud of our values , ideals and social character . "
= = Libyan Arab Republic = =
= = = Coup d 'etat : 1969 = = =
Idris ' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s ; it had exacerbated Libya 's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country 's federal system in order to take advantage of the country 's oil wealth , while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry . Arab nationalism was increasingly popular , and protests flared up following Egypt 's 1967 defeat in the Six @-@ Day War with Israel ; allied to the western powers , Idris ' administration was seen as pro @-@ Israeli . Anti @-@ western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi , while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt . By 1969 , the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya 's armed forces to launch a coup . Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi 's Free Officers Movement , they have since claimed ignorance , stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi 's Black Boots revolutionary group .
In mid @-@ 1969 , Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece . Gaddafi 's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy , initiating " Operation Jerusalem " . On 1 September , they occupied airports , police depots , radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi . Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi , while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city 's anti @-@ aircraft batteries . Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar @-@ Rida al @-@ Mahdi as @-@ Sanussi , and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne . They met no serious resistance , and wielded little violence against the monarchists .
Having removed the monarchical government , Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic . Addressing the populace by radio , he proclaimed an end to the " reactionary and corrupt " regime , " the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all . " Due to the coup 's bloodless nature , it was initially labelled the " White Revolution " , although was later renamed the " One September Revolution " after the date on which it occurred . Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers ' coup represented a revolution , marking the start of widespread change in the socio @-@ economic and political nature of Libya . He proclaimed that the revolution meant " freedom , socialism , and unity " , and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this .
= = = Consolidating leadership : 1969 – 73 = = =
The 12 member central committee of the Free Officers proclaimed themselves the Revolutionary Command Council ( RCC ) , the government of the new republic . Gaddafi became RCC Chairman , and therefore the de facto head of state , also appointing himself to the rank of Colonel and becoming commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the armed forces . J
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the Civil War in 1642 the town of Burton was largely sympathetic to the Parliamentarian cause . This was probably , in part , due to the large Puritan following in the town and Staffordshire 's general disapproval of the High Church practices of the then Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud ( who was later executed for his opposition of Puritanism ) .
= = Early @-@ war Burton = =
Burton 's river crossing , a 36 @-@ arched medieval structure known as " Burton Bridge " , was desirable to both sides , being described as " the only passage over the Trent and Dove to the North " , and was positioned between the Royalist towns of Lichfield , Tutbury , and Ashby @-@ de @-@ la @-@ Zouch and Parliamentarian Stafford and Derby . Despite this strategic location the town was unfortified and possessed few natural defences . Burton would change hands at least a dozen times during the course of the war , first coming to the attention of the Royalists when the Earl of Chesterfield used it as a rendezvous for his forces in late 1642 . Chesterfield withdrew his forces to Lichfield for the winter , garrisoning the cathedral which would be the scene of much fighting during the war . There were rumours prior to the war that the town held secret supplies of gunpowder for a catholic rebellion , these were investigated by Lord Paget ( who began the war as a parliamentarian , switched allegiance to the King in 1642 before returning to the side of Parliament in 1644 ) and found to be false , though the explosion of a store of gunpowder did occur in 1643 causing the roof of St Modwen 's Church to be destroyed .
East Staffordshire 's strategic importance was heightened by its position at the boundary of Royalist and Parliamentarian garrisons in the region . Burton had come to roundhead attention in early 1643 after the establishment of a garrison at nearby Derby by the county committee leader , Sir John Gell . In February Gell placed a garrison across the county border at Burton , consisting of an infantry company under Dutch Major Johannes Molanus , but withdrew it less than a month later to assist in an attack on Newark .
Parliament 's forces in Staffordshire and Warwickshire were initially under the command of Lord Brooke but after his death during the successful siege of Lichfield Cathedral in March 1643 Gell was appointed as his replacement . Gell 's forces now amounted to around 1 @,@ 000 infantry , a few horse and 300 partially armed Staffordshire moorlanders and he met with Sir William Brereton , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of Cheshire , to organise an attack upon Stafford . This became known to the Royalists and the Earl of Northampton was sent with two fast @-@ moving cavalry regiments to thwart Gell and Brereton 's plan . Northampton met with troops led by Henry Hastings ( later Lord Loughborough ) and garrisoned Tamworth before engaging Gell at the inconclusive Battle of Hopton Heath , during which Northampton was killed .
During this time Queen Henrietta Maria landed at Bridlington , Yorkshire with a supply of weapons purchased abroad that she intended to bring to the King , who was then in Oxford . In advance of this the King sent his nephew , Prince Rupert of the Rhine , from Oxford with 1 @,@ 200 horse , 700 foot and 6 cannon to clear South Staffordshire . Prince Rupert 's troops evicted garrisons from Rushall and Birmingham and successfully recaptured Lichfield . Rupert placed Royalist garrison in key towns including Burton to secure the route of Henrietta 's convoy . The garrison at Burton was soon driven out once more by Gell , acting in co @-@ operation with Lord Grey , commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the East Midlands Association . He placed his own garrison there of 200 infantry , 60 dragoons and a cannon from Derbyshire before proceeding with the remainder of his force to Tutbury Castle which he unsuccessfully attacked .
= = Battle = =
Gell 's garrison at Burton was commanded by Captain Thomas Sanders , who had previously commanded one of the largest companies in Gell 's force . Sanders held more radical political views than Gell and was seen as a potential rival . Sanders may have been concerned that his deployment to such a precarious position was a plot by Gell to be rid of him . Whatever the case Sanders decided to remove himself from Gell 's command and place him and his men under the direction of Colonel Richard Houghton , of the Staffordshire county committee and military governor of Burton .
In July 1643 the Queen 's convoy and its guard advanced from Newark to Ashby @-@ de @-@ la @-@ Zouch and then to Burton . Gell summoned the Staffordshire and Nottinghamshire associations forces to defend the town but they refused to muster for him . On 4 July 1643 the Roaylist cavalry , led by Colonel Thomas Tyldesley , charged across Burton Bridge and engaged Sanders ' men . The engagement was described as " bloody " and " desperate " and , though damage was caused to the town 's St Modwen 's church , the battle seems to have been decided by the action at the bridge . The forces of parliament were decisively beaten and , according to Gell , the town was " most miserably plundered and destroyed " . Henrietta Maria herself recorded that so much loot was taken that her men " could not well march with their bundles " .
The Royalists claimed that they had twice requested the surrender of the town before they attacked and that the Queen forbade any violence against the townsfolk . Conversely the parliamentarians claimed that 30 of their men were forced into the church and offered to surrender but were refused and were killed by cavaliers in the night . The Royalists were also alleged to have looted the town and raped women before drowning at least 20 civilians in the river . The Royalists took most of the Roundhead officers prisoner including Captain Sanders and Colonel Houghton ( and his wife ) . Sanders was later exchanged and was promoted to Major by the Earl of Essex and commissioned by Gell to act as Colonel and to raise a regiment of horse . Tyldesley was knighted and promoted to brigadier @-@ general for bravery shown in the action .
= = Aftermath = =
Having lost Burton , Gell feared an attack upon Derby and withdrew troops from Nottingham and Leicester to defend it . He was also able to secure supplies of 20 barrels of powder , 300 muskets , 60 carbines and 60 cases of pistols and an additional troop of horses , allowing him to arm his regiment fully for the first time . However Derby was not attacked by the Queen 's forces who bypassed it and moved through Walsall , proceeding according to the King 's instructions to avoid delays .
The new Royalist garrison in Burton fortified the bridge and maintained control of the town until driven out by Gell in January 1644 . During this attack Gell took the commanding officer ( a Major ) , six captains , eight other officers and 500 men prisoner . Burton Bridge was again a focal point of the assault with five Royalists losing their lives there , with Gell claiming that he lost no men in the attack . Gell withdrew with his prisoners to Derby , allowing Lord Loughborough to retake the town and bridge which he intended to hold as a means of communication between his " flying army " at Ashby and the Royalist garrisons in Tutbury and Derbyshire .
A Parliamentarian raid again attacked and plundered the town in April 1644 , afterwards ceding control to the Royalists once more , before Sanders ' newly raised regiment of 400 horse retook it narrowly failing to capture Loughborough himself . Parliament troops from Derbyshire and Staffordshire were established as a garrison in November 1644 but were driven out by Royalists by February 1645 . King Charles I briefly made Burton his headquarters in May of that year before the town was retaken for the final time by Parliament in early 1646 , becoming a centre of supply of coin and beer to the forces besieging Tutbury and Lichfield . After the war and the
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