text
stringlengths 1.33k
148k
| length_category
stringclasses 4
values | source
stringclasses 1
value |
|---|---|---|
t proud of who I was then . " Shortly before the end of the North American leg , the band filmed a performance at the Long Beach Arena , which was released as Psychedelic Sexfunk Live from Heaven in 1990 . A concert at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium on New Year 's Eve 1989 attracted over 10 @,@ 000 attendees and was considered by band photographer Tony Woolliscroft to be " the biggest [ concert ] I had seen them play at that point . It gave me a handle on how hard the band had worked in the USA in the years prior to this . " The tour continued in the United Kingdom , where the band was receiving less attention ; Kiedis complained after several shows there , " We 're huge in the States and it 's sort of frustrating and confusing that no one knows who we are here . " It was not until after their return from the UK that " Taste the Pain " was released as a single and subsequently charted at number twenty @-@ nine there . In March 1990 , the band was asked to perform on MTV 's coverage of Spring break in Florida . At the event , Flea and Smith attempted to engage the audience by jumping from the stage ; the situation got out of hand , and the two were alleged to have sexually assaulted and verbally abused a female audience member . They were arrested several days later on charges of battery , disorderly conduct and solicitation to commit a lascivious act , but released on $ 2 @,@ 000 bail . Smith and Flea 's arrest worsened Kiedis ' impending charge in Virginia from the " Positive Mental Octopus " tour , for which the vocalist was ultimately convicted of sexual battery and indecent exposure and sentenced to pay a fine of $ 1 @,@ 000 per charge .
The Chili Peppers wound up the Mother 's Milk tour with a variety of performances that included the 1990 Pinkpop Festival and several other large @-@ scale concerts . Once complete , the band rested , and Frusciante and Flea organized a short @-@ lived side project called H.A.T.E. along with bassist John Norwood Fisher and vocalist Angelo Moore of Fishbone . EMI capitalized on the recent interest in the Chili Peppers by releasing a music video compilation VHS called Positive Mental Octopus , which was named after the tour , in 1990 . That same year the band also released " Show Me Your Soul " , a song that was originally a b @-@ side on the " Knock Me Down " single , on the soundtrack to the hit romantic comedy film , Pretty Woman . The song was a minor hit for the band and a music video was made . For unknown reasons the band also recorded a cover of the Bachman – Turner Overdrive song , " Takin ' Care of Business , " however the song would never be released .
= = 25th anniversary = =
Chad Smith made the announcement on January 29 , 2014 that EMI was planning to release a 25th anniversary version of the album sometime in 2014 . Smith said some " extra stuff " would be included on the release although it is unknown if the extra material will be unreleased songs or the bonus tracks released on the previously remastered version of the album . In an August 2014 interview with Rolling Stone , Smith discussed the anniversary and legacy of the album saying that a remastered version was still in the works and that he gave the ok to include a live show recorded in Cleveland , OH that likely will be a bonus disc however he thinks that all of the outtakes from the record have already been released although there might be a few things that the band left unfinished that could be released . As of 2016 , EMI has yet to re @-@ release the album .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Anthony Kiedis , John Frusciante , Flea , Chad Smith ) except where noted .
Tracks 18 and 19 recorded live in November 21 , 1989 at Phantasy Theater , Cleveland , OH , US .
= = Personnel = =
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Flea – bass guitar ( all ) , trumpet ( tracks 3 , 7 , 10 ) , backing vocals
Anthony Kiedis – lead vocals ( tracks 1 @-@ 5 , 7 @-@ 13 ) , co @-@ lead vocals ( track 6 ) , art concept
John Frusciante – guitar ( tracks 1 @-@ 8 , 10 @-@ 13 ) , co @-@ lead vocals ( track 6 ) , backing vocals
Chad Smith – drums ( tracks 1 @-@ 6 , 8 , 10 @-@ 13 ) , percussion
Hillel Slovak – guitar ( track 9 )
Jack Irons – drums ( track 9 )
Additional musicians
Philip " Fish " Fisher – drums ( track 7 )
Keith " Tree " Barry – tenor saxophone ( tracks 3 , 12 )
Patrick English – trumpet ( track 3 )
Lon – trombone ( track 3 )
Dave Coleman – cello ( track 7 )
Vicki Calhoun – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 , 6 , 13 )
Wag – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Randy Ruff – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Aklia Chinn – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 , 13 )
Jack Sherman – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Joel Virgel Viergel – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Iris Parker – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Julie Ritter – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Gretchen Seager – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Laure Spinosa – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Sir Babs – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Merill Ward – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Bruno Deron – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 )
Kristen Vigard – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 , 13 )
Recording personnel
Michael Beinhorn – producer , engineer
Eddie DeLena – engineer
Sean Demey – engineer
Dave Jerden – mixing
Garth Richardson – engineer
George Marino – mastering
Additional personnel
Nels Israelson – photography
= Titchwell Marsh =
Titchwell Marsh is an English nature reserve owned and managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) . Located on the north coast of the county of Norfolk between the villages of Titchwell and Thornham , about 8 km ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) east of the seaside resort of Hunstanton , its 171 hectares ( 420 acres ) include reed beds , salt marshes , a freshwater lagoon and a sandy beach , with a small area of woodland near the car park .
The reserve is important for some scarce breeding birds , such as pied avocets on the islands , and western marsh harriers , Eurasian bitterns and bearded reedlings in the reeds . To encourage bitterns to breed , the reed beds have been improved to make them wetter , and the lagoon has been stocked with the common rudd . Typical wetland birds such as the water rail , reed warbler and sedge warbler also appear , and little egrets are common . The reserve has regularly attracted rarities , as its location is important for migrating birds . Ducks and geese winter at Titchwell in considerable numbers , and the reserve shelters the endangered European water vole .
Facilities include three bird hides , a seawatching platform , two nature trails , and a visitor centre . Because of concerns about climate change , a major project in 2010 and 2011 brought improvements to the banks around the freshwater lagoon and the conversion of the brackish lagoon to tidal saltmarsh , a more effective barrier to encroachment by the sea .
Titchwell Marsh is archaeologically significant , with artefacts dating back to the Upper Paleolithic , and has remains of military constructions from both world wars . These include brickwork from a First World War military hospital and 1940s artillery targets for armoured fighting vehicles and warplanes . This internationally important reserve is part of the North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) and the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) , and is also protected through Natura 2000 , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar listings .
= = History = =
= = = To 1972 =
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
= =
Titchwell has a long history of human occupation . Populations of both Modern and Neanderthal people were present in Norfolk before the last glaciation between 100 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 years ago , and returned as the ice retreated north . The archaeological record is poor until about 20 @,@ 000 years ago , partly due to the prevailing conditions , but also because the coastline was much further north than at present , so that many sites are now under the sea . Early Mesolithic flint tools with characteristic blades up to 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long found on the present @-@ day coast at Titchwell date from a time when it was 60 – 70 km ( 37 – 43 mi ) from the sea . Other flint tools have been found dating from the Upper Paleolithic to the Neolithic . As the ice retreated during the Mesolithic , the sea level rose , filling what is now the North Sea , and bringing the Norfolk coastline much closer to its present line ; the remains of submerged forests can still be detected at low tide . By 11 @,@ 000 BC , the makers of the long blades had gone , and peat marshes had formed behind an offshore barrier islandor spit . A layer of peat formed between 1920 and 1680 BC and another between 1020 and 830 BC , indicating marshy conditions ; polished Neolithic axes found in those layers were blackened by exposure to the peat .
Two possible timber platforms were identified within the peat at Titchwell , and may be prehistoric . Similar Bronze Age structures are rare , and they may be significant in providing information about early timber construction methods . Medieval and later pottery has been found at Titchwell , and the peat and silts which overlay the sediments deposited by the retreating glaciers have signs of post @-@ medieval ploughing .
The draining of Norfolk 's coastal marshes commenced in the late 17th and 18th centuries , and sea defences including the " Old Lord 's Bank " at Titchwell were shown in maps from 1786 and 1797 . For the next 170 years or so , the reclaimed marsh was arable , producing crops and beef cattle . A huge influx of Pallas 's sandgrouse into Britain in 1853 led to several arrivals at Titchwell , including mated pairs . The last bird seen was on the saltmarsh , and the rest were on the dunes or in marram grass ; many were shot .
Thornham Marsh , immediately west of Titchwell , was used between 1914 and 1918 by the Royal Flying Corps as a bombing range . Some brickwork on Titchwell Marsh is all that remains of a military hospital dating from that period . A First World War concrete building along the west bank was let as holiday accommodation until the British Army returned in 1942 .
During the Second World War , military defences were constructed at Titchwell . The drainage of farmland behind the banks was stopped , reflooding the former marshland ; zigzag ditches were dug , and pillboxes built into Old Lord 's Bank . Between 1942 and 1945 , the marsh was used by the Royal Tank Regiment ; an armoured fighting vehicle gunnery range was established and new banks were constructed for firing practice , with targets set at 900 m ( 980 yd ) intervals . Some of the still extant islands were built to hold " pop @-@ up " targets , operated by cables from winches in a building whose foundations lie below Island Hide . Remains of the triangular concrete track used by the tanks also survive . Military activities continued after the war , with the Royal Air Force returning to Thornham Marsh between 1950 and 1959 . Bombing practice was supervised from a control tower , which was demolished in 1962 , leaving only a concrete structure opposite the end of Titchwell 's west bank . The remains of two Second World War Covenanter tanks , probably used as targets , are sometimes exposed at low tide .
The wreck of the SS Vina , a cargo steamer built in 1894 , can be seen at low tide . In 1944 , she was anchored offshore for use as an RAF target when a gale dragged her to her present location and sank her . After the war , some of the wreck was salvaged as scrap . The remains of the Vina are accessible at low tide , but visiting them is potentially hazardous as the wreck is quickly cut off and submerged by the incoming tide . A warning sign on the wreck advises anyone reaching it to return to the beach immediately .
Behind the sea wall , the marshes were drained after the war , and reverted to farmland , but the bank was breached in the North Sea flood of 1953 , returning the whole area to tidal saltmarsh dominated by sea aster . The construction of a new sea wall across the reserve created a shallow freshwater lagoon , with a reed bed on its northern side and a vegetation @-@ free brackish marsh .
= = = RSPB era = = =
Between 1970 and 1972 , a pair of Montagu 's harriers , Britain 's rarest breeding birds of prey , nested in the reed bed . The RSPB bought the reserve in 1973 for £ 53 @,@ 000 ( £ 578 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) . The Montagu 's harriers did not return , but marsh harriers did , and the RSPB commenced improving the habitat and facilities , including embanking the lagoons and building a car park and visitor centre . Avocets , then still very rare in the UK , first bred here in 1984 . The visitor centre facilities were improved between 1987 and 1989 to cope with the numbers of visitors .
In 1991 , the sea broke through the dunes at the eastern end of the beach near the former Tern Hide , and the dunes started to erode . The remains of the Second World War tanks first appeared around this time . In the following year the boardwalk at the beach end of the west bank was constructed to protect the dunes , and the seawatching platform was added at its northern end . 12 hectares ( 30 acres ) of land to the east of the reserve was bought in 1993 ; much of this was formerly part of the firing range , and large amounts of barbed wire caused problems when the area was being converted to reed bed and wet grazing meadow . Over the winter , an old hide on the West Bank was demolished and replaced with the current Island Hide . Storms in February 1996 removed most of the dunes east of the boardwalk , and eroded those to the west . The Tern Hide , now cut off at high tide , was dismantled . Developments at the end of the 20th century included the 1997 extension of the visitor centre , which included building a cafe , and the erection of Fen Hide in 1999 , together with a boardwalk path to the hide , and a dragonfly pond .
The reserve covers 171 hectares ( 420 acres ) , and is of international importance for its breeding and wintering birds . It was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) in 1973 , and in 1986 it was subsumed into the 7 @,@ 700 hectares ( 19 @,@ 000 acres ) North Norfolk Coast SSSI . The larger area is now additionally protected through Natura 2000 , Special Protection Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar listings , and is part of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) . This is the RSPB 's most visited reserve , with about 92 @,@ 000 visitors annually .
= = Access and facilities = =
Titchwell Marsh is next to the A149 road and buses stop outside the reserve . The main track to the beach is a public right @-@ of @-@ way , and the only part of the reserve where dogs are permitted . The reserve is open all year , and access is free , although non @-@ members are charged for using the car park . The main part of the reserve is accessed from the visitor centre using the 1 km ( 1 @,@ 050 yd ) West Bank footpath . After leaving the woodland around the visitor centre , there are two short paths running from the main path ; the 200 m ( 220 yd ) Fen Trail to a hide overlooking the reed bed , and the 100 m ( 110 yd ) Meadow Trail boardwalk loop through wet marsh and past the dragonfly
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
pond . The main footpath continues north past the reedbed to the freshwater lagoon and the Island Hide , then reaches a bank running across the reserve . The new Parrinder hides are placed along this wall . The footpath continues past a tidal lagoon , and over another bank to a saltmarsh , formerly ending at a raised wooden seawatching platform on the dunes by the beach .
The visitor centre and shop are open daily except Christmas Day and Boxing Day . Most of the reserve and its facilities are wheelchair accessible , but the last part of the path to the beach is rough , and accessed via a steep bank .
= = Fauna and flora = =
= = = Birds = = =
The key breeding species are reed bed specialists such as the marsh harrier , Eurasian bittern and bearded reedling , together with the avocet , the RSPB 's symbolic bird . Bitterns stopped breeding on the reserve in 1989 due to inadequate habitat and a lack of sufficient large food fish ; although European eels , a favoured food , are present , the numbers are too low . These problems were addressed by managing water levels and excavating some of the reed bed to create open , reed @-@ fringed pools , and stocking the lagoon with the common rudd ; breeding recommenced in 2004 . In 2011 , there were 80 avocet nests , two pairs of Eurasian bitterns , and four pairs of marsh harriers , the latter successfully fledging seven young .
Other breeding birds include ringed plovers and Eurasian oystercatchers in the sand dunes , and water rails in the reed bed . Sedge , reed and Cetti 's warblers all nest in the wetland , and little egrets are now common on the reserve . In early summer , scarcer migrants like the little gull , black tern , Eurasian spoonbills and garganey may pass through on their way to breed elsewhere .
In the autumn , species arrive from the north , some , such as black @-@ tailed godwits , curlew sandpipers and little stints just passing through , pausing for a few days to refuel , others staying for the winter . This is also a good time to see bearded reedlings . Offshore , great and Arctic skuas , northern gannets and black @-@ legged kittiwakes may pass close by in favourable winds .
Large numbers of ducks winter on the reserve , including many Eurasian wigeons , Eurasian teals , mallards and gadwalls , and smaller counts of goldeneyes and northern pintails . Offshore , there may be large " rafts " of common scoters , and smaller numbers of common eiders , long @-@ tailed ducks , velvet scoters and red @-@ throated divers . Brent geese feed on sea lettuce and other green algae , and hundreds of European golden plovers may roost on the reserve at high tide . In the evenings , large flocks of pink @-@ footed geese fly over Titchwell on their way to roost , and barn owls and hen harriers quarter the marshes . This is the season for flocks of lesser redpolls , sometimes accompanied by a rarer common redpoll , and snow buntings are to be found on the beach .
The reserve 's location means that migrants may be found , sometimes in huge numbers when the weather conditions are right . These may include vagrant rarities . A black @-@ winged stilt , which acquired the nickname " Sammy " , arrived in 1993 and became a permanent resident up to its disappearance in 2005 . Other rarities in recent years include a Baird 's sandpiper , a broad @-@ billed sandpiper , a thrush nightingale and an Arctic redpoll , all in 2004 , a stilt sandpiper in 2005 , and a black @-@ winged pratincole and a black @-@ headed wagtail in 2009 .
= = = Other animals and plants = = =
Water voles are a highly threatened species in the UK , with a huge decline in numbers , mainly due to predation by the introduced American mink . They are still common at Titchwell , which is one of a number of East Anglian sites now of national importance for this species . Both common and grey seals can be seen off the beach . Other vertebrates include European eels , common toads and three @-@ spined sticklebacks .
In summer , the dragonfly pond can hold up to ten species of dragonflies and damselflies . The nationally scarce moth flame wainscot has bred at Titchwell since 1996 ; other Lepidoptera may include migrants such as the painted lady , the diamondback moth , and especially the silver Y , which can occur in huge numbers ; 90 @,@ 000 were recorded on the reserve in July 2010 , feeding on sea lavender .
The saltmarsh contains glassworts and common cord grass in the most exposed regions , with a succession of plants following on as the marsh becomes more established : first sea aster , then mainly sea lavender , with sea purslane in the creeks and smaller areas of sea plantain and other common marsh plants . The drier areas contain maritime grasses such as sea couch grass and sea poa grass . The reedbeds are dominated by common reed with saltmarsh rush , brackish water crowfoot , sea clubrush and common bulrush also common in the various wetland habitats .
= = Recreation = =
As the RSPB 's busiest reserve , Titchwell Marsh has a significant economic impact on its locality . A 2002 survey reported that an estimated 137 @,@ 700 visitors spent £ 1 @.@ 8 million locally in 1998 . The tiny village of Titchwell has two three @-@ star hotels and a shop selling telescopes and binoculars , although it does not have a general store or a public house .
A 2005 survey at Titchwell and five other North Norfolk coastal sites found that 39 per cent of visitors gave birdwatching as the main purpose of their visit . The 7 @.@ 7 million day visitors and 5 @.@ 5 million who made overnight stays in the area in 1999 are estimated to have spent £ 122 million , and created the equivalent of 2 @,@ 325 full @-@ time jobs .
= = Threats = =
The soft rocks of the North Norfolk coast have been attacked by the sea for centuries ; at Titchwell Marsh , the beach and sand dunes protecting the northern edge of the reserve have been eroded , and climate change has increased the likelihood of damage to the freshwater areas of the reserve . The predicted increasingly stormy weather could damage the dune system and expose the soft earth banks to wave damage , or the sea could just over @-@ top the defences , as it had done in the 1953 floods . Either way , the conservation value of the reserve would be adversely affected , especially through the potential loss of the bitterns . Rather than reinforce the outer bank , it was decided to undertake a managed realignment . Between 2010 and 2011 , the banks on the east and west of the reserve were reinforced , and the sea wall to the north of the fresh marsh was rebuilt on the line of the old Parrinder bank . The old Parrinder Hide was replaced by a pair of modern hides , retaining the original name . Designed by HaysomWardMiller , these hides won an award from RIBA for their architectural style . The former brackish marsh north of the new wall has been modified by creating a breach in the east bank . This will allow tidal flooding and the eventual establishment of saltmarsh on what is now named Volunteer Marsh . The new saltmarsh will protect the rebuilt Parrinder wall , slowing erosion . Nevertheless , it is estimated that by 2060 the beach may have advanced halfway across the new tidal area . Other improvements were made to the reed beds and islands in the freshwater lagoon , and a new sluice was installed . New reedbeds were created east of Fen Hide , which can be accessed by trails opened in 2012 . The first part of the trail is open all year , but the " autumn trail " , running up from the woodland in the southeastern corner of the reserve , is accessible only from August to October .
= Fort Senneville =
Fort Senneville is one of the outlying forts of Montreal , Quebec , Canada , built by the Canadiens of New France near the Sainte @-@ Anne rapids in 1671 . The property was part of a fief ceded to Dugué de Boisbriant in 1672 by the Sulpicians . A large stone windmill , which doubled as a watch tower , was
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
mostly made of a brass and bronze alloy ( most of the original brass doorknobs have disappeared over time ) . The present doorknobs and hinges , locked for protection , display the state coat of arms . Though the building appears to have walnut woodwork , the wood is actually Michigan white pine that has been wood @-@ grained to give the appearance of walnut .
The first floor gives visitors their first view of the interior of the rotunda . Below the cast @-@ iron dome , the ceiling displays eight muses painted in 1886 . For more than a century , the muses ' artist remained anonymous ; it is now known that it was Tommaso Juglaris , who created them in his Boston studio and never came to Michigan . In the east wing of the first floor is a large clock , called a long @-@ drop clock . It was once the building 's master clock and is at least as old as the Capitol . The clock was restored in 1990 and is currently in working condition .
The second floor , in addition to housing the gubernatorial offices , features the Gallery of Governors with portraits of former Michigan Governors on the walls of the rotunda ; the gallery extends up to the third floor . The governor 's offices were among the most extensively restored during the 1989 – 1992 restoration . The office features a suite of original furnishings manufactured in 1876 by the Feige Brothers Company of Saginaw . The former chambers of the Michigan Supreme Court are located in the south wing of the building . The court vacated its chambers in 1970 for larger quarters , eventually moving to its current location in the Michigan Hall of Justice . The room is now used by the Senate Appropriations Committee and named for longtime chairman Harry Gast .
Public access to Michigan 's legislative bodies is through the third floor . The capitol building holds the chambers and offices of the bicameral state legislature , which is composed of the Michigan House of Representatives and Michigan Senate . Public galleries are at both ends of the third floor . The Senate , with 38 members , has its chambers on the south side of the building , while the House of Representatives , with 110 members , has its chambers in the north wing . House sessions are normally held on Tuesdays and Wednesdays at 1 : 00 PM and Thursdays at 10 : 30 AM , while Senate sessions begin at 10 : 00 AM on Tuesdays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays . Both houses occasionally convene on Mondays and Fridays . Senate and House sessions are taped by Michigan Government Television , a public service body transmitted to local cable television systems ' government @-@ access television channels . Similar to C @-@ SPAN , MGTV has made live coverage of the legislative proceedings available since July 15 , 1996 .
Although having the same floor plan , the House and Senate chambers are decorated very differently , with the former in terra cotta and teal colors and the latter in blue and gold . An oval cartouche in the carpet at the entrance to the House chamber features the state flower , the apple blossom . Presiding over the house is the speaker , whose chair is behind a desk in the center with a plaster and paint version of the state coat of arms . The Senate chamber is somewhat smaller than the House . The president of the Senate is the lieutenant governor , who presides over sessions from a walnut rostrum at the front of the chamber . Both the House and the Senate use computerized voting systems , including wall @-@ mounted screens that allow visitors to follow the voting and both also contain glass tiled ceilings that allow natural light to shine through etched glass panels to better light the room . These ceiling tiles feature the coats @-@ of @-@ arms of each state in the United States .
In summer 2013 , the structure underwent additional work to replace carpeting installed in the 1989 @-@ 1992 renovation that had become worn and frayed in many areas . Work also upgraded wiring for communications systems , repaired roof leaks and upgraded a handicapped parking area and entrance on the north side .
= = = Grounds = = =
The Capitol Pediment , located above the main front entrance to the building , is entitled " The Rise and Progress of Michigan . " It depicts a central figure , Michigan , who is dressed as a Native American . She offers a book and globe to the people of her state , promising a bright future . She is surrounded by symbols of Michigan 's economy , including a plow , cornucopia , and a laurel wreath to represent agriculture . Also included are symbols representing shipping , mining , and lumbering .
The cornerstone , located at the northeast corner of the building , bears the dates 1872 , the start of construction , and 1878 , the year of completion . The stone was opened during ceremonies November 15 , 1978 , the centennial of the building 's completion . Various documents enclosed within the stone had been damaged by moisture , although several coins from the era remained intact . Officials closed and resealed with stone with 38 new items depicting Michigan 's history , people , and lifestyles . At the southeast corner of the lawn is the Grand Army of the Republic Memorial , a 1924 @-@ bronze plaque attached to a boulder as a memorial to American Civil War veterans who fought for the Union .
Several notable trees are located on the grounds . An Eastern White Pine , the state tree of Michigan , is located at the east front of the building . The Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . Tree was planted in memory of the slain leader in 1984 to the north of the Austin Blair Monument . The oldest tree on the grounds is a catalpa on the southeast lawn present when the Capitol was dedicated in 1873 . The American Forestry Association has certified that this catalpa is the largest living tree of its kind in the United States . The most recently dedicated tree is a blue spruce called " the Freedom Tree , " planted in 1973 as a memorial to the Vietnam War 's missing @-@ in @-@ action and prisoners of war .
= Istanbul =
Istanbul ( / ˌɪstænˈbʊl
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
successful termination of the war . Knowing this , I am sure that every American , if faced individually with the question as to where General MacArthur could best serve his country , could come to only one answer .
On Bataan , the reaction to MacArthur 's escape was mixed , with many American and Filipino troops feeling bitter and betrayed . When Wainwright broke the news to his generals " they were all at first depressed by the news … But I soon saw that they understood just as I understood . " Some people with family members in the Philippines were dismayed . One wrote to Roosevelt that " Nothing you could have done would have broken their morale and that of their parents at home so thoroughly " . Wainwright held out on Corregidor until 6 May . To Joseph Goebbels , MacArthur was a " fleeing general " , while Benito Mussolini labeled him a coward . Marshall decided that the best way to counter this was to award MacArthur the Medal of Honor .
In April 1942 , Bulkeley led his squadron in an attack on the Japanese cruiser Kuma . The PT boats scored a hit on the cruiser , but the torpedo was a dud , and failed to explode . No damage resulted . With the loss of Cebu City , there were no more torpedoes , so the active careers of the remaining boats of Bulkeley 's squadron came to an end . MacArthur gave PT boat officers a high priority to be flown out from Mindanao . Bulkeley was flown out on MacArthur 's orders on 13 April . Knox , Kelly and Akers were evacuated on 23 April , and Brantingham also made one of the last flights out from Mindanao . Sharp surrendered on Mindanao on 10 May .
MacArthur subsequently nominated Bulkeley for the Medal of Honor . The Commander in Chief , U.S. Fleet , Admiral Ernest King was not going to let MacArthur award the Medal of Honor to a naval officer , so he wrote a citation for Bulkeley on behalf of the Navy . Roosevelt presented it to Bulkeley in a ceremony in the Oval Office on 4 August 1942 . Bulkeley wrote a book about his exploits , entitled They Were Expendable . Parts were serialized in Reader 's Digest and Life magazines and it became a bestseller in 1942 . In 1944 , it was adapted as a movie of the same name , with Robert Montgomery playing a character based on Bulkeley , John Wayne one based on Kelly , and Donna Reed in the role of an Army nurse with whom Kelly had a brief liaison . Postwar analysis found that most of the book 's claims were exaggerated .
The staff that MacArthur brought with him from Corregidor formed the nucleus of General Headquarters ( GHQ ) Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) . The " Bataan Gang " , as they came to be called , remained with MacArthur for the duration , and were noted for their fanatical loyalty to him . So too was Bulkeley , who lauded MacArthur as " the greatest general as well as statesman since George Washington " , and hailed his decision to escape on PT boats as a stroke of genius . MacArthur eventually kept his promise , and returned to the Philippines . The Bataan Gang returned to Corregidor in March 1945 on four PT boats .
= Nikolai Rimsky @-@ Korsakov =
Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky @-@ Korsakov ( Russian : Никола ́ й Андре ́ евич Ри ́ мский @-@ Ко ́ рсаков ; IPA : [ nʲɪkəˈlaj ɐˈndrʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ˈrʲimskʲɪj ˈkorsəkəf ] 18 March [ O.S. 6 March ] 1844 – 21 June [ O.S. 8 June ] 1908 ) was a Russian composer , and a member of the group of composers known as The Five . He was a master of orchestration . His best @-@ known orchestral compositions — Capriccio Espagnol , the Russian Easter Festival Overture , and the symphonic suite Scheherazade — are staples of the classical music repertoire , along with suites and excerpts from some of his 15 operas . Scheherazade is an example of his frequent use of fairy tale and folk subjects .
Rimsky @-@ Korsakov believed , as did fellow composer Mily Balakirev and critic Vladimir Stasov , in developing a nationalistic style of classical music . This style employed Russian folk song and lore along with exotic harmonic , melodic and rhythmic elements in a practice known as musical orientalism , and eschewed traditional Western compositional methods . However , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov appreciated Western musical techniques after he became a professor of musical composition , harmony and orchestration at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory in 1871 . He undertook a rigorous three @-@ year program of self @-@ education and became a master of Western methods , incorporating them alongside the influences of Mikhail Glinka and fellow members of The Five . His techniques of composition and orchestration were further enriched by his exposure to the works of Richard Wagner .
For much of his life , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov combined his composition and teaching with a career in the Russian military — at first as an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy , then as the civilian Inspector of Naval Bands . He wrote that he developed a passion for the ocean in childhood from reading books and hearing of his older brother 's exploits in the navy . This love of the sea might have influenced him to write two of his best @-@ known orchestral works , the musical tableau Sadko ( not to be confused with his later opera of the same name ) and Scheherazade . Through his service as Inspector of Naval Bands , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov expanded his knowledge of woodwind and brass playing , which enhanced his abilities in orchestration . He passed this knowledge to his students , and also posthumously through a textbook on orchestration that was completed by his son @-@ in @-@ law , Maximilian Steinberg .
Rimsky @-@ Korsakov left a considerable body of original Russian nationalist compositions . He prepared works by The Five for performance , which brought them into the active classical repertoire ( although there is controversy over his editing of the works of Modest Mussorgsky ) , and shaped a generation of younger composers and musicians during his decades as an educator . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov is therefore considered " the main architect " of what the classical music public considers the Russian style of composition . His influence on younger composers was especially important , as he served as a transitional figure between the autodidactism
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
still the version generally performed , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's other revisions , like his version of Boris Godunov , have been replaced by Mussorgsky 's original .
= = Folklore and pantheism = =
Rimsky @-@ Korsakov may have saved the most personal side of his creativity for his approach to Russian folklore . Folklorism as practiced by Balakirev and the other members of The Five had been based largely on the protyazhnaya dance song . Protyazhnaya literally meant " drawn @-@ out song " , or melismatically elaborated lyric song . The characteristics of this song exhibit extreme rhythmic flexibility , an asymmetrical phrase structure and tonal ambiguity . After composing May Night , however , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov was increasingly drawn to " calendar songs " , which were written for specific ritual occasions . The ties to folk culture was what interested him most in folk music , even in his days with The Five ; these songs formed a part of rural customs , echoed old Slavic paganism , and the pantheistic world of folk rites . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov wrote that his interest in these songs was heightened by his study of them while compiling his folk song collections . He wrote that he " was captivated by the poetic side of the cult of sun @-@ worship , and sought its survivals and echoes in both the tunes and the words of the songs . The pictures of the ancient pagan period and spirit loomed before me , as it then seemed , with great clarity , luring me on with the charm of antiquity . These occupations subsequently had a great influence in the direction of my own activity as a composer " .
Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's interest in pantheism was whetted by the folkloristic studies of Alexander Afanasyev . That author 's standard work , The Poetic Outlook on Nature by the Slavs , became Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's pantheistic bible . The composer first applied Afanasyev 's ideas in May Night , in which he helped fill out Gogol 's story by using folk dances and calendar songs . He went further down this path in The Snow Maiden , where he made extensive use of seasonal calendar songs and khorovodi ( ceremonial dances ) in the folk tradition .
Musicologists and Slavicists have long recognized that Rimsky @-@ Korsakov was a pantheistic and ecumenical artist whose folklore @-@ inspired operas take up such issues as the relationship between paganism and Christianity and the seventeenth @-@ century schism in the Orthodox Church . At heart he held pantheistic beliefs , often mistaken for a form of atheism , which had its most visible manifestation in his deep reverence of folk culture , especially pantheistic rites .
= = Publications = =
Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's autobiography and his books on harmony and orchestration have been translated into English and published . Two books he started in 1892 but left unfinished were a comprehensive text on Russian music and a manuscript , now lost , on an unknown subject .
My Musical Life . [ Летопись моей музыкальной жизни – literally , Chronicle of My Musical Life . ] Trans. from the 5th rev. Russian ed. by Judah A. Joffe ; ed. with an introduction by Carl Van Vechten . London : Ernst Eulenburg Ltd , 1974 .
Practical Manual of Harmony . [ Практический учебник гармонии . ] First published , in Russian , in 1885 . First English edition published by Carl Fischer in 1930 , trans. from the 12th Russian ed. by Joseph Achron . Current English ed. by Nicholas Hopkins , New York , New York : C. Fischer , 2005 .
Principles of Orchestration . [ Основы оркестровки . ] Begun in 1873 and completed posthumously by Maximilian Steinberg in 1912 , first published , in Russian , in 1922 ed. by Maximilian Steinberg . English trans. by Edward Agate ; New York : Dover Publications , 1964 ( " unabridged and corrected republication of the work first published by Edition russe de musique in 1922 " ) .
= = Commemoration = =
There are several biographical museums in the places connected with his life : namely , his memorial house in Tikhvin in the present Leningrad oblast to the east of Saint Petersburg , and his memorial museum apartment in downtown Saint Petersburg in Zagorodniy prospect , the latter being a branch of St.Petersburg State Museum of Theatre and Music . The composer 's name has been given to a street in central Saint Petersburg – prospekt Rimskogo @-@
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
while Ozifa 's attorney said his client was " really the running dog " of the Abergil family and only followed orders .
On January 8 , 2013 Sasson Barashy was found guilty of racketeering conspiracy and was sentenced to four and a half years in prison with credit for time served . He was also ordered to serve three years under supervised release after his release from federal prison .
= Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( season 2 ) =
The second season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , which is based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement , and Logistics Division ) , revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies , who attempt to rebuild the organization following its collapse by the infiltration of the terrorist organization Hydra . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The season , which premiered on ABC on September 23 , 2014 , and ran until May 12 , 2015 , over 22 episodes , is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners .
A second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. was ordered in May 2014 , and production began that July . Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series , principal cast members Ming @-@ Na Wen , Brett Dalton , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , and Elizabeth Henstridge return from the first season , and are joined by Nick Blood and Adrianne Palicki . Several other characters from MCU films and Marvel One @-@ Shots also appear throughout the season . Some episodes directly crossover with the television series Agent Carter and the film Avengers : Age of Ultron , while the introduction of the Inhumans sets up the film of the same name and creates connections to the film Guardians of the Galaxy .
The season premiere was watched by 5 @.@ 98 million people , less than half the viewing total for the first season premiere , which was watched by 12 @.@ 12 million people . Overall , the season had a lower but much more consistent viewership than the previous season , as well as a much more positive critical response . The series was renewed for a third season on May 7 , 2015 .
= = Episodes = =
= = Cast and characters = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
In March 2014 , executive producers Jeffrey Bell stated at the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. PaleyFest panel that the producers and the writers are able to read the screenplays for upcoming Marvel Cinematic Universe films to know where the universe is heading , which allowed them to form a general plan for the show through the end of a third season . On May 8 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a second season of 22 episodes .
= = = Writing = = =
In July 2014 , Clark Gregg stated that the season resumes " months later " from the end of season one , adding , " The monumental nature of [ rebuilding ] is made very clear almost immediately , because you realize everyone – US government , US military and other wise – wants to arrest us . S.H.I.E.L.D. ' s illegal . We have very few resources . Everything we 're going to do involves dealing with , still , finding out who 's Hydra and who 's not amongst our friends . To rebuild S.H.I.E.L.D. , we 're going to need some old friends to prove themselves , some new friends , and we 're going to have to do it in a way that 's very back alley , old school . "
In September 2014 , talking about whether the ending of the season would also be a satisfying end to the series , Bell said " You never want it to end sooner rather than later . We know how this season is going to end , and if we need to calibrate it ... well , if it ends , that means people didn 't love the show , which is sad for many reasons . We 'd have a satisfying end to the season but we could make it a satisfying end to the series as much as any series finale is satisfying . Honestly , though , we 're not thinking of it as a series finale as much as a season finale ... I think we have some momentum coming in [ to season 2 ]
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
and I think we pick up on it . I 'm optimistic that we can keep the plane in the air a little longer . " He also talked about whether the themes of family and connectedness from the first season would be re @-@ explored in the second , saying " What we always look for are the human elements in the big story . That 's what television does well , it makes you care about people , and whether it 's literal family or anytime you have a team of people working together , it takes on some sort of family metaphor . " Bell reiterated the idea of family following the end of the season , saying " In many ways , the whole metaphor at the heart of the show is family — you 've got Coulson and May and then a bunch of younger people , and it allows us to play out different dynamics ; literally , this season , we had Skye 's biological parents versus her surrogate parents . And at the same time , we had Skye growing up . We had her going from a slightly sulky hacker season one to training to become an agent to becoming our first full @-@ fledged superhero and so as we grow up , we separate from our parents ... In our minds , her mom wasn 't a villain so much ; she was an antagonist , but if you look at why she feels the way she does , Jiaying really earned that position . "
In December 2014 , Jed Whedon explained the benefits of introducing a society of superhuman characters in the Inhumans , saying " One of the things that , early on was very important to us last season was , there were so few people in the Cinematic Universe who had powers . Really , only two humans had powers , Captain America and the Hulk . We had to be very responsible – we didn 't want to dive into this show and have a new one every week , and have it feel like we disregarded everything that they spent so much money and time building in the films . Along those same lines , the origin of a power is always a complex thing – Marvel cares about it feeling grounded , it feeling scientific at some level . Even on Thor , he says , " In our world , magic and science are the same thing . " So this is a way for us to sort of open up our world . It 's a way to introduce , into the MCU , the idea that people can be born with a power . They don 't have to be engineered in a lab , they don 't need to have some freak accident with a vat of acid . They can be born with this . That 's sort of a gamechanger , not just on our show , but in the cinematic universe " .
Discussing the reveal that Skye is actually Daisy Johnson , Maurissa Tancharoen explained that " Johnson is a character that we always liked . We always knew there was a potential to evolve Skye into something else . It took a little bit of time , but we were happy when we were able to land on Daisy Johnson , and actually have that work in our mythology . But as with everything that we do on the show , we pull from the properties , and we do our own spin to it . So we are kind of merging a few concepts and storylines . We 've spent a season and a half with Skye . We 've seen her evolve as a person , we 've grown to like her as a person , we 've seen her evolve as an agent . And now , finally bringing her to her origin story – I think there 's just a lot more emotional weight to it , because you already know her as just Skye , and now she will have this ability that she may not understand , that she may not want ... We 're going to focus on Skye , and how that affects the people around her , and how the relationships may shift . Because we 've seen through the course of our series so far ; we 've spoken about how S.H.I.E.L.D. treats gifteds or views them , and they 're categorized , things like that . What does that mean when one of your own is now considered someone with an ability ? How do you categorize her ? " . Whedon elaborated that " One of the things that we 're focused on doing is treating it realistically in terms of , yes , this is an organization of people who have dealt with people like this for a long time , but this is personal . What does it mean when one of your own turns ? And not only that , because it 's an emotional situation for her , and she doesn 't totally understand what 's going on , and because it was tied to all this dark , Hydra stuff , and stuff with her father , and Raina – it might not sit well . We 're going to walk her through the steps of discovering what this really means , and coming to terms with it . All that stuff is really interesting to us , and in television , because we have time to explore , we can take her origin on all sorts of different paths . We 're excited about it . But we aren 't going to turn into a show where there 's a new person with powers every week . " Additionally , Whedon talked about how the character would be referred to on the show after the reveal , saying , " She 's still Skye , because she thinks she 's Skye . I think her dad thinks she 's Daisy , and we 'll see if she ever gets to the point where she believes that that 's something that she would want to call herself . But right now , she has her own identity . Now , that will change over time , but she 's definitely still Skye , and everybody still sees her that way . For now . "
On Coulson sacrificing his arm at the end of the season , Bell stated that " he had reasserted his value as director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , but he paid a price — that was important to us . You don 't mess with the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the eve of the election , endorsing Grant , who was easily elected . Seward met twice with Grant after the election , leading to speculation that he was seeking to remain as secretary for a third presidential term . The president @-@ elect had no interest in retaining Seward , and the secretary resigned himself to retirement . Grant refused to have anything to do with Johnson , even declining to ride to his inauguration in the same carriage as the outgoing president , as was customary . Despite Seward 's attempts to persuade him to attend Grant 's swearing @-@ in , Johnson and his Cabinet spent the morning of March 4 , 1869 at the White House dealing with last @-@ minute business , then left once the time for Grant to be sworn in had passed . Seward returned to Auburn .
Restless in Auburn , Seward embarked on a trip across North America by the new transcontinental railroad . In Salt Lake City , Utah Territory , he met with Mormon leader Brigham Young , who had worked as a carpenter on Seward 's house ( then belonging to Judge Miller ) as a young man . On reaching the Pacific Coast , the Seward party took a steamer north to visit Sitka , Department of Alaska , part of the vast wilderness Seward had acquired for the U.S. After spending time in Oregon and California , the party went to Mexico , where he was given a hero 's welcome . After a visit to Cuba , he returned to the U.S. , concluding in March 1870 his trip of nine months .
In August 1870 , Seward embarked on another trip , this time westbound around the world . With him was Olive Risley , daughter of a Treasury Department official , to whom he became close in his final year in Washington . They visited Japan , then China , where they walked on the Great Wall . During the trip , they decided that Seward would adopt Olive , and he did so , thus putting an end to gossip and the fears of his sons that Seward would remarry late in life . They spent three months in India , then journeyed through the Middle East and Europe , not returning to Auburn until October 1871 .
= = Death and family matters = =
Back in Auburn , Seward began his memoirs , but only reached his thirties before putting it aside to write of his travels . In these months he was steadily growing weaker . On October 10 , 1872 , he worked at his desk in the morning as usual , then complained of trouble breathing . Seward grew worse during the day , as his family gathered around him . Asked if he had any final words , he said , " Love one another . " Seward died that afternoon . His funeral a few days later was preceded by the people of Auburn and nearby filing past his open casket for four hours . Thurlow Weed was there for the burial of his friend , and Harriet Tubman , a former slave whom the Sewards had aided , sent flowers . President Grant sent his regrets he could not be there .
William Seward rests with his wife Frances and daughter Fanny ( 1844 @-@ 1866 ) , in Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn . They had three surviving sons , Augustus Henry Seward ( 1826 @-@ 1876 ) , William H. Seward , Jr . ( 1839 @-@ 1920 ) ( both of whom had served as Union officers before successful business careers ) and Frederick William Seward ( 1830 @-@ 1915 ) ( who served under his father in the State Department ) and one daughter , Cornelia or Frances Seward ( 1836 - 1837 ) .
= = Legacy and historical view = =
Seward 's reputation , controversial in life , remained so in death , dividing his contemporaries . Former Navy Secretary Gideon Welles argued that not only did Seward lack principles , Gideon was unable to understand how Seward had fooled Lincoln into thinking that he did , gaining entry to the Cabinet thereby . Charles Francis Adams , minister in London during Seward 's tenure as secretary , deemed him " more of a politician than a statesman " , but Charles Dana , former Assistant Secretary of State , disagreed , writing that Seward had " the most cultivated and comprehensive intellect in the administration " and " what is very rare in a lawyer , a politician , or a statesman — imagination " .
Scholars of history have generally praised Seward for his work as Secretary of State ; in 1973 , Ernest N. Paolino deemed him , " the one outstanding Secretary of State after John Quincy Adams " . Seward has been given high marks by historians both for his achievements in office , and for his foresight in anticipating the future needs of the U.S. According to his biographer Van Deusen , " his foreign policy built for the future . He wished to prepare America for the great era which lay ahead . So he sought bases , naval stations and , peacefully , additional territory . "
Seward 's biographers suggested that there are two faces to Seward . One , " John Quincy Adams Seward " , dreamed big dreams and tried to convey them in speeches , working to achieve education for all , a fair deal for immigrants , an end to slavery , and an expanded America . The other , " Thurlow Weed Seward " , cut backroom deals over cigars and a bottle , and was a pragmatist who often settled for half a loaf when the whole was not achievable . Daniel S. Crofts , in Seward 's entry in American National Biography argued , " Each Seward was , of course , a caricature , and both tendencies , at once symbiotic and contradictory , existed in tandem . "
The praise Seward has received extends to his work during the Civil War . Stahr wrote that S
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
dancers to be so promoted . Her promotion drew further attention as Seo was one of only three principal dancers in the company to have been promoted from the ABT Studio Company . Julia Moon , the Ballet Director of Universal Ballet , said that " Seo has an incredible talent , not just in dancing but also acting . I have never doubted that someday she would become a principal dancer at ABT " . Seo has been noted for her " lyrical and open " style and " unique feminine strength " by several critics including The New York Times , Dance Magazine , and KoreAm .
Seo 's debut performance as Principal dancer in 2012 was as Princess Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty and the Swan Queen in Swan Lake . Seo has said that Swan Lake was her most challenging ballet . It is notoriously difficult for its thirty @-@ two fouettés and the lead ballerina having to dance the two contrasting personality roles of Odette , the White Swan , and Odile , the Black Swan . In an interview with Pointe Magazine , Seo said that she " prefers the mental and physical challenge of full @-@ length ballets over repertory works " . In 2014 , Seo had the opportunity to dance several full @-@ length roles in her second year as principal , when three of ABT 's senior principal ballerinas announced their retirement , placing Seo in line for several leading roles .
Seo models for Bloch and wears their pointe shoes . In an interview with the The Wall Street Journal , Seo stated that she " carries three to six new pairs a day and alternates them in class and rehearsals to break them in " and that she " can go through a pair a day once the shoes become too soft to support her feet " .
Her performances are sponsored by Pamela and David B. Ford . Seo resides in Manhattan in New York City .
= = Roles and repertoire at ABT = =
= = = Full length ballets = = =
= = = Other ballets and repertoire = = =
= 1998 Pepsi 400 =
The 1998 Pepsi 400 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series stock car race held on October 17 , 1998 , at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida . Originally scheduled to be held on the Fourth of July , the race was postponed until the fall due to widespread wildfires in central Florida ; it was the first superspeedway race to be held at night , and the first time ( and , as of 2015 , the only time ) there were two consecutive points @-@ paying restrictor plate races , with the Winston 500 being run first on October 11 .
Contested over 160 laps , it was the thirtieth race of the 1998 season . Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports took his eleventh win of the season , while Bobby Labonte finished second and Mike Skinner finished third . Gordon retained his point lead on the way to his third Winston Cup championship title .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
Daytona International Speedway is one of six superspeedways to hold NASCAR races , the others being Michigan International Speedway , California Speedway , Indianapolis Motor Speedway , Pocono Raceway and Talladega Superspeedway . The standard track at Daytona International Speedway is a four @-@ turn superspeedway that is 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) long . The track 's turns are banked at 31 degrees , while the front stretch , the location of the finish line , is banked at 18 degrees . John Andretti was the defending race winner . The event was the fifth of five night races held during the 1998 Winston Cup Series season .
The 1998 Pepsi 400 was originally scheduled to be run on July 4 , 1998 , as the seventeenth race of the 33 @-@ event Winston Cup Series schedule . It was the first superspeedway race , and first NASCAR event held at Daytona , to be run at night following the installation of Musco lighting at the Daytona International Speedway ; it was also scheduled to be broadcast live on CBS , the first stock car event to be televised live on primetime network television .
During the days leading up to the scheduled start of practice at 3pm , Thursday , July 2 , 1998 , concerns rose on account of the massive wildfire outbreak that was underway in central Florida ; thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area , and Interstate 95 , the primary north – south thoroughfare through the region , was closed . At 10am on July 2 , NASCAR announced that the race was being postponed ; while July 25 was an open date , the decision was made to reschedule the race for October 17 , to allow additional time for the wildfires to be controlled . At the time of the postponement , the race was sold out ; this was the first time the summer race at Daytona International Speedway had achieved sellout status .
The rescheduling meant that the race would not be televised on CBS , as the network did not want to compete against Fox 's broadcast of Game 1 of the Major League Baseball World Series , also scheduled for October 17 . On July 21 , it was announced that The Nashville Network , a cable affiliate of CBS , would air the rescheduled race live in its entirety .
Prior to the race , Jeff Gordon led the Drivers ' Championship with 4632 points , and Mark Martin was in second with 4344 points . Dale Jarrett was third in the Drivers ' Championship with 4098 points , Rusty Wallace was fourth with 3883 points , and Jeff Burton was in fifth with 3805 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was tied with Ford for the lead with 216 points each ; Pontiac followed in third with 138 points .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Practice and first round qualifying was held on Thursday , October 15 , 1998 ; Bobby Labonte led pre @-@ qualifying practice with a lap time of 46 @.@ 722 seconds . Five Ford teams , those of drivers Chad Little , Jimmy Spencer , Rich Bickle , Dick Trickle and Billy Standridge , ran Thunderbird @-@ bodied race cars , instead of the standard Taurus ran at most 1998 Winston Cup Series races , believing the Thunderbird to have an aerodynamic advantage at the restrictor plate racetracks . Randal Ritter 's car failed to pass inspection due to extreme irregularities in its construction , and the team withdrew before practice began .
Bobby Labonte posted the fastest time in first round qualifying , a lap of 46 @.@ 485 seconds ( 193 @.@ 611 miles per hour (
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
States and chose Lāʻie for its construction . According to Mormon folklore , precious materials arrived just in time to complete the building of the temple : Temple builders ran out of wood ( a scarce commodity on the islands ) during initial construction , but local members received lumber when a ship ran aground and needed to unload some of its cargo of wood . The temple builders volunteered to help the ship and were given the lumber out of gratitude . The lumber taken from the ship proved to be just enough to finish the temple .
When news of the new Laie Hawaii Temple reached Native Hawaiian converts ( and other Polynesians ) living far from home in the town of Iosepa , Utah , many decided to emigrate back to Hawaii . Although the Hawaiians had lived in Iosepa since 1889 , the closest temple , Salt Lake Temple , was 75 miles away from the colony . Moving to Laie gave the Hawaiians the ability to be closer to the new temple and allowed them to perform sacred ordinances without having to travel great distances . By January 1917 , most of the Hawaiians returned home , leaving Iosepa a ghost town .
LDS Church President Heber J. Grant presided over the Hawaiian Temple 's dedication on November 27 , 1919 . Grant called the Hawaiian people " descendants of Lehi " ( a prophet in the Book of Mormon ) , and saw the future of the new temple in Lāʻie as a magnet for Polynesian converts . After the temple was completed , more Polynesians moved to Lāʻie , hoping to participate in temple ordinances . Tourists were also drawn to the area , and guide books of the time compared the Lāʻie temple to the Taj Mahal .
The 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor gave rise to another popular tale about the Laie Hawaii Temple in Mormon folklore . According to variations on this story , Japanese aircraft pilots attempted to bomb or strafe the Hawaiian Temple just prior to , or just after , the attack , but were thwarted by mechanical failure or from an unseen protective force . Some stories suggest that the Japanese pilot who attempted to attack the temple was converted to the LDS Church after he saw a picture of the temple in the possession of Mormon missionaries in Japan . Although there is an eyewitness who believes he saw the attempted bombing and a former missionary who says he met the Japanese convert , historians have found little supporting evidence that would substantiate these stories .
= = = Renovation = = =
Beginning in May 1976 , the temple was closed for a two @-@ year remodeling project , expanding
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
historic hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada , United States , that operated from 1952 to 1996 . Designed by the architect Wayne McAllister , with a prominent 56 @-@ foot ( 17 m ) high sign , the Sands was the seventh resort to open on the Strip . During its heyday , the Sands was the center of entertainment and " cool " on the Strip , and hosted many famous entertainers of the day , most notably the Rat Pack .
The hotel was established in 1952 by Texan oil tycoon Jake Freedman , who bought up the LaRue Restaurant , which had opened two years earlier . The hotel was opened on December 15 , 1952 as a casino with 200 rooms , and was established less than three months after the opening of another notable landmark , Sahara Hotel and Casino . The hotel rooms were divided into four two @-@ story motel wings , each with fifty rooms , and named after famous race tracks . The opening was widely publicized , and every guest was given a Chamois bag with silver dollars . Crime bosses such as Meyer Lansky and Frank Costello acquired shares in the hotel and attracted Frank Sinatra , who made his performing debut at Sands in October 1953 . Sinatra later bought a share in the hotel himself . Sinatra and Sammy Davis , Jr. were instrumental throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s in bringing a change in racial policy in Sands , and after an incident in 1961 , it began employing blacks . In 1960 the classic caper film Ocean 's 11 was shot at the hotel , and it subsequently attained iconic status , with regular performances by Sinatra , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis . Jr . , Red Skelton and others , who performed regularly in the hotel 's world @-@ renowned Copa Room . Much of the musical success of the Copa Room is credited to the room 's band leader and musical conductor Antonio Morelli , whose house orchestra performed in the recording of hundreds of albums over the years .
In the mid 1960s , Sands and its adjacent properties were bought by the reclusive businessman Howard Hughes , who built a 500 @-@ room tower and modernized the hotel . After the 1970s it fell into decline until its final owner , Sheldon Adelson , made the decision to shut it down and to build a brand new resort . The last dice in the casino was rolled by Bob Stupak just after 6pm on June 30 , 1996 . On November 26 of that year , it was finally imploded and demolished , much to the dismay of longtime employees and sentimentalists . Today , The Venetian stands where the Sands once stood .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The LaRue Restaurant was established in December 1950 by Billy Wilkerson . The following year , oil tycoon Jake Freedman of Houston , Texas bought LaRue for $ 15 @,@ 000 . Freedman 's idea was to build the best hotel and casino in Las Vegas to specifically cater to the glamorous Hollywood film stars and executives in a $ 600 @,@ 000 project . Numerous sources state that organized crime figures Meyer Lansky , Frank Costello and Joseph " Doc " Stracher and illegal bookmakers like Mike Shapiro , Ed Levinson , and Sid Wyman were involved in the financing of Sands and had shares in it . Lansky and his mob assumed ownership of the Flamingo Hotel after the murder of Bugsy Siegel in 1947 , and Lansky and Costello also had business interests in the Thunderbird Hotel and El Cortez Club in Downtown Las Vegas .
Construction began on Sands Hotel in early 1952 , built to a design by Wayne McAllister . Freedman had initially intended naming the hotel " Holiday Inn " after the film of the same name starring Bing Crosby , but after noticing that his socks became so full of sand decided to name it Sands . The tag line would be " A Place in the Sun " , named after a recently released film starring Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor , and quite suitable to the hot desert location of Las Vegas . The hotel was opened on December 15 , 1952 as a casino with 200 rooms , and was established less than three months after the opening of another prominent landmark , Sahara Hotel and
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Casino . The opening was widely publicized , and the hotel was visited by some 12 @,@ 000 people within a few hours . At the inauguration were 146 journalists and special guests such as Arlene Dahl , Fernando Lamas , Esther Williams , and Terry Moore . Every guest was given a Chamois bag with silver dollars , and Sands ended up losing $ 200 @,@ 000 within the first eight hours . Danny Thomas , Jimmy McHugh and the Copa Girls , labelled " the most beautiful girls in the world " , performed in the Copa Room on opening night , and Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra were the initial house band . Thomas was hired to perform for the first two weeks , but strained his voice on the second night and developed laryngitis , and was replaced with performers such as Jimmy Durante , Frankie Laine , Jane Powell , the Ritz Brothers , and Ray Anthony .
Jack Entratter , who was formerly in charge of the New York nightclub , the Copacabana , became the hotel 's manager . Entratter made many show business friends during his time at the nightclub ; he was able to use these connections to sign performers for the Sands Copa Room . Entratter was also able to offer entertainers an additional incentive to perform at the Sands . Headlining stars received " points " , or a percentage of ownership in the hotel and casino . Entratter 's personally selected " Copa Girls " wore $ 12 @,@ 000 worth of costumes on the hotel 's opening night ; this surpassed the salary of the Copa Room 's star , Danny Thomas .
In the early years , Freedman and his wife Carolyn were one of its attractions , wearing " matching white , leather outfits , replete with identical cowboy boots and hats " . Freedman offered Carolyn 's father Nathan a 5 % stake in Sands but he declined the offer .
= = = The Rat Pack and racial policy = = =
It was Lansky and Costello who brought Sands to Frank Sinatra 's attention , and he began staying at the hotel and gambling there during breaks from Hollywood , though some sources state that he was not a hardcore gambler . Sinatra earned a notoriety for " keeping his winnings and ignoring his gambling losses " , but the mobsters running the hotel were not too concerned because Sinatra was great for business . He made his debut performing at the hotel on October 4 , 1953 , after an invitation by the manager Jack Entratter . Sinatra typically played at Sands three times a year , sometimes a two @-@ week stint , which " brought in the big rollers , a lot of oil money from Texas " . The big rollers left Vegas when Sinatra did , and other performers were reluctant to perform after him , feeling intimidated .
Entratter replaced Freedman as the president of the Sands Hotel following his death from heart surgery on January 20 , 1958 . Freedman 's last wife Sadie subsequently lived in a suite in the Belmont Park wing into the mid 1960s until her death . Sinatra , who had attempted to buy a share in the hotel soon after first visiting in 1953 , but was denied by the Nevada Tax Commission , was now granted permission to buy a share in the hotel , due to his phenomenal impact upon business in Las Vegas . His share , variously described as from 2 to 9 % , aided Freedman 's wife in paying off her husband 's gambling debts .
In 1955 , ( limited ) integration came to heavily segregated Las Vegas when the Sands first allowed Nat King Cole to stay at the hotel and perform . Sinatra noticed that he never saw Cole in the dining room , always eating his meals in solitude in his dressing room . When he asked his valet George to find out why , he learned that " Coloreds aren 't allowed in the dining room at the Sands " . Sinatra subsequently saw to it that if blacks were not permitted to eat their meals in the dining room with everybody else he would see to it that all of the waiters and waitresses were fired , and invited Cole to dine with him the following evening . Cole was allowed permission into the casino , as was another black performer , Harry Belafonte , who took a more aggressive approach by walking into the casino on his own accord and sitting at a blackjack table , which was not challenged by the bosses . Belafonte became the " first black man to play cards on the Las Vegas Strip " .
Sammy Davis , Jr. was instrumental in bringing about a general change in policy . When the Will Mastin Trio began performing at Sands in 1958 , Davis informed Entratter that his father and uncle must be allowed permission to stay at Sands while he was performing there . Entratter granted them permission but continued his objection to admitting other black guests . In 1961 , an African @-@ American couple entered the lobby of the hotel and were blocked by the security guard , witnessed by Sinatra and Davis . Sinatra told the guards that they were his guests and let them into the hotel . Sinatra subsequently swore profusely down the phone to Sands executive Carl Cohen at how ridiculous the situation was , and the following day , Davis approached Entratter and demanded that Sands begin employing blacks . Shortly afterwards the hotel changed its policy and it began hiring black waiters and busboys , and began permitting blacks entry into the casino .
In the late 1950s , Senator John F. Kennedy was occasionally a guest of Sinatra at the Sands . Arguably the hotel 's biggest claim to fame was a three @-@ week period in 1960 during the filming of Ocean 's 11 , after which it attained iconic status . During that time , the movie 's stars Sinatra , Dean Martin , Davis , Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford performed on stage together in the Copa Room . The performances were called the " Summit at the Sands " and this is considered to be the birth of the Rat Pack .
= = = Later history = = =
When Howard Hughes purchased the hotel in the mid @-@ 1960s for $ 14 @.@ 6 million , the architect Martin Stern , Jr. added a 500 @-@ room circular tower , which opened in 1967 , and the hotel became a Las Vegas landmark . Hughes grew particularly annoyed every time the Rat Pack were in his hotel , due to a hatred of Frank Sinatra which stemmed from the fact that he had been in love with Ava Gardner in the 50s and she had run off to marry him . The ill feeling was reciprocated by Sinatra . Hughes plotted to oust Sinatra from the Sands for good , and asked Robert Maheu to draw up a plan shortly after the new hotel opened in 1967 . The hotel imposed restrictions on what Sinatra could gamble in the casino , to just $ 3000 a night . Under previous management , Sinatra had no limits on the amount of credit extended to him by the Sands casino . His IOUs , chits or " markers " were torn up at the end of Sinatra 's engagements because he was considered to be good for business @-@ bringing the hotel more monetary value than the worth of his gambling losses . Hughes put a stop to this system , telling Jack Entratter to inform Sinatra of the new policy ; Entratter did not do so because he was afraid .
Fuming , Sinatra began what The Los Angeles Times describes as a " weekend @-@ long tirade " against the " hotel 's management , employees and security forces " . The FBI report says the incident began when Mia Farrow lost US $ 20 @,@ 000 at the Sands casino . Sinatra bought US $ 50 @,@ 000 in chips and made an attempt to win the money back . He lost this sum within a short period of time . Sinatra then asked for credit , which was denied . It culminated when Sinatra reportedly drove a golf cart through the window of the coffee shop where casino manager Carl Cohen was seated and began " screaming obscenities and anti @-@ Semitic remarks " at Cohen . Sinatra reportedly punched Cohen , a heavily built man , who responded with a smack in the mouth , bloodying Sinatra 's nose and knocking two of his teeth out . As a result , Sinatra never performed at Sands again while Hughes owned it , and began performing at Caesars Palace . A number of the staff were not disappointed to see Sinatra leave Sands . Numerous employees had been humiliated or intimidated by the Rat Pack over the years , including a busboy that Sinatra tripped up while he was carrying a tray with dishes . After Sinatra left , the mobsters pulled out of Sands and gradually left Vegas in the 1970s . In the 1970s it became associated with the likes of Wayne Newton and Liberace . At this time some 30 % of the performers at Sands were Italian Americans . Frank Gagliardi became the drummer for the house orchestra in 1964 , starting a twelve @-@ year tenure .
In 1968 , Hughes stated that he intended to expand Sands into a 4000 @-@ room resort , but his plans did not materialize . In 1983 , Hughes ' company , the Summa Corporation , sold the Sands to the Pratt Corporation , but subsequently bought it back as they were unable to make a profit . MGM Grand , Inc. bought the hotel along with the neighboring Desert Inn in 1988 for a total of $ 167 million , and the property became known as the MGM Sands . The next year , MGM sold it for $ 110 million to Las Vegas Sands , a new company formed by the owners of The Interface Group , including Sheldon Adelson , Richard Katzeff , Ted Cutler , Irwin Chafetz
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
200 , Dream Theater 's second top ten debut position on that chart after their previous album , 2009 's Black Clouds & Silver Linings , which debuted at No. 6 . Alongside the standard edition of the album , a special edition and deluxe collector 's edition were also made available for purchase . The special edition featured different packaging and a bonus DVD containing The Spirit Carries On documentary , while the deluxe collector 's edition featured , among other bonus items , instrumental versions of all songs .
= = Critical reception = =
A Dramatic Turn of Events has received mixed reviews . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album holds an average score of 55 , based on six reviews . Rich Wilson called it " fresh and frankly stunning " ; however , he warned that the album was not immediately gratifying and that it required several listens to fully appreciate . Critics were generally complimentary of Mike Mangini 's performance , with Drumhead elaborating , " [ he ] demonstrates the physical prowess and agility of a racehorse , stretching to play at the top of his talents and reining himself in to allow his bandmates to do the same . "
In a negative review for Popmatters , Chris Conaton expressed disappointment in the album 's predictability , noting , " At this point it ’ s pretty clear that the band is comfortably ensconced in their lifestyle and content to just keep doing things the way they have been for years . " In a lukewarm review for AllMusic , Thom Jurek observed , " there is something here for virtually every fan -- or detractor -- to grab hold of . " Sputnikmusic criticized Mangini 's drum parts , describing them as " bland " , as well as the decision to include three ballads , but ultimately gave the album a positive review .
A Dramatic Turn of Events has received several accolades . In their year @-@ end wrap up for 2011 , Burrn ! awarded the album with their Best Album , Best Front Cover , Best Guitarist , and Best Keyboardist honors . At the 2012 Grammy Awards , " On the Backs of Angels " was nominated for Best Hard Rock / Metal Performance , representing the Dream Theater 's first @-@ ever Grammy nomination .
= = = Supporting tour = = =
Dream Theater began their tour in support of A Dramatic Turn of Events on July 4 , 2011 in Rome , Italy . The second leg of the tour took place in North America , where the band headlined with Trivium . After a short break to conclude 2011 , the band returned to Europe with Periphery , then to North America with Crimson Projekct before heading to South America for the final leg of the tour . On August 19 and 20 , they filmed two shows at Luna Park in Buenos Aires , Argentina for a live Blu @-@ ray release .
= = Track listing = =
All titles , writing credits , and song lengths taken from the A Dramatic Turn of Events liner notes . All lyrics written by John Petrucci except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
All credits taken from the A Dramatic Turn of Events liner notes .
= Galaxy =
A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars , stellar remnants , interstellar gas , dust , and dark matter . The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias ( γαλαξίας ) , literally " milky " , a reference to the Milky Way . Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few thousand ( 103 ) stars to giants with one hundred trillion ( 1014 ) stars , each orbiting its galaxy 's center of mass . Galaxies are categorized according to their visual morphology as elliptical , spiral and irregular . Many galaxies are thought to have black holes at their active centers . The Milky Way 's central black hole , known as Sagittarius A * , has a mass four million times greater than the Sun . As of March 2016 , GN @-@ z11 is the oldest and most distant observed galaxy with a comoving distance of 32 billion light @-@ years from Earth , and observed as it existed just 400 million years after the Big Bang . Previously , as of July 2015 , EGSY8p7 was the most distant known galaxy , estimated to have a light travel distance of 13 @.@ 2 billion light @-@ years away .
Approximately 170 billion ( 1 @.@ 7 × 1011 ) to 200 billion ( 2 @.@
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
be accurately described as one of the very first psychedelic records " .
This trend ran in parallel in both America and Britain and as part of the inter @-@ related folk , folk rock and rock scenes . Blues , drugs , jazz and eastern influences had featured since 1964 in the work of Davy Graham and Bert Jansch . Folk artists who were particularly significant in the psychedelic movement included the Scottish performers Donovan , who combined influences of American artists like Bob Dylan with references to flower power , and the Incredible String Band , who from 1967 incorporated a range of influences into their acoustic instrument @-@ based music , including medieval and eastern instruments .
= = = = Rock and pop = = = =
In terms of bridging the relationship between music and hallucinogens , the Beatles and the Beach Boys were the most pivotal . The Beatles introduced guitar feedback with " I Feel Fine " ( 1964 ) . Drug references began to appear in their songs , in " Day Tripper " ( 1965 ) , and more explicitly in " Tomorrow Never Knows " ( 1966 ) . The Beach Boys ' Brian Wilson attempted to translate the effects of LSD into music for the group 's album Pet Sounds ( 1966 ) , which significantly heightened the visibility of psychedelic rock . As psychedelia emerged as a mainstream and commercial force , it would be reflected in pop music . Pet Sounds is credited for sparking a psychedelic pop revolution , inspiring mainstream pop acts to take part in the psychedelic culture . Pink Floyd 's " Arnold Layne " and " See Emily Play " , both written by Syd Barrett , helped set the pattern for pop @-@ psychedelia in Britain .
The first use of the term " psychedelic rock " is generally attributed to Austin , Texas band The 13th Floor Elevators , whose early tours would inspire San Francisco 's still @-@ incubating psychedelic scene . The Byrds rapidly progressed away from purely folk rock in 1966 with their single " Eight Miles High " , widely taken to be a reference to drug use . In 1966 , the UK underground scene based in North London supported new acts with psychedelic influences , including Pink Floyd , Traffic and Soft Machine . The same year saw the début albums of rock bands Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience which featured extended solo improvisation sections using heavily distorted and sound @-@ processed electric guitar , which went on to become a key feature of psychedelic music .
Psychedelic rock reached its peak in the last years of the decade . In America the Summer of Love was prefaced by the Human Be @-@ In event and reached its peak at the Monterey Pop Festival , the latter helping to make major American stars of Hendrix and The Who . Key recordings included Jefferson Airplane 's Surrealistic Pillow and The Doors ' Strange Days . These trends climaxed in the 1969 Woodstock festival , which saw performances by most of the major psychedelic acts , including Jimi Hendrix , Janis Joplin and Santana .
= = = = Soul = = = =
In the late 1960s , psychedelic music began to influence African American musicians , particularly the stars of the Motown label . Influenced by the civil rights movement , psychedelic soul had a darker and more political edge than much acid rock . Building on the funk sound of James Brown , it was pioneered by Sly and the Family Stone with songs like " Dance to the Music " ( 1968 ) , " Everyday People " ( 1968 ) and " I Want to Take You Higher " ( 1969 ) and The Temptations with " Cloud Nine " ( 1968 ) , " Runaway Child , Running Wild " ( 1969 ) and " Psychedelic Shack " ( 1969 ) . Others soon followed like the Supremes with " Love Child " ( 1968 ) and " Stoned Love " ( 1970 ) , The Chambers Brothers with " Time has come today " ( 1966 , but charting in 1968 ) , The 5th Dimension with a cover of Laura Nyro 's " Stoned Soul Picnic " ( 1968 ) , Edwin Starr 's " War " ( 1970 ) and the Undisputed Truth 's " Smiling Faces Sometimes " ( 1971 ) . George Clinton 's interdependent Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles and their various spin @-@ offs , took the genre to its most extreme lengths making funk almost a religion in the 1970s , producing over forty singles , including three in the US top ten , and three platinum albums .
= = = Late 1960s : Decline = = =
By the end of the 1960s , the trend of exploring psychedelia in music was largely in retreat . LSD was declared illegal in the US and UK in 1966 . The linking of the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca by The Manson Family to Beatles songs such as " Helter Skelter " contributed to an anti @-@ hippie backlash . The Altamont Free Concert in California , headlined by The Rolling Stones on December 6 , 1969 , did not turn out to be a positive milestone in the psychedelic music scene , as was anticipated ; instead , it became notorious for the fatal stabbing of a black teenager Meredith Hunter by Hells Angel security guards .
Early " acid casualties " in the music scene , including Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys , Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones , Peter Green of Fleetwood Mac and Syd Barrett of Pink Floyd , helped to shift the focus of the respective bands of which they had been leading figures away from psychedelia . Some bands which had earlier led the psychedelic rock trends , such as the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream , broke up . Jimi Hendrix died in London in September 1970 , shortly after recording Band of Gypsies ( 1970 ) , Janis Joplin died of a heroin overdose in October 1970 . Jim Morrison of the Doors died in Paris in July 1971 . Many surviving acts moved away from psychedelia into either more back @-@ to @-@ basics " roots rock " ; into traditional @-@ based , pastoral or whimsical folk ; the wider experimentation of progressive rock ; or into riff @-@ laden heavy rock . By the early 1970s psychedelic @-@ soul influenced records were losing their grip on the charts and most of the major artists began to look for inspiration elsewhere .
After the death of Brian Epstein and the unpopular surreal television film , Magical Mystery Tour ( 1967 ) , the Beatles returned to a raw style with The Beatles ( 1968 ) and Let It Be ( 1970 ) , before their eventual break @-@ up . The " back to basics " trend was also evident in the Rolling Stones ' subsequent albums , from Beggar 's Banquet ( 1968 ) to Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) . English folk rock outfit Fairport Convention released Liege and Lief in 1969 , turning away from American @-@ influenced folk rock toward a sound based on traditional British music and founding the subgenre of electric folk , to be followed by bands like Steeleye Span and Fotheringay . The psychedelic @-@ influenced and whimsical strand of British folk continued into the 1970s with acts including Comus , Mellow Candle , Nick Drake , The Incredible String Band , Forest and Trees , Kevin Ayers of Soft Machine and with Syd Barrett 's two solo albums .
= = = 1970s – present : Influence and revival = = =
Many of the British musicians and bands that had embraced psychedelia moved into creating the progressive rock genre in the 1970s , including Pink Floyd , Soft Machine and members of Yes . King Crimson 's
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
are said to be preparing to build ; or , to put it more accurately , to stand sponsors for . Some Machiavellian hand may be at work in this new game of international politics and the British Admiralty is suspected . But every statesmen and naval student may make his own guess .
On the other side of the Atlantic , in the midst of the Anglo – German naval arms race , members of the British House of Commons fretted over the battleships ' possible destinations , though the Admiralty consistently stated that they did not believe any sale would occur . In mid @-@ July and September 1908 , the Commons discussed purchasing the ships to bolster the Royal Navy and ensure they would not be sold to a foreign rival , which would disrupt the British naval plan set in place by the " two @-@ power standard , " though in March and late July 1908 , the Brazilian government officially denied any sale was planned . In March 1909 , the British press and House of Commons began pushing for more dreadnoughts after the First Lord of the Admiralty , Reginald McKenna , asserted that Germany had stepped up its building schedule and would complete thirteen dreadnoughts in 1911 — four more than previously estimated . Naturally , the subject of purchasing the Brazilian dreadnoughts already being built was brought up , and McKenna had to officially deny that the government was planning to tender an offer for the warships . He also stated that a sale to a foreign nation would be inconsequential , as " our present superiority in strength in 1909 – 10 is so great that no alarm would be created in the mind of the Board of Admiralty . "
Despite the plethora of rumors , the Brazilian government was not planning to sell their ships . Dreadnoughts formed an important role in Rio Branco 's goal of raising Brazil 's international status :
Brazil begins to feel the importance of her great position , the part she may play in the world , and is taking measures in a beginner 's degree commensurate with that realization . Her battle @-@ ship @-@ building is one with her attitude at The Hague , and these together are but part and parcel , not of a vainglorious striving after position , but of a just conception of her future . Dr. Ruy Barboza did not oppose the details of representation on the international arbitral tribunal out of antipathy to the United States , but because he believed that the sovereignty of Brazil was at least equal to that of any other sovereign nation , and because he was convinced that unequal representation on that tribunal would result in the establishment of ' categories of sovereignty ' — a thing utterly opposed to the philosophy of equal sovereign rights . And as in international law and discourse , so in her navy , Brazil seeks to demonstrate her sovereign rank .
= = Counter : Argentina and Chile respond = =
Argentina was highly alarmed by the Brazilian move , and they quickly moved to nullify the remaining months of the naval @-@ limiting restrictions in the 1902 pact with Chile . In November 1906 , Argentina 's Minister of Foreign Affairs , Manuel Augusto Montes de Oca , remarked that any one of the new Brazilian vessels could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets . Despite the seeming hyperbole , his statement — made before the Brazilian government reordered the ships as dreadnoughts — ended up being close to the truth : in 1910 , at least , the new Brazilian warships were seemingly stronger than any other vessel in the world , let alone any one ship in the Argentine or Chilean fleets . With this in mind , the Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers op
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Hunting Flame =
" ' Loin Like a Hunting Flame " is the twelfth episode of the first season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on January 31 , 1997 . The episode was written by Ted Mann , and directed by David Nutter . " Loin Like a Hunting Flame " featured guest appearances by William Lucking , Hrothgar Mathews and Harriet Sansom Harris .
Forensic profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) , a member of the private investigative organisation Millennium Group , joins a fellow Group member to track a killer driven by sexual neuroses and who uses mood @-@ altering drugs to gain control of his victims .
" Loin Like a Hunting Flame " has received mostly negative reviews from critics , with its treatment of female characters being seen as particularly poor . The episode — Nutter 's last contribution to the series — contains several literary references , alluding to both Dylan Thomas and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe .
= = Plot = =
In Boulder , Colorado , a rave is underway in a nightclub . Pharmacist Art Nesbitt ( Hrothgar Matthews ) approaches a young couple , offering them drugs . Later , all three of them are in a room elsewhere , with Nesbitt recording the couple having sex . When they finish , he poisons them by injection . Their naked bodies are found the following day in a botanic garden , posed to resemble the story of Adam and Eve . The Millennium Group , a private investigative firm , despatches offender profilers Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) and Maureen Murphy ( Harriet Sansom Harris ) to aid the police investigation . Detective Thomas ( William Lucking ) feels uncomfortable working with Murphy , believing that women do not understand male sex offenders .
Elsewhere , Nesbitt is spying on a swingers ' party , and follows two women as they leave to buy more alcohol for the party . He impersonates a police officer and pulls their car over . The next day the women are reported missing by their husbands , and their bodies are found posed in a park . Nesbitt is next seen working in his pharmacy , when another young couple come in to purchase medication in preparation for an exotic honeymoon . Nesbitt instead surreptitiously gives them an MDMA @-@ like drug , suggesting they take it immediately .
Meanwhile , the investigation has found traces of this drug in the other victims , with Black believing that the killer not only has access to it through his occupation but is likely consuming it himself while committing his crimes in order to readily act on his sexual fantasies . Black follows up on this , and investigates Nesbitt 's pharmacy . Nesbitt is not working at the time , but Black realizes he must be the killer . He interviews Nesbitt 's wife ( Barbara Howard ) , finding that they have not had sex in eighteen years of marriage — however , Nesbitt has recently become interested in trying again .
Later , Detective Thomas tells Black that he really has no problem with Murphy — his true issue with the case is his own past . Having investigated sexual offences in the past , Thomas had found the cases affecting him personally , leaving him unable to have sex with his wife and leading to their divorce .
Black realizes that the killer is trying to experience the sexual encounters he missed out on before his marriage , and that he believes his victims are living the happiest moments of their lives because of his actions . He returns to the Nesbitt home , finding the honeymooning couple locked in a bomb shelter below the house . Black runs upstairs , thinking that Nesbitt will murder his wife , but arrives in time to see him commit suicide by injection instead .
= = Production = =
" Loin Like a Hunting Flame " is the second of four episodes of Millennium to have been written by Ted Mann , who had previously written " The Judge " , and would go on to write " " Powers , Principalities , Thrones and Dominions " and the first season finale " Paper Dove " . The episode was directed by David Nutter , and was his last directing credit for the series , having helmed " Pilot " , " Gehenna " and " 522666 " earlier in the season .
A member of Fox 's Standards and Practices department was flown out to the episode 's Vancouver , British Columbia filming location . She was asked to watch the episode being produced to ensure that it did not breach any of the network 's censorship rules . Several of the scenes that were being produced required quite small spaces during filming , requiring Nutter to record additional coverage on a handheld camera , which he later played back to the Standards and Practices liaison for approval .
The episode 's title is taken from a line in the Dylan Thomas poem Ballad of the Long @-@ legged Bait , which was first published in 1946 's Deaths and Entrances ; while the quotation displayed at the beginning — " Two souls , alas , are housed within my breast " — is taken from Goethe 's Faust , a two @-@ part 19th century play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Both literary allusions serve to highlight the secret life of the character of Nesbitt — the first in its subject matter , the second thematically echoing the character 's two lives . Several of the cast had previously worked with series creator Chris Carter on his previous series The X @-@ Files — Harriet Sansom Harris had appeared in the first season episode " Eve " ; Hrothgar Matthews had played roles in four episodes ; and Tyler Labine , who briefly appeared handing out leaflets in the episode 's cold open , had made appearances in two episodes of that series .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Loin Like a Hunting Flame " was first broadcast on the Fox Network on January 31 , 1997 ; and earned a Nielsen rating of 8 , meaning that roughly 8 percent of all television @-@ equipped households were tuned in to the episode .
" Loin Like a Hunting Flame " received mostly negative reviews from critics . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , finding Mann 's writing to lack tension and imagination . Shearman and Pearson felt that the episode " has good moments , and is at least efficient and watchable " , but believed that it " doesn 't really deliver anything special , doesn 't try to be anything other than average " . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated " Loin Like a Hunting Flame " 4 out of 5 , describing it as being " handled in a subtle , somber manner " . Gibron felt that " the events unfold in this episode evenly and eerily " , and it serves as an example of " what could have been done had the show 's focus , both literally and metaphysically , remained on crime " . Writing for The A.V. Club , Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode an F , calling it " quite possibly one of the worst episodes of television I 've ever seen " . VanDerWerff felt that the episode 's wariness of the 1990s rave subculture was particularly dated .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
He also felt that " Loin Like a Hunting Flame " served as a prominent example of Millennium 's " social conservatism " , noting that it seems " fairly closed @-@ off from other points @-@ of @-@ view " than that of the character Frank Black .
= Mississippi Highway 572 =
Mississippi Highway 572 ( MS 572 ) is a former state highway in southwestern Mississippi . The route 's western terminus was in Centreville of Wilkinson county . MS 572 traveled east and intersected MS 24 and MS 33 , just east of the town . It ended at MS 569 south of Beechwood . MS 572 was designated in 1957 , from MS 24 and MS 33 to MS 569 . The route was extended west to Centreville , and was removed from the state highway system in 1967 .
= = Route description = =
As of 1965 , the route was located in eastern Wilkinson and western Amite counties . All of the route was a two @-@ laned paved road . MS 572 began at the center of Centreville , near a railroad track . The route then traveled down Park Road until it exited Wilkinson County and entered Amite County . After crossing the county line , MS 572 intersected MS 24 and MS 33 , and MS 572 was also branded Lower Centreville Road . Continuing eastward , the route exited Centreville and crossed over Beaver Creek and emerged into the village of Olio . MS 572 left Olio , and ended few miles later at MS 569 at a T @-@ intersection . Lower Centreville Road continued east , concurrent with MS 569 . MS 572 was maintained by the Mississippi State Highway Commission and Amite County , as part of the state highway system .
= = History = =
MS 572 was designated in 1957 , connecting from MS 24 / 33 to MS 569 . The route was fully paved when it was created . The next year , it was extended slightly to Centreville . By 1960 , a section of the route in Amite County was transferred to county maintenance . MS 572 was removed from the state highway system by 1967 . Today , the road is known as Park Road ( unsigned Mississippi Highway 946 ) west of MS 24 and MS 33 , and Lower Centreville Road east of it .
= = Major intersections = =
The route is documented as it existed in 1965 .
= Nothing Was the Same =
Nothing Was the Same is the third studio album by Canadian recording artist Drake . It was released on September 24 , 2013 , by OVO Sound , Young Money Entertainment , Cash Money Records and Republic Records . Work on the record began in 2012 and continued through 2013 . As its executive producer , Drake enlisted collaborators including 2 Chainz , Big Sean , Jay Z , Jhené Aiko and Sampha to appear as guest appearances on the album . The album 's production was primarily handled by Noah " 40 " Shebib and other OVO Sound producers ; Boi @-@ 1da , Mike Zombie , Majid Jordan and Nineteen85 , among others such as , Detail , Key Wane , Hudson Mohawke and Jake One .
Nothing Was the Same was supported by the seven successful singles ; " Started from the Bottom " , " Hold On , We 're Going Home " featuring Majid Jordan , " All Me " featuring 2 Chainz and Big Sean , " Pound Cake " featuring Jay Z , " The Language " , " Too Much " featuring Sampha and " Worst Behavior " . " Wu @-@ Tang Forever " was released , prior to the album as a promotional single . Drake also toured with Future , Miguel and PartyNextDoor from October through December 2013 , on the Would You Like a Tour ? concert tour .
Nothing Was the Same received generally positive reviews from critics , including a score of 79 at Metacritic based
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
man who , after finding out that he is HIV positive , allows his life to fall apart . It was a part of the ' AIDS JaaGo ' , a series of four short films , directed by Mira Nair , Santosh Sivan , and Farhan Akhtar in a joint initiative by Nair and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . The series premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival . The same year , he also served as a writer for Sanjay Gupta 's anthology film , Dus Kahaniyaan .
In 2009 , Bhardwaj came up with the Caper thriller Kaminey , starring Shahid Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra . The film follows the rivalry between identical twins , one with a lisp and one with a stammer . The story was bought by him from a Kenyan writer . It opened to generally positive reviews . Anupama Chopra gave a rating of 4 out of 5 and wrote " Kaminey is the best Bollywood film I 've seen this year . It 's an audacious , original rollercoaster ride . Written and directed by Vishal Bhardwaj , Kaminey requires patience and attention but the pay off is more than worth it . " Kaminey was also a financial success earning over ₹ 700 million ( US $ 10 million ) worldwide .
7 Khoon Maaf ( 2011 ) , a film based on the Ruskin Bond 's short story , Susanna 's Seven Husbands , was Bhardwaj 's next directorial venture . The story revolves around Susanna Anna @-@ Marie Johannes ( played by Priyanka Chopra ) who murders her seven husbands in an unending quest for love . The film was written collaboratively by Bhardwaj , Bond and American writer Matthew Robbins . It released on 18 February 2011 and met with mixed to positive reviews . Zee News in its four out of five star review mentioned : " Vishal Bhardwaj does it again . The maverick filmmaker has once again woven magic with his latest blockbuster Saat Khoon Maaf " .
In 2013 , Bhardwaj directed Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola , a political satire set in the rustic surroundings of a village in Haryana . It starred Anushka Sharma and Imran Khan in the lead roles , with Pankaj Kapur and Shabana Azmi in supporting ones . Bhardwaj also choreographed a song " Oye boy Charlie " in the film . The film received mixed reviews from critics , and underperformed at the box office .
In 2014 , Bhardwaj made his stage debut with the opera ' A Flowering Tree ’ . It was based on a classic folk tale by Kannada writer and scholar A. K. Ramanujan . He completed his William Shakespeare 's trilogy with Haider ( 2014 ) , based on the tragedy Hamlet . Set during the Kashmir conflict of 1995 , the film starred Shahid Kapoor in the titular role , for which he along with Bhardwaj charged no money . Haider garnered critical acclaim , though was controversial among Hindu nationalists for its portrayal of the conflict in Kashmir . CNN @-@ IBN 's Rajeev Masand called it " .. an elegant , thrilling film that casts a brave , unflinching eye on the Kashmir struggle . " At the 62nd National Film Awards , Bhardwaj won the Best Music Director and Best Screenplay ( Dialogues ) award . It also received nominations for Best Film and Best Director at the 60th Filmfare Awards .
As of November 2015 , Bhardwaj is filming Rangoon , a romantic drama set during World War II , starring Kangana Ranaut , Saif Ali Khan and Shahid Kapoor .
= = = Producer = = =
Bhardwaj has been producing his own films under his banner VB Pictures . In 2010 , he produced the black comedy Ishqiya . Starring Vidya Balan , Naseeruddin Shah and Arshad Warsi ; the film was directed by debutant Abhishek Chaubey . Chaubey had earlier assisted and co @-@ wrote several of Bhardwaj 's film . The film was an average grosser at the box @-@ office . He teamed up with Ekta Kapoor 's Balaji Motion Pictures to produce the supernatural thriller Ek Thi Daayan ( 2013 ) . Dealing with the themes of witchcraft , the film was
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
been doing this to prevent others from trying to trace the card . Some also claim that Mastro bought the card from Sevchuk , not Ray .
After the transaction was completed , Mastro went back to his car and showed the Gretzky T206 Wagner to Lifson . Mastro offered one of the other T206 Wagner cards in his personal collection to Lifson as payment for the $ 25 @,@ 000 that Lifson fronted him for the Gretzky T206 Wagner — claiming that Lifson could sell the lower quality one for $ 30 @,@ 000 and make a quick $ 5 @,@ 000 profit . Lifson was skeptical , but he took Mastro 's word and accepted the deal , successfully selling this other Wagner card to New Jersey businessman Barry Halper for $ 30 @,@ 000 . ( Halper sold that card and 200 other baseball memorabilia items in 1998 to Major League Baseball for over $ 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . )
In 1987 , Mastro sold the Gretzky T206 Wagner to Jim Copeland , a San Luis Obispo , California sporting @-@ goods chain owner , for $ 110 @,@ 000 . With that transaction , there was a sudden renewed interest in baseball card collecting . As Lifson commented , the Copeland deal revitalized the industry and " created an incentive to sell these great cards . "
= = = 1991 Copeland memorabilia auction = = =
Within five years , Copeland decided it was time to sell his card collection ; he chose to sell his entire 873 @-@ piece collection in a single sale , through Mastro . Mastro contacted Sotheby 's , the renowned New York auction house , and asked them to accept the Copeland memorabilia collection on consignment . Sotheby 's advertised Copeland 's items as the " Copeland Collection of Important Baseball Cards and Sports Memorabilia " to attract hobbyists and other potential clients . The March 1991 auction attracted nearly 800 collectors who were interested in purchasing some of Copeland 's rare memorabilia . The bidding prices far exceeded the pre @-@ auction estimates , as a 1952 Topps Mickey Mantle card sold for $ 49 @,@ 500 , more than three times the initial pre @-@ auction price estimate . Pre @-@ auction estimates placed Copeland 's T206 Honus Wagner at a price of $ 114 @,@ 000 . Within minutes of the opening bid for the T206 Wagner card , the highest bidder had put down $ 228 @,@ 000 , twice the pre @-@ auction estimate . A bidding competition between Mike Gidwitz , Mark Friedland and an unknown phone bidder ensued . Gidwitz dropped out of the competition when the bidding reached the $ 300 @,@ 000 mark . As Friedland made each bid , the phone bidder would counter with a bid $ 5 @,@ 000 or $ 10 @,@ 000 higher . Friedland dropped out of the competition after the phone bidder countered with a $ 410 @,@ 000 bid for the card . With Sotheby 's 10 % buyer 's premium , the final price of the card came out to $ 451 @,@ 000 , nearly four times the pre @-@ auction estimate for the card . The phone bidder was Wayne Gretzky , who purchased the card with advice and financial backing from his ' boss ' Bruce McNall , the owner of the NHL 's Los Angeles Kings . Copeland received around $ 5 million for the entire collection . The publicity coverage of the Sotheby 's auction renewed interest in the hobby of sports memorabilia collecting . Mastro worked with Sotheby 's for the next four years to facilitate sports memorabilia auctions and established himself as a leading card dealer in the industry . Illusionist David Copperfield used the popularity of the card as part of a magic trick on a TV Specials . Copperfield had Gretzky sign the card , then Copperfield proceeded to tear the card into four pieces , then restoring the card , and magically removing the signature .
Gretzky , who was not a big card collector , said he purchased the card because he thought " the market would remain strong " , thus making for a valuable investment . McNall orchestrated the plan to buy the card . In a 2005 interview , McNall stated his " philosophy was , if you buy something that is absolutely the best in the world , you 'd be okay because there is always another buyer for something at the top end . "
= = = Card back on the market = = =
In 1995 , Gretzky sold the card to Wal @-@ Mart and Treat Entertainment for $ 500 @,@ 000 . The two companies intended to use the card as the grand prize in a promotional contest . The card was sent all across the United States , as part of Wal @-@ Mart 's plan to rejuvenate the baseball card market . On February 24 of the following year , the 122nd anniversary of Wagner 's birthday , the grand prize drawing for the card was held on CNN 's Larry King Weekend . At around 9 : 00 P.M. , Hall of Fame third baseman Brooks Robinson , one of King 's guests on the show , pulled out the name of one Patricia Gibbs , a postal worker living in Hollywood , Florida . After spending hours unsuccessfully trying to contact Gibbs , King 's staff finally got through to her phone , and informed Gibbs of her prize . Treat Entertainment and Wal @-@ Mart gave the card to Gibbs a few weeks later at a Wal @-@ Mart store in Miramar , Florida . Gibbs could not afford the taxes on the card , so she decided to consign the card to an auction later on . She consigned the card to Christie 's , a New York @-@ based auction house better
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
known for selling famous artworks .
Michael Gidwitz , the same individual who battled with Gretzky and Mark Friedland for the card at the Copeland auction in 1991 , won the Christie 's auction with a bid of $ 641 @,@ 500 . Four years later , on July 5 , 2000 , Gidwitz partnered up with eBay and Robert Edwards Auctions to start a 10 @-@ day online auction for the card . Robert Edwards Auctions , a division of MastroNet , set up a registration system in which they approved prospective individuals before they actually made bids . These individuals had to wire a $ 100 @,@ 000 deposit to iEscrow.com in order to be pre @-@ approved to make bids for the card . On July 15 , the card was sold to Brian Seigel , a collector from California , for $ 1 @.@ 265 million . In February 2007 , the Associated Press announced that Seigel had sold the card privately & directly to an anonymous collector from Southern California for $ 2 @.@ 35 million . Less than six months later , on September 6 , 2007 , SCP Auctions announced that the card had been sold once again to another anonymous collector for $ 2 @.@ 8 million . The anonymous collector was later revealed to be Arizona Diamondbacks owner Ken Kendrick .
= = = Alteration = = =
Shortly after Gretzky 's 1991 purchase , previously ignored allegations that the card had once been subject to alteration flared up again . This is when Gretzky approached the Professional Sports Authenticator ( PSA ) company to grade the card , resulting in the aforementioned PSA 8 NM @-@ MT grading . Despite PSA company president David Hall 's personal statement that the card was " superb " and a " fantastic card in every way , " a number of people in the memorabilia industry were not convinced that the card had not been altered at some point .
Soon afterward , Alan Ray came back into the picture , claiming that he had proof the card had been doctored by Mastro at one point after the initial $ 25 @,@ 000 trade in 1985 . He had a photograph of the card taken before the transaction with Mastro and claimed that the card in the photo looked significantly different from the photo of Gretzky 's card . He sent the comparison of the two photos to both McNall and Sotheby 's , but never received a response back . Some memorabilia collectors have dismissed Ray 's claims , saying that the photo hardly proves any doctoring was ever done on the card .
As part of a 2013 plea bargain in US District Court , Mastro admitted to trimming the edges of the card in the mid @-@ 1980s to increase its value , removing some discolouration and fraying / curling on the original edges and increasing the quality of centering of the image . As of March 2014 , Mastro is still awaiting sentencing , cooperating with prosecutors on other cases regarding faked or altered sports collectibles . A similar but unaltered card , the ' Jumbo Wagner ' , also has a NM @-@ MT grade quality for the majority of the card , but the lower quality edges have not been trimmed , lowering it from NM @-@ MT to an overall grade of PSA 5 – one of only three ( along with Mastro 's trimmed card ) rated PSA 5 or better – sold at a 2013 auction for $ 2 @,@ 105 @,@ 770 @.@ 50 .
= = Known controversies = =
= = = 1976 Failed water test card = = =
In 1976 , three collectors discovered a T206 Wagner that featured Wagner in a different pose , never seen in any of the other cards . Although a Library of Congress expert said the paper on the card dated back to 1910 , the three men decided to submit the card for a water test , using chemicals to determine the card 's authenticity . The card broke apart , and as a result , the card was dismissed as a fake . The three men were respected collectors and were cleared of any wrongdoing by the card collecting community .
= = = Cobb – Edwards T206 Wagner controversy = = =
Another T206 Wagner card owned by two Cincinnati men was dismissed as a fake by Bill Mastro and PSA president Joe Orlando . The two men , John Cobb and Ray Edwards , have tried to prove that their Piedmont @-@ backed card is not a fake and , due to its excellent condition , should fetch over $ 1 million in an auction . Cobb and Edwards also have alleged that they have been
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Spunky , Rocky , Big . " Gareth Gorman said that while the song showcased Minogue 's " thin vocals " , he followed saying " it still works due to one of those melody lines that is inevitable stunning , simple and effective . " Michael Dwyer from Western Australia magazine stated " Some Kind Of Bliss and Did It Again have already proved our Kylie has more tricks up her sleeve this time that Stock , Aitken and Waterman ever dreamed of and her sixth album harbours more strings to her carefully @-@ cultivated bow . " A reviewer from Music Week awarded the song four stars out of five , stating " Kylie changes musical tack again with this dense , big sounding single , co @-@ written with two of the Manics , which loudly announces she 's back in style . "
= = = Commercial performance = = =
The song entered at twenty @-@ seven on the Australian Singles Chart and fell to thirty @-@ five the following week . " Some Kind of Bliss " stayed in the chart for six weeks , and resulted as her lowest charting lead single from an album until her single " Into the Blue " from Kiss Me Once ( 2014 ) peaked at forty @-@ six . The song entered and peaked at number forty @-@ six on the New Zealand Singles Chart for a sole week , her lowest charting single after her 1988 single " It 's No Secret " . In the United Kingdom , " Some Kind of Bliss " entered at number twenty @-@ two on 20 September 1997 , which broke Minogue 's consecutive top twenty hits and became her lowest solo single until " Better than Today " from Aphrodite ( 2010 ) at thirty @-@ two on 20 November 2010 .
= = Music video = =
The music video was directed by David Mould and was shot in the Desert of Tabernas in Spain . The music video features Dexter Fletcher as Minogue 's lover . The video is set in non @-@ linear structure , as it opens with Minogue and Fletcher in a blue cadillac at a gas station , with Minogue staring inside the gas station while Fletcher sits in the car after being released from jail . Several scenes feature Minogue and Fletcher in different outfits in different areas , driving and running around a hotel . There are scenes with Minogue and Fletcher fighting , being happy and playing around in there hotel room .
During the bridge sequence , Minogue and Fletcher park in front of a shop , and Minogue seductively tries to distract the cashier outside by staring and posing at him , while Fletcher tries to steal money from the till . In the last scenes , Minogue is in another outfit trying to walk out of an alley with a bag of money , but sees a police car driving towards her and tries to walk off . Fletcher is caught by police and is escorted into the police car while yelling at Minogue . Minogue , who see the alteration , drives off with the money and looks back at Fletcher while driving down the street .
Robbie Daw from Idolator listed the video at eight on their Kylie Minogue 's Sexiest Videos . Daw said " There 's something so casually sexy about this Bonnie and Clyde @-@ themed video . Kylie spends a lot of time wearing skimpy denim dresses while dealing with the fallout from her criminal love interest . " The public had voted in which Minogue 's video was the sexiest . Conversely , " Some Kind of Bliss " was put in last place with 1 % of the votes ( 15 votes ) . The music video was featured on the first CD single of her November 1997 single " Did It Again " , and was included on
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
.@ 9 % ) were Asian , 205 ( 1 @.@ 7 % ) were Black , 17 were Native American , 8 were Native Hawaiian , and 22 were Other . 148 were of two or more races .
The neighborhood had 8 @,@ 169 housing units . Of the 7 @,@ 401 occupied units , 3 @,@ 573 were rental units and 3 @,@ 828 were owner units . The Super Neighborhood had 3 @,@ 518 families with a total of 9 @,@ 521 individuals . River Oaks Super Neighborhood had a lower average family size than the average City of Houston family size . The River Oaks average was 2 @.@ 7 , while the city average was 3 @.@ 4 .
River Oaks is one of the wealthiest communities in Texas and the United States . Residents are predominantly successful professionals , and real estate values range from $ 1 million to over $ 20 million .
= = Culture , parks , and recreation = =
Adjacent to the community is the River Oaks Shopping Center , Houston 's first shopping center . Constructed in 1927 and designed by architect Hugh Prather , the center , originally known as River Oaks Community Center , was one of the first automobile @-@ oriented retail centers in the United States . Its design , with arcs of retail space on either side of West Gray Avenue , was considered a model for future development . Portions of the historic shopping center were demolished in September 2007 to redevelop the site for a bookstore and parking garage . As of 2008 , Landmark Theatres operates the River Oaks Theatre , an " arthouse " theater , located in the center . The theater is the last historic movie theater in Houston that is still being used as it was originally designed .
River Oaks is home to the forty @-@ member River Oaks Chamber Orchestra . The orchestra is composed of musicians from around the United States and guest conductors from around the world . River Oaks Country Club , located within the community on the northern end of River Oaks Boulevard , is a country club that includes a golf facility that was designed by architect Donald Ross . Ross is considered to be one of the most significant golf course designers in the history of golfing . Opening in 1923 , the country club has hosted the River Oaks International Tennis Tournament since 1931 . The Houston Intown Chamber of Commerce assists economic activity in River Oaks . The Houston Ballet headquarters , training facilities and pre @-@ professional school , the Ben Stevenson Academy , were located on West Gray near the River Oaks Shopping Center until 2012 .
= = = Parks = = =
Several municipal parks serve River Oaks . River Oaks Park and the River Oaks Community Center , operated by the City of Houston , is one block west of Lamar High School . River Oaks Park includes a .25 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) off @-@ road trail located within the park 's boundaries , tennis courts , a playground , and a lighted sports ground . River Oaks Park includes the Pumpkin Carriage , intended to evoke Cinderella 's carriage . Around 2003 Friends of River Oaks Parks had restored the carriage . The Houston Business Journal said " Pumpkin Park provides outstanding resources for neighborhood children – a wonderful playground , community center and the Summer Enrichment Program offering youngsters sports activities and crafts classes . "
On June 24 , 1999 , the River Oaks Property Owners , Inc. entered an agreement with the City of Houston ; ROPO agreed to maintain and upgrade parks and esplanades in River Oaks . ROPO also has the right to spend its own funds to improve them . Municipal parks assisted by ROPO include Del Monte Park , Mary Elliot Park , Ella Lee Park , Homewood Park , Kirby Park , Rebecca Meyer Park , Olympia Park , Pine Valley Park , and Sleepy Hollow Park .
= = Education = =
= = = Primary and secondary schools = = =
The Houston Independent School District ( HISD ) operates the public schools serving River Oaks . The community is within Trustee District VII , represented by Harvin C. Moore as of 2009 . As of 2000 , almost 9 % of HISD property taxes originated from River Oaks residents .
The attendance boundaries of River Oaks Elementary School , Lanier Middle School , and Lamar High School include River Oaks . Lanier opened in 1926 , River Oaks Elementary opened in 1929 , and Lamar opened in 1937 . Laura Nathan @-@ Garner , author of the second edition of the Insiders ' Guide to Houston ( 2012 ) , wrote that " Many children in [ River Oaks ] attend [ Lamar ] " .
Prior to desegregation , River Oaks Elementary had around 800 children . After desegregation , many parents removed their children from River Oaks Elementary , and the school was far below capacity . In 1986 the neighborhood component of the school closed . At the time River Oaks had mainly older families . At the time the remaining families who did have children had the money to send their children to private school and preferred to do so .
Between 1986 and 1996 , River Oaks Elementary School only admitted magnet school students from other areas of the city . The community was divided between the attendance zones of Wilson Elementary School ( opened in 1925 ) , the now closed Will Rogers Elementary School ( opened in 1950 , closed in summer 2006 ) , and Poe Elementary School . By 1995 River Oaks Elementary became one of the most prestigious elementary schools in Houston and had a waiting list . By that year several new families had established themselves in River Oaks and many of them were interested in sending their children to public school . In 1995 , several River Oaks parents petitioned HISD to re @-@ establish the neighborhood program at River Oaks Elementary School which allows non @-@ magnet students residing in the school 's boundaries to attend . Some magnet parents opposed , believing that the River Oaks program would reduce racial diversity at the school . In 1996 , HISD added a neighborhood program to the school for grades Kindergarten through 2nd , with grades 3 through 5 phased in over a subsequent three @-@ year period .
Crockett Early Childhood Center is the closest public early childhood center to River Oaks , while Wilson Elementary School 's preschool program is the closest tuition @-@ based program . Only economically disadvantaged students , homeless students , students who are not proficient in English , or children of active @-@ duty members of the U.S. military or whose parent has been killed , injured , or missing in action while on active duty may be enrolled in tuition @-@ free HISD preschools . Students who are eligible for HISD 's preschools may attend any Early Childhood Center in Houston ISD for free . Students not eligible may enroll in tuition @-@ based HISD preschool programs .
Several independent ( private ) schools serve the community . Since the 1970s and by 1995 , most of the children in River Oaks were sent to private schools . Catholic schools , operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston @-@ Houston , include St. Thomas High School ( 9 – 12 , males only , north of River Oaks along the north edge of the Buffalo Bayou ) and St. Anne Catholic School ( K @-@ 8 , south of River Oaks at Shepherd and Westheimer ) . Other private schools in the area and private schools marketed to River Oaks families include St. John 's School ( K – 12 , in Upper Kirby ) , Annunciation Orthodox School ( K @-@ 8 , in the Neartown area ) , River Oaks Baptist School ( K @-@ 8 , in River Oaks ) , Episcopal High School ( 9 – 12 , Bellaire ) , The Kinkaid School in ( Piney Point Village ) . In 2006 St. Anne Catholic School received the Blue Ribbon Award .
= = = Colleges and universities = = =
River Oaks is within the Houston Community College System boundaries . The closest campuses are the Central Campus in Midtown and the West Loop Center . Four @-@ year universities and colleges in close proximity to
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
River Oaks include University of St. Thomas in Montrose and Rice University in the Houston Museum District .
= = = Libraries = = =
The community is served by the Adele B. Looscan Branch of Houston Public Library . It opened in September 2007 . The former library , established in 1956 , closed on August 27 , 2005 and was demolished in February 2006 .
The previous Looscan branch had around 61 @,@ 000 visitors in the fiscal year 2005 . The original plans for Looscan called for the library to get a $ 5 @.@ 4 million renovation . An Upper Kirby group proposed a new site near the Upper Kirby YMCA . Around that period the group Friends of Neighborhood Libraries began raising funds . The replacement library , costing $ 6 @.@ 2 million , has twice the staff and two and one half times the size of the previous facility . Friends of Neighborhood Libraries raised one million dollars in four months , and around $ 2 @.@ 5 million in total to help fund the new library . The 21 @,@ 000 square feet ( 2 @,@ 000 m2 ) library , designed by Jackson & Ryan Architects , houses over 60 @,@ 000 books and is the first city LEED @-@ certified facility . It includes a 120 @-@ seat multipurpose meeting room and a 14 @-@ seat private conference room . The library has several reading areas , including the Marsha Moody Children 's Reading Room , a teenager reading area , and a periodical reading area . The exterior was designed to match visual cues of buildings in the surrounding area , such as the River Oaks Baptist Church and School . The Emily Scott and Joseph Wood Evans Clock Tower , a part of the library 's exterior , includes a garden book archive and works of art .
= = = Gallery of schools = = =
= = Media = =
The Houston Chronicle is the area 's regional newspaper . On Thursdays , residents receive the Bellaire / West U / River Oaks / Meyerland section , which covers events specific to these neighborhoods . The River Oaks Examiner and Village News are local newspapers distributed in the community . The River Oaks Buzz is a monthly magazine mailed free of charge to all residents . The River Oaks Buzz is about people , products and services in the community .
= = Government and infrastructure = =
= = = Local government = = =
Houston Fire Department operates Station 3 at 3735 West Alabama at Cummins , near River Oaks . The fire station is in Fire District 28 . Station 3 moved to its current location in 1958 . The station underwent a renovation in 2003 and 2004 and re @-@ opened in the northern hemisphere spring of 2004 . The community is within the Houston Police Department 's Central Patrol Division , headquartered at 61 Riesner . River Oaks has one of the lowest crime rates in Houston .
The River Oaks Property Owners , Inc. offices are at 3923 San Felipe Road . The community operates its own private security force , River Oaks Patrol . The Texas Department of Public Safety classifies the force as a guard , alarm , and investigation company . The community is within Super Neighborhood # 23 and its recognized council was established on October 15 , 2001 . Each super neighborhood represents a group of civic clubs , places of worship , businesses , and other institutions and community interests . River Oaks is a part of the Houston City Council District G.
= = = County , state , and federal government = = =
River Oaks is within Harris County Precinct 4 . As of 2011 , R. Jack Cagle is the precinct 's County Commissioner . River Oaks is in Justice of the Peace / Constable Precinct One . As of 2012 Alan Rosen is the constable .
River Oaks is located in District 134 of the Texas House of Representatives and represented by Sarah Davis , a Republican . River Oaks is within
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
certified platinum by the IFPI for the shipment of over 20 @,@ 000 units in Hong Kong . Globally , Bad is Jackson 's overall second best @-@ selling album , behind Thriller , with a reported sales between 30 and 45 million units as of 2012 .
= = = Promotion = = =
By the time Bad was released , Thriller had already sold millions , raising expectations for the new album . A commemorative special on Jackson 's life , The Magic Returns , was aired on CBS around the time of the release of Bad . At the end of the documentary , the channel debuted the video of the title song from the album , " Bad " , which was directed by Martin Scorsese and featured then up @-@ and @-@ coming actor Wesley Snipes . The marketing strategy , mastered by Frank DiLeo among others , also included Jackson producing another mini @-@ movie around the time of the Bad World Tour . That film , Moonwalker , included performances of songs from Bad , including " Speed Demon " , " Leave Me Alone " , " Man in the Mirror " and " Smooth Criminal " , the latter two released as sole videos at the end of the film . Jackson 's tour for Bad was a major financial success , grossing $ 125 million by the conclusion .
= = = Singles = = =
The lead single " I Just Can 't Stop Loving You " became the first of five of the album 's singles to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song reached number one on September 19 , 1987 . It also charted on Billboard 's R & B / Hip Hop Songs chart and the Adult Contemporary chart , peaking at number one and number two respectively . Internationally , the song also peaked at number one , in three territories , United Kingdom , for two weeks , four weeks in the Netherlands and seven weeks in Norway . The album 's second single , " Bad " , peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 16 , 1987 . The song charted within the top ten internationally . " The Way You Make Me Feel " became the album 's third consecutive single to peak at number one on Billboard 's Hot 100 . The song primarily charted within the top ten and twenty internationally . " Man in the Mirror " then charted at number one on Billboard 's Hot 100 in March 1988 and charted at number four , eight and ten in New Zealand , Australia and Austria . On July 2 , 1988 , " Dirty Diana " became the fifth consecutive , and final , single to peak at number one on the Hot 100 . It was successful internationally , charting within the top ten in several countries .
" Another Part of Me " charted at number eleven on the Billboard Hot 100 , while topping the Billboard R & B / Hip Hop Songs chart . Internationally , it was a mid success compared to its previous singles , peaking at number five , fourteen and thirty two in the Netherlands , New Zealand and France . " Smooth Criminal " became the sixth top ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 , and saw similar success internationally , charting within the top ten in five territories . Released outside the United States and Canada , " Leave Me Alone " topped the Irish charts , as well as peaking within the top ten in five other countries . The album 's last official single was " Liberian Girl " , which did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , but was generally successful internationally , charting mainly within the top twenty .
The singles success of Bad was extremely successful in the UK , where seven of the singles from the album all reached the UK top ten by 2009 ( six initially , until " Man in the Mirror " jumped from position 21 to 2 in 2009 ) , just like Dangerous achieved in 1991 – 1993 . This was a record for any studio album in the UK until Calvin Harris broke this in 2013 .
= = Critical reception = =
Bad was generally well received although some critics noted that Bad did not measure up to Thriller 's success . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated that Jackson " approached " Bad much the same way he approached Thriller , which was to " take the basic formula of the predecessor , expand it slightly , and move it outward . " He gave the album four and a half out of five stars , commenting that while the album " rebounds with songs that prove mechanical can be tolerable if delivered with hooks and panache , " it still made Bad feel like an artifact of its time instead a piece of music that transcends it . " Davitt Sigerson of Rolling Stone stated that " even without a milestone recording like " Billie Jean " , Bad is still a better record than Thriller . " Sigerson commented that " filler " songs in Bad such as " Speed
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Demon " , " Dirty Diana " and " Liberian Girl " made Bad " richer , sexier and better than Thriller 's forgettables . "
Music critic Robert Christgau gave Bad a " B + " grade , remarking the " closest thing to genius " is the album 's song " Leave Me Alone , " and that the record " damn near wrecks perfectly good dancin ' and singin ' with subtext . " He also viewed Bad as " the strongest and most consistent black pop album in years " . Jon Pareles of the New York Times described Bad as being a " gleaming , high @-@ tech dance record that 's just a little eccentric at the edges " . Pareles also noted that Bad " sounds up @-@ to @-@ the @-@ minute " , and that the album also has a " concocted synthesizer @-@ driven arrangements " that are " clear " and can " carry a solid kick . " Richard Cromelin of the Los Angeles Times called Bad " a fair @-@ to @-@ strong array of soul and rock blends " , commenting that the record was " not bad " and was more " reminiscent of Off the Wall 's uniform strength than Thriller 's peaks and valleys . " Cromelin felt that it would be " disappointing " if this album 's " creative level " is where Jackson wants to stay . In a positive contemporary review , journalist Joseph Vogel posits that " On Bad , Jackson 's music is largely about creating moods , visceral emotions , and fantastical scenarios .... [ with ] each song work [ ing ] as a dream capsule , inviting the listener into a vivid new sound , story , space . " He then goes on to credit Bad as " a compelling , phantasmagorical album , which a handful of critics recognized from the beginning . " Richard Harrington of the Washington Post commented on the expectations of Bad to Thriller that " splashy though its prime @-@ time introduction may be , the album begs to be judged by its music , not by its sales figures . " Harrington felt that while the album could not live up to post @-@ Thriller expectations , it would be " considerably fairer to compare " Bad with Off the Wall . His overall opinion on Bad was that it was " a very good record " that is " immaculately produced and with some scintillating vocal performances from Jackson " . Edna Gundersen of USA Today described Bad as being Jackson 's " most polished effort to date , " that is " calculated but not sterile . " Thom Duffy of the Orlando Sentinel noted that some of the album 's material " draws on even older musical roots " . British writer Colin Larkin provided a more negative review of Bad , commenting : " In musical terms , Bad certainly broke no fresh ground ; appealing though its soft funk confections were , they lacked substance , and represented only a cosmetic advance over his two earlier albums with [ Quincy Jones ] . "
Bad was the recipient of six Grammy Award nominations , winning two . In 1988 , it was nominated for Album of the Year , Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male , Best R & B Vocal Performance – Male and Record of the Year for " Man in the Mirror " the following year . Bad won Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1988 and Best Music Video – Short Form for " Leave Me Alone " in 1990 .
= = Legacy = =
Bad made history as being the first album to have five of its singles peak at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 consecutively , as " I Just Can 't Stop Loving You " , " Bad " , " The Way You Make Me Feel " , " Man in the Mirror " and " Dirty Diana " all charted at number one on the music chart . To date , only one other album has achieved this milestone : Teenage Dream by Katy Perry , in 2010 . The record has still not been surpassed . Jayson Rodriguez of MTV , noted that " following the twin cannons that were Off the Wall and Thriller wouldn 't be an easy task for most , but Jackson 's follow @-@ up , 1987 's Bad , was formidable by all accounts . " Rodriguez commented that the album was " wrongfully dismissed by critics because it wasn 't the sales blockbuster that Thriller was " and that during the Bad era , Jackson 's vocal hiccups and stammered " shamone " would become staples in his music that were " heightening and highlighting the emotion of his lyrics . " Rolling Stone commented that " the best way to view " Bad was not as " the sequel to Thriller . In 2009 , VH1 said of the album :
Understandably , the expectations for the album were ridiculously high , and grew even higher after Jackson planned duets with the likes of Prince ( on the title track ) and Whitney Houston ( and Aretha Franklin and Barbra Streisand ) . None of those collaborations ended up happening , but they only increased the hype for the album . Bad was a deeply personal project for Jackson – he wrote nine of the 11 songs – one that saw him gain further independence and debut a harder @-@ edged look and sound .
In 2009 , Jim Farber of the Daily News wrote that Bad " streamlined the quirks " of Jackson 's two previous albums to " create his most smooth work of pop to date . " A writer for The Daily Telegraph commented that while Bad was another worldwide commercial success , the album " inevitably failed to match the success of Thriller despite Jackson 's massive and grueling world tour " . In 2009 , a writer for the Miami Herald reflected back on the anticipation for Bad , describing the album 's release as being the " most hotly anticipated album in history " . That same year , Stephen M. Silverman , a writer for People magazine , viewed Bad as being " when some slippage " in Jackson 's " popularity began to show " .
In
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
February 2012 , it was announced by the Official UK Charts Company that Bad was the ninth best @-@ selling album in British history with sales of 3 @.@ 96 million units , charting behind Thriller . Bad , along with other studio albums released by Jackson , is among the best @-@ selling albums of all @-@ time . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 202 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . It was also included in the book titled 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . In 2009 , VH1 listed Bad at number 43 on their list of " 100 Greatest Albums of All Time of the MTV Generation " . In 2012 , Slant Magazine listed the album at number 48 on its list of " Best Albums of the 1980s " .
The album 's songs have been covered and parodied by multiple recording artists since its release in the late 1980s . Notable cover versions include Alien Ant Farm 's cover of " Smooth Criminal " and Shakaya 's cover of " The Way You Make Me Feel " . Notable parody versions include " Weird Al " Yankovic , who had previously recorded a parody of Jackson 's song " Beat It " . Yankovic parodied " Bad " , titling his version " Fat " in 1988 ; the song won a Grammy Award the same year for Best Concept Music Video .
= = = Accolades = = =
= = Bad 25 = =
It was announced on May 3 , 2012 , that the Estate of Michael Jackson and Epic Records would be releasing a 25th anniversary album of Bad . The album was named Bad 25 and was released on September 18 , 2012 . Since the release of Bad 25 , there has been a discontinuation of the special edition of Bad .
= = Track listing = =
All songs produced by Quincy Jones and co @-@ produced by Michael Jackson .
Notes
Re @-@ issues of Bad feature a number of changes when compared to the original 1987 release :
" Bad " – The original mix was replaced with the 7 " single mix . The most notable difference is the lack of horns in all the choruses except for the last two . Horns are also missing from the second and third pre @-@ choruses . The rhythm guitar during the choruses is also turned up along with the hi @-@ hats .
" The Way You Make Me Feel " – The full @-@ length remix used for the single with louder vocals and ad libs added to the end replaced the original album mix .
" I Just Can 't Stop Loving You " omits Michael Jackson 's spoken intro .
" Dirty Diana " is replaced with the single edit of the song .
" Smooth Criminal " went through two changes on the album . It was remixed to make the kick drum heavier and the bass synth fatter . The quick @-@ sequenced synclavier behind the bass has been rendered mono as well . The first version of this mix left the breathing intact , but was later removed after some time .
" Leave Me Alone " wasn 't included on the original vinyl nor cassette releases but was included on the CD release and now is included in all releases .
= = Personnel = =
Personnel as listed in the album 's liner notes are :
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= Erwin Arnada =
Erwin Arnada ( born 17 October 1963 ) is an Indonesian journalist and filmmaker . Born to a devout Muslim family in Jakarta , Arnada became interested in journalism in 1984 , and , after a time as a photographer , he interned at the weekly Editor . Beginning in 1990 he took editorial roles in various print media , including the controversial tabloid Monitor . Arnada entered cinema in 2000 , producing several films for Rexinema .
After establishing Playboy Indonesia in 2006 Arnada became the center of controversy , as Islamic groups such as the Islamic Defenders Front protested the magazine as indecent – despite it not featuring any nudity . After an extended series of trials Arnada was convicted by the Supreme Court of Indonesia and sentenced to two years in prison , beginning in October 2010 . He was released the following June , when the court reversed its decision . In 2012 Arnada was nominated for a Citra Award for Best Director for his film Rumah di Seribu Ombak , based on a novel he had written in prison .
= = Early life and career = =
Erwin Arnada was born on 17 October 1963 to Amin Ismail , a Minangkabau trader and part @-@ time journalist , and his wife . The family owned several shops in Jakarta , including one in Blok M and another in Tanah Abang . Beginning when he was in junior high school Arnada helped the family with the shops , using his free time to read . Arnada was raised in a Muslim family and has remained a devout Muslim .
Arnada attended the University of Indonesia
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, working towards a degree in Russian literature . He became interested in journalism through photography . After viewing Roger Spottiswoode 's 1983 film Under Fire , which followed an American photojournalist covering the Nicaraguan Revolution , Arnada applied to be a photographer for the daily newspaper Kompas . After his application was refused , in 1986 Arnada found work with the Jakarta @-@ based football team Persija Jakarta .
= = Journalism = =
Beginning in 1989 Arnada began an internship with the weekly Editor . He used the position as a learning experience . Arnada served as an editor of the Jakarta @-@ based tabloid Monitor between 1990 and 1991 . The publication was shut down after it published a controversial poll of readers ' most respected figures ; the poll showed the Islamic prophet Muhammad at number 10 , below the dangdut singer Rhoma Irama .
By the mid @-@ 1990s Arnada had begun working for Bintang Indonesia , owned by the Ciputra family . He left the newspaper in 1999 as he considered the publication to devote too little space to music . He established Bintang Milenia that year , but by 2002 it had been shut down . During this time he worked extensively with MTV Indonesia and various start @-@ ups .
After the closing of Bintang Milenia , Arnada began working with Indonesian fimmakers Rizal Mantovani , Jose Poernomo and Dimas Djayadiningrat to establish the production company Rexinema . The company 's first production was Jelangkung in 2001 ; Arnada first received credit for Tusuk Jelangkung in 2002 , which he wrote and produced . He worked on a further six films with the company between 2003 and 2007 .
= = Playboy Indonesia = =
Arnada began plans to establish Playboy Indonesia , an Indonesian version of the American men 's magazine Playboy , as a challenge . He considered the magazine more than " pornography " , describing it as home to " edgy and award @-@ winning journalism pieces " which he wanted to bring to Indonesia . Arnada entered discussions with Christie Hefner , then head of Playboy Enterprises , in November 2005 . He received permission to publish an Indonesian edition the next January . The first issue was launched in April 2006 and did not feature any nudity or focus on sexuality . Instead , the models were fully clothed ; the issue also included an interview with author Pramoedya Ananta Toer . Later articles continued to deal with literature , as well as human rights and politics .
The magazine was , however , highly controversial . Before publication Muslim groups had expressed opposition . After publication began the Playboy Indonesia offices were attacked , as were various printers . In one instance the Islamic Defenders Front attacked the Playboy Indonesia offices in South Jakarta , leading to the building being evacuated . By May 2006 the continuous protests had left the magazine without an office . The bad publicity led advertisers to abandon the magazine . Ultimately the magazine was shut down after releasing ten issues , having moved to the predominantly Hindu island Bali since its second issue , in June 2006 .
For his role in Playboy Indonesia 's publication Arnada came under investigation . Investigators cited his publication of " pornographic " materials , illegal in Indonesia , as evidence of criminal indecency . On trial in April 2007 , the South Jakarta District Court rejected this claim ; an appeal at the Jakarta High Court affirmed this decision . After two years of appeals by prosecutors , the case reached the Supreme Court of Indonesia . The Supreme Court ruled against Arnada and sentenced him to two years in prison . In October 2010 Arnada was imprisoned in Cipinang Penitentiary Institution in Jakarta . He used this time to write three novels : Rumah di Seribu Ombak ( House of the Thousand Waves ) , Midnite di Negeri Nonsense ( Midnight in the Land of Nonsense ) , and Rabbit Versus Goliath .
Arnada was released in June 2011 , after the Supreme Court agreed with his defense that a journalist 's professional acts should be tried under the Press Code and not Criminal Code . Numerous commentators , including Arnada , described it as a victory for the country 's freedom of press . However , responding to calls that he was a hero , Arnada stated " I ’ m not a hero , nor a victim . I ’ m just another version of history " ; he considered his experience less drastic than that of journalists elsewhere in the country . In a 2013 interview Arnada stated that his incarceration had " muted his ' insane ambitions ' " ; Arnada 's friends stated that he had been deeply changed by the term .
= = Post @-@ imprisonment = =
Arnada released his novel Rumah di Seribu Ombak in early 2012 ; it had been written while he was in prison . Set in Singaraja , Bali , the novel followed the friendship of two young boys from different cultural backgrounds . He adapted the novel later that year , serving as director and producer . The film was a critical success and nominated for nine Citra Awards at the 2012 Indonesian Film Festival , including Citra Award for Best Director for Arnada . It won four , including Best Editing and Best Screenplay ; Arnada lost the Best Director award to Herwin Novianto of Tanah Surga ... Katanya ( Land
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Designed in Edwardian Baroque style , the Port of Liverpool Building 's structural form has been likened to those of Renaissance palaces . Approximately 264 by 216 feet ( 80 by 66 m ) in size , the building rises to 220 feet ( 67 m ) in height , making it the fourteenth tallest building in the city . Covering five floors , the main body of the building is 80 ft tall to the cornice . The main entrance is located in the centre of the river @-@ facing side of the building and is flanked by two three @-@ metre @-@ high stone statues of women representing " Commerce " and " Industry " , which were designed by Charles John Allen . Each corner of the building is canted and has a tall hexagonal turret that is topped by a stone cupola , which would have originally been crowned by a lantern . Because the building has a large central dome , it has been compared architecturally to many other buildings throughout the world , including Belfast City Hall , the Capitol Building , St. Peter 's Basilica and St. Paul 's Cathedral .
The Port of Liverpool Building was constructed using a reinforced concrete frame , which not only made the building structurally strong , but also much more fire resistant than buildings in the past . As a result of being built on the site of the former George ’ s Dock , the building required deeper foundations than normal and in total some 35 @,@ 000 tons of cement were used . Due to the building ’ s proximity to the River Mersey , extensive work was carried out during the development of the basement level in order to make sure it was water resistant . Asphalt was used extensively to coat the floors and walls of the basement , in order to make sure it stayed dry .
Internally , the building 's form centres on a full @-@ height , octagonal hall that sits below the central dome . The hall has round , arched openings from the first floor upwards , providing large gallery spaces , whilst its floor is decorated with a mosaic depicting the points of a compass . Office spaces are located off long central corridors , which are decorated with white Calcutta Marble . A large portion of the building costs ( approximately 25 % ) were spent on decorations and fittings ; the inside of the building is lavishly decorated using expensive materials including mahogany from Spain and oak from Danzig for the woodwork , bronze for the floor furniture and fittings , and white marble for the floors and walls . One noted interior feature is the grey granite grand staircase , which is lined with stained glass windows adorned with images of Poseidon , anchors , ships bells and shells and dedications to countries of the British Empire including Singapore , South Africa , Canada and Australia . The grand nature of the inside of the building 's interior has meant that it has been used as a film set in several productions , including The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( TV series ) .
Throughout the building , there are numerous references to the sea and the maritime operations of both Liverpool and the British Empire . The main entrance gates are decorated with a globe supported by dolphins , while the cast iron gates and gate piers are decorated with mermaids , shells and anchors , and have shields with the initials " M.D. & H.B. " . The outside light fittings are designed such that the lights themselves appear to be held in the hands of the Roman God Neptune . Similarly , the lifts are also decorated with maritime references , in the form of gilded emblems representing the globe , seahorses and anchors . In the central hall , the frieze between the ground and first floor is adorned with the words of psalm 107 : " They that go down to the sea in ships that do business in great waters these see the works of the Lord and his wonders in the deep . Anno Domini MCMVII " .
= Nailsea =
Nailsea is a town in the unitary authority of North Somerset in the ceremonial county of Somerset , England , approximately 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest of Bristol and about 11 miles ( 18 km ) northeast of the seaside resort of Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . The nearest village is Backwell , which lies south of Nailsea on the opposite side of the Bristol to Exeter railway line . Nailsea is a commuter town with a population of 15 @,@ 630 .
The town was an industrial centre based on coal mining and glass manufacture , which have now been replaced by service industries . The surrounding North Somerset Levels has wildlife habitats including the Tickenham , Nailsea and Kenn Moors biological Site of Special Scientific Interest and Bucklands Pool / Backwell Lake Local Nature Reserve . Nailsea is close to the M5 motorway and Bristol Airport , and its railway station , Nailsea and Backwell , has services operated by First Great Western .
Secondary education is provided by Nailsea School ( rebuilt as an Academy in 2009 ) , and primary education by St Francis School , Grove School , Kingshill School and Golden Valley . Churches include the 14th @-@ century Holy Trinity Church and Christ Church , which was built in 1843 .
= = History = =
The name of the town may be derived from the Old English for Naegl 's island , although it has also been suggested it was spelt Naylsey in 1657 .
The parish of Nailsea was part of the Portbury Hundred . Little is known of the area occupied by Nailsea before the coal mining industry began , although it was used as a quarry in Roman times from which pennant sandstone was extracted . The Romans otherwise ignored Nailsea from 40 – 400 AD , but left a small villa near Jacklands Bridge .
Nailsea 's early economy relied on coal mining , which began as early as the 16th century . The earliest recorded date for coal mining in Nailsea was 1507 when coal was being transported to light fires at Yatton . By the late 1700s the town had a large number of pits . Around this time Nailsea was visited by the social reformer Hannah More who founded a Sunday school for the workers . The Elms Colliery , ( Middle Engine Pit ) , one of the most complete examples of an 18th @-@ century colliery left in England , is now in disrepair . It has been designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument and is included in the Heritage at Risk Register produced by English Heritage . Remains of the old pits , most of which had closed down by the late 19th century as mining capital migrated to the richer seams of South Wales , are still visible around the town .
The coal mines attracted glass manufacturer John Robert Lucas , who in 1788 established the Nailsea Glassworks that became the fourth @-@ largest of its kind in the United Kingdom , mostly producing low @-@ grade bottle glass . The works closed down in 1873 , but " Nailsea " glass ( mostly made by glass workers at the end of their shift in Nailsea and at other glass works ) is still sought after by collectors around the world . The site of the glass works has been covered by a Tesco supermarket car park , leaving it relatively accessible for future archaeological digs . Other parts of the site have been cleared and filled with sand to ensure that the remains of the old glass works are preserved .
The 15th @-@ century Nailsea Court , southwest of the town , is a Grade I listed building .
= = Governance = =
Nailsea was part of Long Ashton Rural District from 1894 to 1974 . It is now within the North Somerset unitary authority , which covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non @-@ metropolitan county . Its administrative headquarters is in the town hall in Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare .
Two electoral wards exist in Nailsea . Their area and population are the same as described above .
It is in the North Somerset constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It elects one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election . Since the general election of 2010 the constituency has been represented by Liam Fox of the Conservative Party . Nailsea
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
is also part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament , which elects six MEPs using the d 'Hondt method of party @-@ list proportional representation .
= = Geography = =
The Land Yeo river flows to the east of the town . The North Somerset Levels to the west have been drained and farmed by generations of farmers . Tickenham , Nailsea and Kenn Moors SSSI is a 129 @.@ 4 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest . The soils in the area include clays of the Allerton and Wentloog Series and peat soils of the Sedgemoor and Godney Series , which are drained by a network of large rhynes and smaller field ditches , which support exceptionally rich plant and invertebrate fauna communities . Exceptional populations of Coleoptera occur , amongst which are at least 12 nationally scarce species and 2 nationally rare species , including Britain ’ s largest water beetle the great silver water beetle ( Hydrophilus piceus ) . There are several other local nature reserves .
The Bucklands Pool / Backwell Lake Local Nature Reserve , southeast of the town centre and close to the Nailsea and Backwell railway station , was constructed as a balancing pond in the mid @-@ 1970s , and has since become home to various wildfowl and dragonflies and a foraging area for bats . Bird species seen on the reserve include gadwall , shoveller , pochard , tufted duck , grey heron and mute swans .
Nearby towns and villages include Backwell , Wraxall , Portishead , Clevedon , and Tickenham . Nailsea is 8 miles ( 13 km ) from the centre of Bristol , and close to the tourist centres of Weston super Mare and Bath . It is 8 @.@ 5 miles ( 14 km ) by road from the port and service area at Avonmouth .
= = = Climate = = =
In common with the rest of South West England , Nailsea has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country . The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures . The summer months of July and August are the warmest , with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) or 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) are common . In summer the Azores high pressure affects the south @-@ west of England , although convective cloud sometimes forms inland and reduces the number of hours of sunshine . Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1 @,@ 600 hours . In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton . Most of the rainfall in the south @-@ west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection . Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions , which is when they are most active . In summer , a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by the Sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms . Average rainfall is around 700 mm ( 28 in ) . About 8 – 15 days of snowfall is typical . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , and June to August have the lightest winds . The predominant wind direction is from the south @-@ west .
= = Economy = =
Primary income often comes from employment in the service sector , including industries such as insurance and banking , defence related employment , retail and management . Employment within Nailsea includes work in shops , schools , estate agents and banks . Larger businesses in Nailsea include GE , and Bristol Wessex Billing Services Ltd . , the billing company jointly owned by Bristol Water and Wessex Water . Other businesses are situated at units in the town . Nailsea has three large industrial and business estates located at Southfield road , Blackfriars road and Coates Estate ( former site of the local cider making industry ) . Nailsea 's shopping area includes Somerset Square , Crown Glass Place , Colliers Walk , and a high street . There are foursupermarket chains in the town ( Tesco , Waitrose , Co @-@ Op and Iceland ) and some national banks and estate agents .
Coate 's cider factory in Nailsea was first opened in 1788 and was bought by Showerings of Shepton Mallet in 1956 . The brand was subsequently merged with Gaymers and absorbed by Matthew Clark Brands . Prior to Coates , there was Heath Brewery , owned by the Thatcher family , which was situated behind the former Friendship Inn . The site of the old factory is now called ' Coates Estate ' and is home to a diverse range of both local and national businesses .
= = Culture and community = =
Nailsea has several pubs and used to have a small nightclub called Decades , formerly known as the AJ 's Bar . There are dedicated youth clubs and two Scouting divisions , which organise the Nailsea Carnival and Mayfair respectively . Nailsea has theatre , musical and orchestral groups . Most are open to all ages and meet and perform regularly at different venues including The Scotch Horn Centre , Nailsea Methodist Church , The Mizzymead Centre , The Grove Recreation Centre , and Nailsea Little Theatre . Nailsea 's outdoor recreational areas include the playing fields by the Grove Centre and the public park to the rear of the Scotch Horn Centre and Tesco . There are three children 's play parks and smaller areas of green land in the town 's housing estates . The Scotch Horn Park contains a skate park and children 's play park . There are no cinemas in Nailsea , but The Curzon in nearby Clevedon has been operating since 1912 .
The adjacent village of Wraxall has a couple of tourist attractions . Noah 's Ark Zoo Farm has displays of exotic , agricultural and domestic animals including rhinoceros , camels , monkeys , reptiles and most recently a giraffe . It offers hands @-@ on experience with animals and a chance to learn about conservation . Tyntesfield , a 19th @-@ century Victorian country house and grounds , was bought and opened up by the National Trust in 2002 . An edition of the North Somerset Times is published as the Nailsea Times .
Nailsea has a popular carnival annually which has been held since the 1960s , in which all of the local schools and Scouts participate .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
It also holds a very popular beer & cider festival also held annually at Nailsea and Backwell Rugby Football Club which started in 2004 . The festival holds over 160 local brews every year
= = Transport = =
The principal road serving Nailsea is the B3130 . It leads westwards to Clevedon , where the motorway network can be accessed at Junction 20 of the M5 ; eastwards it links with the A370 ( for Bristol ) and the A38 ( for Bristol Airport ) . Another link to the A370 at Backwell offers a route south and west for traffic to other local towns such as Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . Nailsea ’ s main car parks are in Clevedon Road , Station Road and Link Road , all of which are free for the first three hours . Bus services in Nailsea are operated by First Bus . The main routes are the X8 / 9 which runs every 15 mins to Bristol jointly run by First and Abus , and the hourly A2 between Clevedon / Portishead and Weston @-@ Super @-@ Mare via Bristol Airport , which also serves the railway station .
Nailsea and Backwell railway station is on the edge of neighbouring Backwell . It is managed by First Great Western , who run all services from the station , but is only staffed for a few hours on busy mornings . Trains run seven days each week , with a weekday off @-@ peak service of two trains per hour in each direction , running between Taunton and Cardiff Central or Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare and Bristol Parkway . Mornings and evenings see some direct services to and from London Paddington . Platform 1 ( westbound ) can only be accessed by steps , but Platform 2 ( eastbound ) can be reached either by steps or a 1 in 12 ( 8 % ) ramp . The station has a car park for 100 cars , but is due for expansion . Over 350 @,@ 000 journeys are made from the station each year .
Bristol Airport is less than 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the town centre .
= = Education = =
Secondary education in Nailsea is provided by Nailsea School , which attained Technology and Media Arts College specialist status before a £ 28 @.@ 8 million revamp in 2010 . Nailsea has infants , junior , primary schools , and a music school , some of them including : Kings Hill C of E , Golden Valley , Hannah More Infants , St. Francis Catholic School and Grove School . Ravenswood School caters for children with special needs and learning difficulties . There are also playgroups for children in the area who are too young for infants school .
= = Religious sites = =
In the 2001 census 78 % of Nailsea 's respondents claimed Christianity as their religious preference ; 16 % claimed to have " no religious preference " , the second largest group . All of the religious buildings are Christian in nature . Christ Church and the 14th @-@ century Holy Trinity Church are Church of England parish churches . Christ Church was built in 1843 by George Gilbert Scott and William Bonython Moffatt and has been designated as a Grade II listed building . Holy Trinity features a tower with six Bells , a cemetery , and a community centre called " The Trinity Centre " . It is Grade I listed .
Nailsea Methodist Church was founded in 1789 ; the first building opened three years later . In 1914 a new chapel was opened on Silver Street , and a youth club was added in the 1960s . In early 1992 the old church was replaced with a larger , flexible , multi @-@ purpose building and the youth club was refurbished and renamed the Wesley Centre after Methodism ’ s founder , John Wesley . There is also Nailsea Baptist Church , the Catholic Church of St Francis of Assisi , Southfield Church , the United Reformed Church and the Community Church .
= = Sports = =
Nailsea has four football clubs , AFC Nailsea , Selkirk United , Nailsea United FC and Nailsea Town F.C. The two clubs also organise junior football teams in the area , catering for under 8s to under 16s . Nailsea Cricket Club was formed in the mid @-@ 1850s and runs six sides across senior , junior , and women 's ' cricket , covering an area of West Bristol and North Somerset .
Nailsea also has a ladies hockey club , which was formed in 1924 . The club has two league teams : a youth team and a veterans team . The Scotch Horn Centre provides both an aerobic exercise and a free weights gym , as well as squash courts , and room for other indoor sports . Nailsea does not have a public swimming pool despite a long @-@ running campaign by the Nailsea Swimming Pool Interest Group to build one . Other leisure facilities in the area include a swimming pool in nearby Backwell and a golf club in Tickenham .
Nailsea and Backwell Rugby Football Club 's 1st XV play in level 8 of the RFU league system as of 2012 , and the 2nd XV in Somerset 2 North ( level 10 ) .
= = Notable people = =
One of Nailsea 's best known celebrities was Adge Cut
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
= = Early life and education = =
= = = Childhood = = =
John Adams was born on October 30 , 1735 ( October 19 , 1735 Old Style , Julian calendar ) , to John Adams Sr. ( 1691 – 1761 ) and Susanna Boylston ( 1708 – 1797 ) . He had two younger brothers , Peter and Elihu . Adams ' birthplace was then in Braintree , Massachusetts ( now Quincy , Massachusetts ) , and is preserved at Adams National Historical Park . Adams ' mother was from a leading medical family of current Brookline , Massachusetts . His father was a Congregationalist deacon , a farmer , a cordwainer , and a lieutenant in the militia . He further served as a selectman ( town councilman ) and supervised the building of schools and roads . Adams often praised his father and recalled their close relationship . His paternal great @-@ grandfather David Adams was born and bred at " Fferm Penybanc " , Llanboidy , Carmarthenshire , North Wales . He emigrated from Wales in 1675 and sixty years later his great @-@ grandson , John Adams , was born .
Though raised in modest surroundings , Adams felt an acute responsibility to live up to his family 's heritage of reverence . He was a direct descendent of Puritans , who came to the American wilderness in the 1630s , established a colonial presence in America , and profoundly affected the culture , laws , and traditions of their region . Journalist Richard Brookhiser wrote that Adams ' Puritan ancestors " believed they lived in the Bible . England under the Stuarts was Egypt ; they were Israel fleeing ... to establish a refuge for godliness , a city upon a hill . " By the time of John Adams ' birth in 1735 , Puritan tenets such as predestination were no longer as widely accepted , and many of their stricter practices had moderated with time , but Adams " considered them bearers of freedom , a cause that still had a holy urgency . " It was a value system he believed in and wished to live up to . Adams emphatically recalled that his parents , " held every Species of Libertinage in ... Contempt and horror , " and portrayed " pictures of disgrace , or baseness and of Ruin " from any debauchery .
Adams , as the eldest child , was under a mandate from his parents to obtain a formal education . This began at age six at a Dame school for boys and girls , which was conducted at a teacher 's home , and centered upon The New England Primer . Shortly thereafter , Adams attended Braintree Latin School under Joseph Cleverly , where studies included Latin , rhetoric , logic and arithmetic . Adams ' reflections on early education were in the negative mostly , including incidents of truancy , a dislike for his master and a desire to become a farmer . All questions on the matter ended when his father commanded that he remain in school saying , " You shall comply with my desires . " Deacon Adams also retained a new school master , Joseph Marsh , and his son responded positively .
= = = College education and adulthood = = =
At age sixteen , Adams entered Harvard College in 1751 . He took all his courses under the tutorship of Joseph Mayhew who administered his entrance exam . He did not share his father 's expectation that he become a minister . After graduating in 1755 with an A.B. degree , he taught school for a few years in Worcester , Massachusetts while pondering his permanent vocation . In the next four years he discerned a passion for prestige , saying that he craved " Honour or Reputation " and " more defference from [ his ] fellows " ; and at age twenty @-@ one he was determined to become " a great Man " . He decided to become a lawyer to further those ends , writing his father that he found among lawyers " noble and gallant achievements " but among the clergy , the " pretended sanctity of some absolute dunces . " Doctrinally , he later became a Unitarian , and dropped belief in predestination , eternal damnation , the divinity of Christ and most other Calvinist beliefs of his Puritan ancestors . Nevertheless , his remnant Puritanism frequently prompted reservations about his hunger for fame , which he once referred to as mere " trumpery " , and he questioned his not properly attending to the " happiness of [ his ] fellow men . "
The French and Indian War began in 1754 and Adams began to struggle with the issue of a young man 's responsibility in the conflict ; contemporaries of his social position were largely spectators , while those who were less solvent joined the battle as a means to make some money . Adams later said , " I longed more ardently to be a Soldier than I ever did to be a Lawyer . " He was acutely aware that he was the first in his family that " degenerated from the virtues of the house so far as not to have been an officer in the militia . "
= = = Law practice and marriage = = =
Adams followed the usual course of reading the law in order obtain his license to practice . In 1756 he became an apprentice in the office of John Putnam , a leading lawyer in Worcester . In 1758 , he earned an A.M. from Harvard , and was also that year admitted to the bar , having completed his studies under Putnam . From an early age , he developed the habit of writing descriptions of events and impressions of men which are scattered through his diary , which included his report of the 1761 argument of James Otis , Jr. in the Massachusetts Superior Court as to the legality of Writs of Assistance . Otis 's argument inspired Adams to the cause of the American colonies . In 1763 he had published seven essays in Boston newspapers – treatises that represented his forging into the convoluted realm of political theory . The essays were offered anonymously , with Adams using the nom de plume " Humphrey Ploughjogger " ; this author reappeared in the Boston Gazette in 1765 to oppose the Stamp Act . While Adams was initially not as popular as his cousin Samuel , his influence emerged through his work as a constitutional lawyer and his in @-@ depth analysis of historical examples , together with his dedication to the principles of republicanism . Even so , Adams often found his inborn contentiousness to be a constraint in his political career .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
New York , Connecticut , and Massachusetts : all four of these segments are shorter than the Utah segment .
Every year , the Utah Department of Transportation ( UDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2012 , UDOT calculated that as few as 6 @,@ 655 vehicles traveled I @-@ 84 at the interchange with SR @-@ 86 in Henefer , and as many as 18 @,@ 945 vehicles used the highway at the SR @-@ 26 interchange in Riverdale . Between 27 and 57 percent of the traffic recorded consisted of trucks . These counts are of the portion of the freeway in Utah and are not reflective of the entire Interstate , or of its concurrency with I @-@ 15 . As part of the Interstate Highway System , the entire route is listed on the National Highway System , a system of roads that are important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = = Western segment = = =
Crossing the Idaho @-@ Utah state line , I @-@ 84 enters Box Elder County and the Curlew Valley near farmland that utilizes center pivot irrigation before intersecting SR @-@ 30 at a diamond interchange . The town of Snowville is crossed before passing to the north of the Hansel Mountains and the North Promontory Mountains . The town of Howell , accessible from an interchange with SR @-@ 83 , lays to the southeast of Blue Creek Reservoir in the Blue Creek Valley . Access to the Golden Spike National Historic Site is provided by SR @-@ 83 south of Howell . The Blue Spring Hills form the southern border of Howell as I @-@ 84 continues southeast . Additional center irrigation farmland is passed before giving way to more traditional farmland outside of the city of Tremonton , where a trumpet interchange marks where I @-@ 15 turns north towards Malad City and Pocatello . Heading southeast from this interchange , I @-@ 84 and I @-@ 15 are concurrent for just over 38 miles ( 61 km ) .
= = = Concurrency with I @-@ 15 = = =
Concurrent highways I @-@ 15 / 84 continue south , parallel to rail belonging to the Union Pacific Railroad ( UP ) past the Wellsville Mountain Wilderness , to an interchange at 1100 West in Brigham City , also known as US @-@ 91 , which once in Brigham City becomes concurrent with US @-@ 89 and the two highways travel northeast from Brigham City into Box Elder Canyon towards Logan in the heart of the Cache Valley . US @-@ 89 closely parallels I @-@ 15 / 84 east , as the highways pass Willard Bay , the Willard Bay State Park and Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge before crossing into Weber County .
Upon entering Weber County the rail line that the highway has paralleled since Tremonton splits off eastwards near Defense Depot Ogden , as the concurrent highways continue south past Farr West and Slaterville before a Southern Pacific Railroad rail line , which traverses the Great Salt Lake on a causeway , crosses under the freeway . The city of Ogden is bypassed by the Interstates , with US @-@ 89 serving downtown . US @-@ 89 is accessible via interchanges with SR @-@ 39 , SR @-@ 79 and SR @-@ 104 in addition to I @-@ 84 further southeast . I @-@ 84 splits from I @-@ 15 at the south end of the Ogden @-@ Hinckley Airport , with I @-@ 15 continuing south towards Salt Lake City and Provo .
= = = Eastern segment = = =
Splitting from I @-@ 15 near Roy , I @-@ 84 passes between Hill Air Force Base , which is to the south of the highway , and Washington Terrace before clipping the extreme northern portions of Davis County . While in Davis County , I @-@ 84 intersects 475 East , also known as the Adams Avenue Parkway , before coming to a hybrid partial cloverleaf / half @-@ diamond interchange with US @-@ 89 along the Davis @-@ Weber county line .
I @-@ 84 follows the Weber River into Weber Canyon , Morgan County , and the Wasatch @-@ Cache National Forest . Once in the canyon , the carriageways of the highway split to accommodate the Devil 's Gate @-@ Weber Hydroelectric Power Plant . Following the river south , I @-@ 84 exits the forest and enters the county seat of Morgan . Leaving the city the highway turns back east , passing Devil 's Slide , an unusual rock formation just off the freeway .
Upon entering Summit County , I @-@ 84 passes the Thousand Mile Tree , planted by Union Pacific Railroad workers to mark the construction of 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) of rail from its origin in Omaha , Nebraska . The tree was said to be the only pine tree between Omaha and Salt Lake City . Another tree was planted as the original tree had died in 1900 and was removed in 1926 to during the conversion from single track to double track through the canyon . Past the tree the freeway passes through the town of Henefer before terminating at a directional T interchange with I @-@ 80 just south of the census @-@ designated place of Echo . Immediately south of the interchange is Echo Reservoir and Echo Dam .
= = History = =
= = = Earlier roads = = =
Most of the original routing of what is now I @-@ 84 existed as early as 1923 ; however the portion of now I @-@ 84 into Idaho was not yet constructed . In 1926 , much of the route was signed as US @-@ 30S , from the now eastern terminus at I @-@ 80 ( US @-@ 530 then ) , northwest into Ogden . Between Ogden and Brigham City , the highway was to be concurrent with US @-@ 91 , then US @-@ 30S split off northwest to the Idaho border . The entire western branch of US @-@ 30S was an unimproved road , however the concurrency into Ogden was paved . The remainder of the route to its now terminus was mostly graded with a few improved sections , and by 1937 , the entire route was paved .
= = = Current road = = =
The first Utah State Route to have the number 84 is what is now known as SR @-@ 126 . SR @-@ 126 was originally numbered SR @-@ 84 until the 1977 renumbering of Utah State highways . Previously , the freeway 's legislative designation was SR @-@ 3 . Like the other two main Interstate Highways in Utah , I @-@ 15 ( the Veterans Memorial Highway ) and I @-@ 80 ( the Purple Heart Trail ) , I @-@ 84 has also been given a special name of " Vietnam Veterans Memorial Highway " . House Bill HB275 authorizing the name designation was signed into law by Utah Governor Gary Herbert on March 30 , 2015 . The highway loosely follows the path of the First Transcontinental Railroad . The original routing of US @-@ 30S had the highway passing into Idaho west of Black Pine Peak however , the new I @-@ 84 was constructed to the east . The original roadways are now numbered SR @-@ 30 , SR @-@ 42 and Idaho State Highway 2847 .
Passage of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 formed the Interstate Highway System , however only the western segment of now I @-@ 84 was approved at this time , and a designation of I @-@ 82S was assigned to a then unconstructed controlled @-@ access highway across Box Elder County in 1957 . The eastern segment of the highway was added later in 1957 , and the route was numbered I @-@ 80N by 1958 . By 1968 , portions of the western half of the freeway had been completed , along with the segment between Tremonton and Brigham City . A portion of the
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
violinist Kyla @-@ Rose Smith " front and center . " Towards the end of the video , various child dancers perform solo dance routines . The video interpolates archival footage of past football matches , including the infamous scene of Italian footballer Roberto Baggio missing the decisive penalty in the shootout of the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final against Brazil . It also features appearances by footballers Cristiano Ronaldo , Dani Alves , Gerard Piqué , Idriss Carlos Kameni , Lionel Messi and Rafael Marquez .
Adam Fairholm from IMVDb praised the dance sequences and wrote that while Shakira was " great , " the best part of the music video were the appearances by Freshlyground , the children , and the footballers . He praised Raboy for " making everyone seem like a big , happy family " and felt the video was adequately representative of South African culture . MTV writer Kyle Anderson complimented the energy of the video and Shakira 's dancing ability . He highlighted the footage of a football match showing a " killer slide tackle " as the " key " scene of the video . The video went viral on video @-@ sharing website YouTube , reaching number one on The Guardian Viral Video Chart .
= = Live performances = =
Shakira performed " Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) " at the 2010 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony on 10 June at the Orlando Stadium in Johannesburg , South Africa . The song was preceded by performances of her past singles " Hips Don 't Lie " and " She Wolf " . Freshlyground also appeared on the stage and Mahola sang her verse of the song . Numerous African dancers and musicians accompanied Shakira during the performance . For the performances , Shakira was dressed in a black and white zebra @-@ print jumpsuit coupled with a silk @-@ fringed skirt and bracelets made of brown leather and silver pearls . Her outfit was designed by Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli . Diane Coetzer from Billboard praised the performance and called it the " crowning moment " of the concert show . Although critical of Cavalli 's costume , Los Angeles Times critic Ann Powers complimented Shakira 's performance of the three songs and commended her incorporation of native dancers and musicians in the show , writing : " It was just a symbolic gesture , but a strong one in this evening @-@ long review of pop music 's journey from Africa to every corner of the earth , and back . " Pitbull , Jennifer Lopez , and Claudia Leitte 's headlining performance at the 2014 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony was negatively compared to Shakira 's as fans found the former 's show disappointing in comparison to the latter 's .
The song was performed for a second time by Shakira and Freshlyground at the 2010 FIFA World Cup closing ceremony on 11 July 2010 . Shakira 's costume was designed by Cavalli again and consisted of a tulle top , a silk @-@ fringed skirt with floral motifs and a denim belt . The top and belt were embroidered with pearls of various colours . Shakira also wore leather bracelets embellished with floral silk decorations . Billboard critic Coetzer wrote that the performance of the song " parked an ecstatic response " from the spectators . Siddharth Saxena from Times of India described the presentation as a " riot of colour , light and laser show . "
" Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) " was included on the set list of Shakira 's The Sun Comes Out World Tour ( 2010 – 11 ) and was performed
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Iris Schaeffer into the underdrawings of the Dombild Altarpiece established two guiding hands , presumably Lochner and an exceptionally talented pupil , whom she concludes was in probability the principal artist behind the Heisterbach Altarpiece . A counter view is that Lochner 's workshop was producing to a deadline , and he delegated as a matter of expediency .
= = Gallery = =
= Mobile Suit Gundam SEED =
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED ( Japanese : 機動戦士ガンダムSEED ( シード ) , Hepburn : Kidō Senshi Gandamu Shīdo ) is an anime series developed by Sunrise and directed by Mitsuo Fukuda . The ninth installment in the Gundam franchise , Gundam SEED takes place in a future calendar era , in this case the Cosmic Era , the first to do so . In this era , mankind has developed into two subspecies : Naturals , who reside on Earth , and Coordinators , genetically enhanced humans capable of amazing feats of intellect who emigrate to man @-@ made orbital colonies to escape persecution by natural humans . The story revolves around a young Coordinator Kira Yamato who becomes involved in the war between the two races after a third , neutral faction 's space colony is invaded by the Coordinators .
The television series was broadcast in Japan between 2002 and 2003 , on the Tokyo Broadcasting System and Mainichi Broadcasting System networks , beginning a broadcast partnership with the Gundam franchise . The series spawned three compilations films and was adapted into a manga as well as light novels . A sequel series , Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny followed in 2004 . Merchandise has been released , including models , CD soundtracks and video games . Gundam SEED was licensed by Bandai Entertainment for broadcast in North America , and began airing in the United States and Canada in 2004 and 2005 respectively . The films and the sequel were also licensed by Bandai . The manga and light novels as well as the spin @-@ off series , Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray , were licensed . Video games were released in North America .
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED was widely popular with the public in Japan , winning numerous awards , with high sales of the series DVD and music . The character development and animation has gained praise , but similarities with previous Gundam series have drawn both comparisons and criticism from Gundam fans .
= = Plot = =
The series is the first of the Gundam franchise set in the " Cosmic Era " in which mankind is divided between normal Earth dwelling humans , known as " Naturals " , and the genetically altered super @-@ humans known as " Coordinators " . The primary conflict of the story plot derives from jealous hatred by Naturals of the abilities of Coordinators , leading to hate crimes , and eventually the emigration of almost all Coordinators who flee into space to live idyllic lives on giant orbital space colonies called PLANTS of their own design . War eventually breaks out between Earth and the Plants . The Earth is divided between two major factions , the Earth Forces formed from most of the natural born human nations , primarily the Eurasians and the Atlantic Federation , and a natural human supremacist group known as Blue Cosmos with its slogan , " For the preservation of our blue and pure world " . The Earth Forces are not a unified alliance , and infighting and mistrust exist between their various nation states . The second major Earth nation is the Orb Union , a staunchly politically neutral and isolationist nation located on small Pacific Ocean islands ruled by a hereditary monarchy and still contains Coordinator citizens .
Two major events precede the story , known as the Bloody Valentine tragedy that initiated war between the PLANTS and the Earth Forces when one of the PLANT space stations , Junius @-@ 7 , is destroyed by a nuclear bomb . The second event is the counterattack by the PLANTS that buries Neutron Jammers deep into Earth 's crust that halts all nuclear reactions and long range radar and radio , causing most areas of earth to go without electricity or communication , and requiring mobile suits to rely on rechargeable batteries .
The PLANTS are a technological power house , developing many new technologies that give them equal power to Earth despite their very small population . It is the invention of the Mobile Suits that give their military the edge in the beginning of the war .
The story begins in the neutral Orb Union owned space colony Heliopolis , where secret development of 5 advanced mobile suits for the Earth Forces war effort in exchange for their technical data to be shared with the neutral Orb Union military . Additionally Heliopolis constructs a unique carrier battleship , the Archangel to base the five mobile suits from for the Earth Forces . The colony is attacked by ZAFT forces , the military of the Coordinators , with the objective of stealing the new units . During the incursion an Orb union student and Coordinator named Kira Yamato , upon seeing his friends in danger , pilots the GAT @-@ X105 Strike mobile suit to fend off the invaders but the colony is critically damaged in the ensuing fight . As Heliopolis disintegrates , the survivors board the Archangel , and begin their journey to the Alliance base in Alaska . During the journey to Earth , Kira pilots the Strike to counter a series of attacks by ZAFT but is seemingly killed by his childhood friend , ZAFT soldier Athrun Zala , during one of their battles in which he also is nearly killed . Kira survives the attack and is taken by a blind priest to one of the PLANT space colonies , home to the Coordinators to recover . The Archangel arrives in Alaska but ZAFT launches a full @-@ scale attack on the base overpowering their enemies .
Kira goes to Alaska with the ZGMF @-@ X10A Freedom , a highly advanced , nuclear powered , and Neutron Jammer proof ZAFT mobile suit stolen by the PLANT pop star Coordinator Lacus Clyne daughter of Siegel Clyne , President of the Supreme Council of PLANT . Using Freedom , Kira ends the battle between the two armies , but the Alaska base is subsequently destroyed . The Archangel flees to the neutral country of the Orb Union . The Archangel and a new ship , the Orb Union ship Kusanagi leave Earth for space where they then join Lacus Clyne 's rebel faction and their stolen ZAFT battleship , the Eternal ( meant to carry the Freedom and Justice mobile suites ) to form the Three Ships Alliance with the common goal of ending the war between the Naturals and Coordin
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Neither work entered the canon of regularly performed Gilbert and Sullivan works until the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company made the first complete professional recordings of the two operas in the 1970s . Gilbert had also offered Sullivan another libretto , His Excellency ( 1894 ) , but Gilbert 's insistence on casting Nancy McIntosh , his protege from Utopia , led to Sullivan 's refusal , and His Excellency was instead composed by F. Osmond Carr . Meanwhile , the Savoy Theatre continued to revive the Gilbert and Sullivan operas , in between new pieces , and D 'Oyly Carte touring companies also played them in repertory .
After The Grand Duke , the partners saw no reason to work together again . A last unpleasant misunderstanding occurred in 1898 . At the premiere of Sullivan ’ s opera The Beauty Stone on 28 May , Gilbert arrived at the Savoy Theatre with friends , assuming that Sullivan had reserved some seats for him . Instead , he was informed that Sullivan objected to his presence . The composer later denied that this was true . The last time they met was at the Savoy Theatre on 17 November 1898 at the celebration of the 21st anniversary of the first performance of The Sorcerer . They did not speak to each other . Sullivan , by this time in exceedingly poor health , died in 1900 , although to the end he continued to write new comic operas for the Savoy with other librettists , most successfully with Basil Hood in The Rose of Persia ( 1899 ) . Gilbert also wrote several works , some with other collaborators , in the 1890s . By the time of Sullivan 's death in 1900 , Gilbert wrote that any memory of their rift had been " completely bridged over , " and " the most cordial relations existed between us . " He stated that Sullivan was " A composer of the rarest genius – who , because he was a composer of the rarest genius , was as modest and as unassuming as a neophyte should be , but seldom is .... I remember all that he has done for me in allowing his genius to shed some of its lustre upon my humble name . "
Richard D 'Oyly Carte died in 1901 , and his widow , Helen , continued to direct the activities of the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company at the Savoy and on tour . Gilbert went into semi @-@ retirement , although he continued to direct revivals of the Savoy Operas and wrote new plays occasionally . Between 1906 and 1909 , he assisted Mrs. Carte in staging two repertory seasons at the Savoy Theatre . These were very popular and revived interest in the works . Gilbert was knighted during the first repertory season . After Sullivan 's death , Gilbert wrote only one more comic opera , Fallen Fairies ( 1909 ; music by Edward German ) , which was not a success .
= = Legacy and assessment = =
Gilbert died in 1911 , and Richard 's son , Rupert D 'Oyly Carte , took over the opera company upon his step @-@ mother 's death in 1913 . His daughter , Bridget , inherited the company upon his death in 1948 . The D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company toured nearly year @-@ round , except for its many London seasons and foreign tours , performing exclusively the Gilbert and Sullivan operas , until it closed in 1982 . During the 20th century , the company gave well over 35 @,@ 000 performances . The Savoy operas , from the beginning , were produced extensively in North America and Australasia , and soon afterwards in Germany , Russia , and elsewhere in Europe and around the world .
In 1922 , Sir Henry Wood explained the enduring success of the collaboration as follows :
Sullivan has never had an equal for brightness and drollery , for humour without coarseness and without vulgarity , and for charm and grace . His orchestration is delightful : he wrote with full understanding of every orchestral voice . Above all , his music is perfectly appropriate to the words of which it is the setting .... He found the right , the only cadences to fit Gilbert 's happy and original rhythms , and to match Gilbert 's fun or to throw Gilbert 's frequent irony , pointed although not savage , into relief . Sullivan 's music is much more than the accompaniment of Gilbert 's libretti , just as Gilbert 's libretti are far more than words to Sullivan 's music . We have two masters who are playing a concerto . Neither is subordinate to the other ; each gives what is original , but the two , while neither predominates , are in perfect correspondence . This rare harmony of words and music is what makes these operas entirely unique . They are the work not of a musician and his librettist nor of a poet and one who sets his words to music , but of two geniuses .
G. K. Chesterton similarly praised the combination of the two artists , anticipating the operas ' success into the " remote future " . He wrote that Gilbert 's satire was " too intelligent to be intelligible " by itself , and that perhaps only Sullivan could have given " wings to his words ... in exactly the right degree frivolous and exactly the right degree fastidious . [ The words ' ] precise degree of levity and distance from reality ... seemed to be expressed ... in the very notes of the music ; almost ... in the note of the laughter that followed it . " In 1957 , a review in The Times gave this rationale for " the continued vitality of the Savoy operas " :
" [ T ] hey were never really contemporary in their idiom .... Gilbert and Sullivan 's [ world ] , from the first moment was obviously not the audience 's world , [ it was ] an artificial world , with a neatly controlled and shapely precision which has not gone out of fashion – because it was never in fashion in the sense of using the fleeting conventions and ways of thought of contemporary human society .... For this , each partner has his share of credit . The neat articulation of incredibilities in Gilbert 's plots is perfectly matched by his language .... His dialogue , with its primly mocking formality , satisfies both the ear and the intelligence . His verses show an unequalled and very delicate gift for creating a comic effect by the contrast between poetic form and prosaic thought and wording .... How deliciously [ his lines ] prick the bubble of sentiment .... [ Of ] equal importance ... Gilbert 's lyrics almost invariably take on extra point and sparkle when set to Sullivan 's music .... Sullivan 's tunes , in these operas , also exist in a make @-@ believe world of their own .... [ He is ] a delicate wit , whose airs have a precision , a neatness , a grace , and a flowing melody .... The two men together remain endlessly and incomparably delightful .... Light , and even trifling , though [ the operas ] may seem upon grave consideration , they yet have the shapeliness and elegance that can make a trifle into a work of art " .
Because of the unusual success of the operas , the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company were able , from the start , to license the works to other professional companies , such as the J. C. Williamson Gilbert
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
permeable ion channels that open when bound to an extracellular purine nucleotide . In contrast to P2 receptors ( agonist order ATP > ADP > AMP > ADO ) , purinergic nucleoside triphosphates like ATP are not strong agonists of P1 receptors , which are strongly activated by adenosine and other nucleosides ( ADO > AMP > ADP > ATP ) . P1 receptors have A1 , A2a , A2b , and A3 subtypes ( " A " as a remnant of old nomenclature of adenosine receptor ) , all of which are G protein @-@ coupled receptors , A1 and A3 being coupled to Gi , and A2a and A2b being coupled to Gs . All adenosine receptors were shown to activate at least one subfamily of mitogen @-@ activated protein kinases . The actions of adenosine are often antagonistic or synergistic to the actions of ATP . In the CNS , adenosine has multiple functions , such as modulation of neural development , neuron and glial signalling and the control of innate and adaptive immune systems .
= = = = Intracellular signaling = = = =
ATP is critical in signal transduction processes . It is used by kinases as the source of phosphate groups in their phosphate transfer reactions . Kinase activity on substrates such as proteins or membrane lipids are a common form of signal transduction . Phosphorylation of a protein by a kinase can activate this cascade such as the mitogen @-@ activated protein kinase cascade .
ATP is also used by adenylate cyclase and is transformed to the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP , which is involved in triggering calcium signals by the release of calcium from intracellular stores . This form of signal transduction is particularly important in brain function , although it is involved in the regulation of a multitude of other cellular processes .
= = = DNA and RNA synthesis = = =
In all known organisms , the Deoxyribonucleotides that make up DNA are synthesized by the action of ribonucleotide reductase ( RNR ) enzymes on their corresponding ribonucleotides . These enzymes reduce the sugar residue from ribose to deoxyribose by removing oxygen from the 2 ′ hydroxyl group ; the substrates are ribonucleoside diphosphates and the products deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates ( the latter are denoted dADP , dCDP , dGDP , and dUDP respectively . ) All ribonucleotide reductase enzymes use a common sulfhydryl radical mechanism reliant on reactive cysteine residues that oxidize to form disulfide bonds in the course of the reaction . RNR enzymes are recycled by reaction with thioredoxin or glutaredoxin .
The regulation of RNR and related enzymes maintains a balance of dNTPs relative to each other and relative to NTPs in the cell . Very low dNTP concentration inhibits DNA synthesis and DNA repair and is lethal to the cell , while an abnormal ratio of dNTPs is mutagenic due to the increased likelihood of the DNA polymerase incorporating the wrong dNTP during DNA synthesis . Regulation of or differential specificity of RNR has been proposed as a mechanism for alterations in the relative sizes of intracellular dNTP pools under cellular stress such as hypoxia .
In the synthesis of the nucleic acid RNA , adenosine derived from ATP is one of the four nucleotides incorporated directly into RNA molecules by RNA polymerases . The energy driving this polymerization comes from cleaving off a pyrophosphate ( two phosphate groups ) . The process is similar in DNA biosynthesis , except that ATP is reduced to the deoxyribonucleotide dATP , before incorporation into DNA .
= = Amino acid activation in protein synthesis = =
Aminoacyl @-@ tRNA synthetase enzymes utilize ATP as an energy source to attach a tRNA molecule to its specific amino acid , forming an aminoacyl @-@ tRNA complex , ready for translation at ribosomes . The energy is made available by ATP hydrolysis to adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) as two phosphate groups are removed . Amino acid activation refers to the attachment of an amino acid to its Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) . Aminoacyl transferase binds Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) to amino acid , PP is released . Aminoacyl transferase binds AMP @-@ amino acid to tRNA . The AMP is used in this step .
= = = Amino Acid Activation = = =
During amino acid activation the amino acids ( aa ) are attached to their corresponding tRNA . The coupling reactions are catalysed by a group of enzymes called aminoacyl @-@ tRNA synthetases ( named after the reaction product aminoacyl @-@ tRNA or aa @-@ tRNA ) . The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps :
aa + ATP aa @-@ AMP + PPi
aa @-@ AMP + tRNA aa @-@ tRNA + AMP
The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3 ′ -end of the tRNA ( the A in the sequence CCA ) via an ester bond ( roll over in illustration ) . The formation of the ester bond conserves a considerable part of the energy from the activation reaction . This stored energy provides the majority of the energy needed for peptide bond formation during translation .
Each of the 20 amino acids are recognized by its specific aminoacyl @-@ tRNA synthetase . The synthetases are usually composed of one to four protein subunits . The enzymes vary considerably in structure although they all perform the same type of reaction by binding ATP , one specific amino acid and its corresponding tRNA .
The specificity of the amino acid activation is as critical for the translational accuracy as the correct matching of the codon with the anticodon . The reason is that the ribosome only sees the anticodon of the tRNA during translation . Thus , the ribosome will not be able to discriminate between tRNAs with the same anticodon but linked to different amino acids .
The error frequency of the amino acid activation reaction is approximately 1 in 10000 despite the small structural differences between some of the amino acids .
= = Binding to proteins = =
Some proteins that bind ATP do so in a characteristic protein fold known as the Rossmann fold , which is a general nucleotide @-@ binding structural domain that can also bind the coenzyme NAD . The most common ATP @-@ binding proteins , known as kinases , share a small number of common folds ; the protein kinases , the largest kinase superfamily , all share common structural features specialized for ATP binding and phosphate transfer .
ATP in complexes with proteins , in general
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
and professionalism which endeared him to his fellow conspirators . The author Antonia Fraser describes Fawkes as " a tall , powerfully built man , with thick reddish @-@ brown hair , a flowing moustache in the tradition of the time , and a bushy reddish @-@ brown beard " , and that he was " a man of action ... capable of intelligent argument as well as physical endurance , somewhat to the surprise of his enemies . "
The first meeting of the five central conspirators took place on Sunday 20 May 1604 , at an inn called the Duck and Drake , in the fashionable Strand district of London . Catesby had already proposed at an earlier meeting with Thomas Wintour and John Wright to kill the King and his government by blowing up " the Parliament House with gunpowder " . Wintour , who at first objected to the plan , was convinced by Catesby to travel to the continent to seek help . Wintour met with the Constable of Castile , the exiled Welsh spy Hugh Owen , and Sir William Stanley , who said that Catesby would receive no support from Spain . Owen did , however , introduce Wintour to Fawkes , who had by then been away from England for many years , and thus was largely unknown in the country . Wintour and Fawkes were contemporaries ; each was militant , and had first @-@ hand experience of the unwillingness of the Spaniards to help . Wintour told Fawkes of their plan to " doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spaine healped us nott " , and thus in April 1604 the two men returned to England . Wintour 's news did not surprise Catesby ; despite positive noises from the Spanish authorities , he feared that " the deeds would nott answere " .
One of the conspirators , Thomas Percy , was promoted in June 1604 , gaining access to a house in London that belonged to John Whynniard , Keeper of the King 's Wardrobe . Fawkes was installed as a caretaker and began using the pseudonym John Johnson , servant to Percy . The contemporaneous account of the prosecution ( taken from Thomas Wintour 's confession ) claimed that the conspirators attempted to dig a tunnel from beneath Whynniard 's house to Parliament , although this story may have been a government fabrication ; no evidence for the existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution , and no trace of one has ever been found ; Fawkes himself did not admit the existence of such a scheme until his fifth interrogation , but even then he could not locate the tunnel . If the story is true , however , by December 1604 the conspirators were busy tunnelling from their rented house to the House of Lords . They ceased their efforts when , during tunnelling , they heard a noise from above . Fawkes was sent out to investigate , and returned with the news that the tenant 's widow was clearing out a nearby undercroft , directly beneath the House of Lords .
The plotters purchased the lease to the room , which also belonged to John Whynniard . Unused and filthy , it was considered an ideal hiding place for the gunpowder the plotters planned to store . According to Fawkes , 20 barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first , followed by 16 more on 20 July . On 28 July however , the ever @-@ present threat of the plague delayed the opening of Parliament until Tuesday , 5 November .
= = = Overseas = = =
In an attempt to gain foreign support , in May 1605 Fawkes travelled overseas and informed Hugh Owen of the plotters ' plan . At some point during this trip his name made its way into the files of Robert Cecil , 1st Earl of Salisbury , who employed a network of spies across Europe . One of these spies , Captain William Turner , may have been responsible . Although the information he provided to Salisbury usually amounted to no more than a vague pattern of invasion reports , and included nothing which regarded the Gunpowder Plot , on 21 April he told how Fawkes was to be brought by Tesimond to England . Fawkes was a well @-@ known Flemish mercenary , and would be introduced to " Mr Catesby " and " honourable friends of the nobility and others who would have arms and horses in readiness " . Turner 's report did not , however , mention Fawkes 's pseudonym in England , John Johnson , and did not reach Cecil until late in November , well after the plot had been discovered .
It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England , but he was back in London by late August 1605 , when he and Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed . More gunpowder was brought into the room , along with firewood to conceal it . Fawkes 's final role in the plot was settled during a series of meetings in October . He was to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames . Simultaneously , a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth . Acts of regicide were frowned upon , and Fawkes would therefore head to the continent , where he would explain to the Catholic powers his holy duty to kill the King and his retinue .
= = = Discovery = = =
A few of the conspirators were concerned about fellow Catholics who would be present at Parliament during the opening . On the evening of 26 October , Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter warning him to stay away , and to " retyre youre self into yowre contee whence yow maye expect the event in safti for ... they shall receyve a terrible blowe this parleament " . Despite quickly becoming aware of the letter – informed by one of Monteagle 's servants – the conspirators resolved to continue with their plans , as it appeared that it " was clearly thought to be a hoax " . Fawkes checked the undercroft on 30 October , and reported that nothing had been disturbed . Monteagle 's suspicions had been aroused , however , and the letter was shown to King James . The King ordered Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath Parliament , which he did in the early hours of 5 November . Fawkes had taken up his station late on the previous night , armed with a slow match and a watch given to him by Percy " becaus he should knowe howe the time went away " . He was found leaving the cellar ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
for scrap in 1941 – 44 .
= 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident =
The 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident occurred on 29 – 30 August 2007 . Six AGM @-@ 129 ACM cruise missiles , each loaded with a W80 @-@ 1 variable yield nuclear warhead , were mistakenly loaded onto a United States Air Force ( USAF ) B @-@ 52H heavy bomber at Minot Air Force Base and transported to Barksdale Air Force Base . The nuclear warheads in the missiles were supposed to have been removed before taking the missiles from their storage bunker . The missiles with the nuclear warheads were not reported missing and remained mounted to the aircraft at both Minot and Barksdale for a period of 36 hours . During this period , the warheads were not protected by the various mandatory security precautions for nuclear weapons .
The incident was reported to the top levels of the United States military and referred to by observers as a Bent Spear incident , which indicates a nuclear weapon incident that is of significant concern but does not involve the immediate threat of nuclear war .
In response to the incident , the United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) and USAF conducted an investigation , the results of which were released on 19 October 2007 . The investigation concluded that nuclear weapons handling standards and procedures had not been followed by numerous USAF personnel involved in the incident . As a result , four USAF commanders were relieved of their commands , numerous other USAF personnel were disciplined and / or decertified to perform certain types of sensitive duties , and further cruise missile transport missions from — and nuclear weapons operations at — Minot Air Force Base were suspended . In addition , the USAF issued new nuclear weapons handling instructions and procedures .
Separate investigations by the United States Defense Science Board and a USAF " Blue Ribbon " panel reported that concerns existed on the procedures and processes for handling nuclear weapons within the Department of Defense but did not find any failures with the security of United States nuclear weapons . Based on this and other incidents , on 5 June 2008 , Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley were asked for their resignations , which were given . In October 2008 , in response to recommendations by a review committee , the USAF announced the creation of Air Force Global Strike Command to control all USAF nuclear bombers , missiles , and personnel .
= = Background = =
In August 2007 , Minot Air Force Base is the home of the 5th Bomb Wing and Barksdale Air Force Base the home of 2d Bomb Wing , both of which fall under the 8th Air Force , also based at Barksdale . The 8th was part of Air Combat Command ( ACC ) in the USAF . At the time of the incident , the 5th Bomb Wing was commanded by Colonel Bruce Emig , the 2d Bomb Wing by Colonel Robert Wheeler , the 8th Air Force by Lieutenant General Robert Elder Jr . , and ACC by General Ronald Keys .
The 5th Bomb Wing , according to the USAF 's statement on the wing 's mission , served with its B @-@ 52 bombers as part of the USAF 's conventional and strategic combat force . The " strategic " portion of the 5th 's mission included the ability to deliver nuclear weapons against potential targets worldwide . Thus , Minot Air Force Base stored and maintained a ready arsenal of nuclear bombs , nuclear warheads , and associated delivery systems , including the AGM @-@ 129 Advanced Cruise Missile .
The AGM @-@ 129 was fielded in 1987 as a stealthy cruise missile platform to deliver the W80 @-@ 1 variable yield nuclear warhead . Although originally designed to equip the B @-@ 1 bomber , the AGM @-@ 129 was redesignated so that it would only be carried by the B @-@ 52 , mounted on external pylons on the wings or internally in the bomb bay . In March 2007 , the USAF decided to retire its AGM @-@ 129 complement in order to help comply with international arms @-@ control treaties and to replace them with AGM @-@ 86 missiles . In order to do so , the USAF began to transport its AGM @-@ 129s stored at Minot to Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana by B @-@ 52s for ultimate disposal . According to the Washington Post , by 29 August 2007 , more than 200 AGM @-@ 129s had been shipped from Minot to Barksdale in this manner .
= = Incident = =
Between 0800 and 0900 ( local time ) on 29 August 2007 , a group of USAF airmen , called the breakout crew , entered one of the weapons storage bunkers at Minot to prepare AGM @-@ 129 missiles for transport to Barksdale . That day 's missile transport , the sixth of twelve planned ferry missions , was to have consisted of 12 AGM @-@ 129s , installed with training warheads , with six missiles per pylon and one pylon mounted under each wing of a Barksdale @-@ assigned , 2d Bomb Wing B @-@ 52 aircraft . When the airmen entered the bunker , six live warheads were still installed on their missiles , as opposed to having been replaced with the dummy training warheads . A later investigation found that the reason for the error was that the electronic production system for tracking the missiles " had been subverted in favor of an informal process that did not identify the pylon as prepared for the flight . " The airmen assigned to handle the missiles used outdated materials that contained incorrect information on the status of the missiles . The missiles originally planned for movement had been replaced by missiles closer to expiration dates for limited life components , which was standard procedure . The change in missiles had been reflected on the movement plan but not in the documents used for internal work coordination processes in the bunker .
Although the breakout crew in the weapons storage began to inspect the missiles , an early @-@ arriving transport crew hooked up the pylons and towed them away without inspecting or ensuring that the missiles had been inspected or cleared for removal . The munitions control center failed to verify that the pylon had received proper clearance and inspection and approved the pylon for loading on the B @-@ 52 at 0925 . After taking eight hours to attach the pylons to the aircraft , the aircraft with the missiles loaded then remained parked overnight at Minot for 15 hours without special guard as required for nuclear weapons .
On the morning of 30 August , one of the transport aircraft 's flight officers , a Barksdale @-@ assigned B @-@ 52 instructor radar navigator closely inspected the six missiles on the right wing only , which were all properly loaded with training warheads . The B @-@ 52 command pilot did not do a final verification check , before signing the manifest listing the cargo as a dozen unarmed AGM @-@ 129 missiles to depart Minot .
The B @-@ 52 departed Minot at 0840 and landed at Barksdale at 1123 ( local times ) on 30 August . The aircraft remained parked and without special guard until 2030 , when a munitions team arrived to remove the missiles . After a member of the munitions crew noticed something unusual about some of the missiles , at 2200 a " skeptical " supervisor determined that nuclear warheads were present and ordered them secured and the incident reported , 36 hours after the missiles were removed from the bunker at Minot .
The incident was reported to the National Military Command Center as a Bent Spear incident , which indicates a nuclear weapon incident that is of significant concern but does not involve the immediate threat of nuclear war ( Pinnacle – Nucflash ) , or the accidental detonation of or severe damage to a nuclear weapon ( Pinnacle – Broken Arrow ) . General T. Michael Moseley , Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force , quickly called United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates , on 31 August to inform him about the incident . Gates requested daily updates regarding the investigation and informed President Bush about the incident . The USAF has yet to officially designate what type of incident actually occurred , Bent Spear or otherwise . The incident was the first of its kind in 40 years in the United States and was later described by the media as " one of the worst breaches in U.S. nuclear weapons security in decades " .
= = Response by the U.S. government = =
The USAF and Department of Defense
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
at first decided to conceal the incident , in part because of the USAF policy not to comment on the storage or movement of nuclear weapons and an apparent belief that the incident would not generate much public concern . In fact , the initial DoD incident report contained the statement , " No press interest anticipated . " Details of the incident were then leaked by unknown DoD officials to the Military Times newspaper , which published a small article about the incident on 5 September 2007 .
In response , a 5 September news briefing at the Pentagon by Press Secretary Geoff Morrell stated that at no time was the public in any danger and that military personnel had custody of the weapons at all times . The USAF announced that within days of the incident , the USAF relieved the Minot munitions squadron commander of duty and eventually disciplined 25 airmen . USAF Major General Doug Raaberg was assigned by General Keys to lead an investigation into the incident . The USAF inventory of nuclear warheads was checked to ensure that all warheads were accounted for . In addition , the DoD announced that a Pentagon @-@ appointed scientific advisory panel , called the Defense Science Board , would study the mishap as part of a larger review of procedures for handling nuclear weapons . On 28 September , the USAF announced that General Keys was retiring and would be replaced as ACC commander by General John Corley , effective 2 October .
On 19 October 2007 , United States Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and USAF Major General Richard Newton , deputy chief of staff for operations , plans , and requirements , announced the investigation report findings , stating that , " there has been an erosion of adherence to weapons @-@ handling standards at Minot Air Force Base and at Barksdale Air Force Base " and that " a limited number of airmen at both locations failed to follow procedures . " Colonel Emig , the commander of the 5th Bomb Wing , Colonel Cynthia Lundell , the commander of the 5th Maintenance Group at Minot , and Colonel Todd Westhauser , the commander of Barksdale 's 2d Operations Group , and four senior non @-@ commissioned officers from the 5th Munitions Squadron " received administrative action " and were relieved of their commands or positions and reassigned . All of the 5th Bomb Wing personnel were stripped of their certifications to handle nuclear and other sensitive weaponry and to conduct " specific missions " . Sixty @-@ five airmen of varying ranks lost their Personnel Reliability Program certifications . Tactical ferry operations were suspended . The inspector general offices of all USAF Major Commands that handle nuclear weapons were directed to conduct immediate " Limited Nuclear Surety Inspections ( LNSIs ) at every nuclear @-@ capable unit " with oversight provided by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency .
The new ACC commander , General Corley , referred the matter to USAF Lieutenant General Norman Seip , commander of the 12th Air Force , as a court @-@ martial convening authority to determine if additional charges or actions would be taken against any of the personnel involved in the incident . Seip later closed the investigation without recommending criminal charges against anyone involved .
Retired USAF Chief of Staff General Larry Welch was asked by Gates , who had reportedly raised concerns with USAF officials that the original investigation may have unfairly limited blame to midlevel officers , to lead the Defense Science Board advisory panel that would study the mishap as part of a larger review of procedures and policies for handling nuclear weapons . In addition , the USAF chartered a " Blue Ribbon Review " chaired by USAF Major General Polly Peyer and consisting of 30 additional personnel to " make recommendations as to how we can improve the Air Force 's capability to safely and securely perform our nuclear weapons responsibility " . Furthermore , the United States Congress requested that the DoD and the United States Department of Energy conduct a bottom @-@ up review of nuclear procedures .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = USAF actions = = =
On 24 October 2007 , Secretary of the Air Force Wynne told the House Armed Services Committee that he believed that the 5th Bomb Wing could be recertified and could resume ferrying the AGM @-@ 129 cruise missiles to Barksdale for retirement . He did not provide a timeline for that recertification process . On 1 November 2007 Colonel Joel Westa took command of the 5th Bomb Wing . That same day , General Keys retired from the Air Force .
Personnel from Barksdale 's 2d Bomb Wing temporarily took over maintenance duties of Minot 's nuclear stockpile until the 5th Bomb Wing could be recertified . A nuclear surety inspection ( NSI ) , required for recertification , originally scheduled for the 5th Bomb Wing for 23 January 2008 was postponed after the wing failed an initial NSI that took place on 16 December 2007 . Another initial NSI was completed on 29 March and Corley recertified the wing on 31 March 2008 . A full NSI was scheduled for May 2008 . The wing needed to regain its certification in order to hold the full NSI . Units handling nuclear weapons must pass NSIs every 18 months in order to retain their certifications .
The USAF issued a new policy directive regarding the handling of nuclear weapons and delivery systems , which prohibits the storing of nuclear armed and non
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
2010 , was first jailbroken in May 2010 with the Spirit jailbreak for iOS version 3 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 . The iPad can be jailbroken on iOS versions 4 @.@ 3 through 4 @.@ 3 @.@ 3 with the web @-@ based tool JailbreakMe 3 @.@ 0 ( released in July 2011 ) , and on iOS versions including 5 @.@ 0 and 5 @.@ 0 @.@ 1 using redsn0w Absinthe 2 @.@ 0 was released on May 25 , 2012 as the first jailbreak method for all iOS 5 @.@ 1 @.@ 1 devices except the 32 nm version of the iPad 2 .
= = = Censorship = = =
Apple 's App Store , which provides iPhone and iPad applications , imposes censorship of content , which has become an issue for book publishers and magazines seeking to use the platform . The Guardian newspaper described the role of Apple as analogous to that of British magazine distributor WH Smith , which for many years imposed content restrictions .
Due to the exclusion of pornography from the App Store , YouPorn and others changed their video format from Flash to H.264 and HTML5 specifically for the iPad . In an e @-@ mail exchange with Ryan Tate from Valleywag , Steve Jobs claimed that the iPad offers " freedom from porn " , leading to many upset replies including Adbustings in Berlin by artist Johannes P. Osterhoff and in San Francisco during WWDC10 .
= = Reception = =
On May 28 , 2010 , the iPad was released in Australia , Canada , and Japan , as well as in several larger European countries . Media reaction to the launch was mixed . The media noted the positive response from fans of the device , with thousands of people queued on the first day of sale in a number of these countries .
= = = Reaction to the announcement = = =
Media reaction to the iPad announcement was mixed . Walter Mossberg wrote , " It 's about the software , stupid " , meaning hardware features and build are less important to the iPad 's success than software and user interface , his first impressions of which were largely positive . Mossberg also called the price " modest " for a device of its capabilities , and praised the ten @-@ hour battery life . Others , including PC Advisor and the Sydney Morning Herald , wrote that the iPad would also compete with proliferating netbooks , most of which use Microsoft Windows . The base model 's $ 499 price was lower than pre @-@ release estimates by the tech press , Wall Street analysts , and Apple 's competitors , all of whom were expecting a much higher entry price point .
CNET also criticized the iPad for its apparent lack of wireless sync which other portable devices such as Microsoft 's Zune have had for a number of years . The built @-@ in iTunes app is able to download from the Internet as well .
= = = Reviews = = =
Reviews of the iPad have been generally favorable . Walt Mossberg then , of The Wall Street Journal called it a " pretty close " laptop killer . David Pogue of The New York Times wrote a " dual " review , one part for technology @-@ minded people , and the other part for non @-@ technology @-@ minded people . In the former section , he notes that a laptop offers more features for a cheaper price than the iPad . In his review for the latter audience , however , he claims that if his readers like the concept of the device and can understand what its intended uses are , then they will enjoy using the device . PC Magazine 's Tim Gideon wrote , " you have yourself a winner " that " will undoubtedly be a driving force in shaping the emerging tablet landscape . " Michael Arrington of TechCrunch said , " the iPad beats even my most optimistic expectations . This is a new category of device . But it also will replace laptops for many people . " PC World criticized the iPad 's file sharing and printing abilities , and ArsTechnica said sharing files with a computer is " one of our least favorite parts of the iPad experience . "
The media also praised the quantity of applications , as well as the bookstore and other media applications . In contrast they criticized the iPad for being a closed system and mentioned that the iPad faces competition from Android @-@ based tablets , that outsold iPads in 2013 , surpassing iPads in the second quarter of 2013 , and have overtaken iPad 's installed base , and has lost majority of web browsing to Android , by StatCounter estimates , in South America , Africa , most of Asia – many large countries there and in Eastern Europe . The Independent criticized the iPad for not being as readable in bright light as paper but praised it for being able to store large quantities of books . After its UK release , The Daily Telegraph said the iPad 's lack of Adobe Flash support was " annoying . "
= = = Recognition = = =
The iPad was selected by Time magazine as one of the 50 Best Inventions of the Year 2010 , while Popular Science chose it as the top gadget behind the overall " Best of What 's New 2010 " winner Groasis Waterboxx .
= = Usage = =
= = = Market share = = =
iPad tablets still have a wide margin globally on second most used Android tablets . The market share , however , differs widely by regions ; and the iPad has lost market share globally , every year since 2012 ( when StatCounter started tracking tablets separately ) .
According to StatCounter statistics , that tracks web use and gives operating system / platform share based on it , the iPad has lost majority of use in South America to Android , did also lose majority while gaining back in Asia and in Africa has lost by a wide margin , where Android is up to 70 % .
= = = Business = = =
While the iPad is mostly used by consumers , it also has been taken up by business users . Within 90 days of its release , the iPad managed to penetrate 50 % of Fortune 100 companies . Some companies are adopting iPads in their business offices by distributing or making available iPads to employees . Examples of uses in the workplace include attorneys responding to clients , medical professionals accessing health records during patient exams , and managers approving employee requests .
A survey by Frost & Sullivan shows that iPad usage in office workplaces is linked to the goals of increased employee productivity , reduced paperwork , and increased revenue . The research firm estimates that " The mobile @-
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
@ office application market in North America may reach $ 6 @.@ 85 billion in 2015 , up from an estimated $ 1 @.@ 76 billion [ in 2010 ] . "
Since March 2011 , the US Federal Aviation Administration has approved the iPad for in @-@ cockpit use to cut down on the paper consumption in several airlines . In 2011 , Alaska Airlines became the first airline to replace pilots ' paper manuals with iPads , weighing 0 @.@ 68 kg compared to 11 kg for the printed flight manuals . It hopes to have fewer back and muscle injuries . More than a dozen airlines have followed suit , including United , which has distributed 11 @,@ 000 iPads to cockpits . Also , many airlines now offer their inflight magazine as a downloadable application for the iPad .
= = = Education and healthcare = = =
The iPad has several uses in the classroom , and has been praised as a valuable tool for homeschooling . Soon after the iPad was released , it was reported that 81 % of the top book apps were for children . The iPad has also been called a revolutionary tool to help children with autism learn how to communicate and socialize more easily .
In the healthcare field , iPads and iPhones have been used to help hospitals manage their supply chain . For example , Novation , a healthcare contracting services company , developed VHA PriceLynx ( based on the mobile application platform of business intelligence software vendor MicroStrategy ) , a business intelligence app to help health care organizations manage its purchasing procedures more efficiently and save money for hospitals . Guillermo Ramas of Novation states , " Doctors won 't walk around a hospital with a laptop . With an iPad it 's perfect to walk around the hospital with as long as they have the information they need . "
In 2013 , Gianna Chien ( aged 14 ) presented to more than 8 @,@ 000 doctors at the Heart Rhythm Society meeting that Apple iPad 2 can , in some cases , interfere with life @-@ saving heart devices ( pace maker ) because of the magnets inside . Apple 's webpage has advised pacemaker users to keep iPads at least 6 @-@ inches away from the pacemaker .
= = = Consumer usage = = =
In the United States , fans attending Super Bowl XLV , the first Super Bowl since the iPad was released , could use an official National Football League ( NFL ) app to navigate Cowboys Stadium . In 2011 , the Tampa Bay Buccaneers became the first NFL club to discontinue the use of paper copies of playbooks , and instead distributed all players their playbook and videos in electronic format via an iPad 2 .
The iPad is able to support many music creation applications in addition to the iTunes music playback software . These include sound samplers , guitar and voice effects processors , sequencers for synthesized sounds and sampled loops , virtual synthesizers and drum machines , theremin @-@ style and other touch responsive instruments , drum pads and many more . Gorillaz 's 2010 album , The Fall , was created almost exclusively using the iPad by Damon Albarn while on tour with the band . The music video for Luna Sea 's 2012 single , " Rouge " , was filmed entirely on an iPad .
The iPad has also greatly increased social television use . Viewers can use the iPad as a convenient second networked computer ( or " second screen " ) for communicating with other viewers or with the television provider . Viewers can use a web browser or specialised applications to discuss a program with other viewers , while it is being broadcast , while content providers may use the second screen to interact with viewers in real time . For example , the latter facility allows content providers to conduct real @-@ time polls or to collect comments about the program , that can be displayed as text on the main television screen . Viewer interaction via a second screen is becoming increasingly popular .
= = Timeline = =
= Boys in the Sand =
Boys in the Sand is a landmark American gay pornographic film released at the very beginnings of the Golden Age of Porn . The 1971 film was directed by Wakefield Poole and stars Casey Donovan . Boys in the Sand was the first gay porn film to include credits , to achieve crossover success , to be reviewed by Variety , and one of the earliest porn films , after 1969 's Blue Movie by Andy Warhol , to gain mainstream credibility , preceding 1972 's Deep Throat by nearly a year .
Produced on a budget of $ 8 @,@ 000 , the film is a loose collection of three segments depicting Donovan 's sexual adventures at a gay beach resort community . Promoted by Poole with an advertising campaign unprecedented for a pornographic feature , Boys in the Sand premiered in New York City in 1971 and was an immediate critical and commercial success . The film brought star Donovan international recognition . A sequel , Boys in the Sand II , was released in 1986 but was unable to match the success of the original .
The film 's title is a parodic reference to the Mart Crowley play and film The Boys in the Band .
= = Plot = =
Boys in the Sand is composed of three segments set on Fire Island .
Bayside : The dark , bearded Peter Fisk walks along the wooded paths of the island until reaching a beach . He strips and sunbathes on a blanket . Suddenly , out in the water , the blond naked Donovan appears and runs up onto the beach to Fisk . Fisk performs oral sex on Donovan , who then leads Fisk into the woods . Fisk grabs the blanket and follows , catching up to Donovan in a clearing . They kiss and touch each other , then Donovan takes a studded leather strap from Fisk 's wrist and attaches it around Fisk 's genitalia . They continue the scene , with each performing oral sex on the other and Donovan penetrating Fisk . Following Donovan 's climax he returns to servicing Fisk orally and , as Fisk is climaxing , momentary flashes of previous scenes are intercut . The scene ends with Fisk taking the strap from his genitals and attaching it around Donovan 's wrist . Fisk runs into the ocean and vanishes , mirroring Donovan 's entrance . Donovan dons Fisk 's abandoned clothes and heads off down the beach .
Poolside : The segment opens with Donovan on a pier , holding a newspaper . He returns to his house , strips by the pool and begins reading . Intrigued by an ad in the back of the paper , Donovan writes a letter in response . After a number of days pass ( marked by the cliché device of fluttering calendar pages ) , he receives a reply in the form of a package . Inside
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Thou ? " and the second being season six 's " Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy " and in both episodes she was voiced by Maggie Roswell . Mona dies in the episode " Mona Leaves @-@ a " , as Homer struggles to come to terms with her death . The character is named after writer Richard Appel 's wife , whose maiden name is Mona Simpson . Mona was designed in a way so that she has little bit of Homer in her face , such as the shape of her upper lip and her nose . There were several design changes because the directors were trying to make her an attractive older and younger woman , but still be Simpson @-@ esque . Glenn Close recorded original material for another episode , season fifteen 's " My Mother the Carjacker " . Mona also has a speaking appearance in season ten 's " D 'oh @-@ in in the Wind " , this time voiced by Tress MacNeille .
= = = Herbert Powell = = =
Herbert " Herb " Powell , voiced by Danny DeVito , is Homer 's paternal half brother . He resembles Homer , though he is much thinner , boasts a full head of hair and is more astute . He first appeared in the season two episode " Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? " when Homer discovered he had a half @-@ brother , the product of a short @-@ lived affair between his father Abe and a carnival dunk @-@ tank worker who was also a prostitute ( identified in The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album as " Gaby " ) . A year after putting the baby up for adoption , Abe married Mona , who insisted he promise never to tell Homer about Herb or how he was conceived . Herb was raised by his adoptive parents Edward and Mililani Powell ( first names given in The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album ) , put himself through college by working odd jobs , then founded Powell Motors , a car company based in Detroit . Herb is somehow an exception to " the Simpson Gene " , which causes all male members of the Simpson family to gradually lose their intelligence as they mature , as Herb is intelligent , successful and an astute businessman , becoming extremely wealthy due to his car dealership . Overjoyed to learn that he had a blood family , Herb bonded with the children and hired Homer , as a representative of average Americans , to design a car . The car was a flop , bankrupting the company , and Herb became a street vagrant . The episode was written by Jeff Martin but the idea of having Herb voiced by Danny DeVito had been pitched by Sam Simon . Some were upset with the sad ending of the episode , and as a result the producers decided to make a sequel .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Herb re @-@ appeared the next season in " Brother , Can You Spare Two Dimes ? " . Now broke and homeless , he briefly settled in the Simpson household , despite his intense continuing antipathy toward Homer . Homer loaned Herb $ 2000 , which Herb used to build an invention that translated infantile speech into comprehensible English , based on observations he made of Maggie . He proceeded to mass @-@ produce his new product and regained his fortune . In gratitude , he bought gifts for each member of the family and paid Homer back with his forgiveness . Homer 's " seldom seen half @-@ brother " has had only one brief speaking part since this episode . DeVito reprised his role for the Season 24 episode " The Changing of the Guardian " , in which Powell 's answering machine message is heard : " Hi , you 've reached Herb Powell . I 'm poor again . "
= = = Amber Simpson = = =
Amber Simpson , voiced by Pamela Hayden , is the Vegas ex @-@ wife of both Homer and Abe Simpson from the season ten episode " Viva Ned Flanders " . Homer and Ned Flanders visit Las Vegas for the weekend , get drunk and unknowingly marry two women . Amber reappears in " Brawl in the Family " , where the Simpson family trick her into marrying Grampa , and in the process forsake all other spouses . Amber is horrified at the deception and runs away back to Vegas , much to Grampa 's disappointment at losing another wife . In " Jazzy and the Pussycats " , the Simpsons attend Homer 's ex @-@ wife and former stepmother 's funeral after Amber dies from a drug overdose .
= = = Rita LaFleur = = =
Rita LaFleur , voiced by Anika Noni Rose , is the third wife of Abraham Simpson and a jazz recording artist . She was a singer at Spiro 's Restaurant and met Abe when he was a waiter . They married and LaFleur left the restaurant , wishing to become a successful singer . She was invited to tour in Europe , but Homer suffered a head injury and Abraham realized that Homer was defenseless and would not survive in Europe , so he stayed behind with him while Rita went to Europe , and the two never saw each other again . In " Gone Abie Gone " , Rita reunited with Abraham and they played piano . It was unknown why they were not together .
= = = Other Simpson family members = = =
Chet , voiced by Dan Castellaneta , owns an unsuccessful shrimp company .
Cyrus , voiced by Hank Azaria , is Grampa 's older brother who is seen in " Simpsons Christmas Stories " . Cyrus crashed his Corsair at Tahiti in World War II 's Pacific Theater of Operations during a kamikaze raid . He never left and now has 15 wives .
Dr. Simpson , voiced by Tress MacNeille , is the chief of complicated surgeries at the invasive care unit ; she is first seen in " Lisa the Simpson " . She is the one who reassures Lisa that she will not suffer the defective Simpson Gene because of her sex and also reveals that only male members are affected by it . Dr. Simpson resembles Lisa , minus the spikes .
Grampa 's parents both appear briefly in " Much Apu About Nothing " when Grampa tells the story of how his family emigrated to America . Their names were given to be Orville J. Simpson and Yuma Hickman in The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album , but have never been mentioned in the series . In the Season 25 episode " The Winter of His Content " , Homer thinks that his grandfather is still alive , which means that Mona 's father would be the one alive since Abe 's father was seen in Heaven .
Stanley , voiced by Dan Castellaneta , is the Simpson children 's second cousin who shoots birds at the airport .
Uncle Tyrone , voiced by Hank Azaria , is a cynical elderly Simpson relative who lives in Dayton , Ohio . The family intends to visit him during his birthday in the episode " Catch ' Em If You Can " .
Abbie is hinted to be Abe 's illegitimate daughter and Homer 's half sister from a relationship he had with a British woman named Edwina during World War II .
A group of unnamed relatives show up in the episode " Lisa the Simpson " , when Homer tries to prove to Lisa that not all Simpsons are failures . In the end , only Dr. Simpson and three other female members proved successful .
Mabel Simpson , an ancestor of the Simpson family who was part of the underground railroad . She appeared in " The Color Yellow " . She was married to Hiram before divorcing him and fleeing to Canada to marry Virgil .
Virgil , an African American slave owned by Mr Burns ' father , Colonel Burns , and rescued by Eliza . He was betrayed by Hiram but escaped with Mabel , whom he later married , from whom the Simpson family are really descended .
Abraham Simpson , son of Mabel and Virgil , half @-@ brother of Eliza and great @-@ grandfather of Grampa Simpson .
Hiram Simpson , a distant relative of the Simpson family who was bribed with a new pair of shoes into revealing Virgil 's whereabouts
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
.
Eliza Simpson , a distant relative of the Simpson family and daughter of Mabel and Hiram . She was part of the underground railroad with her mother and helped Virgil evade capture .
Great @-@ Aunt Hortense , who died before Bart the Fink and left Homer , Marge , Bart and Lisa $ 100 each . The rest of her estate was passed to Ann Landers . In a continuity error , Aunt Hortense appeared on Bart 's journey to Heaven in Bart Gets Hit by a Car .
Country folks , though they not blood relatives , the " country folks " are referred to as cousins in the episode " The Bonfire of the Manatees " , as their dog is the brother of Santa 's Little Helper .
= = Extended Bouvier family = =
= = = Patty and Selma Bouvier = = =
Patty and Selma Bouvier , both voiced by Julie Kavner , are Marge 's older twin sisters . They work at the Springfield Department of Motor Vehicles , and possess a strong dislike for their brother @-@ in @-@ law , Homer . Selma is the elder by two minutes , possesses a strong desire for family , and has been married and sought to have a child on numerous occasions . Her sister , Patty , is one of the show 's few openly gay recurring characters although for the most part she has avoided relationships . Kavner voices them as characters " who suck the life out of everything " . Kavner makes Patty 's voice more masculine and a lower register , while Selma 's voice is a little sweeter . The origins of their names are unknown , Matt Groening has a sister named Patty , but unlike the other Simpson relatives , this has not been explicitly revealed .
= = = Jacqueline Bouvier = = =
Jacqueline Ingrid Bouvier ( née Gurney ) , voiced by Julie Kavner , is the mother of Marge , Patty and Selma and the widow of Clancy Bouvier . She was first referenced in a flashback in the episode , " Moaning Lisa " and made her first appearance in the episode " Bart vs. Thanksgiving " . She had a sister named Gladys , who is now deceased . Like all Bouvier women , she is voiced by Julie Kavner , and has large , unique hair , resembling Marge 's , only a light gray color due to her old age . In her younger days she smoked heavily but now has quit , although she still speaks more raspily than Patty and Selma . Mr. Burns and Abe Simpson once battled for her affections ; she became engaged to Burns , but eventually decided not to marry either man . Although it seems that she disapproves of Marge 's marriage to Homer , stating that he is never to address her as " Mom " , she has shown that she does tolerate Homer a lot more than her elder daughters , evident in " Moe Letter Blues " when she explained to Homer that Patty and Selma were really at fault for ruining her birthday party and not him . Her name is identical to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis ' maiden name , a reference made to Marge when Lisa wanted to follow the maiden name after uncovering Homer 's betting scandal on " Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words " .
= = = Clancy Bouvier = = =
Clancy Bouvier , voiced by Harry Shearer , is the deceased father of Marge , Patty and Selma and the husband of Jacqueline Bouvier . His first appearance was in the episode " The Way We Was " . He was kind and complimentary to teenage Homer when he arrived to pick up Marge
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
for the prom , but after finding out that Artie Ziff was really her date remarked that Homer " took years off my life " . In " Fear of Flying " it was revealed that he was one of the earliest male flight attendants ; Marge initially believed he was a heroic pilot and was traumatized when she discovered he was a flight attendant instead . According to Marge in " Bart the Lover " after Clancy got out of the Navy , he had trouble with his cursing that nearly cost him a job as a baby photographer , but Jacqueline was able to curtail that by having him donate money to the swear jar . In the episode " Puffless " , it is revealed that he died of lung cancer . While Clancy does not appear with the rest of the Bouvier family in " I Married Marge " , he is shown to be still alive when Bart and Lisa were toddlers in the episode " Walking Big & Tall " .
= = = Ling Bouvier = = =
Ling Bouvier , voiced by Nancy Cartwright , is Selma Bouvier 's adopted daughter . In " Goo Goo Gai Pan " , Selma discovers that she has reached menopause and adopts Ling in China , after lying that she is married to Homer , to fool the Chinese authorities into thinking that Ling would be part of a traditional family as opposed to being raised by a single mother . The authorities briefly reclaim Ling , but the adoption agent relates to her experiences of her childhood with her single mother and allows Selma to adopt Ling . Ling has since become a recurring character and has appeared in several episodes .
= = = Gladys Gurney = = =
Gladys Gurney , voiced by Julie Kavner , is Marge 's spinster aunt and the sister of Jacqueline . Her death was noted in the episode " Selma 's Choice " , in which she died of a bowel obstruction . Her final words to Patty and Selma during a video will is a plea that they not end their lives old and alone like herself , prompting Selma to become more intent on having a family .
= = = Cousin Dot = = =
Dot is the cousin of Marge , Patty and Selma . She gave Selma a video camera at her wedding to Sideshow Bob . This is the only time she is mentioned .
= = = Uncle Lou = = =
Lou is the uncle of Marge , Patty and Selma . In Children of a Lesser Clod , Marge is called to identify Lou 's body , which turns out to be a very much alive Hans Moleman . While Marge is identifying the body , Homer starts a daycare centre for local children .
= Menacer =
The Menacer is a light gun peripheral released by Sega in 1992 for its Sega Genesis and Sega CD video game consoles . It was created in response to Nintendo 's Super Scope and as Sega 's successor to the Master System Light Phaser . The gun is built from three detachable parts ( pistol , shoulder stock , sights ) , and communicates with the television via an infrared sensor . The Menacer was announced at the May 1992 Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago and was released later that year . The gun was bundled with a pack @-@ in six @-@ game cartridge of mostly shooting gallery games . Sega also released a Menacer bundle with the Terminator 2 : The Arcade Game .
Sega producer Mac Senour was responsible for the Menacer project and designed the six @-@ game pack . He originally proposed non @-@ shooting minigames based on existing Sega licenses like Joe Montana , David Robinson , and ToeJam & Earl , but most of the prototypes were abandoned due to high cost in favor of more shooting @-@ type games . Sega did not plan another first @-@ party release for the Menacer outside the included multicart . Compatible games were published through 1995 .
The Menacer is remembered as a critical and commercial flop . Critics found the six @-@ game pack subpar and repetitive , and criticized the peripheral 's lack of games .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
exchanged for ZB vz . 37s during 1938 . This was adopted by the Germans as the MG 37 ( t ) .
In German use , 72 rounds of 37 mm ammunition were carried . These were stored in 6 @-@ round boxes : three on the hull side wall , eight in the turret overhang and one ready box above the gun on the turret roof . For the machine gun , 1 @,@ 800 rounds of belted 7 @.@ 92 mm ammunition were carried . The machine gun ammunition was in 100 @-@ round belts , stored three to a box . In Czech service , the LT vz . 35 carried 78 rounds ( 24 AP and 54 HE ) and 2 @,@ 700 rounds of machine gun ammunition , the difference being removed to make room for the fourth crewmember in German service . The German command tank version ( Panzerbefehlswagen 35 ( t ) ) exchanged some ammunition - exactly how much isn 't known - for another radio set and a gyrocompass . It could be recognized by the prominent " clothesline " radio antenna mounted on the rear deck .
= = = Armor = = =
The gun mantlet was 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick . The rest of the armor was as follows :
= = Development = =
The Czech Army formulated a requirement in the II @-@ a category of light cavalry tanks by the end of 1934 . Českomoravská Kolben @-@ Daněk proposed an improved version of its P @-@ II light tank already in service as the LT vz . 34 , but Škoda offered a new design that used the pneumatic system and engine earlier proved by its unsuccessful SU or S @-@ II light tank prototype . One prototype was ordered from each company for delivery during the summer of 1935 . Both tanks had the same armament and three @-@ man crew , but ČKD 's P @-@ II @-@ a was much smaller at 8 @.@ 5 tonnes ( 8 @.@ 4 long tons ; 9 @.@ 4 short tons ) and had only a maximum 16 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 63 in ) of armor while Škoda 's S @-@ II @-@ a weighed 10 @.@ 5 tonnes ( 10 @.@ 3 long tons ; 11 @.@ 6 short tons ) and had 25 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) of armor . The army thought that P @-@ II @-@ a was at the limit of its development while the S @-@ II @-@ a could be improved as needed .
The first production order for 160 LT vz . 35s , as the S @-@ II @-@ a was designated in Army service , was placed on 30 October 1935 and deliveries began in December 1936 . An additional order for 35 was made on 12 May 1936 and a follow @-@ on order placed for 103 more a month later . The total order for 298 tanks was split equally by Škoda Works and ČKD according to their cartel agreement .
Development was rushed and there were many defects in the LT vz . 35s . Many tanks had to be returned to the factories to be repaired . Most of these repairs involved the electrical system , not the complicated pneumatic system .
= = = Foreign interest = = =
In August 1936 , Romania placed an order for 126 ; the bulk of these were delivered from the end of 1938 by Škoda . Afghanistan ordered ten in 1940 ; but , these were sold instead to Bulgaria . Total production was 434 , including 298 for the Czechoslovak Army , 126 for Romania ( under the designation Škoda R @-@ 2 ) and ten for Bulgaria . The Wehrmacht used 218 vehicles captured from the Czechoslovak Army in March 1939 . Britain 's Alvis @-@ Staussler negotiated for a production license from September 1938 until March 1939 when the Nazi occupation made an agreement impossible . The Soviets were also interested so Škoda shipped the S @-@ II @-@ a prototype and one production LT vz . 35 to the proving grounds at Kubinka for evaluation . The Soviets were only interested in buying the prototype , but Škoda refused to sell unless a license was purchased as well , believing that the Soviets would simply copy the design and build it without paying any royalties .
= = Variants = =
S @-@ IIa
Prototype tank built by Skoda for the Czecho @-@ Slovakian Army S @-@ II light tank requirement
Lehký tank vzor 35
( Light Tank Model 35 ) Abbreviated as LT vz.35 or LT @-@ 35 , production tanks for the Czecho @-@ Slovakian Army
Panzerkampfwagen 35 ( t )
Czecho @-@ Slovakian Army LT vz.35 tanks inducted into the Wehrmacht after annexation .
PanzerBefehlsWagen 35 ( t )
( Pz.Bef.Wg. ) Command tanks with radios .
Artillerie Schlepper 35 ( t )
Artillery tractor conversions of Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t )
Mörser Zugmittel 35 ( t )
Alternative designation for the Artillerie Schlepper 35 ( t )
T @-@ 11
Ten Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) tanks ordered for the Afghan Army in 1940 , diverted to Bulgaria .
R @-@ 2
Designation used
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
by Romania for LT vz.35 tanks supplied to the Romanian Army .
TACAM R @-@ 2
( Tun Anticar pe Afet Mobil - Self @-@ propelled Anti @-@ tank Gun ) Romanian Tank destroyer conversions of R @-@ 2 tanks , mounting captured Soviet weapons .
The chassis was used for both a command tank ( Panzerbefehlswagen 35 ( t ) ) which featured extra radios ( 20 built ) and also as an artillery tractor ( Artillerie Schlepper 35 ( t ) ) by removing the turret and upper hull and covering the gap with canvas ( 49 converted from March 42 onwards ) .
The T @-@ 11 was built to an Afghan order placed in 1940 and differed mainly in that it used an improved Škoda A @-@ 8 gun . Ten were built , but were sold to Bulgaria and delivered in the third quarter of 1940 .
The TACAM R @-@ 2 was a tank destroyer built by removing the turret and substituting a captured Soviet 76 @.@ 2 mm ( 3 @.@ 00 in ) USV field gun in its place . The gun and crew was protected by a thin , fixed , three @-@ sided , partially roofed casemate that used armor plate salvaged from captured Soviet tanks . The prototype was completed by September 1943 , although it used the older 76 @.@ 2 mm M @-@ 1936 F @-@ 22 field gun , and proved reasonably successful . Conversion of an additional twenty was completed by the end of June 1944 when the project was stopped because of concerns that its gun was inadequate against the heavily armored Soviet Iosif Stalin tanks . Proposals were made to up @-@ gun the vehicle with either the Romanian @-@ built 75 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) Reşiţa Model 1943 anti @-@ tank gun or the German 88 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) gun , but nothing was done before Romania changed sides in August 1944 .
= = Operational history = =
= = = Czechoslovakia = = =
The 298 LT vz . 35 tanks were assigned to the armored regiments belonging to the four Mobile ( Rychlá ) Divisions between 1936 — 39 . Each regiment was supposed to detach three @-@ tank platoons to support the infantry divisions and border areas in times of crisis . These platoons were heavily used suppressing the protests and violence instigated by Konrad Henlein 's Sudeten German Party ( Sudetendeutsche Partei - SdP ) and the Sudetendeutsche Freikorps ( paramilitary groups trained in Germany by SS @-@ instructors ) between May and October 1938 .
After the Munich Agreement , two tank battalions were sent to reinforce the 3rd Mobile Division in Slovakia . They were used to repel Hungarian and Polish border @-@ crossers , sometimes up to a battalion in strength . They screened the infantry when they had to evacuate southern Slovakia after the First Vienna Award on 2 November 1938 .
A company of nine LT vz . 35s was in Michalovce when Carpatho @-@ Ukraine declared independence and Hungary invaded on 14 March 1939 . They bolstered the Czech defenses in front of Svaliava before being forced to retreat into Slovakia by 17 March . They were turned over to Slovakia the next day . The S @-@ II @-@ a prototype and one LT vz . 35 tank were returning from testing in the Soviet Union when the fighting began . They detrained in Sevljus and participated in a counterattack at Fančíkovo , but the LT vz . 35 was damaged and captured by the Hungarians . The prototype was forced to retreat into Romania by 17 March , along with most of the other Czech troops in eastern Ruthenia . The Romanians returned it to Škoda six months later .
= = = Germany = = =
In 1939 , following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 , 244 vehicles of the Czechoslovak Army were seized by the Germans where they were known as the L.T.M.35 until January 1940 . In German service , they were used as substitutes for the Panzerkampfwagen III medium tank . They were assigned to the Panzer Battalion ( Panzerabteilung ) 65 ( 39 ) of the 1st Light ( leichte ) Division and the independent Panzer @-@ Regiment 11 ( 81 ) where they participated in the Invasion of Poland . 77 of these were lost during the campaign , mostly due to mechanical breakdowns , but only 7 of these were irreparable . From 1940 on , there had not been any spare parts available and tanks had to be completely rebuilt to remain operational .
The 1st Light Division absorbed the 11th Panzer @-@ Regiment and was redesignated as the 6th Panzer Division on 18 October 1939 . It took 132 Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) s into the Battle of France where it was assigned to XXXXI Corps ( mot . ) for Panzergruppe von Kleist 's attack through the Ardennes 44 of these had been lost by the end of May . 35 replacements were issued on 3 June in preparation for Fall Rot , the attack on the remnants of the French Army that began the following day . A total of 62 Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) s were either total write @-@ offs or were damaged beyond the ability of the field maintenance workshops to repair during the campaign .
For the invasion of the Soviet Union , 6th Panzer Division had 160 Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) s. to support 4th Panzer Group 's drive on Leningrad . By 10 September 1941 , the division had only 102 operational Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) , despite having received two replacements from Germany . Eight tanks were repairable , but 47 were total losses . By 31 October , only 34 were operational with another 41 requiring repair . On 30 November , all Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) s were reported non @-@ operational .
The average distance driven is 12 @,@ 500 kilometres ( 7 @,@ 800 mi ) for the Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) . The special situation in regard to repair the Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) is well known . It is indeed deemed necessary to point out that repairs can only be accomplished by cannibalizing other Panzers because there are no longer any spare parts for the Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) . This means that after retrieval of the Panzers that are scattered around the terrain , a maximum of 10 can actually be repaired out of the 41 Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) reported as needing repair . The Pz.Kpfw. 35 ( t ) can no longer be rebuilt . All of the components are worn out . To be practical , maybe the armored hulls are still useable .
Due to the cessation of production of these tanks , and the absence of spare parts being made , it was decided that the summer campaign of 1941 was to be
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
an audio commentary , " Making of " and " Children of War " featurettes , a brief summary of the sixth season , an alternate Season 7 trailer featuring scenes from the first thirteen episodes , and the first sixteen minutes of the Season 7 premiere . In the United Kingdom , the film premiered on November 24 on Sky1 , one day after first airing in America . It was later released in the UK on December 1 , 2008 with both the original and extended versions on DVD . In Australia , Redemption aired on November 24 , 2008 on the Seven Network . The DVD was later released on February 11 , 2009 .
Redemption was placed the second most viewed Fox release on the week it aired , behind House ; Redemption drew a total of 12 @.@ 121 million viewers , with a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 0 , 4 @.@ 0 / 9 among adults aged 18 – 49 . Redemption was the highest @-@ rated scripted program of the night , and was 3rd overall for the 8 : 00 pm to 11 : 00 pm time slot , behind the American Music Awards and Sunday Night Football . It aired on Sky 1 in the UK , and received an average of 405 @,@ 000 viewers , nearly triple the regular amount of viewers for the series .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The film garnered generally positive reviews from film critics . It holds a 100 % approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 8 reviews . Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , stating that Redemption is " a more sober , stripped @-@ down version of 24 , and that ’ s refreshing , " and that it was the first time a terrorist threat did not take place in Southern California , and the depiction of the conflict in Sangala is highly realistic and compelling . Stanley also said that a two @-@ hour version of 24 proves that downsizing isn 't always a bad thing . Mary McNamara of The Los Angeles Times praised the film , acknowledging the producers taking on board the criticism and moral issues regarding the use of torture , and stated that a group of innocent young children running for their lives " instantly ratchets up a story 's emotional level . "
Brian Zoromski of IGN rated it " good " , 7 @.@ 5 out of a possible 10 . Zoromski stated that the purpose of Redemption was to allow the introduction of new characters for the seventh season . He further praised the action scenes involving Bauer on his own , stating it as a " sort of Die Hard in Africa , " and called the change of setting from Los Angeles a " refreshing change of pace " . However , Zormski criticized the film for containing cludge dialogue and bland scenes , but suggested that it makes up for it with the action scenes and emotional scenes involving Bauer , allowing Sutherland to show his acting range . Oscar Dah ; of BuddyTV stated that the film should make up for the critics ' poor outing of the sixth season , and has said that the film works wonderfully as the start of the seventh season , and praised Robert Carlyle 's performance .
In addition , some reviews had mixed responses . Simon Brew of Den of Geek rated Redemption 3 out of 5 stars , praising it for showing a more human side of Bauer , the acting of Cherry Jones as Allison Taylor , and named Redemption as a solid bridge between season six and seven . However , Brew was critical that it plays little to no havoc with the world of 24 , and that it is lacking at times in urgency . Gerard Gilbert of The Independent stated that the introduction of Jonas Hodges was promising , and praised John Voight 's acting , as well as stating that the character is the one most to look forward to in the seventh season . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave the film a negative review
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
s North American record label , Almo Sounds , released the track to record stores on CD and cassette single , both backed @-@ with the band 's own " Vow " remix . On its fourth week , " Vow " rose to # 26 , before dropping the following week and returning for a second peak at the same position in mid @-@ July . During this time , airplay and single sales of " Vow " led to the song registering at # 5 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , a chart which shows the most popular songs in the United States that have not yet reached the Billboard Hot 100 . The same week that the track hit its second peak at alternative radio , " Vow " shot up to # 1 on the Bubbling Under chart .
At the end of July , " Vow " debuted at # 97 on the Hot 100 , and due to being the only new entry on the list , broke the record for the lowest @-@ ever " Hot Shot Debut " in the 37 @-@ year history of the Hot 100 chart . Billboard credited the song 's debut on the charts to it being the most played record on the Austin radio station KNCC . " Vow " spent a second week at the # 97 before leaving the Hot 100 . By mid @-@ August , " Vow " completed a nine @-@ week run on the Modern Rock charts . Despite not being able to capitalize on the single 's popularity at alternative radio , Almo Sounds released the band 's self @-@ titled debut album Garbage across the United States and Canada the following week , where it debuted at the end of the month on the developing artists Top Heatseekers album chart .
= = = Other markets = = =
Discordant 's parent label Mushroom licensed " Vow " for distribution internationally at the same time as the North American release . In Australia and New Zealand , " Vow " was released by their White Records imprint ; two CD singles , one of which was a limited edition packaged in an embossed rubber wallet ; and a cassette single . All formats included two b @-@ sides , both written during the sessions for the debut album : " Subhuman " and " # 1 Crush " . The single debuted at # 53 on the Australian ARIA singles chart dated week ending August 20 , 1995 , and rose to # 32 in its fifth week on the chart . In New Zealand , " Vow " debuted at # 48 at the end of September , and peaked at # 41 a week later . Mushroom also licensed " Vow " to local BMG labels across Europe and in South Africa as a CD single prior to the release of Garbage .
= = = Aborted re @-@ releases = = =
Following the international release of " Vow " , Mushroom Records planned to re @-@ release the song in the UK ; at the last minute , a decision was taken to issue " Subhuman " as the A @-@ side , as they considered the song strong enough to support a single release . " Vow " was included as a bonus track on the " Subhuman " CD single . The " Vow " music video was sent to music channels to promote " Subhuman " .
In 1996 , when the band 's third North American single " Only Happy When it Rains " had driven the sales of Garbage into the top half of the Billboard 200 for the first time , Almo Sounds considered re @-@ releasing " Vow " , feeling that on its initial release the song had not gotten a full chance at radio and video . Instead , the label ultimately chose to move forward with fourth single " Stupid Girl " .
= = Commercial track listings = =
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Vow " was directed by Samuel Bayer and filmed over 12 hours in Los Angeles at the start of June 1995 . The video premiered in the United States on June 12 , 1995 .
A performance piece , the video features strobe lighting and falling glitter cut into shots of Garbage performing against a golden backdrop surrounded by television sets relaying real time footage of the band playing . Throughout the clip there is also shots
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
of a semi @-@ naked man with running black eyeliner crawling on the floor , an Australian born actor and model named Greg Brown who appeared in other Samuel Bayer projects such as videos for David Bowie and Nirvana .
Bayer asked the group to perform " Vow " live while he filmed the takes for the video shoot . Garbage had never performed live as group prior to this , and had initially had not considered ever performing live onstage . " We set up amps and played guitars . Butch was pounding away and Shirley had a live mic . After the first run @-@ through , we all looked at each other and said , ' This feels really good . ' " Erikson later recalled . The group enjoyed the experience of performing together so much that they quickly changed their minds , and scheduled tourdates later that year .
The " Vow " music video was first commercially released on VHS and Video @-@ CD on 1996 's Garbage Video . A remastered version was later included on Garbage 's 2007 greatest hits DVD Absolute Garbage .
= = Critical reception = =
" Vow " was acclaimed by critics . The song took on elements from various styles , including glam rock , punk , and art rock . The Times described it as " the missing link between Courtney Love and PJ Harvey " while Paul Yates of Q magazine said " Garbage 's signature lies in songs like ' Vow ' , good pop tunes dealt a rough treatment and brazen vocals " . NME 's Emma Morgan wrote " it 's the simplicity of the lyrics that strikes the winning goal " , while earlier in the year NME had made " Vow " its Single of the Week , writing " [ " Vow " is ] a shape @-@ shifting squalling epic . It shimmers like Siouxsie 's ' Christine ' . It 's a credit to the band 's producing skills that such an ambitious thing is lashed together at all " Melody Maker also named " Vow " as Single of the Week , describing the song as " surreal pop heaven mixed with industrial nightmares " . and later saying the song " has classic written all over it " . Kerrang ! magazine 's Paul Rees described " Vow " as " edgy dislocated pop with a sparkling chorus " and " the most brilliant pop song of 1995 " . Select 's Ian Harrison liked the song , but felt that it " pilfers from The Smiths ' How Soon Is Now ? ' " . In a review for Billboard , Larry Flick rated " Vow " his Critic 's Choice and wrote , " Move over Courtney Love . Garbage combine the tough @-@ headed hooks of Hole with an unforgettable vocal prowl which rivals ' Miss World ' . A numbed female vocal cries before a raging guitar riff begins to shatter a pain @-@ filled pop texture . Commit to it . " Dan Dinello , of Alternative Press , described " Vow " as " menacing tale of violence and revenge sounds like Patti Smith fronting The Clash while quoting the Beatles " No Reply " . " Spin 's Charles Aaron likened the band to " Bunnymen wannabes doing ' 90s reverb angst " and compared Erikson 's guitar to Aldo Nova , but ultimately considered that " even though they sound totally prefab , the singer hints at a pleasantly pissed personality " . Jude Rogers of The Guardian described the song as a " Kerrang @-@ friendly rout of skronky rawk guitars , with Ms Manson offering a gentle hello : " I came to cut you UP / I came knock you DOWN / I came around to TEAR your little WORLD a @-@ PART ! "
" Vow " also appeared in a number of year @-@ end lists : # 45 in John Peel 's Festive Fifty , # 15 in Triple J 's " Hottest 100 of 1995 " , and # 66 in KROQ 's " Top 106 @.@ 7 of 1995 " .
= = Release history = =
= = Comprehensive charts = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
= The Last Outpost ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) =
" The Last Outpost " is the fifth episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , originally aired within the United States on October 19 , 1987 . The episode was written by Herbert Wright , based on a story by Richard Krzemien , and directed by Richard Colla . The guest cast included Armin Shimerman , Jake Dengel and Tracey Walter . Although this was Shimerman 's first appearance as a Ferengi , he had previously filmed his first appearance in an uncredited role in " Haven " , but that was broadcast after " The Last Outpost " . He would later gain the role of the Ferengi Quark in the main cast of Star Trek
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
: Deep Space Nine .
Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise @-@ D. In this episode , the Enterprise pursue a Ferengi starship to the planet Gamma Tauri IV , where both ships are disabled by an unknown power drain . Away teams from each vessel beam down to the planet where they find an automated system left behind by the Tkon Empire .
This episode marked the first on @-@ screen appearance of the Ferengi , who had been mentioned earlier in the series . They were intended to replace the antagonist roles that Klingons and Romulans played in Star Trek : The Original Series in the new series , but this idea was dropped after their first couple of appearances . Their look was created by Andrew Probert with modifications by Michael Westmore . The tattoo design was created by Mike Okuda , while Probert was also responsible for the design of their starship . The Ferengi were criticised by reviewers following broadcast , and later reviewers had a mostly negative opinion of the episode .
= = Plot = =
The Enterprise is in pursuit of a Ferengi vessel which has stolen an energy converter from an unmanned Federation outpost . While the Ferengi were known to the Federation , this is the first contact with the species , and the Enterprise crew finds the Ferengi appear to be at a similar technology level as themselves . As the chase passes the planet Delphi Ardu IV , both ships suffer from power drains causing them to come to a halt . The crews of both ships initially believe the power drain is caused by the other vessel , but Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) realizes that the Ferengi are as confused as they are , and orders the crew to investigate the planet . Operations Officer Lt. Cdr . Data ( Brent Spiner ) reports that the planet seems to have once been a remote outpost of the " Tkon Empire " that became extinct 600 @,@ 000 years ago . Picard contacts the Ferengi and gets them to agree to mutually explore the planet below to try to find the source of the energy drain .
On the planet , the away team is momentarily separated due to effects of the energy field on the transporters . They regroup but are attacked and bound by the Ferengi , believing the Enterprise crew was planning an ambush of their own . The away team break free , and begin to exchange weapon fire , but the energy expelled is absorbed by a nearby crystalline structure . Data investigates the tree and awakens an entity that displays itself as a humanoid and calls itself Portal 63 ( Darryl Henriques ) , " a guardian of the Tkon Empire . " Portal 63 asks the two groups if they seek to enter the Tkon Empire , and does not comprehend when it is told that the Tkon have long since disappeared . The Ferengi accuse the Enterprise away team of being a hostile force ; Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) admits that they are hostile to the Ferengi , inadvertently confirming humanity to be indeed hostile in the eyes of Portal 63 , who steps forward , appearing ready to attack Riker and claims his species is barbaric . Riker responds with a quote from Sun Tzu , " Fear is the true enemy , the only enemy , " while keeping from flinching as the attack comes . Portal 63 accepts this and stands down from the challenge , satisfied that the Federation is civilized , and allows the Enterprise to go free . It further offers Riker the opportunity to destroy the Ferengi vessel , but he declines on the grounds that the Ferengi would learn nothing from such an action . Both away teams return to their ships with power restored , and the Ferengi return the stolen energy converter . As a means of ironic thanks , Riker suggests sending the Ferengi a box of Chinese finger traps , a toy that fascinated Data when he became stuck in one earlier in the mission .
= = Production = =
= = = Creating the Ferengi = = =
The creator of Star Trek , Gene Roddenberry , decided early on that he did not want to repeat the adversaries from Star Trek : The Original Series in The Next Generation . To this extent , the " bible " produced before the start of the show stated categorically " No stories about warfare with Klingons or Romulans " . The Ferengi were designed by Roddenberry and Herbert Wright to fill this gap . They were mentioned in the episodes running up to " The Last Outpost " , which marked their first appearance on screen . After they re @-@ appeared later in the first series in " The Battle " , the producers thought that they didn 't make a suitable adversary and plans for their continued use in this role were dropped . Their role as major villains in The Next Generation was eventually taken by the Borg . By the time that they appeared in Deep Space Nine , they were used in a comedic fashion . The look of the Ferengi and their ship were created by Andrew Probert . The vessel was inspired by a Horseshoe crab and was built by Greg Jein .
Michael Westmore was responsible for taking Probert 's designs for the Ferengi and creating the make @-@ up for the actors to meet that design . In Probert 's original concept , the Ferengi had ears which were pointed like a bat . There were concerns from the producers that these would appear simply to be larger versions of the already known Vulcan ears , and so Westmore was told to round off the ears when it came to producing the make @-@ up . Other elements which were changed at the make @-@ up stage included modifications to the nose to increase the volume of wrinkles and dropping the idea of an extended chin as Westmore thought it would save time in applying the make @-@ up . A set of false upper teeth were also created , which were added to a single head piece and a nose piece which comprised the prosthetics for the Ferengi . Westmore was not pleased when a shot of an actor in costume was leaked without the teeth , he said " I was annoyed
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
after Draco provoked him . Their efforts are unsuccessful , but Scabbers reappears shortly after they hear Buckbeak being executed .
Ron chases Scabbers , only to be attacked by a big black dog , which Harry has seen several times before . The dog drags Ron through a tunnel under the Whomping Willow into the Shrieking Shack . Harry and Hermione follow , and there is a brief standoff when they find Ron and Sirius , who has transformed from the dog . Lupin enters , and they explain the situation to Harry and his friends : Lupin is a werewolf , which led to his friends James Potter , Sirius Black , and Peter Pettigrew becoming animagi . Lupin explains that Scabbers is Pettigrew in his animal form ; he has been hiding from Black , whom he had framed for the murders of Harry 's parents and the thirteen Muggles .
Professor Snape arrives to apprehend Black but Harry knocks him unconscious . Lupin and Black transform Pettigrew back into human form and prepare to kill him , but they are stopped by Harry , as he feels his father would not have wanted it .
As they move back toward Hogwarts , Lupin turns into a werewolf and becomes violent , having missed a dose of a potion he had been taking that would allow him to keep his human mind when in animal form . Pettigrew escapes again , but Black prevents Lupin , in his werewolf form , from attacking the others . Some Dementors approach , and the three lose consciousness .
When they wake up in the hospital , Harry , Ron , and Hermione are told that Black has been sentenced to receive the Dementor 's kiss , which removes the soul of the recipient . Dumbledore advises Hermione and Harry to use Hermione 's time @-@ turner , a device she has been using to double @-@ up on classes , which permits them to go back in time and save Buckbeak , who carries Black away to safety .
= = Publication and reception = =
= = = Pre @-@ release history = = =
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third book in the Harry Potter series . The first , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone in the US ) , was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997 and the second , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was published on 2 July 1998 . Rowling started to write the Prisoner of Azkaban the day after she finished The Chamber of Secrets .
Of the first three books in the series , Prisoner of Azkaban took the shortest amount of time to write – Philosopher 's Stone took five years to complete and Chamber of Secrets required two years , while Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was written in one year . Rowling 's favourite aspect of this book was introducing the character Remus Lupin , Rowling additionally said that Prisoner of Azkaban was " the best writing experience I ever had ... I was in a very comfortable place writing ( number ) three . Immediate financial worries were over , and press attention wasn 't yet by any means excessive " .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Gregory Maguire wrote a review in The New York Times for Prisoner of Azkaban : in it he said , " So far , in terms of plot , the books do nothing new , but they do it brilliantly ... so far , so good . " In a newspaper review in The New York Times , it was said that " ' The Prisoner of Azkaban ' may be the best ' Harry Potter ' book yet " . A reviewer for Kidsreads.com said , " This crisply @-@ paced fantasy will leave you hungry for the four additional Harry books that J.K. Rowling is working on . Harry 's third year is a charm . Don 't miss it . " Kirkus Reviews did not give a starred review but said , " a properly pulse @-@ pounding climax ... The main characters and the continuing story both come along so smartly ... that the book seems shorter than its page count : have readers clear their calendars if they are fans , or get out of the way if they are not . " Martha V. Parravano also gave a positive review for The Horn Book Magazine , calling it " quite a good book . " In addition , a Publishers Weekly review said , " Rowling 's wit never flags , whether constructing the workings of the wizard world ... or tossing off quick jokes ... The Potter spell is holding strong .
However , Anthony Holden , who was one of the judges against Prisoner of Azkaban for the Whitbread Award , was negative about the book , saying that the characters are " all black @-@ and @-@ white " , and the " story @-@ lines are predictable , the suspense minimal , the sentimentality cloying every page " .
= = = Awards = = =
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban won several awards , including the 1999 Booklist Editors ' Choice Award , the 1999 Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Readers , the 1999 FCGB Children 's Book Award , the 1999 Whitbread Book of the Year for children 's books . , and the 2000 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel , . It was also nominated for the 2000 Hugo Award for Best Novel but lost to A Deepness in the Sky . Prisoner of Azkaban additionally won the 2004 Indian Paintbrush Book Award and the 2004 Colorado Blue Spruce Young Adult Book Award . Additionally , it was named an American Library Association Notable Children 's Book in 2000 as well as one of their Best Books for Young Adults . As with the previous two books in the series , Prisoner of Azkaban won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Gold Medal for children aged 9 – 11 and made the top of the New York Times Best Seller list . In both cases , it was the last in the series to do so . However , in the latter case , a Children 's Best Sellers list was created just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in July 2000 in order to free up more room on the original list . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 24 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read .
= = = Sales = = =
Prisoner of Azkaban sold more than 68 @,@ 000 copies in the UK within three days of publication , which made it the fastest selling British book of the time . The sales total by 2012 is said by The Guardian to be 3 @,@ 377 @,@ 906 .
= = Editions = =
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released in hardcover in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September . The British paperback edition was released on 1 April 2000 , while the US paperback was released 2 October 2001 .
Bloomsbury additionally released an adult edition with a different cover design to the original , in paperback on 10 July 2004 and in hardcover on October 2004 . A hardcover special edition , featuring a green border and signature , was released on 8 July 1999 . In May 2004 , Bloomsbury released a Celebr
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
name that is retained in modern Greek ( Ερμής : Ermis ) . The Romans named the planet after the swift @-@ footed Roman messenger god , Mercury ( Latin Mercurius ) , which they equated with the Greek Hermes , because it moves across the sky faster than any other planet . The astronomical symbol for Mercury is a stylized version of Hermes ' caduceus .
The Roman @-@ Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy wrote about the possibility of planetary transits across the face of the Sun in his work Planetary Hypotheses . He suggested that no transits had been observed either because planets such as Mercury were too small to see , or because the transits were too infrequent .
In ancient China , Mercury was known as " the Hour Star " ( Chen @-@ xing 辰星 ) . It was associated with the direction north and the phase of water in the Five Phases system of metaphysics . Modern Chinese , Korean , Japanese and Vietnamese cultures refer to the planet literally as the " water star " ( 水星 ) , based on the Five elements . Hindu mythology used the name Budha for Mercury , and this god was thought to preside over Wednesday . The god Odin ( or Woden ) of Germanic paganism was associated with the planet Mercury and Wednesday . The Maya may have represented Mercury as an owl ( or possibly four owls ; two for the morning aspect and two for the evening ) that served as a messenger to the underworld .
In medieval Islamic astronomy , the Andalusian astronomer Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al @-@ Zarqālī in the 11th century described the deferent of Mercury 's geocentric orbit as being oval , like an egg or a pignon , although this insight did not influence his astronomical theory or his astronomical calculations . In the 12th century , Ibn Bajjah observed " two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun " , which was later suggested as the transit of Mercury and / or Venus by the Maragha astronomer Qotb al @-@ Din Shirazi in the 13th century . ( Note that most such medieval reports of transits were later taken as observations of sunspots . )
In India , the Kerala school astronomer Nilakantha Somayaji in the 15th century developed a partially heliocentric planetary model in which Mercury orbits the Sun , which in turn orbits Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century .
= = = Ground @-@ based telescopic research = = =
The first telescopic observations of Mercury were made by Galileo in the early 17th century . Although he observed phases when he looked at Venus , his telescope was not powerful enough to see the phases of Mercury . In 1631 , Pierre Gassendi made the first telescopic observations of the transit of a planet across the Sun when he saw a transit of Mercury predicted by Johannes Kepler . In 1639 , Giovanni Zupi used a telescope to discover that the planet had orbital phases similar to Venus and the Moon . The observation demonstrated conclusively that Mercury orbited around the Sun .
A rare event in astronomy is the passage of one planet in front of another ( occultation ) , as seen from Earth . Mercury and Venus occult each other every few centuries , and the event of May 28 , 1737 is the only one historically observed , having been seen by John Bevis at the Royal Greenwich Observatory . The next occultation of Mercury by Venus will be on December 3 , 2133 .
The difficulties inherent in observing Mercury mean that it has been far less studied than the other planets . In 1800 , Johann Schröter made observations of surface features , claiming to have observed 20 @-@ kilometre @-@ high ( 12 mi ) mountains . Friedrich Bessel used Schröter 's drawings to erroneously estimate the rotation period as 24 hours and an axial tilt of 70 ° . In the 1880s , Giovanni Schiaparelli mapped the planet more accurately , and suggested that Mercury 's rotational period was 88 days , the same as its orbital period due to tidal locking . This phenomenon is known as synchronous rotation . The effort to map the surface of Mercury was continued by Eugenios Antoniadi , who published a book in 1934 that included both maps and his own observations . Many of the planet 's surface features , particularly the albedo features , take their names from Antoniadi 's map .
In June 1962 , Soviet scientists at the Institute of Radio @-@ engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences , led by Vladimir Kotelnikov , became the first to bounce a radar signal off Mercury and receive it , starting radar observations of the planet . Three years later , radar observations by Americans Gordon Pettengill and R. Dyce , using the 300 @-@ meter Arecibo Observatory radio telescope in Puerto Rico , showed conclusively that the planet 's rotational period was about 59 days . The theory that Mercury 's rotation was synchronous had become widely held , and it was a surprise to astronomers when these radio observations were announced . If Mercury were tidally locked , its dark face would be extremely cold , but measurements of radio emission revealed that it was much hotter than expected . Astronomers were reluctant to drop the synchronous rotation theory and proposed alternative mechanisms such as powerful heat @-@ distributing winds to explain the observations .
Italian astronomer Giuseppe Colombo noted that the rotation value was about two @-@ thirds of Mercury 's orbital period , and proposed that the planet 's orbital and rotational periods were locked into a 3 : 2 rather than a 1 : 1 resonance . Data from Mariner 10 subsequently confirmed this view . This means that Schiaparelli 's and Antoniadi 's maps were not " wrong " . Instead , the astronomers saw the same features during every second orbit and recorded them , but disregarded those seen in the meantime , when Mercury 's other face was toward the Sun , because the orbital geometry meant that these observations were made under poor viewing conditions .
Ground @-@ based optical observations did not shed much further light on Mercury , but radio astronomers using interferometry at microwave wavelengths , a technique that enables removal of the solar radiation , were able to discern physical and chemical characteristics of the subsurface layers to a depth of several meters . Not until the first space probe flew past Mercury did many of its most fundamental morphological properties become known . Moreover , recent technological advances have led to improved ground @-@ based observations . In 2000 , high @-@ resolution lucky imaging observations were conducted by the Mount Wilson Observatory 1 @.@ 5 meter Hale telescope . They provided the first views that resolved surface features on the parts of Mercury that were not imaged in the Mariner 10 mission . Most of the planet has been mapped by the Arecibo radar telescope , with 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) resolution , including polar deposits in shadowed craters of what may be water ice .
= = = Research with space probes = = =
Reaching Mercury from Earth poses significant technical challenges , because it orbits so much closer to the Sun than Earth . A
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Mercury @-@ bound spacecraft launched from Earth must travel over 91 million kilometres ( 57 million miles ) into the Sun 's gravitational potential well . Mercury has an orbital speed of 48 km / s ( 30 mi / s ) , whereas Earth 's orbital speed is 30 km / s ( 19 mi / s ) . Therefore , the spacecraft must make a large change in velocity ( delta @-@ v ) to enter a Hohmann transfer orbit that passes near Mercury , as compared to the delta @-@ v required for other planetary missions .
The potential energy liberated by moving down the Sun 's potential well becomes kinetic energy ; requiring another large delta @-@ v change to do anything other than rapidly pass by Mercury . To land safely or enter a stable orbit the spacecraft would rely entirely on rocket motors . Aerobraking is ruled out because Mercury has a negligible atmosphere . A trip to Mercury requires more rocket fuel than that required to escape the Solar System completely . As a result , only two space probes have visited it so far . A proposed alternative approach would use a solar sail to attain a Mercury @-@ synchronous orbit around the Sun .
= = = = Mariner 10 = = = =
The first spacecraft to visit Mercury was NASA 's Mariner 10 ( 1974 – 1975 ) . The spacecraft used the gravity of Venus to adjust its orbital velocity so that it could approach Mercury , making it both the first spacecraft to use this gravitational " slingshot " effect and the first NASA mission to visit multiple planets . Mariner 10 provided the first close @-@ up images of Mercury 's surface , which immediately showed its heavily cratered nature , and revealed many other types of geological features , such as the giant scarps that were later ascribed to the effect of the planet shrinking slightly as its iron core cools . Unfortunately , due to the length of Mariner 10 's orbital period , the same face of the planet was lit at each of Mariner 10 's close approaches . This made observation of both sides of the planet impossible , and resulted in the mapping of less than 45 % of the planet 's surface .
The spacecraft made three close approaches to Mercury , the closest of which took it to within 327 km ( 203 mi ) of the surface . At the first close approach , instruments detected a magnetic field , to the great surprise of planetary geologists — Mercury 's rotation was expected to be much too slow to generate a significant dynamo effect . The second close approach was primarily used for imaging , but at the third approach , extensive magnetic data were obtained . The data revealed that the planet 's magnetic field is much like Earth 's , which deflects the solar wind around the planet . The origin of Mercury 's magnetic field is still the subject of several competing theories .
On March 24 , 1975 , just eight days after its final close approach , Mariner 10 ran out of fuel . Because its orbit could no longer be accurately controlled , mission controllers instructed the probe to shut down . Mariner 10 is thought to be still orbiting the Sun , passing close to Mercury every few months .
= = = = MESSENGER = = = =
A second NASA mission to Mercury , named MESSENGER ( MErcury Surface , Space ENvironment , GEochemistry , and Ranging ) , was launched on 3 August 2004 . It made a fly @-@ by of Earth in August 2005 , and of Venus in October 2006 and June 2007 to place it onto the correct trajectory to reach an orbit around Mercury . A first fly @-@ by of Mercury occurred on January 14 , 2008 , a second on October 6 , 2008 , and a third on September 29 , 2009 . Most of the hemisphere not im
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
curriculum guideline for elementary schools note that " given the advance of internationalization , along with fostering patriotism and awareness of being Japanese , it is important to nurture school children 's respectful attitude toward the flag of Japan and " Kimigayo " as they grow up to be respected Japanese citizens in an internationalized society . " The ministry also stated that if Japanese students cannot respect their own symbols , then they will not be able to respect the symbols of other nations .
= = Present @-@ day perception = =
According to a survey conducted by TV Asahi , most Japanese people perceived " Kimigayo " as an important song even before the passage of the Act on National Flag and Anthem in 1999 . However , a poll in the same year conducted by the Mainichi Shimbun found that most respondents opposed legislation making it the national anthem or felt the Diet should take more time in passing such a law . Many Japanese students , who must sing the song at entrance and graduation ceremonies , say they cannot understand the old language of the lyrics and are not educated on its historical uses . Controversies surrounding the use of the anthem in school events still remain .
= = Lyrics = =
= = Controversies = =
Schools have been the center of controversy over both the anthem and the national flag . The Tokyo Board of Education requires the use of both the anthem and flag at events under their jurisdiction . The order requires school teachers to respect both symbols or risk losing their jobs . In 1999 , several teachers in Hiroshima refused to put up the anthem while the Hiroshima Education Board demanded that they do so . As the tension arose between them , a vice @-@ principal committed suicide . A similar incident in Osaka in 2010 also occurred , with 32 teachers refusing to sing the song in a ceremony . In 2011 , 9 more teachers joined the rebellion , along with another 8 in 2012 . Hashimoto Toru , the mayor of Osaka , slated the teachers as “ It was good that criminals ( teachers ) who are intent on breaking the rules ( of not singing the anthem ) have risen to the surface ( public ) ” . Some have protested that such rules violate the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the " freedom of thought , belief and conscience " clause in the Constitution of Japan , but the Board has argued that since schools are government agencies , their employees have an obligation to teach their students how to be good Japanese citizens . Teachers have unsuccessfully brought criminal complaints against Tokyo Governor Shintarō Ishihara and senior officials for ordering teachers to honor the Hinomaru and " Kimigayo " . After earlier opposition , the Japan Teachers Union accepts the use of both the flag and anthem ; the smaller All Japan Teachers and Staffs Union still opposes both symbols and their use inside the school system .
In 2006 , Katsuhisa Fujita , a retired teacher in Tokyo , was threatened with imprisonment and fined 200 @,@ 000 yen ( roughly 2 @,@ 000 US dollars ) after he was accused of disturbing a graduation ceremony at Itabashi High School by urging the attendees to remain seated during the playing of the anthem . At the time of Fujita 's sentence , 345 teachers had been punished for refusing to take part in anthem related events , though Fujita is the only man to have been convicted in relation to it . On September 21 , 2006 , the Tokyo District Court ordered the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to pay compensation to the teachers who had been subjected to punishment under the directive of the Tokyo Board of Education . The then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi commented , " It is a natural idea to treat the national anthem importantly " . The ruling has been appealed by the Metropolitan Government . Since October 23 , 2003 , 410 teachers and school workers have been punished for refusing to stand and sing the anthem as ordered by school principals . Teachers can also be punished if their students do not stand while " Kim
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
States and Canada on May 17 , 2005 via digital download , and was released to rhythmic and urban contemporary radio stations in the United States on May 24 , 2005 . The CD single was distributed via Polydor Records .
= = Writing and composition = =
" So Seductive " was written by Tony Yayo , 50 Cent and Michael Harper , and was produced by the latter under his production name Punch , who was also responsible for the song 's instruments . Stu " Bassie " Brooks played additional bass instruments . The song was recorded by Ky Miller at G @-@ Unit Studios – a recording studio in New York City . Audio mixing was carried out by Steve Baughman at Right Track Studios , a recording studio which is also in New York City . The song was mastered by Brian " Big Bass " Gardner . " So Seductive " is listed fifth on the track listing for Thoughts of a Predicate Felon and is of three minutes and thirty seconds in length . It is a hip hop song with influences of club music , and is backed by a looped production containing elements of synthesizers and string instruments , and a repetitive bassline . Evan McGarvey of The Michigan Daily noted the song to contain " cracking , unstable hi @-@ hats " . Critics have described " So Seductive " as a " club banger " and a " hooky party number " , indicating its uptempo nature . The song 's " singsong " chorus is partly performed by 50 Cent .
= = Critical reception = =
" So Seductive " received generally positive reviews from music critics , with many naming it a standout track from Thoughts of a Predicate Felon . Stylus Magazine writer Ross McGowan called the song " a two @-@ headed attack that resulted in one of the summer ’ s best singles " , and complimented how the song fits Yayo 's persona , writing that " So Seductive " is practically a blueprint for how Yayo should be packaged . He isn ’ t a very good rapper , but he is an entertaining personality and crew @-@ member . " David Jeffries of Allmusic described " So Seductive " as a " hooky party number " that Yayo " handles extremely well " , citing it as an example of how he " [ is ] craftier and smarter than expected considering the thug myth built around him " . Writing for The Michigan Daily , Evan McGarvey observed that the song works as a " servicable first single " , calling it an " open @-@ palm slap of a tune " . He also complimented 50 Cent 's performance , writing that he " wisely takes a verse of his own and laces the track with an easy , Richard Scary hook " . However , Fiona McKinlay of musicOMH denounced Yayo 's rapping on the song , calling his vocals " really pretty disappointing " . She also criticized the song 's production as unoriginal , noting that " there 's nothing catchy , nothing memorable and it 's not even any good for shaking your booty to " , and concluded that " as anything other than musical wallpaper , [ the song ] is about as much use as soggy toast " , although she conceded that it was " probably going to be a Top Ten smash " . At the 2005 Vibe Awards , " So Seductive " was nominated for best " Club Banger " , but lost to " 1 Thing " by singer Ameriie .
= = Chart performance = =
" So Seductive " debuted at number 67 on the US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart issue dated May 14 , 2005 : it went on to spend 19 weeks on the chart , and peaked at number 7 , making it Yayo 's only song to date to reach the top ten of the chart . The song later became Yayo 's first , and to date only song to appear on the Billboard Hot 100 , debuting at number 76 on the chart issue dating June 25 , 2005 and going onto peak at number 48 , spending a total of 15 weeks on the chart . On the Hot Rap Songs chart , " So Seductive " debuted at number 21 for the chart issue dated June 25 , 2005 , and went on to peak at number 12 , spending a total of 14 weeks on the chart . The song also appeared on the now @-@ defunct Pop 100 chart , peaking at number 62 .
" So Seductive " also saw moderate international charting . In the United Kingdom , the song debuted at number 28 on the UK Singles Chart on the chart dated September 24 , 2005 : it spent two further weeks on the chart before falling off . It also appeared on the Irish Singles Chart , debuting and peaking at number 22 and spending six weeks on the chart . To date , " So Seductive " remains Yayo 's only song to have charted in either the United Kingdom or Ireland .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " So Seductive " was directed by Gil Green , and is of three minutes and forty @-@ seven seconds in length . The video begins with Yayo escaping from a prison through a concealed hole in his cell wall , and after exiting the tunnel through which he has crawled is escorted away in a Mercedes @-@ Benz car by 50 Cent : shots of their journey are alternated with ones of Yayo and 50 Cent standing outside the car , rapping parts of the song . Following the car briefly being stop @-@ searched by the police , the rappers drive to a mansion and enter a party attended by several other members of G @-@ Unit Records , including rapper Lloyd Banks and singer Olivia .
During the party , Yayo enters another room of the mansion and removes a painting from one of the walls , revealing a hidden safe : after opening it and removing a silver necklace , a woman who has followed him from the party enters the room and the pair begin to embrace . At this point , the police suddenly enter the room , searching for Yayo , although it is shown that he has escaped just in time through an open door in the room . Reunited in the Mercedes @-@ Benz with 50 Cent , Yayo gives the necklace to 50 Cent : at this point , Yayo abruptly wakes up , back in his jail cell , showing the preceding events of the video to have been a dream .
= = Live performances = =
On March 19 , 2010 , Yayo and 50 Cent performed " So Seductive " together at the Wembley Arena in London , as part of a set which included several of 50 Cent 's previous hits , including " In da Club " , " 21 Questions " and " P.I.M.P. " . On August 12 , 2011 , the two rappers performed the song as part of the " I Want My MTV Ibiza " tour by television network MTV . During the performance , 50 Cent took off a towel and threw it into the crowd , where it was caught by an audience member .
= = Track listing = =
Digital download ( United States and Canada )
" So Seductive " – 3 : 35
" So Seductive " ( Edited Version ) – 3 : 36
Digital download ( United Kingdom , Ireland , New Zealand and Australia )
" So Seductive " – 3 : 34
" Live by
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
53 a service range had been added to the south wing of the house . In 1868 the external flight of stairs was removed from the west front and a new porch entrance was added to its ground floor . The entrance featured a Norman doorway that had been moved from elsewhere in the monastery ; Greene believes that it probably formed the entrance from the west cloister walk into the nave of the church . An exact replica of this doorway was built and placed to the north of the Norman doorway , making a double entrance . The whole of the undercroft was radically restored , giving it a Gothic theme , adding stained glass windows and a medieval @-@ style fireplace . The ground to the south of the house was levelled and formal gardens were established .
During the 19th century the estate was again affected by transport projects . In 1804 the Runcorn to Latchford Canal was opened , replacing the Mersey and Irwell Navigation ; this cut off the northern part of the estate , making it only accessible by a bridge . The Grand Junction Railway was built across the estate in 1837 , followed by the Warrington and Chester Railway , which opened in 1850 ; both of these lines affected the southeast part of the estate . In 1894 , the Runcorn to Latchford Canal was replaced by the Manchester Ship Canal , and the northern part of the estate could only be accessed by a swing bridge . The Brooke family left the house in 1921 , and it was almost completely demolished in 1928 . Rubble from the house was used in the foundations of a new chemical works . During the demolition , the undercroft was retained and roofed with a cap of concrete . In 1966 the current Sir Richard Brooke gave Norton Priory in trust for the benefit of the public .
= = = Excavations and museum = = =
In 1971 J. Patrick Greene was given a contract to carry out a six @-@ month excavation for Runcorn Development Corporation as part of a plan to develop a park in the centre of Runcorn New Town . The site consisted of a 500 @-@ acre ( 202 ha ) area of fields and woods to the north of the Bridgewater Canal . Greene 's initial findings led to his being employed for a further 12 years to supervise a major excavation of the site . The buildings found included the Norman doorway with its Victorian addition and three medieval rooms . Specialists were employed and local volunteers were recruited to assist with the excavation , while teams of supervised prisoners were used to perform some of the heavier work . The area excavated exceeded that at any European monastic site that used modern methods . The Development Corporation decided to create a museum on the site , and in 1975 Norton Priory Museum Trust was established .
In 1989 Greene published his book about the excavations entitled Norton Priory : The Archaeology of a Medieval Religious House . Further work has been carried out , recording and analysing the archaeological findings . In 2008 Fraser Brown and Christine Howard @-@ Davis published Norton Priory : Monastery to Museum , in which the findings are described in more detail . Howard @-@ Davis was largely responsible for the post @-@ excavation assessment and for compiling a database for the artefacts and , with Brown , for their analysis .
= = Findings from excavations = =
= = = Priory 1134 – 1236 = = =
The excavations have revealed information about the original priory buildings and grounds , and how they were subsequently modified . A series of ditches was found that would have provided a supply of fresh water and also a means for drainage of a relatively wet site . Evidence of the earliest temporary timber buildings in which the canons were originally housed was found in the form of 12th @-@ century post pits . Norton Priory is one of few monastic sites to have produced evidence of temporary quarters . The remains of at least seven temporary buildings have been discovered . It is considered that the largest of these , because it had more substantial foundations than the others , was probably the timber @-@ framed church ; another was most likely the gatehouse , and the other buildings provided accommodation for the canons and the senior secular craftsmen .
The earliest masonry building was the church , which was constructed on shallow foundations of sandstone rubble and pebbles on boulder clay . The walls were built in local red sandstone with ashlar faces and a rubble and mortar core . The ground plan of the original church was cruciform , and consisted of a nave without aisles , a choir at the crossing with a tower above it , a square @-@ ended chancel , and north and south transepts , each with an eastern chapel . The total length of the church was 148 feet ( 45 @.@ 1 m ) and the total length across the transepts was 74 feet ( 22 @.@ 6 m ) , giving a ratio of 2 : 1 . The walls of the church were 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) wide at the base , and the crossing tower was supported on four piers .
The other early buildings were built surrounding a cloister to the south of the church . The east range incorporated the chapter house and also contained the sacristy , the canons ' dormitory and the reredorter . The upper storey of the west range provided living accommodation for the prior and an area where secular visitors could be received . In the lower storey was the undercroft where food and fuel were stored . The south range contained the refectory , and at a distance from the south range stood the kitchen . Evidence of a bell foundry dating from this period was found 55 yards ( 50 m ) to the north of the church . It is likely that this was used for casting a tenor bell . A few moulded stones from this early period were found . These included nine blocks that probably formed part of a corbel table . There were also two beak @-@ head voussoirs ; this type of voussoir is rare in Cheshire , and has been found in only one other church in the county .
Considerable expansion occurred during the last two decades of the 12th century and the first two or three decades of the 13th century . The south and west ranges were demolished and rebuilt , enlarging the cloister from about 36 feet ( 11 m ) by 32 feet ( 10 m ) to about 56 feet ( 17 m ) by 52 feet ( 16 m ) . This meant that a door in the south wall of the church had to be blocked off and a new highly decorated doorway was built at the northeast corner of the cloister ; this doorway has survived . The lower storey of the west range , the other standing remains of the priory , also dates from this period ; it comprises the cellarer 's undercroft and a passage to its north , known as the outer parlour . The outer parlour had been the entrance to the priory from the outside world , and was " sumptuously decorated " so that " the power and wealth of the priory could be displayed in tangible fashion to those coming from the secular world " . The undercroft , used for storage , was divided into two chambers , and its decoration was much plainer . The upper floor has been lost ; it is considered that this contained the prior 's living quarters and , possibly , a chapel over the outer parlour . A new and larger reredorter was built at the end of the east range , and it is believed that work might have started on a new chapter house . A system of stone drains was constructed to replace the previous open ditches . The west wall of the church was demolished and replaced by a more massive structure , 10 feet ( 3 m ) thick at the base . The east wall was also demolished and the chancel was extended , forming an additional area measuring approximately 27 feet ( 8 m ) by 23 feet ( 7 m ) .
= = = Priory and abbey 1236 – 1536 = = =
The excavation revealed evidence of the fire of 1236 , including ash , charcoal , burnt planks and a burnt wooden bowl . It is thought that the fire probably started in the timber @-@ built kitchens at the junction of the west and south ranges , and then spread to the monastic buildings and church . Most of the wood in the buildings , including the furnishings and roofs , would have been destroyed , although the masonry walls remained largely intact . The major repairs required gave an opportunity for the extension of the church by the addition of new chapels to both of the transepts , and its refurbishment in a manner even grander than previously . The cloister had been badly damaged in the fire and its arcade was rebuilt on the previous foundations . The new arcade was of " very high quality and finely wrought construction " . Brown and Howard @-@ Davis state that the kitchens were rebuilt
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
on January 3 , 2006 . A replacement for Collins was not immediately named , and Randy Lerner assumed his responsibilities .
Cleveland regressed in the ensuing season , finishing with a 4 – 12 record . Edwards and tight end Kellen Winslow Jr . , who the Browns had drafted in 2004 , put up respectable numbers , but the Browns were close to the bottom of the league in points scored and offensive yards gained . Frye injured his wrist toward the end of the season and shared starts with quarterback Derek Anderson , who showed promise in the five games he played in . During the season , the team produced a series of articles on its website called 60th Moments . The series commemorated the establishment of the Browns 60 years before in 1946 , recapturing the 60 greatest moments in franchise history . Beginning on September 6 , 2006 , the Browns ' site ran articles covering those 60 moments ; the final article ran on December 31 , 2006 .
After two losing seasons , the Browns made it back to contention in 2007 . After opening with a 34 – 7 loss to the Steelers , the Browns traded Frye to the Seahawks and put Anderson in as the starter . In his first start , Anderson led the Browns to a surprise 51 – 45 win over the Cincinnati Bengals , throwing five touchdown passes and tying the franchise record . More success followed , and the Browns finished the regular season with a 10 – 6 record , the team 's best mark since finishing 11 – 5 in 1994 . While the Browns tied with the Steelers for first place in the AFC North , the team missed the playoffs because of two tie @-@ breaking losses to Pittsburgh earlier in the season . Still , six players were selected for the Pro Bowl , including Anderson , Winslow , Edwards , kick returner Josh Cribbs and rookie left tackle Joe Thomas . Crennel agreed to a two @-@ year contract extension until 2011 , and the team hired Mike Keenan as team president , filling a position left vacant upon the departure of Collins two years before .
Expectations were high for the 2008 season , but Cleveland finished last in the AFC North with a 4 – 12 record . Anderson shared starts with Ken Dorsey , who the Browns had acquired by trading away Trent Dilfer , and Brady Quinn , a young quarterback the team drafted in 2007 . The Browns never contended during 2008 and failed to score a touchdown in the final six games . Near the end of the season , two scandals shook the team . It was revealed that several Browns players , including Winslow , were suffering from staph infections , which raised questions about sanitation in the Browns ' Berea practice facilities . In November , Savage found himself in the center of a media storm after an angry e @-@ mail exchange with a fan was published on Deadspin , a sports blog . Shortly after the final game , a 31 – 0 loss to the Steelers , Lerner fired Savage and , a day later , Crennel .
= = = Eric Mangini and the Holmgren @-@ Heckert era : 2009 @-@ 2011 = = =
Cleveland pursued former Steelers coach and Browns linebacker Bill Cowher and former Browns scout Scott Pioli for the head coaching job . The team , however , hired former New York Jets coach Eric Mangini in January 2009 . Before the start of the season , Mangini and the front office traded Winslow to the Buccaneers after five seasons marked by injuries and a motorcycle crash that threatened to end the tight end 's career . The Browns showed little sign of improvement in Mangini 's first year , finishing 5 – 11 in 2009 . While Cleveland lost 11 of its first 12 games , the team won the final four games of the season , including a 13 – 6 victory over the rival Steelers .
At the end of the season , Lerner hired former Packers coach Mike Holmgren as team president , moving Keenan to chief financial officer . A month later , the owner hired Eagles front @-@ office executive Tom Heckert as general manager . Heckert replaced former general manager George Kokinis , who was fired the previous November . The new management said Mangini would return for a second season .
Under Holmgren and Heckert 's watch , the Browns overhauled the quarterbacking corps . Brady Quinn was traded to the Denver Broncos for running back Peyton Hillis in March , while Derek Anderson was released . Meanwhile , Jake Delhomme was acquired from Carolina and Seneca Wallace from Seattle . The team also drafted quarterback Colt McCoy from the University of Texas . With Delhomme as the starting quarterback , Cleveland lost its first three games and continued to struggle . Wallace started four games , but was replaced by McCoy in the second half of the season . Hillis had a breakout season , rushing for 1 @,@ 177 yards , and was later chosen to appear on the cover of the Madden NFL 12 video game . Despite the emergence of Hillis , the Browns finished with a 5 – 11 record for the second season in a row , and Mangini was fired in January 2011 .
= = = Pat Shurmur takes over : 2012 = = =
Following Mangini 's firing , the Browns named Pat Shurmur as his replacement . Formerly the offensive coordinator for the St. Louis Rams , Shurmur helped groom quarterback Sam Bradford . Holmgren and Heckert hoped he could do the same with McCoy . Contract negotiations between the NFL Players Association and the league shortened the 2011 off @-@ season , which gave Shurmur little time to coach McCoy or institute his version of the West Coast offense . The team started at 2 – 1 , then 3 @-@ 3 , but McCoy 's struggles and a lack of offensive production led to a series of defeats , including six straight losses to end the year . The Browns finished the season at 4 – 12 . During that same season , comedian and frustrated Browns fan Mike Polk made a video to complain about the team 's futility , screaming " You are a factory of sadness ! " while facing Cleveland Browns Stadium . " Factory of Sadness " has since become a colloquial nickname for the stadium .
In the offseason , Hillis signed as a free agent with the Kansas City Chiefs after a lackluster season and unsuccessful contract talks with the Browns . In the 2012 draft , the Browns chose running back Trent Richardson with the third selection and took quarterback Brandon Weeden with the 22nd pick . Weeden was expected to replace McCoy at quarterback after McCoy 's limited success in one and a half seasons as the starter .
On September 6 , Art Modell died in Baltimore at the age of 87 . Although the Browns planned to have a moment of silence on their home opener for their former owner , his family asked the team not to , well aware of the less @-@ than @-@ friendly reaction it was likely to get . Weeden started the Browns ' first game of the season . The 28 @-@ year @-@ old rookie threw four interceptions in a 17 – 16 loss to Philadelphia in which the Browns ' only touchdown was scored by the defense .
= = = Jimmy Haslam takes ownership : 2012 @-@ present = = =
Cleveland started the season with a 1 – 6 record , recording its first win against the Bengals in October and snapping an 11 @-@ game losing streak stretching back to the previous season . After the game , NFL owners approved the sale of the team by Lerner to Jimmy Haslam , a truck @-@ stop magnate , for about $ 1 billion . In his first move as owner , Haslam announced that Holmgren would retire after the season and that Joe Banner , a former Eagles executive , would be appointed as the team 's chief executive .
On December 31 , 2012 , head coach Pat Shurmur and general manager Tom Heckert were fired . Shurmur went 9 – 23 in his two seasons as head coach .
After interviewing numerous candidates such as Chip Kelly and Ken Whisenhunt , the Browns decided to hire former offensive coordinator and tight ends coach , Rob Chudzinski , on January 10 , 2013 .
On January 15 , 2013 , Joe Banner announced the naming rights to Cleveland Browns Stadium were sold to FirstEnergy , and the stadium would be renamed FirstEnergy Stadium . The name change officially received Cleveland City Council approval on February 15 , 2013 .
On January 18 , 2013 , the Browns hired Michael Lombardi – who had a previous
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
stint with the Browns in the player personnel department in the ' 80s and ' 90s – as Vice President of Player Personnel ( two months later he was officially given the title of general manager ) , making him Tom Heckert 's replacement . The Browns would finish with a 4 @-@ 12 record in the 2013 season , last in the AFC North Division , including losing their last seven games . Following the 2013 season finale on December 29 , 2013 , the Browns fired Chudzinski after only one year as head coach .
On January 24 , 2014 , the Browns hired Mike Pettine ( previously a defensive coordinator for the NY Jets , then Buffalo ) as the 15th full @-@ time head coach in team history ( and seventh since the team 's return in 1999 ) . On February 11 , 2014 the Browns announced that Lombardi would be replaced by Ray Farmer as GM , and that Joe Banner would resign as CEO . In the first round of the 2014 NFL draft , the Browns selected cornerback Justin Gilbert from Oklahoma State with the eighth pick , and much @-@ hyped Heisman Trophy @-@ winning quarterback Johnny Manziel of Texas A & M with the 22nd overall pick . On October 5 , 2014 , the Browns staged the largest rally in team history , when after trailing the Tennessee Titans 28 @-@ 3 with 1 : 09 left in the second quarter , Cleveland scored 26 unanswered points to win the game 29 @-@ 28 . This was also the largest rally by a road team in NFL history . After a 7 @-@ 4 start , the Browns collapsed , losing their final five games to finish the 2014 season at 7 @-@ 9 , which placed them in last place in the AFC North , and missed the playoffs for the twelfth consecutive season .
In February 2015 , the team made headlines when two high profile players made the news due to substance abuse issues . On Monday February 2 , it was announced that quarterback Johnny Manziel had checked himself into a treatment center , reportedly for alcoholism . The following day , wide receiver Josh Gordon was suspended for the 2015 season due to failing a drug test . On February 28 , it was revealed that former Chicago Bears quarterback Josh McCown had signed a three @-@ year deal with the Browns . On March 30 , the NFL announced that Browns general manager Ray Farmer would be suspended for the first four regular season games , and that the team would be fined $ 250 @,@ 000 for Farmer text messaging the coaching staff during games in the 2014 season , which is against NFL rules . The story had been dubbed " Textgate " due to its scandalous nature . After going 2 @-@ 3 over the first five games of the 2015 season , the Browns collapsed , losing all but one of their remaining 11 games to finish 3 @-@ 13 . Both Pettine and Farmer were fired from their respective jobs as head coach and general manager the day after the season ended .
On January 13 , 2016 , the Browns hired Hue Jackson , who was the offensive coordinator of the archrival Bengals and formerly head coach of the Oakland Raiders , as their 16th head coach .
= Serpin =
Serpins are a superfamily of proteins with similar structures that were first identified for their protease inhibition activity and are found in all kingdoms of life . The acronym serpin was originally coined because the first serpins to be identified act on chymotrypsin @-@ like serine proteases ( serine protease inhibitors ) . They are notable for their unusual mechanism of action , in which they irreversibly inhibit their target protease by undergoing a large conformational change to disrupt its active site . This contrasts with the more common competitive mechanism for protease inhibitors that bind to and block access to the protease active site .
Protease inhibition by serpins controls an array of biological processes , including coagulation and inflammation , and consequently these proteins are the target of medical research . Their unique conformational change also makes them of interest to the structural biology and protein folding research communities . The conformational @-@ change mechanism confers certain advantages , but it also has drawbacks : serpins are vulnerable to mutations that can result in serpinopathies such as protein misfolding and the formation of inactive long @-@ chain polymers . Serpin polymerisation not only reduces the amount of active inhibitor , but also leads to accumulation of the polymers , causing cell death and organ failure .
Although most serpins control proteolytic cascades , some proteins with a serpin structure are not enzyme inhibitors , but instead perform diverse functions such as storage ( as in egg white — ovalbumin ) , transport as in hormone carriage proteins ( thyroxine @-@ binding globulin , cortisol @-@ binding globulin ) and molecular chaperoning ( HSP47 ) . The term serpin is used to describe these members as well , despite their non @-@ inhibitory function , since they are evolutionarily related .
= = History = =
Protease inhibitory activity in blood plasma was first reported in the late 1800s , but it was not until the 1950s that the serpins antithrombin and alpha 1 @-@ antitrypsin were isolated . Initial research focused on their role in human disease : alpha 1 @-@ antitrypsin deficiency is one of the most common genetic disorders , causing emphysema , and antithrombin deficiency results in thrombosis .
In the 1980s , it became clear that these inhibitors were part of superfamily of related proteins that included both protease inhibitors ( e.g. alpha 1 @-@ antitrypsin ) and non @-@ inhibitory members ( e.g. ovalbumin ) . The name " serpin " was coined based on the most common activity of the superfamily ( serine protease inhibitors ) . Around the same time , the first structures were solved for serpin proteins ( first in the relaxed , and later in the stressed conformation ) . The structures indicated that the inhibitory mechanism involved an unusual conformational change and prompted the subsequent structural focus of serpin studies .
Over 1000 serpins have now been identified , including 36 human proteins , as well as molecules in all kingdoms of life — animals , plants , fungi , bacteria , and archaea — and some viruses . In the 2000s , a systematic nomenclature was introduced in order to categorise members of the serpin superfamily based on their evolutionary relationships . Serpins are therefore the largest and most diverse superfamily of protease inhibitors .
= = Activity = =
Most serpins are protease inhibitors , targeting extracellular , chymotrypsin @-@ like serine proteases . These proteases possess a nucleophilic serine residue in a catalytic triad in their active site . Examples include thrombin , trypsin , and human neutrophil elastase . Serpins act as irreversible , suicide inhibitors by trapping an intermediate of the protease 's catalytic mechanism .
Some serpins inhibit other protease classes , typically cysteine proteases , and are termed " cross @-@ class inhibitors " . These enzymes differ from serineproteases in that they use a nucleophilic cysteine residue , rather than a serine , in their active site . Nonetheless , the enzymatic chemistry is similar , and the mechanism of inhibition by serpins is the same for both classes of protease . Examples of cross @-@ class inhibitory serpins include serpin B4 a squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 ( SCCA @-@ 1 ) and the avian serpin myeloid and erythroid nuclear termination stage @-@ specific protein ( MENT ) , which both inhibit papain @-@ like cysteine proteases .
= = Biological function and localization = =
= = = Protease inhibition = = =
Approximately two @-@ thirds of human serpins perform extracellular roles , inhibiting proteases in the bloodstream in order to modulate their activities . For example , extracellular serpins regulate the proteolytic cascades central to blood clotting ( antithrombin ) , the inflammatory and immune responses ( antitrypsin , antichymotrypsin , and C1 @-@ inhibitor ) and tissue remodelling ( PAI @-@ 1 ) . By inhibiting signalling cascade proteases , they can also affect development . The table of human serpins ( below ) provides examples of the range of functions performed by human serpin , as well as some of the diseases that result from serpin deficiency .
The protease targets of intracellular inhibitory serpins have been difficult to identify , since many of these molecules appear to perform overlapping roles . Further , many human serpins lack precise functional equivalents in model organisms such as the mouse . Nevertheless , an important function of intracellular serpins may be to protect against the inappropriate activity of proteases inside the cell . For example , one of the best @-@ characterised human intracellular
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
he sets for himself " .
= = = = Kundalini = = = =
The Upanishad , in verse 82 and onwards , elaborates on the third stage of Yogic practice , calling it the paricaya ( Sanskrit : परिचय , intimacy ) state . It is the stage where the yogin awakens the Kundalini , asserts the text . Kundalini , states James Lochtefeld – a professor of Religion and Asian Studies , refers to " the latent spiritual power that exists in every person " . The premise mentioned in Yogatattva , is also a fundamental concept in Tantra , and symbolizes an aspect of Shakti that is typically dormant in every person , and its awakening is a goal in Tantra . In Yogatattva text , this stage is described as where the Yogin 's Chitta ( mind ) awakens and enters the Sushumna and the chakras .
The five elements of Prthivi , Apas , Agni , Vayu and Akash are called as the " five Brahmans " corresponding to five gods within ( Brahma , Vishnu , Rudra , Ishvara and Sada @-@ Shiva ) , and reaching them is described by the text as a process of meditation . The meditation on each , asserts Yogatattva , is assisted by colors , geometry and mantras : prthivi with yellow @-@ gold , quadrilateral and Laṃ , apas with white , crescent and Vaṃ , agni with red , triangle and Raṃ , vayu with black , satkona ( hexagram ) and Yaṃ , akash with smoke , circle and Haṃ .
The Upanishad dedicates verses 112 through 128 on a variety of Hatha yoga asanas . The procedure and benefits of yoga practices of Sirsasana ( standing on the head for 24 minutes ) , Vajroli and Amaroli are explained briefly by the text . With these practices the Yogin attains the Raja Yoga state , realizes the facts of the life cycle of mother @-@ son @-@ wife relationship .
= = = = Om meditation = = = =
The Upanishad expounds the principles behind Om mantra as part of the yogic practice asserting that " A " , " U " and " M " are three letters that mirror the " three Vedas , three Sandhyas ( morning , noon and evening ) , three Svaras ( sounds ) , three Agnis and three Guṇas " . Metaphorically this practice is compared to realizing the hidden smell of a flower , reaching the ghee ( clarified butter ) in milk , reaching the oil innate in sesame seeds , effort to extract gold from its ore , and finding the Atman in one 's heart . The letter " A " represents the flowering of lotus , " U " represents the blooming of the flower , " M " reaches its nada ( tattva or truth inside , sound ) , and " ardhamatra " ( half @-@ metre ) indicates the Turiya , or bliss of silence .
The Upanishad states that following the yogic practices prescribed , once the yogin has mastered the functioning of nine orifices of the body and awakened the Sushumna inwards , he awakens his Kundalini , he becomes self @-@ aware , knows the Truth and gains the conviction of his Atman .
= = Reception = =
Yogatattva Upanishad is one of the most important text on Yoga .
It is the Yogatattva that appears to be most minutely acquainted with yogic practices : it mentions the eight angas and distinguishes the four kinds of yoga : Mantra yoga , Laya yoga , Hatha yoga and Raja yoga .
The text , states Whiteman , discusses a variety of Yoga systems , including the Hatha yoga , " a system of practices developed intensively ' , with the basic objective of " health and cleanliness of the physical body and perfection of voluntary control over all its functions . " A notable feature of this Upanishad is definition of four types of yoga and a comparison .
The Yogatattva Upanishad and the Brahma Upanishad are also known as one of the early sources of tantric ideas related to chakras , which were adopted in Tibetan Buddhism . However , states Yael Bentor , there are minor differences between the location of inner fires as described in the texts of Tibetan Buddhism and in Yogatattva text of Hinduism .
= What Was Missing =
" What Was Missing " is the tenth episode of the third season of the American animated television series Adventure Time . The episode was written and storyboarded by Adam Muto and Rebecca Sugar , from a story by Mark Banker , Kent Osborne , Patrick McHale , and series creator Pendleton Ward . It originally aired on Cartoon Network on September 26 , 2011 .
The series follows the adventures of Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . In this episode , Finn , Jake , Princess Bubblegum , and Marceline form a band in order to defeat the Door Lord and recover what the creature had stolen from them .
Sugar noted that while the episode may appear to be about friendship , it is really about the power of telling the truth , as exemplified by the episode 's songs . Episode composer Tim Kiefer played all of the conventional instruments himself , and used unique instruments , like a Game Boy , to make some of the loops heard in the episode . The episode was watched by 2 @.@ 185 million people and caused a major controversy due to the suggestion of
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
an intimate ( and possibly romantic ) history between Marceline and Bubblegum , a fact that also garnered praise for the episode from several LGBTQ @-@ oriented review sites .
= = Plot = =
Jake and BMO decide to give Finn some " alone time " with him and his piece of Bubblegum 's hair , which he acquired in the second season episode " To Cut a Woman 's Hair " . However , a Door Lord suddenly materializes and snatches the lock , along with Jake 's blanket , and BMO 's controller . Finn and Jake chase through the creature 's various doors , stumbling upon Princess Bubblegum and Marceline , who both appear to be victims of the Door Lord 's theft . Finally , the Door Lord jumps through a door that the group is unable to get past . They realize that they must sing a song to pass through the door ; the group decides to create a band . Jake gets his viola , and Marceline retrieves her bass . Princess Bubblegum decides to play BMO as an 8 @-@ bit instrument , and Finn beat @-@ boxes .
Tensions amongst the band members , however , boil over . Marceline sings a song ( " I 'm Just Your Problem " ) lamenting her and Bubblegum 's estranged relationship , which almost opens the door , due to it being a song based on truth . Marceline and Bubblegum begin arguing , and Jake joins in ; the band disbands . Finn , dismayed at his friends ' behavior , sings " My Best Friends in the World " , bemoaning the fact that his friends are fighting . Bubblegum , Marceline , and Jake join in , and the four are able to open the door . Inside , Finn , Jake , and BMO reacquire their belongings . The group also finds a black rock t @-@ shirt which they mistake to be Marceline 's . However , it is revealed that it is Bubblegum 's ; it was a gift given to her by Marceline in the past . Finally the group turn to Marceline , asking what she had lost . When they realise she only wanted to spend time with the friends , Marceline gets embarrassed and chases Finn , Jake , BMO and Bubblegum from the Door Lord 's abode .
= = Production = =
" What Was Missing " was written and storyboarded by Rebecca Sugar and Adam Muto from a story developed by Mark Banker , Patrick McHale , Osborne , and series creator Pendleton Ward . The entry was directed by Larry Leichliter . " What Was Missing " was Sugar and Muto 's second episode dealing with Marceline , and because of this , Sugar later noted on her Tumblr that both " wanted to get it right " . Sugar later explained that , " It might seem like this episode is about friendship , but I wanted it to be about honesty ! Marceline almost gets the door open because she drops her guard and tells the truth for a second while she sings this song . " She later likened the theme of the episode to a quote by Bob Fosse — “ The time to sing is when your emotional level is too high to just speak anymore " — noting that she " really wanted to try for that feeling . " The original title for the episode was " Door Jam " , but this was later changed because , according to Muto , the show tries to avoid pun @-@ based titles .
All of the songs featured in the episode were initially composed by Sugar , who released her demo version of " I 'm Just Your Problem " on her official Tumblr page . Her father , Rob , later released the demos for both " I 'm Just Your Problem " and " My Best Friends in the World " on YouTube . " I 'm Just Your Problem " was actually the last song written for the episode
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Several species of Malagasy hippopotamus ( also known as Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus or Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus or Madagascan instead of Malagasy ) lived on the island of Madagascar but are now believed to be extinct . The animals were very similar to the extant hippopotamus and pygmy hippopotamus . The fossil record suggests that at least one species of hippopotamus lived until about 1 @,@ 000 years ago , and other evidence suggests that the species may have survived until much more recently . The taxonomy of these animals is not resolved and not widely studied . The various species are believed to have survived into the Holocene era .
= = Discovery and taxonomy = =
The Malagasy hippopotamus was first described in the mid @-@ 19th century by Alfred Grandidier , who unearthed nearly 50 individual hippos from a dried @-@ up swamp near Lake Ranobe , a few miles from the Mozambique Channel . As many as four different species of hippopotamus were subsequently identified by various researchers . In a careful revision of the fossil record of the Malagasy hippos , Solweig Stuenes concluded that there were only two species of hippopotamus which she classified as Hippopotamus lemerlei and Hippopotamus madagascariensis . In 1990 , Faure and Guerin discovered a distinct third species of hippo , which they named Hippopotamus laloumena . In a review of Stuenes work , Harris suggested that Hip. madagascariensis had much in common with the extant pygmy hippopotamus of West Africa . Since the extant pygmy hippopotamus was placed in the genus Hexaprotodon , he used the name Hex. madagascariensis . Some taxonomists , however , consider the modern pygmy hippo to belong to the genus Choeropsis , so this species may also be classified as C. madagascariensis .
The fossil record of the Malagasy hippopotamus is extensive . At least seven hippopotamus bones show unequivocal signs of butchery , suggesting that they survived until humans arrived on Madagascar . The evidence of humans butchering the hippos also suggests their extinction may have been , in part , due to humans . Despite the discovery of many fossils , the hippos of Madagascar are not very well studied , perhaps because researchers are interested in some of the more exotic megafauna of Madagascar , such as the giant lemurs and the elephant birds .
= = Species = =
Although not well @-@ studied , there is growing acceptance of three species of Malagasy hippopotamus . It is not known when or exactly how these hippos arrived on the island of Madagascar . As hippos are semi @-@ aquatic , it is possible that they survived the 400 km ( 248 mi ) trek across the channel , although presumably when the water was shallower and there were perhaps small islands along the way . It is possible that the three species of hippopotamus represent three distinct and successful colonizations of the island . Hippos are the only endemic ungulates ever to have lived on Madagascar .
= = = H. lemerlei = = =
Hippopotamus lemerlei bones have been mostly discovered in the rivers and lakes of western Madagascar , suggesting a riparian lifestyle , very similar to that of the modern hippopotamus of modern Africa . H. lemerlei also shared the high @-@ orbits that make it easier for the hippopotamus to see while in the water . The skull of H. lemerlei also resembled that of the modern hippopotamus , but with consistent size differences , indicating that H. lemerlei was a sexually dimorphic species .
Although a clear relative to the common hippopotamus , H. lemerlei was much smaller , roughly the size of the modern pygmy hippopotamus . The largest specimens were 6 @.@ 5 ft ( 2 m ) long and 2 @.@ 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 7 m ) tall . The ancestors of
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
H. lemerlei may have been full @-@ sized hippos who shrunk through the process of insular dwarfism . A similar dwarfing process has occurred with hippos in many Mediterranean islands such as with the Cretan dwarf hippopotamus or the Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus .
Because H. lemerlei reached its size through dwarfing , it is properly known as the Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus , though this term is sometimes applied to the other species of Malagasy hippos . Bones of H. lemerlei have been dated to about 1 @,@ 000 years ago ( 980 ± 200 radiocarbon years before present ) .
= = = C. madagascariensis = = =
Also called the Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus , this species was originally classified as Hippopotamus along with H. lemerlei , and indeed the two species were roughly the same size . A review of their morphology and habitat , however , suggested a closer relationship to the modern pygmy hippopotamus .
Like the modern pygmy hippopotamus , the Malagasy pygmy hippo has eyes on the side of its head rather than high orbits and teeth similar to those of the pygmy hippopotamus . The Malagasy pygmy hippo is similarly less aquatic , with many of its fossils found in the forested highlands of Madagascar .
Fossils of both the Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus and H. lemerlei show a cursorial adaptation , distinct from the hippos on the African continent , and they would have been much better runners . This common trait is a possible indicator that both species of Malagasy hippo descended from a common ancestor , and that the similarities to the modern hippopotamus and pygmy hippopotamus are a case of parallel evolution .
The Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus is classified along with the modern Liberian pygmy hippopotamus , but researchers sometimes place the Liberian hippo in two different genera . The pygmy hippopotamus was originally classified as Choeropsis by Samuel G. Morton in 1849 . In 1977 , the pygmy hippopotamus was reclassified as a member of Hexaprotodon along with fossil species from Asia . Further examination , however , has discovered differences between the pygmy hippopotamus and the Asian hippos , prompting its reclassification by some as Choeropsis .
= = = H. laloumena = = =
In 1990 , Faure and Guerin described a third species of Malagasy hippopotamus , Hippopotamus laloumena ( " laloumena " is a Malagasy word for hippopotamus ) , which was a distinct species . Little is known about the species , because it was identified with only a lower jaw and limb bones , recovered from a site near Mananjary on the east coast of Madagascar .
The fossils clearly belong to a hippopotamus , but one much larger than any previously described Madagascan species . From what is known , the species closely resembled the modern hippopotamus , but was somewhat smaller .
= = Oral legends and the kilopilopitsofy = =
Although no fossil evidence has been dated within the last 1 @,@ 000 years , the hippopotamus has been surprisingly common in the oral legends of the Malagasy . In 1648 , Étienne de Flacourt became the French governor of Madagascar and he wrote in his Histoire de la grande isle de Madagascar about hearing stories from the Malagasy about an animal called the mangarsahoc which closely resembled the hippopotamus . In different regions of Madagascar , stories were recorded of the tsy @-@ aomby @-@ aomby , the omby @-@ rano , and the laloumena , all animals that resembled hippopotami , but few other animals on the island . In 1902 , a colonial administrator named Raybaud asserted that stories he heard in the highlands could only be about Malagasy hippos still living as late as 1878 . The strength of these oral traditions led the IUCN to classify the Malagasy hippopotami as recent extinctions .
In the 1990s , Burney , who was studying recent extinctions in Madagascar , collected tales about a creature called the kilopilopitsofy that had been described by villagers in the town of Belo @-@ sur @-@ mer , a small fishing village on the west coast . Several villagers independently described an animal that , as recently as 1976 , had entered their village , was the size of a cow , was dark pigmented , grunted a lot , and when threatened , fled underwater . No known animal on Madagascar fits the description but the animal seemed remarkably like a hippopotamus .
One man in the village could accurately mimic the sound of many animals , and when asked to imitate the kilopilopitsofy , he made noises very similar to that of a hippopotamus , even though he had never left the island and said he had never seen an African hippo . When shown photos , others also identified a hippopotamus @-@ like animal , but with larger ears . Several described the creature 's last appearance in 1976 .
Burney was reluctant to publish the study for fear of being labeled a cryptozoologist , but eventually published the results in American Anthropologist . Burney concluded that while the villagers had possibly encountered a Malagasy hippopotamus , it was also possible that the stories were inaccurate — a combination of misidentified animals , old folk traditions , and information the villagers had gathered from modern paleontology .
= Clare Nott =
Clare Nott ( née Burzynski ) ( born 11 August 1986 ) is an Australian 1 @.@ 0 point wheelchair basketball player who plays for the Kilsyth Cobras in the Women 's national Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) and for the Red Dust Heelers in the mixed National Wheelchair basketball League ( NWBL ) . She participated in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , where she won a bronze medal , and the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won a silver medal .
A paraplegic as a result of a car crash , Nott was named the WNWBL 's Best New Talent in 2005 . She was the league 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) in the 1 point class and a member of its All Star Five in 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 and 2015 . She has also won four National League premierships with the Wheelcats and two National Women 's League premierships with the Western Stars ( 2013 ) and the Kilsyth Cobras ( 2015 ) . She made her debut with the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in a tournament in Canada in 2005 , and has since played 141 international games . She won gold medals at the 2009 , 2010 and 2012 Osaka Cups in Japan .
= = Personal = =
Clare Louise Burzynski was born in Newcastle , New South Wales , on 11 August 1986 , the daughter of Eddie and Barbara Burzynski . She has an older sister , Lauren . All four members of the family were injured in a car accident on 28 June 1989 , while holidaying in Queensland . Clare was treated at the hospital in Nambour , Queensland and then at the Royal Children 's Hospital in Brisbane . It was discovered that her spinal cord was severed at the T8 spinal nerve , rendering her a paraplegic .
Burzynski was educated at Tranby College from 1996 to 2000 , and at Ormiston College from 2000 to 2004 . As of 2013 lives in Landsdale , Western Australia , and attended Murdoch University , where she graduated in 2013 with a Bachelor of Legal Studies and Criminology degree . She is married to Lee Nott , and works as a legal secretary . Before becoming a basketball player , she competed in swimming from 1998 to 2004 .
= = Basketball = =
Nott is a 1 @.@ 0 point player , who plays point guard . The Australian Sports Commission gave her a A $ 20 @,@ 000 grant in financial year 2012 / 2013 , and $ 11 @,@ 000 in 2011 / 2012 as part of its Direct Athlete Support ( DAS ) program . She was a Western Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder from 2009 to 2012 .
= = = Club = = =
Nott plays club basketball for the Kilsyth Cobras in the Women 's national Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) and for the Red Dust Heelers in the mixed National Wheelchair basketball League ( NWBL ) . In
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the WNWBL she played for the Queensland Comets from 2005 to 2006 , the Western Stars since 2007 to 2014 , and the Kilsyth Cobras since 2015 . She won two Women 's National League premierships with the Western Stars ( 2013 ) and the Kilsyth Cobras ( 2015 ) . In the NWBL she played for the Brisbane Spinning Bullets in 2006 , the Perth Wheelcats from 2007 to 2011 , and the Red Dust Heelers since 2014 . She has won four National League premierships with the Wheelcats .
In 2005 Nott was named the WNWBL 's Best New Talent . She was the league 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) in the 1 point class and a member of the WNWBL All Star Five in 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 and 2015 . She was the first female to be named in a NWBL All Star 5 in 2014 while representing the Red Dust Heelers . She was also WNWBL Final Series MVP in 2015 while representing the Kilsyth Cobras . She names Alison Mosely , who helped her in the early stages of her basketball career , as her sporting heroine .
= = = National team = = =
Nott made her debut with the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in a tournament in Canada in 2005 . She also won gold medals at the 2009 , 2010 and 2012 Osaka Cups in Japan . She was part of the bronze medal winning Gliders team at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , and the fourth @-@ place finishing team at the 2010 World Championships . As of 2013 , has played 141 international games .
Nott was part of the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . The Gliders posted wins in the group stage against Brazil , Great Britain , and the Netherlands , but lost to the Canada . This was enough to advance the Gliders to the quarter @-@ finals , where they beat Mexico . The Gliders then defeated the United States by a point to set up a final clash with Germany . The Gliders lost 44 – 58 , and earned a silver medal .
= = Statistics = =
= Sack of Amorium =
The Sack of Amorium by the Abbasid Caliphate in mid @-@ August 838 was one of the major events in the long history of the Arab – Byzantine Wars . The Abbasid campaign was led personally by the Caliph al @-@ Mu 'tasim ( reigned 833 – 842 ) , in retaliation to a virtually unopposed expedition launched by the Byzantine emperor Theophilos ( r . 829 – 842 ) into the Caliphate 's borderlands the previous year . Mu 'tasim targeted Amorium , a Byzantine city in western Asia Minor ( modern Anatolia ) , because it was the birthplace of the ruling Byzantine dynasty and , at the time , one of Byzantium 's largest and most important cities . The caliph gathered an exceptionally large army , which he divided in two parts , which invaded from the northeast and the south . The northeastern army defeated the Byzantine forces under Theophilos at Anzen , allowing the Abbasids to penetrate deep into Byzantine @-@ held Asia Minor and converge upon Ancyra , which they found abandoned . After sacking the city , they turned south to Amorium , where they arrived on 1 August . Faced with intrigues at Constantinople and the rebellion of the large Khurramite contingent of his army , Theophilos was unable to aid the city .
Amorium was strongly fortified and garrisoned , but a traitor revealed a weak spot in the wall , where the Abbasids concentrated their attack , effecting a breach . Unable to break through the besieging army , Boiditzes , the commander of the breached section privately attempted to negotiate with the Caliph without notifying his superiors . He concluded a local truce and left his post , which allowed the Arabs to take advantage , enter the city and capture it . Amorium was systematically destroyed , never to recover its former prosperity . Many of its inhabitants were slaughtered , and the remainder driven off as slaves . Most of the survivors were released after a truce in 841 , but prominent officials were taken to the caliph 's capital of Samarra and executed years later after refusing to convert to Islam , becoming known as the 42 Martyrs of Amorium .
The conquest of Amorium was not only a major military disaster and a heavy personal blow for Theophilos , but also a traumatic event for the Byzantines , its impact resonating in later literature . The sack did not ultimately alter the balance of power , which was slowly shifting in Byzantium 's favour , but it thoroughly discredited the theological doctrine of Iconoclasm , ardently supported by Theophilos . As Iconoclasm relied heavily on military success for its legitimization , the fall of Amorium contributed decisively to its abandonment shortly after Theophilos 's death in 842 .
= = Background = =
By 829 , when the young emperor Theophilos ascended the Byzantine throne , the Byzantines and Arabs had been fighting on and off for almost two centuries . At this time , Arab attacks resumed both in the east , where after almost twenty years of peace due to the Abbasid civil war Caliph al @-@ Ma 'mun ( r . 813 – 833 ) launched several large @-@ scale raids , and in the west , where the gradual Muslim conquest of Sicily was under way since 827 . Theophilos was an ambitious man and also a convinced adherent of Byzantine Iconoclasm , which prohibited the depiction of divine figures and the veneration of icons . He sought to bolster his regime and support his religious policies by military success against the Abbasid Caliphate , the Empire 's major antagonist .
Seeking divine favour , and responding to iconophile plots against him , Theophilos reinstated active suppression of the iconophiles and other perceived " heretics " in June 833 , including mass arrests and exiles , beatings and confiscations of property . In Byzantine eyes , God seemed indeed to reward this decision : al @-@ Ma 'mun died during the first stages of a new , large @-@ scale invasion against Byzantium that was intended to be the first step in conquering Constantinople itself , and his brother and successor al @-@ Mu 'tasim withdrew to focus on internal matters , having trouble establishing his authority , and needing to confront the ongoing rebellion of the Khurramite religious sect under Babak Khorramdin . This allowed Theophilos to achieve a series of modest victories over the next few years , as well as to bolster his forces with some 14 @,@ 000 Khurramite refugees under their leader Nasr , who was baptized a Christian and took the name Theophobos . The emperor 's successes were not particularly spectacular , but coming after two decades of defeats and civil war under iconophile emperors , Theophilos felt justified in claiming them as vindication for his religious policy . Consequently , the emperor began to publicly associate himself with the memory of the militarily successful and fanatically iconoclast emperor Constantine V ( r . 741 – 775 ) , and issued a new type of the copper follis coin , minted in huge numbers , which portrayed him as the archetypical victorious Roman emperor .
In 837 , Theophilos decided — at the urging of the hard @-@ pressed Babak — to take advantage of the Caliphate 's preoccupation with the suppression of the Khurramite revolt and lead a major campaign against the frontier emirates . He assembled a very large army , some 70 @,@ 000 fighting men and 100 @,@ 000 in total according to al @-@ Tabari , and invaded Arab territory around the upper Euphrates almost unopposed . The
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
helped him escape ; he later planned his revenge on them , and manipulated Miwa and Bansai into killing Naitō and Kagome and killed the body double . Hōinbō is arrested , Sarushiro is imprisoned , and Edgeworth regains his position as a prosecutor .
= = Development and release = =
Ace Attorney Investigations 2 was produced by Motohide Eshiro and directed by Takeshi Yamazaki , and features character designs by Tatsuro Iwamoto and music by Noriyuki Iwadare . While the original Ace Attorney Investigations had taken longer than usual for an Ace Attorney game to develop due to its several new gameplay systems that had to be created from scratch , Ace Attorney Investigations 2 went faster due to it already having a base game to build upon , resulting in the developers being able to put more focus on the game 's story . According to Eshiro and Yamazaki , one of the major changes compared to the first Ace Attorney Investigations was the addition of an interrogation game mechanic ; they chose to present it metaphorically as a game of chess , which was Edgeworth 's favorite game . Another such change was the graphical improvements to the game 's sprites and background art .
In the summer of 2010 , the development team spent five days and four nights in a place called the Capcom Manor to work on the game ; this was inspired by the filmmaker Akira Kurosawa , who would gather scriptwriters in a hotel room to create the scripts for his films . During their stay in the manor , they discussed the game 's plot and the new gameplay system , finalized the direction , and created rough sketches for most characters in the game . For the new character Hakari Mikagami , Iwamoto used a female saint as the main image for her design , and imagined her as being an older woman he could look up to . Another new character , Yumihiko Ichiyanagi , was Eshiro 's favorite minor character in the series because of his character arc and how he grows throughout the game . The game was developed for the Ace Attorney series ' tenth anniversary ; because of this , several characters from previous games in the series made cameo appearances , including Frank Sahwit and Will Powers .
The game was first revealed in Famitsu in September 2010 , and was showcased at the 2010 Tokyo Game Show . A Flash @-@ based demo was released on the game 's official website in 2010 , and a Nintendo DS demo was distributed in 2011 through the Wii console , Nintendo Zone hotspots , and " DS Station " kiosks at retailers . The game was released by Capcom on February 3 , 2011 in Japan for the Nintendo DS . The game was made available in several different editions : a standard edition , which only includes the game ; a " collector 's pack " , which includes a copy of the game , an orchestral soundtrack CD by Iwadare , a DVD with footage from the game 's appearance at Tokyo Game Show , and a booklet with a manga by Iwamoto ; an " extended edition " , which includes a copy of the game and a Miles Edgeworth figurine ; and a " limited edition " , which includes all the items from the other editions .
= = = Localization = = =
In early 2011 , Christian Svensson at Capcom stated that there were no plans at the time to release Ace Attorney Investigations 2 in regions outside Japan , due to higher localization costs than estimated returns ; however , according to Eshiro , the main reason for the lack of a localization was scheduling , as all the staff working on the game had disbanded and moved to different teams after finishing the game , and were unable to work on a localization . Svensson said that there was a possibility of a release on another platform , and that he would discuss ways for it to happen with Capcom 's strategy and R & D teams . In December 2011 , Capcom was still discussing internally how to address the Ace Attorney audience , with Svensson saying that there is potential to release Ace Attorney Investigations 2 as a downloadable digital title . The game 's potential English release was still discussed internally at Capcom in March 2012 , but in January 2013 , Svensson said that while Ace Attorney Investigations 2 still was talked about at Capcom , all their Ace Attorney resources , especially ones related to localization , were focused on Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies .
An English fan translation of Ace Attorney Investigations 2 , subtitled Prosecutor 's Path , has been developed , and includes localized names for new characters in the style of Capcom 's Ace Attorney localizations . The translation project was done on the Ace Attorney fan site Court @-@ Records , where a user asked people who were interested in the project to send in applications , which had to be approved for
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Greble as a " large and powerful work , well provided with magazines and bomb @-@ proofs . " Despite that praise , the report also recommended new gun platforms and protection for gun crews .
The rapid completion of the fort did have some drawbacks , however . The fort lacked some of the refinements that would be present at later forts like Fort Foote . In 1864 , civil engineer William C. Gunnell requested the removal of the wooden buildings that served as company quarters at Fort Greble so that the ammunition for the fort could be safely placed in magazines to be built in place of the shanties . There simply had not been time in 1861 to construct proper earthen magazines . This sort of constant renovation and improvement would continue throughout the war as forts were adapted to new purposes and new garrisons .
= = Wartime use = =
From the time of its construction , Fort Greble was never intended to serve as part of a continuous line of defenses stretching from the Potomac to Fort Lincoln at the extreme eastern end of the District of Columbia . Rather , the fort and its sister emplacements on the east bank of the Potomac were intended to deny the Confederacy the possibility of infiltrating guns across the Potomac in order to bombard the Washington Navy Yard . This fact is best illustrated by the 1862 report of the Commission on the Defenses of Washington , which was created by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to provide oversight to the Army Engineers constructing the defenses . Their report , released in December 1862 , illustrated the isolated nature of the Eastern Branch defenses :
In relation to this group of works , the Commission express the opinion that an enemy will not attempt to enter Washington from this direction , and that we cannot ( as a general rule ) expect to be able to meet him with a line of troops . What is to be prevented is the seizure of these heights for the purpose of establishing batteries to destroy the navy @-@ yard and arsenal . For this purpose the works should be self @-@ sustaining , or relying only upon such aid as a small movable body of troops can furnish , and upon succor , which may be thrown over the Branch after an attack is developed .
Over the course of the war , these words would prove prophetic . No Confederate forces would bring Fort Greble under fire during its entire four @-@ year active military career , and its garrison units , rotated regularly , served quietly behind its earthen walls .
= = = Life at the fort = = =
Daily life at Fort Greble was similar to that experienced by soldiers at other forts in the Washington defenses . A soldier 's normal day began with reville before sunrise and was immediately followed by morning muster , at which the soldiers of the garrison were counted and reported for sick call . Following muster , the day was filled with work on improving the fort 's defenses and drill of various types , usually consisting of gunnery practice , but also including infantry and parade drill . This schedule usually continued , broken by meal and rest breaks , until taps was called at 8 : 00 or 9 : 00 p.m. Sunday was a break in the routine as the muster was immediately followed by a weekly inspection and church call . Sunday afternoons were a soldier 's free time , and this was usually filled by writing letters home , bathing , or simply catching up on extra sleep .
For much of the year , the garrison would be plagued by mosquitoes and the heat and humidity common to the Washington area during the summer . Though Fort Greble was built on a hill , the area immediately surrounding the fort consisted of swampy bottomland drained by the Anacostia and Potomac rivers , a breeding ground for malaria . Communication with the outside world was provided by the military road that served the Eastern Branch line of forts , and supply wagons would usually arrive on a weekly schedule . Trips to Washington or Uniontown from the fort were uncommon , and by virtue of its location at the extreme end of the Eastern Branch defenses , Fort Greble was isolated even from its neighboring forts .
Until 1864 , communications between Fort Greble and its neighbors had to be routed through departmental headquarters in Washington . After a test of the system completely failed , efforts were made to establish signaling points between the forts , and the forts themselves were connected to Washington via telegraph wire . Signal detachments were present at Fort Stanton , near Uniontown , and sometimes visited Fort Greble as part of training efforts .
= = = The garrison = = =
In accordance to a plan laid out in an October 1861 report by General Barnard , " rear line " forts were to receive one man per yard of fort perimeter when fully garrisoned . Front @-@ line forts were to receive two men per yard , when needed . However , most forts were not kept fully garrisoned at all times . Due to its location north of the Potomac River , Fort Greble was considered a rear @-@ line fort . To man Fort Greble 's 327 yards ( 299 m ) of perimeter , Barnard designated a force of 165 men . If the fort needed to be fully garrisoned due to an impending attack , the difference in the actual garrison and the plan would be made good from Washington 's reserve force . As General Barnard would say in a December 24 , 1862 report , " It is seldom necessary to keep these infantry supports attached to the works . "
However , this plan only applied to men manning
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the walls of the fort , not the artillerymen who would be serving the fort 's guns . To man the guns of Fort Greble and those of Washington 's other forts , Barnard designated three crews for each gun . These crews would be permanently located at the fort , unlike the men assigned to the walls of the fort . To fire Fort Greble 's planned complement of 15 guns , Barnard assigned 255 artillerymen . This plan was affected by the needs of the war . As the fighting dragged on and casualties mounted , the various commanders of the Army of the Potomac repeatedly raided the Washington garrison for trained artillerymen and infantry replacements . By 1864 , Washington had been stripped to a total less than half that of Barnard 's 1861 recommendation .
According to a May 1864 report by General Albion P. Howe , Inspector of Artillery , the garrison of Fort Greble consisted of a single company of the Seventh Unattached Heavy Artillery , Massachusetts Volunteers , commanded by Captain George S. Worcester . 125 men of various ranks served six 12 @-@ pounder field howitzers , six 32 @-@ pounder barbette guns , one 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) siege howitzer , one Coehorn mortar , one 10 @-@ inch ( 250 mm ) mortar , and one 30 @-@ pounder Parrott rifle . The same report lists the garrison as " drilled some at artillery and infantry , " putting it a step ahead of the garrisons of neighboring forts Wagner and Ricketts , which were judged as " Drilled but little at artillery and infantry ; not efficient . "
= = Post @-@ war use = =
After the surrender of General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , the primary reason for manned defenses protecting Washington ceased to exist . Initial recommendations by Col. Alexander , chief engineer of the Washington defenses , were to divide the defenses into three classes : those that should be kept active ( first @-@ class ) , those that should be mothballed and kept in a reserve state ( second @-@ class ) , and those that should be abandoned entirely ( third @-@ class ) . Fort Greble fell into the second @-@ class category .
To this end , the 22nd Army Corps issued General Order 89 , which stated ( in part ) that the guns and ammunition removed from the dismantled forts should be kept in storage . Fort Greble was chosen as one of the storage locations . As a second @-@ class fort , Fort Greble continued to receive regular maintenance and upkeep . By the end of August 1865 , however , with funds running low , and no further appropriations likely , this work began to slack off . As the money ran out , more and more forts were designated as second- or third @-@ class locations , and were dismantled and the land returned to its original owners .
In August 1867 , the commander of the Department of Washington wrote to the Chief of Ordnance , asking how much longer he needed Fort Greble as an ordnance depot for materiel removed from dismantled forts . When it could do so , the Ordnance Department removed its property to the Washington Arsenal , now Fort McNair , or transferred it to a still @-@ garrisoned fort , though with post @-@ war budget cuts , these were becoming few and far between .
The infant Army Signal Corps , which had played a valuable part in the Civil War , had a need for a post @-@ war training ground . In 1866 , the Army allowed the Chief Signal Officer of the Army , General Albert J. Myer , to use Fort Greble for this purpose . Then , in 1868 , Myer requested and received control over Fort Greble as a signal communications school for instruction in electric telegraphy and visual signaling . In January 1869 , however , Myer moved the school from Fort Greble and soon established it at Fort Whipple , Virginia .
Following that move , the fort was sold back into private ownership , where the land was later purchased for use as a park . Throughout the 20th century , various attempts were made to include Fort Greble as the terminus of a " ring " of parks surrounding the city of Washington . The parks would be connected by a 23 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 37 @.@ 8 @-@ km ) Fort Circle Drive , but these plans never made it off the drawing board , due to budget concerns and the political issues involved . Though many of the forts — including Fort Greble — did become parks , they were not connected in a grand plan surrounding Washington . Today , the site of Fort Greble is home to Fort Greble Recreation Center , a community center for local youths and neighborhood events . In 2006 , a lighted baseball field was built at the site as part of a Washington @-@ wide renovation of city parks .
= Victor Negus =
Sir Victor Ewings Negus , MS , FRCS ( 6 February 1887 – 15 July 1974 ) was a British surgeon who specialised in laryngology and also made fundamental contributions to comparative anatomy with his work on the structure and evolution of the larynx . He was born and educated in London , studying at King 's College School , then King 's College London , followed by King 's College Hospital . The final years of his medical training were interrupted by the First World War , during which he served with the Royal Army Medical Corps . After the war , he qualified as a surgeon and studied with laryngologists in France and the USA before resuming his career at King 's College Hospital where he became a junior surgeon in 1924 .
In the 1920s , Negus worked on aspects of both throat surgery and the anatomy of the larynx , the latter work contributing to his degree of Master of Surgery ( 1924 ) . His surgical innovations included designs for laryngoscopes , bronchoscopes , oesophagoscopes , an operating table , and tracheotomy equipment . His major publications were The Mechanism of the Larynx ( 1929 ) and his work on the clinical text Diseases of the Nose and Throat , starting with the fourth edition of 1937 . Negus was also awarded several lectureships and published many medical papers and other works on comparative anatomy and laryngology . He became a senior surgeon at King 's College Hospital in 1940 and a consulting surgeon in 1946 .
Negus was one of the founders of the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists , helping to establish his speciality as a discipline within the newly formed National Health Service . He was a member of numerous international and national otolaryngology organisations , and presided over the Fourth International Congress of Otolaryngology in London in 1949 . In this period of his career following the Second World War he also worked on the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses , and played a key role in rebuilding and establishing collections of animal dissections used by comparative anatomists .
Negus , who married in 1929 and had two sons , retired in 1952 , though he continued to publish on comparative anatomy and the history of medicine .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
five years after the independent commission 's approval of the move on 28 May 2002 . In the view of AFC Wimbledon and that club 's supporters , the " identity of a football club is implicitly bound up in its community " . The club regards itself as Wimbledon F.C. ' s spiritual continuation to this day , holding that the community maintaining and backing AFC Wimbledon is the same one which originally formed Wimbledon Old Centrals ( later Wimbledon F.C. ) in 1889 , " and kept Wimbledon Football Club alive until May 2002 " .
MK Dons initially maintained that any debate was pointless as their club was simply a renamed Wimbledon F.C .. Winkelman was unequivocal when answering readers ' questions in FourFourTwo magazine in November 2004 : " MK Dons and AFC Wimbledon share the same heritage , but we 're the real child of Wimbledon " , he wrote . One reader asked : " Now that you have renamed the team , and changed the badge and colours , do you agree that AFC Wimbledon now carry the true spirit of Wimbledon ? " ; Winkelman replied that AFC Wimbledon 's founders had betrayed their club and " left their team before their team left them " . In another answer , he poured scorn on suggestions that he might give Wimbledon F.C. ' s trophy replicas to AFC Wimbledon , writing that the fans had " abdicated their right to it when they all walked away . " " The fans who have continued to support us from London — they 're the ones who 've had to put up with this shit for so long , " he concluded .
The Wimbledon Independent Supporters Association founded the Wimbledon Old Players Association ( WOPA ) in September 2005 as part of its drive to " reclaim the history of Wimbledon Football Club for AFC Wimbledon and / or the community of Wimbledon " . Membership was opened to any former Wimbledon F.C. or AFC Wimbledon player or manager . There were 60 founder members . A " Wimbledon " team , organised by WOPA and backed by AFC Wimbledon , played in the London Masters indoor football tournament in July 2006 . Plough Lane was replaced by a residential development comprising six blocks of flats . Representatives of AFC Wimbledon , the WISA , Merton Council , Barratt Homes and the Dons Trust attended a ceremony in November 2008 at which the development 's gate and each of the buildings was named after a figure from Wimbledon F.C. ' s past .
Despite Winkelman 's strong words in 2004 , his club later agreed to hold talks with the Football Supporters ' Federation ( FSF ) , the MK Dons Supporters Association and the WISA . The FSF was refusing to admit MK Dons supporters , discouraging friendly matches against MK Dons , and urging football fans generally to boycott MK Dons home games . The parties reached an agreement in October 2006 . The FSF would end its calls for a boycott and admit MK supporters as members , and in return MK Dons would " recognise and genuinely regret the hurt which was caused to supporters of the former Wimbledon F.C. by the move to Milton Keynes " , renounce any claim to Wimbledon F.C. ' s history up to 2004 and transfer the Wimbledon F.C. trophy replicas , copyrights , web domain names and other patrimony to Merton Borough . All of this was done in August 2007 . The Wimbledon F.C. trophies were put on display at Morden Library in Merton in April 2008 .
Sections of MK Dons ' fans continue to relate to their club 's former identity as Wimbledon . When AFC Wimbledon and MK Dons met on the playing field for the first time in 2012 , some MK supporters wore scarves bearing the Wimbledon name , and Wimbledon F.C. shirts . Others have attempted to reclaim the " Franchise F.C. " label for their own use , chanting " you 're getting beat by a franchise " during matches .
In January 2012 the Wimbledon Guardian newspaper launched a campaign called " Drop the Dons " , with the aim of persuading MK Dons ' owners to remove " Dons " from their club 's name . The WISA joined the campaign almost immediately , saying that it believed the use of " Dons " by MK Dons was counter @-@ productive for all parties . The campaign was publicly backed by several former Wimbledon F.C. and AFC Wimbledon figures , both Merton Members of Parliament and all 60 of the borough 's councillors . Most MK Dons supporters reacted to the campaign with anger . One MK season @-@ ticket holder interviewed by the Milton Keynes Citizen , a former Wimbledon F.C. fan based in London , suggested that " AFC Wimbledon should drop Wimbledon from their name as they don 't play in Wimbledon . " The leaders of Merton and Milton Keynes Councils met in Milton Keynes in April 2012 to discuss the campaign , and agreed to differ on the matter of a name change . Later that year , shortly before the first AFC Wimbledon – MK Dons match , Winkelman told reporters that " Dons " would not be dropped from his club 's name unless it was the will of MK supporters . " I have learned to do what the supporters want , " he said .
In a December 2012 interview , Winkelman expressed some regret about what had happened . " I 'm not proud of the way this club came to exist , and I am totally prepared to be the villain of the piece , but I can 't put the genie back in the bottle , " he said . " Do I think it was right ? No . Do I think it was a great thing that happened to Wimbledon ? No ... I don ’ t feel in the right over the way this club was born . But I don ’ t think I could live with myself if I hadn 't gone out and bought the club when it was hours away from liquidation . It was about to be completely finito ... What happened was my fault , and I have to take responsibility for it . But I don ’ t see why my players , staff and our young supporter base should be forced to carry the can and live with the nastiness , it 's nothing to do with them . "
= = Fixtures between AFC Wimbledon and MK Dons = =
As of the 2016 close season , AFC Wimbledon and MK Dons have played competitive fixtures against each other three times , in cup competitions on each occasion . All three matches have been at Stadium mk ; there have been two MK wins and one for AFC . The two sides met for the first time on 2 December 2012 , in the second round of the 2012 – 13 FA Cup . MK Dons won 2 – 1 with an injury time winner scored by Jon Otsemobor with his heel ; MK fans dubbed the goal the " Heel of God " ( a spoof on the 1986 Argentina – England " Hand of God " ) . Kyle McFadzean 's opening goal for MK Dons in the second match between the two clubs , a 3 – 1 MK win in the first round of the League Cup in August 2014 , was also scored with his heel , and was consequently labelled " Heel of God II " . Two months later , in the Football League Trophy Southern section second round , AFC Wimbledon defeated MK Dons 3 – 2 with a winning goal by Adebayo Akinfenwa .
The two clubs are set to play each other in the league for the first time during the 2016 – 17 season , after the 2015 – 16 campaign ended with MK Dons ' relegation to League One and AFC Wimbledon 's promotion via the play @-@ offs to the same division .
= Leo Fortune @-@ West =
Leopold Paul Osborne " Leo " Fortune @
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
shallow , heating up quickly in the summer to produce high humidity , especially at night . Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) under the right conditions . Rainfall in Bahrain is minimal and irregular . Rainfalls mostly occur in winter , with a recorded maximum of 71 @.@ 8 mm ( 2 @.@ 83 in ) .
= = = Biodiversity = = =
More than 330 species of birds were recorded in the Bahrain archipelago , 26 species of which breed in the country . Millions of migratory birds pass through the Persian Gulf region in the winter and autumn months . One globally endangered species , Chlamydotis undulata , is a regular migrant in the autumn . The many islands and shallow seas of Bahrain are globally important for the breeding of the Socotra cormorant ; up to 100 @,@ 000 pairs of these birds were recorded over the Hawar islands .
Only 18 species of mammals are found in Bahrain , animals such as gazelles , desert rabbits and hedgehogs are common in the wild but the Arabian oryx was hunted to extinction on the island . 25 species of amphibians and reptiles were recorded as well as 21 species of butterflies and 307 species of flora . The marine biotopes are diverse and include extensive sea grass beds and mudflats , patchy coral reefs as well as offshore islands . Sea grass beds are important foraging grounds for some threatened species such as dugongs and the green turtle . In 2003 , Bahrain banned the capture of sea cows , marine turtles and dolphins within its territorial waters .
The Hawar Islands Protected Area provides valuable feeding and breeding grounds for a variety of migratory seabirds , it is an internationally recognised site for bird migration . The breeding colony of Socotra cormorant on Hawar Islands is the largest in the world , and the dugongs foraging around the archipelago form the second largest dugong aggregation after Australia .
Bahrain has five designated protected areas , four of which are marine environments . They are :
Hawar Islands
Mashtan Island , off the coast of Bahrain .
Arad bay , in Muharraq .
Tubli Bay
Al Areen Wildlife Park , which is a zoo and a breeding centre for endangered animals , is the only protected area on land and also the only protected area which is managed on a day @-@ to @-@ day basis .
= = Politics = =
Bahrain under the Al @-@ Khalifa regime is a constitutional monarchy headed by the King , Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa . King Hamad enjoys wide executive authorities which include appointing the Prime Minister and his ministers , commanding the army , chairing the Higher Judicial Council , appointing the parliament 's upper half and dissolving its elected lower half . The head of government is the unelected Prime Minister , Shaikh Khalīfa bin Salman Al Khalifa , the uncle of the current king who has served in this position since 1971 , making him the longest serving prime minister in the world . In 2010 , about half of the government was composed of the Al Khalifa family .
Bahrain has a bicameral National Assembly ( al @-@ Jam 'iyyah al @-@ Watani ) consisting of the Shura Council ( Majlis Al @-@ Shura ) with 40 seats and the Council of Representatives ( Majlis Al @-@ Nuwab ) with 40 seats . The 40 members of the Shura are appointed by the king . In the Council of Representatives , 40 members are elected by absolute majority vote in single @-@ member constituencies to serve 4 @-@ year terms . The appointed council " exercises a de facto veto " over the elected , because draft acts must be approved so they may pass into law . After approval , the king may ratify and issue the act or return it within six months to the National Assembly where it may only pass into law if approved by two thirds of both councils .
In 1973 , the country held its first parliamentary elections ; however , two years later , the late emir dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution after parliament rejected the State Security Law . The period between 2002 and 2010 saw three parliamentary elections . The first , held in 2002 was boycotted by the opposition , Al Wefaq , which won a majority in the second in 2006 and third in 2010 . The 2011 by @-@ election was held to replace 18 members of Al Wefaq who resigned in protest against government crackdown .
The opening up of politics saw big gains for both Shīa and Sunnī Islamists in elections , which gave them a parliamentary platform to pursue their policies . It gave a new prominence to clerics within the political system , with the most senior Shia religious leader , Sheikh Isa Qassim , playing a vital role . This was especially evident when in 2005 the government called off the Shia branch of the " Family law " after over 100 @,@ 000 Shia took to the streets . Islamists opposed the law because " neither elected MPs nor the government has the authority to change the law because these institutions could misinterpret the word of God " . The law was supported by women activists who said they were " suffering in silence " . They managed to organise a rally attended by 500 participants . Ghada Jamsheer , a leading woman activist said the government was using the law as a " bargaining tool with opposition Islamic groups " .
Analysts of democratisation in the Middle East cite the Islamists ' references to respect human rights in their justification for these programmes as evidence that these groups can serve as a progressive force in the region . Some Islamist parties have been particularly critical of the government 's readiness to sign international treaties such as the United Nations ' International Convention on Civil and Political Rights . At a parliamentary session in June 2006 to discuss ratification of the Convention , Sheikh Adel Mouwda , the former leader of salafist party , Asalah , explained the party 's objections : " The convention has been tailored by our enemies , God kill them all , to serve their needs and protect their interests rather than ours . This why we have eyes from the American Embassy watching us during our sessions , to ensure things are swinging their way " .
= = = Human rights = = =
The period between 1975 and 1999 known as the " State Security Law Era " , saw wide range of human rights violations including arbitrary arrests , detention without trial , torture and forced exile . After the Emir Hamad Al Khalifa ( now king ) succeeded his father Isa Al Khalifa in 1999 , he introduced wide reforms and human rights improved significantly . These moves were described by Amnesty International as representing a " historic period of human rights " .
Human rights conditions started to decline by 2007 when torture began to be employed again . In 2011 , Human Rights Watch described the country 's human rights situation as " dismal " . Due to this , Bahrain lost some of the high International rankings it had gained before .
In 2011 , Bahrain was criticised for its crackdown on the Arab spring uprising . In September , a government appointed commission confirmed reports of grave human rights violations including systematic torture . The government promised to introduce reforms and avoid repeating the " painful events " . However , reports by human rights organisations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch issued in April 2012 said the same violations were still happening .
The documentary TV film Bahrain : Shouting in the Dark which was produced by the Qatari channel Al Jazeera , talks about the Bahraini protests during 2011 . This TV film showed all the violations that have been taken against the rights of Bahraini citizens during the uprising . It also caused some problems between the Bahraini and the Qatari governments . Relations between Bahrain and Qatar improved following a meeting of the Gulf Cooperation Council in November 2014 in which it was announced Bahrain diplomats would return to Qatar .
Amnesty International 's 2015 / 6 report on the country points to continued suppression of dissent , restricted freedom of expression , unjust imprisonment , and frequent torture and other ill @-@ treatment of its citizens .
= = = Women 's rights = = =
Women 's political rights in Bahrain saw an important step forward when women were granted the right to vote and stand in national elections for the first time in the 2002 election . However , no women were elected to office in that year 's polls . In response to the failure of women candidates , six were appointed to the Shura Council , which also includes representatives of the Kingdom 's indigenous Jewish and Christian communities . Dr. Nada Haffadh became the country 's first female cabinet minister on her appointment as Minister of Health in 2004 . The quasi @-@ governmental women 's group , the Supreme Council for Women , trained female candidates to take part in the 2006 general election . When Bahrain was elected to head the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 it appointed lawyer and women 's rights activist Haya bint Rashid Al Khalifa President of the United Nations General Assembly , only the third woman
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
.S. Representative Lynn Morley Martin . The first national bell @-@ ringing took place on July 4 , 1963 ; Mount Morris also participated in that ringing . Even though many states sponsored bell @-@ ringings , Hatch and Sloane both credited Mount Morris with making their suggestion a reality .
The Illinois Freedom Bell is annually rung in unison , at 1 pm CDT ( 18 : 00 UTC ) on the Independence Day , July 4 , with other bells across the United States . Thousands of people gather in the village to hear the bell each year on Independence Day . In Mount Morris , the annual event is known as the Let Freedom Ring festival . The Mount Morris festival and bell ringing has been attended by several notable individuals . In 1973 , future Illinois Governor and member of the 9 / 11 Commission , James Thompson attended the festival and bell ringing . A year later , in 1974 , Richard Blake , a noted Abraham Lincoln impersonator , appeared at the festival to speak as Lincoln .
Several times the Let Freedom Ring festival has been broadcast nationally . During the 1964 festival , Governor Otto Kerner was the speaker at the bell @-@ ringing observance , and his address was transmitted via telephone to the Illinois pavilion at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . The 1965 bell @-@ ringing was broadcast over the public address system at Wrigley Field in Chicago . Over the years , the committee for the festival requested that the bell @-@ ringing be part of the Illinois Sesquicentennial , the U.S. Bicentennial , and the Statue of Liberty Centennial celebrations , all of which were allowed . The " Let Freedom Ring " celebration hosts a " Freedom Run " , arts and crafts , a parade , a fireworks display , and the highlighted ringing of the Illinois Freedom Bell .
= = Description = =
The Illinois Freedom Bell is silver in color and cast from bronze metal . It is four feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) tall and four feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) wide with a weight of 1 @,@ 500 pounds ( 680 kg ) . The bell is housed in a 15 @-@ foot wooden " tower , " which stands in a prominent position on the town square .
= Umar al @-@ Aqta =
ʿUmar ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Marwān or ʿAmr ibn ʿUbaydallāh ibn Marwān , surnamed al @-@ Aqtaʾ , " the one @-@ handed " ( μονοχεράρης , monocherares , in Greek ) , and found as Amer or Ambros ( Greek : Ἄμερ or Ἄμβρος ) in Byzantine sources , was the semi @-@ independent Arab emir of Malatya ( Melitene ) from the 830s until his death in the Battle of Lalakaon on September 3 , 863 . During this time , he was one of the greatest enemies of the Byzantine Empire on its eastern frontier , and became a prominent figure in later Arabic and Turkish epic literature .
= = Biography = =
ʿUmar belonged to the Banu Sulaym tribe , which was established in the western Jazira at the time of the Muslim conquests and played an important role in the affairs of Malatya and the Jaziran frontier zone ( thughur ) with the Byzantine Empire as well as the Caucasian frontier with the Khazars . His father , ʿAbdallah or ʿUbaydallah , is little known , except that he was also emir of Malatya , and that ca . 810 he surrendered to the Byzantines the fortress of Kamacha to obtain the release of his son , who was held captive .
ʿUmar himself probably became emir of Malatya in the 830s , and first appears in 838 , in the Amorium campaign of the Caliph al @-@ Mu 'tasim ( r . 833 – 842 ) . The campaign was waged in retaliation for a large @-@ scale raid in the previous year by the Byzantine emperor Theophilos ( r . 829 – 842 ) against the Arab border emirates , including Malatya , whose territory was laid waste and depopulated . During the Amorium campaign , ʿUmar took part with his men in the great Arab victory over Theophilos himself at the Battle of Dazimon in July 838 . In the 840s , he provided refuge to the surviving members of the Paulicians , who were fleeing persecution in Byzantium , and allocated them the area around the fortresses of Tephrike , Amara and Argaoun . The Paulician leader Karbeas turned this into a separate Paulician principality , allied with ‘ Umar and launching frequent expeditions against Byzantium , either in conjunction with ʿUmar or independently . In 844 , ʿUmar 's forces participated in a major raid that inflicted a heavy defeat upon an army led by the Byzantine chief minister , Theoktistos , at the Battle of Mauropot
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
city . In the early Ottoman period , it was known in Turkish as the Çıfıtkapı ( " Hebrew Gate " ) , but its modern name is Bahçekapı ( " Garden Gate " ) . The eastern limit of the Pisan quarter was located a bit eastwards of the gate .
The 12th @-@ century Genoese quarter of the city extended from there to the east , and in the documents conferring privileges on them one finds mention of two gates : the Porta Bonu ( " Gate of Bonus " , probably transcribed from Greek Πόρτα Bώνου ) , and the Porta Veteris Rectoris ( " Gate of the old rector " ) . It is very likely that these two names refer to the same gate , probably named after an otherwise unknown rector Bonus , and located somewhere in the modern Sirkeci district . Finally , the last gate of the Golden Horn wall was the Gate of Eugenius ( Πόρτα τοῦ Ἐυγενίου , Porta tou Eugeniou ) , leading to the Prosphorion harbour . In close proximity was the 4th @-@ century Tower of Eugenius or Kentenarion , where the great chain that closed the entrance to the Golden Horn was kept and suspended from . The gate was also called Marmaroporta ( Μαρμαροπόρτα , " Marble Gate " ) , because it was covered in marble , and featured a statue of the Emperor Julian . It is usually identified with the Ottoman Yalıköşkü Kapısı , and was destroyed in 1871 .
= = = Propontis Wall = = =
The wall of the Propontis was built almost at the shoreline , with the exception of harbours and quays , and had a height of 12 – 15 metres , with thirteen gates , and 188 towers. and a total length of almost 8 @,@ 460 metres , with further 1 @,@ 080 metres comprising the inner wall of the Vlanga harbour . Several sections of the wall were damaged during the construction of the Kennedy Caddesi coastal road in 1956 – 57 . The wall 's proximity to the sea and the strong currents of the Propontis meant that eastern and southern shores of the peninsula were comparatively safe from attack , but conversely , the walls had to be protected against the sea itself : a breakwater of boulders was placed in front of their base , and marble shafts were used as bonds in the walls ' base to enhance their structural integrity . From the cape at the edge of the ancient acropolis of the city ( modern Sarayburnu , Seraglio Point ) , south and west to the Marble Tower , the Propontis Wall and its gates went as follows :
The first gate , now demolished , was the Eastern Gate ( Ὲώα Πύλη , Eōa Pylē ) or Gate of St. Barbara ( Πύλη τῆς μάρτυρος Βαρβάρας , Pylē tēs martyros Barbaras ) after a nearby church , in Turkish Top Kapısı ( " Gate of the Cannon " ) , from which Topkapı Palace takes its name . Unique among the seaward gates , it was , like the Golden Gate , flanked by two large towers of white marble , which in 1816 was used to construct the nearby Marble Kiosk of Sultan Mahmud II . Twice it served as the entry @-@ point for an emperor 's triumphal return : in 1126 , when John II Komnenos returned from the recapture of his ancestral Kastamonu , and in 1168 , when Manuel
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
in 1915 and again in 1916 , according to the diary of Valentina Ivanovna Chebotareva , a nurse who worked with Tatiana during the war . Chebotareva described how Tatiana sometimes sat beside " Volodia " at the piano as he played a tune with one finger and talked to her in a low voice , wearing a mysterious expression on his face . Chebotareva also described how Tatiana and her sister Olga made excuses to come to the hospital to see Volodia . Chebotareva felt the flirtations between the grand duchesses and the wounded officers could cause gossip and damage the girls ' reputations .
= = Negotiations for marriage = =
According to some sources , Serbian king Peter I wanted Tatiana as a bride for his younger son , Prince Alexander . In January 1914 , the Serbian prime minister Nikola Pašić delivered a letter to Tsar Nicholas in which King Peter expressed a desire for his son to marry one of the Grand Duchesses . Nicholas replied that he would allow his daughters to decide whom to marry , but he noticed that the Serbian prince Alexander often gazed upon Tatiana during a family dinner . Marriage negotiations ended due to the outbreak of World War I. Tatiana exchanged letters with Alexander during World War I and Alexander was distraught when he learned of her death .
= = Captivity = =
The family was arrested during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and imprisoned first at Tsarskoye Selo and later at private residences in Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg , Siberia . The drastic change in circumstances and the uncertainty of captivity took its toll on Tatiana as well as on the rest of her family . " She pines without work , " wrote her fellow nurse Valentina Chebotareva after receiving a letter from Tatiana on 16 April 1917 . " It is strange to sit in the morning at home , to be in good health and not to go to the change of bandages ! " Tatiana wrote Chebotareva . Tatiana , apparently trying to advocate for her mother , asked her friend Margarita Khitrovo in a letter on 8 May 1917 why their fellow nurses did not write to Tsarina Alexandra directly . Chebotareva wrote in her journal that , while she pitied the family , she could not write directly to the Tsarina because she blamed her for the Revolution . " If anyone wishes to write us , let them write directly , " Tatiana wrote to " my dear dove " Chebotareva on 9 December 1917 , after expressing concern for fellow nurses and a patient they had once treated together . Chebotareva 's son , Gregory P. Tschebotarioff , noted the grand duchess 's " firm , energetic handwriting " and how the letter " reflected the nature which endeared her so much to my mother . "
Tatiana 's English tutor , Sydney Gibbes , recalled that Tatiana had grown razor thin in captivity and seemed " haughtier " and more inscrutable to him than ever . In April 1918 the Bolsheviks moved Nicholas , Alexandra and Maria to Yekaterinburg . The remaining children remained behind in Tobolsk because Alexei , who had suffered another attack of haemophilia , could not
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ton . In September 1942 , as part of an Army @-@ wide reduction that came about because of over @-@ mobilisation , the battalion was amalgamated with the 14th Battalion to become the 14th / 32nd Battalion ( Prahran / Footscray Regiment ) .
In early 1943 , the 14th / 32nd Battalion carried out amphibious warfare training in Queensland before being deployed to the Buna – Gona area in New Guinea in July . The battalion would remain in mainland New Guinea and New Britain for the next two years , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Caldwell . The strategy employed by the Australians during the New Britain campaign was one of containment against the much larger Japanese forces in the area . On 18 March 1945 , the battalion took part in its only major battle of the war when it launched an assault on Bacon Hill and captured it . In April 1945 , the 14th / 32nd Battalion was withdrawn back to Australia in preparation for involvement in future operations , however , in July the decision was made to disband the unit as the end of the war became apparent . During the course of the conflict the battalion suffered 77 casualties , of which 31 were killed in action or died of wounds or other causes . Members of the battalion received the following decorations for their service : one DSO , one OBE , two MCs , one British Empire Medal , one DCM , one MM and seven MIDs .
= = = Post Second World War = = =
In 1948 , when Australia 's part @-@ time military force was re @-@ raised under the guise of the Citizens Military Force , the battalion was re @-@ raised albeit as an amalgamated unit . It was linked with the 58th Battalion to become the 58th / 32nd Battalion and was known variously as the Melbourne Rifles , the West Melbourne Regiment and the City of Essendon Regiment . The Australian Army was reorganised around pentropic divisions in 1960 . As a result of this reorganisation the CMF was greatly reduced , as 14 infantry battalions were disbanded altogether , while the 17 that remained gave up their old regional regimental ties and were reformed as part of the six newly raised State @-@ based regiments . As a result of this , the 58th / 32nd was absorbed by the pentropic 1st Battalion , Royal Victoria Regiment , forming ' E ' Company , which was also known as " The Footscray Company " . The battalion received two battle honours for its service during the Second World War in 1961 ; at the same time it was also entrusted with the honours bestowed upon the 2 / 32nd Battalion , which was a separate battalion formed within the Second Australian Imperial Force . After the abolition of pentropic divisions in 1965 , the unit 's honours and traditions became bound up in the 5th / 6th Battalion , Royal Victoria Regiment , a unit which remains in existence today . The 32nd Battalion 's colours were laid up at St John 's Anglican Church in Footscray in August 1970 .
= = Battle honours = =
The 32nd Battalion was awarded the following battle honours :
First World War : Somme 1916 & 18 , Bapaume 1917 , Bullecourt , Ypres 1917 , Menin Road , Polygon Wood , Poelcappelle , Passchendaele , Ancre 1918 , Amiens , Albert 1918 , Mont St Quentin , Hindenburg Line , St Quentin Canal , France and Flanders 1916 – 18 , Egypt 1915 – 16 @,@
Second World War : South @-@ West Pacific 1942 – 1945 , Waitavolo .
= = Commanding officers = =
The following officers commanded the 32nd Battalion during the First World War :
Lieutenant Colonel Donald Coghill ( 1915 – 16 ) ;
Lieutenant Colonel Robert Beardsmore ( 1916 – 17 ) ;
Lieutenant Colonel Charles Davies ( 1917 – 18 )
Lieutenant Colonel John McArthur ( 1918 ) .
= Back Up , Dancer =
" Back Up , Dancer " is the second episode of the seventh season of the American television series Will & Grace . It was written by Tracy Poust and Jon Kinnally and directed by series producer James Burrows . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on September 23 , 2004 . Guest stars in " Back Up , Dancer " include Will Arnett , Bobby Cannavale , and Janet Jackson .
In the episode , Jack ( Sean Hayes ) auditions to be a backup dancer for singer Janet Jackson , but in order to get the job , he must compete in a dance @-@ off with a fellow named Artemus ( Arnett ) . Meanwhile , Will ( Eric McCormack ) is torn between going out with his boyfriend Vince ( Cannavale ) and staying in to console Grace ( Debra Messing ) following her failed marriage .
" Back Up , Dancer " received generally mixed reviews from television critics , who all disliked Jackson 's
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
team , having been known previously for writing Star Trek novels . These books included collaborations with William Shatner on his Shatnerverse novels . Their first television episode written for Star Trek : Enterprise was the first part of the planned Vulcan story arc in season four , " The Forge " . They went to write several further episodes during the course of the season , including " Observer Effect " , " United " , " Divergence " and " Terra Prime " . The series continued linking with NASA , with astronauts Terry W. Virts and Michael Fincke appearing as engineers on board the Enterprise in the series finale .
= = = Cancellation = = =
It was announced on February 3 , 2005 that Enterprise had been cancelled . The news was passed to the cast and crew on the sixth day of filming of the second part of " In a Mirror , Darkly " . Following the broadcast of the final episode , " These Are the Voyages ... " , it was the first time in eighteen years that there were no new episodes of a Star Trek series scheduled for broadcast . Star Trek : Enterprise was the first live @-@ action spin @-@ off from The Original Series to last less than seven seasons . The end of series cast and crew party was held on April 13 , 2005 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel .
The President of Paramount Network Television , David Stapf , said that " The creators , stars and crew of Star Trek : Enterprise ambitiously and proudly upheld the fine traditions of the Star Trek franchise . We are grateful for their contributions to the legacy of Trek and commend them on completing nearly 100 exciting , dramatic and visually stunning episodes . All of us at Paramount warmly bid goodbye to Enterprise , and we all look forward to a new chapter of this enduring franchise in the future . "
The cancellation of Enterprise was protested by fans of the series . Actions included around a hundred fans picketing the gates of Paramount Studios . The response to the cancellation was organised on websites such as TrekUnited.com. They raised money which was intended to be used for new Star Trek programming , with $ 48 @,@ 000 raised within a month of the cancellation . The website sought to raise $ 32 million to pay for a full fifth season of the show , but failed to get close only gaining some $ 87 @,@ 000 from general donors plus $ 3 million of anonymous donations from investors who work in the American spaceflight industry . Rallies were also held elsewhere around the world , and a full page advertisement supporting the show was taken out in the Los Angeles Times . The money was refunded after an unsuccessful campaign , with reportedly only one accidental contact between TrekUnited and Paramount .
= = Themes = =
The fourth season sought to be different from the previous series of Enterprise in the way that story arcs worked . In the earlier series there was the ongoing Temporal Cold War plot , with the Xindi attack at the end of the second season resulting in a season long story arc during season three . Instead season four was split up into several smaller arcs which had been planned before the start of the season . The first of these arcs was a resolution to the long running Temporal Cold War , with Braga stating that the intention was " to resolve [ it ] ... once and for all " . This would also mark the final appearance of the Suliban in Enterprise as they were tied into that storyline . However , the episodes wrapping up the cold war did not reveal the identity of " future guy " , the person from the future who was advising the Suliban . Braga explained in a pre @-@ season interview that " Well , we 've been debating that for quite some time , and I 'll leave that question open . We haven 't decided yet . We have some ideas about him — or her — or it . But we haven 't settled on any one identity yet . It 's still a question mark . " The identity of " future guy " was later revealed by Braga on Twitter as Archer from the future .
Brent Spiner returned to the Star Trek franchise , having previously played the character of Data in Star Trek : The Next Generation . In Enterprise he played the role of Dr. Arik Soong , an ancestor of Data 's creator . Coto compared the character to Hannibal Lecter and talked about the fear that he inspired in the human authorities during the time of Enterprise due to Soong 's actions involving illegal genetics . The storyline involved several references to The Original Series , such as the genetic supermen in the vein of Khan Noonien Singh as first seen in the episode " Space Seed " and later in the 1982 film , Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan . The first episode of this Enterprise story arc also saw the re @-@ appearance of the Orion slave girls as seen in the first pilot of Star Trek , " The Cage " . Coto credited this to his idea for the fourth season saying , " What I really wanted to do this season is make the episodes that I as a Star Trek fan would have to see . You know , as a fan of the original series , if I heard that they were doing the Orion slavers and the Eugenics Wars , I would have to be in front of that TV . "
The producers also sought to resolve issues with the difference in Enterprise compared to the other series . One of these was the actions and attitudes of the Vulcans ; Coto said that " there 's a difference between the Vulcans of our era and the Vulcans of later eras . Our Vulcans lie , our Vulcans are monolithic , our Vulcans are not pacifistic . " The Vulcan storyline seen in " The Forge " , " Awakening " and " Kir 'Shara " was compared to the Protestant Reformation by Coto . The arc also re @-@ introduced the character of T 'Pau , who was previously seen in The Original Series episode " Amok Time " . For " Awakening " , a younger version of the character was played by Kara Zediker .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
Following the move to a Friday evening timeslot , Enterprise was going up directly against episodes of Stargate SG @-@ 1 on the Sci Fi Channel . The overall ratings by Nielsen Media Research placed the show in 150th place for the season . The season opened with ratings of 2 @.@ 0 / 4 percent for the first part of " Storm Front " , but the series lowest ratings were received for the mid season episode " Observer Effect " . Five other episodes equalled the 2 @.@ 0 / 4 percent ratings of " Storm Front " while " Cold Station 12 " , " The Augments " and " Kir 'Shara " each received 2 @.@ 1 / 4 percent ratings . However , the highest ratings of the seasons were received for the series finale , " These Are The Voyages ... " , which gained ratings of 2 @.@ 4 / 4 percent . Rick Berman credited the falling ratings received by the series to a variety of elements saying , " The show certainly had a great start . It got very good reviews and it had a huge audience for the first half a dozen episodes and then it started to slip . I could take the blame for it . I could put the blame into the scripts . I could put the blame into franchise fatigue . I don ’ t know why it didn ’ t work . "
= = = Reviews = = =
The links to The Original Series were seen as positive improvements to Star Trek : Enterprise by critics including elements such as the appearance of the Mirror Universe and the Orion slave girls . Other story arcs praised included the Augment arc with Brent Spiner and the return of the genetic supermen made famous by Ricardo Montalbán 's Khan in The Original Series . Phillip Chung of AsianWeek bemoaned the loss of the show , because he felt that it had improved over time and due to the franchise 's continued progressive stance in showing racial minorities outside of the normal stereotypes .
= = = = These Are The Voyages ... = = = =
The critical response to the final episode , " These Are The
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
.
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 60 starts at an interchange along US 12 southeast of Niles in southwestern Cass County . From this interchange , the highway runs northeasterly along the divided highway on Detroit Road to an intersection with Bus . M @-@ 60 ( Yankee Road ) . There , the main highway turns due east along the shore of Barron Lake . The trunkline continues through mixed farm fields and woodlands , running northeastward to Cassopolis and rounding Stone Lake on the southern approach to town . M @-@ 60 runs north – south through town on Broadway Street , merging with M @-@ 62 to run concurrently into downtown Cassopolis . M @-@ 60 turns eastward on State Street , separating from M @-@ 62 , and leaves town while crossing a line of the Canadian National Railway .
East of Cassopolis , M @-@ 60 runs past Diamond Lake and through farm fields . At Vandalia , the highway passes Donnell Lake before meeting M @-@ 40 north of Bair Lake in Jones . East of Jones , the trunkline crosses into St. Joseph County and meets US 131 on the south side of Three Rivers . The two highways run concurrently northward through a retail business corridor to an intersection with Michigan Avenue . M @-@ 60 turns east along Michigan Avenue following Bus . US 131 into downtown . The business loop turns north at the same intersection where M @-@ 60 meets M @-@ 86 near the Rocky River crossing . Continuing eastward , M @-@ 60 passes the high school and Three Rivers Municipal Dr. Haines Airport while running along the St. Joseph River . The trunkline turns north , runs by Fishers Lake and continues out of town through farm fields . Near Mendon , the highway runs along the river again . East of town , M @-@ 60 meets M @-@ 66 , and the two run east and northeast through Leonidas into the extreme northwest corner of Branch County .
South of Athens , M @-@ 66 turns northward and M @-@ 60 continues around Union City and into southern Calhoun County . The road runs through Burlington on Leroy Street . At Marshall Street . M @-@ 60 meets the southern end of M @-@ 311 which runs north to the Battle Creek area . M @-@ 60 continues east through farm fields to Tekonsha where it meets Interstate 69 ( I @-@ 69 ) northwest of town . Continuing to Homer , the highway runs along Lehigh Street in town ; M @-@ 99 merges into M @-@ 60 after the intersection with Hillsdale Street . East of town , the highway widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway ; M @-@ 99 turns north along this short section of roadway and M @-@ 60 reverts to a two @-@ lane highway again . The trunkline crosses the Kalamazoo River at Concord before it crosses into Jackson County . At Spring Arbor , M @-@ 60 passes the campus of Spring Arbor University . Outside of Jackson , the highway widens out to a full freeway bypass around the west side of the city . This bypass has one interchange with Michigan Avenue near Jackson County Airport . North of this interchange , the highway picks up the Business Loop I @-@ 94 and crosses the Norfolk Southern Railway line in the area . The freeway ends at a trumpet interchange with I @-@ 94 northwest of Jackson .
M @-@ 60 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways . Among these responsibilities , the department tracks the level of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . This is expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . According to MDOT 's surveys in 2009 , the highest traffic counts were 12 @,@ 547 cars and 999 trucks along the freeway immediately south of I @-@ 94 near Jackson ; the lowest AADT was the 2601 cars and 384 trucks west of Union City . Only two sections of M @-@ 60 have been listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) : along the US 131 concurrency in Three Rivers and on the BL I @-@ 94 concurrency near Jackson . The NHS is a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
M @-@ 60 was designated with the rest of the original state highway system by July 1 , 1919 , on a series of roads running between Niles and Jackson by way of Cassopolis , Three Rivers and Tekonsha . By the end of 1927 , the western end was extended to terminate at US 12 at New Buffalo . In the early to mid @-@ 1930s , the Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) realigned the New Buffalo – Niles section to bypass Galien and Buchanan , and the department extended US 112 concurrently along M @-@ 60 to New Buffalo . M @-@ 60 was rerouted around Concord in 1933 , Tekonsha was bypassed by the MSHD in late 1936 , and the highway was routed around Union City in 1937 . The MSHD continued to improve the highway through the end of the 1930s . The last segment between Tekonsha and Homer was paved in 1940 , making all of M @-@ 60 a hard @-@ surfaced roadway .
In late 1949 or early 1950 , the MSHD shifted M @-@ 60 through the Jones area to straighten the roadway . The US 131 bypass of Three Rivers opened in 1953 ; the US 131 / M @-@ 60 concurrency became a Bus . US 131 / M @-@ 60 concurrency through town as a result . On December 1 , 1956 , the highway department opened the first 6 @.@ 6 miles ( 10 @.@ 6 km ) of a new four @-@ lane divided highway around the south side of Niles , with the final 1 @.@ 6 miles ( 2 @.@ 6 km ) of the bypass opening early the next year . Consequently , they converted the former route through town into a business loop . Bus . M @-@ 60 connected the bypass into downtown where it continued along Bus . US 112 back to US 112 / M @-@ 60 . At the end of the 1950s , M @-@ 60 was moved to a freeway bypass along the west side of Jackson ; the final mile was also designated Bus . US 12 as both highways connected to the I @-@ 94 / US 12 freeway north of the city . The western end was redesignated as a part of US 12 in the late 1961 , and the M @-@ 60 designation was truncated off this roadway in 1966 . M @-@ 60 's routing has remained unchanged since .
= = Major intersections = =
= = Special routes = =
There have been two different special routes of M @-@ 60 . Business M @-@ 60 ( Bus . M @-@ 60 ) in Niles is still in existence , while Alternate M @-@ 60 ( Alt . M @-@ 60 ) in Concord has been decommissioned .
= = = Business M @-@ 60 = = =
Business M @-@ 60 ( Bus . M @-@ 60 ) is a state business spur running through the city of Niles and adjacent townships . The spur starts
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
was first cast for the part , he was told Jones was " possibly a major , important character " , as indicated by the episode 's title . Whether his character would make a reappearance later in the season depended on how well received Jones was by the show 's audience , Harris ' performance , and if the writers felt they had more to tell about the character . Harris later described Jones in a May 2009 interview , " I think you could sense that there was a great bit of ambiguity about the character which was useful . He 's a bad guy that might be on the right side . He just might be fighting for the good guys . Those guys are always great parts because you leave the audience guessing about what side he 's really on . He 's one of those guys that if he 's fighting for the right cause , he 's a tremendous ally . But if he 's fighting on the wrong cause , he 's a formidable opponent . He 's an anti @-@ hero who is fighting for the just cause " . Harris asserted in a February 2009 interview that he did not sign a recurring contract , meaning that the character was not meant to be permanent . He affirmed this by believing the character 's personality rendered Jones incapable of joining the regular cast , " You 'd have to keep [ Jones ] chained like a dog . You couldn 't let him loose . You certainly couldn 't let him use his hands . You know what the f--k he 'd do " .
The crew first considered making the parasite look like " an alien , " but shifted away from that in favor of depicting it like an amoeba to be more familiar to the audience . CGI modeling followed , along with a physical model , which was then used by the CGI department to simulate it being wrapped around Loeb 's heart . To create the actual , physical parasite , the crew used a prosthetic chest and CGI to create the parasite , and a pig torso was used when the doctors made the initial incision at the hospital .
During the scene where Broyles is talking with Mitchell Loeb , Mitchell mentions the words " Page 47 " . The number 47 bears a huge significance to another J.J. Abrams show , Alias .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
The premiere of " In Which We Meet Mr. Jones " was watched by an estimated 8 @.@ 61 million viewers in the United States . It received a 5 @.@ 2 / 8 rating among all households .
= = = Reviews = = =
Travis Fickett of IGN disliked the episode , criticizing it as " sloppy , " the science as " repeating itself , " and the fringe element [ the parasite ] as " especially goofy " ; he rated the episode 6 @.@ 0 / 10 . Writing for Mania.com , critic Stephen Lackey thought Anna Torv 's performance " felt forced " , but heaped praise on John Noble . Lackey believes Torv and Joshua Jackson have good chemistry , and consequently partly disliked the episode because they had few scenes together . He also thought the case of the week was " fairly entertaining , " but the storyline was " just ... passable " , as he wanted the show " to be done with all of the introductions and get more into the mystery of the pattern " . He concluded his review , " Hopefully , next week the story will be just a little more concise , Olivia and Peter back working together and maybe at some point Astrid will actually have something important to do " . The Los Angeles Times thought the episode was " solid if unexceptional " , as he liked Walter but disliked the " vacuum of personality " that is Astrid .
UGO Networks writer Jon Lachonis stated , " If you were on the fence before , [ the episode ] will drag you kicking and screaming into the dark world of Fringe 's science wielding bogeymen . " In Which we Meet Mr. Jones " is what Fringe promised it would be from the beginning , a suspense driven procedural that probes deep into our technological phobias . With this new formulation of Fringe , we get the challenge of a sophisticated crime drama mixed with sad sack characters that tempt the everyman into the game , while blowing us away with a level of wordplay and pseudo science that CSI or Alias could only have dreamed of . " A.V. Club 's Noel Murray enjoyed the episode , giving it a B + , while Television Without Pity gave the episode a B- .
= Mother ( video game ) =
Mother ( Japanese : マザー , MOTHER ) , later released outside Japan as EarthBound Beginnings , is a role @-@ playing video game developed by Ape and published by Nintendo for the Famicom . The game is modeled on the gameplay of the Dragon Quest series , but is set in the late 20th century United States , unlike its fantasy genre contemporaries . Mother follows the young Ninten as he uses his great @-@ grandfather 's studies on psychic powers to fight hostile , formerly inanimate objects and other enemies . The game uses random encounters to enter a
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
menu @-@ based , first @-@ person perspective battle system . It is the first game in the Mother series and was followed by two sequels , EarthBound in 1994 and Mother 3 in 2006 .
The game 's writer and director , Shigesato Itoi , pitched the game concept to Shigeru Miyamoto while visiting Nintendo 's headquarters for other business . Though Miyamoto denied the proposal at first , he eventually gave Itoi a development team . The game was released in Japan on July 27 , 1989 . A North American version was localized into English , but was abandoned as commercially nonviable . A copy of this prototype was later found and circulated on the Internet under the unofficial , fan @-@ created title EarthBound Zero . The game was eventually released worldwide under the name EarthBound Beginnings for the Wii U Virtual Console on June 14 , 2015 .
Reviewers noted the game 's similarities with the Dragon Quest series and its simultaneous parody of the genre 's tropes . They considered the game 's sequel , EarthBound , very similar and a better overall implementation of Mother 's gameplay ideas . Critics also noted the game 's high level of difficulty and issues of balance . Mother sold 150 @,@ 000 copies and received a " Silver Hall of Fame " score from Japanese reviewer Weekly Famitsu . Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com wrote that Mother importantly generated interest in video game emulation and the historical preservation of unreleased games . The game was later rereleased in Japan on the single @-@ cartridge compilation Mother 1 + 2 for the Game Boy Advance in 2003 .
= = Gameplay = =
Mother is a single @-@ player , role @-@ playing video game set in a " slightly offbeat " , late 20th century United States as interpreted by Japanese author Shigesato Itoi . The game eschews traits of its Japanese role @-@ playing game contemporaries : it is not set within the fantasy genre and only enters science fiction for its final sequence . The player fights in warehouses and laboratories instead of in standard dungeons . Instead of swords , assault weapons , and magic , the player uses baseball bats , toy guns , and psychic abilities . The game 's protagonist , Ninten , is about 12 years old .
Like the Dragon Quest series , Mother uses a random encounter combat system . The player explores the overworld from a top @-@ down perspective and occasionally enters a first @-@ person perspective battle sequence where the player chooses attack options from a series of menus . On their turn , the player selects between options to fight , guard , check enemy attributes , run away , use items , or use offensive , defensive , or healing psychic powers . The player can also set the battle on autopilot with the " auto " option . Critical hits register with the series ' signature " SMAAAASH " text and sound .
The player can press a button to have Ninten " check " or " talk " with nearby people , animals , and objects . The game shares similarities with its sequel , EarthBound : there is a game save option through using a phone to call Ninten 's father , an option to store items with Ninten 's sister at home , and an automated teller machine for banking money . The members of Ninten 's party are all visible on the overworld screen at once , and are analogous to EarthBound 's party members in style and function . Mother 's world map does not keep locations separate , and instead connects all areas ( akin to the Pokémon series games ) . The game 's story begins as Ninten discovers a music box and receives the journal of his great @-@ grandfather , who studied psychic powers nearly a century earlier . Ninten is attacked by household items , and ventures outside to find a crazy world with hostile everyday objects and other odd events .
= = Plot = =
Mother begins with the story of a young , married , American couple who mysteriously vanish from their small , rural town . Two years later , the husband , George , returned as mysteriously as he vanished , and began a strange study in complete seclusion . His wife , Maria , was never heard from again . Years later , in the late 1980s , a young American boy named Ninten is attacked at home in a paranormal event . His father explains that Ninten 's great @-@ grandfather studied psychic powers , and asks Ninten to investigate a crisis occurring across the world , the work of an invading alien race . After finishing a few tasks , Ninten is warped to the world of Magicant , where the land 's ruler , Queen Mary , asks Ninten to find her song , the Eight Melodies , and play them for her . Ninten returns to Earth and befriends a young boy , Lloyd , who is being teased at an elementary school . The two travel to the town of Snowman to deliver a lost hat to Ana , a young girl with psychic powers . Ana tells Ninten she saw him in a dream , and joins the party in hopes of finding her missing mother .
After finding most of the Melodies , Ninten is harassed at a karaoke bar by Teddy , the boss of a local gang . Teddy surrenders after losing to Ninten in a duel , and joins Ninten 's party with the intent to avenge the deaths of his parents , who were killed at Holy Loly Mountain . Lloyd stays behind . In
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
soon shattered . The new owner is called Jean Cadoret , but Ugolin , in the local custom , calls him Jean de Florette . Jean makes it clear that he has no intention of selling , but plans to take up residence and live off the land . He has a grand scheme for making the farm profitable within two years , involving breeding rabbits and feeding them off cucurbit . Jean does not know about the nearby spring , but he knows of another , more distant spring ; and the house has a cistern that can supply some water for irrigating crops . The distant spring , where an old Italian couple lives , is 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) away and also part of the property . Jean believes the needs of the farm can be met from here . Ugolin is discouraged , but Papet tells him to befriend Jean and gain his confidence . They also keep secret from him the fact that — while average rainfall for the surrounding region is sustainable — the area where Florette 's farm lies rarely gets any of this rain . Meanwhile , the two work to turn the local community against the newcomer , who is described merely as a former tax collector from Crespin , as the deceased Pique @-@ Bouffigue has distant cousins living in the village who know about the spring .
Jean initially makes progress , and earns a small profit from his rabbit farm . In the long run , getting water proves a problem , and dragging it all the way from the distant spring becomes a backbreaking experience . Jean asks to borrow Ugolin 's mule , but is met only with vague excuses . Then , when the rain does come , it falls on the surrounding area but not where it is needed . Jean loudly berates God , whom he thinks has already given him enough trouble by making him a hunchback . Later , the dusty winds of the Sirocco also arrive , bringing the farm to near @-@ catastrophe . Jean is undeterred , and decides to dig a well . At this point Ugolin sees it fitting to try and convince Jean that his project is hopeless , and that he might be better off selling . Jean asks how much he could expect to receive for the farm , and Ugolin gives an estimate of around 8 @,@ 000 francs . Jean has no intention of leaving though , but wants to use the value of the property to take up a mortgage of half that sum . Ugolin is not happy , but Papet again sees opportunity : he will himself grant the mortgage ; that way he will either earn the interest , or drive Jean away for good . From the money Jean buys dynamite to finish the well , but an accident occurs , and he is hit by a rock and falls into the dynamite hole . At first the injuries seem minor , but it turns out the rock fractured his spine , and when the doctor arrives he declares Jean dead . Ugolin returns with the news to Papet , who asks him why he 's crying . " It is not me who 's crying , " he responds , " it 's my eyes " .
Aimée and Manon are now forced to leave the farm , and Papet offers to buy them out . As the mother and daughter are packing their belongings , Papet and Ugolin make their way to where they blocked the spring , to pull out the plug . Manon follows them , and when she sees what the two are doing , understands and gives out a shriek . The men hear it , but quickly dismiss the sound as that of a buzzard making a kill . As Papet performs a mock baptism of his nephew in the cold water of the spring , the film ends with the caption " end of part one " .
= = Cast = =
Yves Montand as César Soubeyran / " Le Papet " : In the local dialect " Papet " is an affectionate term for " grandfather " . César is the proud patriarch of a dying family , and his only known relative is his nephew Ugolin . Eager to restore his family 's position , he manipulates his nephew to do his bidding . For Yves Montand the filming experience was particularly trying because his wife of thirty @-@ three years , Simone Signoret , died during filming . Montand himself died in 1991 , and the two films were among the last of a cinematic career spanning forty @-@ five years . Having grown up in nearby Marseilles , he visited the location before filming started , and endeared himself with the locals .
Daniel Auteuil as Ugolin : Ugolin is César 's " rat @-@ faced sub @-@ intelligent nephew " . Somewhat more conscientious than his uncle , he is nevertheless persuaded to carry through with the diabolical plan . Auteuil used a prosthetic nose to make the character uglier . The role represented a great change for Auteuil . He had previously tended to play " smart , funny , urban hipster types " , and the role as Ugolin – which earned him both a BAFTA and a César – was a great step forward in his career .
Gérard Depardieu as Jean Cadoret / " Jean de Florette " : Jean is a city man with a romantic idea of the countryside , yet obstinate and hard @-@ working . Depardieu was well established as a versatile actor even before this role . Seemingly impervious to the great pressure on the film crew , he earned a reputation on the set for " fooling about , telling jokes , swearing at planes interrupting the shot and never knowing his lines until the camera was rolling " .
Élisabeth Depardieu ( Gérard Dépardieu 's real @-@ life wife ) as Aimée Cadoret : Jean 's beautiful wife is a former opera singer , who has named her daughter after her favourite role , Manon Lescaut .
Ernestine Mazurowna as Manon , the daughter of Jean and Aimée .
= = Production = =
Marcel Pagnol 's 1953 film Manon des Sources was four hours long , and subsequently cut by its distributor . The end result left Pagnol dissatisfied , and led him to retell the story as a novel . The first part of the novel , titled Jean de Florette , was an exploration of the background for the film ; a prequel of sorts . Together the two volumes made up the work Pagnol called L 'Eau des collines ( The Water of the Hills ) .
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
the 1st and 3rd Battalions which had also withdrawn . Though a few jeeps and trucks were found and commandeered , most of the retreat was carried out on foot . A few scattered artillery shells landed around the retreating force , but North Korean soldiers did not aggressively pursue them . By noon the disorganized remains of the 34th Infantry had outrun all enemy fire and were out of immediate danger .
The soldiers , most of their equipment missing , made no attempt at further delaying actions , and were unable to communicate with other units because their radio equipment had been lost . As they were retreating , an American aircraft accidentally strafed the column , injuring one South Korean soldier moving with them , further demoralizing the soldiers . The 34th Infantry Regiment began to set up a new line south of Chonan by nightfall , even though many of its men no longer had equipment to fight with .
= = Aftermath = =
General Dean , the divisional commander , was angered by the poor performance of the 34th Infantry Regiment during the battle . He allegedly was upset that the regiment retreated so quickly without attempting to further delay the North Koreans . He considered ordering the regiment back north immediately but did not do so for fear of ambush . Dean replaced the commander of the 34th Infantry , Colonel Lovless , and ordered the 3rd Battalion back north , but when it encountered North Korean resistance it immediately became disorganized and was forced to withdraw . The engagement at Pyongtaek had caused a significant decline in morale among American forces fighting on the peninsula , and this would continue until victories at Inchon and the Pusan Perimeter allowed them to go on the offensive . Dean took the blame for the defeat himself , and historians consider him at least partially at fault for expecting one inexperienced battalion to hold the line against a numerically superior enemy who was well @-@ trained .
The regiment was forced to regroup at Cheonan and oppose the North Korean forces again , and it suffered heavy casualties before being forced to withdraw after the Battle of Cheonan . The 24th Infantry Division would continue to fight in delaying actions such as this one for two more weeks until it was overwhelmed at the Battle of Taejon , however by that time the Pusan Perimeter would be in place , and other US divisions would be able to hold the line for several more months during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter until the Inchon Landings , when American forces would finally defeat the North Korean Army , ending the first phase of the war .
= Mario Kart DS =
Mario Kart DS ( マリオカートDS , Mario Kāto Dī Esu ) is a 2005 go @-@ kart racing game developed and published by Nintendo . It was released for the Nintendo DS handheld game console on November 14 , 2005 in North America , on November 17 , 2005 in Australia , on November 25 , 2005 in Europe , on December 8 , 2005 in Japan , and on April 5 , 2007 in South Korea . The game is the fifth installment in the Mario Kart series of video games , and the first to be playable via the Nintendo Wi @-@ Fi Connection online service ; the service has since been terminated , along with other games playable via the service . Like other games in the series , Mario Kart DS features characters from the Mario series , and pits them against each other as they race in karts on tracks based on locations in the Mario series .
The game was very well received , receiving an aggregated score of 91 % from Metacritic . Praise focused on the game 's graphics and gameplay , while criticism targeted its repetitive single @-@ player mode . Mario Kart DS received several awards , including Editors ' Choice Awards from GameSpot and IGN , G @-@ Phoria 's Best Handheld Game award , and IGN 's Best Racing / Driving Game Mario Kart DS was the best @-@ selling game in its first month of release , and also held that position the following month . Overall , Mario Kart DS is the third best @-@ selling game for the Nintendo DS as of March 2016 , with 23 @.@ 60 million units sold worldwide .
= = Gameplay = =
Mario Kart DS is a racing game , in which the player races in a kart against other racers as one of eight characters , each with three karts to choose from . While racing or battling , the Nintendo DS 's top screen offers a third @-@ person perspective of the player 's kart , while the bottom touchscreen shows the race 's current standings , items carried by each racer , and a map of the course . The bottom screen can be toggled to show either an overview of the entire course , or a bird 's @-@ eye view of the players kart and the immediate vicinity , including nearby racers , course hazards , item boxes , and incoming attacks . Each course features item boxes that the player can drive through to receive a randomly selected item , which the player can use to gain an advantage over other racers . Some items allow the player to attack other racers to slow them down , while other items can be used to speed up the player 's own kart to pass other racers more easily .
= = = Game modes = = =
The game features five single @-@ player game modes : Grand Prix , Time Trial , Vs , Battle , and Mission . The Grand Prix and Vs modes require that the player choose an engine class from among 50 cc , 100 cc , 150 cc , and Mirror . The classes serve as difficulty levels — the higher the engine class , the faster all karts go . In addition , a Mirror mode can be unlocked , in which karts use 150 cc engines and
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
2010 by Silva Screen Records . It was the second " double album " following the previous release ; Gold stated that the previous " double album " had been popular and Silvia Screen allowed another one . The tracks are presented in episode order , which Gold said " should give a sense of roaming through this gigantic scope " .
= = Tie @-@ in media = =
= = = Books = = =
In the BBC Books Doctor Who New Series Adventures line , a range of spin @-@ off novels that began in 2005 with the Ninth Doctor and revitilisation of the television series , six novels were released corresponding to the series . On 22 April 2010 the first three , Apollo 23 by Justin Richards , Night of the Humans by David Llewellyn , and The Forgotten Army by Brian Minchin were released , featuring the Eleventh Doctor and Amy . On 8 July 2010 three more novels were released , Nuclear Time by Oli Smith , The Glamour Chase by Gary Russell , and The King 's Dragon by Una McCormack , each featuring the Doctor and Amy with Rory .
Science fiction writer Michael Moorcock , who had watched Doctor Who since the beginning , also wrote a novel . Entitled The Coming of the Terraphiles , the novel was an extended 345 pages and was released 14 October 2010 . On 16 September 2010 , BBC Books released their first Doctor Who graphic novel , The Only Good Dalek , featuring the Doctor and Amy . They also released The Brilliant Book of Doctor Who 2011 , a guide to the series that featured behind @-@ the @-@ scenes information . The book was made available in the UK on 30 September 2010 .
= = = Video games = = =
In March 2010 , it was reported that Nintendo had signed a £ 10 million contract for Doctor Who games for Wii and DS . The games were marketed to Nintendo as the brand was known for being family @-@ oriented and the Wii in particular was something families played together . The BBC also was certain to monitor the games and make sure they did not contain anything too violent . Doctor Who : Evacuation Earth was released for the DS and featured the Daleks , whereas Doctor Who : Return to Earth featured the Cybermen and was released for the Wii . Both games featured the Eleventh Doctor and Amy Pond , voiced by Smith and Gillan respectively . Evacuation Earth was released 12 November 2010 , while Return to Earth followed on 19 November . Additionally , Wii remotes and DS styluses modeled after the sonic screwdriver were released to accompany the games .
In April 2010 , the BBC announced The Adventure Games , four interactive episodes available free @-@ to @-@ download on the BBC Doctor Who website featuring the Doctor and Amy voiced by Smith and Gillan . Piers Wenger referred to them as four extra episodes in the series and everything included was part of the Doctor Who universe . The game was developed by Charles Cecil and Sheffield @-@ based game company Sumo , while the games were written by Phil Ford and James Moran and overseen by Moffat and the producers of the show . Cecil was contacted by BBC Wales Editor of Interactive Iain Tweedale , who asked him about developing a Doctor Who game . Smith and Gillan 's movements and actions were captured by rotoscoping .
As the Doctor is a pacifist and did not use the guns commonly found in video games , The Adventure Games untilised a more strategy and puzzle @-@ based gameplay . Much of the first game was based around stealth , exploration , and puzzle @-@ solving . The Doctor was also equipped with his sonic screwdriver , but as this was often used as a skeleton key in the show the game employs the solving of puzzles to advance instead of simply using the screwdriver .
The first installment , " City of the Daleks " , was originally scheduled to be released 5 June 2010 , but was made available two days earlier . The BBC explained the early release as a testing procedure , and final tweaks were expected to be made prior to official release . Within the first twelve days of availability , the game was downloaded over 500 @,@ 000 times , and the traffic on the site had increased as a result . The second game , " Blood of the Cybermen " , was released on 26 June , after the airing of the series finale . This was followed by the third game , " TARDIS " , on 27 August and " Shadows of the Vashta Nerada " on 22 December .
Additionally , a mobile game app was developed by Tag Games for BBC Worldwide . Titled " Doctor Who : The Mazes of Time " , it allowed the gamer to play as both the Doctor and Amy and involved time travel , defeating enemies , and solving problems . It featured over 100 puzzles , seven locations to travel to , music from the show , and the enemies being the Daleks , Cybermen , and Silurians . The app was released for Apple IOS devices on 16 December 2010 and for Android on 17 August 2011 .
= Jean Augustin Ernouf =
Jean Augustin Ernouf ( Manuel Louis Jean Augustin or Auguste Ernouf ) ( 29 August 1753 – 12 September 1827 ) was a French general and colonial administrator of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars . He demonstrated moderate abilities as a combat commander ; his real strength lay in his organizational and logistical talents . He held several posts as chief @-@ of @-@ staff and in military administration .
He joined the military in 1791 , as a private in the French Revolutionary Army ; from September 1791 to September 1793 , he was promoted from lieutenant to brigadier general . He and his commanding officer were accused of being counter @-@ revolutionaries , disgraced , and then , in 1794 , restored to rank . In 1804 , Napoleon I appointed him as governor general of the French colony in Saint @-@ Domingue and Guadeloupe , following the suppression of a widespread slave insurrection . Although he was able to reestablish some semblance of order and agricultural production , the British overwhelmed the colony in 1810 and , after a brief engagement , forced him to capitulate .
He returned to France on a prisoner exchange , but was charged with treason by Napoleon I , enraged by the loss of the colony to the British . Before he could be exonerated by a court , the First Empire fell ; with the Bourbon Restoration , he retained his honors , and received command of the III Corps , in Marseille . After the second restoration , he held an administrative position in one of the occupation zones , and later he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies of France .
= = Military career = =
After completing school , Ernouf received entered military service as a private in the Revolutionary army . He was commissioned as a lieutenant of infantry in the 1st Battalion of Volunteers of the Orne on the 24 September 1791 , and as a captain on 22 March 1792 , and 5 May 1793 he became an aide @-@ de @-@ camp of General Barthel 's Army of the North . On 30 July 1793 , he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel .
= = = Initial successes in the Lowlands and the lower Rhine = = =
In 1793 , during the War of the First Coalition , Ernouf was sent to Cassel to strengthen the French position . The Duke of York laid siege to Dunkirk and blockaded the town of Bergues , on the Belgian border , which had insufficient garrison to fend off the British . Ernouf assembled a force of a thousand men and joined Jean Nicolas Houchard ; together they marched to the relief of Dunkirk . Once there , he led a column in attack on the British camp . On 5 complémentaire an I ( 21 September 1793 ) , which would have been the last day of the first year of the new Republic , he was raised to the rank of Brigadier General and was appointed on 9 vendémiaire an II ( 30 September 1793 ) as chief of staff to the Army of the North .
It was also by his advice that the commander @-@ in @-@ chief , Jean @-@ Baptiste Jourdan , discovered Josias , Prince of Coburg 's unfortunate position behind the Wattignies forest , compelled him to retreat across the Sambre and subsequently lifted the siege of Maubeuge : Ern
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
he infects the next person is only two days . The short generation time means that influenza epidemics generally peak at around 2 months and burn out after 3 months : the decision to intervene in an influenza epidemic therefore has to be taken early , and the decision is therefore often made on the back of incomplete data . Another problem is that individuals become infectious before they become symptomatic , which means that putting people in quarantine after they become ill is not an effective public health intervention . For the average person , viral shedding tends to peak on day two whereas symptoms peak on day three .
= = History = =
= = = Etymology = = =
The word Influenza comes from the Italian language meaning " influence " and refers to the cause of the disease ; initially , this ascribed illness to unfavorable astrological influences . Changes in medical thought led to its modification to influenza del freddo , meaning " influence of the cold " . The word influenza was first used in English to refer to the disease we know today in 1703 by J. Hugger of the University of Edinburgh in his thesis De Catarrho epidemio , vel Influenza , prout in India occidentali sese ostendit . Archaic terms for influenza include epidemic catarrh , grippe ( from the French , first used by Molyneaux in 1694 ) , sweating sickness , and Spanish fever ( particularly for the 1918 flu pandemic strain ) .
= = = Pandemics = = =
The symptoms of human influenza were clearly described by Hippocrates roughly 2 @,@ 400 years ago . Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history , historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret , because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases . The disease may have spread from Europe to the Americas as early as the European colonization of the Americas ; since almost the entire indigenous population of the Antilles was killed by an epidemic resembling influenza that broke out in 1493 , after the arrival of Christopher Columbus .
The first convincing record of an influenza pandemic was of an outbreak in 1580 , which began in Russia and spread to Europe via Africa . In Rome , over 8 @,@ 000 people were killed , and several Spanish cities were almost wiped out . Pandemics continued sporadically throughout the 17th and 18th centuries , with the pandemic of 1830 – 1833 being particularly widespread ; it infected approximately a quarter of the people exposed .
The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 flu pandemic ( Spanish flu pandemic ) ( type A influenza , H1N1 subtype ) , which lasted from 1918 to 1919 . It is not known exactly how many it killed , but estimates range from 50 to 100 million people . This pandemic has been described as " the greatest medical holocaust in history " and may have killed as many people as the Black Death . This huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50 % and the extreme severity of the symptoms , suspected to be caused by cytokine storms . Symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue , cholera , or typhoid . One observer wrote , " One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes , especially from the nose , stomach , and intestine . Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred . " The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia , a secondary infection caused by influenza , but the virus also killed people directly , causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung .
The 1918 flu pandemic ( Spanish flu pandemic ) was truly global , spreading even to the Arctic and remote Pacific islands . The unusually severe disease killed between 2 and 20 % of those infected , as opposed to the more usual flu epidemic mortality rate of 0 @.@ 1 % . Another unusual feature of this pandemic was that it mostly killed young adults , with 99 % of pandemic influenza deaths occurring in people under 65 , and more than half in young adults 20 to 40 years old . This is unusual since influenza is normally most deadly to the very young ( under age 2 ) and the very old ( over age 70 ) . The total mortality of the 1918 – 1919 pandemic is not known , but it is estimated that 2 @.@ 5 % to 5 % of the world 's population was killed . As many as 25 million may have been killed in the first 25 weeks ; in contrast , HIV / AIDS has killed 25 million in its first 25 years .
Later flu pandemics were not so devastating . They included the 1957 Asian Flu ( type A , H2N2 strain ) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu ( type A , H3N2 strain ) , but even these smaller outbreaks killed millions of people . In later pandemics antibiotics were available to control secondary infections and this may have helped reduce mortality compared to the Spanish Flu of 1918 .
The first influenza virus to be isolated was from poultry , when in 1901 the agent causing a disease called " fowl plague " was passed through Chamberland filters , which have pores that are too small for bacteria to pass through . The etiological cause of influenza , the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses , was first discovered in pigs by Richard Shope in 1931 . This discovery was shortly followed by the isolation of the virus from humans by a group headed by Patrick Laidlaw at the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom in 1933 . However , it was not until Wendell Stanley first crystallized tobacco mosaic virus in 1935 that the non @-@ cellular nature of viruses was appreciated .
The first significant step towards preventing influenza was the development in 1944 of a killed @-@ virus vaccine for influenza by Thomas Francis , Jr .. This built on work by Australian Frank Macfarlane Burnet , who showed that the virus lost virulence when it was cultured in fertilized hen 's eggs . Application of this observation by Francis allowed his group of researchers at the University of Michigan to develop the first influenza vaccine , with support from the U.S. Army . The Army was deeply involved in this research due to its experience of influenza in World War I , when thousands of troops were killed by the virus in a matter of months . In comparison to vaccines , the development of anti @-@ influenza drugs has been slower , with amantadine being licensed in 1966 and , almost thirty years later , the next class of drugs ( the neuraminidase inhibitors ) being developed .
= = Society and culture = =
Influenza produces direct costs due to lost productivity and associated medical treatment , as well as indirect costs of preventative measures . In the United States , influenza is responsible for a total cost of over $ 10 billion per year , while it has been estimated that a future pandemic could cause hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs . However , the economic impacts of past pandemics have not been intensively studied , and some authors have suggested that the Spanish influenza actually had a positive long @-@ term effect on per @-@ capita income growth , despite a large reduction in the working population and severe short @-@ term depressive effects . Other studies have attempted to predict the costs of a pandemic as serious as the 1918 Spanish flu on the U.S. economy , where 30 % of all workers became ill , and 2 @.@ 5 % were killed . A 30 % sickness rate and a three @-@ week length of illness would decrease the gross domestic product by
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
5 % . Additional costs would come from medical treatment of 18 million to 45 million people , and total economic costs would be approximately $ 700 billion .
Preventative costs are also high . Governments worldwide have spent billions of U.S. dollars preparing and planning for a potential H5N1 avian influenza pandemic , with costs associated with purchasing drugs and vaccines as well as developing disaster drills and strategies for improved border controls . On 1 November 2005 , United States President George W. Bush unveiled the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza backed by a request to Congress for $ 7 @.@ 1 billion to begin implementing the plan . Internationally , on 18 January 2006 , donor nations pledged US $ 2 billion to combat bird flu at the two @-@ day International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Influenza held in China .
In an assessment of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic on selected countries in the Southern Hemisphere , data suggest that all countries experienced some time @-@ limited and / or geographically isolated socio / economic effects and a temporary decrease in tourism most likely due to fear of 2009 H1N1 disease . It is still too early to determine whether the H1N1 pandemic has caused any long @-@ term economic impacts .
= = Research = =
Research on influenza includes studies on molecular virology , how the virus produces disease ( pathogenesis ) , host immune responses , viral genomics , and how the virus spreads ( epidemiology ) . These studies help in developing influenza countermeasures ; for example , a better understanding of the body 's immune system response helps vaccine development , and a detailed picture of how influenza invades cells aids the development of antiviral drugs . One important basic research program is the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project , which is creating a library of influenza sequences ; this library should help clarify which factors make one strain more lethal than another , which genes most affect immunogenicity , and how the virus evolves over time .
Research into new vaccines is particularly important , as current vaccines are very slow and expensive to produce and must be reformulated every year . The sequencing of the influenza genome and recombinant DNA technology may accelerate the generation of new vaccine strains by allowing scientists to substitute new antigens into a previously developed vaccine strain . New technologies are also being developed to grow viruses in cell culture , which promises higher yields , less cost , better quality and surge capacity . Research on a universal influenza A vaccine , targeted against the external domain of the transmembrane viral M2 protein ( M2e ) , is being done at the University of Ghent by Walter Fiers , Xavier Saelens and their team and has now successfully concluded Phase I clinical trials . There has been some research success towards a " universal flu vaccine " that produces antibodies against proteins on the viral coat which mutate less rapidly , and thus a single shot could potentially provide longer @-@ lasting protection .
A number of biologics , therapeutic vaccines and immunobiologics are also being investigated for treatment of infection caused by viruses . Therapeutic biologics are designed to activate the immune response to virus or antigens . Typically , biologics do not target metabolic pathways like anti @-@ viral drugs , but stimulate immune cells such as lymphocytes , macrophages , and / or antigen presenting cells , in an effort to drive an immune response towards a cytotoxic effect against the virus . Influenza models , such as murine influenza , are convenient models to test the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic biologics . For example , Lymphocyte T @-@ Cell Immune Modulator inhibits viral growth in the murine model of influenza .
= = Other animals = =
Influenza infects many animal species , and transfer of viral strains between species can occur . Birds are thought to be the main animal reservoirs of influenza viruses . Sixteen forms of hemagglutinin and nine forms of neuraminidase have been identified . All known subtypes ( HxNy ) are found in birds , but many subtypes are endemic in humans , dogs , horses , and pigs ; populations of camels , ferrets , cats , seals , mink , and whales also show evidence of prior infection or exposure to influenza . Variants of flu virus are sometimes named according to the species the strain is endemic in or adapted to . The main variants named using this convention are : bird flu , human flu , swine flu , horse flu and dog flu . ( Cat flu generally refers to feline viral rhinotracheitis or feline calicivirus and not infection from an influenza virus . ) In pigs , horses and dogs , influenza symptoms are similar to humans , with cough , fever and loss of appetite . The frequency of animal diseases are not as well @-@ studied as human infection , but an outbreak of influenza in harbor seals caused approximately 500 seal deaths off the New England coast in 1979 – 1980 . However , outbreaks in pigs are common and do not cause severe mortality . Vaccines have also been developed to protect poultry from avian influenza . These vaccines can be effective against multiple strains and are used either as part of a preventative strategy , or combined with culling in attempts to eradicate outbreaks .
= = = Bird flu = = =
Flu symptoms in birds are variable and can be unspecific . The symptoms following infection with low @-@ pathogenicity avian influenza may be as mild as ruffled feathers , a small reduction in egg production , or weight loss combined with minor respiratory disease . Since these mild symptoms can make diagnosis in the field difficult , tracking the spread of avian influenza requires laboratory testing of samples from infected birds . Some strains such as Asian H9N2 are highly virulent to poultry and may cause more extreme symptoms and significant mortality . In its most highly pathogenic form , influenza in chickens and turkeys produces a sudden appearance of severe symptoms and almost 100 % mortality within two days . As the virus spreads rapidly in the crowded conditions seen in the intensive farming of chickens and turkeys , these outbreaks can cause large economic losses to poultry farmers .
An avian @-@ adapted , highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 ( called HPAI A ( H5N1 ) , for " highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1 " ) causes H5N1 flu , commonly known as " avian influenza " or simply " bird flu " , and is endemic in many bird populations , especially in Southeast Asia . This Asian lineage strain of HPAI A ( H5N1 ) is spreading globally . It is epizootic ( an epidemic in non @-@ humans ) and panzootic ( a disease affecting animals of many species , especially over a wide area ) , killing tens of millions of birds and spurring the culling of hundreds of millions of other birds in an attempt to control its spread . Most references in the media to " bird flu " and most references to H5N1 are about this specific strain .
At present , HPAI A ( H5N1 ) is an avian disease , and there is no evidence suggesting efficient human @-@ to @-@ human transmission of HPAI A ( H5N1 ) . In almost all cases , those infected have had extensive physical contact with infected birds . In the future , H5N1 may mutate or reassort into a strain capable of efficient human @-@ to @-@ human transmission . The exact changes that are required for this to happen are not well understood . However , due to the high lethality and virulence of H5N1 , its endemic presence , and its large and increasing biological host reservoir , the H5N1 virus was the world 's pandemic threat in the 2006 – 07 flu season , and billions of dollars are being raised and spent researching H5N1 and preparing for a potential influenza pandemic .
In March 2013 , the Chinese government reported three cases of H7N9 influenza infections in humans . Two of whom had died and the third was critically ill . Although the strain of the virus is not thought to spread efficiently between humans , by mid @-@ April , at least 82 persons had become ill from H7N
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
9 , of which 17 had died . These cases include three small family clusters in Shanghai and one cluster between a neighboring girl and boy in Beijing , raising at least the possibility of human @-@ to @-@ human transmission . WHO points out that one cluster did not have two of the cases lab confirmed and further points out , as a matter of baseline information , that some viruses are able to cause limited human @-@ to @-@ human transmission under conditions of close contact but are not transmissible enough to cause large community outbreaks .
= = = Swine flu = = =
In pigs swine influenza produces fever , lethargy , sneezing , coughing , difficulty breathing and decreased appetite . In some cases the infection can cause abortion . Although mortality is usually low , the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth , causing economic loss to farmers . Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a 3- to 4 @-@ week period . Direct transmission of an influenza virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible ( this is called zoonotic swine flu ) . In all , 50 human cases are known to have occurred since the virus was identified in the mid @-@ 20th century , which have resulted in six deaths .
In 2009 , a swine @-@ origin H1N1 virus strain commonly referred to as " swine flu " caused the 2009 flu pandemic , but there is no evidence that it is endemic to pigs ( i.e. actually a swine flu ) or of transmission from pigs to people , instead the virus is spreading from person to person . This strain is a reassortment of several strains of H1N1 that are usually found separately , in humans , birds , and pigs .
= Abu Bakar of Johor =
Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Ibni Al @-@ Marhum Tun Temenggung Raja Daing Ibrahim ( 3 February 1833 – 4 June 1895 ) ( Jawi : المرحوم سلطان سير ابو بكر ابن المرحوم تماڠڬوڠ دايڠ إبراهيم سري مهاراج جوهر ) , also known as Albert Baker [ 1 ] , the Temenggong of Johor . Informally , he was known as “ Father of Modern Johor ” . He was the 1st Sultan of Modern Johor , the 21st
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Sultan of Johor and the first Maharaja of Johor from the House of Temenggong . He was also informally known as " The Father of Modern Johor " , as many historians accredited Johor 's development in the 19th century to Abu Bakar 's leadership . He initiated policies and provided aids to ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs to stimulate the development of the state 's agricultural economy which was founded by Chinese migrants from Southern China in the 1840s . He also took charge of the development of Johor 's infrastructure , administrative system , military and civil service , all of which were modelled closely along Western lines .
Abu Bakar was noted for his diplomatic skills , and both the British and Malay rulers had approached him for advice in making important decisions . He was also an avid traveller , and became the first Malay ruler to travel to Europe during his first visit to England in 1866 . In particular , Abu Bakar became a lifetime friend of Queen Victoria in his later years . Abu Bakar 's friendship with Queen Victoria played an important role in shaping Johor 's relationships with Britain , and was the only state by the end of the 19th century in the Peninsular Malaya to maintain autonomy in its internal affairs as the British Colonial Government pushed for greater control over the Malay states by placing a British Resident in the states . He was also an Anglophile , and many of his personal habits and decisions were aligned to European ideas and tastes .
Abu Bakar became the sovereign ruler of Johor when his father , Temenggong Daing Ibrahim died in 1862 . Six years later , Abu Bakar changed his legal state title of " Temenggong " to " Maharaja " . In 1885 , Abu Bakar sought legal recognition from Britain for another change in his legal state title of " Maharaja " to a regnal title of " Sultan " , and was proclaimed the following year . In all , Abu Bakar 's reign lasted for thirty @-@ two years until his death in 1895 .
= = Early years = =
Wan Abu Bakar was born on 3 February 1833 in Teluk Belanga ( the present Telok Blangah ) , Singapore . He was the oldest son of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim , who in turn was a matrilineal descendant of Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV , the first Sultan of Johor 's Bendahara dynasty . Abu Bakar spent his childhood years in his father 's kampung in Teluk Blanga ; at a young age he was tutored by local teachers on Islam and Adat ( traditional Malay law ) , before he was sent to the Teluk Blanga Malay school , a mission school run by Reverend Benjamin Peach Keasberry . Under the guidance of the missionary teachers , Abu Bakar was observed to develop the manners of an English gentleman , and the ability to speak fluent English in addition to his native Malay .
In 1851 , the Temenggong delegated Abu Bakar , then an eighteen @-@ year @-@ old youth , to assist him in negotiation efforts against Sultan Ali , who was making frivolous attempts to claim sovereignty rights over Johor . As the Temenggong aged , he gradually delegated his state administrative duties to Abu Bakar . During this period , several British officers praised of Abu Bakar 's excellent diplomatic skills , as mentioned in William Napier 's diaries , who was the senior law agent of Singapore . Napier had accompanied Abu Bakar to fetch Tengku Teh , the mother of the deposed Sultan of Lingga , Mahmud Muzaffar Shah to Johor shortly after her son began to exert sovereignty claims over Pahang .
The outbreak of the Pahang Civil War the following year saw Abu Bakar befriending Tun Mutahir , whom he provided support for his war efforts . Abu Bakar married Mutahir 's daughter in 1860 during a visit in Pahang , and the following year he signed a treaty of friendship , alliance and a guarantee of mutual support with Mutahir in 1861 . Meanwhile , Temenggong Ibrahim was already suffering from a prolonged period of ill health , and a bout of high fever resulted in his death on 31 January 1862 .
= = Administration of Johor = =
= = = Years as Temenggong ( 1862 – 1868 ) = = =
Abu Bakar assumed office as the Temenggong of Johor within three days of his father 's demise . At the time of his succession , Johor was facing a political threat from the deposed Sultan , Mahmud Muzaffar Shah . The Sultan was pursuing his sovereignty claims over Johor and Pahang and aimed to overthrow the Sultan of Terengganu with the backing of Siam . Mahmud Muzaffar Shah established an alliance with Tun Ahmad , half @-@ brother and rival of the Bendahara Tun Koris . The alliance caused Abu Bakar concern that the fall of Tun Koris in Pahang would threaten his own political position in Johor . Abu Bakar signed a treaty of friendship with Tun Koris in June 1862 , and sent a small expeditionary force to Pahang to support Tun Koris when war broke out in August 1862 .
During the first two years of his reign , Abu Bakar began issuing Western @-@ style contracts ( termed as Surat Sungai in Malay , literally " River Documents " ) to the Kapitan Cina ( Chinese leaders ) who had established riverside plantations along in Johor . Letters of authority ( Surat Kuasa ) were issued when the first Chinese leaders began settling in Johor during the 1850s . Abu Bakar quickly established goodwill relations with the Kapitan Cina ; a Malay administrator who could speak the Teochew dialect ( the language spoken by most Kapitan Cina ) and read Chinese was employed for these purposes . He also employed the service of a Chinese contractor from Toisan , Wong Ah Fook , to oversee the construction of Istana Besar .
Various Chinese dialect groups began to compete for commercial interests in the 1850s and 1860s . This led to communal violence . Abu Bakar and the Kapitan Cina in Johor ( who were mainly migrants from Chaozhou ) tried to assimilate Chinese entrepreneurs of non @-@ Teochew origin . Abu Bakar gave official recognition and support for the Johor branch of the Ngee Ann Kongsi , which was seen as a secret society in Singapore at
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Hockey Association demanding that the league be declared professional , thus ineligible to compete for the Allan Cup . The Big Four ultimately chose to withdraw from the AAHA , and operated as an independent league in 1920 – 21 .
The Tigers ' inaugural game was played at home on December 29 , 1920 as 2 @,@ 500 fans saw them defeat the Edmonton Dominions 6 – 1 on the strength of a goal and two assists by Gordon Fraser . Late in the season , the Canadians protested the use of goaltender Bill Tobin by the Edmonton Eskimos , arguing that he had not lived in Alberta long enough to be eligible per the league 's residency rules . Following a last minute change of one of the arbitrators , a three @-@ man panel denied the protest . The decision led the front @-@ running Tigers to refuse to play any series against the second @-@ place Eskimos for the league championship as the team felt the Canadians ' protest was improperly handled . Efforts to reach a compromise failed as the Edmonton clubs refused to allow the protest to be reconsidered , resulting in the collapse of the league on February 24 , 1921 .
The Tigers remained active despite the demise of the league , playing a series of exhibition games against the Saskatoon Crescents and a team from Moose Jaw . The Eskimos eventually agreed to face the Tigers without Tobin in an informal championship that was known as the Intercity Championship . The Tigers claimed the title on total @-@ goals as they defeated Edmonton 2 – 0 in the first game at Calgary before dropping the second 2 – 1 at Edmonton . The Tigers ended their season with a 2 – 0 exhibition loss to the defending Stanley Cup champion Ottawa Senators , who were touring the country as they travelled west to defend their title against the PCHA champion Vancouver Millionaires .
= = = Western Canada Hockey League = = =
The former Big Four teams joined with the Saskatoon Sheiks in forming a new professional league in 1921 that intended to compete against the National Hockey League and Pacific Coast Hockey Association . The Western Canada Hockey League was recognized as a major league and granted the right to compete for the Stanley Cup . Shortly before the inaugural season was set to begin , Calgary Canadians president Dr. C.E. Coleman and Tigers manager Eddie Poulin agreed amalgamate the two franchises under the Tigers name , allowing Calgary to present a unified front in the new league .
The Tigers played the first professional hockey game in Calgary on December 19 , 1921 , defeating the Regina Capitals 3 – 2 before a crowd of 3 @,@ 000 fans . The Tigers , Eskimos and Capitals battled for first place in the league , each team holding the top spot numerous times throughout the season . The Tigers and Capitals finished tied for second , forcing a two @-@ game , total @-@ goals playoff to determine who would meet the Eskimos for the league championship . In the series , the Capitals defeated the Tigers 1 – 0 in Calgary , while the two teams tied 1 – 1 in Regina sending the Capitals through by a 2 – 1 aggregate total .
Prior to the start of the 1922 – 23 season , the Tigers faced the Stanley Cup champion Toronto St. Patricks in two exhibition games . They defeated the St. Pats 7 – 5 in Calgary , and again 6 – 2 in a game held in Winnipeg , Manitoba . The WCHL and PCHA adopted an interlocking schedule for this season , with the Tigers struggling against their pacific coast opposition , winning just two of six games . Calgary finished third in the standings , behind Edmonton and Regina , as former Tiger Barney Stanley scored the winning goal against Calgary in a 2 – 1 victory by the Regina Capitals that eliminated Calgary from playoff contention . They ended the season with a 4 – 0 exhibition victory over the NHL 's Ottawa Senators in a game described as one of the " most sensational " games ever held in Calgary .
The 1923 – 24 season began with tragedy , as Tigers ' forward Foley Martin died of blood poisoning during the team 's season opening road trip to the pacific coast . The Tigers played on despite Martin 's death , winning two of three games against their PCHA rivals . The Tigers finished atop the league standings with 37 points . They met the Regina Capitals in the league championship in a two @-@ game , total goals series . After battling Regina to a 2 – 2 draw in the Saskatchewan capital , the Tigers returned home to Calgary , capturing the championship on home ice in a 2 – 0 victory . They then moved on to face the Vancouver Maroons of the PCHA in the best @-@ of @-@ three Western Canadian final . After dropping the first game in Vancouver , the Tigers came back to defeat the Maroons 6 – 3 at home , and again 3 – 1 at a neutral site game in Winnipeg , Manitoba . The victory earned the Tigers the right to play for the Stanley Cup , the first such opportunity for a Calgary @-@ based club .
Despite defeating the Maroons , the PCHA champions were not eliminated . Rather , the Tigers earned a bye into the finals , while Vancouver met the Montreal Canadiens in the semi @-@ final . The blue , blanc et rouge swept Vancouver in two games , setting the matchup for the 1924 Stanley Cup Finals where the Canadiens easily handled the Tigers . In the first game , played at Mount Royal Arena in Montreal , Canadiens rookie Howie Morenz recorded a hat trick as Montreal won 6 – 1 . Due to poor ice conditions , the second game was moved to the Ottawa Auditorium in Ottawa . Led by goaltender Georges Vezina , Montreal won 3 – 0 to sweep the series , and claim the Cup .
Calgary began the 1924 – 25 season with a series of exhibition games in eastern
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Canada . They faced the St. Pats and Senators , proving to be a popular draw in the capital as Ottawa fans lined up for tickets for the pair of games played . Additionally , the Tigers negotiated to face the NHL 's expansion Montreal Maroons if the newly constructed Montreal Forum was ready in time . Those games did not come to pass . In WCHL league play , the Tigers once again finished the regular season in first place . Led by Oliver 's team leading 20 goals , the Tigers earned a bye into the WCHL championship . Their opponent was the Victoria Cougars , who moved over to the WCHL following the collapse of the PCHA the previous summer . The Tigers were unable to earn a return trip to the Stanley Cup Finals , losing the two @-@ game total @-@ goals series 3 – 1 . The Cougars went on to become the last non @-@ NHL team to win the Stanley Cup . The Tigers struggled throughout the 1925 – 26 season , languishing in last place for most of the season until a 2 – 0 victory over Victoria on the last day of the season moved Calgary one point ahead of Vancouver to end the season .
The financial pressures of trying to keep up with rapidly escalating salaries took its toll on the league . The prairie clubs , including the Tigers , were struggling under financial hardships while a mild winter of 1925 – 26 reduced the quality of the natural ice at Victoria arena which , coupled with the team 's poor performance , reduced attendance . Manager Lloyd Turner confirmed on May 4 , 1926 that the Tigers were sold to the National Hockey League , along with the franchises in Edmonton , Regina , Victoria , Vancouver and Portland , and that the league had ceased operations . The six franchises were sold for $ 300 @,@ 000 .
Turner immediately began efforts to form a new team and league that would operate as a " class B " league , one level below the NHL . Three weeks after the collapse of the Western League , the Tigers were reformed as a charter member of the five team Prairie Hockey League . The team struggled to attract fans in the Prairie League , and consequently announced late in the season that it would cease operations after one year . The Tigers were successful on the ice , however , as they finished atop the league standings and met the Saskatoon Sheiks in a best @-@ of @-@ three series for the league title . Calgary dropped the first game , 2 – 1 in Saskatoon , but tied the series with a 2 – 1 victory in Calgary on the strength of two goals in the last five minutes by Andy Aikenhead . The Tigers were then awarded the league championship after the Sheiks defaulted the third game , refusing to play in opposition to the referee assigned for the deciding game . As Prairie champions , the Tigers traveled east to face the Winnipeg Maroons for the western Canadian professional championship . Calgary won the first game , then were awarded the title after the Maroons were unable to play the second game when the American Hockey Association re @-@ scheduled their league playoff series and created a conflict . The Tigers ended their season with exhibition games in the United States before the team was disbanded .
= = = North Western Hockey League = = =
In 1932 , the Tigers were revived as a charter franchise of a reformed , minor @-@ professional , Western Canada Hockey League . They opened the season with a 1 – 0 defeat in Edmonton on December 7 , 1932 in what was the first professional game for either city in six years , while a near capacity crowd of 4 @,@ 100 fans witnessed a 7 – 0 victory by the Tigers over the Eskimos two nights later in Calgary . The Tigers finished the season in first place with on the strength of giving up the fewest goals against during the season , but struggled to attract fans . Attendance declined throughout the season to a low of just 560 for their victory over Saskatoon in early March that clinched the league 's top record . Overall , the team averaged 2 @,@ 270 fans per game . Having earned a bye to the championship series , the Tigers faced the Eskimos in a best @-@ of @-@ five series marred by poor ice caused unseasonably warm weather in both cities . Following a 1 – 1 tie in the first game at Calgary , the league ordered the remaining games of the series be played in Edmonton due to the poor condition of the ice surface . The second game was also tied at 1 after bad ice in Edmonton forced it to be ended early . Two victories for the Eskimos pushed Calgary to the brink of elimination before the Tigers rebounded with a 5 – 1 victory in the fifth game . The ties earlier in the series forced the teams to a sixth game that also went to overtime tied at 1 before the Eskimos scored to win the championship after four minutes of an extra period .
The league reformed as the North Western Hockey League following the season after the Saskatchewan clubs dropped out and were replaced with three teams on the Pacific Coast . Calgary again won the regular @-@ season title in 1933 – 34 , advancing directly to the league championship , on the strength of a 12 – 3 victory over the Vancouver Lions in the final game of the regular season . Dutch Gainor won the league scoring title with 43 points . Fearing a repeat of the previous season 's playoff disaster , the league ordered Calgary to play their championship series against the Lions in Seattle and Vancouver as both cities had arenas capable of making artificial ice . The disadvantage did not affect the Tigers in the opening game of the series , a 5 – 2 victory at Seattle . The teams traded victories in the next three contests , ending in a 2 – 1 Vancouver win in the fourth game that tied the series at 2 wins apiece . Calgary won the championship with a 6 – 1 victory before a Vancouver crowd of over 6 @,@ 000 fans .
The 1934 championship would prove to be the Tigers ' last hurrah , as
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
forms the border of Millburn to the north and Springfield Township , Union County to the south , coming to an intersection with CR 512 near an interchange with Route 24 . There is a direct ramp from westbound Route 124 to Route 24 a short distance to the northwest of this intersection .
From here , the route passes more commercial establishments as a four @-@ lane road , heading farther from Route 24 , before crossing CR 527 . At this intersection , Route 124 entirely enters Springfield Township and becomes Morris Avenue , passing a mix of residences and businesses . The route passes under I @-@ 78 without an interchange and becomes a two @-@ lane road that passes through the downtown of Springfield , eventually widening to four lanes again . In this area , it intersects CR 635 . Route 124 comes to a circular junction with Route 82 , County Route 509 Spur ( CR 509 Spur ) , and CR 577 . Here , Route 82 continues southeast on Morris Avenue , CR 509 Spur heads south , and CR 577 heads north . Route 124 , meanwhile , briefly splits into a one @-@ way pair here . The eastbound direction heads south on Meisel Avenue before turning north along Maple Avenue while the westbound direction follows Springfield Avenue . The two directions of Route 124 rejoin and follow four @-@ lane divided Springfield Avenue northeast to a partial interchange with I @-@ 78 . Here , there are ramps from the local lanes of eastbound I @-@ 78 to both directions of Route 124 , to the local lanes of westbound I @-@ 78 and Route 24 from both directions of Route 124 , and to the express lanes of westbound Interstate 78 from westbound Route 124 .
Past this interchange , the route enters Union Township and continues east through developed areas , intersecting CR 638 before narrowing into a two @-@ lane undivided road and intersecting CR 630 . It continues through more urban commercial areas before intersecting CR 630 again . At this point , Route 124 crosses into Maplewood , Essex County and becomes a three @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane that is locally maintained . This road heads east through the downtown of Maplewood , coming to an intersection with CR 601 . A short distance later , the Route 124 designation ends at the border of Maplewood and Irvington , with Springfield Avenue continuing east into Irvington as CR 603 toward Newark .
= = History = =
What is modern @-@ day Route 124 was designated as a part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 5 , a route that was legislated in 1916 to run from Delaware in Warren County east to Newark . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , this portion of pre @-@ 1927 Route 5 became a part of Route 24 , a road that was to run from Phillipsburg to Newark . In the 1950s , plans were made to bypass this portion of Route 24 with a freeway running from Interstate 287 in Hanover Township to Interstate 78 in Springfield Township ; this was approved of in 1960 . This
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, river flooding swept away houses and affected neighborhoods .
An estimated 70 – 80 % of transportation network was destroyed , including most bridges and secondary roads , amounting to $ 236 million in damage . In mountainous areas , floods carrying debris damaged roads and bridges . A total of 9 @,@ 198 m ( 30 @,@ 177 ft ) of bridges were damaged or destroyed , and an additional 2 @,@ 045 m ( 6 @,@ 709 ft ) of approach roads were likewise damaged . Several vehicles were washed away due to the floods . In contrast to roads , there was little railway damage . There was minor impact to the nation 's airports , limited to some damage to air traffic equipment . Seaports also sustained minor damage , although many lost electronic equipment . Hurricane Mitch left widespread power outages after damaging more than 385 km ( 239 mi ) of power lines and several power plants . About 11 % of Honduras 's telephone lines were damaged during the storm . Landslides and flooding contaminated aqueducts in several cities , including 1 @,@ 600 systems in rural areas . Many cities sustained damage to their water network , and about 70 % of Honduras lost access to fresh water after the storm , although many rural areas had already been experiencing water shortages . The combined damage to transportation , communication , utilities , including power and water , was estimated at $ 665 million . Communications were disrupted after power outages , and there were also fuel and water shortages . Flooding damaged or destroyed industrial areas of Honduras , which affected exports and domestic products . Six maquiladora factories were damaged in the northern portion of the country , and one was destroyed in La Ceiba . Many businesses shut down , leaving many people unemployed who already lost their homes . Mitch also destroyed 123 health facilities nationwide and wrecked 4 @,@ 835 classrooms , or 23 % , of the classrooms . As a result , most classes that would have gone until November 30 were ended about a month early , allowing teachers to assist in helping others .
High water levels along the Choluteca River affected the capital , Tegucigalpa , reaching levels 10 m ( 33 ft ) above their banks . Mitch largely destroyed the center of the city , including many residential buildings along river banks . The floods damaged about one @-@ third of buildings , including some more than 350 years old . The storm destroyed the primary water mains in Tegucigalpa and neighboring Comayagüela , and 23 km ( 14 mi ) of water piping had to be repaired . In central Tegucigalpa , there was a large earthflow along Cerro El Berrinche mountain that weighed 6 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ( 210 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cu ft ) . This landslide , the largest generated by Mitch in the country , destroyed the Colonia Soto section and damaged portions of two other neighborhoods . It carried debris , trees , and rocks , forming a temporary dam along the Choluteca River laden with sewage . Because the landslide was slow @-@ moving , officials were able to evacuate before the river was stopped due to the temporary dam . Another smaller landslide destroyed several houses in the Colonia El Reparto section of the capital , although it was also slow @-@ moving , and the residents were able to evacuate . Other landslides destroyed over 20 houses along the rivers in the city due to erosion along river banks .
Across Honduras , agriculture sustained serious damage , with initial estimates of 70 % of crops destroyed . Flooding affected about 29 % of the country 's arable land , much of covered for an extended period of time . This washed away large areas of topsoil , which would take a long period of time to recover . About 85 % of the banana crop was lost , along with the loss of 60 % of melons , 60 % of sugar cane , and 58 % of corn . About one @-@ third of the corn crop had already been harvested . About 50 @,@ 000 bovine were killed , as were 60 % of the fowl population . Crop and agricultural damage totaled about $ 1 billion , which would take the country years to recover . Poor road conditions following the storm prevented crops from being dried , which caused further damage .
Honduras 's Social Fund for Housing estimated that 35 @,@ 000 houses nationwide were destroyed with another 50 @,@ 000 damaged , many of which were poorly built or in flood @-@ prone areas . This left up to 1 @.@ 5 million people homeless – about 20 % of the total population – and was the highest number of victims from any natural disaster in Honduras 's history . Over 30 % of the populations of Choluteca , Colón , and Cortés departments were left homeless . Housing costs were estimated at $ 344 million , including $ 221 million in housing damage ; the rest included the costs for shelters , removal of debris , and loss of rent .
= = = Deaths and injuries = = =
Overall , Hurricane
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
firm of Piper Rudnick reportedly signed a lease for 200 @,@ 000 square feet ( 19 @,@ 000 m2 ) of space in the building , but the firm later opted for a lease for 230 @,@ 000 square feet ( 21 @,@ 000 m2 ) in a Boston Properties building located at 505 Ninth Street NW .
In June 2004 , 901 New York Avenue NW was 75 percent leased , at an average cost of $ 36 per square foot . The delivery date was changed once more to September 2004 . The building , however , was eventually delivered in early 2005 .
= = = Possible convention center hotel = = =
Even as the building was being erected , it was threatened with demolition . The construction of the Walter E. Washington Convention Center left the city with very few hotels rooms to accommodate the greatly expanded number of visitors expected . A convention center " headquarters hotel " was urgently needed , but controversy raged for several years over where to put the hotel . In mid @-@ 2004 , the Washington Convention and Sports Authority ( WCSA ) commissioned a study of potential sites . In the fall of 2004 , the WCSA study stated that one of three options was to seize 901 New York Avenue NW and build a 1 @,@ 500 @-@ room convention center hotel on the site .
In June 2005 , the Council of the District of Columbia voted to put the new convention center " headquarters hotel " west of 9th Street NW between L Street NW and Massachusetts Avenue NW .
= = Architecture and design = =
901 New York Avenue NW is an 11 @-@ story Class A office building with retail space on the ground ( first ) floor . The architectural height of the building is 140 feet ( 43 m ) , although the height of the main roof is just 130 @.@ 86 feet ( 39 @.@ 89 m ) and the height of the top floor is 118 @.@ 36 feet ( 36 @.@ 08 m ) . Reports of the building 's interior space vary widely , with 540 @,@ 000 square feet ( 50 @,@ 000 m2 ) the most recently reported by the mainstream media . However , Clark Construction Group , the general contractor on the $ 54 million building , says the interior space is 530 @,@ 000 square feet ( 49 @,@ 000 m2 ) . There is 25 @,@ 000 square feet ( 2 @,@ 300 m2 ) of retail space on the ground floor , and four underground parking levels .
The facade is of polished granite and precast concrete in two colors . An atrium three stories in height with 36 @-@ foot ( 11 m ) long arched steel trusses forms the lobby . The ceiling of the lobby consists of square decorative hollow beams and acrylic panels .
Two very small parks exist on the triangular parcel of land , which are owned by the National Park Service . These open spaces were preserved , and overlaid with precast concrete pavers . Benches were added to permit public seating .
Clark Construction was the general contractor . Smislova , Kehnemui & Associates was the structural engineer , and Girard Engineering handled the mechanical engineering . Clark Interiors , a subsidiary of Clark Construction , and Davis Carter Scott designed the Finnegan offices ( which are contained on floors five through 11 ) . A grand staircase surrounded by a curved glass wall extends to all floors . Among the other building features constructed were a cafeteria , computer repair facility , data center , kitchen , mailroom , meeting rooms , offices , reception area , and videotaping facility .
Clark Interiors and SKB Architecture & Design designed the Goodwin Procter law offices , which extend from floors six through nine . The four floors are connected by a grand staircase manufactured by glass , stainless steel , stone , and wood . The wall alongside the staircase consists of decorative panels wrapped in fabric , wood trim , and stainless steel accents .
Clark Interiors and Gensler ( a Washington , D.C. , design firm ) also designed the offices of Boston Properties , which moved its D.C. offices into the building
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
. The 27 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 500 m2 ) space contains a reception area , conference rooms , and offices . The reception area floor is clad in stone , with carpeting in sections .
The building has not been widely reviewed by critics . Hank Steuver , writing for The Washington Post , said the exterior exhibits " a sweep and charm " .
= = Ground floor and restaurant tenant = =
One of its ground floor tenants has won several awards . Acadiana is a 185 @-@ seat upscale restaurant which serves Louisiana @-@ and Cajun @-@ style seafood . Esquire magazine called it one of the best new restaurants in the entire United States in 2006 . Frommer 's said of the restaurant , " The restaurant 's high ceilings , ornate chandeliers , and oversize urns fit with the prevailing , over @-@ the @-@ top atmosphere . This is New Orleans right here . New Orleanians say the cuisine 's the real thing , starting with the biscuits , served with a pepper jelly and cream cheese condiment , continuing on to deviled eggs , charbroiled oysters , and crabmeat and artichoke gratin starters ; and even further to jambalaya , étouffée , red snapper in an almondine sauce and barbecue shrimp . Service is excellent " .
= Oh Blue Christmas =
Oh Blue Christmas is an EP by the American band A Fine Frenzy , released in November 2009 in the United States by Virgin Records . It was initially released exclusively through Target just two months following the group 's previous studio album Bomb in a Birdcage . The EP contains cover versions of three popular holiday songs ( " Blue Christmas " , " Winter Wonderland " and " Christmas Time Is Here " from A Charlie Brown Christmas ) as well as three original tracks . According to Alison Sudol , A Fine Frenzy 's leader , the collection of songs was recorded in five days at record producer David Bianco 's studio in Los Angeles .
The EP , and " Christmas Time Is Here " in particular , received positive critical reception overall . In the United States , Oh Blue Christmas peaked at number 87 on the Billboard 200 , number three on Billboard 's Top Holiday Albums chart and number 28 on the Top Rock Albums chart . A Fine Frenzy was touring throughout the United States around the time Bomb in a Birdcage and Oh Blue Christmas were released .
= = Composition = =
With a total length at approximately 22 minutes , Oh Blue Christmas contains renditions of three popular holiday songs : " Blue Christmas " ( Billy Hayes , Jay W. Johnson ) , " Winter Wonderland " ( Felix Bernard , Richard B. Smith ) and Vince Guaraldi and Lee Mendelson 's " Christmas Time Is Here " . The latter originally appeared on the 1965 television special A Charlie Brown Christmas and the soundtrack of the same name . Also included are three original tracks , " Redribbon Foxes " , " Winter White " and " Wish You Well " . Of " Redribbon Foxes " , Sudol stated :
... when I was writing it , I was in a cabin covered with snow and it was very quiet outside . This was all in my head , of course . Down a hill there 's a little town , all lit up , carolers singing . It 's a little bit sad , although it 's very beautiful . There 's a little fox creeping through the snow , a fox that 's very hard to catch .
Sudol stated that " Winter White " was the " first genuinely heart @-@ achy song " she had ever written and revealed that " Wish You Well " is about a family member . According to Sudol , the group " expand [ ed ] its sound " by incorporating horns , mandolins and pedal steel guitars . The EP was recorded in five days at record producer David Bianco 's studio ( Dave 's Room ) in Los Angeles . She said of the recording process :
We all holed up in ( producer ) David Bianco 's lovely studio , which was built in the ' 70s and hasn 't changed much since then — and though it was the sticky , hot LA summer outside , inside , it was snowy , delightful Christmastime . We ... [ recorded ] everything together around an invisible campfire ; everyone picking up different instruments and playing them on a moment 's notice . There was definitely some holiday magic in the air that week .
= = Reception = =
Cory Frye of the Albany Democrat @-@ Herald described Sudol 's overall performance " sultry " and called " Redribbon Foxes " a standout original track . In his review for AllMusic , Andrew Leahey wrote that the cover songs are " perfectly pleasant " , but insisted that Sudol 's original songs were the highlight of the collection . Leahey complimented Sudol 's " lilting , whimsical " performance and mentioned that songs like " Redribbon Foxes " have a broader appeal . Brian Moore of RedEye , a daily publication put out by the Chicago Tribune , thought the EP contained both traditional and indie qualities and described Sudol 's voice as " smooth , velvety and well @-@ suited for holiday music " . OffBeat 's Alex Rawls thought the EP was more " wintry " than " Christmas @-@ y " , more melancholic than celebratory , and only " Wish You Well " evoked a warm , joyous tone . One reviewer for Skope Magazine described the collection as " whimsical " .
" Christmas Time Is Here " in particular received positive critical reception . Moore and Rawls both considered the song to be the best track on the EP . Rawls called it the collection 's " finest moment " , having " evocative sounds that swell and recede " . Frye described the track as " bone @-@ chilling " ; Brandon Ferguson of OC Weekly called it " nostalgia @-@ inducing " .
= = Track listing = =
Track listing adapted from AllMusic .
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from AllMusic .
= = Chart performance = =
Oh Blue Christmas managed to chart in the United States , peaking at number 87 on the Billboard 200 , number three on Billboard 's Top Holiday Albums chart and number 28 on the Top Rock Albums chart .
= Al Khawalid =
Al Khawalid ( Arabic : الخوالد the Khawālid ; literally " the Khālids " ) , also spelled Al Khawaled , is a branch of the House of Khalifa , the ruling family of Bahrain . Al Khawalid is most often used to refer collectively to descendants of Khalid bin Ali Al Khalifa , which they are named after . The term also refers to brothers Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa , the Royal Court Minister and Khalifa bin Ahmed Al Khalifa the Commander in Chief of the Bahrain Defence Force . For the purpose of this article , immediate descendants of Khalid bin Ali Al Khalifa will be referred to as " the Khalids " , the aforementioned two brothers will be referred to as " the Khawalid brothers " and the family branch collectively as " Al Khawalid " .
The history of Al Khawalid dates to the 1920s , when the Khalids opposed the British @-@ led administrative reforms and launched a military crackdown on the Shia who supported the reforms . The perpetrators were later put before a court that sentenced them to exile . They gradually returned to Bahrain , where they were kept outside government despite developing personal relations with those in power . They regained some influence since the late 1960s , but remained outside the inner decision @-@ making circle . During this period , senior members of the Khalids were critical of the ruling family , opposed political reforms and held a grudge against the British .
The Khawalid brothers rose to power during the reign of King Hamad ( 1999 – present ) , who they had a longstanding personal relationship with and whose mother belonged to their branch . They took up leading positions and controlled important institutions , becoming increasingly influential , with their power reportedly surpassing that of the Prime Minister ( PM ) . The House of Khalifa is reported to have been split into a " moderate " faction led by the Crown Prince ( CP ) and a " hardline " faction led by the Khawalid brothers who share the same " anti @-@ reform " agenda with the PM . In 2006 , a report revealed an alleged secret plan by the Khawalid brothers which aimed to marginalize the Shia majority and identified one of their cousins as leader of the alleged conspiracy .
During the Bahraini uprising of 2011 , the Khawalid brothers objected to compromise with the opposition and instead preferred crackdown . After a failed round of negotiations led by the CP , the Khawalid brothers led the crackdown , described as the widest in Bahrain 's modern history . The Commander in Chief of the army , Khalifa bin Ahmed , was given wide authority with the announcement of martial law ; he led a main crackdown operation , presided over military courts and made several interviews with regional and local media . Another Al Khawalid involved in the crackdown was the then @-@ director of the National Security Agency , which was found to be responsible for arbitrary arrests and systematic torture . The crackdown empowered the Khawalid brothers faction further and marginalized the CP , who found himself and allies stripped from their powers .
The Khawalid brothers share an anti @-@ West conservative
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
ideology . They believe that the West is conspiring with Iran against Bahrain and other Gulf Cooperation Council countries and often accuse the United States of secretly supporting the Bahraini opposition . They are allied with Saudi Arabia and Sunni Islamist groups , and hold an anti @-@ Shia ideology , viewing them as a fifth column to Iran . Based on their beliefs , the Khawalid brothers have pushed a security approach to deal with the Shia instead of political reforms , and have allegedly used sectarianism as a political tool .
= = Nomenclature and genealogy = =
Al Khawalid , which literally means " the Khalids " is used mostly to refer to descendants of Khalid bin Ali Al Khalifa ( 1853 – 1925 ) , the half @-@ brother of Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa ( 1848 – 1932 ) , Bahrain 's ruler between 1869 and 1923 . They are a branch of the House of Khalifa that had ruled Bahrain since they led a coalition of Sunni tribes that invaded the country in 1783 . Khalid , the eponymous forebear of Al Khawalid , was married to four women and had four sons and a daughter that survived him , Ibrahim ( b . 1873 ) , Salman ( b . 1893 ) , Ali ( b . 1900 ) , Najla ( 1901 – 39 ) and Abdulla ( b . 1921 or 1922 ) . He also had two other sons who had died by 1900 , Ahmed ( b . 1874 ) and an older Ali ( b . 1876 ) .
The term is also sometimes used to refer specifically to brothers Khalid ( b . 1942 ) and Khalifa ( b . 1946 ) , sons of Ahmed bin Salman bin Khalid ( died 2007 ) . The latter two are usually connected with their maternal cousins , Mohamed and Ahmed ( b . 1966 ) bin Ateyatalla Al Khalifa . The four of them are sometimes collectively known as sons of Al Suwaidi daughters ( Arabic : أولاد بنات السويدي ) as their mothers , Mariam and Moza bint Nasser Al Suwaidi , belong to the Al Suwaidi family . The two aforementioned sons of Ateyatalla Al Khalifa along with their half @-@ brothers Salman and Abdulaziz bin Ateyatalla are sometimes included within the Khawalid brothers faction .
= = History = =
= = = Administrative reforms = = =
= = = = Context = = = =
The history of Al Khawalid dates back to the 1920s when the British were pushing for administrative reforms . The nature of the reforms , sometimes referred to as " reforms of the twenties " was administrative only ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
create a claustrophobic effect on film . Actor Richard Johnson said that the sets created a subdued feeling among the cast and crew .
Wise says that his contract with MGM specified that the picture could only be shot in black @-@ and @-@ white , which Wise preferred for this genre of film . He attempted to make Ettington Park look more sinister through various lighting effects and camera settings , but this failed . Wise and Boulton then hit on the idea of using infrared film for establishing shots of the house . Infrared film stocks were quickly rushed to the location shoot from Belgium . The new film worked . Wise felt the infrared film brought out the " striations of the stone " and made the mansion look like " more of a monster house " . Wise very much wanted to make The Haunting a tribute to Val Lewton , the producer and writer under whom Wise had directed his first film ( the supernatural horror picture Curse of the Cat People ) . Wise says that Lewton 's theory of horror was that people were more afraid of the unknown than things they could see . The decision to show little that was supernatural was made very early in the picture 's pre @-@ production . Wise and cinematographer Davis Boulton also wanted to make distances in the film ( such as hallways ) look longer and darker than the audience would anticipate . Wise approached the Panavision company , and wanted an anamorphic , wide @-@ angle lens . The only lens Panavision had was a 40mm . Wise learned that the company was working on a 30mm lens , but it contained distortions and was not ready . Wise kept pressing , and eventually Panavision turned over the 30mm lens on the condition that Wise signed a memorandum in which he acknowledged it was imperfect . Wise and Boulton also planned shots that kept the camera moving , utilised low @-@ angle shots , and incorporated unusual pans and tracking shots . This led to some of the most active camera movements in Wise 's film career . To accentuate the feeling that the house was alive , exterior shots were filmed so that the windows appeared to be eyes .
During the shoot , Harris suffered from depression , and believed that her co @-@ stars did not take the film as seriously as she did . At times , she would cry in her makeup chair prior to the day 's shoot . Bloom did not speak to Harris while filming continued , which worsened her depression . Afterward , Bloom told Harris that the lack of interaction had helped her build her own performance and the two women reconciled . Harris incorporated her own depression into her performance . Wise heightened the sense of character conflict by having the characters " step on one another 's lines " , allowing one character to begin talking before the other had finished . On occasion , the characters simply talk at the same time .
To enhance the actors ' performances during scenes in which they react to off @-@ stage voices or sounds , Wise and his sound editors created a " pre @-@ scored " soundtrack of voices and noises . These were played back during filming , and Wise says they greatly enhanced the acting performances . Although some sounds were replaced during post @-@ production , the " pre @-@ scored " sounds were left on the soundtrack just as the actors heard them . Sound editors collected and created sounds in an empty manor house for a week to create the pre @-@ score . Some of the sounds are very low in the bass range , which can cause physical sensations at high volume .
= = = Effects and editing = = =
Some effects were achieved in ways that are not immediately obvious . In one scene , a supernatural force pushes against the parlor door and bends it inward repeatedly . Though the door appears to some viewers to have been made of latex , it was in fact made of laminated wood ( with a strong crew member pushing a piece of timber hard against the door ) . Two physical effects were used to make the spiral staircase in the library appear frightening . In one scene , the camera appears to ascend the staircase at a rapid rate . However , the point of view is backward , looking down the staircase , as the camera used the staircase 's handrail as a dolly track , being lowered slowly by means of a wire . When the sequence was run in reverse at high speed , the effect was frightening . In another scene , the staircase appears to become unstable and give way as Luke Sanderson ascends it . Later , Eleanor goes up the staircase in a trance @-@ like state . She is rescued by Dr. Markway , even as the staircase seems ready to collapse . The collapsing staircase effect was designed by a metalworker at the Borehamwood studios . The effect was created by tying portions of the steps and railing to a cable that ran inside the staircase 's central pole . When the cable was slackened , these elements moved freely . When tightened , the staircase appeared solid and stable . The effect was so disturbing to the cast that Robert Wise had to ascend the staircase while it was shaking in order to prove it was safe . Other effects also relied on simple cinema tricks . Early in the film , the audience sees Abigail Crain lying in bed , aging from a young child to an old woman . A camera was fixed over the bed , and four different actresses ( each a different age ) posed in the bed beneath the camera . Dissolves were used to show the aging process . In another scene , the characters come across a " cold spot " in the haunted mansion . To show the physical effect on the characters , the makeup department applied special makeup to the characters that appeared invisible in normal light . To show the effect of cold on the skin , filters were gradually drawn over the lights on the set , revealing the " cold effect " makeup .
The camera work and editing work together to further heighten the frightening qualities of the film . Eleanor is often viewed from above , and in one scene the camera closes in so tightly on her that she is forced backward over a railing . Eleanor 's viewpoint is often juxtaposed with eerie views of the house , as if both viewpoints were the same . Many of the editing choices in the film are also used to heighten the audience 's discomfort . There are a number of rapid cuts in the film that throw off the viewer 's sense of spatial orientation , and Dutch angles are used to imply that reality is off @-@ kilter . Cutting on action — showing the characters exiting a room to the right , only to show them entering the next room from the left — is often violated , so that the viewer cannot get a clear sense of which rooms and hallways are connected to one another . The audience also lacks temporal clues . There are few shots in which they can see out a window to determine whether it 's night or day . When Eleanor is rescued by Dr. Markway on the unstable spiral staircase , some of the windows nearby show strong sunlight streaming in , while others show darkness outside .
The Haunting is notable for its lesbian character , Theodora . Although the character 's lesbianism is subtly mentioned in the novel , the film makes it explicit . The film is also one of the few Hollywood motion pictures to depict a lesbian as feminine and not predatory . Theodora 's lesbianism helps to create conflict in the picture . Had Theodora been heterosexual , Eleanor 's growing attraction to Markway would not have threatened her . But with Theodora a clear lesbian , Markway becomes a threat that causes conflict between the psychic and the investigator . Originally , Gidding 's script had contained a scene early in the film in which Theodora is shown in her apartment in the city . It is clear from the context that she has just broken off with her female lover : " I hate you " is written on the mirror in lipstick . Theodora is yelling curses at her out the window and more . However , Wise decided to cut the scene ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Patan ) , waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval , and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati . Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century , when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka . Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century . However , by the earlier 15th century , the local governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I , thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty . This area finally came under the control of his grandson Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 A.D. who while at the banks of Sabarmati liked the forested area for a new capital city and laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after the four saints in the area by the name Ahmed . According to other sources , he named it after himself . Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411 ( at 1 @.@ 20 pm , Thursday , the second day of Dhu al @-@ Qi 'dah , Hijri year 813 ) at Manek Burj . He chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411 .
In 1487 , Mahmud Begada , the grandson of Ahmed Shah , fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) in circumference and consisting of twelve gates , 189 bastions and over 6 @,@ 000 battlements . In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat , Bahadur Shah , fled to Diu . Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar . During the Mughal reign , Ahmedabad became one of the Empire 's thriving centres of trade , mainly in textiles , which were exported as far as Europe . The Mughal ruler Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city , sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug . The Deccan Famine of 1630 – 32 affected the city , as did famines in 1650 and 1686 . Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758 , when they surrendered the city to the Marathas .
During the period of Maratha Empire governance , the city became the centre of a conflict between two Maratha clans ; the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda . In 1780 , during the First Anglo @-@ Maratha War , a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad , but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war . The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the Third Anglo @-@ Maratha War . A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858 . Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule , Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region . In 1864 , a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai ( then Bombay ) was established by the Bombay , Baroda , and Central India Railway ( BB & CI ) , enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city . Over time , the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry ,
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads .
= Pomeroy State Park =
Pomeroy State Park is an undeveloped and unmarked Connecticut state park located in the town of Lebanon just south of Willimantic . Established around 1955 on the estate of Charles Pomeroy , the park has grown to be 200 acres in total , but lacks an entrance or parking . Activities in the park include hiking and hunting with bows . The park is accessed by parking off the roadside of Connecticut Route 289 .
= = History = =
Located on the top of Bush Hill , south of Hosmer Mountain , Pomeroy State Park that is named for Charles Pomeroy , a textile manufacturer . The park preserves a forested area that shares a boundary with preserved farmland . The natural setting of the park is undisturbed by development of even an entrance to the park . The park consists of 200 acres of land , of which 90 acres were previously part of the Pomeroy estate before the establishment of the state park . Established circa 1955 , the park was listed as containing 99 acres in the Connecticut State Register and Manual . The park limits expanded to 104 acres by 1963 .
= = Activities = =
Pomeroy State Park is an undeveloped and unmarked park that has hunting and hiking activities for visitors . According to the Oh , Ranger ! website , the park does not have any listed or established trails for hiking and hunting is restricted to bow hunting . A 2005 property designation map from the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection uses a portion of the Willimantic Quadrangle map to show the hilly terrain on the northeast portion of the park and the top of Bush Hill to the northwest . The southern limits of the part are also hilly with a steeper elevation change at the edge of the southwest boundary .
Joseph Leary , author of A Shared Landscape , noted that it is unlikely that this park could be developed because parking is limited to the roadside of Connecticut Route 289 . The Town of Lebanon 's website confirms that the park has no entrance and parking is restricted to the roadside of the highway .
= Florence Violet McKenzie =
Florence Violet McKenzie OBE ( née Granville ; 1890 – 1982 ) , affectionately known as " Mrs Mac " , was Australia 's first female electrical engineer , founder of the Women 's Emergency Signalling Corps ( WESC ) and lifelong promoter for technical education for women . She campaigned successfully to have some of her female trainees accepted into the all @-@ male Navy , thereby originating the Women 's Royal Australian Naval Service ( WRANS ) . Some 12 @,@ 000 servicemen passed through her signal instruction school in Sydney , acquiring skill in Morse code and visual signalling ( flag semaphore and International Code of Signals ) .
She set up her own electrical contracting business in 1918 , and apprenticed herself to it , in order to meet the requirements of the Diploma in Electrical Engineering at Sydney Technical College and in 1922 she was the first Australian woman to take out an amateur radio operator 's license . Through the 1920s and 1930s , her " Wireless Shop " in Sydney 's Royal Arcade was renowned amongst Sydney radio experimenters and hobbyists . She founded The Wireless Weekly in 1922 , established the Electrical Association for Women in 1934 , and wrote the first " all @-@ electric cookbook " in 1936 . She also corresponded with Albert Einstein in the postwar years .
= = Family and education = =
Florence Violet McKenzie was born Florence Violet Granville on 28 September 1890 in Melbourne , although before her marriage to Cecil McKenzie at the age of 34 , she was known as Violet Wallace . Other sources cite 1892 as her birth year . Wallace was her stepfather George 's surname ; he was a commercial traveller . When Violet was an infant , the family moved to Austinmer , south of Sydney .
From a young age , Violet had an independent interest in electricity and invention . As she recalled in an oral history interview in 1979 :
I used to play about with bells and buzzers and things around the house . My mother would sometimes say " Oh , come and help me find something , it 's so dark in this cupboard " – she didn 't have very good eyesight … So I 'd get a battery and I 'd hook a switch , and when she opened that cupboard door a light would come on … I started sort of playing with those things .
From Thirroul school , McKenzie won a bursary to study at Sydney Girls ' High School . In 1915 she passed Chemistry I and Geology I at the University of Sydney , then approached the Sydney Technical College in Ultimo to enrol in the Diploma of Electrical Engineering . By March 1922 , she had won the diploma . In December 1923 , McKenzie graduated from the Sydney Technical College . She later gave her Diploma – the first of its kind awarded in Australia to a woman – to the collection of the Powerhouse Museum , also in Ultimo .
Cecil Roland McKenzie was a young electrical engineer employed by the Sydney County Council 's Electricity Undertaking . He too was a radio enthusiast , and one of Violet 's customers at the shop . They were married at the Church of St Philip in Auburn on New Years Eve 1924 . They built a house at 26 George Street , Greenwich Point complete with a wireless room in the attic . The house remains , but has been extensively renovated since the McKenzies lived there .
The McKenzies had a daughter , stillborn , in 1926 . They sometimes took in the two sons of Violet 's only sibling , Walter Reginald Wallace , from Melbourne . According to the Sands Directory these boys , Merton Reginald Wallace and Lindsay Gordon Wallace , later operated their own radio shop in Prahran , Melbourne .
= = Early employment and interests = =
Violet taught mathematics at Armadale , before deciding to take a course in electrical engineering . Throughout her studies , Miss Wallace worked as an electrical contractor , installing electricity in private houses , such as that of politician Archdale Parkhill in Mosman , and in factories and commercial premises , including the Standard Steam Laundry on Dowling Street , Woolloomooloo . " Self made success " . Sunday Guardian . 20 October 1929 . She was an enthusiastic ham radio operator , being the first licensed woman in the country and with the call sign " 2GA " ( later changed to " VK2FV " ) . In 1922 Miss Wallace opened " The Wireless Shop " , after purchasing the entire stock of the wireless vendor who preceded her – billing itself as " the oldest radio shop in town " – in the Royal Arcade ( which ran from George Street through to Pitt Street – replaced in the 1970s by the Hilton hotel ) . McKenzie later said it was schoolboys visiting her shop who first introduced her to Morse code . Australia 's first weekly radio magazine was conceived at the shop , by Miss Wallace and three co @-@ founders . " The Wireless Weekly " became the monthly magazine " Radio & Hobbies " , then " Radio , Television & Hobbies " , and finally Electronics Australia , and remained in circulation until 2001 .
In 1924 McKenzie became the only female member of the Wireless Institute of Australia . That same year she travelled to the United States for business reasons , and in San Francisco was welcomed at radio 6KGO : ' Miss Wallace , an electrical engineer from Australia , will now talk from the studio . ' She reportedly used her time on air to comment on the difference between the tram systems in San Francisco and those in Sydney . In 1931 she also notes that that she experimented with improving the science of television through
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
, about 100 feet ( 30 m ) above the plains . It is essentially a Buddhist Vihara ( a dwelling for monks , mostly with meditation cells ) in design , an unpillared hall with 20 cells with varying dimensions ; 7 on either side and 6 on the rear wall . The hall is large , can be entered by a central door , under a pillared veranda . The hall is 17 @.@ 37 metres ( 57 @.@ 0 ft ) long ; 15 @.@ 54 metres ( 51 @.@ 0 ft ) wide and 3 @.@ 38 metres ( 11 @.@ 1 ft ) high . There are 2 windows on either side of the entrance . The hall is treated now as a sabha @-@ mandapa ( " assembly hall " ) of the Ganesha temple . 283 steps built ( by devotees ) in stone masonry over eight flights lead to the entrance . The steps are believed to represent sensual pleasures , which Ganesha has overcome . The veranda has six pillars and two pilasters ( half @-@ pillars ) , that support " an architrave from which projects eaves relieved with a railing resting on beams and rafters " . The pillars have octagonal shafts and " over benches and back rest and topped by an inverted ghata , compressed amalaka in between two square plates , inverted stepped pyramid and finally crowned by a bracket " with tigers , elephants and bulls .
In a later period , the two central cells of the rear wall have been combined by breaking the partition in between to house the Ganesha image . The old entrance was also widened during the conversion to the Ganesha temple . There are two other smaller entrances to the hall . All entrances bear marks of sockets for fixing wooden doors , added during the conversion , and still have doors . The hall also has traces of plaster and paintings , both added during the conversion and renewed in later times - possibly as late as the 19th century . The Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ( 1882 ) records that the hall was plastered and white @-@ washed . The paintings depicted Ganesha 's childhood , marriage preparations , battle with demons and so forth , along with scenes of other Hindu deities like Devi , Krishna , Vishnu and Shiva . Some of the cells fitted with wooden doors were used for storage . Nine Sati memorials were added on the left wall during the conversion , each is in the shape of a long
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Taxonomy = =
= = = Infrageneric placement = = =
Brown 's 1810 monograph did not include an infrageneric classification of Dryandra , and neither did his Prodromus , published later that year . In 1830 , however , he introduced the first taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra , placing D. floribunda in section Dryandra verae along with most other species , because its follicles contain a single seed separator . Dryandra verae was renamed Eudryandra by Carl Meissner in 1845 . Eleven years later Meissner published a new arrangement , retaining D. floribunda in D. sect . Eudryandra , and further placing it in the unranked subgroup § Ilicinae , because of the similarity of its leaves to those of Ilex ( holly ) . In 1870 , George Bentham published a revised arrangement in his Flora Australiensis . Bentham retained section Eudryandra , but abandoned almost all of Meissner 's unranked groups , including § Ilicinae . D. floribunda was instead placed in D. ser . Floribundae along with four other species with small , mostly terminal flowers , left exposed by their having unusually short floral leaves .
Bentham 's arrangement stood for over a hundred years , eventually replaced in 1996 by the arrangement of Alex George . Section Eudryandra was promoted to subgenus rank , but replaced by the autonym D. subg . Dryandra . D. sessilis , as this species was now called , was retained in D. ser . Floribundae , but alone , as the series was redefined as containing only those taxa that apparently lack floral bracts altogether . The placement of D. sessilis in George 's arrangement , with 1999 and 2005 amendments , may be summarised as follows :
Dryandra ( now Banksia ser . Dryandra )
D. subg . Dryandra
D. ser . Floribundae
D. sessilis ( now B. sessilis )
D. sessilis var. sessilis ( now B. sessilis var. sessilis )
D. sessilis var. flabellifolia ( now B. sessilis var. flabellifolia )
D. sessilis var. cordata ( now B. sessilis var. cordata )
D. sessilis var. cygnorum ( now B. sessilis var. cygnorum )
D. ser . Armatae
D. ser . Marginatae
D. ser . Folliculosae
D. ser
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
above the invariable plane of the Solar System , regardless of the direction the planet is spinning . A different convention is sometimes used , in which a body 's north and south poles are defined according to the right @-@ hand rule in relation to the direction of rotation .
= = = Visibility = = =
From 1995 to 2006 , Uranus 's apparent magnitude fluctuated between + 5 @.@ 6 and + 5 @.@ 9 , placing it just within the limit of naked eye visibility at + 6 @.@ 5 . Its angular diameter is between 3 @.@ 4 and 3 @.@ 7 arcseconds , compared with 16 to 20 arcseconds for Saturn and 32 to 45 arcseconds for Jupiter . At opposition , Uranus is visible to the naked eye in dark skies , and becomes an easy target even in urban conditions with binoculars . In larger amateur telescopes with an objective diameter of between 15 and 23 cm , Uranus appears as a pale cyan disk with distinct limb darkening . With a large telescope of 25 cm or wider , cloud patterns , as well as some of the larger satellites , such as Titania and Oberon , may be visible .
= = Physical characteristics = =
= = = Internal structure = = =
Uranus 's mass is roughly 14 @.@ 5 times that of Earth , making it the least massive of the giant planets . Its diameter is slightly larger than Neptune 's at roughly four times that of Earth . A resulting density of 1 @.@ 27 g / cm3 makes Uranus the second least dense planet , after Saturn . This value indicates that it is made primarily of various ices , such as water , ammonia , and methane . The total mass of ice in Uranus 's interior is not precisely known , because different figures emerge depending on the model chosen ; it must be between 9 @.@ 3 and 13 @.@ 5 Earth masses . Hydrogen and helium constitute only a small part of the total , with between 0 @.@ 5 and 1 @.@ 5 Earth masses . The remainder of the non @-@ ice mass ( 0 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 7 Earth masses ) is accounted for by rocky material .
The standard model of Uranus 's structure is that it consists of three layers : a rocky ( silicate / iron – nickel ) core in
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
The bill was amended to support a Panama route , according to some accounts in part because Cromwell remembered that Nicaragua depicted volcanos on its postage stamps , and combed the stock of Washington stamp dealers until he found enough to send to the entire Senate . The House afterwards agreed to the Senate amendment , and the bill authorizing a Panama canal passed .
The US entered into negotiations with Colombia for rights to build a canal ; a treaty was signed but was rejected by the Colombian Senate . In November 1903 , Panama , with the support of the United States , broke away from Colombia , and Bunau @-@ Varilla , the representative of the new government in Washington , signed a treaty granting the US a zone in which to build a canal . The United States Senate was called upon to ratify the treaty in February 1904 ; the debate began as Hanna lay dying . The treaty was ratified on February 23 , 1904 , eight days after Hanna 's death .
= = = = Re @-@ election , rumors of a presidential run , and death = = = =
At the 1903 Ohio Republican convention , Foraker filed a resolution to endorse Roosevelt for re @-@ election . This would normally have been introduced at the 1904 convention , but Foraker hoped to use the resolution to take control of the Ohio party from Hanna . The resolution placed Hanna in a difficult position : if he supported it , he proclaimed he would not run for president ; if he opposed it , he risked Roosevelt 's wrath . Hanna wired Roosevelt , who was on a western trip , that he intended to oppose it and would explain all when both men were in Washington . Roosevelt responded that while he had not requested support from anyone , those friendly to his administration would naturally vote for such a statement . Hanna resignedly supported the resolution .
The 1903 convention also endorsed Hanna for re @-@ election to the Senate , and nominated Hanna 's friend Myron Herrick for governor . The Foraker faction was allowed the nomination for lieutenant governor , given to Warren G. Harding , who later became president . Hanna campaigned for several weeks for the Republicans in Ohio , and was rewarded with an overwhelming Republican victory . With no drama , Hanna was re @-@ elected in January 1904 for the term 1905 – 1911 by a legislative vote of 115 – 25 , a much larger margin than Foraker had received in 1902 .
Despite the differences between the two men , Roosevelt in November 1903 asked Hanna to run his re @-@ election campaign . Hanna saw this as an unsubtle attempt by the President to ensure that Hanna would not oppose him , and was slow to respond to his request . In the interim , he allowed talk of a Hanna for president campaign to continue , although he did not plan to run . Financier J. P. Morgan , who disliked Roosevelt 's policies , offered to finance the Hanna presidential campaign when he hosted the Hannas at Thanksgiving , though the senator remained silent at the offer . In December , Hanna and Roosevelt had a lengthy meeting and resolved many of their differences . Roosevelt agreed that Hanna would not have to serve another term as chairman of the Republican National Committee . This in theory freed Hanna to run for president , but Roosevelt could see that Hanna was an exhausted man and would not run .
On January 30 , 1904 , Hanna attended the Gridiron Club dinner at the Arlington Hotel . He neither ate nor drank , and when asked how his health was , responded " Not good . " He never again left his Washington residence , having fallen ill with typhoid fever . As the days passed , politicians began to wait in the Arlington lobby , close to Hanna 's house , for news ; a letter from the President , " May you soon be with us , old fellow , as strong in body and as vigorous in your leadership as ever " was never read by the recipient . Hanna drifted in and out of consciousness for several days ; on the morning of February 15 , his heart began to fail . Roosevelt visited at 3 pm , unseen by the dying man . At 6 : 30 pm , Senator Hanna died , and the crowd of congressional colleagues , government officials , and diplomats who had gathered in the lobby of the Arlington left the hotel , many sobbing . Roosevelt biographer Edmund Morris noted Hanna 's achievement in industry and in politics , " He had not done badly in either field ; he had made seven million dollars , and a President of the United States . "
= = Views and legacy = =
According to Professor Gerald W. Wolff , " the one solid absolute in [ Hanna 's ] life was a profound belief in the living standard capitalism had brought to America . " Hanna believed , like many conservative businessmen of his time , that labor , business , and government should work together cooperatively for the benefit of society . These views , which had coalesced in Hanna by the 1876 coal strike , informed his political views once he turned to that field . According to Croly , Hanna always did his best to foster good relations with his workers ; the biographer proffered in support of his statement a quote from the Cleveland Leader of April 28 , 1876 : " This morning Mr. Hanna , of Rhodes & Co . , met the striking laborers on the docks at Ashtabula Harbor , and after consultation the men accepted the terms offered and resumed work . " According to Wolff , after the coal strike , Hanna " tried diligently to show by example how relations between labor , capital , and management could be ordered for the benefit of all " .
Despite his efforts at harmonious worker relations , Hanna was often depicted by Davenport during the 1896 campaign with his foot on a skull labeled " Labor " . During the following year 's Ohio legislative elections , which determined Hanna 's electors for his 1898 re @-@ election bid , he was accused of being harsh to his employees . He responded in a speech ,
Go to any of the five thousand men in my employ ... Ask them whether I ever pay less than the highest going wages , ask them whether I ever asked them whether
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
conditions in the Earth 's mantle . An alternative , and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) . Several non @-@ diamond materials , which include cubic zirconia and silicon carbide and are often called diamond simulants , resemble diamond in appearance and many properties . Special gemological techniques have been developed to distinguish natural diamonds , synthetic diamonds , and diamond simulants . The word is from the ancient Greek ἀδάμας – adámas " unbreakable " .
= = History = =
The name diamond is derived from the ancient Greek αδάμας ( adámas ) , " proper " , " unalterable " , " unbreakable " , " untamed " , from ἀ- ( a- ) , " un- " + δαμάω ( damáō ) , " I overpower " , " I tame " . Diamonds are thought to have been first recognized and mined in India , where significant alluvial deposits of the stone could be found many centuries ago along the rivers Penner , Krishna and Godavari . Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3 @,@ 000 years but most likely 6 @,@ 000 years .
Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as religious icons in ancient India . Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early human history . The popularity of diamonds has risen since the 19th century because of increased supply , improved cutting and polishing techniques , growth in the world economy , and innovative and successful advertising campaigns .
In 1772 , Antoine Lavoisier used a lens to concentrate the rays of the sun on a diamond in an atmosphere of oxygen , and showed that the only product of the combustion was carbon dioxide , proving that diamond is composed of carbon . Later in 1797 , Smithson Tennant repeated and expanded that experiment . By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas , he established the chemical equivalence of these substances .
The most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for adornment , a use which dates back into antiquity , and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials . The dispersion of white light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds . In the 20th century , experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem . Four characteristics , known informally as the four Cs , are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds : these are carat ( its weight ) , cut ( quality of the cut is graded according to proportions , symmetry and polish ) , color ( how close to white or colorless ; for fancy diamonds how intense is its hue ) , and clarity ( how free is
|
Short
|
wikitext-103-excerpt
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.